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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, General Scott, by General Marcus J. Wright
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: General Scott
+
+
+Author: General Marcus J. Wright
+
+
+
+Release Date: January 1, 2006  [eBook #17444]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GENERAL SCOTT***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Pilar Somoza, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net /)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 17444-h.htm or 17444-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/4/4/17444/17444-h/17444-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/4/4/17444/17444-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+Great Commanders
+
+Edited by James Grant Wilson
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Winfield Scott]
+
+
+
+GENERAL SCOTT
+
+by
+
+GENERAL MARCUS J. WRIGHT
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York
+D. Appleton and Company
+1894
+Copyright, 1893,
+By D. Appleton and Company.
+All rights reserved.
+
+
+
+
+The Great Commanders Series.
+Edited by General James Grant Wilson.
+
+
+   Admiral Farragut.
+   By Captain A.T. MAHAN, U.S.N.
+
+   General Taylor.
+   By General O.O. HOWARD, U.S.A.
+
+   General Jackson. By JAMES PARTON.
+
+   General Greene.
+   By Captain FRANCIS V. GREENE, U.S.A.
+
+   General J.E. Johnston.
+   By ROBERT M. HUGHES, of Virginia.
+
+   General Thomas.
+   By HENRY COPPER, LL.D.
+
+   General Scott.
+   By General MARCUS J. WRIGHT.
+
+
+   _IN PREPARATION_
+
+   General Washington.
+   By General BRADLEY T. JOHNSON.
+
+   General Sherman.
+   By General MANNING F. FORCE.
+
+   General Grant.
+   By General JAMES GRANT WILSON.
+
+   Admiral Porter.
+   By JAMES R. SOLEY, late Assist. Sec. of Navy.
+
+   General Lee.
+   By General FITZHUGH LEE.
+
+   General Hancock.
+   By General FRANCIS A. WALKER.
+
+   General Sheridan.
+   By General HENRY E. DAVIES.
+
+
+   Each, 12mo, cloth, with Portrait and Maps, $1.50.
+
+   New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 2 & 5 Bond St.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In the preparation of this volume the author has consulted and used
+with freedom the following-named works: History of the Mexican War, by
+General Cadmus M. Wilcox; Autobiography of General Scott; Life of
+General Scott, by Edward D. Mansfield; Life of General Scott, by David
+Hunter Strother; Life of General Scott, by J.T. Headley; History of
+the Mexican War, by John S. Jenkins; Anecdotes of the Civil War, by
+General E.D. Townsend; Sketches of Illustrious Soldiers, by General
+James Grant Wilson; Fifty Years' Observation of Men and Things, by
+General E.D. Keyes; Reminiscences of Thurlow Weed, and Historical
+Register of the United States Army, by F.B. Heitman.
+
+My thanks are due to Mr. David Fitzgerald, Librarian of the War
+Department; Mr. Andrew H. Allen, Librarian of the State Department;
+and Colonel John B. Brownlow, for many courtesies. I am specially
+indebted to Mr. John N. Oliver, of Washington city, for valuable
+assistance rendered me.
+
+                                                           M.J.W.
+
+WASHINGTON, _August, 1893_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+Parentage and birth of Scott--Precocity--Enters William and Mary
+College--Leaves college and commences the study of law with Judge
+Robinson--Attends the trial of Burr at Richmond--Impressment of
+American seamen and proclamation of President Jefferson--Joins
+the Petersburg troop--Leaves for Charleston--Returns to
+Petersburg--Appointed captain of artillery--Trial of General
+Wilkinson--Scott sends in his resignation, but withdraws it and
+returns to Natchez--Is court-martialed--On staff duty at New
+Orleans--Declaration of war with Great Britain--General Wade Hampton
+and the Secretary of War--Hull's surrender--Storming of
+Queenstown--March to Lewiston--Scott's appeal to the officers and
+soldiers--Indians fire on a flag of truce--Incident with a
+Caledonian priest--Letter in relation to Irish prisoners sent home
+to be tried for treason                                                1
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Scott ordered to Philadelphia--Appointed adjutant general with the
+rank of colonel--Becomes chief of staff to General Dearborn--Death
+of General Pike--Leads the advance on Fort Niagara--Anecdote
+of Scott and a British colonel--Commands the expedition to
+Burlington Heights--March for Sackett's Harbor--Meets a force at
+Cornwall--Retreat of Wilkinson--Scott appointed brigadier
+general--Attack on and surrender of Fort Erie--Battle of
+Chippewa--Lundy's Lane and wounding of Scott--Retreat                 23
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Is received and entertained by prominent civilians and military men
+in Europe--Marries Miss Mayo--Offspring--Thanks of Congress--Thanks
+of the Virginia Legislature voted, and also a sword--Controversy
+with General Andrew Jackson and correspondence--Prepares general
+regulations for the army and militia--Controversy with General
+Gaines and the War Department about rank--In command of the Eastern
+Division--War with the Sac and Fox Indians--Black Hawk--Cholera
+breaks out among the troops                                           41
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Troubles in South Carolina growing out of the tariff acts
+apprehended, and General Scott sent South--Action of the
+nullifiers--Instructions in case of an outbreak--Action of the South
+Carolina Legislature                                                  60
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Events that led to the war in Florida--Treaty of Camp Moultrie and its
+stipulations--Complaints of Indians and whites--Treaty of Payne's
+Landing--Objections of the Indians to complying with the latter
+treaty--Councils and talks with the Seminoles--Assiola--Murder
+of mail carrier Dalton--Murder of Charley Amanthla--Dade's
+massacre--Murder of General Thompson and others--General
+Clinch--Depredations by the Indians on the whites and by
+the latter on the Indians--Volunteers--Military departments
+of Gaines and Scott                                                   72
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Review of the army by General Gaines--Arrival of General Gaines at
+Fort King--Lieutenant Izard mortally wounded--Correspondence
+between General Gaines and Clinch--General Scott ordered to command
+in Florida--Disadvantages under which he labored--Preparations for
+movements--Commencement of hostilities against the Indians           103
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Scott prefers complaint against General Jesup--Court of inquiry
+ordered by the President--Scott fully exonerated by the
+court--Complaints of citizens--Difficulties of the campaign--Speech
+in Congress of Hon. Richard Biddle--Scott declines an invitation to
+a dinner in New York city--Resolutions of the subscribers--Scott is
+ordered to take charge of and remove the Cherokee Indians--Orders
+issued to troops and address to the Indians--Origin of the Cherokee
+Indian troubles--Collision threatened between Maine and
+New Brunswick, and Scott sent there--Correspondence with
+Lieutenant-Governor Harvey--Seizure of Navy Island by Van
+Rensselaer--Governor Marcy                                           122
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Annexation of Texas--Causes that led to annexation--Message of the
+President--General Scott's letters regarding William Henry
+Harrison--Efforts to reduce General Scott's pay--Letter to T.P.
+Atkinson on the slavery question--Battle of Palo Alto, and of Resaca
+de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena Vista--"The hasty plate of
+Soup"--Scott's opinion of General Taylor--Scott ordered to
+Mexico--Proposal to revive the grade of lieutenant general,
+and to appoint Thomas H. Benton--Scott reaches the Brazos
+Santiago--Confidential dispatch from Scott to Taylor--Co-operation
+of the navy--Letters to the Secretary of War as to places of
+rendezvous--Arrival and landing at Vera Cruz, and its investment,
+siege, and capture--Letter to foreign consuls--Terms of
+surrender--Orders of General Scott after the surrender               149
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+General Santa Anna arrives at Cerro Gordo--Engagement at
+Atalaya--General Orders No. 111--Reports from Jalapa--Report of
+engagement at Cerro Gordo--Occupation of Perote--Account of a
+Mexican historian--General Santa Anna's letter to General
+Arroya--Delay of the Government in sending re-enforcements--Danger
+of communications with Vera Cruz--Troops intended for Scott ordered
+to General Taylor--Colonel Childs appointed governor of
+Jalapa--Occupation of Puebla--Arrival of re-enforcements--Number of
+Scott's force                                                        175
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Movement toward the City of Mexico--The Duke of Wellington's
+comments--Movements of Santa Anna--A commission meets General Worth to
+treat for terms--Worth enters Puebla--Civil administration of the city
+not interfered with--Scott arrives at Puebla--Scott's address to the
+Mexicans after the battle of Cerro Gordo--Contreras--Reconnoissance
+of the _pedregal_--Defeat of the Mexicans at Contreras--Battle of
+Churubusco--Arrival of Nicholas P. Trist, commissioner--General Scott
+meets a deputation proposing an armistice--He addresses a
+communication to the head of the Mexican Government--Appointment of a
+commission to meet Mr. Trist--Major Lally--Meeting of Mr. Trist with
+the Mexican commissioners--Failure to agree--Armistice violated by the
+Mexicans and notice from General Scott--Santa Anna's insolent
+note--The latter calls a meeting of his principal officers--Molino del
+Rey--Chapultepec--Losses on both sides                               195
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+General Quitman's movements to San Antonio and Coyoacan--Movements of
+General Pillow--General reconnoissance by Scott--Chapultepec--Scott
+announces his line of attack--Surrender of the Mexican General
+Bravo--Preparations to move on the capital--Entry of General
+Scott into the City of Mexico--General Quitman made Military
+Governor--General Scott's orders--Movements of Santa Anna--General
+Lane--American and Mexican deserters--Orders as to collection of
+duties and civil government                                          223
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Scott's care for the welfare of his army--Account of the money
+levied on Mexico--Last note to the Secretary of War while commander
+in chief in Mexico--Army asylums--Treaty of peace--Scott turns over
+the army to General William O. Butler--Scott and Worth--Court of
+inquiry on Worth--The "Leonidas" and "Tampico" letters--Revised
+paragraph 650--Army regulations--General Worth demands a court of
+inquiry and prefers charges against Scott--Correspondence--General
+belief as to Scott's removal command--The trial--Return home of
+General Scott                                                        254
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+General Taylor nominated for the presidency--Thanks of Congress to
+Scott, and a gold medal voted--Movement to revive and confer upon
+Scott the brevet rank of lieutenant general--Scott's views as to the
+annexation of Canada--Candidate for President in 1852 and
+defeated--Scott's diplomatic mission to Canada in 1859--Mutterings
+of civil war--Letters and notes to President Buchanan--Arrives in
+Washington, December 12, 1861--Note to the Secretary of
+War--"Wayward sisters" letter--Events preceding inauguration of Mr.
+Lincoln--Preparation for the defense of Washington--Scott's
+loyalty--Battle of Bull Run--Scott and McClellan--Free navigation
+of the Mississippi River--Retirement of General Scott and
+affecting incidents connected therewith--Message of President
+Lincoln--McClellan on Scott--Mount Vernon--Scott sails for
+Europe--Anecdote of the day preceding the battle of Chippewa--The
+Confederate cruiser Nashville--Incident between Scott and
+Grant--Soldiers' Home--Last days of Scott--His opinion of
+noncombatants--General Wilson's tribute                              289
+
+
+INDEX                                                                337
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+                                                             FACING PAGE
+
+Portrait of Winfield Scott                                _Frontispiece_
+
+The Niagara Frontier                                                  12
+
+Battle of Chippewa                                                    32
+
+Siege of Vera Cruz                                                   170
+
+Route from Vera Cruz to Mexico                                       198
+
+Operations of the American Army in the Valley of Mexico              226
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL SCOTT.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+Parentage and birth of Scott--Precocity--Enters William and Mary
+College--Leaves college and commences the study of law with Judge
+Robinson--Attends the trial of Burr at Richmond--Impressment of
+American seamen and proclamation of President Jefferson--Joins
+the Petersburg troop--Leaves for Charleston--Returns to
+Petersburg--Appointed captain of artillery--Trial of General
+Wilkinson--Scott sends in his resignation, but withdraws it and
+returns to Natchez--Is court-martialed--On staff duty at New
+Orleans--Declaration of war with Great Britain--General Wade Hampton
+and the Secretary of War--Hull's surrender--Storming of
+Queenstown--March to Lewiston--Scott's appeal to the officers and
+soldiers--Indians fire on a flag of truce--Incident with a Caledonian
+priest--Letter in relation to Irish prisoners sent home to be tried
+for treason.
+
+
+Winfield Scott was born at Laurel Branch, the estate of his father,
+fourteen miles from Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Virginia, June 13,
+1786. His grandfather, James Scott, was a Scotchman of the Clan
+Buccleuch, and a follower of the Pretender to the throne of England,
+who, escaping from the defeat at Culloden, made his way to Virginia in
+1746, where he settled. William, the son of this James, married Ann
+Mason, a native of Dinwiddie County and a neighbor of the Scott
+family. Winfield Scott was the issue of this marriage. There were an
+elder brother and two daughters. James Scott died at an early age,
+when Winfield was but six years old. William, the father of Winfield,
+was a lieutenant and afterward captain in a Virginia company which
+served in the Revolutionary army. Eleven years after the father's
+death the mother died, leaving Winfield, at seventeen years old, to
+make his own way in the world.
+
+At the death of his father, Winfield, being but six years old, was
+left to the charge of his mother, to whom he was devotedly attached.
+It is a well-warranted tradition of the county in which the Scott
+family resided, that the mother of General Scott was a woman of
+superior mind and great force of character. In acknowledging the
+inspiration from the lessons of that admirable parent for whatever of
+success he achieved, he was not unlike Andrew Jackson and the majority
+of the great men of the world. He wrote of her in his mature age as
+follows: "And if, in my now protracted career, I have achieved
+anything worthy of being written, anything that my countrymen are
+likely to honor in the next century, it is from the lessons of that
+admirable parent that I derived the inspiration."
+
+In his seventh year he was ordered on a Sunday morning to get ready
+for church. Disobeying the order, he ran off and concealed himself,
+but was pursued, captured, and returned to his mother, who at once
+sent for a switch. The switch was a limb from a Lombardy poplar, and
+the precocious little truant, seeing this, quoted a verse from St.
+Matthew which was from a lesson he had but recently read to his
+mother. The quotation was as follows: "Every tree that bringeth not
+forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire." The quotation
+was so apt that the punishment was withheld, but the offender was not
+spared a very wholesome lesson.
+
+General Scott's mother, Ann, was the daughter of Daniel Mason and
+Elizabeth Winfield, his wife, who was the daughter of John Winfield, a
+man of high standing and large wealth. From his mother's family he
+acquired his baptismal name of Winfield. John Winfield survived his
+daughter, and dying intestate, in 1774, Winfield Mason acquired by
+descent as the eldest male heir (the law of primogeniture then being
+the law of Virginia) the whole of a landed estate and a portion of the
+personal property. The principal part of this large inheritance was
+devised to Winfield Scott, but, the devisee having married again and
+had issue, the will was abrogated. The wife of Winfield Mason was the
+daughter of Dr. James Greenway, a near neighbor. He was born in
+England, near the borders of Scotland, and inherited his father's
+trade, that of a weaver. He was ambitious and studious, and giving all
+of his spare time to study, he became familiar with the Greek, Latin,
+French, and Italian languages. After his immigration to Virginia he
+prepared himself for the practice of medicine, and soon acquired a
+large and lucrative practice. He devoted much of his time to botany,
+and left a _hortus siccus_ of forty folio volumes, in which he
+described the more interesting plants of Virginia and North Carolina.
+He was honored by memberships in several of the learned European
+societies, and was a correspondent of the celebrated Swedish
+naturalist Linn�us. He acquired such a knowledge of music as enabled
+him to become teacher to his own children.
+
+James Hargrave, a Quaker, was one of young Scott's earliest teachers.
+He found his pupil to be a lad of easy excitement and greatly inclined
+to be belligerent. He tried very hard to tone him down and teach him
+to govern his temper. On one occasion young Scott, being in Petersburg
+and passing on a crowded street, found his Quaker teacher, who was a
+non-combatant, engaged in a dispute with a noted bully. Hargrave was
+the county surveyor, and this fellow charged him with running a false
+dividing line. When Scott heard the charge he felled the bully to the
+ground with one blow of his fist. He recovered and advanced on Scott,
+when Hargrave placed himself between them and received the blow
+intended for Scott; but the bully was again knocked to the ground by
+the strong arm of Scott. Many years afterward (in 1816) Scott met his
+Quaker friend and former teacher, who said to him: "Friend Winfield, I
+always told thee not to fight; but as thou wouldst fight, I am glad
+that thou wert not beaten."
+
+His next instructor was James Ogilvie, a Scotchman, who was a man of
+extraordinary endowments and culture. Scott spent a year under his
+tutelage at Richmond, and entered, in 1805, William and Mary College.
+Here he gave special attention to the study of civil and international
+law, besides chemistry, natural and experimental philosophy, and
+common law. At about the age of nineteen he left William and Mary
+College and entered the law office of Judge David Robinson in
+Petersburg as a student.
+
+Robinson had emigrated from Scotland to Virginia at the request of
+Scott's grandfather, who employed him as a private tutor in his
+family. There were two other students in Mr. Robinson's office with
+Scott--Thomas Ruffin and John F. May. Ruffin became Chief Justice of
+the Supreme Court of North Carolina, and May the leading lawyer in
+southern Virginia. After he had received his license to practice he
+rode the circuit, and was engaged in a number of causes. He was
+present at the celebrated trial of Aaron Burr for treason, and was
+greatly impressed with Luther Martin, John Wickham, Benjamin Botts,
+and William Wirt, the leading lawyers in the case. Here he also met
+Commodore Truxton, General Andrew Jackson, Washington Irving, John
+Randolph, Littleton W. Tazewell, William B. Giles, John Taylor of
+Caroline, and other distinguished persons.
+
+Aaron Burr was a native of Newark, N.J., and was the grandson of the
+celebrated Jonathan Edwards. He graduated at Princeton in September,
+1772, and studied law, but in 1775 joined the American army near
+Boston. Accompanied Colonel Benedict Arnold in the expedition to
+Quebec, and acquired such reputation that he was made a major;
+afterward joined General Washington's staff, and subsequently was an
+aid to General Putnam. Promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, he
+commanded a detachment which defeated the British at Hackensack, and
+distinguished himself at Monmouth. Burr became Vice-President on the
+election of Jefferson as President, and was involved in a quarrel with
+Alexander Hamilton, and killed him in a duel at Weehawken, N.J., July
+7, 1804. This affair was fatal to his future prospects. In 1805 he
+floated in a boat from Pittsburg to New Orleans. His purpose was
+supposed to be to collect an army and conquer Mexico and Texas, and
+establish a government of which he should be the head. He purchased a
+large tract of land on the Wachita River, and made other arrangements
+looking to the consummation of his object. Colonel Burr was arrested
+and tried for treason in Richmond in 1807, but was acquitted. He died
+on Staten Island, September 14, 1836.
+
+In May, 1807, the British frigate Leopard boarded the Chesapeake in
+Virginia waters and forcibly carried off some of her crew, who were
+claimed as British subjects. Mr. Jefferson, President of the United
+States, at once issued a proclamation prohibiting all British war
+vessels from entering our harbors. Great excitement was produced
+throughout the entire country. The day after the issuance of the
+President's proclamation the Petersburg (Va.) troop of cavalry
+tendered its services to the Government, and young Scott, riding
+twenty-five miles distant from Petersburg, enlisted as a member. He
+was placed in a detached camp near Lynn Haven Bay, opposite where the
+British squadron was at anchor. Sir Thomas Hardy was the ranking
+officer in command of several line of battle ships. Learning that an
+expedition from the squadron had gone out on an excursion, Scott, in
+charge of a small detachment, was sent to intercept them. He succeeded
+in capturing two midshipmen and six sailors, and brought them into
+camp. The capture was not approved by the authorities, and the
+prisoners were ordered to be released, and restored to Admiral Sir
+Thomas Hardy.
+
+The prospect of a war with Great Britain had abated, and the affair of
+the Chesapeake being in train of settlement, Scott left Virginia in
+October, 1807, and proceeded to Charleston, S.C., with a view of
+engaging in the practice of law. The law of that State required a
+residence of twelve months before admission to the bar. Scott went to
+Columbia, where the Legislature was in session, and applied for a
+special act permitting him to practice. The application failed for
+want of time. He then proceeded to Charleston, with a view of office
+practice until he could be qualified for the usual practice in the
+courts; but the prospect of war being again imminent, he went to
+Washington, and on the application and recommendation of Hon. William
+B. Giles, of Virginia, President Jefferson promised him a captain's
+commission in the event of hostilities. No act of war occurring, he
+returned in March, 1808, to Petersburg, and resumed the practice of
+law in that circuit; but his life as a lawyer came suddenly to a close
+in the succeeding month of May, when he received from the President
+his commission as captain of artillery. He recruited his company in
+Petersburg and Richmond, and embarked from Norfolk to New Orleans,
+February 4, 1809.
+
+It being thought that on the breaking out of hostilities the British
+would at once endeavor to invade Louisiana, a military force was sent
+to New Orleans under the command of General James Wilkinson. The
+discipline of the army became greatly impaired, and much sickness and
+many deaths occurred in this command. General Wilkinson was ordered to
+Washington for an investigation into his conduct as commanding
+officer, and General Wade Hampton succeeded to the command. The camp
+below New Orleans was broken up in June, 1809, and the troops were
+transferred to and encamped near Natchez.
+
+General Wilkinson was charged with complicity with Aaron Burr, and
+with being in the pay of the Spanish Government, and was tried by
+court-martial; and although he was acquitted, there were many persons
+who believed him guilty, and among these was Captain Scott, who was
+present, as heretofore mentioned, at the trial of Burr, and
+participated in the strong feeling which it produced throughout the
+country.
