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diff --git a/17487-h/17487-h.htm b/17487-h/17487-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c0bd70 --- /dev/null +++ b/17487-h/17487-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2262 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>Casa Grande Ruin</title> +<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; +charset=ISO-8859-1"> + +<!--BAE annual report 13 / pp. 289-320--> + +<!--images (Plate ...) given without explicit height and width +statements to simplify later replacement with better-quality scans +if available--> + +<style type = "text/css"> +body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} +hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +hr.mid {width: 50%;} +hr.tiny {width: 20%;} + +/* same header styles as Repairs... */ +h2, h3, h4, h5 {text-align: center; font-weight: normal; font-style: +normal; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: .7em;} + +h2 {font-size: 150%;} +h3 {font-size: 115%;} +h4 {font-size: 100%;} +h5 {font-size: 90%;} + +p, div, blockquote {line-height: 1.2; margin-top: .6em;} +p.illustration {text-align: center; margin-top: 1.5em; +margin-bottom: 1.5em;} + +blockquote {margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 1.5em;} + +table {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +table.index {width: 80%; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto;} +table.illustration {margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto;} + +td {vertical-align: top; padding: .1em;} + /* border: thin solid #CCC; for testing */ +td.number {text-align: right;} +td.caption {font-size: 90%; font-family: sans-serif; text-align: +center;} +td.caption.right {text-align: right; padding-bottom: .6em;} +.rightpad {padding-right: .8em;} +.leftpad {padding-left: .8em;} +.leftpad2 {padding-left: 1.8em;} + +.inset1 {margin-left: 1em;} +.inset2 {margin-left: 2em;} +.space {margin-top: 1em;} +.nospace {margin-top: 0em;} + +.footnote {font-size: 95%; margin-right: 2em; margin-left: 2em;} +a.tag {text-decoration: none; vertical-align: .3em; font-size: 80%; +line-height: 0em;} + +.smallcaps {font-variant: small-caps; font-style: normal;} +.smallroman {font-size: 80%;} +.caption {font-size: 90%; font-family: sans-serif;} + +.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 4%; font-size: 90%; color: #666; +background-color: inherit;} +.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; +margin: 0em 5%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} +ins.correction {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted red;} + +</style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Casa Grande Ruin, by Cosmos Mindeleff + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Casa Grande Ruin + Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the + Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1891-92, + Government Printing Office, Washington, 1896, pages 289-318 + +Author: Cosmos Mindeleff + +Release Date: January 10, 2006 [EBook #17487] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CASA GRANDE RUIN *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Carlo Traverso, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at +http://gallica.bnf.fr) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<hr> + +<span class = "pagenum">289</span> +<a name = "page289" id = "page289"> </a> +<a name = "page290" id = "page290"> </a> +<!--blank pages included for completeness--> + +<h2>CASA GRANDE RUIN</h2> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>COSMOS MINDELEFF</h2> + +<hr> + +<span class = "pagenum">291</span> +<a name = "page291" id = "page291"> </a> +<a name = "page292" id = "page292"> </a> + +<h3>CONTENTS</h3> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<table class = "index"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">Page</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Introduction</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "leftpad">Location and character</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "leftpad">History and literature</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Description</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "leftpad">The Casa Grande group</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "leftpad">Casa Grande ruin</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page306">306</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "leftpad2">State of preservation</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page306">306</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "leftpad2">Dimensions</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page307">307</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "leftpad2">Detailed description</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page309">309</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "leftpad2">Openings</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page314">314</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Conclusions</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page318">318</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href = "#notes"><i>Footnotes</i></a></td><td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href = "#index"><i>Index</i></a></td><td></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<span class = "pagenum">293</span> +<a name = "page293" id = "page293"> </a> +<a name = "page294" id = "page294"> </a> + + +<h3>ILLUSTRATIONS</h3> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<table class = "index"> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<td class = "number">Page</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number rightpad"><span class = "smallcaps">Plate</span> <a +href = "#plate51">LI</a>.</td> +<td>Map of Casa Grande group</td> +<td class = "number">298</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate52">LII</a>.</td> +<td>Ground plan of Casa Grande ruin</td> +<td class = "number">302</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate53">LIII</a>.</td> +<td>General view of Casa Grande ruin</td> +<td class = "number">305</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate54">LIV</a>.</td> +<td>Standing wall near Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number">307</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate55">LV</a>.</td> +<td>Western front of Casa Grande ruin</td> +<td class = "number">309</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate56">LVI</a>.</td> +<td>Interior wall of Casa Grande ruin</td> +<td class = "number">310</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate57">LVII</a>.</td> +<td>Blocked opening in western wall</td> +<td class = "number">312</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate58">LVIII</a>.</td> +<td>Square opening in southern room</td> +<td class = "number">314</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate59">LIX</a>.</td> +<td>Remains of lintel</td> +<td class = "number">317</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#plate60">LX</a>.</td> +<td>Circular opening in northern room</td> +<td class = "number">319</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number rightpad"><span class = "smallcaps">Fig.</span> <a +href = "#fig328">328</a>.</td> +<td>Map of large mound</td> +<td class = "number">301</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#fig329">329</a>.</td> +<td>Map of hollow mound</td> +<td class = "number">304</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number rightpad"><a href = "#fig330">330</a>.</td> +<td>Elevations of walls, middle room</td> +<td class = "number">315</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr> + +<span class = "pagenum">295</span> +<a name = "page295" id = "page295"> </a> +<h2>CASA GRANDE RUIN</h2> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<h3 class = "smallcaps">By Cosmos Mindeleff</h3> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3> + + +<h4>LOCATION AND CHARACTER.</h4> + +<p>The Casa Grande ruin, situated near Gila river, in southern Arizona, +is perhaps the best known specimen of aboriginal architecture in the +United States, and no treatise on American antiquities is complete +without a more or less extended description of it. Its literature, which +extends over two centuries, is voluminous, but of little value to the +practical scientific worker, since hardly two descriptions can be found +which agree. The variations in size of the ruin given by various authors +is astonishing, ranging from 1,500 square feet to nearly 5 acres or +about 200,000 square feet in area. These extreme variations are +doubtless due to difference of judgment as to what portion of the area +covered by remains of walls should be assigned to the Casa Grande +proper, for this structure is but a portion of a large group of +ruins.</p> + +<p>So far as known to the writer no accurate plan of the Casa Grande +ruin proper has hitherto been made, although plans have been published; +and very few data concerning the group of which it forms a part are +available. It would seem, therefore, that a brief report presenting +accurate plans and careful descriptions may be of value, even though no +pretention to exhaustive treatment is made.</p> + + +<h4>HISTORY AND LITERATURE.</h4> + +<p>The earlier writers on the Casa Grande generally state that it was in +ruins at the time of the first Spanish invasion of the country, in 1540, +and quote in support of this assertion Castañeda's description of a ruin +encountered on the march.<a class = "tag" name = "tag1" href = +"#note1">1</a> Castañeda remarks that, "The structure was in ruins and +without a roof." Elsewhere he says that the name "Chichilticale" was +given to the place where they stopped because the monks found in the +vicinity a house which had been inhabited by a people who came from +Cibola. He surmises that the ruin was formerly +<span class = "pagenum">296</span> +<a name = "page296" id = "page296"> </a> +a fortress, destroyed long before by the barbarous tribes which they +found in the country. His description of these tribes seems to apply to +the Apache.</p> + +<p>The geographic data furnished by Castañeda and the other chroniclers +of Coronado's expedition is very scanty, and the exact route followed +has not yet been determined and probably never will be. So far as these +data go, however, they are against the assumption that the Chichilticale +of Castañeda is the Casa Grande of today. Mr. A. F. Bandelier, whose +studies of the documentary history of the southwest are well known, +inclines to the opinion that the vicinity of Old Camp Grant, on the Rio +San Pedro, Arizona, more nearly fill the descriptions. Be this as it +may, however, the work of Castañeda was lost to sight, and it is not +until more than a century later that the authentic history of the ruin +commences.</p> + +<p>In 1694 the Jesuit Father Kino heard of the ruin, and later in the +same year visited it and said mass within its walls. His secretary and +usual companion on his missionary journeys, Mange by name, was not with +him on this occasion, but in 1697 another visit was paid to the ruin and +the description recorded by Mange<a class = "tag" name = "tag2" href = +"#note2">2</a> in his diary heads the long list of accounts extending +down to the present time.<a class = "tag" name = "tag3" href = +"#note3">3</a> Mange describes the ruin as consisting of—</p> + +<blockquote> +A large edifice, the principal room in the center being four stories +high, and those adjoining it on its four sides three stories, with walls +2 varas thick, of strong argamaso y baro (adobe) so smooth on the inside +that they resemble planed boards, and so polished that they shine like +Puebla pottery. +</blockquote> + +<p>Mange also gives some details of construction, and states that in the +immediate vicinity there were remains of twelve other buildings, the +walls half fallen and the roofs burned out.</p> + +<p>Following Mange's account there were a number of descriptions of no +special value, and a more useful one written by Padre Font, who in 1775 +and 1776 made a journey to Gila and Colorado rivers and beyond. This +description<a class = "tag" name = "tag4" href = "#note4">4</a> is quite +circumstantial and is of especial interest because it formed the basis +of nearly all the accounts written up to the time when that country came +into our possession. According to this authority—</p> + +<blockquote> +The house forms an oblong square, facing exactly the four cardinal +points, and round about it there are ruins indicating a fence or wall +which surrounded the house and other buildings. The exterior or plaza +extends north and south 420 feet and east and west 260 feet. +</blockquote> + +<p>Font measured the five rooms of the main building, and recorded many +interesting details. It will be noticed that he described a +<span class = "pagenum">297</span> +<a name = "page297" id = "page297"> </a> +surrounding wall inclosing a comparatively large area; and nearly all +the writers who published accounts prior to our conquest of the country +in 1846 based their descriptions on Font's journal and erroneously +applied his measurement of the supposed circumscribing wall to the Casa +Grande proper.</p> + +<p>The conquest of the country by the "Army of the West" attracted +attention anew to the ruin, through the descriptions of Colonel Emory +and Captain Johnston. The expedition passed up the Gila valley, and +Colonel Emory, in his journal, gives a fanciful illustration and a +slight description. The journal of Captain Johnston contained a somewhat +better description and a rough but fairly good sketch. The best +description of that period, however, was that given by John Russell +Bartlett, in his "Personal Narrative," published in 1854.</p> + +<p>Bartlett observed that the ruin consists of three buildings, "all +included within an area of 150 yards." He described these buildings and +gave ground plans of two of them and elevations of the principal +structure. He also gave a translation of a portion of Font's journal, as +well as the previous description of Mange. He surmised that the central +room of the main building, and perhaps the whole structure, was used for +the storage of corn.</p> + +<p>Bartlett's account held place for nearly thirty years as the main +reliance of compilers, and it forms today one of the most circumstantial +and comprehensive descriptions extant. Other descriptions appeared at +intervals of a few years, some compiled from Bartlett and Font, others +based on personal observation, but none of them containing anything new, +until the account of Mr. A. F. Bandelier, published some ten years +ago,<a class = "tag" name = "tag5" href = "#note5">5</a> is reached.</p> + +<p>Mr. Bandelier described the large group, of which the Casa Grande +forms a part, and gave its dimensions as 400 meters (1,300 feet) north +and south by 200 meters (650 feet) east and west. He also described and +gave measurements of the Casa Grande proper and discusses its place in +the field of aboriginal architecture. In a later publication<a class = +"tag" name = "tag6" href = "#note6">6</a> he discussed the ruin at +somewhat greater length, and presented also a rough sketch plan of the +group and ground plans of the Casa Grande and of the mound north of it. +He gave a short history of the ruin and quite an extended account of the +Pima traditions concerning it. He considered the Casa Grande a +stronghold or fortress, a place of last resort, the counterpart, +functionally, of the blockhouse of the early settlers of eastern United +States.</p> + +<p>In 1888 Mr. F. H. Cushing presented to the Congrès International +des Américanistes<a class = "tag" name = "tag7" href = "#note7">7</a> +some "Preliminary notes" on his work as director of the Hemenway +southwestern archeological expedition. Mr. Cushing did not describe +the Casa Grande, but merely alluded to it as a +<span class = "pagenum">298</span> +<a name = "page298" id = "page298"> </a> +surviving example of the temple, or principal structure, which occurred +in conjunction with nearly all the settlements studied. As Mr. Cushing's +work was devoted, however, to the investigation of remains analogous to, +if not identical with, the Casa Grande, his report forms a valuable +contribution to the literature of this subject, and although not +everyone can accept the broad inferences and generalizations drawn by +Mr. Cushing—of which he was able, unfortunately, to present only a +mere statement—the report should be consulted by every student of +southwestern archeology.</p> + +<p>The latest contribution to the literature of the Casa Grande is a +report by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes,<a class = "tag" name = "tag8" href = +"#note8">8</a> also of the Hemenway expedition, under the title "On the +present condition of a ruin in Arizona called Casa Grande." Two +magnificent illustrations are presented, engravings from photographs, +showing general views of the ruin, as well as a number of views +depicting details, and the ground plan presented at the end of the +report is the best so far published. It is unfortunate that this author +was not able to give more time to the study of the ruin; yet his report +is a valuable contribution to our knowledge concerning the Casa +Grande.</p> + + + + +<h3>DESCRIPTION.</h3> + + +<h4>THE CASA GRANDE GROUP.</h4> + +<p>The Casa Grande has been variously placed at from 2 leagues to 2 +miles south of Gila river. The writer has never traversed the distance +from the ruin to the river, but the ruin is about a mile from Walker +ranch, which is well known in that neighborhood, and about half a mile +from the river. This question, however, is not of much importance, as +the ruin is easily found by anyone looking for it, being located +directly on one of the stage routes from Casa Grande station, on the +Southern Pacific railroad, to Florence, Arizona, and about 9 miles +below, or west of, the latter place.</p> + +<p>The name Casa Grande has been usually applied to a single structure +standing near the southwestern corner of a large area covered by mounds +and other débris, but some writers have applied it to the southwestern +portion of the area and even to the whole area. The latter seems the +proper application of the term, but to avoid confusion, where both the +settlement as a whole and that portion which has formed the theme of so +many writers are referred to, the settlement will be designated as the +Casa Grande group, and the single structure with standing walls as the +Casa Grande ruin.</p> + +<p>Probably no two investigators would assign the same limits to the +area covered by the group, as the margins of this area merge +imperceptibly into the surrounding country. The accompanying map (plate +<span class = "smallroman">LI</span>) shows this area as interpreted by +the writer. The surface covered by well defined remains, as there shown, +extends about 1,800 feet north and south and 1,500 feet east and west, +or a total area of about 65 acres.</p> + +<table class = "illustration"> +<tr> +<td class = "caption right"> +<a name = "plate51" id = "plate51">PLATE LI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +<img src = "images/plate51.jpg" alt = "Plate LI"><br> +<br> +MAP OF CASA GRANDE GROUP</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<span class = "pagenum">299</span> +<a name = "page299" id = "page299"> </a> +The Casa Grande ruin, as the term is here used, occupies a position near +the southwestern corner of the group, and it will be noticed that its +size is insignificant as compared with that of the entire group, or even +with the large structure in the north-central part of it. The division +of the group into northern and southern portions, which has been made by +some writers, is clearly shown on the map; but this division is more +apparent than real. The contour interval on the map is one foot—a +sufficiently small interval to show the surface configuration closely +and to bring out some of its peculiarities. Depressions are shown by +dotted contours. It will be noticed that while most of the mounds which +mark the sites of former structures rise but 10 feet or less above the +surrounding level, the profiles vary considerably, some being much more +smoothed off and rounded than others, the former being shown on the map +by even, "flowing" contours, while the latter are more irregular; and it +will be further noticed that the irregularity reaches its maximum in the +vicinity of the Casa Grande ruin proper, where the ground surface was +more recently formed, from the fall of walls that were standing within +the historical period.</p> + +<p>External appearance is a very unsafe criterion of age, although in +some cases, like the present, it affords a fair basis for hypothesis as +to comparative age; but even in this case, where the various portions of +the group have presumably been affected alike by climatic and other +influences, such hypothesis, while perhaps interesting, must be used +with the greatest caution. Within a few miles of this place the writer +has seen the remains of a modern adobe house whose maximum age could not +exceed a decade or two, yet which presented an appearance of antiquity +quite as great as that of the wall remains east and southeast of the +Casa Grande ruin.</p> + +<p>The application of the hypothesis to the map brings out some +interesting results. In the first place, it may be seen that in the +lowest mounds, such as those in the northwestern corner of the sheet, on +the southern margin, and southwest of the well-marked mound on the +eastern margin, the contours are more flowing and the slopes more gentle +than in others. This suggests that these smoothed mounds are older than +the others, and, further, that their present height is not so great as +their former height; and again, under this hypothesis, it suggests that +the remains do not belong to one period, but that the interval which +elapsed between the abandonment of the structures whose sites are marked +by the low mounds and the most recent abandonment was long. In other +words, this group, under the hypothesis, affords another illustration of +a fact constantly impressed on the student of southwestern village +remains, that each village site marks but an epoch in the history of the +tribe occupying it—a period during which there was constant, +<span class = "pagenum">300</span> +<a name = "page300" id = "page300"> </a> +incessant change, new bands or minor divisions of the tribe appearing on +the scene, other divisions leaving the parent village for other sites, +and the ebb and flow continuing until at some period in its history the +population of a village sometimes became so reduced that the remainder, +as a matter of precaution, or for some trifling reason, abandoned it en +masse. This phase of pueblo life, more prominent in the olden days than +at present, but still extant, has not received the prominence it +deserves in the study of southwestern remains. Its effects can be seen +in almost every ruin; not all the villages of a group, nor even all the +parts of a village, were inhabited at the same time, and estimates of +population based on the number of ruins within a given region, and even +those based on the size of a given ruin, must be materially revised. As +this subject has been elsewhere<a class = "tag" name = "tag9" href = +"#note9">9</a> discussed, it can be dismissed here with the statement +that the Casa Grande group seems to have formed no exception to the +general rule, but that its population changed from time to time, and +that the extent of the remains is no criterion of the former +population.