+
+The apparent lull in the war feeling having produced the impression
+that there would be no hostile movements, Captain Scott forwarded his
+resignation and sailed for Virginia, intending to re-engage in the
+practice of the law. Before his resignation had been accepted he
+received information that grave charges would be preferred against him
+should he return to the army at Natchez. This determined him to return
+at once to his post and meet the charges. Scott had openly given it as
+his opinion that General Wilkinson was equally guilty with Colonel
+Burr. Soon after his return he was arrested and tried by a
+court-martial at Washington, near Natchez, in January, 1810. The first
+charge was for "conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman," and
+the specification was "in withholding at sundry times men's money
+placed in his possession for their payment for the months of September
+and October." Another charge was "ungentlemanly and unofficerlike
+conduct," the specification being "In saying, between the 1st of
+December and the 1st of January, 1809-'10, at a public table in
+Washington, Mississippi Territory, that 'he never saw but two
+traitors--General Wilkinson and Burr--and that General Wilkinson was a
+liar and a scoundrel.'" This charge was based on the sixth article of
+war, which says: "Any officer who shall behave himself with contempt
+and disrespect toward his commanding officer shall be punished,
+according to the nature of the offense, by the judgment of a
+court-martial."
+
+Captain Scott's defense to this charge was that General Wilkinson was
+not, at the time the words were charged to have been spoken, his
+commanding officer, that place being filled by General Wade Hampton.
+General Scott, in his Memoirs, says that some of Wilkinson's partisans
+had heard him say in an excited conversation that he knew, soon after
+Burr's trial, from his friends Mr. Randolph and Mr. Tazewell and
+others, members of the grand jury, who found the bill of indictment
+against Burr, that nothing but the influence of Mr. Jefferson had
+saved Wilkinson from being included in the same indictment, and that
+he believed Wilkinson to have been equally a traitor with Burr. He
+admits that the expression of that belief was not only imprudent, but
+no doubt at that time blamable. But this was not the declaration on
+which he was to be tried. This was uttered in New Orleans, the
+headquarters of General Wilkinson. The utterance on which he was
+tried, as will be seen, was made in Washington, Mississippi Territory,
+when General Wade Hampton was his commanding officer.
+
+The finding of the Court on this charge was guilty, and that his
+conduct was unofficerlike. The facts in regard to the charge of
+retaining money belonging to the men of his command were, that prior
+to his departure for New Orleans he had recruited his company in
+Virginia, and, being remote from a paymaster or quartermaster, a sum
+of four hundred dollars was placed in his hands to be used in
+recruiting. Some of his vouchers were technically irregular, and at
+the time of his trial about fifty dollars was not covered by formal
+vouchers. This was the finding of the Court, but it expressly
+acquitted him of all fraudulent intentions. General Wilkinson nursed
+his wrath, and after the close of the war published an attack on
+General Scott. His own failure in the campaign of 1813, and especially
+his defeat at La Cale Mills, compared with Scott's brilliant campaign
+on the Niagara frontier in the following spring, may have induced this
+attack.
+
+Captain Scott returned to Virginia after the trial, and under the
+advice of his friend, the distinguished lawyer and statesman, Benjamin
+Watkins Leigh, he devoted himself to the study of military works and
+of English attack. During the time mentioned he wrote a letter to
+Lewis Edwards, Esq., at Washington City, of which he following is a
+copy:
+
+    "PETERSBURG, _June, 1811_.
+
+  "DEAR SIR: I believe we have very little village news to
+  give you, nor do I know what would please you in that way. Of
+  myself--that person who has so large a space in every man's own
+  imagination, and so small a one in the imagination of every other--I
+  can say but little; perhaps less would please you more. Since my
+  return to Virginia my time has been passed in easy transitions from
+  pleasure, to study, from study to pleasure; in my gayety forgetting
+  the student, in the student forgetting my gayety.[A] I have
+  generally been in the office of my friend Mr. Leigh, though not
+  unmindful of the studies connected with my present profession; but
+  you will easily conceive my military ardor has suffered abatement.
+  Indeed, it is my design, as soon as circumstances will permit, to
+  throw the feather out of my cap and resume it in my hand. Yet,
+  should war come at last, my enthusiasm will be rekindled, and then
+  who knows but that I may yet write my history with my sword?
+
+    "Yours truly,
+
+    "WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+
+[Footnote A: "If idle, be not solitary; if solitary, be not idle." An
+apothegm of Burton paraphrased by Johnson, "My Motto."]
+
+
+Scott rejoined the army at Baton Rouge, La., in 1811, and was soon
+appointed Judge Advocate on the trial of a colonel charged with gross
+negligence in discipline and administration. By dilatory pleas this
+officer had several times escaped justice, but on this trial he was
+found guilty and censured. In the winter of 1811-'12 Scott was
+frequently on staff duty with General Wade Hampton at New Orleans, and
+while there saw the first steam vessel that ever floated on the
+Mississippi.
+
+On May 20, 1812, Captain Scott embarked at New Orleans for Washington
+_via_ Baltimore, accompanying General Hampton and Lieutenant Charles
+K. Gardner. As the vessel on which they had taken passage entered near
+the Capes of Virginia it passed a British frigate lying off the bar.
+In a short time they met a Hampton pilot boat going out to sea. This
+was on June 29th, and this pilot boat bore dispatches to Mr.
+Mansfield, the British Minister at Washington, announcing that
+Congress had two days before declared war against Great Britain. The
+vessel bearing Captain Scott and his companions went aground about
+sixteen miles from Baltimore, and he and some others undertook the
+remainder of the journey on foot. At the end of the fourth mile they
+passed an enthusiastic militia meeting which had just received a copy
+of the declaration of war. Scott, having on a uniform, was made the
+hero of the occasion, and was chosen to read the declaration to the
+meeting. He was here offered a seat in a double gig to Baltimore, but
+the driver, who had become intoxicated, overturned the gig twice, when
+Scott took the reins and drove the latter part of the journey. On his
+arrival at Baltimore he received the pleasing intelligence that he had
+been appointed a lieutenant colonel in the United States army. He was
+then in his twenty-sixth year.
+
+He went with General Hampton to Washington, where the general asked
+him to accompany him on an official visit to the Secretary of War. An
+unpleasant correspondence had a short time previously occurred between
+the general and the secretary, yet he felt it his duty to make the
+call. On General Hampton's name being announced to the secretary the
+latter appeared at the door and extended his hand, while General
+Hampton simply bowed and crossed his hands behind him. A conversation
+on official matters was held, at first formal and cold, but gradually
+terminating in one of a friendly character. When General Hampton rose
+to leave he extended to the secretary both of his hands; but it was
+now the latter's turn, and he bowed and placed his hands behind him.
+General Hampton sent a challenge to mortal combat, but mutual friends
+settled the matter without bloodshed, by requiring that Hampton should
+on the next morning present himself at the secretary's door with both
+hands extended in the presence of the same persons who witnessed the
+former meeting. Colonel Scott was now ordered to Philadelphia to
+mobilize his regiment and organize a camp of instruction. On his own
+solicitation, he was soon afterward ordered to report to
+Brigadier-General Alexander Smyth, near Buffalo, N.Y.
+
+
+[Illustration: The
+NIAGARA FRONTIER]
+
+
+The Congress of the United States made formal declaration of war
+against Great Britain and its dependencies June 18, 1812. In the month
+previous General William Hull had been appointed to the command of the
+northwestern army, intended for the invasion of Canada. This army
+arrived on the Maumee River on May 30th, and marching northward
+subsequently crossed over at Detroit. High hopes were entertained of
+the success of this expedition, and the bitterest disappointment and
+chagrin were manifested throughout the country when it was learned
+that Hull had surrendered his entire command to the British General
+Brock on August 14th. The regiment to which Colonel Scott was assigned
+was the Second Artillery. Colonel George Izard and he arrived on the
+Niagara frontier with the companies of Nathan Towson and James Nelson
+Barker. He was posted at Black Rock for the protection of the navy
+yard there established.
+
+An expedition had been planned by Lieutenant Elliott, of the navy, for
+the capture or destruction of two armed British brigs which were lying
+under the guns of Fort Erie. On October 8th Colonel Scott detached
+Captain Towson and a portion of his company to report to Elliott. On
+the morning of the 9th the Adams was taken by Elliott and Lieutenant
+Isaac Roach, and the Caledonia was captured by Captain Towson. In
+passing down the river the Adams drifted into the British channel and
+ran aground under the British guns. The enemy endeavored to recapture
+her, but were successfully resisted by Colonel Scott. This was his
+first experience under fire, and he was complimented for his skill and
+gallantry. The Caledonia was afterward a part of Commodore Perry's
+fleet on Lake Erie. The Adams, having drifted aground, was burned to
+prevent recapture.
+
+The northwestern army at this time consisted of about ten thousand
+troops. General Henry Dearborn held command near Plattsburg and
+Greenbush, and was the commanding officer of all the forces on the
+northern frontier. A portion of his army was camped at Lewistown under
+the command of General Stephen Van Rensselaer, of New York. General
+Alexander Smyth was at Buffalo with some fifteen hundred regular
+troops. Besides these, there were small detachments at Ogdensburg,
+Sackett's Harbor, and Black Rock.
+
+General Van Rensselaer conceived the plan of making a bold and sudden
+move into Canada, with a view of capturing Jamestown, and there
+establishing winter quarters. The affair of the capture of the two
+English brigs with fifty men had roused great enthusiasm, and the
+country was anxious for some success of arms to alleviate the
+depression occasioned by Hull's surrender. General Van Rensselaer
+confided the immediate command of the expedition to his relative,
+Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer, an officer of coolness and courage,
+who, with three hundred militia and three hundred regulars, under
+Colonel Chrystie, on October 13th began crossing the river.
+
+The troops were on the river bank ready to embark an hour before
+daylight, but from some mismanagement there was not a sufficient
+number of boats to transport the whole, and they were compelled to
+cross in detachments. Colonel Chrystie's boat was swept down the river
+by the current, and he was wounded. On a second attempt he succeeded
+in landing. With about a hundred men Colonel Van Rensselaer led them
+up the bank, and halted to await the arrival of the remainder. It was
+now daylight, and the little command was in full view of the enemy,
+who opened a deadly fire. Every commissioned officer was either killed
+or wounded. Finding that the river bank afforded but little
+protection, Colonel Van Rensselaer determined to storm the Queenstown
+heights. He had now received four wounds, and was compelled to
+relinquish the command to Captains Peter Ogilvie, Jr., and John Ellis
+Wool. In a very short time the fort was taken and the heights occupied
+by the Americans. The enemy took refuge in a stone house, from which
+they opened a destructive fire and made two unsuccessful attempts to
+recapture the lost ground. General Brock rallied his men and led them
+on, but while moving at the head of the Forty-ninth Grenadiers he fell
+mortally wounded. General Van Rensselaer recrossed the river and
+assumed command, but hastening back to urge forward re-enforcements,
+the command fell to General Decius Wadsworth, who, however, did not
+assume to control the movements. Two light batteries from the Canada
+shore played on the boats attempting to cross, and there was no
+artillery with which the Americans could resist.
+
+Colonel Scott had volunteered his services for the expedition, but
+they were declined, for the reason that arrangements had been made for
+detachments under Colonel John R. Fenwick and Lieutenant-Colonel James
+Robert Mullaney to sustain the assaulting columns. Permission was,
+however, given to Colonel Scott to march his regiment to Lewiston and
+act as circumstances might require.
+
+He arrived there at 4 A.M. on the 13th. Finding no boats to
+transport his command, he placed his guns on the American shore, under
+the direction of Captains Towson and Barker. Seeing that a small
+portion of the troops had crossed over, and knowing the peril of Van
+Rensselaer's little force, he took one piece of artillery into a boat,
+and, accompanied by his adjutant, Lieutenant Isaac Roach, Jr., he
+crossedt to the Canada shore. Wadsworth at once relinquished the
+command of the troops to him, and he soon animated every one with
+courage and resolution.
+
+Six feet five inches in height, clad in a new uniform, he became a
+conspicuous mark for the enemy. The re-enforcements which had now
+crossed over increased the force to about six hundred, of which more
+than half were regulars. These were placed under Colonel Scott's
+directions in the most commanding positions, where they awaited
+further re-enforcements. About this time a body of five hundred
+Indians joined the British troops. The British with their Indian
+allies moved forward to the assault, but were speedily driven back. A
+second time they moved forward, but with the same result. They kept up
+a desultory firing, during which a body of Indians moved suddenly out
+and surprised an outpost of militia. Scott, who was at this moment
+engaged in unspiking a gun, rushed to the front, and, rallying his
+men, sent the dusky warriors rapidly in retreat. The British general
+Sheaffe, who held the command at Fort George, having heard the firing,
+at once put his troops in motion and marched for the scene of the
+conflict. Sheaffe's command consisted of eight hundred and fifty men.
+These, added to the garrison which the Americans were attacking, was a
+formidable force to be met by three hundred men. In the meantime the
+American troops had refused to cross the river and were in a state of
+mutiny. No entreaties, orders, or threats of Van Rensselaer could
+avail to move them. But the three hundred brave fellows, with only one
+piece of artillery, stood their ground. General Van Rensselaer, from
+the American shore, sent word to Wadsworth to retreat. Colonels John
+Chrystie and Scott, of the regulars, and Captains James Mead, Strahan,
+and Allen, of the militia, and Captains Ogilvei, Wool, Joseph Gilbert,
+Totten, and McChesney, took council of their desperate situation.
+Colonel Scott told them that their condition was desperate, but that
+the stain of Hull's surrender must be wiped out. "Let us die," he
+said, "arms in hand. Our country demands the sacrifice. The example
+will not be lost. The blood of the slain will make heroes of the
+living. Those who follow will avenge our fall and our country's
+wrongs. Who dare to stand?" he exclaimed. A loud ringing shout "All!"
+came from the whole line.
+
+General Sheaffe did not move to immediate attack on his arrival. He
+marched his troops slowly the entire length of the American line, and
+then countermarched.
+
+As resistance was entirely hopeless, the order was given to retire.
+The whole line broke in disorder to the river, but there were no
+boats there to transport them. Two flags of truce were sent to the
+enemy, but the officer who bore them did not return. Colonel Scott
+then fixed a white handkerchief on the end of his sword, and,
+accompanied by Captains Totten and Gibson, passed under the river
+bluff and started to ascend the heights. They were met by Indians, who
+fired on them and rushed with tomahawks to assault them. A British
+officer happily arrived and conducted them to the quarters of General
+Sheaffe, and Colonel Scott made formal surrender of the whole force.
+The number surrendered, except some skulking militia who were
+discovered later, was two hundred and ninety-three. The American loss
+in killed, wounded, and captured was near one thousand men.
+
+General Van Rensselaer was so mortified at the conduct of the militia
+that he tendered his resignation. The British general Brock was next
+day buried under one of the bastions of Fort George, and Colonel
+Scott, then a prisoner, sent orders to have minute guns fired from
+Fort Niagara during the funeral ceremonies, which orders were carried
+out--an act of chivalry and courtesy which greatly impressed the
+British.
+
+The American officers who had been captured were lodged in a small inn
+at the village of Newark and divested of their arms, and a strong
+guard was posted at the door. Two Indians, Captain Jacobs and Brant,
+sent word that they wished to see the tall American, meaning Colonel
+Scott. The alleged object of their visit was to see if Scott had not
+been wounded, as he had been fired at several times at close range. On
+entering the room, Jacobs seized Scott by the arm and attempted to
+turn him around. Scott seized the Indian and threw him against the
+wall. Both then drew their knives, and advancing on the prisoner said,
+"We kill you now!" The sentinel at the door was not in view, and
+Scott, making a spring, seized a sword, which he quickly drew from the
+scabbard, and, placing his back against the wall in the narrow hall,
+defied his assailants. At this critical moment Captain Coffin, nephew
+of General Sheaffe and his aid-de-camp, entered the room and caught
+Jacobs by the throat and presented a cocked pistol to his breast. Both
+savages now turned on him, and Scott closed in to defend the captain.
+At this moment the guard entered, and arrested the two Indians and
+conducted them out of the room.
+
+The volunteer officers and men were paroled and sent home, while the
+regulars were embarked for Quebec. On the passage to Quebec a priest
+of a Caledonian settlement reproached Colonel Scott severely for being
+a traitor to George III. Respect for his profession brought out a mild
+reply. In 1827, General Scott being at Buffalo on board a Government
+steamer, the master of the vessel asked permission to bring into his
+cabin a bishop and two priests. The bishop was recognized as the same
+prelate who had acted so rudely. General Scott, however, heaped coals
+of fire on his head by treating him and his party with the greatest
+courtesy.
+
+After a cartel of exchange had been agreed upon, Colonel Scott and the
+other regulars, prisoners, were embarked on a vessel for Boston. As
+they were about to sail, Colonel Scott's attention was attracted by an
+unusual noise on deck. Proceeding from the cabin to the scene of the
+disturbance, he found a party of British officers in the act of
+separating from the other prisoners such as by confusion or brogue
+they judged to be Irishmen. The object was to refuse to parole them,
+and send them to England to be tried for high treason. Twenty-three
+had been selected and set apart for this purpose.
+
+Colonel Scott learned with indignation that this proceeding was under
+the direct orders of Sir George Prevost, the Governor General. He at
+once protested, and commanded the remaining men to be silent and
+answer no questions. This order was obeyed despite the threats of the
+British officers, and none others than the twenty-three were separated
+from their comrades. He then addressed the party selected, explaining
+the laws of allegiance, and assuring them that the United States
+Government would protect them by immediate retaliation, and, if
+necessary, by an order to give no quarter hereafter in battle. He was
+frequently interrupted by the British officers, but they failed to
+silence him. The Irishmen were put in irons, placed on board a
+frigate, and sent to England. After Colonel Scott landed in Boston he
+proceeded to Washington and was duly exchanged. He at once addressed a
+letter to the Secretary of War as follows:
+
+  "SIR: I think it my duty to lay before the Department that
+  on the arrival at Quebec of the American prisoners of war
+  surrendered at Queenstown they were mustered and examined by British
+  officers appointed to that duty, and every native-born of the United
+  Kingdom of Great-Britain and Ireland sequestered and sent on board a
+  ship of war then in the harbor. The vessel in a few days thereafter
+  sailed for England with these persons on board. Between fifteen and
+  twenty persons were thus taken from us, natives of Ireland, several
+  of whom were known by their platoon officers to be naturalized
+  citizens of the United States, and others to have been long
+  residents within the same. One in particular, whose name has escaped
+  me, besides having complied with all the conditions of our
+  naturalization laws, was represented by his officers to have left a
+  wife and five children, all of them born within the State of New
+  York.
+
+  "I distinctly understood, as well from the officers who came on
+  board the prison ship for the above purposes as from others with
+  whom I remonstrated on this subject, that it was the determination
+  of the British Government, as expressed through Sir George Prevost,
+  to punish every man whom it might subject to its power found in arms
+  against the British king contrary to his native allegiance. I have
+  the honor to be, sir,
+
+                    "Your most obedient servant,
+
+                                       "WINFIELD SCOTT,
+
+                        "_Lieutenant Colonel, Second U.S. Artillery_."
+
+This report was forwarded by the Secretary of War to both houses of
+Congress, and the immediate result was that Congress, on March 3,
+1813, passed an act of retaliation. In May, 1813, at the battle of
+Fort George, a number of prisoners were captured. Colonel Scott, being
+then chief of staff, selected twenty-three to be confined and held as
+hostages. He was careful, however, to entirely exclude Irishmen from
+the number. Eventually the twenty-three men sent to England were
+released, and Scott took great interest in securing their arrearages
+of pay and patents for their land bounties.
+
+The doctrine of perpetual allegiance had always been maintained by the
+British Government, and examples were numerous of the arrest or
+detention of prisoners claimed as British subjects. After this act of
+Colonel Scott no other prisoners were set apart by the British to be
+tried for treason.
+
+These transactions gave rise to discussion of the question throughout
+the country and in both houses of Congress. President Madison, and Mr.
+Monroe as Secretary of State, took strong ground against the British
+claim. While subsequent treaties were silent on the question, the
+right is no longer asserted by Great Britain, and has been recognized
+by treaty. Colonel Scott then returned to Washington.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Scott ordered to Philadelphia--Appointed adjutant general with the
+rank of colonel--Becomes chief of staff to General Dearborn--Death
+of General Pike--Leads the advance on Fort Niagara--Anecdote of
+Scott and a British colonel--Commands the expedition to
+Burlington Heights--March for Sackett's Harbor--Meets a force at
+Cornwall--Retreat of Wilkinson--Scott appointed brigadier
+general--Attack on and surrender of Fort Erie--Battle of
+Chippewa--Lundy's Lane and wounding of Scott--Retreat of the army to
+Black Rock--Fort Erie--Visits Europe.
+
+
+From Washington Colonel Scott was ordered to Philadelphia to take
+command of another battalion of his regiment. In March, 1813, he was
+appointed adjutant general with the rank of colonel, and about the
+same time promoted to the colonelcy of his regiment. Notwithstanding
+his command of the regiment, he continued to perform staff duties. At
+this time General Dearborn was in command of the American forces at
+Fort Niagara, consisting of about five thousand men. In May, Colonel
+Scott, with his regiment, joined General Dearborn, and Scott became
+chief of staff. He first organized the service among all the staff
+departments, several of which were entirely new, and others disused in
+the United States since the Revolutionary War. On the British side of
+the Niagara was Fort George, situated on a peninsula and occupied by
+British troops. Just previous to Colonel Scott's arrival at Niagara
+an expedition was landed from the squadron of Commodore Chauncey,
+commanded by General Zebulon Montgomery Pike, for the capture of York,
+the capital of Upper Canada. The assault was successful, and the place
+was taken with a large number of prisoners and valuable stores.
+General Pike was killed by the explosion of a magazine. Animated by
+the success of General Pike's expedition, General Dearborn determined
+to make an assault on Fort George, having the co-operation of
+Commodore Chauncey and his naval force. Arrangements were made for an
+attack on May 20th. Colonel Scott asked permission to join the
+expedition in command of his own regiment, which was granted.
+
+The fleet weighed anchor at three o'clock in the morning, and by four
+the troops were all aboard. The place of embarkation was three miles
+east of Fort Niagara, and was made in six divisions of boats. Colonel
+Scott led the advance guard, at his special request, composed of his
+own regiment and a smaller one under Lieutenant-Colonel George
+McFeely. He was followed by General Moses Porter having the field
+train, then the brigades of Generals John Parker Boyd, William Henry
+Winder, and John Chandler, with the reserve under the able Colonel
+Alexander Macomb.
+
+Commodore Isaac Chauncey had directed the anchorage of his schooners
+close to the shore in order to protect the troops in landing, and to
+open fire at any point on the shore where the enemy were suspected to
+be. Lieutenant Oliver Hazard Perry joined Commodore Chauncey on the
+evening of the 25th, and volunteered his services in assisting in the
+debarkation of the troops. This service required the greatest
+coolness and skill, as the wind was blowing strong and the current
+running rapidly; the vessels were difficult to manage, especially as
+they were under almost constant fire of the British guns. Perry
+accompanied Scott through the surf, and rendered valuable service. He
+it was who as Commodore Perry soon after became known to the world as
+the hero of Lake Erie.
+
+The landing was effected on the British shore at nine o'clock in the
+morning a short distance from the village of Newark, now known as
+Niagara. The line of battle was promptly formed under cover of a bank
+ranging from six to twelve feet in height. The line of the enemy was
+formed at the top of the bank, consisting of about fifteen hundred
+men. The first attempt to ascend was unsuccessful. Scott, in
+attempting to scale the bank, received a severe fall, but recovering
+himself and rallying his forces, he advanced up the bank and was met
+by the enemy's bayonets. The British fell back and reformed under
+cover of a ravine, but a vigorous assault of less than half an hour
+put them in a complete rout. These forces were assisted by Porter's
+artillery and Boyd with a portion of his command, who had landed soon
+after the advance forces. The enemy were pursued to the village, where
+the Americans were re-enforced by the command of Colonel James Miller.
+It was learned from some prisoners that the British garrison was about
+to abandon Fort George and preparing to blow up the works. Two
+companies were dispatched toward the fort, but on nearing it one of
+the magazines exploded, and a piece of timber striking Colonel Scott,
+threw him from his horse, resulting in a broken collar bone.
+Recovering himself, he caused the gate to be forced, entered the fort,
+and with his own hands pulled down the British flag. The fort had
+suffered great damage from the artillery fire directed against it from
+the opposite shore. The enemy were pursued for five miles, when an
+order from General Morgan Lewis recalled Scott when he was in the
+midst of the stragglers from the British forces. The American loss was
+seventeen killed and forty-five wounded, and that of the British
+ninety killed, one hundred and sixty wounded, and over one hundred
+prisoners.
+
+It will be remembered that about a year before Colonel Scott was for a
+short time a prisoner at Queenstown. Dining one evening with General
+Sheaffe and several other British officers, one of them asked him if
+he had ever seen the falls of Niagara. He replied, "Yes, from the
+American side." To this the officer replied, "You must have the glory
+of a successful fight before you can view the cataract in all its
+grandeur." Scott replied, "If it be your purpose to insult me, sir,
+honor should have prompted you first to return my sword." General
+Sheaffe rebuked the officer, and the matter ended.
+
+This same colonel was severely wounded and captured at Fort George.
+Colonel Scott showed him every attention and had his wants promptly
+supplied. On visiting him one day the British officer said to him: "I
+have long owed you an apology, sir. You have overwhelmed me with
+kindness. You now, sir, at your leisure, can view the falls in all
+their glory."
+
+Within two days, after the capture of Fort George a body of some nine
+hundred British troops under command of Sir George Prevost, Governor
+General of Canada, landed at Sackett's Harbor, New York, for the
+purpose of destroying the stores and a vessel there on the stocks.
+General Jacob Brown, who subsequently came to the command of the
+United States army, hastily gathered a body of militia, attacked and
+drove the enemy back to their vessels, and saved the stores. On June
+6th, General Winder, with about eight hundred men, had been
+re-enforced at Stoney Creek by a small force under General Chandler.
+They were in pursuit of the British forces who had escaped from Fort
+George under command of General Vincent. He determined not to await
+the attack of the Americans, but to attack himself. He moved out at
+night and attacked the center of the American line, which he succeeded
+in breaking, and captured both Generals Winder and Chandler; but the
+enemy was at last driven back, and a council of war decided on a
+retreat. Coming close on this disaster, Colonel Charles G. Boerstler,
+with a command of six hundred men, had been sent forward to capture
+the Stone House, seventeen miles from Fort George. The British force
+was much larger than Boerstler's, and on June 24th he was completely
+surrounded and forced to surrender. For some three months the main
+body of the army had remained inactive. Colonel Scott during the
+happening of the occurrences just related had been engaged in foraging
+expeditions for the supply of the army. These expeditions also
+resulted in combats between the opposing forces, in all of which Scott
+was successful. In July, 1813, he resigned the office of adjutant
+general and was assigned to the command of twenty companies, or what
+was known as a double regiment.
+
+Burlington Heights, on Lake Ontario, was supposed to be the depot of
+military stores for the British, and in September an expedition was
+fitted out under Scott's command to capture it; but no stores being
+found there, he marched toward York, now called Toronto, where a large
+quantity of stores were taken and the barracks and storehouses burned.
+General Wilkinson being now in command of the army, a campaign was
+inaugurated for the capture of Kingston and Montreal. Kingston was an
+important port, and Montreal the chief commercial town of Lower
+Canada.
+
+Wilkinson was ordered to concentrate at Sackett's Harbor early in
+October. General Wade Hampton was ordered to join him from northern
+New York. Wilkinson embarked on October 2d, and Scott was left in
+command of Fort George with some eight hundred regulars and part of a
+regiment of militia under Colonel Joseph Gardner Swift. Under
+directions of Captain Totten, of the engineers, work was rapidly
+advanced in placing the fort in tenable condition; but the work was
+not completed before October 9th, when, to Scott's surprise, the enemy
+near him moved down toward Wilkinson. As authorized by his orders,
+Colonel Scott turned the command of the fort over to Brigadier-General
+McLure, of the New York militia. It was arranged that Scott was to
+join Wilkinson, and that vessels for his transportation should be sent
+up to the mouth of the Genesee River.
+
+On his arrival there he received information that Commodore Chauncey,
+commanding the fleet, had been detained by the protest of General
+Wilkinson against his leaving him, even for a few days. Scott was
+then compelled to undertake the long march for Sackett's Harbor by way
+of Rochester, Canandaigua, and Utica. The march was accomplished under
+many difficulties and with much suffering, as it rained almost
+incessantly, and the roads were in the worst of conditions. On his
+arrival in advance of his troops, he was appointed to the command of a
+battalion under Colonel Macomb. Being in command of the advance of the
+army in the descent of the St. Lawrence, he was not present at the
+engagement at Chrysler's Farm on November 11th. At that time, in
+conjunction with Colonel Dennis, he was forcing a passage near
+Cornwall, under fire of a British force, which he routed, and captured
+many prisoners.
+
+The day before the occurrence of the affair just mentioned he landed
+at Fort Matilda, commanding a narrow place on the river, where he
+gained possession of the fort. The expedition which was announced for
+the conquest of Canada was, on November 12th, abandoned by its leader
+and projector, General Wilkinson, who commanded a retreat. This
+occurred when Scott was fifteen miles in advance of Chrysler's Field,
+there being no body of British troops between him and Montreal, and
+the garrison at the latter place had only four hundred marines and two
+hundred sailors.
+
+Wilkinson's defense for his failure was that General Hampton had
+refused to join him at St. Regis for fear of lack of provisions and
+forage.
+
+After the events just related, Colonel Scott was engaged in preparing
+the new levies of troops for the field and arranging for supplies and
+transportation for the next campaign.
+
+On March 9, 1814, he was appointed to the rank of brigadier general,
+and ordered to join General Jacob Brown, commanding general of the
+United States army, then moving toward the Niagara frontier. On the
+24th General Brown marched to Sackett's Harbor, where Scott
+established a camp of instruction. On assembling of the army at
+Buffalo, Scott was assigned to the command of the Ninth, Eleventh, and
+Twenty-fifth Regiments of infantry, with a part of the Twenty-second
+Regiment and Captain Towson's company of artillery. In addition to
+this command there were at this time at Buffalo the commands of
+Generals Porter and Eleazer Wheelock Ripley. The whole force was
+placed in camp under General Scott's immediate direction. In the
+latter part of June General Brown returned to Buffalo, and on the
+morning of July 3d Scott's brigade with the artillery of Major Jacobs
+Hindman, crossed the river and landed below Fort Erie, while Ripley's
+brigade landed a short distance above. Fort Erie was invested,
+attacked, and soon surrendered, and on the morning of the 4th Scott's
+brigade moved in advance in the direction of Chippewa. He was engaged
+for a distance of sixteen miles in a running fight with the British
+forces under the Marquis of Tweedale. Toward night the Marquis of
+Tweedale crossed the Chippewa River and joined the main army under
+General Sir Phineas Riall. Scott then took position on a creek some
+two miles from Chippewa. On the east was the Niagara River and the
+road to Chippewa, while an the west was a heavy wood. Between the wood
+and the river were two streams--the Chippewa and Street's Creek.
+General Riall, the British commander, was posted behind the Chippewa,
+flanked on one side with a blockhouse and a heavy battery on the
+other.
+
+Both of these streams were bridged on the road to Chippewa, the one
+over Street's Creek being nearest to Scott, while that over the
+Chippewa was nearest to Riall. On the morning of the 5th General Brown
+had determined to make the attack, but the enemy, anticipating it,
+made the first forward movement, and there were a number of
+skirmishes. General Porter, whose command consisted of volunteers,
+militia, and friendly Indians, first engaged the British and drove
+them back through the woods. General Riall at this moment was seen
+advancing with the main body of his army, and the retreating troops
+rallied, attacking Porter furiously, and, despite his own coolness and
+gallantry, his troops gave way and fled. This was about four o'clock,
+and General Brown, being with Porter, saw the advance of the British
+force, and meeting General Scott, said to him, "The enemy is
+advancing." General Brown then moved to the rear and ordered the
+advance of Ripley's brigade. The British army was composed of the One
+Hundredth Regiment, under the Marquis of Tweedale, the First Royal
+Scots, under Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon, a portion of the Eighth or
+King's Regiment, a detachment of the Royal Artillery, a detachment of
+the Royal Nineteenth Light Dragoons, and some Canadian militia and
+Indians. These were supported by a heavy battery of nine guns. Scott
+crossed the bridge under fire of this battery, losing a number of men.
+After crossing, the commands of Majors Henry Leavenworth and John
+McNeil, Jr., formed line in front opposite the center and left of the
+enemy. Major Thomas Sidney Jesup moved to the left and advanced to
+attack the enemy's right. Towson's battery was on the right, on the
+Chippewa road. Seeing that the British lines outflanked him, Scott
+ordered the movement of Jesup to the left. The battle now opened,
+Jesup holding in check the right wing of the enemy, his position in
+the wood concealing him from view. General Scott had now advanced to
+within eighty paces of the enemy, and ordering the left flank of
+McNeil's battalion formed on the right so that it was oblique to the
+enemy's charge and flanking him on the right. Scott called to McNeil's
+command, which had no recruits in it: "The enemy say we are good at
+long shot, but can not stand the cold iron. I call upon the Eleventh
+to give the lie to that slander. Charge!" The charge was made at once,
+supported by a corresponding charge of Leavenworth and a flank fire
+from Towson's battery. The British broke, and fled in great confusion.
+
+In the meantime Major Jesup, commanding on the left, ordered his men
+to advance, which they did, driving the enemy into his intrenchments
+across the Chippewa. The British forces engaged were about twenty-one
+hundred men, and that of the Americans nineteen hundred. The British
+lost in killed, one hundred and thirty-eight; wounded, three hundred
+and nineteen; and missing, forty-six. The American loss was sixty
+killed, two hundred and forty-eight wounded, and nineteen missing.
+General Brown in his official report says: "Brigadier General Scott is
+entitled to the highest praise our country can bestow; to him more
+than to any other man am I indebted for the victory of July 5th. His
+brigade covered itself with glory. Every officer and every man of the
+Ninth, Twenty-second, Eleventh, and Twenty-fifth Regiments did his
+duty with a zeal and energy worthy of the American character." Two
+days after the battle of Chippewa General Scott forced a passage
+across the Chippewa, driving the enemy.
+
+
+[Illustration: NOTE.--The accompanying map indicates the
+movements of the troops in the battle of Chippewa. A H show the
+position of Majors McNeil and Leavenworth when they made the final
+charge. _a_, _a_, _a_, the point to which General Porter drove the
+British and Indians. _b_, Street's barn.]
+
+
+A fort called Messasauga was built after the campaign of 1813 by the
+British as a defense to Fort George, and being re-enforced by General
+Riall, he moved to Burlington Heights on Lake Ontario. It was General
+Brown's intention to capture these forts before beginning further or
+more extended operations. With this purpose, he ordered some heavy
+guns from Sackett's Harbor; but Commodore Chauncey being sick, and the
+enemy having a superior fleet on the lake, the attack on these forts
+was abandoned. General Brown then made a feint by moving up the
+Niagara and recrossing the Chippewa, with a view to draw the enemy
+down and to enable him to obtain supplies from Fort Schlosser. Failing
+in this, it was his purpose to send General Scott by the road from
+Queenstown and thus force Riall to battle.
+
+On the afternoon of the 25th General Brown received a note from a
+militia officer who occupied some posts on the American side of the
+Niagara, that a thousand British troops had crossed from Queenstown to
+Lewiston, a few miles below the Chippewa. It was thought that the
+object of this movement was to capture the American magazines at
+Schlosser and cut off supplies from Buffalo. General Brown having
+determined to threaten the forts at the mouth of the Niagara, General
+Scott's command was put in motion for this purpose. It consisted of
+four battalions under Colonel Hugh Brady, and the commands of Majors
+Jesup, Leavenworth, and McNeil, Captain Towson's artillery, and
+Captain Harris's detachment of cavalry, the whole force aggregating
+thirteen hundred men. After a march of two miles some mounted British
+officers were discovered on a reconnoitering expedition, their forces
+being a short distance off and hidden from view.
+
+General Scott's orders were to march on the forts, as information had
+been received that Riall had divided his forces, sending a thousand of
+them across the river. He, however, determined to move forward and
+give battle. Dispatching Adjutant-General Jones to General Brown with
+information that the enemy was in his front, he moved on, and was
+astonished to see drawn up in line of battle on Lundy's Lane a larger
+force than he had fought at Chippewa; but he determined to give battle
+and rely upon re-enforcements being rapidly sent to him. Lieutenant
+Richard Douglass was now dispatched to inform General Brown of the
+situation. On the night of the 23d Lieutenant-General Sir Gordon
+Drummond had arrived at the mouth of the river with re-enforcements.
+This was not known to General Brown. Riall had marched down the road
+which Scott was to have taken on the 26th, coming by Queenstown, and
+had not sent any troops across the Niagara. His re-enforcements were
+coming up rapidly. The battle opened late in the afternoon. The
+British line, eighteen hundred strong, posted on a ridge in Lundy's
+Lane running at right angles with the river, was in front of Scott.
+The left of this line was on a road parallel to the river, with a
+space grown up with small timber, extending some two hundred yards. He
+ordered Major Jesup and Colonel Brady to take advantage of this and
+turn the enemy's left from the concealed position which the brushwood
+afforded. The other infantry forces had been placed in line with
+detachments of cavalry on both sides and held as reserves. The
+British, outflanking Scott on the left, made a movement to attack in
+flank and fear. This was repelled by Major McNeil with heavy loss.
+Jesup had succeeded in his movement, while Brady, Leavenworth, and
+Towson were engaged in the front. Jesup had captured General Riall and
+a number of other officers far in his front, and then resumed his
+line. At nine o'clock the British right was driven back from its
+assault on Scott's flank, and his left was turned and cut off. The
+center posted on the ridge held its place, supported by nine pieces of
+artillery. Another battalion of British troops was on its way as a
+re-enforcement, and but a short distance away, when General Brown
+arrived on the field, in advance of the reserve. He thus describes in
+his report what occurred from the time of his arrival:
+
+"Apprehending that these corps were much exhausted, and knowing that
+they had suffered severely, I determined to interpose a new line with
+the advancing troops, and thus disengage General Scott and hold his
+brigade in reserve. Orders were accordingly given to General Ripley.
+The enemy's artillery at this moment occupied a hill which gave him
+great advantage and was the key to the whole position. It was
+supported by a line of infantry. To secure the victory it was
+necessary to carry this with artillery and seize the height.
+
+"The duty was assigned to Colonel Miller. He advanced steadily and
+gallantly to his object, and carried the height and the cannon.
+General Ripley brought up the Twenty-third (which had faltered) to
+his support, and the enemy disappeared from before them. The enemy,
+rallying his forces, and, as is believed, having received
+re-enforcements, now attempted to drive us from our position and
+regain his artillery. Our line was unshaken and the enemy repulsed.
+Two other attempts having the same object had the same issue. General
+Scott was again engaged in repelling the former of these, and the last
+I saw of him on the field of battle he was near the head of his column
+and giving to its march a direction that would have placed him on the
+enemy's right.... Having been for some time wounded and being a good
+deal exhausted by loss of blood, it became my wish to devolve the
+command on General Scott and retire from the field; but on inquiry I
+had the misfortune to learn that he was disabled by wounds. I
+therefore kept my post, and had the satisfaction to see the enemy's
+last effort repulsed."
+
+General Brown said to General Miller, when he saw that to win the
+battle the artillery on the ridge must be captured, "Sir, can you take
+that battery?" He replied, "I will try, sir," and at once moved
+forward, conducted by Scott, who was familiar with the ground, and
+with his gallant command drove the enemy from its stronghold and
+captured the guns.
+
+General Scott, though severely wounded, was not disabled at the time
+mentioned in General Brown's report. Having two horses killed under
+him, he was at this time on foot, but was finally prostrated by his
+two wounds--one in the side, the other in the shoulder. The American
+loss was one hundred and seventy-one killed, five hundred and
+seventy-two wounded, and one hundred and seventeen prisoners; that of
+the British was eighty-four killed, five hundred and fifty-nine
+wounded, and two hundred and thirty-five prisoners.
+
+Generals Brown and Scott both being disabled, General Ripley was sent
+to bring off the wounded and dead. The captured artillery, owing to
+want of horses and harness, was left on the field. The army now fell
+back to Chippewa and fortified the place.
+
+It being learned that General Drummond was advancing on Chippewa with
+a large force, the place was evacuated and the army retreated to the
+ferry near Black Rock. A division was ordered to remain at Fort Erie
+and repair the fort, and Brigadier-General Gaines was, by General
+Brown's orders, placed in command of the army.
+
+Very soon the British General Drummond appeared in front of Fort Erie
+and commenced a regular investment. Cannonading was begun on August
+13th and continued at intervals, and on the 15th a heavy British
+column assaulted Towson's battery, which was stationed at the
+northwest angle of the fort. The assault was repelled by Captain
+Towson with the aid of Major Wood, commanding the Twenty-fifth
+Regiment. The western angle was then attacked, with a like result. The
+British eventually succeeded in obtaining possession of the exterior
+bastion of the old fort. Just at this time a number of cartridges in a
+building near by exploded, killing many of the British and expelling
+them from the fort. The losses in these affairs were: British--killed,
+fifty-seven; wounded, three hundred and nine; missing, five hundred
+and thirty-nine. American--killed, seventeen; wounded, fifty-six;
+missing, eleven.
+
+General Brown resumed command on September 2d, and determined to
+attempt to relieve the siege by a sortie on the enemy's works. The
+investment had now lasted fifty days, and the British during that time
+had erected two batteries and were engaged on a third. The force was
+divided into three brigades, two of which were encamped out of range
+of the American cannon. At half past 2 P.M. on the 17th the
+American troops marched out and the action began. In less than half an
+hour the Americans had captured two of the batteries and two
+blockhouses. Very soon a third battery was abandoned, the cannon
+spiked and dismounted. General Drummond retired on the night of the
+21st, and took post in his intrenchments behind the Chippewa. The
+British losses in this investment were, in killed, wounded, and
+prisoners, nearly a thousand, while the American loss was five hundred
+and eleven. Early in November the American army took up winter
+quarters in Buffalo, and this brought to a close the war on the
+Niagara.
+
+The following statement of the losses on either side in this memorable
+campaign is interesting:
+
+--------------------------------------+---------------+---------------
+                                      | British loss. | American loss.
+--------------------------------------+---------------+---------------
+Battle of Chippewa, July 5, 1814      |      507      |      328
+Battle of Niagara, July 25, 1814      |      878      |      860
+Battle of Fort Erie, August 15, 1814  |      905      |       84
+Sortie from Fort Erie, Sept. 17, 1814 |      800      |      511
+                                      +---------------+---------------
+       Total                          |    3,090      |    1,783
+--------------------------------------+---------------+---------------
+
+General Jacob Brown, the commander of this army, became General in
+Chief of the United States army March 10, 1821. He died September 24,
+1828. General Brown was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, May 9,
+1775. He was secretary to Alexander Hamilton, where he acquired
+military information and experience, and in 1809 was made a colonel
+of militia. In 1810 he was promoted brigadier general, and two years
+afterward was assigned to the command of the frontier from Oswego to
+Lake St. Francis. In July, 1813, he was appointed a brigadier general
+in the United States army and placed in command of the Army of Niagara
+with the rank of major general. His subsequent career is briefly
+mentioned in this work. He received the thanks of Congress, November
+3, 1814, and a gold medal, now in possession of his son, General N.W.
+Brown, of Washington City.
+
+General Eleazer W. Ripley became a brevet major general, and resigned
+in May, 1820. He was a member of the House of Representatives of the
+United States Congress (the Twenty-fourth) from Louisiana, and died
+March 2, 1839. Hugh Brady became a brigadier general by brevet.
+William McRee resigned as colonel in March, 1819; was afterward
+surveyor general of Missouri, and died in 1832. Thomas S. Jesup became
+quartermaster general of the army with rank of brevet major general.
+Henry Leavenworth died a brigadier general by brevet, July 21, 1834.
+John McNeil resigned as brigadier general by brevet; was afterward
+surveyor of customs at Boston. Jacob Hindman died a colonel, February
+17, 1827. Roger Jones was adjutant general of the army, and brigadier
+general by brevet.