</p> + +<p>It will be noticed that in some of the mounds, noticeably those in +the immediate vicinity of the Casa Grande ruin, the surface is very +irregular. In this instance the irregularity indicates a recent +formation of surface; for at this point many walls now marked only by +mounds were standing within the historical period. External contour is +of course a product of erosion, yet similarity of contour does not +necessarily indicate either equal erosion or equal antiquity. Surface +erosion does not become a prominent factor until after the walls have +fallen, and one wall may easily last for a century or two centuries +longer than another similarly situated. The surface erosion of a +standing wall of grout, such as these under discussion, is very slight; +photographs of the Casa Grande ruin, extending over a period of sixteen +years, and made from practically the same point of view, show that the +skyline or silhouette remained essentially unchanged during that period, +every little knob and projection remaining the same. It is through +sapping or undermining at the ground surface that walls are destroyed. +An inspection of the illustrations accompanying this paper will show +what is meant by sapping: the external walls are cut away at the ground +surface to a depth varying from a few inches to nearly 2 feet. After a +rain the ground, and that portion of the walls at present below its +surface, retains moisture much longer than the part of the walls which +stands clear; the moisture rises by capillary attraction a foot or two +above the ground surface, rendering the walls at this level softer than +elsewhere, and as this portion is more exposed to the flying sand which +the wind sweeps over the ground it is here that erosion attains its +maximum. The wall is gradually cut away at and just above the ground +surface until finally the base becomes too small to support it and it +falls en masse. Then and not till then surface erosion becomes an +important factor and the profile of +<span class = "pagenum">301</span> +<a name = "page301" id = "page301"> </a> +the mass becomes finally rounded. But it will be readily seen that a +slight difference of texture, or thickness, or exposure, or some +trifling difference too minute for observation, might easily add many +decades to the apparent age of a mound. The walls once fallen, however, +the rounding or smoothing of the mounds would probably proceed at an +equal rate throughout the group, and study of the profile gives a fairly +good estimate as to the comparative age of the mounds. On this basis the +most ancient mounds are those specified above, while the most recent are +those in the immediate vicinity of the Casa Grande ruin. This estimate +accords well with the limited historical data and with the Pima +traditions, which recount that the Casa Grande ruin was the last +inhabited village in this vicinity.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig328" id = "fig328"> +<img src = "images/fig328.jpg" alt = "Figure 328"></a><br> +<br> +Fig. 328.—Map of large mound.</p> + +<p>Probably intermediate in time between the Casa Grande ruin and the +rounded mounds described above should be placed the large structure +occupying the northern-central part of the map. This mound is deserving +of more than a passing notice. It consists of two mounds, +<span class = "pagenum">302</span> +<a name = "page302" id = "page302"> </a> +each four or five times the size of the Casa Grande ruin, resting on a +flat-topped pedestal or terrace about 5 feet above the general level. +The summits of these mounds, which are nearly flat, are some 13 feet +above this level. The sides of the mounds slope very sharply, and have +suffered somewhat from erosion, being cut by deep gullies, as shown in +figure 328, which is an enlargement from the map. It has been stated +that these structures were mounds, pure and simple, used for sacrifice +or worship, resembling somewhat the well-known pyramid of Cholula; but +there is no doubt that they are the remains of house-structures, for a +careful examination of the surface on the slopes, reveals the ends of +regular walls. The height is not exceptional, the mound on the east +being less than 3 feet lower, while the one on the southeast lacks less +than 4 feet of its height. The characteristic feature, however, and one +difficult to explain, except on the hypothesis stated, is the sharp +slope of the sides. It will be noticed that the raised base or terrace +on which the mounds are located is not perfectly flat, but on the +contrary has a raised rim. This rim seems quite inconsistent with the +theory which has been advanced that the terrace was built up solidly as +a terrace or base, as in that case it would seem natural that the slope +from the base of the mounds to the edge of the terrace would be +continuous.</p> + +<p>There is an abundance of room between the crest of the rim and the +base of the terrace for a row of single rooms, inclosing a court within +which the main structures stood, or such a court may have been covered, +wholly or partly with clusters of rooms, single storied outside, but +rising in the center, in two main clusters, three or more stories high. +Such an agglomeration of rooms might under certain conditions produce +the result seen here, although a circumscribing heavy wall, occupying +the position of the crest of the rim and inclosing two main clusters +each rising three or more stories, might also produce this result. The +difficulty with the latter hypothesis is, however, that under it we +should expect to find a greater depression between the base of the +mounds and the edge of the terrace. The most reasonable hypothesis, +therefore, is that the space between the base of the mounds and the edge +of the terrace was occupied by rooms of one story. This would also help +to explain the steepness of the slopes of the mounds themselves. The +walls of the structures they represent, being protected by the adjacent +low walls of the one-story rooms, would not suffer appreciably by +undermining at the ground level, and if the central room or rooms of +each cluster were higher than the surrounding rooms, as is the case in +the Casa Grande ruin, the exterior walls, being usually heavier than the +inner walls, would be the last to succumb, the clusters would be filled +up by the disintegration of the inner walls, and not until the spaces +between the low one-story walls surrounding the central cluster were +nearly filled up would the pronounced disintegration of the outer walls +of the structures commence. At that period the walls were probably +<span class = "pagenum">303</span> +<a name = "page303" id = "page303"> </a> +covered and protected by debris dropping from above, and possibly the +profile of the mounds was already established, being only slightly +modified by surface erosion since.</p> + +<table class = "illustration"> +<tr> +<td class = "caption right"> +<a name = "plate52" id = "plate52">PLATE LII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +<img src = "images/plate52.jpg" alt = "Plate LII"><br> +<br> +GROUND PLAN OF CASA GRANDE RUIN</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>About the center of the eastern side of the terrace, and also on the +western side, the water which falls on the surface of the structure is +discharged through rather pronounced depressions at these points. These +depressions are not the work of running water, though doubtless +emphasized by that agency, but represent low or open spaces in the +original structure, probably passageways or gateways. Furthermore, +before or inside each gateway there is a slightly depressed area, just +where we would expect to find it under our hypothesis, and showing that +the process of filling in is not yet completed. If the structure were to +remain undisturbed for some decades longer these spaces would doubtless +be filled up from material washed from the mounds, giving eventually a +continuous slope from the base of the mounds to the edge of the +terrace.</p> + +<p>On the eastern margin of the map and in the southeastern corner two +small and sharply defined mounds, differing in character from any others +of the group, are represented. That shown on the eastern margin rises +about 6 feet and the other about 10 feet above the surrounding level, +and both stand out alone, no other remains occurring within a hundred +yards in any direction. These mounds seem a thing apart from the other +remains in the group; and it is probable that they represent the latest +period in the occupancy of this site, or possibly a period subsequent to +its final abandonment as a place of residence. Analogous remains occur +in conjunction with some large ruins in the north, and there they +represent single rooms, parts of the original structure kept in a fair +state of preservation by occasional repairs while the remainder of the +village was going to ruin, and used as farming outlooks long after the +site was abandoned as a place of residence. As these farming outlooks +have been discussed at some length in another paper<a class = "tag" name += "tag10" href = "#note10">10</a> it is not necessary here to enlarge +upon their function and the important part they play in Pueblo +architecture. If the high mounds in question mark, as supposed, the +sites of farming outlooks such as those which are found in the north, +they indicate that the occupancy of the region in which they occur was +continued after the abandonment of the Casa Grande structure by the +people who built it or by people of similar habits and customs.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig329" id = "fig329"> +<img src = "images/fig329.jpg" alt = "Figure 329"></a><br> +<br> +Fig. 329.—Map of hollow mound.