+
+General Scott's wounds were so severe and painful that it was a long
+time before he was fit for duty. In September, 1814, Philadelphia and
+Baltimore were so threatened by the enemy that General Scott took
+nominal command for the defense of those cities. Everywhere on his
+route he received the highest evidences of the love and esteem of the
+people. At Princeton, N.J., he had a distinguished reception, and had
+conferred on him by the college the degree of Master of Arts. From
+Princeton he proceeded to Baltimore, and on October 16, 1814, assumed
+command of the Tenth Military District, with headquarters at
+Washington.
+
+The treaty of peace was signed December 24, 1814, and ratified by the
+Senate, February 17, 1815. He was tendered the appointment of
+Secretary of War, but declined on the ground that he was too young.
+When his recommendations for colonel and brigadier general were
+presented to the President he expressed in both instances the fear
+that he was too young. It was in allusion to this that he gave this
+reason. He was then requested to act as Secretary until the arrival of
+William H. Crawford, at that period Minister to France, and who had
+been appointed Secretary of War. He declined this also, in deference
+to Generals Jacob Brown and Andrew Jackson. He was engaged for some
+time in reducing the army to a peace establishment, which being
+completed he was ordered to Europe for professional purposes. He was
+also intrusted with certain important and delicate diplomatic
+functions relating to the designs of Great Britain on the island of
+Cuba, and the revolutionary struggles between certain Spanish
+provinces in America.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Is received and entertained by prominent civilians and military men in
+Europe--Marries Miss Mayo--Offspring--Thanks of Congress--Thanks of
+the Virginia Legislature voted, and also a sword--Controversy with
+General Andrew Jackson and correspondence--Prepares general
+regulations for the army and militia--Controversy with General Gaines
+and the War Department about rank--In command of the Eastern
+Division--War with the Sac and Fox Indians--Black Hawk--Cholera breaks
+out among the troops.
+
+
+General Scott received great attention from prominent military men in
+Europe. He was also treated with much respect by men of letters and
+science. On his return home, in 1816, he was assigned to the command
+of the seaboard, and established his headquarters in the city of New
+York. On March 11, 1817, he was married to Miss Maria D. Mayo, of
+Richmond, Va., daughter of Colonel John Mayo. She was a lady of many
+accomplishments and a belle in Virginia society. The issue of this
+marriage who lived to maturity were Virginia, who died unmarried;
+Cornelia who was married to Colonel Henry L. Scott, General Scott's
+adjutant general for many years, and who, dying, left one son,
+Winfield Scott, now a resident of Richmond, Va.; Camilla, who married
+Gould Hoyt, of New York, and died leaving children; Ella, who married
+Carroll McTavish, and has several daughters. She is now (1893) a
+resident of Baltimore. Mrs. Scott died June 10, 1862. Two sons and
+two daughters died before reaching maturity. Mrs. Scott's remains were
+buried by the side of her illustrious husband at West Point.
+
+In November, 1813, Congress passed a joint resolution complimenting
+General Scott for his skill and gallantry in the battles of Chippewa
+and Niagara and for his uniform good conduct throughout the war, and
+directed the striking and presentation to him of a gold medal. This
+was presented to him in a speech of great feeling and high compliment
+at the Executive Mansion in the presence of the members of the Cabinet
+and many other distinguished persons. On July 4, 1831, General Scott
+watched the last moments and closed the eyes of President Monroe in
+New York city. In February, 1816, the Legislature of Virginia passed a
+resolution unanimously returning thanks to General Scott for his
+services to his country, and also voted him a sword. This was followed
+by like action by the Legislature of New York. In 1815 he was elected
+an honorary member of the Society of the Cincinnati.
+
+In April, 1817, General Andrew Jackson issued from Nashville, Tenn.,
+an order reciting that "the commanding general considers it due to the
+principles of subordination which might and must exist in an army to
+prohibit the obedience of any order emanating from the Department of
+War to officers of the division who have reported and been assigned to
+duty, unless coming through him as the proper organ of communication."
+At a dinner party in New York soon after the publication of this order
+Governor Clinton desired to know General Scott's opinion of it. He
+expressed views in opposition to General Jackson, and added that its
+tendency was mutinous. An anonymous writer published the details of
+this conversation in a New York paper called the Columbian, and a copy
+of it reached General Jackson, who wrote General Scott as follows:
+
+
+                              "HEADQUARTERS DIVISION OF THE SOUTH,
+
+                                  "NASHVILLE, _September 17, 1817_.
+
+  "SIR: With that candor due the character you have sustained
+  as a soldier and a man of honor, and with the fairness of the
+  latter, I address you. Inclosed is a copy of an anonymous letter
+  postmarked New York, August 14, 1817, together with a publication
+  taken from the Columbian, which accompanied the letter. I have not
+  permitted myself for a moment to believe that the conduct ascribed
+  to you is correct. Candor, however, induces me to lay them before
+  you, that you may have it in your power to say how far they be
+  incorrectly stated. If my order has been the subject of your
+  animadversions, it is believed you will at once admit it, and the
+  extent to which you may have gone.
+
+  "I am, sir, respectfully,
+
+                "Your most obedient servant,
+
+                                  "ANDREW JACKSON.
+
+    "_General_ W. SCOTT, _U.S. Army_."
+
+General Scott replied to this letter denying the authorship of the
+article, and said: " ... I gave it as my opinion that that paper was,
+as it respected the future, mutinous in its character and tendency,
+and as it respected the past, a reprimand of the commander in chief,
+the President of the United States; for although the latter be not
+expressly named, it is a principle well understood that the War
+Department, without at least his supposed sanction, can not give a
+valid command to an ensign.... Even if I belonged to your division I
+should not hesitate to repeat to you all that I have said at any time
+on this subject if a proper occasion offered; and what is more, I
+should expect your approbation, as in my humble judgment refutation is
+impossible."
+
+General Jackson replied to this in a very angry manner, and intimating
+that General Scott might, if he chose, call him to the field. Scott
+replied, and declined to write the challenge, "as his ambition was not
+that of Erostratus," intimating that he ruined his only chance of
+acquiring distinction by killing a defender of his country.
+
+For years afterward Scott heard reports that General Jackson had made
+threats of personal chastisement whenever they should meet. In 1823,
+soon after General Jackson took his seat in the United States Senate,
+Scott made frequent visits there, and was entitled to the floor.
+Wearied at last with this state of things, he addressed General
+Jackson as follows:
+
+                                     "WASHINGTON, _December 11, 1823_.
+
+  "SIR: One portion of the American community has long
+  attributed to you the most distinguished magnanimity, and the other
+  portion the greatest desperation in your resentments.
+
+  "Am I to conclude that both are in error? I allude to circumstances
+  which have transpired between us and which need not here be
+  repeated, and to the fact that I have now been six days in your
+  immediate vicinity without having attracted your notice. As this is
+  the first time in my life that I have been within a hundred miles of
+  you, and as it is barely possible that you may be ignorant of my
+  presence, I beg leave to state that I shall not leave the district
+  before the morning of the 14th inst.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, sir,
+
+                   "Your most obedient servant,
+
+                                     "WINFIELD SCOTT.
+
+    "_The Hon._ GENERAL A. JACKSON, _Senator, etc._"
+
+The following answer was promptly returned:
+
+                                  "MRS. O'NEIL'S, _December 11, 1823_.
+
+  "SIR: Your letter of to-day has been received. Whether the
+  world is correct or in error as regards my 'magnanimity' is for the
+  world to decide. I am satisfied of one fact: that when you shall
+  know me better you will not be disposed to harbor the opinion that
+  anything like desperation in resentment attaches to me.
+
+  "Your letter is ambiguous, but, concluding from occurrences
+  heretofore that it was written with friendly views, I take the
+  liberty of saying to you that whenever you shall feel disposed to
+  meet me on friendly terms, that disposition will not be met by any
+  other than a corresponding feeling on my part.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, sir,
+
+                  "Your most obedient servant,
+
+                                     "ANDREW JACKSON.
+
+    "_General_ W. SCOTT."
+
+General Scott was gratified at the reply, and called at once on
+General Jackson, who received him kindly and graciously, and the next
+day he departed for the West. In mentioning these facts General Scott
+adds that "it is painful to reflect that so amicable a settlement only
+meant with one of the parties a postponement of revenge to a more
+convenient season."
+
+This remark is in allusion to Scott's recall from the Indian War in
+1836. General Jackson died the 8th of June, 1845, General Scott being
+then at West Point. He was president of the Board of Examiners, which
+was in session when the news was received. He at once arose, and,
+addressing the board of visitors and academic staff, said:
+"Ex-President Jackson died at the Hermitage on the 8th inst. The
+information is not official, but sufficiently authentic to prompt the
+step I am about to take. An event of much moment to the nation has
+occurred. A great man has fallen. General Jackson is dead--a great
+general, and a great patriot who had filled the highest political
+stations in the gift of his countrymen. He is dead. This is not the
+place, nor am I the individual, to pronounce a fit eulogy on the
+illustrious deceased. National honors will doubtless be prescribed by
+the President of the United States; but in the meantime, and in
+harmony with the feelings of all who hear me, and particularly with
+those of the authorities of this institution, I deem it proper to
+suspend the examination of the cadets for the day, and to await the
+orders of the Executive of the United States on the subject."
+
+General Scott in his early training had studied the science of war,
+using the works of the greatest and best-known authors. He was in his
+early life a close student, and when he entered the army was, better
+equipped, in the knowledge of the standard authors on the science of
+war than most men in the army. In 1821 he prepared a work entitled
+General Regulations for the Army, or Military Institutes. This was
+the first book published in the United States which could be accepted
+as a manual for both the regular troops of the army and the militia.
+He had formerly, in 1814-'15, been president of a board of army
+officers which compiled a system of infantry tactics, a copy of the
+system which he had used in the camp of instruction at Buffalo in
+1814. This was revised by another board, of which he was president,
+and was published in 1825.
+
+In 1826 a board of army and militia officers was convened by order of
+the Secretary of War, of which he was made president, for the purpose
+of reporting a plan for the organization and instruction of the
+militia of the United States, a system of tactics for the artillery, a
+system of cavalry tactics, and a system of infantry and rifle tactics.
+The reports on the plan for the organization and instruction of the
+militia and that on the system of infantry and rifle tactics were
+written wholly by General Scott, and adopted by the board. Under a
+resolution of Congress in 1835 there was published a new edition of
+infantry tactics prepared by him.
+
+General Scott was one of the pioneers in what is known as the
+temperance reform, and preceded Dr. Lyman Beecher in his celebrated
+discourses on this subject. In December, 1821, General Scott published
+his "Scheme for restricting the use of ardent spirits in the United
+States." It was first published in the National Gazette. He did not
+take ground for total abstinence, but against the use ardent of
+spirits, brandy, rum, and whisky. He was also a member of the society
+formed in New York in 1821 "for the prevention of pauperism, vice, and
+immorality."
+
+General Scott, in 1823, took great interest in having the sons of
+General Paez, of Colombia, South America, admitted as students at the
+military academy at West Point, which drew from General Paez letters
+of thanks to General Scott and President Monroe.
+
+A very serious controversy arose in 1828 between General Scott and
+General Edmund Pendleton Gaines on a question of rank. General Macomb
+had been appointed by President Adams major general of the United
+States army. There was at that time but one major general, and Scott
+held the rank of brevet major general, with an older date than
+Macomb's appointment, and he addressed a memorial to Congress claiming
+his superiority in rank to Macomb. He argued that from the beginning
+of the Revolutionary War down to the time of his appointment brevet
+rank was uniformly held to give rank and command, except only in the
+body of a regiment, etc.; that there existed in law or in fact no
+higher title or grade in the army than that of major general, there
+being no such thing as a commander in chief, except the President.
+That he [Scott] held a commission as major general, July 25, 1814, of
+older date than that of either Generals Macomb or Gaines. Congress did
+not pass an act, however, sustaining his claim, and the result was a
+construction by the authorities that a brevet appointment did not
+confer additional rank.
+
+General Scott, on this decision of Congress, tendered his resignation,
+which was not accepted. When he was informed that the President and
+others high in authority sustained the action of Congress, he
+addressed a letter to Mr. Eaton, the Secretary of War, as follows:
+
+                                       "NEW YORK, _November 10, 1829_.
+
+  "SIR: I have seen the President's order of the 13th of
+  August last, which gives a construction of the sixty-first and
+  sixty-second articles of war relative to rank or command.
+
+  "Humbly protesting that this order deprives me of rights guaranteed
+  by these articles, and the uniform practice of the army under them,
+  from the commencement of the Government down to the year 1828, when
+  the new construction was first adopted against me, in obedience to
+  the universal advice of my friends, who deem it incumbent on me to
+  sacrifice my own connections and feelings to what may, by an apt
+  error, be considered the repeated decision of the civil authority of
+  my country, I have brought myself to make that sacrifice, and
+  therefore withdraw the tender of my resignation now on file in your
+  department.
+
+  "I also ask leave to surrender the remainder of the furlough the
+  department was kind enough to extend to me in April last, and to
+  report myself for duty.                       WINFIELD SCOTT.
+
+    "_The Hon._ J.H. EATON, _Secretary of War_."
+
+To this the Secretary of War replied:
+
+                                 "WAR DEPARTMENT, _November 13, 1829_.
+
+  "SIR: Your letter of the 10th instant is received, and I
+  take pleasure in saying to you that it affords the department much
+  satisfaction to perceive the conclusion to which you have arrived as
+  to your brevet rights. None will do you the injustice to suppose
+  that the opinions declared by you upon this subject are not the
+  result of reflections and convictions; but since the constituted
+  authorities of the Government have, with the best feelings
+  entertained, come to conclusions adverse to your own, no other
+  opinion was cherished or was hoped for but that, on your return to
+  the United States, you would adopt the course your letter indicates,
+  and with good feelings resume those duties of which she has so long
+  had the benefit. Agreeably to your request, the furlough heretofore
+  granted you is revoked from and after the 20th instant. You will
+  accordingly report to the commanding general, Alexander Macomb, for
+  duty.                                         J.H. EATON.
+
+    "_To Major-General_ WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+General Scott, on reporting to General Macomb, was assigned to the
+command of the Eastern Department, while General Gaines was assigned
+to the Western. From the assignment of General Scott to the command of
+the Eastern Department, for a period of nearly three years, his duties
+were those of an ordinary department commander, with no incidents
+necessary to be ingrafted into his biography.
+
+A treaty had been made by the United States Government in 1804 with
+the chiefs of the Sac Indians, in which their lands east of the
+Mississippi were ceded to the Government, but with the reservation
+that so long as they belonged to the Government of the United States
+the Indians should have the privilege of occupying and hunting on
+them. The Sacs and Foxes were contiguous and friendly tribes, and
+their principal village was on a peninsula between the Rock River and
+the Mississippi. Their principal chief was known as Black Hawk. The
+United States Government in its treaty acquiring the title to these
+Indian lands made a guarantee that the Indians should be free from
+intrusion from any white settlers.
+
+Their lands were very fertile, and soon white men in large numbers
+began to encroach on them, and no adequate steps were taken by the
+Government to protect the Indians in their treaty rights. In 1829 the
+Government ordered a public sale of lands which included a part of the
+Sac village. It was purchased by an Indian trader. This greatly
+disturbed the Chief Black Hawk, but he was assured that if the lands
+purchased by this agent had not actually been sold to the Government
+that the sale would be canceled and the Indian occupants allowed to
+remain. Nothing more was done in the matter until in the spring of
+1831, when the corn planted by a number of Indians was plowed up by
+white settlers, and many annoying trespasses made by the whites upon
+the Indian occupants. The Chief Black Hawk then announced to the white
+settlers in the village that they must remove. This resulted in a
+memorial from some of the white settlers, in May, 1831, to the
+Governor of Illinois, stating that the Indians were committing
+depredations on them. The Governor called out seven hundred militia to
+remove a band of the Sac Indians, and so notified General Gaines.
+General Gaines, on May 29th, replied to the Governor that he had
+ordered six companies of troops from Jefferson City to Rock Island,
+and four other companies from Prairie du Chien, to assist the
+Governor's militia in repelling the Indians. When the United States
+troops reached Fort Armstrong a conference was held with some of the
+Indian chiefs, but with no practical results. On receiving this
+information General Gaines called on the Governor of Illinois for
+additional forces, and on June 25th Governor Reynolds and General
+Joseph Duncan arrived at Rock River with sixteen hundred mounted
+militia. The Indians from the Sac village, being informed of this
+movement, deserted their homes with their wives and children and
+crossed the Mississippi. The next morning General Gaines occupied the
+Sac village without opposition.
+
+A treaty was then made (June 30th) by General Gaines and Governor
+Reynolds with the Sacs, by which the Indians agreed to take up their
+abode west of the Mississippi River. In April, 1832, Chief Black Hawk
+and his tribe recrossed the Mississippi, in violation of the treaty
+previously made, for the purpose of joining the Winnebagoes and making
+a crop of corn and beans.
+
+General Henry Atkinson at this time was in command of Fort Armstrong.
+He notified Black Hawk that he must recross the river or be driven
+back. The Indians refused to obey the order. Black Hawk endeavored to
+enlist some of the Northwestern tribes to join him, but failing to
+gain their assent, resolved to recross the Mississippi. He was
+encamped with his tribe at a place which the Indians called
+Kish-wa-cokee.
+
+Some of the Illinois mounted militia were at Dixon's Ferry, on Rock
+River, not far from the Indian encampment. Major Stillman, commanding
+some three hundred volunteers, moved from Dixon's Ferry to Sycamore
+Creek on a scouting expedition. Black Hawk, being apprised of their
+approach, sent three of his young Indians bearing a white flag to meet
+them. One of these young Indians was captured and killed. Another
+party of five Indians, following the flag-of-truce bearers to assist
+in pacific negotiations, were met by the whites and two of them
+killed. The Illinois militia moved on and crossed Sycamore Creek.
+Black Hawk, who was exasperated at the killing of his men whom he had
+sent under flag of truce, advanced with his warriors on May 14th, met
+the Illinois militia, engaged and defeated them, and forced them to
+recross the creek.
+
+This success greatly encouraged the Indians, but created great alarm
+and excitement with the white people of Illinois. Many small battles
+took place after this between the whites and Indians, and the war was
+brought to a close by the delivery of Black Hawk to the Indian agent,
+General Street, August 27th, by two of his followers who betrayed him.
+This war created necessarily great excitement and alarm in Illinois.
+It was the general expectation that the Winnebagoes and Pottawattomies
+would sympathize with Black Hawk, and the result would be a general
+Indian war. At this juncture General Scott was ordered to proceed to
+Illinois and take command of the forces to bring the Indians into
+subjugation. In July, acting under this order, he left Buffalo with
+about one thousand troops, destined for Chicago. The general and his
+staff, with about two hundred and twenty men, embarked on the
+steamboat Sheldon Thompson, and on July 8th it was announced that
+several of the soldiers were attacked with Asiatic cholera. The vessel
+arrived at the village of Chicago on the 10th with eighty sick men on
+board, one officer and fifty-one soldiers having died during the
+passage.
+
+The fate of the troops who were embarked in other vessels was even
+worse than those on the Thompson. Of the one thousand men who left
+Buffalo only about four hundred survived. General Scott gave every
+attention to the sick, exposing himself without fear day and night in
+seeing to the wants of his men. Leaving Colonel Abram Eustis in
+command, he proceeded to join General Atkinson at Prairie du Chien,
+which he reached on the 3d of August. The engagement called the Battle
+of Bad Axe had been fought before his arrival. He was here again
+confronted with the plague of cholera, which had broken out in
+Atkinson's command at Rock Island, and he devoted himself to the care
+of the sick and the consolation of the dying.
+
+In this connection an extract from the Richmond Enquirer of August 7,
+1832, will be of interest:
+
+  "LOUISVILLE, _July 27, 1832_.--The following is the latest
+  official intelligence from Chicago. We are indebted to a commercial
+  friend for it.--_Advertiser._
+
+                                     "'HEADQUARTERS NORTHWESTERN ARMY,
+
+                                        "'CHICAGO, _July 15, 1832_.
+
+  "'SIR: To prevent or to correct the exaggerations of rumor
+  in respect to the existence of cholera at this place, I address
+  myself to your Excellency. Four steamers were engaged at Buffalo to
+  transport United States troops and supplies to Chicago.
+
+  "'In the headmost of these boats, the Sheldon Thompson, I, with my
+  staff and four companies, a part of Colonel Eustis's command,
+  arrived here on the 8th. All on board were in high health and
+  spirits, but the next morning six cases of undoubted cholera
+  presented themselves. The disease rapidly spread itself for the
+  next three days. About one hundred and twenty persons have been
+  affected.
+
+  "'Under a late act of Congress six companies of rangers are to be
+  raised and marched to this place. General Dodge, of Michigan, is
+  appointed major of the battalion, and I have seen the names of the
+  captains, but I do not know where to address them. I am afraid that
+  the report from this place in respect to cholera may seriously
+  retard the raising of this force.
+
+  "'I wish, therefore, that your Excellency would give publicity to
+  the measures I have adopted to prevent the spread of the disease,
+  and of my determination not to allow any junction or communication
+  between uninfected and infected troops.
+
+  "'The war is not at an end, and may not be brought to a close for
+  some time. The rangers may reach the theatre of operations in time
+  to give the final blow. As they approach this place I shall take
+  care of their health and general wants.
+
+  "'I write in great haste, and may not have time to cause my letter
+  to be copied. It will be put in some post office to be forthwith
+  forwarded. I have the honor to be
+
+    "'Your Excellency's most obedient servant,
+
+                                        "'WINFIELD SCOTT.
+
+    "'_His Excellency_, GOVERNOR REYNOLDS.'"
+
+
+_From the Richmond Enquirer, October 12, 1832._
+
+"In laying the following article before our readers, our own personal
+feelings, as well as a just sense of gratitude to a meritorious
+officer, prompts us to add that we have known Winfield Scott long and
+have known him intimately, and that the conduct here attributed to
+him is precisely such as we should have expected, from his ardent
+patriotism, his humane disposition, and his distinguished
+intelligence."