</p> + +<p>An inspection of the map will show a number of depressions, some of +quite large area, indicated by dotted contour lines. The principal one +occurs a little west of the center of the area, and is worth more than a +passing notice since similar structures are widely distributed +throughout this region. It may be roughly characterized as a mound with +excavated center. The ground for some distance about the structure +(except for two depressions discussed later) is quite flat. From this +<span class = "pagenum">304</span> +<a name = "page304" id = "page304"> </a> +flat surface as a base the structure rises to a height of 5 feet. From +the exterior it has the appearance of an ordinary mound, but on reaching +the top the interior is found to be hollowed out to a depth which even +at the present day is below the surrounding surface, although not below +the depressions adjoining. The main structure or mound is shown in +figure 329 (an enlargement from the map). It measures on top of the +crest 150 feet from north to south and about 80 feet from east to west, +but covers a ground area of 200 feet by 120 feet or over half an acre. +The crest is of the same height throughout, except for slight elevations +on the eastern and western sides and a little knoll or swell in the +southwestern corner. There is no indication of any break in the +continuity of the crest such as would be found were there openings or +gateways to the interior. The bottom of the depression in the main +structure is at present about a foot below the surrounding ground +surface, but it must have been originally considerably more than this, +as the profile indicates long exposure to atmospheric erosion and +consequent filling of the interior. No excavation was made and the +character of the construction can not be determined, but the mound is +apparently a simple earth structure—not laid up in blocks, like +the Casa Grande ruin.</p> + +<table class = "illustration"> +<tr> +<td class = "caption right"> +<a name = "plate53" id = "plate53">PLATE LIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +<img src = "images/plate53.jpg" alt = "Plate LIII"><br> +<br> +GENERAL VIEW OF CASA GRANDE.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<span class = "pagenum">305</span> +<a name = "page305" id = "page305"> </a> +To the east and to the west are two large depressions, each about 5 feet +below the surrounding ground surface, evidently the places whence the +material for the construction of the mound was obtained. Yet the amount +of material removed from these excavations must have been considerably +in excess of that used in the construction of the mound, and this excess +was doubtless utilized in neighboring constructions, since it is hardly +to be supposed that it was carried away to any considerable +distance.</p> + +<p>The purpose of this hollow mound, which is a fair type of many +similar structures found in this region, is not clear. Mr. Frank +Hamilton Cushing, while director of the Hemenway southwestern +archeological expedition, found a number of these structures and +excavated some of them. From remains thus found he concluded that they +were sun-temples, as he termed them, and that they were covered with a +roof made of coiled strands of grass, after a manner analogous to that +in which pueblo baskets are made. A somewhat similar class of structures +was found by the writer on the upper Rio Verde, but these were probably +<ins class = "correction" title = +"spelling as in original">thrashing</ins> floors. Possibly the structure +under discussion was for a similar purpose, yet its depth in proportion +to its size was almost too great for such use. The question must be left +for determination if possible by excavation.</p> + +<p>In the southern central part of the map is shown another excavation, +covering a larger area than any of the others, of very irregular outline +and from 3 to 4 feet deep. It is apparently older than the others and +probably furnished the material for the house structures northeast and +southwest of it. Bordering the depression on the south there are some +low mounds, almost obliterated, which probably were the sites of other +house structures.</p> + +<p>Scattered about the area shown on the map there are several small +depressions, usually more regular in outline than those described. The +best example is situated near the northeastern corner of the area. It is +situated in the point of a low promontory, is about 3 feet deep, almost +regularly oval in outline, and measures about 50 by 100 feet. A similar +depression less than 2 feet deep occurs near the northwest corner of the +area, and immediately south of the last there is another, more irregular +in outline, and nearly 3 feet deep. There are also some small +depressions in the immediate vicinity of the Casa Grande ruin and of the +mounds north of it.</p> + +<p>With a single exception none of these depressions are so situated +that they could be used as reservoirs for the storage of water collected +from the surface, and the catchment area of the depressions is so small +and the rate of evaporation in this area so great that their use as +reservoirs is out of the question. It is probable that all of the +smaller depressions represent simply sites where building material was +obtained. Possibly the ground at these points furnished more suitable +material than elsewhere, and, if so, the builders may have taken the +trouble to transport +<span class = "pagenum">306</span> +<a name = "page306" id = "page306"> </a> +it several hundred yards rather than follow the usual practice of using +material within a few feet of the site. This hypothesis would explain +the large size of the depressions, otherwise an anomalous feature.</p> + + +<h4>CASA GRANDE RUIN.</h4> + +<h5>STATE OF PRESERVATION.</h5> + +<p>The area occupied by the Casa Grande ruin is insignificant as +compared with that of the entire group, yet it has attracted the greater +attention because it comprises practically all the walls still standing. +There is only one small fragment of wall east of the main structure and +another south of it.</p> + +<p>The ruin is especially interesting because it is the best preserved +example now remaining of a type of structure which, there is reason to +believe, was widely distributed throughout the Gila valley, and which, +so far as now known, is not found elsewhere. The conditions under which +pueblo architecture developed in the north were peculiar, and stamped +themselves indelibly on the house structures there found. Here in the +south there is a radical change in physical environment: even the +available building material was different, and while it is probable that +a systematic investigation of this field will show essentially the same +ideas that in the north are worked out in stone, here embodied in a +different material and doubtless somewhat modified to suit the changed +environment, yet any general conclusion based on the study of a single +ruin would be unsafe. In the present state of knowledge of this field it +is not advisable to attempt more than a detailed description, embodying, +however, a few inferences, applicable to this ruin only, which seem well +supported by the evidence obtained.</p> + +<p>The Casa Grande ruin is located near the southwestern corner of the +group, and the ground surface for miles about it in every direction is +so flat that from the summit of the walls an immense stretch of country +is brought under view. On the east is the broad valley of Gila river +rising in a great plain to a distant range of mountains. About a mile +and a half toward the north a fringe of cottonwood trees marks the +course of the river, beyond which the plain continues, broken somewhat +by hills and buttes, until the view is closed by the Superstition +mountains. On the northwest the valley of Gila river runs into the +horizon, with a few buttes here and there. On the west lies a range of +mountains closing the valley in that direction, while toward the +southwest and south it extends until in places it meets the horizon, +while in other places it is closed by ranges of mountain blue and misty +in the distance. In an experience of some years among northern ruins, +many of them located with special reference to outlook over tillable +lands, the writer has found no other ruin so well situated as this.</p> + +<p>The character of the site occupied by the ruin indicates that it +belongs to a late date if not to the final period in the occupancy of +this +<span class = "pagenum">307</span> +<a name = "page307" id = "page307"> </a> +region, a period when by reason of natural increase of numbers, or +perhaps aggregation of related gentes, the defense motive no longer +dominated the selection of a village site, but reliance was placed on +numbers and character of structures, and the builders felt free to +select a site with reference only to their wants as a horticultural +people. This period or stage has been reached by many of the Pueblo +tribes, although mostly within the historical period; but some of them, +the Tusayan for example, are still in a prior stage.</p> + +<table class = "illustration"> +<tr> +<td class = "caption right"> +<a name = "plate54" id = "plate54">PLATE LIV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +<img src = "images/plate54.jpg" alt = "Plate LIV"><br> +<br> +STANDING WALL NEAR CASA GRANDE</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>A ground plan of the ruin is shown in plate <span class = +"smallroman">LII</span>, and a general view in plate <span class = +"smallroman">LIII</span>. The area covered and inclosed by standing +walls is about 43 feet by 59 feet, but the building is not exactly +rectangular, and the common statement that it faces the cardinal points +is erroneous. The variation from the magnetic north is shown on the +ground plan, which was made in December, 1890. The building comprised +three central rooms, each approximately 10 by 24 feet, arranged side by +side with the longer axes north and south, and two other rooms, each +about 9 by 35 feet, occupying respectively the northern and southern +ends of the building, and arranged transversely across the ends of the +central rooms, with the longer axes running east and west. Except the +central room, which was three stories in height, all the rooms were two +stories above the ground. The northeastern and southeastern corners of +the structure have fallen, and large blocks of the material of which +they were composed are strewn upon the ground in the vicinity. It is +probable that the destruction of these corners prior to that of the rest +of the building was due to the disintegration of minor walls connected +with them and extending, as shown by the ridges on the ground plan, +northward from the northeastern corner and eastward from the +southeastern corner. These walls doubtless formed part of the original +structure and were probably erected with it; otherwise the corners of +the main structure would not have been torn out or strained enough to +fall before the rest of the building was affected.</p> + +<p>It is not likely that the main building originally stood alone as at +present. On the contrary there is every reason to suppose that it was +connected with other buildings about 75 feet east of it, now marked by a +bit of standing wall shown on the map (plate <span class = +"smallroman">LI</span>), and probably also with a small structure about +170 feet south of it, shown in plate <span class = +"smallroman">LIV</span>. These connections seem to have been by open +courts inclosed by walls and not by continuous buildings. The court east +of the ruin is well marked by the contours and seems to have been +entered by a gateway or opening at its southeastern corner.</p> + + +<h5>DIMENSIONS.