+
+_From the Illinois Galenian, September 12, 1832._
+
+"GENERAL SCOTT.--Perhaps on no former occasion has a more
+arduous and responsible duty been confided to any officer of our
+Government than that with which this gentleman has been clothed, in
+prosecuting to final issue the savage war upon our borders. And we
+hesitate not to say that in our estimation a better selection could
+not have been made.
+
+"It might suffice, in justification of this assertion, to instance the
+promptitude of his movements to the scene of action, the ease with
+which he overcame space, and the facility with which he surmounted all
+obstacles opposed to the accomplishment of his object.
+
+"But he had an enemy to encounter far more terrible than Black Hawk
+and his adherents--an enemy that bid defiance to military prowess and
+baffled all the skill of the tactician.
+
+"That loathsome epidemic, the direful scourge of the Eastern
+hemisphere, the cholera, invaded his camp. Here was a new foe that had
+never yet been conquered. Victim after victim fell under its ravages.
+The general might have retired to some healthy clime, where he would
+have been freed from this pestilence, but not while his officers and
+men were falling around him; humanity prompted him to remain and
+succor a distressed army. During our stay at Rock Island the cholera
+commenced its work of death; and seeing the general almost every day,
+we had frequent opportunities of witnessing his untiring perseverance
+in and constant personal attention to all those duties appertaining to
+his official station, the calls of humanity, and the best interests of
+the country.
+
+"On the arrival of the companies from Chicago (among whom the cholera
+had been severe) they were stationed on an island in Rock River,
+several miles from the fort, and all communication prohibited by
+special order. Some of his aids, on their way to Rock Island, having
+violated this order (without knowing it was given), were immediately
+ordered back to Rock River, while the general was left alone to
+perform all their respective duties. When a soldier was attacked with
+cholera he was the first to render assistance by the application of
+friction to the extremities in order to attract the fluids from the
+large internal vessels to the surface of the body. At the bake-house
+we found him one day giving instructions how to make the most
+wholesome bread, and on the next day we beheld one of his bakers
+consigned to the tomb. And if we follow him on, we next find him
+instructing those employed in the culinary art, so cautious is he
+about everything that his men eat and drink. And in order to insure
+temperance among the soldiers, he issued an order requiring every man
+found drunk to dig a grave.
+
+"In his orders he was bound to be severe, and in their enforcement he
+was equally rigid. His whole soul seemed to be devoted to the benefit
+of his army.
+
+"On one occasion he observed that his own honor, the duty he owed his
+country and his fellow-men, required his personal attention at his
+post, and also the severity of his orders. And if, in attending to
+his duties, he should be so unfortunate as to lose his life, the army
+could get along as well without him, but he could not get along
+without an army. Thus, with Roman firmness and a disinterested
+devotion of life to his country, has he remained at his post of duty.
+Such conduct deserves the highest praise, and we feel confident that
+it will be awarded by a grateful and virtuous community."
+
+The cholera having subsided by the middle of September, negotiations
+were opened with the various Indian tribes at Rock Island. General
+Scott and Governor Reynolds were the commissioners on the part of the
+United States to make treaties with the Sacs, Foxes, Winnebagoes,
+Sioux, and Menomonees. The leading man among the Indians was
+Ke-o-Kuck, a Sac chief, who was of commanding appearance, eloquent in
+speech, and a brave warrior. He was not, however, a hereditary chief,
+and for this reason his tribe deposed him; but on General Scott's
+request he was again replaced as chief. General Scott conducted the
+negotiations in the way of speech-making at the request of his
+associate, Governor Reynolds. The speeches of Scott and those of the
+Indian chiefs were taken down by Captain Richard Bache, of the army,
+and are to be found in the archives of the War Department at
+Washington.
+
+The result of the treaties was the cession to the United States by the
+Sacs and Foxes of about six million acres of land, the greater part of
+which is now included in the State of Iowa; and the United States gave
+in consideration of this cession a reservation of nearly four hundred
+square miles, on the Iowa River, to Ke-o-Kuck and his band, and agreed
+to pay the Indians an annuity of twenty thousand dollars per annum
+for thirty years to pay the debts of the tribe, and to employ a
+blacksmith and a gunsmith for them. The treaty also provided for ample
+space for hunting, and planting-grounds for the Indians and their
+posterity. A similar treaty was made with the other Indians. General
+Scott, on his return to Washington, was complimented by General Cass,
+the Secretary of War, "upon the fortunate consummation of his arduous
+duties," and he expressed his entire approbation of the whole course
+of his proceedings during a series of difficulties requiring higher
+moral courage than the operations of an active campaign under ordinary
+circumstances.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Troubles in South Carolina growing out of the tariff acts apprehended,
+and General Scott sent South--Action of the nullifiers--Instructions
+in case of an outbreak--Action of the South Carolina Legislature.
+
+
+On the conclusion of the treaties with the Indian tribes, mentioned in
+the preceding chapter, General Scott went to New York, where he
+arrived in October, 1832. A few days after his arrival he received an
+order to proceed to Washington.
+
+The passage of the tariff act of 1828 had produced great excitement in
+several of the Southern States, but especially in South Carolina. By
+this act the duties on foreign goods imported into this country were
+raised much higher than by any previous tariff. It was passed for the
+protection of American manufactures, of which at that time none were
+in the South, but all, or nearly all, in the New England States.
+
+The cotton planters of South Carolina opposed and resisted it on the
+ground that it was not only in violation of the Constitution of the
+United States, but injurious to their interests, and in the interest
+of other States as opposed to theirs. They argued, as it is now
+argued, that a tariff is a tax, and that this tariff discriminated in
+favor of certain portions of the country as against other portions,
+and that therefore it unquestionably violated the fundamental law of
+the land.
+
+This tariff act was passed on May 15, 1828, and on the 12th of June
+following the citizens of Colleton District, South Carolina, met at
+the courthouse in Walterborough and adopted an address to the people.
+Among other things this address stated: "For it is not enough that
+imposts laid for protection of domestic manufactures are oppressive,
+and transfer in their operation millions of our property to Northern
+capitalists. If we have given our bond, let them take our blood. Those
+who resist these imposts must deem them unconstitutional, and the
+principle is abandoned by the payment of one cent--as much as ten
+millions." The address assumed "open resistance to the laws of the
+Union."
+
+Governor Taylor was asked to convene the Legislature. He declined to
+take action on the request of the Colleton meeting, on the ground that
+"the time of great public excitement is not a time propitious for cool
+deliberation or wise determination."
+
+George McDuffie, a member of the House of Representatives in Congress
+from South Carolina, and a man of high character and great ability,
+was the leading spirit in the opposition to this tariff and resistance
+to its enforcement. At a dinner in Columbia, S.C., he recommended that
+the State fix a tax on Northern manufactured goods, and proposed as a
+toast "Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute." In the
+district of St. Helena, S.C., a public meeting was held at which this
+resolution was adopted:
+
+"_Resolved_, That, differing from those of our fellow-citizens who
+look to home production, or more consumption of the fabrics of the
+tariff States as a relief from our present burdens, we perceive in
+these expedients rather an ill-judged wasting of the public energy and
+diversion of the public mind than an adequate remedy for the true
+evil, the usurping of Congress, which (since that body will never
+construe down its own powers) can be checked, in our opinion, only by
+the action of States opposed to such usurpation."
+
+The reference to "expedients, rather an ill-judged wasting of the
+public energy," was to the action of certain meetings in South
+Carolina where it was resolved to wear only their own manufactures,
+and abstain wholly from those made north of the Potomac. The
+supporters of nullification defended themselves on constitutional
+grounds and on the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions of 1798. Congress
+revised the tariff in May, 1832, modifying some of the duties imposed
+by the act of 1828. In October, 1832, the Legislature of South
+Carolina passed an act providing for the calling of a convention of
+the people of the State.
+
+The object of the convention was "to take into consideration the
+several acts of the Congress of the United States imposing duties on
+foreign imports, for the protection of domestic manufactures or for
+other unauthorized objects; to determine on the character thereof, and
+to devise the means of redress."
+
+The convention authorized under this act assembled on November 19,
+1832. An ordinance was passed to provide for arresting the operations
+of certain acts of Congress of the United States, purporting to be
+taxes laying duties and imposts on the importation of foreign
+commodities. On its final passage the word "arresting" was stricken
+out and the word "nullifying" substituted in its place.
+
+The substance of this ordinance was to interdict the action of the
+courts, and to require all officers to take an oath to obey the
+ordinance and the laws passed to give it effect. It also declared that
+the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832 were null, void, and not binding on
+the State, its officers or citizens. It further declared it to be
+unlawful for any of the constituted authorities of the State or of the
+United States to enforce the payment of the duties imposed by the act
+within the limits of the State of South Carolina. Other provisions
+were that no case of law or equity decided in South Carolina, in which
+was involved the question of the validity of the ordinance of the
+South Carolina convention, or any act of its Legislature to give it
+effect, should be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States,
+or be regarded if appealed; and that, if the General Government should
+employ force to carry these acts into effect, or endeavor to coerce
+the State by closing its ports, South Carolina would consider the
+Union dissolved, and would proceed to organize a separate government.
+A union convention was called in South Carolina to endeavor to
+suppress the movement inaugurated by the ordinance of the recent
+convention.
+
+The States of Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia--the first through its
+Governor, Gayle, and the latter by resolutions of their
+Legislatures--took strong anti-nullification grounds. On December 10th
+President Andrew Jackson issued his famous proclamation exhorting all
+persons to obey the laws, and denouncing the South Carolina ordinance.
+He said in this proclamation: "I consider, then, the power to annul a
+law of the United States, assumed by one State, incompatible with the
+existence of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the
+Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every
+principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object
+for which it was formed."
+
+"This, then, is the position in which we stand. A small majority of
+the citizens of one State in the Union have elected delegates to a
+State convention. That convention has ordained that all the revenue
+laws of the United States must be repealed, or that they are no longer
+a member of the Union. The Governor of that State has recommended to
+the Legislature the raising of an army to carry the secession into
+effect, and that he may be empowered to give clearance to vessels in
+the name of the State. No act of violent opposition to the laws has
+yet been committed, but such a state of things is hourly apprehended;
+and it is the intent of this instrument to proclaim not only that the
+duty imposed on me by the Constitution--'to take care that the laws be
+faithfully executed'--shall be performed to the extent of the powers
+already vested in me by law, or of such other as the wisdom of
+Congress shall devise and intrust to me for that purpose, but to warn
+the citizens of South Carolina, who have been deluded into an
+opposition to the laws, of the danger they will incur by obedience to
+the illegal and disorganizing ordinance of the convention; to exhort
+those who have refused to support it to persevere in their
+determination to uphold the Constitution and laws of their country,
+and to point out to all the perilous situation into which the good
+people of that State have been led; and that the course they are
+urged to pursue is one of ruin and disgrace to the very State whose
+rights they affect to support."
+
+This proclamation, of which the foregoing are extracts, was signed on
+December 10, 1832. The ordinance adopted by the convention of South
+Carolina was passed November 24th; and the Legislature of South
+Carolina, which had formulated laws necessary to carry out the
+ordinance, adjourned on December 21st.
+
+President Jackson, in anticipation of the troubles likely to arise,
+had, as early as October 29th, directed General Macomb to issue an
+order to Major Heileman, commanding the United States troops at
+Charleston, stating that "it is deemed necessary that the officers in
+the harbor of Charleston should be advised of the possibility of
+attempts being made to surprise, seize, and occupy the forts committed
+to them. You are therefore especially charged to use your utmost
+vigilance in counteracting such attempts. You will call personally on
+the commanders of Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie, and instruct them
+to be vigilant to prevent surprise in the night or day on the part of
+any set of people whatever who may approach the forts with a view to
+seize and occupy them. You will warn the said officers that such an
+event is apprehended, and that they will be held responsible for the
+defense, to the last extremity, of the forts and garrisons under their
+respective commands, against any assault, and also against intrigue
+and surprise.
+
+"The attempt to surprise the forts and garrisons, it is expected, will
+be made by the militia, and it must be guarded against by constant
+vigilance, and repulsed at every hazard. These instructions you will
+be careful not to show to any persons other than the commanding
+officers of Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie."
+
+Two companies of artillery were ordered to Fort Moultrie on November
+7th, and on the 12th General Macomb directed Major Julius Frederick
+Heileman that a building called "The Citadel," in Charleston, and
+which was the property of the State of South Carolina, should, with
+its State arms, be delivered up if demanded by the State authorities.
+He was further instructed to act in this matter with the greatest
+courtesy; but should he be attacked, he must make a stubborn defense.
+
+This was the state of affairs in South Carolina at the time stated. On
+November 18th, President Jackson, after a conference with General
+Scott, ordered him on a confidential or secret order to Charleston.
+The order was, of course, issued from the War Department by direction
+of the President, and the main points of it are as follows:
+
+  " ... The possibility of such a measure furnishes sufficient reason
+  for guarding against it, and the President is therefore anxious that
+  the situation and means of defense of these fortifications should be
+  inspected by an officer of experience, who could also estimate and
+  provide for any dangers to which they may be exposed. He has full
+  confidence in your judgment and discretion, and it is his wish that
+  you repair immediately to Charleston and examine everything
+  connected with the fortifications. You are at liberty to take such
+  measures either by strengthening these defenses or by re-enforcing
+  these garrisons with troops drawn from any other posts, as you may
+  think prudence and a just precaution require.
+
+  "Your duty will be one of great importance and of great delicacy.
+  You will consult fully and freely with the collector of the port of
+  Charleston, and you will take no step, except what relates to the
+  immediate defense and security of the posts, without their order and
+  concurrence. The execution of the laws will be enforced through the
+  civil authority and by the method pointed out by the acts of
+  Congress. Should, unfortunately, a crisis arise when the ordinary
+  power in the hands of the civil officers shall not be sufficient for
+  this purpose, the President shall determine the course to be taken
+  and the measures adopted. Till, therefore, you are otherwise
+  instructed, you will act in obedience to the legal requisitions of
+  the proper civil officers of the United States.
+
+  "I will thank you to communicate to me freely and confidentially
+  upon every topic upon which you may deem it important for the
+  Government to receive information.
+
+  "Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
+
+                                               "LEWIS CASS."
+
+General Scott, acting in obedience to these orders, arrived in
+Charleston November 28th, two days after the passage of the ordinance.
+He found, on his arrival and after conferring with many of the leading
+people, that the sentiment in regard to the action of the convention
+was divided, there seeming to be as many persons in opposition as
+those who favored it.
+
+His arrival created no special notice, as he had been in the habit of
+visiting Charleston about this time of year in discharge of his
+duties as inspector. It should be added to what has been said in
+regard to his conference with President Jackson before leaving
+Washington, that the President announced to him in the most emphatic
+terms that "the Union must and shall be preserved." On asking General
+Scott for any suggestions he had to make, the general told the
+President that Fort Moultrie, Castle Pinckney, and the arsenal at
+Augusta should be strongly garrisoned. He also advised that a number
+of troops, sloops of war, and revenue cutters would be needed at
+Charleston to enforce the collection of duties on foreign
+importations. The President said to him: "Proceed at once and execute
+those views. You have my _carte blanche_ in respect to troops; the
+vessels shall be there, and written instructions will follow you."
+
+The President at this interview invited General Scott to remain and
+take supper with him. He declined, on the ground that he desired to
+call on his friend ex-President Adams before leaving. To this
+President Jackson replied, "That's right; never forget a friend."
+
+On his journey he met with an accident and sprained his ankle. This
+turned out a fortunate thing, for it enabled him to delay so as to
+spend needed time in Charleston, Savannah, and Augusta without
+exciting any suspicion of the real object of his visit. Had it been
+known that he was there to make preparations for defense and to
+strengthen the garrisons, it would have excited the populace who
+sustained the action of the convention, and might have resulted in
+open hostilities. He visited Fort Moultrie and Castle Pinckney, and
+gave oral confidential orders to enlarge and strengthen both places.
+Orders were also sent for re-enforcements in single companies, which
+excited no alarm. These important matters being accomplished, he went
+to Savannah and posed as a sick man, for the reason that an early
+return to Fort Moultrie might have excited alarm. In the latter part
+of January he returned by sea to Fort Moultrie, but his presence there
+was unknown to all outside of the fort.
+
+In the meantime the leaders of nullification had, at a large meeting,
+agreed that no attempt to execute the ordinance should be undertaken
+before the adjournment of Congress on March 3d following. The
+Legislature of South Carolina, at its meeting in December, had passed
+laws for the raising of troops and providing money for the purchase of
+arms and ammunition, and many organizations of volunteers had been
+formed wearing the palmetto cockade and buttons. A very decided and
+unexpected rebuff was given by the Court of Appeals of South Carolina,
+which decided, in the case of State _vs._ Hunt (2 Hills, S.C.
+Reports), that the ordinance which required the citizens of South
+Carolina to take a test oath of exclusive allegiance to the State was
+unconstitutional. It is a curious piece of history that the palmetto
+buttons worn by the volunteer nullifiers were manufactured in
+Connecticut.
+
+There was in Charleston, as in other parts of the State, a very large
+number of Unionists. Both parties in Charleston held frequent
+meetings, and it was with great difficulty that riots or encounters
+between the two were prevented.
+
+The officers of the army and navy at and near Charleston during these
+perilous times showed great prudence. Their first public display was
+the celebration of Washington's birthday; but the most intense
+nullifier could raise no objection to this. During these exciting
+times a fire broke out in the city of Charleston, and General Scott,
+being one of the first to observe it, called for volunteers and went
+to the scene, and, with the assistance of the naval volunteers and men
+of the army, succeeded in extinguishing the fire. This act of General
+Scott, seconded by army and navy men, had much to do with quieting the
+intense political excitement in Charleston.
+
+In the latter part of January, 1833, the General Assembly of Virginia
+passed a resolution asking Congress to modify the tariff, and also to
+appoint a commissioner to South Carolina and endeavor to conciliate
+that State. The commissioner appointed was Benjamin Watkins Leigh. On
+his request, Mr. James Hamilton, president of the South Carolina
+convention, called it to assemble, when it rescinded the ordinance,
+the troops which had been called were disbanded, and the whole State
+and country were happily relieved of an impending internecine war.
+Congress had passed the compromise act, and the United States troops
+and vessels which had been sent to Charleston were withdrawn, and
+peace and quiet again dawned on the lately excited city.
+
+Mr. Leigh, the Commissioner of Virginia to South Carolina, says of
+General Scott's part of that historic period: ... "General Scott had a
+large acquaintance with the people of Charleston; he was their friend;
+but his situation was such that many of the people--the great majority
+of them--looked upon him as a public enemy.... He thought, as I
+thought, that the first drop of blood shed in civil war--in civil war
+between the United States and one of the States--would prove an
+immedicable wound, which would end in a change of our institutions. He
+was resolved, if possible, to prevent a resort to arms, and nothing
+could have been more judicious than his conduct. Far from being prone
+to take offense, he kept his temper under the strictest guard, and was
+most careful to avoid giving occasion for offense; yet he held himself
+ready to act if it should become necessary, and he let it be known
+that he strictly understood the situation. He sought the society of
+the leading nullifiers, and was in their company as much as they would
+let him be, but he took care never to say a word to them on the
+subject of political differences; he treated them as friends. From the
+beginning to the end his conduct was as conciliatory as it was firm
+and sincere, evincing that he knew his duty and was resolved to
+perform it, and yet his principal object and purpose was peace. He was
+perfectly successful, when the least imprudence might have resulted in
+a serious collision."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Events that led to the war in Florida--Treaty of Camp Moultrie and its
+stipulations--Complaints of Indians and whites--Treaty of Payne's
+Landing--Objections of the Indians to complying with the latter
+treaty--Councils and talks with the Seminoles--Assiola--Murder
+of mail carrier Dalton--Murder of Charley Amathla--Dade's
+massacre--Murder of General Thompson and others--General
+Clinch--Depredations by the Indians on the whites and by the
+latter on the Indians--Volunteers--Military departments of Gaines
+and Scott.
+
+
+It is proper to give as brief a _r�sum�_ as the subject will permit of
+the events that led to the outbreak of hostilities in Florida.
+
+General Jackson, when Governor of Florida in 1821, urged upon the
+Government the necessity of adopting measures to send back to their
+own reservations the large number of Creek Indians who had left their
+nation and settled with other tribes in Florida. He argued that this
+was an encroachment by the Creeks, and that an increase of Indians in
+this territory would lead to unhappy results. Colonel Joseph M. White,
+the delegate from the territory of Florida, fully concurred with
+General Jackson in this view, and so informed the Secretary of War.
+
+The Government, disregarding these wise suggestions, entered into a
+treaty with the Florida Indians, September 18, 1823, at Camp Moultrie,
+stipulating for their continued residence in the territory for twenty
+years. They were by this treaty established in the heart of the
+country, and their claims to the lands acknowledged and guaranteed.
+The treaty provided, among other things, that the Seminole Indians
+should relinquish all their claim to lands in Florida except a tract
+estimated to contain some five millions of acres, within the limits of
+which they agreed to abide.
+
+The Government of the United States agreed to pay to the Indians two
+thousand dollars to aid them in removal to the new reservation, to
+furnish them with certain articles of husbandry and stock to the
+amount of six thousand dollars, to furnish them with corn, meat, and
+salt for one year, to pay them forty-five hundred dollars for their
+improvements on their surrendered lands, to allow them one thousand
+dollars per annum for a blacksmith and one thousand dollars per annum
+for a school fund, and these last two allowances to extend during the
+term of the treaty. Complaints were made by the whites, and counter
+complaints by the Indians, of depredations, but the preponderance of
+testimony is that the whites were the principal aggressors. These
+Indians were slave-holders, having a number of negroes held in
+slavery by the same tenure that slaves were held by the whites in
+Florida. The whites commenced and carried on a systematic and
+continued robbery of the slaves and cattle belonging to the Indians,
+sending them to Mobile for sale. A protest was made by the inhabitants
+of ten of the Seminole towns, complaining in substance that the white
+people had carried all their cattle off; that the white men first
+commenced to steal from them; that within three years six Indians had
+been killed by the whites, admitting that the Indians had taken
+satisfaction, but were not even on that score by three.