</h5> + +<p>It is probable that the area immediately adjacent to the ruin, and +now covered by mounds, carried buildings of the same time with the main +structure and was occupied contemporaneously with it or nearly so. This +area, well marked on the map, measures about 400 feet +<span class = "pagenum">308</span> +<a name = "page308" id = "page308"> </a> +north and south, and 240 feet east and west. It is not rectangular, +although the eastern and western sides, now marked by long ridges, are +roughly parallel. The northeastern corner does not conform to a +rectangular plan, and the southern side is not more than half closed by +the low ridge which extends partly across it. This area is doubtless the +one measured in 1776, by Padre Font, whose description, was copied by +later writers, and whose measurements were applied by Humboldt and +others to the ruin itself. Font gave his measurements as those of a +circumscribing wall, and his inference has been adopted by many, in fact +most, later writers. A circumscribing wall is an anomalous feature, in +the experience of the writer, and a close inspection of the general map +will show that Font's inference is hardly justified by the condition of +the remains today. It seems more likely that the area in question was +covered by groups of buildings and rows of rooms, connected by open +courts, and forming an outline sometimes regular for a considerable +distance, but more often irregular, after the manner of pueblo +structures today. The long north and south ridge which forms the +southeastern corner of the area, with other ridges extending westward, +is quite wide on top, wide enough to accommodate a single row of rooms +of the same width as those of the ruin, and it is hardly reasonable to +suppose that a wall would be built 10 or 12 feet wide when one of 4 feet +would serve every purpose to which it could possibly be put. +Furthermore, the supposition of an inclosing wall does not leave any +reasonable explanation of the transverse ridges above mentioned, nor of +the long ridge which runs southward from the southeastern corner of the +ruin.</p> + +<p>The exterior walls rise to a height of from 20 to 25 feet above the +ground. This height accommodated two stories, but the top of the wall is +now 1 to 2 feet higher than the roof level of the second story. The +middle room or space was built up three stories high and the walls are +now 28 to 30 feet above the ground level. The tops of the walls, while +rough and much eroded, are approximately level. The exterior surface of +the walls is rough, as shown in the illustrations, but the interior +walls of the rooms are finished with a remarkable degree of smoothness, +so much so as to attract the attention of everyone who has visited the +ruin. Mange, who saw the ruin with Padre Font in 1697, says the walls +shine like Puebla pottery, and they still retain this finish wherever +the surface has not cracked off. This fine finish is shown in a number +of illustrations herewith. The walls are not of even thickness. At the +ground level the exterior wall is from 3½ to 4½ feet thick, and in one +place at the southern end of the eastern wall, is a trifle over 5 feet +thick. The interior walls are from 3 to 4 feet thick at base. At the top +the walls are reduced to about 2 feet thick, partly by setbacks or steps +at the floor levels, partly by exterior batter, the interior wall +surface being approximately vertical. Some writers, noting the +inclination of the outer wall surface, and not seeing the interior, +<span class = "pagenum">309</span> +<a name = "page309" id = "page309"> </a> +have inferred that the walls leaned considerably away from the +perpendicular. This inference has been strengthened, in some cases, by +an examination of the interior, for the inner wall surface, while finely +finished, is not by any means a plane surface, being generally concave +in each room; yet a line drawn from floor level to floor level would be +very nearly vertical. The building was constructed by crude methods, +thoroughly aboriginal in character, and there is no uniformity in its +measurements. The walls, even in the same room, are not of even +thickness, the floor joists were seldom on a straight line, and +measurements made at similar places, e.g., the two ends of a room, +seldom agree.</p> + +<table class = "illustration"> +<tr> +<td class = "caption right"> +<a name = "plate55" id = "plate55">PLATE LV</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +<img src = "images/plate55.jpg" alt = "Plate LV"><br> +<br> +WEST FRONT OF CASA GRANDE RUIN</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>A series of precise measurements gives the following results: Outside +eastern wall, at level 3 feet above center of depressed area adjoining +the ruin on the east, 59 feet; western wall at same level, 59 feet 1 +inch; northern and southern walls, at same level, 42 and 43 feet +respectively. These measurements are between points formed by the +intersection of the wall lines; the northeastern and southeastern +corners having fallen, the actual length of standing wall is less. At +the level stated the northern wall measures but 34 feet 4 inches, and +the southern wall 36 feet 10 inches. A similar irregularity is found in +the interior measurements of rooms. The middle room is marked by an +exceptional departure from regularity in shape and dimensions. Both the +east and west walls are bowed eastward, making the western wall convex +and the eastern wall concave in reference to the room.</p> + +<p>Precise measurements of the middle room at the second floor level, 8 +feet above the base previously stated, are as follows: Eastern side, 24 +feet 8½ inches; western side, 24 feet 2 inches; northern side, 9 feet 3½ +inches; southern side, 9 feet 1 inch. The eastern room is a little more +regular, but there is a difference of 11 inches between the measurements +of the northern and southern ends. A similar difference is found in the +western room, amounting there to 6 inches. The northern and southern +rooms do not afford as good bases for comparison, as a corner is missing +in each; but measurements to a point where the interior wall surfaces +would intersect if prolonged, show variations of from 6 inches to a +foot. The statement that the ruin exhibits exceptional skill in +construction on the part of the builders, is not, therefore, supported +by facts.</p> + + +<h5>DETAILED DESCRIPTION.</h5> + +<p>The Casa Grande ruin is often referred to as an adobe structure. +Adobe construction, if we limit the word to its proper meaning, consists +of the use of molded brick, dried in the sun but not baked. Adobe, as +thus defined, is very largely used throughout the southwest, more than +nine out of ten houses erected by the Mexican population and many of +those erected by the Pueblo Indians being so constructed; but, in the +experience of the writer, it is never found in the older ruins, although +seen to a limited extent in ruins known to belong to a period +<span class = "pagenum">310</span> +<a name = "page310" id = "page310"> </a> +subsequent to the Spanish conquest. Its discovery, therefore, in the +Casa Grande would be important; but no trace of it can be found. The +walls are composed of huge blocks of earth, 3 to 5 feet long, 2 feet +high, and 3 to 4 feet thick. These blocks were not molded and placed in +situ, but were manufactured in place. The method adopted was probably +the erection of a framework of canes or light poles, woven with reeds or +grass, forming two parallel surfaces or planes, some 3 or 4 feet apart +and about 5 feet long. Into this open box or trough was rammed clayey +earth obtained from the immediate vicinity and mixed with water to a +heavy paste. When the mass was sufficiently dry, the framework was moved +along the wall and the operation repeated. This is the typical pisé or +rammed-earth construction, and in the hands of skilled workmen it +suffices for the construction of quite elaborate buildings. As here +used, however, the appliances were rude and the workmen unskilled. An +inspection of the illustrations herewith, especially of plate <span +class = "smallroman">LV</span>, showing the western wall of the ruin, +will indicate clearly how this work was done. The horizontal lines, +marking what may be called courses, are very well defined, and, while +the vertical joints are not apparent in the illustration, a close +inspection of the wall itself shows them. It will be noticed that the +builders were unable to keep straight courses, and that occasional thin +courses were put in to bring the wall up to a general level. This is +even more noticeable in other parts of the ruin. It is probable that as +the walls rose the exterior surface was smoothed with the hand or with +some suitable implement, but it was not carefully finished like the +interior, nor was it treated like the latter with a specially prepared +material. The material employed for the walls was admirably suited for +the purpose, being when dry almost as hard as sandstone and practically +indestructible. The manner in which such walls disintegrate under +atmospheric influences has already been set forth in detail in this +report. An inhabited structure with walls like these would last +indefinitely, provided occupancy continued and a few slight repairs, +which would accompany occupancy, were made at the conclusion of each +rainy season. When abandoned, however, sapping at the ground level would +commence, and would in time level all the walls; yet in the two +centuries which have elapsed since Padre Kino's visit—and the Casa +Grande was then a ruin—there has been but little destruction, the +damage done by relic hunters in the last twenty years being in fact much +greater than that wrought by the elements in the preceding two +centuries. The relic hunters seem to have had a craze for wood, as the +lintels of openings and even the stumps of floor joists have been torn +out and carried away. The writer has been reliably informed that as late +as twenty years ago a portion of the floor or roof in one of the rooms +was still in place, but at the present day nothing is left of the floors +except marks on the vertical walls, and a few stumps of floor joists, +deeply imbedded in the walls, and so high that they can not be seen from +the ground.</p> + +<table class = "illustration"> +<tr> +<td class = "caption right"> +<a name = "plate56" id = "plate56">PLATE LVI</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +<img src = "images/plate56.jpg" alt = "Plate LVI"><br> +<br> +INTERIOR WALL OF CASA GRANDE RUIN</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<span class = "pagenum">311</span> +<a name = "page311" id = "page311"> </a> +The floors of the rooms, which were also the roofs of the rooms below, +were of the ordinary pueblo type, employed also today by the American +and Mexican population of this region. In the Casa Grande ruin a series +of light joists or heavy poles was laid across the shorter axis of the +room at the time the walls were erected; these poles were 3 to 6 inches +in diameter, not selected or laid with unusual care, as the holes in the +side walls which mark the places they occupied are seldom in a straight +line, and their shape often indicates that the poles were quite crooked. +Better executed examples of the same construction are often found in +northern ruins. Over the primary series of joists was placed a layer of +light poles, 1½ to 2 inches in diameter, and over these reeds and coarse +grass were spread. The prints of the light poles can still be seen on +the walls. The floor or roof was then finished with a heavy coating of +clay, trodden down solid and smoothed to a level. A number of blocks of +this final floor finish, bearing the impress of the grass and reeds, +were found in the middle room. There is usually a setback in the wall at +the floor level, but this practice was not followed in all the +rooms.