+
+Complaints from whites of Indian depredations and counter complaints
+from the Indians became so frequent that the President determined to
+endeavor to make a new treaty, abrogating that of Camp Moultrie. For
+this purpose Colonel James Gadsden, of Florida, was appointed a
+commissioner to carry out this purpose. The Indians, by invitation,
+assembled at Payne's Landing, on the Ocklawaha River, on May 8, 1832.
+The points agreed upon were that the Seminole Indians relinquish their
+claim to the tract of land reserved for them by the second article of
+the Camp Moultrie treaty, containing four million thirty-two thousand
+six hundred and forty acres, and to remove west of the Mississippi
+River and there become a constituent part of the Creeks.
+
+The United States engaged to pay the Seminoles fifteen thousand four
+hundred dollars as a consideration for the improvements on the lands
+which they abandoned, and a further sum of two hundred dollars each to
+two negroes, Abraham and Cudjoe, each Indian to be furnished with a
+blanket and homespun frock, and a sufficient quantity of corn, meat,
+and salt for one year's support after arriving in the new reservation.
+Two blacksmiths, at one thousand dollars a year, were agreed to be
+furnished for a period of ten years, and an annuity of three thousand
+dollars for fifteen years to be paid after their arrival in the West;
+which sum, together with the four thousand dollars stipulated for in
+the Camp Moultrie treaty, making seven thousand dollars per annum, was
+to be paid to the Creek nation with their annuities.
+
+In order to relieve the Seminoles from vexatious demands on them for
+their slaves and other property, the United States stipulated to have
+the matter investigated, and to liquidate such as were satisfactory,
+provided the amount did not exceed seven thousand dollars. This treaty
+was executed on May 9, 1832, and signed by Holata Amathla and fourteen
+other chiefs. Seven of the chiefs were deputed to visit and explore
+the new country, accompanied by their interpreter and by Major John
+Fagan, formerly Indian agent in Florida. The delegation reported their
+approval of the country, and the ratification on the part of the
+Indians was made by seven of the chiefs at Fort Gibson, La.
+
+This ratification by the seven chiefs was in excess of their
+authority, as they were only authorized to examine the country and
+report the result of their mission to a general council of the nation,
+which was to be convened on their return.
+
+Colonel Gadsden, the commissioner on the part of the United States,
+addressed a letter to the Secretary of War, in which he said: "There
+is a condition prefixed to the agreement without assenting to which
+the Florida Indians most positively refused to negotiate for their
+removal west of the Mississippi. Even with the condition annexed,
+there was a reluctance, which with some difficulty was overcome, on
+the part of the Indians to bind themselves by any stipulations before
+a knowledge of the facts and circumstances would enable them to judge
+of the advantages or disadvantages of the disposition the Government
+of the United States wished to make of them. They were finally
+induced, however, to assent to the agreement....
+
+"The payment for property alleged to have been plundered was the
+subject most pressed by the Indians, and in yielding to their wishes
+on this head a limitation has been fixed in a sum which I think,
+however, will probably cover all demands which can be satisfactorily
+proved. Many of the claims are for negroes said to have been enticed
+away from their owners during the protracted Indian disturbances, of
+which Florida has been for years the theater. The Indians allege that
+the depredations were mutual, that they have suffered in the same
+degree, and that most of the property claimed was taken as reprisal
+for property of equal value lost by them. They could not, therefore,
+yield to the justice of restitution solely on their part, and probably
+there was no better mode of terminating the difficulty than by that
+provided for in the treaty now concluded. The final ratification of
+the treaty will depend upon the opinion of the seven chiefs selected
+to explore the country west of the Mississippi River. If that
+corresponds to the description given, or is equal to the expectations
+formed of it, there will be no difficulty on the part of the
+Seminoles. If the Creeks, however, raise any objections, this will be
+a sufficient pretext on the part of some of the Seminole deputation to
+oppose the execution of the whole arrangement for removal."
+
+On March 8, 1835, the Hon. John H. Eaton addressed a letter to Lewis
+Cass, Secretary of War, raising the question whether the treaty of
+Payne's Landing was valid, it not having been ratified until 1834. To
+this the Secretary replied that, the question had been referred to the
+Attorney General, and that he had decided that the obligation of the
+treaty was not affected by the delay, but that the Indians might be
+required to move in the years 1835-'37.
+
+The Indian agent called a meeting of the Indians, who assembled in
+council on October 23, 1834. The agent stated that he had convened
+them by order of the President, who said that he had complied with all
+the promises made to them, and that they must prepare to move by the
+beginning of cold weather. He further stated that he had a proposition
+to them from the Creeks, and exhibited a map of the country allotted
+to them west of the Mississippi.
+
+The proposition from the Creeks was that the Seminoles, instead of
+settling in the country allotted to them, in a separate body, settle
+promiscuously among the Creeks. The agent stated in regard to this
+last proposition: "It is left, as it should be, entirely optional with
+you, and no persons but yourselves have any right to say you shall or
+shall not accede to the proposition." Other questions were submitted,
+such as the disposition of their cattle, whether they preferred to
+march by land or go by water, and the manner in which they desired the
+annuity paid them. The Indians then retired for a private council, and
+on their return Holata Amathla said: "My brothers, we have now heard
+the talk that our father at Washington has sent us. He says that we
+made a treaty at Payne's Landing, and we have no excuse now for not
+doing what we promised; we must be honest. Let us go, my brothers, and
+talk it over, and don't let us act like fools."
+
+At four o'clock in the afternoon of the same day the Indians met in
+private council and were addressed by Assiola, in which he opposed
+emigrating from Florida to the Creek country, denouncing the Creeks
+as bad Indians. He also denounced the agent for advising them to
+remove "from the lands which we live on--our homes and the graves of
+our fathers." He announced that when the Great Spirit told him to go
+he would go. But he said the Great Spirit had told him not to go. He
+also threatened the white people with his rifle, for he still had
+that, and some powder and lead. He also said that if any of the
+Indians wanted to go West they would not be permitted to do so.
+Assiola was followed by Holata Amathla, who strongly urged his
+brothers to abide by the treaty of Payne's Landing, and advised them
+to "act honest and do as our great father at Washington tells us."
+Jumper, the sense-keeper, also urged a compliance with the last-named
+treaty, because if they did not comply the white men would make them.
+Chief Arpincki proposed that Holata Amathla be selected to represent
+to the agent the objections of the nation to removal. This was
+declined by Holata Amathla, and Jumper was selected in his stead to
+speak the sentiments of the people on the next day.
+
+On October 24, 1834, the Indians again met in council. The agent asked
+them if they were ready to reply to the proposals made to them. Holata
+Mico and Miconopy made short talks. When Jumper rose he complained
+that a treaty had been made or rather forced on the Indians at Payne's
+Landing before the twenty years provided in the Camp Moultrie treaty
+had expired. He was one of the chiefs who had gone to look at the new
+lands and liked them, but did not like the neighbors they would have,
+and spoke of these latter Pawnees as savages and horse thieves. He
+told the agent that his talk always seemed good, but that the Indians
+did not want to go West. Holata Amathla, who was also one of the
+chiefs who went West, objected to his people removing there for
+substantially the same reason as Jumper. Charley Amathla said that
+seven years of the time stipulated in the Camp Moultrie treaty
+remained unexpired. He did not say that he would not go, but did not
+think he would give an answer until the expiration of the seven years.
+He also complained that the distance to the West was so great that
+many would die on the way. In these talks the chiefs spoke well of the
+agent. The latter, in reply, said: "I have no answer to make to what
+you have said to me to-day. My talk to you yesterday must and will
+stand, and you must abide by it." He then repeated the question he had
+previously submitted, and told them to deliberate further, and let him
+know when they were ready to meet him. Another meeting was held on
+October 25, 1834. The agent told them he was ready to receive their
+answers. The speakers on the part of the Indians said their people
+still refused to comply with the treaty of Payne's Landing and leave
+their native country. They thought the agent was mad with them.
+General Thompson, the agent, told them he was not mad, but was their
+friend; that what they said was not an answer to his questions, and
+added, "Your father, the President, will compel you to go." He argued
+that the treaty of Payne's Landing had been duly signed. This was
+denied by Miconopy, when the general told him he lied, and that by the
+terms of the treaty the decision of the delegation sent out to view
+the country was binding on the Seminoles, and they were compelled
+under its provisions to move. He told them that the Payne's Landing
+treaty abrogated that made at Camp Moultrie. Replying to Charley
+Amathla's assertion that the last treaty had been forced upon them, he
+said: "You say that the white people forced you into the treaty of
+Payne's Landing. If you were so cowardly as to be forced by anybody to
+do what you ought not to do, you are unfit to be chiefs, and your
+people ought to hurl you from your stations." He explained to them the
+white people's Government; that the Indians living among white people
+might be charged with all kinds of offenses under the law, and would
+not be permitted to testify themselves; that the Cherokees, Creeks,
+Choctaws, and Chickasaws who live in the States were moving beyond the
+Mississippi River, because they could not live under the white
+people's laws, and the Seminoles were a small handful compared to
+their number; that when the jurisdiction of the State government was
+extended over them the Indian laws and customs would have to be
+abolished; and told them it was this view of the subject that had
+induced the President to settle them beyond Florida; and told them
+further that the land to which they were to go should be theirs "while
+grass grows and water runs," It was for this reason the treaty had
+been made with them at Payne's Landing, and for the same reason they
+would be compelled to keep it and comply with their bargain. His
+speech was a long one, reiterating, elaborating, and emphasizing the
+determination of the Government to make them move, whether they
+desired to or not. During this speech the agent was interrupted by
+Assiola, who urged Miconopy to be firm, and to assure the agent that
+he did not care whether any more annuity was paid or not. The agent
+closed by hoping that mature reflection would make them act like
+honest men, and not compel him to report them to their father, the
+President, "as faithless to your engagements." The Indians then,
+through Assiola and Miconopy, announced positively and emphatically
+that their answer had been made, and that they did not intend to move.
+The agent told them that he was satisfied now that they were willfully
+and entirely dishonest in regard to their engagements with the
+President, and regretted that he had to so report them. He told them
+the talk he had given them must and should stand, and directed them to
+retire and prepare their stocks to receive their annuity on the
+following day.
+
+It will be remembered that by the treaty of Payne's Landing it was
+stipulated that seven chiefs should be sent to examine the lands to
+which it was proposed to remove the Seminoles. They were to report its
+general aspect and fertility to the nation, but were not invested with
+power to ratify the treaty. That was the province of the nation in
+general council. Jumper, as stated in these pages, was one of the
+chiefs selected for the purpose of examining and reporting upon the
+new country. General Thompson, the agent, had told the chiefs in
+council that "no person has a right to say to you, You shall go, or
+that you shall accede to the proposition made to you by the Creeks;
+but it is left, as it should be, entirely optional with you." This is
+in singular contrast to the words heretofore quoted from the agent,
+and altogether different from his assurance to one of the chiefs: "The
+President, backed by the Secretary of War" (the Indian Bureau was
+then under the jurisdiction of the War Department) "and the whole
+Congress, never should compel me to act so dishonorably as to violate
+the treaty [of Camp Moultrie] made with your people. If such a thing
+were required of me I would spurn the President's commission and
+retire to the bosom of my family." General Thompson reported to the
+authorities at Washington what had taken place, as just related, and
+stated that, in view of the circumstances, no doubt remained that the
+Indians intended to resist the execution of the treaty of Payne's
+Landing. After giving a full statement of the situation, he felt it
+his "imperious duty" to urge the necessity of a strong re-enforcement
+at Fort King, and the station of a strong force at Tampa Bay, as early
+as possible. "An imposing force, thus marshaled to coerce the
+refractory people, would have the effect to crush the hopes of the
+chiefs and those who had been tampering with them into a proper
+respect for the Government, afford protection to the neighboring white
+settlements, and supersede the necessity of Holata Amathla and his
+followers fleeing the country." At this time the force at the two
+posts mentioned was two hundred and thirty-five men. General Thompson,
+sustained by Governor William P. Duval, continued to urge upon the
+Government, an increase of the military force. The latter, in a letter
+to the Secretary of War, informed that official that even with a
+respectable military force stationed at Fort Brooke and Tampa Bay the
+agent and superintendents would have much difficulty in carrying the
+treaty of Payne's Landing into effect. The necessity for additional
+military force was urged by Generals Clinch and Eaton and Lieutenant
+Joseph W. Harris, the disbursing agent. These representations went
+unheeded. In the whole of Florida there were but two hundred and fifty
+men of the United States army, while more than three thousand were
+stationed at other convenient points totally inactive.
+
+When the time came for the removal of the Big Swamp Indians they were
+so notified. But having been previously informed that they would be
+expected to go, they did nothing in the way of planting crops, and
+were destitute of food. Corn was distributed by the agents to the most
+needy. It was concluded to make another effort to secure their
+peaceful removal, and on April 22, 1835, several hundred of them
+assembled in council. After the council was opened General Thompson
+explained to them the treaty of Payne's Landing, and read a letter
+from President Jackson, in which he besought them as his children, to
+whom he had always acted honestly and kind, to comply with the treaty
+and go to the lands selected for them, telling them they must go; that
+they had sold all their land and did not have a piece "as big as a
+blanket to sit upon," and had no right to stay. The letter concluded:
+"If you listen to the voice of friendship and truth, you will go
+quietly and voluntarily; but should you listen to the bad birds that
+are always flying about you, and refuse to remove, I have then
+directed the commanding officer to remove you by force. This will be
+done. I pray the Great Spirit, therefore, to incline you to do what is
+right." After the letter had been read through and interpreted, Jumper
+rose and opposed the treaty, but deprecated force. Miconopy and others
+sustained Jumper's views _as to the treaty_, but were silent on the
+question of forcible resistance. General Clinch then addressed them,
+and told them the time of expostulation had passed, that persuasion
+had been exhausted, and wound up by telling them "it was the question
+now whether they would go of their own accord or go by force." On the
+next morning the chiefs and warriors sent word to the agent that they
+wanted to talk to him. On assembling, Miconopy was absent. Jumper, the
+spokesman, announced that he stood firm, but the veteran chief Fueta
+Susta Hajo (Black Dirt) spoke passionately and eloquently in favor of
+the execution of the treaty. After he had concluded, General Thompson
+placed on the table a paper, dated April 23, 1835, which pledged the
+Seminole tribe to voluntarily acknowledge the treaty at Payne's
+Landing on May 9, 1832, and the treaty concluded at Fort Gibson on
+March 28, 1833 (the one signed by the seven chiefs who had gone to
+visit the country to which the Seminoles were to remove), and freely
+submitting and assenting to said treaties in all their provisions.
+This paper received the signatures of eight principal chiefs, among
+them Fueta Susta Hajo and eight subchiefs. Five of the principal
+chiefs, Jumper among them, stood aloof and would not sign. Miconopy,
+who was absent, sent word by Jumper that he would not abide by the
+treaty. Upon this the agent said he would no longer regard Miconopy as
+a chief, and said his name should be stricken from the council of the
+nation. This action on the part of the agent was arbitrary and wholly
+unauthorized, and was severely censured by General Cass, Secretary of
+War.
+
+On August 11th the mail carrier Dalton was met by a party of Micosukee
+Indians six miles from Fort Brooke and killed. The body was found a
+few days afterward, and General Clinch immediately sent a demand for
+the surrender of the murderers, but they eluded capture by seeking
+refuge in the "Old red sticks" in the neighborhood of Ouithlacoochee.
+This murder, it was claimed, was in retaliation for the killing of an
+Indian in the previous June.
+
+On August 19, 1835, at the request of Holata Amathla and twenty-five
+others, a council of the Seminoles was convened. At the request of the
+other chiefs Holata Amathla opened the council, saying they had come
+to talk about matters of great interest. He referred to the treaty of
+Payne's Landing, the visit to the West of the seven chiefs, and the
+promises that had been made; stated that the Seminoles wanted their
+separate agent, and paid a high compliment to General Thompson, who,
+he said, had always told them the truth. The speech was forwarded to
+Washington, but no notice was taken of it. This nonaction on the part
+of the authorities at Washington served to intensify the distrust and
+suspicions of the Indians as to the good faith of the Government, and
+caused many of those who had expressed a willingness to move to join
+the ranks of those who objected to doing so. Hostilities soon
+commenced. The Long Swamp and Big Swamp Indians commenced pillaging.
+Three of them were caught and subjected to exceedingly cruel treatment
+by the white settlers. Many outrages were perpetrated on both sides.
+The Indians were notified to bring in all their cattle, ponies, and
+hogs to be turned over to a United States agent and appraised, the
+owners to be paid on their arrival across the Mississippi. Six of the
+principal chiefs and some others surrendered their stock. The sale,
+however, was indefinitely postponed. The Big Swamp Indians resolved
+to retain possession of the country, and condemned to death all those
+Indians who should oppose their views. This caused many of the
+friendly Indians to take refuge in the United States forts. About four
+hundred and fifty fled to Fort Brooke, and on November 9th they
+encamped on the opposite side of Hillsboro River. The hostile Indians,
+fearing that the secrets of their councils had become known, made
+every effort to win over to their side those who were disposed to
+comply with the treaty. Assiola and about four hundred warriors went
+to the house of Charley Amathla and demanded that he pledge himself to
+oppose removal. He declined, saying he would sacrifice his life before
+he would violate the pledge he had given his great father. Assiola
+attempted to shoot Charley, but was prevented by Abraham, the
+interpreter. Assiola left, but soon returned with a small party to the
+house and murdered him in cold blood. A number of the murdered man's
+followers at once made their escape to Fort King, while others joined
+the hostile party. Charley Amathla was regarded as a brave, resolute,
+and upright man. He had saved the life of Assiola, and his murder was
+an act of horrible ingratitude. The Indians now abandoned their homes
+and took refuge in the impenetrable swamps.
+
+At this time the entire military force in Florida amounted to four
+hundred and eighty-nine officers and men, and were distributed as
+follows: At St. Augustine, one company, fifty-three men; at Fort
+Brooke, on Hillsboro Bay, three companies, one hundred and fifty-three
+men; at Fort King, six companies, three hundred and fifty-three men.
+The Seminoles were located in the peninsula of Florida, a region of
+fens, swamps, and creeks almost inapproachable. They claimed that the
+Government had not carried out in good faith the treaties made with
+them. Their great leader and chief was Assiola, sometimes called
+Powell, and improperly spelled Osceola, whose father was a white man
+and his mother a woman of the Creek Indian tribe. Among most of the
+tribes of Southern Indians the children took rank from the mother. He
+was recognized among the Indians as a Creek. He did not inherit the
+title or place of a chief, but won it by his native ability, cruelty,
+and courage. In his early days he was insolent in his manners, and
+kept apart from the society of his people.
+
+When General Alexander Ramsay Thompson was agent of the United States
+for these Indians, on one occasion Assiola appeared before him and
+announced that the lands claimed by the Government belonged to the
+Indians; that the Indians could take care of themselves, and did not
+need General Thompson's services. He was arrested and placed in
+confinement, and after being imprisoned some time expressed regret,
+signed the treaty, and was released. Subsequently he rendered valuable
+service in arresting criminals, and regained the confidence of the
+whites. This confidence, however, was of short duration.
+
+War having been declared in the name of the Florida Indians, a
+detachment of volunteers with some regulars, under General Duncan L.
+Clinch, moved to the Ouithlacoochee, the Indian encampment. Three days
+before the event which will be described as occurring at
+Ouithlacoochee, Major Francis Langhorne Dade, with a small command,
+had moved from Fort Brooke to relieve the post of Fort King. Major
+Dade and his command had marched sixty-five miles in five days,
+intrenching themselves each night in their encampment. On the sixth
+night they were attacked by Indians and negro allies, and out of one
+hundred and twelve all were slain except three. The officers killed
+were Major Francis Langhorne Dade, Captain George Washington Gardiner,
+Captain William Frazier, Lieutenants William E. Basinger, J.L. Keayes,
+Robert Richard Mudge, Richard Henderson, and Dr. John Slade Gatlin.
+Total killed, officers and men, one hundred and seven; escaped, three.
+A handsome monument has been erected to their memory at West Point.
+Returning to General Duncan L. Clinch's advance on Ouithlacoochee,
+here he was attacked by Assiola and his followers after he had crossed
+the river; but the general succeeded in repelling the attack and
+driving the Indians. While the battle resulting in the massacre of
+Major Dade and his command was being fought, the death of Thompson and
+others was effected within a few hundred yards of Fort King, on
+February 28th. All of the troops except Thomas W. Lendrum's company of
+the Third Artillery, about forty strong, had been withdrawn on the
+26th, to re-enforce General Clinch at Lang Syne plantation, with a
+view to his striking a blow at the families of the Indians supposed to
+be concealed in the swamps and hammocks of the Ouithlacoochee River,
+with the hope of drawing the Indian warriors out and bringing on a
+general engagement. All those attached to the fort or agency were
+directed not to pass beyond the picketing. Thompson slept inside the
+defenses and passed the greater part of the day at the agency, about
+one hundred yards beyond the works. The sutler, Rogers, had moved his
+goods into the fort, but was in the habit of taking his meals at his
+residence, six hundred yards away in the skirt of a hammock to the
+southwest of the fort.
+
+On the day of the massacre Lieutenant Constantine Smith, of the Second
+Artillery, had dined with General Thompson, and after dinner the two
+went out for a walk. They had proceeded about three hundred yards
+beyond the agency office when they were fired upon by a party of
+Indians who were concealed in the hammock on the border of which the
+sutler's house stood. The reports of the rifles, and the war-whoop
+repeated, were heard within a brief time, other volleys more remote
+were fired, when the smoke of the firing was seen at the fort. Captain
+Lendrum at once called out his men, who were at that time engaged in
+strengthening the pickets. He was not aware of the absence from the
+fort of General Thompson and Lieutenant Smith; he supposed the firing
+was a ruse to draw him out and cut him off from the fort. Very soon
+several whites and negroes came in and informed him that Mr. Rogers,
+his clerks, and themselves had been surprised at dinner, and the three
+former had fallen into the hands of the Indians. A small command was
+at once dispatched to succor and pursue, but the butchery had been as
+brief as it was complete, and a last war-whoop had been given as a
+signal for retreat. The bodies of General Thompson, Lieutenant Smith,
+and Mr. Kitzler were soon found and brought in; those of the others
+were not found until the following morning. General Thompson's body
+had fourteen bullets in it and a deep knife-wound in the left breast.