</p> + +<p>The position of the floor is well marked in all cases by holes in the +wall, into which beams projected sometimes to a depth of 3 feet, and by +a peculiar roughness of the wall. Plate <span class = +"smallroman">LVI</span> shows two floor levels, both set back slightly +and the upper one strongly marked by the roughness mentioned. This +roughness apparently marks the thickness of the floor in some cases, yet +in others it is much too thick for a floor and must have had some other +purpose. The relation of these marks to the beam holes suggests that in +some cases there was a low and probably narrow bench around two or more +sides of the room; such benches are often found in the present Pueblo +villages.</p> + +<p>The walls of the northern room are fairly well preserved, except in +the northeastern corner, which has fallen. The principal floor beams +were of necessity laid north and south, across the shorter axis of the +room, while the secondary series of poles, 1½ inches in diameter, have +left their impression in the eastern and western walls. There is no +setback in the northern wall at the first floor level, though there is a +very slight one in the southern wall; none appears in the eastern and +western walls. Yet in the second roof level there is a double setback of +9 and 5 inches in the western wall, and the northern wall has a setback +of 9 inches, and the top of the wall still shows the position of nearly +all the roof timbers. This suggests—and the suggestion is +supported by other facts to be mentioned later—that the northern +room was added after the completion of the rest of the edifice.</p> + +<p>The second roof or third floor level, the present top of the wall, +has a decided pitch outward, amounting to nearly 5 inches. Furthermore, +the outside of the northern wall of the middle room, above the second +roof level of the northern room, is very much eroded. This indicates +that the northern room never had a greater height than two stories, but +probably the walls were crowned with low parapets. In this connection +<span class = "pagenum">312</span> +<a name = "page312" id = "page312"> </a> +it may be stated that a calculation of the amount of débris within the +building and for a distance of 10 feet about it in every direction, the +interior floor level being determined by excavation, showed an amount of +material which, added to the walls, would raise them less than 3 feet; +in other words, the present height of the walls is very nearly the +maximum height.</p> + +<p>Subsequent to this examination the ruin was cleared out by +contractors for the Government in carrying out a plan for the repair and +preservation of the ruin, and it was reported that in one of the rooms a +floor level below that previously determined was found, making an +underground story or cellar. This would but slightly modify the +foregoing conclusion, as the additional débris would raise the walls +less than a foot, and in the calculation no account was taken of +material removed from the surface of the walls.</p> + +<p>In support of the hypothesis that the second roof level of the +northern room was the top roof, it may be stated that there is no trace +of an opening in the walls above that level, except on the western side. +There was a narrow opening in the western corner, but so well filled +that it is hardly perceptible. Doubtless it formed a niche or opening in +the parapet.</p> + +<p>The southern wall on the first roof level still preserves very clear +and distinct impressions of the rushes which were used in the +construction of the roof. In some cases these impressions occur 3 inches +above the top of the floor beams, in others directly above them, showing +that the secondary series of poles was very irregularly placed. In the +eastern and western walls the impressions of rushes are also clear, but +there they are parallel with the wall surface. The rushes were about the +thickness of a pencil.</p> + +<p>The floor joists were 3 to 4 inches in diameter, and as a rule +projected into the wall but 5 to 8 inches. In some places in the +northern wall, however, they extended into the masonry as much as 3 feet +3 inches. The beams were doubtless cut by guess, at the place where +trees of the requisite size were found, according to the method employed +by the Pueblo Indians today, and if, as supposed, the northern room was +built after the rest of the structure, the excess in length would +necessarily be found in the northern wall.</p> + +<p>In the roof construction previously described rushes or canes formed +the third member, and in the northern room the wall is rough immediately +above the impressions of rushes, and projects 8 to 12 inches. This +feature is well marked; it may be a remnant of the clay covering of +floor or roof, but it is almost too thick for that and possibly marks +the position of a low bench, as previously suggested. The bottoms of the +openings come just to or a trifle above the top of this marking.</p> + +<table class = "illustration"> +<tr> +<td class = "caption right"> +<a name = "plate57" id = "plate57">PLATE LVII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +<img src = "images/plate57.jpg" alt = "Plate LVII"><br> +<br> +BLOCKED OPENING IN WEST WALL</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The walls of the western room were smoothly finished and the finish +is well preserved, but here, as in the northern room, the exterior wall +of the middle room was not finished above the second roof level, and +<span class = "pagenum">313</span> +<a name = "page313" id = "page313"> </a> +there is no doubt that two stories above the ground were the maximum +height of the western rooms, excluding the parapet. The eastern wall +presents a marked double convexity while the western wall is +comparatively straight in a horizontal line, but markedly concave +vertically above the first roof level. Below this level it is straight. +The floor beams were from 3 to 6 inches in diameter. The marks in the +eastern wall show that the beams projected into it to a nearly uniform +depth of 1 foot 4 inches. In the western wall, however, the depth varies +from 1 to 3 feet. The beams which entered the eastern wall were very +irregularly placed, the line rising in the center some 3 or 4 inches. +The beams of the second roof level show the same irregularity and in the +same place; possibly this was done to correct a level, for the same +feature is repeated in the eastern room.</p> + +<p>The walls of the southern room are perhaps better finished and less +well constructed than any others in the building. The beam holes in the +southern wall are regular, those in the northern wall less so. The beams +used averaged a little smaller than those in the other rooms, and there +is no trace whatever in the overhanging wall of the use of rushes or +canes in the construction of the roof above. The walls depart +considerably from vertical plane surfaces; the southern wall inclines +fully 12 inches inward, while in the northeastern corner the side of a +doorway projects fully 3 inches into the room. The broken condition of +the southern wall indicates carelessness in construction. The weakest +point in pisé construction is of course the framing around openings. In +the southern wall the openings, being doubtless the first to give way, +are now almost completely obliterated. In the center of the wall there +were two openings, one above the other, but not a trace of lintels now +remains, and the eastern half of the wall now stands clear from other +walls. Probably there was also an opening near the southwestern corner +of the room, but the lintels giving way the wall above fell down and, as +shown on the ground plan (plate <span class = "smallroman">LII</span>), +filled up the opening. This could happen only with exceptionally light +lintels and exceptionally bad construction of walls; one of the large +blocks, before described as composing the wall, must have rested +directly above the opening, which was practically the same size as the +block.</p> + +<p>The walls of the eastern room were well finished, and, except the +western wall, in fairly good preservation. The floor beams were not +placed in a straight line, but rise slightly near the middle, as noted +above. The finish of some of the openings suggests that the floor was +but 3 or 4 inches above the beams, and that the roughened surface, +already mentioned, was not part of it. The northern wall of this room +seems to have run through to the outside, on the east, as though at one +time it formed the exterior wall of the structure; and the eastern wall +of the building north of this room is separated from the rest of the +wall by a wide crack, as though it had been built against a smooth +surface. The western wall of this room shows clearly that in the +<span class = "pagenum">314</span> +<a name = "page314" id = "page314"> </a> +construction of the building the floor beams were laid on the tops of +the walls, and that the intervening spaces were filled with small lumps +of material up to a level with or a little above the upper surface of +the beams, the regular construction with large blocks being then +resumed.</p> + +<p>In the middle room many blocks bearing the imprint of grass and +rushes were found, and the rough marking of the walls just above the +floor beams is covered in places in this room with masonry composed of +these grass marked blocks projecting some distance into the room, +indicating that in this room at least they mark the position of a bench. +These blocks occupy the whole thickness of the setback at the second +roof level—perhaps an indication that the upper story was added +after the building was occupied.</p> + + +<h5>OPENINGS.</h5> + +<p>The Casa Grande was well provided with doorways and other openings +arranged in pairs one above the other. There were doorways from each +room into each adjoining room, except that the middle room was entered +only from the east. Some of the openings were not used and were closed +with blocks of solid masonry built into them long prior to the final +abandonment of the ruin.</p> + +<p>The middle room had three doorways, one above the other, all opening +eastward. The lowest doorway opened directly on the floor level, and was +2 feet wide, with vertical sides. Its height could not be determined, as +the top was completely broken away and merged with the opening above, +but the bottom, which is also the floor level, is 6 feet 9 inches below +the level of the first roof beams. The doorway of the second story is +preserved only on the northern side. Its bottom, still easily +distinguishable, is 1 foot 6 inches above the bottom of the floor beams. +It was not over 2 feet wide and was about 4 feet high. The upper doorway +is still well preserved, except that the lintels are gone. It is about +three inches narrower at the top than at the bottom and about 4 feet +high.</p> + +<p>In addition to its three doorways, all in the eastern wall, the +middle tier of rooms was well provided with niches and holes in the +walls, some of them doubtless utilized as outlooks. On the left of the +upper doorway are two holes, a foot apart, about 4 inches in diameter, +and smoothly finished. Almost directly above these some 3 feet, and +about 2 feet higher than the top of the door, there are two similar +holes. Near the southern end of the room in the same wall there is +another round opening a trifle larger and about 4½ feet above the floor +level. In the western wall there are two similar openings, and there is +one each in the northern and southern walls. All these openings are +circular, of small diameter, and are in the upper or third story, as +shown on the elevations herewith, figure 330. The frequency of openings +in the upper or third story and their absence on lower levels, except +the specially arranged openings described later, supports the hypothesis +that none of the rooms except the middle one were ever more than two +<span class = "pagenum">315</span> +<a name = "page315" id = "page315"> </a> +stories high and that the wall remains above the second roof level +represent a low parapet.