+Lieutenant Smith and Mr. Kitzler had each received two bullets in the
+head. The bodies of Rogers the sutler and Robert Suggs were
+shockingly mangled, the skulls of each being broken, and all save
+Suggs were scalped. The party was led by Assiola, and consisted of
+fifty or sixty Micosukees. Two other Indians were in the party attired
+as chiefs, but were not recognized. This information comes from an old
+negro woman who was in the house and who concealed herself so as to
+elude the Indians, and made her escape to the fort after the massacre.
+
+Information of the butchery was at once dispatched to General Clinch.
+General Richard Keith Call, with Colonels Richard C. Parish and Leigh
+Read, having arrived on the 29th with about five hundred volunteers
+from the adjoining counties, who had previously been ordered to scour
+the country on the right and left flank, joined the United States
+troops, numbering about two hundred under General Clinch. Orders were
+issued for a forward movement at sunrise on December 29th. They
+arrived near the Ouithlacoochee on the 30th, and threw up breastworks
+around their encampment. On arriving at the river next morning it was
+found too deep to be forded. No Indians being in sight, one of the men
+swam the river and brought over a canoe. As only seven men could be
+taken over at a time, the work of crossing the troops was slow and
+tedious. General Clinch and Colonels Samuel Parkhill and Read crossed
+over, and, in conjunction with General Call, began the construction of
+rafts on which the baggage and stores could be crossed over. The
+regulars were all over by twelve o'clock, and Major Alexander C.W.
+Fanning marched them into an open field surrounded on all sides either
+by a thick swamp or hammock, and there formed them into line,
+awaiting the crossing of the volunteers. When about fifty of the
+volunteers had crossed, and the officers were engaged in
+superintending the construction of the rafts, an alarm was given that
+the Indians were upon them. General Call at once put his men in line,
+and the Indians opened fire, but the volunteers poured a heavy volley
+into the hammock, which silenced the fire of the Indians for a time;
+but they soon collected their forces and opened a galling fire on the
+regulars. General Clinch ordered a charge, which was gallantly led by
+Major Fanning, but the Indians maintained their ground. A second
+charge was more successful, driving the Indians some distance back.
+The chiefs made every effort to rally them, but without success.
+
+During the battle General Call, Colonel John Warren, and Major James
+G. Cooper, with a number of volunteers, crossed the river at imminent
+peril, and the two latter immediately engaged and fought with the most
+determined bravery. General Call had formed the volunteers that last
+crossed into two parallel lines, placing one above and the other below
+the crossing place, for the purpose of protecting the troops on the
+other side and those who were recrossing with the dead and wounded. He
+therefore did not reach the field until the enemy were repulsed,
+though his services were eminently useful in directing the crossing.
+Clinch at this time was not advised of the disaster to Major Dade's
+command.
+
+The term of service of the volunteers having expired, General Clinch
+marched them, on January 2d, to Fort Drane and disbanded them. In this
+last-named engagement the regulars and volunteers, numbering, all
+told, two hundred and twenty-seven men--under the able leadership of
+Clinch, Major Campbell Graham, Major Fanning, Colonel John Warren,
+General Richard K. Call, Cooper, and Lieutenant George Read--succeeded
+in defeating over seven hundred Indians who had chosen their ground
+and were protected by the swamps and hammocks. The volunteer officers,
+to whom great credit was due, were Major (afterward Brigadier General)
+Leigh Read, whose horse was shot under him, Colonel John Warren,
+Colonel Parkhill (of Richmond, Va.), Colonel William J. Mills, Major
+Cooper, Captain Martin Scott, and Captain William J. Bailey. The
+services of General Call and Majors Gamble and Wellford were of great
+value. General Clinch makes mention of Major J.S. Little his
+aid-de-camp, Captains Gustavus S. Drane, Charles Mellon, and Gates,
+Lieutenants George Henry Talcott, Erastus A. Capron, John Graham,
+William Seaton Maitland, and Horace Brooks, of the United States army,
+and Colonel McIntosh, Lieutenants Youman, Stewart, Nathaniel W.
+Hunter, Cuthbert, and Adjutant Joseph A. Phillips, of the Florida
+volunteers, of the officers of the medical staff. Special mention was
+made of Drs. Richard Weightman, Hamilton, Philip G. Randolph, and
+Brandon. The returns of the killed and wounded were as follows:
+
+REGULARS.
+Killed, 2 artificers and 2 privates                               4
+Wounded, 1 captain and 2 lieutenants                          3
+Two sergeants and 4 corporals                                 6
+Private soldiers                                             43
+                                                             --
+                                                             52
+VOLUNTEERS.
+Wounded, Colonel Warren, Major Cooper, and Lieutenant Youman  3
+Private soldiers                                              4
+                                                             --
+                                                              7  59 = 63
+
+Previous to and immediately after this engagement the Indians divided
+themselves into small parties for the purpose of devastating the
+country. They made their appearance simultaneously in the southern
+part of the peninsula as far north as Picolata and from the extreme
+east below St. Augustine to the west, carrying off everything that was
+useful to them and destroying the remainder. At New River, on the
+southeast side of the peninsula, they murdered the wife, children, and
+teacher in the family of Mr. Cooley, carrying off provisions and
+horses, and setting fire to the house on their departure.
+
+The settlements in that neighborhood were abandoned, the inhabitants
+taking refuge near the lighthouse on Cape Florida; but they had been
+there only a short time when, the Indians making their appearance,
+they were compelled to seek shelter and protection elsewhere.
+
+The ruthless destruction of property and of lives on the east side of
+the peninsula was heartrending. Their principal ravages, however, were
+on the east side from St. Augustine to the south. Major Benjamin A.
+Putnam, with a small detachment of men, marched into this country with
+a view to drive the Indians away. He was met by an overpowering number
+of the savages, and forced to retreat. In fact, no part of the State
+seemed to be free from these murderous savages.
+
+General Clinch made requisitions on the Governors of Georgia, South
+Carolina, and Alabama to aid the Floridians in their unequal warfare
+with the savages. It was felt by the citizens of Florida that the
+Government at Washington showed great apathy, if not real
+indifference, to their condition. A meeting was called in Charleston,
+S.C., early in January, for the purpose of aiding the people of
+Florida with men and means, but General Eustis informed the meeting
+that General Clinch had sufficient force and supplies under his
+command to subdue any number of Indians and negroes that could be
+brought to oppose him. On January 12th, intelligence having been
+received from General Clinch asking for six hundred men, the committee
+conferred with General Eustis and requested him to send a company of
+United States troops with arms and ammunition for the defense of St.
+Augustine. This was granted, and the citizens of Charleston chartered
+a steamboat and placed on board one thousand bushels of corn, one
+hundred barrels of flour, thirty barrels of beef, twenty barrels of
+pork, and ten tierces of rice. On January 20th another meeting was
+called to raise volunteers for Florida. The banks of Charleston
+subscribed twenty-five thousand dollars as a loan to the Government.
+The committee dispatched a schooner, loaded with corn, rice, bread,
+beef, pork, and military and hospital stores, and sent a physician to
+attend the sick.
+
+Four companies of volunteers were put in motion on the 27th for St.
+Augustine--viz., the Washington Light Infantry, Captain Ravenel;
+Washington Volunteers, Captain Finley; German Fusileers, Captain
+Timrod; and Hamburgh Volunteers, Captain Cunningham. These volunteer
+companies arrived at St. Augustine on January 30th, and were at once
+sent out to scour the country for hostile Indians; they were, however,
+relieved from duty on February 12th, on the arrival of the South
+Carolina militia and United States troops under Major Reynold Marvin
+Kirby. These troops were placed on the same duty as their
+predecessors, but there was no engagement with the hostile Indians
+until the latter part of March. An instance of the chivalric spirit of
+the South Carolina volunteers is worthy of mention. On requisition of
+the Governor for three companies to be furnished for Florida, Colonel
+Chesnut, of Camden, called out his regiment. After telling them what
+was wanted, he requested those who desired to volunteer in defense of
+their suffering neighbors to step forward. The whole regiment marched
+forward and tendered their services. At the same time four thousand
+dollars were contributed for their equipment.
+
+On receipt of the intelligence of the Dade massacre in Savannah, a
+company of Georgia volunteers at once embarked for Picolata. A meeting
+of the Richmond Blues and Richmond Hussars, of Augusta, was called for
+the purpose of rendering aid. The city council appropriated the
+necessary funds to supply arms and ammunition. The ladies of Augusta
+volunteered to make the uniforms, and in less than a week these
+volunteers were on their way to Picolata. These companies were
+composed of the _�lite_ of the city. Supplies of all kinds were sent
+by Mayor Joseph Beard to Fort Drane and the posts on the St. John's,
+which were poorly equipped with ordnance and quartermaster's stores.
+He also sent a six-pounder cannon with necessary equipments of grape,
+canister, and round shot, ten thousand rounds of musket ball and
+buckshot cartridges, and a general supply of needful articles. Further
+supplies were drawn on their arrival at Picolata.
+
+This action of Quartermaster Beard was most fortunate, as it was found
+that the military posts, by the neglect of the War Department or its
+subalterns, had been reduced to such an extremity that in case of
+attack they must necessarily have been shorn of the means of defense,
+and would have fallen into the hands of the enemy. Nothing but the
+timely arrival of supplies saved these posts from destruction.
+
+There were no means of transportation at Picolata, and the
+quartermaster procured horses at Jacksonville for the purpose of
+forwarding one of the six-pounders to Fort Drane. Four of the horses
+on arrival were found unfit for service, but, fortunately, General
+John M. Hernandez was able to furnish ten chicken carts, and the
+quartermaster was authorized to make impressments for transportation.
+The Richmond Blues, one hundred and twelve strong, with the Camden and
+Glynn mounted volunteers, numbering twenty-seven, and the Darien
+Infantry of about thirty, under command of Captains Robertson, R.
+Floyd, and Thomas S. Bryant respectively, took up line of march as an
+escort to the two six-pounders, ordnance stores, twenty-five wagons
+and carts laden with provisions, and passed through the heart of the
+enemy's country, arriving on February 15th, without obstruction, at
+the garrison of Fort Drane.
+
+Supplies under the same escort were at once forwarded to Fort King.
+Subsequently the following-named companies of Georgia volunteers
+arrived in Florida: The Hancock Blues, Captain A.S. Brown; State
+Fencibles, Captain J.A. Merriwether; Macon Volunteers, Captain Isaac
+Seymour; Morgan Guards, Captain N.G. Foster; Monroe Musketeers,
+Captain John Cureton; Washington Cavalry, Captain C.J. Malone; Baldwin
+Cavalry, Captain W.F. Scott. Major Ross, with several companies of
+mounted men from Georgia, arrived later, but owing to the advanced
+season, much to their disappointment, did not enter the field.
+
+Going back to January 15th, General Edmund Pendleton Gaines, who was
+on a tour of inspection through the Western Department, first heard of
+the troubles in Florida, and at once called on the Governor of
+Louisiana and requested him to hold in readiness a body of volunteers
+for service in subduing the Seminole Indians.
+
+He also wrote to the adjutant general at Washington, urging that no
+time be lost in succoring the troops in Florida, and saying, from his
+knowledge of the Seminole character, that at least four thousand men
+would be required to subdue them, protected and aided by a strong
+naval force.
+
+At that time the United States was divided into two military
+departments by a line drawn from the southern part of Florida to the
+northwestern extremity of Lake Superior. The Eastern Department was
+under the command of General Winfield Scott, and the Western under
+that of General Gaines, and by reference to a map it will be seen that
+the line passed directly through the theater of hostilities in
+Florida. The meeting of these two distinguished generals was purely
+accidental. General Scott was in Washington when the news was received
+of General Clinch's engagement with the Seminoles. After dispatching
+his letter to the adjutant general, General Gaines proceeded to
+Pensacola for the purpose of getting the co-operation of the naval
+forces at that station. He found, however, that Commodores Dallas and
+Bolton and Captain Webb had received orders to direct their attention
+to the inlets of Florida, whence they had sailed. He received here the
+most alarming intelligence of the state of affairs in Florida. He
+proceeded to Mobile on January 18th, and there learned that Fort
+Brooke was invested by the Indians and the garrison in great danger of
+being cut off and slaughtered. He at once sent an express to General
+Clinch, supposed to be at Fort King, stating that he would arrive at
+Fort Brooke about February 8th with seven hundred men, and requested
+General Clinch to take the field and march southward and form a
+junction with him at Fort Brooke.
+
+As the crisis demanded immediate action, and General Scott being
+present to receive the instructions of the Government in person, he
+was charged with the direction of the campaign without regard to
+department boundaries. General Gaines had left his headquarters at
+Memphis, Tenn., on a tour of inspection through his department, and it
+was very uncertain when or where the orders and instructions of the
+Government would reach him; and as the immediate services of an
+officer of high rank of mind and discreet judgment were required to
+maintain the neutrality of the United States during the war between
+the Texans and Mexicans, General Gaines was selected for that
+important duty. However, the official dispatches did not reach General
+Gaines until he had already taken the field in Florida and marched
+from Fort Brooke to Fort King, within ninety-five miles of where
+General Scott had established his headquarters.
+
+In pursuance of this plan, Lieutenant-Colonel David E. Twiggs was
+ordered to receive into service the eight companies of volunteers
+requested of the Governor of Louisiana, adding them to the command of
+such regular troops as might be in the vicinity of New Orleans, all
+to be held in readiness for a movement to Tampa Bay. The troops were
+mustered into service on February 3d. General Gaines having arrived in
+New Orleans on January 27th, chartered three steamers to convey the
+troops and stores. The Legislature of Louisiana had appropriated
+eighty-five thousand dollars for the equipment of her volunteers, and
+on February 4th the chartered steamers, with the Louisiana volunteers
+and one company of regulars, were under way, and on the same day
+another steamer, with Colonel Twiggs and Companies B, E, G, H, I, and
+K of the regulars, left New Orleans. The vessels arrived safely at
+Hillsboro Bay, four miles distant from the garrison, on February 8th,
+9th, and 10th, and the troops were immediately disembarked and camped
+just outside of the fort.
+
+The fort was a triangular work formed by pickets with blockhouses at
+the apex, the base resting on the bay and flanked on the west by
+Hillsboro River. It was found that there were at the fort about two
+hundred regular troops, composed of Companies A, B, C, and H of the
+Second Artillery, and Company A of the Fourth Infantry, with Majors
+Francis S. Belton, Richard Augustus Zantzinger, and John Mountford,
+Lieutenants John Breckenridge Grayson, Samuel McKenzie, John Charles
+Casey, Thomas C. Legate, Edwin Wright Morgan, Augustus Porter Allen,
+and Benjamin Alvord, and Surgeons Henry Lee Heiskell and Reynolds.
+Major Belton was the commanding officer of the post.
+
+General Gaines, having received instructions at Pensacola from the
+Secretary of War to repair and take charge of the forces which were
+assembling on the Mexican frontier, announced the fact to Colonel
+Twiggs; but the troops, on hearing this, manifested great
+dissatisfaction, and insisted that as they had volunteered to go under
+the command of General Gaines, he in good faith should be their
+leader. Following is the text of the letter of the Secretary of War to
+General Gaines:
+
+                      "WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, _January 23, 1835_.
+
+  "SIR: I am instructed by the President to request that you
+  will repair to some proper position near the western frontier of the
+  State of Louisiana, and there assume the personal command of all the
+  troops of the United States which are or may be employed in any part
+  of the region adjoining the Mexican boundary.
+
+  "It is not the intention of this order to change at all the
+  relations between yourself and the military departments under your
+  command, to require your personal presence at a point where public
+  considerations demand the exercise of great discretion and
+  prudence...."
+
+The pressure not only from the troops in the field but from outside
+sources was so great that General Gaines felt it his duty to enter the
+field. Besides, that was thought a propitious time to begin active
+operations, as the day before the arrival of the Louisiana troops the
+friendly Indians had engaged the hostiles in a battle about four miles
+from Fort Brooke. Although at this date, as before mentioned, General
+Scott in Washington had been ordered to assume command in Florida,
+General Gaines was entirely ignorant of such order.
+
+Orders were accordingly issued assigning officers to their respective
+duties. Captain Ethan A. Hitchcock, First Infantry, was announced
+Assistant Inspector General of the Department, and Lieutenant James
+Farley Izard, of the Dragoons, to be Acting Brigade Major. The
+artillery and infantry of the United States army, together with the
+Louisiana volunteer forces under Adjutant-General Persifor F. Smith,
+were to constitute "the light brigade." (Here is an instance of a
+staff officer being assigned to command troops.) The whole force to be
+under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel David E. Twiggs, Fourth
+Infantry.
+
+The Louisiana volunteers were divided into two battalions, the first
+composed of the companies of Captains Burt, Lee, Williams, Rogers, and
+Thistle, under Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Lawson, Surgeon. (Here is
+another case of a staff officer and surgeon ordered to the command of
+troops.) The second battalion was composed of the companies of
+Captains Samuel F. Marks, William H. Ker, Magee, Smith, Abadie, and
+Barr, under Major Marks, the regiment to be commanded by Colonel
+Persifor F. Smith. Orders for marching were issued on the 13th, the
+troops to be supplied with forty rounds of ammunition and ten days'
+rations, five of which were to be carried in haversacks. During the
+Florida campaign the only articles drawn by the private volunteer
+soldiers were bread or flour, pork or beef, while only a few drew
+salt, sugar, and coffee. Major Richard M. Sands, of the Fourth
+Infantry, and Captain Barr's company of volunteers, amounting in all
+to one hundred and sixty men, were detailed for the protection of the
+fort, under command of Major Sands.
+
+The army marched in three columns, equidistant one hundred yards, with
+a strong advance and rear guard. The center column was composed of
+one company of volunteers as advance guard, under command of Brigade
+Major Izard. Seven companies of United States artillery and infantry,
+under command of Lieutenant-Colonel William Sewell Foster; the baggage
+train, led by Captain Samuel Shannon; six companies of Louisiana
+volunteers as rear guard, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Lawson.
+Right column: Four companies of artillery acting as light infantry,
+under command of Major Belton. Left column: Four companies of
+Louisiana volunteers, under command of Major Marks. The entire command
+consisted of nine hundred and eighty effective men, exclusive of the
+detachment under Major Sands, which, added to the force, would make it
+eleven hundred and forty men.
+
+The Quartermaster's Department at the post was in a very bad
+condition, destitute of nearly everything that was necessary for the
+comfort of the troops. There was great scarcity of ordnance stores,
+but, happily, an abundant supply of subsistence stores.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Review of the army by General Gaines--Arrival of General Gaines at
+Fort King--Lieutenant Izard mortally wounded--Correspondence between
+General Gaines and Clinch--General Scott ordered to command in
+Florida--Disadvantages under which he labored--Preparations for
+movements--Commencement of hostilities against the Indians.
+
+
+General Gaines reviewed the army on February 13th, and, accompanied by
+seventy-seven friendly Indians, took up line of march toward the
+Alafia River, to which point he learned that the hostile Indians had
+gone. The march was made under many difficulties, the horses of the
+baggage train breaking down and necessitating the loss of valuable
+articles of camp equipage. Near dark they encamped six miles from Fort
+Brooke. The next day they arrived at Warren, on the Alafia River,
+eighteen miles from the fort, and received two days' rations, which
+General Gaines had ordered sent around from Fort Brooke by water.
+Discovering no traces of Indians, he directed the march toward the
+grounds where Major Dade and his party were massacred. The boats
+having arrived at Fort Brooke with the sick and disabled and all
+superfluous baggage, the army moved in the direction of a deserted
+Indian village, passing the ruins of many fine plantations, and struck
+the military road near the Hillsboro River.
+
+On the 17th they arrived at the river and halted. On the 18th, after
+burning two deserted Indian villages near the Big Ouithlacoochee
+River, the friendly Indians accompanying the expedition requested
+permission to return to Fort Brooke. General Gaines assured them that
+there was no danger to be apprehended; that he only required them to
+act as scouts and guides, and that they were not expected to go into
+battle.
+
+The Ouithlacoochee was forded on the 19th, and that night a breastwork
+was thrown up on the ground which had been occupied by the ill-fated
+party of Major Dade. At daybreak of the 20th they resumed their march,
+and buried on their way the remains of Major Dade and Captain Frazier
+and eight other officers, and ninety-eight noncommissioned officers
+and privates.
+
+It now became a question of importance whether to continue the march
+to Fort King, which post was thought to be besieged by the enemy, or
+to return to Fort Brooke. To Fort Brooke it was sixty-five miles, and
+to Fort King forty miles north. A large number of the volunteers were
+destitute of provisions. It would require five days to reach Fort
+Brooke, and but two to reach Fort King.
+
+It having been reported at Fort Brooke that Fort King was assailed by
+the Indians and in danger of being cut off, and this opinion being
+strengthened by the noncompliance of General Clinch with the request
+of General Gaines to co-operate with him, it became General Gaines's
+duty to ascertain the cause. A large number of General Gaines's troops
+were in a destitute condition, and the senior assistant quartermaster,
+Captain Shannon, had a letter from the Quartermaster General at
+Washington, dated January 19th, which stated that large supplies of
+provisions had been ordered from New York to Fort King. With these
+facts before him, General Gaines determined to move to Fort King,
+where he could ascertain the position of the enemy and at the same
+time strengthen the garrison.
+
+The army under General Gaines arrived at Fort King on February 22d.
+Finding the post poorly supplied with subsistence, he dispatched
+Lieutenant-Colonel Foster, with an escort of the Fourth Infantry, to
+proceed to Fort Drane, twenty-two miles distant, where General Clinch
+was stationed with four companies of artillery and one of infantry and
+two companies of volunteers, and endeavored to get a supply of
+provisions. The detachment returned on the 24th with seven days'
+supplies. Here for the first time General Gaines was informed that
+General Scott was in command in Florida, and that he was then at
+Picolata organizing forces and gathering supplies.