</p> + +<table class = "illustration"> +<tr> +<td class = "caption right"> +<a name = "plate58" id = "plate58">PLATE LVIII</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +<img src = "images/plate58.jpg" alt = "Plate LVIII"><br> +<br> +SQUARE OPENING IN SOUTH ROOM</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In the second story, or middle room of the middle tier, there were no +openings except the doorway in the eastern wall and two small orifices +in the western wall. In the middle of this wall there is a niche about +18 inches below the roof, and a foot below this is a round-cornered +opening measuring about 7 by 8 inches extending through the wall. This +opening was on a level with another in the western wall of the western +room, and commanded a far-reaching though contracted view toward the +west. Below and a little northward is a similar though somewhat larger +opening corresponding to an opening in the western wall of the western +room.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<a name = "fig330" id = "fig330"> +<img src = "images/fig330.jpg" alt = "Figure 330"></a><br> +<br> +Fig. 330.—Elevations of walls, middle room.</p> + +<p>The upper doorway in the western wall of the western room is much +broken out, but the top can still be traced. It was 4 feet 5½ inches in +height and 1 foot 11 inches wide at top. The opening was blocked by +solid masonry built into it and completely filling it up to within 10 +inches of the top. This upper space, which is on a level with the upper +hole in the middle room, seems to have been purposely left to allow an +outlook from that room. The filling block is level on top and flush with +the wall inside and out. At a height of 12 inches above the lower edge +of the floor beams below it, and perhaps 3 inches above the floor, is +the lower edge of a roughly square opening a foot across, cut +<span class = "pagenum">316</span> +<a name = "page316" id = "page316"> </a> +out from the block itself and inclined slightly downward toward the +exterior. It was plastered and smoothly finished. This opening +corresponds to the one in the middle room already described. This +filling block, with the orifice under discussion, is shown in figure +330, and in detail in plate <span class = "smallroman">LVII</span>.</p> + +<p>The lower doorway, shown in figure 330, is much broken out, and +although now but 2 feet 1½ inches wide at its narrowest part, no trace +of the original surface remains on the northern side. The opening was 4 +feet 6½ inches high and probably less than 2 feet wide, with vertical +sides.</p> + +<p>In the western wall of the southern room there was but one opening. +This is about 9 inches square, finished smoothly, and occurs in the +upper room, about 6 feet 5 inches above the floor. It is shown in plate +<span class = "smallroman">LVIII</span>. The doorway between this room +and the western room was smoothly finished and is in good order except +the top, which is entirely gone. It was covered with double lintels made +of poles 2 to 4 inches in diameter, the lower series about 3 inches +above the top of the door. The opening was originally filled in like +that described above, leaving only 8 or 10 inches of the upper part +open. The lower part of the block was pierced by a square hole, like +that in the western room, but this has weathered or been broken out and +the block has slipped down, so that now its top is 1 foot 5½ inches +below what was formerly the top of the opening. The top of the filling +block is still smooth and finished and shows across its entire width a +series of prints probably of flat sticks about an inch and a half wide, +though, possibly these are marks of some finishing tool. The marks run +north and south.</p> + +<p>The opening below the one just described was so much filled up at the +time of examination that none of its features could be determined, +except that it was bridged by two tiers of sticks of the usual size as +lintels. The subsequent excavation before referred to, however, +apparently disclosed an opening similar to the one described, and, like +it, filled nearly to the top with a large block.</p> + +<p>A little west of the middle of the northern wall there are three +niches, arranged side by side and about 6½ feet above the first roof +beams. The niches are 10 inches high, a foot wide, and about a foot +deep, and are about 8 inches apart. They are smoothly finished and +plastered, but were roughly made.</p> + +<p>The eastern opening in the northern wall, opening into the east room, +is well preserved except the top, which is missing. It measured 4 feet +2½ inches in height and 1 foot 11 inches wide at the bottom, the top +being nearly an inch narrower. It carried two tiers of lintels of medium +size.</p> + +<p>The gap in the southern wall of the southern room, shown in the plan, +though now open from the ground up, represents the location of two +doorways, one above the other. Remains of both of these can still be +seen on the ends of the walls. No measurements can be obtained. +<span class = "pagenum">317</span> +<a name = "page317" id = "page317"> </a> +The large fallen block near the southwestern corner of the room, which +undoubtedly slipped down from above, shows a finished surface at the +ground level inside, but above it no trace of an opening can be seen, +possibly because the ends of the walls above are much eroded.</p> + +<table class = "illustration"> +<tr> +<td class = "caption right"> +<a name = "plate59" id = "plate59">PLATE LIX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +<img src = "images/plate59.jpg" alt = "Plate LIX"><br> +<br> +REMAINS OF LINTELS</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The upper opening in the eastern wall of the eastern room was +apparently capped with a single lintel composed of five sticks 4 to 6 +inches in diameter laid level on the top of a course of masonry. The +bottom of the opening is filled either with washed-down material or with +the remains of a block such as that previously described. This opening +is the most irregular one in the building, the top being nearly 4 inches +narrower than the bottom, but the northern side of the opening is +vertical, the southern side only being inclined inward. The opening was +4 feet 11 inches high and 1 foot 8½ inches wide at the bottom. The +opening immediately below that described, which was the ground floor +entrance from the east, is so much broken out that no evidence remains +of its size and character. There appears to have been only one row of +lintel poles.</p> + +<p>The eastern opening in the southern wall of the northern room is well +preserved, the lintels having been torn out by relic hunters without +much destruction of the surrounding masonry. It was neatly finished, and +its bottom, was probably a little above the first roof level. The edges +of the openings were made straight with flat sticks, either used as +implements or incorporated into the structure, and forming almost +perfectly straight edges. Marks of the same method of construction or +finish are apparent in all the other openings, but the remains are not +so well preserved as in this instance. Possibly the immediate lintels of +openings were formed of thin flat sticks, as the lintel poles are often +some inches above the top of the opening. In this opening the supporting +lintel was formed of a number of poles 2 to 4 inches in diameter, +irregularly placed, sometimes two or three in vertical series with very +little filling between them. This construction has been characterized as +a Norman arch. The opening was originally 1 foot 11 inches at the top +and 4 feet 6 inches high. The bottom is 1½ inches wider than the +top.</p> + +<p>The upper opening in the western end of the southern wall is much +like that just described. A small fragment of masonry above the lintel +remains, and this is within a quarter of an inch of the top of the +opening. Above the opening there was a series of rough lintel poles, 3 +to 5 inches in diameter, arranged in three tiers with 4 to 6 inches of +filling between them. Prints of these sticks are left in the wall and +show that some of them were quite crooked. Probably they were of +mesquite, obtained from the immediate vicinity. The edges of the +openings were finished with flat sticks, like those described, and its +bottom was 6 inches to a foot above the floor. The height of the opening +was 4 feet 3 inches and its width at the top 2 feet, at the bottom 2 +feet 1½ inches.</p> + +<p> +<span class = "pagenum">318</span> +<a name = "page318" id = "page318"> </a> +The opening immediately below the last described is filled with débris +to the level of the lintel. Above this, however, there is a series of +three tiers of sticks with 6 to 8 inches of masonry between them +vertically, sometimes laid side by side, sometimes separated by a foot +of masonry. Some of these lintel poles, as well as those of the opening +above it, extend 3 feet into the wall, others only a few inches. The +lower sides or bottoms of the holes are washed with pink clay, the same +material used for surfacing the interior walls. Perhaps this was merely +the wetting used to make succeeding courses of clay stick better. This +opening is shown in plate <span class = "smallroman">LIX</span>.</p> + +<p>Near the middle of the northern wall there are two openings, one +above the other. The upper opening was finished in the same manner as +those already described. But two tiers of poles show above it, though +the top is well preserved, and another tier may be buried in the wall. +There are indications that the opening was closed by a block about 2 +feet thick and flush with the outside. The height of the opening was 4 +feet 5 inches, width at top 1 foot 4½ inches, and at the bottom 1 foot +10 inches. It narrows a little from north to south.</p> + +<p>The lower opening is so much broken out that little remains to show +its character. There is a suggestion that the opening was only 2 feet +high, and there were probably three tiers of lintels above the opening, +the top of which was 2½ feet below the roof beams, but the evidence is +not so clear as in the other instances.</p> + +<p>In the middle of the western wall, at a height of 5 feet 8 inches +above the first roof level, there is a large, roughly circular opening +or window, 14 inches in diameter. This is shown in plate <span class = +"smallroman">LX</span>. It is smoothly finished, and enlarges, slightly, +outward.</p> + + + + +<h3>CONCLUSIONS.</h3> + + +<p>As before stated, any conclusions drawn from a study of the Casa +Grande itself, and not checked by examination of other similar or +analogous ruins, can not be considered as firmly established, yet they +have a suggestive value.</p> + +<p>From the character of the remains it seems probable that the site of +the ruins here designated as the Casa Grande group was occupied a long +time, not as a whole, but piecemeal as it were, one part being occupied +and abandoned while some other part was being built up, and that this +ebb and flow of population through many generations reached its final +period in the occupation of the structure here termed the Casa Grande +ruin. It is probable that this structure did not exist at the time the +site was first occupied, and still more probable that all or nearly all +the other sites were abandoned for some time before the structure now +called the Casa Grande was erected. It is also probable that after the +abandonment of the Casa Grande the ground about it was still worked by +its former population, who temporarily occupied, during the +horticultural season, farming outlooks located near it.</p> + +<table class = "illustration"> +<tr> +<td class = "caption right"> +<a name = "plate60" id = "plate60">PLATE LX</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "caption"> +<img src = "images/plate60.jpg" alt = "Plate LX"><br> +<br> +CIRCULAR OPENING IN NORTH ROOM</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> +<span class = "pagenum">319</span> +<a name = "page319" id = "page319"> </a> +The methods employed in the construction of the buildings of the Casa +Grande were thoroughly aboriginal and characteristically rude in +application. A fair degree of adaptability to purpose and environment is +seen, indicating that the Casa Grande was one, and not the first, +building of a series constructed by the people who erected it and by +their ancestors, but the degree of skill exhibited and amount of +ingenuity shown in overcoming difficulties do not compare with that +found in many northern ruins. As architects, the inhabitants of the Casa +Grande did not occupy the first rank among pueblo-builders.</p> + +<p>It is probable that the Casa Grande ruin as we see it today shows +very nearly the full height of the structure as it stood when it was +abandoned. The middle tier of rooms rose to a height of three stories; +the others were but two stories high. It is also probable that the +building was enlarged after being once completed and occupied. At one +time it probably consisted of four rooms on the ground plan, each two +stories high. The northern tier, of rooms was added afterward, and +probably also the third room in the central tier.</p> + +<p>The Casa Grande was undoubtedly built and occupied by a branch of the +Pueblo race, or by an allied people. Who these people were it is +impossible to determine finally from the examination of one ruin, but +all the evidence at hand suggests that they were the ancestors of the +present Pima Indians, now found in the vicinity and known to have +formerly been a pueblo-building tribe. This conclusion is supported by +the Pima traditions, as collected by Mr. Bandelier, who is intimately +acquainted with the documentary history of the southwest, and whose +knowledge of the Pima traditions is perhaps greater than that of anyone +else now living. In his various writings he hints at this connection, +and in one place he declares explicitly that the Casa Grande is a Pima +structure. None of the internal evidence of the ruin is at variance with +this conclusion. On the contrary, the scanty evidence is in accord with +the hypothesis that the Casa Grande was erected and occupied by the +ancestors of the Pima Indians.</p> + +<hr> + +<a name = "page320" id = "page320"> </a> +<!--final blank page--> + +<h4><a name = "notes" id = "notes">FOOTNOTES</a></h4> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note1" id = "note1" href = "#tag1">1</a>. +Castañeda in Ternaux-Compans. Voyage de Cibola. French text, p. 1, +pp. 41, 161-162. (The original text—Spanish—is in the Lenox +Library; no English translation has yet been published<ins class = +"correction" title = "')' missing in original">.)</ins></div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note2" id = "note2" href = "#tag2">2</a>. +An English translation is given by H. H. Bancroft, Works, iv, +p. 622, note. Also by Bartlett, Personal Narrative, 1854, vol. ii, +pp. 281-282; another was published by Schoolcraft, Hist. Cond. and Pros. +of Am. Ind., vol. iii, 1853, p. 301.</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note3" id = "note3" href = "#tag3">3</a>. +Quite an extensive list is given by Bancroft (op. cit., pp. 622-625, +notes), and by Bandelier in Papers Arch. Inst. of Amer., American +series, i, p. 11, note.</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note4" id = "note4" href = "#tag4">4</a>. +A number of copies of Font's Journal are known. Bancroft gives a partial +translation in op. cit., p. 623, <ins class = "correction" +title = "original has 'note),'">note,</ins> as does also Bartlett +(op. cit., pp. 278-280); and a French translation is given by Ternaux +Compans, ix, Voyages de Cibola, appendix.</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note5" id = "note5" href = "#tag5">5</a>. +Archæological Inst. of Amer., 5th Ann. Rep., 1884.</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note6" id = "note6" href = "#tag6">6</a>. +Papers Archæol. Inst. of Amer., Amer. ser., iv, Cambridge, 1892, +p. 453 et sec.</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note7" id = "note7" href = "#tag7">7</a>. +Berlin meeting, 1888; Compte-Rendu, Berlin, 1890, p. 150 +et seq.</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note8" id = "note8" href = "#tag8">8</a>. +Jour. of Amer. Ethn. and Arch., Cambridge, 1892, vol. ii, page 179 +et seq.</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note9" id = "note9" href = "#tag9">9</a>. +See pp. 179-261 of this Report, "Aboriginal Remains in Verde +Valley."</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<a name = "note10" id = "note10" href = "#tag10">10</a>. +A Study of Pueblo Architecture; 8th Ann. Rep. Bur. Eth., 1891, pp. 86, +227, and elsewhere.</div> + +<hr> + +<h4><a name = "index" id = "index">INDEX</a></h4> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<table class = "index"> +<tr> +<td>Adobe defined</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page309">309</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Age of Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page299">299</a>, +<a href = "#page318">318</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bandelier, A. F., Description of Casa Grande by</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "leftpad">Pima Casa-Grande tradition by</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page319">319</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bartlett, J. R., cited</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page296">296</a>, +<a href = "#page297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Casa Grande, Masonry of</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page306">306</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Chichilticale, Description of</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page295">295</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cushing, F. H., Allusion by, to Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "leftpad">southwestern sun-temples</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page305">305</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Defensive motive of Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page307">307</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Depressions, Artificial, at Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dimensions of Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page307">307</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Doorways in Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page314">314</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Emory, W. H., Visit of, to Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fewkes, J. W., Description of Casa Grande by</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page298">298</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Floors of Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page311">311</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Font, Pedro, Account of Casa Grande by</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "leftpad">on dimensions of Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page307">307</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Humboldt, A. von, on dimensions of Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page308">308</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Johnston, Capt., Visit of to Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page297">297</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Kino, Eusebio, Visit of, to Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lintels in Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page317">317</a></td> +</tr +<tr> +<td>Mange, Juan M., on Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Masonry of Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page309">309</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mindeleff, V., on pueblo farming outlooks</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page303">303</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mound surrounding Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Photographs of Casa Grande compared</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pima, Casa Grande built by the</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page319">319</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Population of pueblos</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "leftpad">of Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page300">300</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rooms of Casa Grande, Dimensions of</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page307">307</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Site of Casa Grande, Character of</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page306">306</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ternaux-Compans, Translation of Castaneda by</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page296">296</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><ins class = "correction" title = +"spelling as in original">Thrashing</ins> Floors in Verde valley</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page305">305</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tradition of Pima, of Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page319">319</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Walls of Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page308">308</a>, +<a href = "#page300">300</a>, <a href = "#page313">313</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Window-Openings in Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page314">314</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Woodwork of Casa Grande</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page310">310</a>, +<a href = "#page312">312</a>, <a href = "#page313">313</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Casa Grande Ruin, by Cosmos Mindeleff + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CASA GRANDE RUIN *** + +***** This file should be named 17487-h.htm or 17487-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/4/8/17487/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Carlo Traverso, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at +http://gallica.bnf.fr) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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