+
+General Gaines then determined that he could not remain at Fort King,
+as supplies were being exhausted as fast as they came in, and that to
+remain there would necessarily embarrass the operations of General
+Scott. It was also evident that the enemy would not be found by
+retracing his march to Fort Brooke, but that by moving by the battle
+ground of General Clinch, even should he not succeed in meeting the
+enemy, the mere presence of a large force would perhaps tend to
+concentrate him, and thus give security to the frontier and enable the
+inhabitants to give attention to planting their crops. Besides, he
+would find supplies at Fort Brooke, and on his arrival the command of
+Colonel Lindsay would be strengthened.
+
+The army, being provided with two days' rations, moved out on the
+27th, and arriving at the river, a halt was called, the baggage train
+being under protection of the rear guard, while General Gaines, with
+the main column and artillery, moved forward for the purpose of making
+a reconnoissance preparatory to crossing. Finding the river too deep
+to ford at the point reached, General Gaines and Colonel Smith made an
+attempt to cross about two hundred and fifty yards higher up. Reaching
+a small island in the middle of the river, a sharp fire was opened
+upon them, accompanied by the Indian war-whoop.
+
+The troops returned the fire, and the field piece under Lieutenant
+Grayson was brought into action, which quickly silenced the war-whoop.
+The engagement lasted about three quarters of an hour, during which
+one volunteer was killed and seven wounded. General Clinch's old
+breastwork was enlarged and occupied by the troops during the night.
+
+On the morning of the 28th the line was again formed, and after a
+circuitous march the army arrived at the crossing place. James Farley
+Izard, a first lieutenant of dragoons, being on leave of absence,
+volunteered his services to General Gaines, was assigned to duty as
+brigade major, and was about forming the guard when the sharp crack of
+a rifle and the war-whoop gave notice of the presence of the enemy.
+His horse had received a bullet in his neck. When he dismounted he
+proceeded to the bank of the river, when a ball from the enemy entered
+his left eye. He said to the men, "Keep your positions and lie close."
+He died in a few days from the effect of the wound. A desultory fight
+was kept up from nine in the morning until one o'clock in the
+afternoon, when the enemy withdrew. The troops threw up breastworks,
+inside of which they encamped for the night. Captain William G.
+Sanders, commanding the friendly Indians, was severely wounded.
+Captain Armstrong, of the United States transport schooner Motto, was
+wounded, and a soldier of Captain Croghan Ker's company of Louisiana
+volunteers was killed. General Gaines sent an express to General
+Clinch asking his co-operation by crossing the river eight or ten
+miles above and coming down on the enemy's rear. He notified General
+Clinch that he would not move from his position until he heard from
+him, and requested to be furnished with needed subsistence. The
+dispatch arrived on the following morning, and General Clinch sent it
+forward to General Scott at Picolata.
+
+On the 29th, orders were issued for one third of the command to remain
+on duty inside of the encampment, while another third was engaged in
+strengthening the defenses. A detachment of two hundred Louisiana
+volunteers under command of Captain Thistle, an expert marksman, was
+detailed for the erection of a blockhouse near the river, while others
+were engaged in preparing canoes and rafts. Everything was quiet until
+ten o'clock, when a fire was opened by the Indians on the working
+parties and on three sides of the camp. The Indians were concealed in
+the palmettoes, about two hundred yards distant. They set fire to the
+grass and palmettoes, but a sudden shift of the wind carried the fire
+in their direction. The firing lasted about two hours, when the
+Indians retired. Captain Thistle and party returned to camp without
+having sustained any loss. The firing was renewed by the Indians about
+four o'clock in the afternoon, but soon subsided. The loss in General
+Gaines's camp was one noncommissioned officer of artillery killed, and
+thirty-two officers, noncommissioned officers, and privates wounded.
+General Gaines received a painful wound in the mouth. Lieutenant James
+Duncan, Second Artillery, Mr. W. Potter, secretary to General Gaines,
+and Lieutenant Ephraim Smith, of the Louisiana volunteers, were
+wounded.
+
+General Gaines now sent another dispatch by some friendly Indians to
+General Clinch asking him to march his forces direct to Camp Izard
+instead of crossing above. He also asked for some mounted men and one
+or two field pieces with a sufficient supply of ammunition. General
+Gaines regarded this as a most favorable opportunity to attack the
+Indians while they were concentrated, and he thought that with such
+re-enforcements as he asked, and a supply of provisions, he could end
+the war in ten days. He had notified General Clinch, on February 28th,
+that he would make no sortie nor would he move from his position until
+he heard from General Clinch. In his second letter to General Clinch
+he wrote: "Being fully satisfied that I am in the neighborhood of the
+principal body of Indians, and that they are now concentrated, I must
+suggest to you the expediency of an immediate co-operation with the
+forces under your command. I have only to repeat my determination not
+to move from my position or make a sortie until I hear from you, as it
+would only tend to disperse the enemy, and we should then have
+difficulty in finding them."
+
+If General Gaines had made an attack he would certainly have lost one
+or two hundred men. He had no transportation to convey the wounded,
+and was short of supplies, as his whole train consisted of one wagon
+and two carts. Had he made an attack and routed the enemy, he had no
+means of following them, and his victory would have been barren of
+results. The Indians made another attack on March 1st, and renewed it
+on the next day. These attacks were repeated daily until the 5th, when
+they sent forward their interpreter, who wanted to know if Colonel
+Twiggs was in command, and saying they did not want to continue the
+war, but to shake hands and be friends. He was told to come at nine
+o'clock the next morning with a white flag. On Sunday morning, March
+6th, Assiola and Colonel Hago, with others, appeared for a talk. Major
+Barron, Captain Marks, and others met them. They said they wanted to
+stop fighting; that they had taken up arms against the whites because
+they had been badly treated; that the whites had killed many of their
+men; that they would stop the war if the whites were withdrawn, and
+would not cross the river.
+
+Major Barron replied that he would communicate what they said to
+General Gaines. Jumper asked if Colonel Twiggs was in camp. He was
+answered in the affirmative, but was told that General Gaines was in
+command. General Gaines directed Captain Hitchcock, of his staff,
+accompanied by Captain Marks, Dr. Harrall, and others, to confer with
+Jumper. On meeting Jumper he expressed a desire to see General Gaines,
+and said they would like to consult their governor, Miconopy, who was
+then some distance off. The Indians insisted on seeing General Gaines,
+and they were informed that he was ready to meet Miconopy, their
+governor. Nothing definite having been settled, they retired. At a
+subsequent meeting the Seminoles agreed to give up their arms and
+cease hostilities, and meet the commissioners again for a general
+treaty.
+
+In the meantime General Gaines was re-enforced by Georgia troops,
+under command of Captains Edward B. Robinson and Bones, the Florida
+mounted militia, under command of Captain McLemore, and some regulars,
+under Captains Charles Myron Thruston and Graham, the whole under the
+command of General Clinch. They also brought beef cattle and other
+much-needed supplies. The Indians appeared again with a white flag and
+asked to confer with General Gaines, but were told that they must
+bring their governor, Miconopy, with whom General Gaines would confer.
+
+General Gaines now turned over the command of the army to General
+Clinch, and on Thursday, the 10th, the army moved in the direction of
+Fort Drane. General Gaines left for Tallahassee and Mobile, and was
+the recipient of great attention by the citizens of those places.
+
+Such was the situation when, on January 20, 1836, General Scott was
+ordered to take command of the army in Florida, which had been
+increased to twelve hundred regulars, besides volunteers, by the time
+he arrived there. He left Washington the day after receiving his
+orders and arrived at Picolata, on the St. John's River, and on
+February 22d issued orders forming the army into three divisions. The
+troops on the west bank of the St. John's River were placed under
+command of General Clinch, and constituted the right wing of the
+army. Those on the east bank of the St. John's River, under
+Brigadier-General Abram Eustis, constituted the left wing, and those
+at Tampa Bay, under Colonel William Lindsay, constituted the center.
+General Scott had been authorized to ask for volunteers from the
+States of Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, and the Territory of
+Florida. Among other instructions given the general was the following:
+In consequence of representations from Florida that measures would
+probably be taken to transmit the slaves captured by the Indians to
+the Havana, orders were given the navy to prevent such proceedings,
+and General Scott was directed "to allow no pacification with the
+Indians while a slave belonging to a white man remained in their
+possession." There were a great many negroes among the Indians. In the
+band that massacred Major Dade and his command there were sixty-three
+of them mounted in one company. The negroes and Indians of mixed
+African and Indian blood were the most cruel members of the tribe.
+
+Re-enforcements of militia were soon added to the army. The great
+disadvantages under which Scott labored necessarily delayed his
+movements until a late period. He found the quartermaster's department
+very deficient, and had the greatest difficulty in transporting
+supplies to Fort Drane. His supplies of ordnance were very limited,
+and the greater part of those on hand were unfit for use. To penetrate
+a country like Florida, filled with swamps, morasses, and almost
+impenetrable hammocks, required much preparation and labor. There was
+no chain of posts or settlements through the country, and the army was
+compelled to carry a heavy load of provisions and ordnance. To
+increase the difficulties, heavy rains had fallen which made the roads
+almost impassable. General Scott arrived at Fort Drane on March 13,
+1836, with a very small force. Believing the enemy to be concentrated
+at or near the forks of Ouithlacoochee River, he adopted the following
+plan of operations:
+
+The Florida army to constitute three divisions, to be known as the
+right, center, and left wings; the center being composed of Alabama
+volunteers, three companies of Louisiana volunteers, and two companies
+of United States artillery, amounting to twelve hundred and fifty men,
+to be commanded by Colonel William Lindsay. To move from Fort Brooke
+and take position at or near Chicuchatty, on March 25th. Signal
+guns to be fired each day thereafter at 9 A.M. to announce
+position. The right wing, composed of a battalion of Augusta
+volunteers under Acting Major Robertson; a battalion of Georgia
+volunteers under Major Mark A. Cooper; Major John M. Douglass, Georgia
+Cavalry; eleven companies of Louisiana volunteers, under Colonel
+Persifor F. Smith; Florida Rangers, under Major McLemore; the
+regulars, under Colonel James Bankhead; and Captain Clifton Wharton's
+company of Dragoons--in all amounting to about two thousand men, to be
+commanded by General Clinch. This wing to move from Fort Drane and be
+in position near Camp Izard, on the Ouithlacoochee River, between
+March 26th and 28th. Signal guns to be fired at 11 A.M. The
+left wing, composed of the South Carolina volunteers, under Colonel
+Abbott H. Brisbane; mounted volunteers, under Colonels Goodwyn and
+Butler--amounting to about fourteen hundred men--to be commanded by
+General Abram Eustis. This wing to move from Volusia and take position
+at or near Pilaklakaha on March 27th. Signal guns to be fired at ten
+o'clock each day.
+
+Each wing to be composed of three columns, a center protected by a
+strong van and rear guard. The baggage train to be placed in the rear
+of the main column. The center and left wings, on assuming their
+respective positions, will fire signal guns, which will be responded
+to by the right wing. The right wing will then move up the cove or
+great swamp of the Ouithlacoochee in a southeast direction and drive
+the Indians south, while the center will advance to the north and the
+left to the west, by which united movement the Indians will be
+surrounded and left no avenue of escape. The operations of the army
+will be supported by the naval forces under Commodore Alfred J.
+Dallas, protecting the western coast of the peninsula, to cut off
+retreat and supplies.
+
+Colonel Lindsay, commanding the center wing, arrived at Fort Brooke
+with eight companies of Alabama volunteers on March 6th, where he
+found a battalion of Florida troops, commanded by Major Read, and on
+the 10th was joined by one company of Louisiana volunteers, under
+command of Captain George H. Marks.
+
+On the 12th he discovered fires to the southeast, and it was soon
+reported that a large body of Indians was encamped a few miles
+distant. Colonel Lindsay directed Major Leigh Read with his battalion
+to make a reconnoissance in the direction of the Indians. Major Read
+moved during the night, and coming upon the Indians at daylight,
+surprised them and put them to flight with a loss of three killed and
+six taken prisoners. He also secured a quantity of camp equipage and
+some beef cattle.
+
+Colonel Lindsay, not hearing from headquarters, determined to proceed
+as far as Hillsboro River and erect a stockade so as to place his
+supplies nearer to the scene of operations. This object having been
+effected, he left Major Read in charge of the fort, which he had named
+Fort Alabama, and returned to Fort Brooke on the 21st. During his
+absence dispatches were received from General Scott announcing the
+plan of campaign, and requesting Colonel Lindsay to be in position at
+Chicuchatty on March 25th. Major Read having been relieved, the line
+of march was taken up. The column being fired on by the Indians and
+several soldiers killed and wounded, Colonel Lindsay ordered a charge,
+which was executed by Captains Benham and Blount, commanding Alabama
+volunteers, and the Indians were driven from their covert into a pine
+woods.
+
+On March 28th, three days after the time mentioned in the orders, this
+command was in position at Camp Broadnax, near Chicuchatty, in
+pursuance of General Scott's orders. The country over which they had
+marched was hilly, and in many places there were dense forests which
+retarded their movements, though the late period at which Colonel
+Lindsay received his orders would have prevented his arrival at the
+time specified in them. No censure can be attributed to General Scott
+for the delay, as it was impossible under the circumstances for him to
+have matured his plans earlier.
+
+General Eustis, commanding the left wing, arrived at St. Augustine on
+February 15th, and at once established a chain of posts at intervals
+of from ten to twenty miles, extending along the Atlantic coast as
+far south as the Mosquito Inlet, in order to drive off the bands of
+depredators and to give protection to the plantations. Colonel
+Goodwyn's mounted South Carolina volunteers having arrived on March
+9th, the several detachments of the left wing, with the exception of
+Colonel Pierce M. Butler's battalion and two companies of artillery
+under Major Reynold M. Kirby, were put in motion for Volusia, where
+they arrived on March 21st after encountering great difficulties,
+being compelled to cut the road nearly the whole distance. On the 22d
+they began crossing the St. John's River. When the vanguard,
+consisting of two companies under Captains Adams and T.S. Tripp, had
+reached the opposite shore they were attacked by about fifty Indians
+who were concealed in a hammock. Being re-enforced by George Henry and
+Hibler's companies, they charged the enemy and drove him. Two
+companies of mounted men were crossed above with a view of cutting off
+the retreat of the Indians, but they were too late. The loss in this
+battle was three killed and nine wounded. On the 24th, Lieutenant
+Ripley A. Arnold, with twenty-seven mounted men, was sent in quest of
+Colonel Butler and his command, who had not joined the main command,
+he having marched in the direction of New Smyrna. This detachment fell
+in with a party of twelve or fifteen Indians who gave battle. Two of
+the Indians were killed, and Lieutenant Arnold, having his horse shot,
+ordered a retreat, for which he was severely censured. The whole force
+of General Eustis's command being now concentrated on the west side of
+the St. John's River, opposite to Volusia, orders were issued to
+distribute thirteen days' rations, and the line of march to be taken
+up for Pilaklakaha, leaving the sick and wounded with two companies of
+Colonel Brisbane's regiment at Volusia, under command of Major William
+Gates, United States army. The roads being bad, they were unable to
+march more than seven miles in two days. On the 29th they reached the
+Ocklawaha, and, constructing a bridge, crossed over after sundown and
+discovered fires on the margin of Lake Eustis, which they supposed to
+be signals of the Indians. Colonel Butler, with a small command,
+accompanied by General Joseph Shelton, who was serving as a private
+soldier, moved in the direction of the fires and discovered four
+Indians, who at once retreated. One of these Indians, Chief Yaha Hayo,
+was killed, while the others made their escape. On the 30th Colonel
+Goodwyn was sent forward to reconnoiter, and when near Pilaklakaha was
+attacked by Indians, having three men and several horses wounded.
+Colonel Robert H. Goodwyn was soon re-enforced by General Eustis, and
+a battle ensued lasting nearly an hour. The Indians were driven into
+the swamp. On March 31st an express was sent to Scott for information
+and for the purpose of obtaining forage. A signal gun was fired on the
+following morning after their arrival, but not answered.
+
+The right wing having assembled at Fort Drane, General Scott ordered
+General Clinch to put his troops in motion on March 25th and take
+position on the Ouithlacoochee; but a heavy rain prevented the
+movement until the morning of March 26th. General Clinch sent forward
+two flatboats drawn on wagons to await the arrival of the troops at
+the river. The movement was begun by Major Douglass with his mounted
+Georgians. The order of march was in three columns: the center, with
+the baggage train, headed by General Clinch, the right consisting of
+the Louisiana volunteers, under command of Colonel Persifor F. Smith,
+joined the line at Camp Smith, and the left, commanded by Colonel
+Bankhert, joined by Lieutenant Colonel William S. Foster's battalion
+of United States troops at Camp Twiggs, General Scott and staff with
+an escort of dragoons taking position in the center. Colonel Gadsden
+was appointed quartermaster general for Florida, and acting inspector
+general. When nine miles from Fort Drane information reached the army
+that some volunteers left in charge of a broken-down team had been
+attacked by the Indians and one man killed. On March 28th the column
+reached the Ouithlacoochee and encamped near Fort Izard. The river
+bank was occupied by sharpshooters and two pieces of artillery to
+protect the crossing. Foster Blodget, of the Richmond Blues of
+Augusta, Ga., swam the river and attached a rope to a tree on the
+opposite shore and planted the flag of his command. The whole command
+was passed over, but the rear division was fired upon by the Indians,
+who were quickly repulsed by the six-pounders. On the morning of March
+30th a party of Indians was encountered, charged upon, and routed, and
+the same party were next day met and driven into the swamp. The column
+proceeded on its march and arrived at Tampa Bay on April 5th. They
+here learned that Colonel Lindsay had preceded them one day, being
+obliged to return for necessary subsistence.
+
+It will be remembered that the center, being under Colonel Lindsay,
+took position at Camp Broadnax, near Chicuchatty, on March 28th. They
+were fired on by the Indians, but succeeded in driving them off. As
+his supplies had run short and the original plan of the campaign had
+been defeated, Colonel Lindsay returned with his command to Fort
+Brooke, arriving there April 4th. When Colonel Lindsay reached Fort
+Alabama, near the Hillsboro River, he learned that the post had been
+attacked on the morning of March 27th by three or four hundred
+Indians, who surrounded the breastwork and continued the attack for
+two hours, when they were repulsed with a loss of fifteen. The
+garrison lost one man killed and two wounded. General Eustis, for the
+same reasons which moved Colonel Lindsay, marched on April 2d from
+Pilaklakaha and encamped about sixteen miles from Fort Brooke,
+reporting to General Scott.
+
+The whole army being now concentrated at or near Fort Brooke, the plan
+for a new campaign was discussed. They had found but small parties of
+the Indians in the cove or swamp region, and it was thought that they
+had gone to the southern part of the Florida peninsula and concealed
+themselves in the Everglades.
+
+General Scott ordered Colonel Smith, of the Louisiana volunteers, to
+proceed by water to Charlotte Harbor and move north, while Colonel
+Goodwyn, with the South Carolina mounted men, was ordered to the lake
+at the head of Pease's Creek for the purpose of driving the Indians
+down. Having destroyed a large unoccupied Indian village on the left
+bank of that stream, and finding no Indians, the command returned to
+Hillsboro River and joined the left wing.
+
+The Louisiana troops left Fort Brooke on April 10th and arrived at
+Pease's Creek on the 17th. They moved forward at once, but the weather
+was oppressive and the men were broken down by previous marches; many
+of them being destitute of shoes and other clothing, it was found
+necessary to return to camp. Out of over seven hundred Louisiana
+troops who had volunteered in January and entered the field the
+beginning of the next month, but one hundred and thirty were now left
+fit for duty. With these, however, and a small detachment of marines
+from the United States vessels in that vicinity, Colonel Smith
+determined to proceed. He embarked with one half of his command in
+canoes, the others proceeding by land. Meeting no Indians, he returned
+to Fort Brooke on April 27th, when the Louisiana troops were ordered
+to New Orleans to be mustered out of service. Colonel Smith proceeded
+to St. Mark's and reported to General Scott.
+
+The right wing having remained at Tampa Bay from April 5th to the
+13th, General Scott issued orders to General Clinch to move toward
+Fort Drane, and, after relieving Major Cooper, to co-operate with
+Colonel Lindsay, who had left Fort Brooke about the same time, for the
+purpose of penetrating the cove in a different direction from that
+pursued by the right wing on its march to Tampa, and to penetrate the
+forks of the Ouithlacoochee.
+
+While Colonel Lindsay was engaged in constructing a defensive work on
+the military road near Big Ouithlacoochee, General Clinch encamped
+near Fort Cooper and dispatched some cavalry under Captain Malone to
+relieve the garrison, with instructions that should he meet the enemy,
+he was to advise General Clinch at once. When about three miles
+distant from the main body the Indians opened fire and at once
+retreated. The hammock was penetrated and searched, but no Indians
+were found.
+
+Major Cooper was attacked by a large body of Indians and besieged for
+thirteen days. His loss was one man killed and twenty wounded. The
+Indians not having been found in any large numbers, the two wings
+separated, the center returning to Fort Brooke and the right to Fort
+King, where they arrived April 25th.
+
+After the arrival of Colonel Goodwyn's mounted regiment, the left
+wing, accompanied by General Scott, took up line of march on the 18th
+for Volusia. A small party of Indians was encountered, but they fled
+and secreted themselves in a hammock. General Eustis's command arrived
+at Volusia on the evening of the 25th, and on the 28th all the
+volunteers from South Carolina marched to St. Augustine and were
+mustered out. On the arrival of Colonel Lindsay at Fort Brooke he was
+directed by General Scott to relieve the garrison at Fort Alabama, and
+disband the Alabama volunteers, leaving only regulars there.
+
+They were attacked by the Indians with a loss of four killed and
+nineteen wounded. General Scott, accompanied by Colonel Gadsden,
+Captain Augustus Canfield, and Lieutenant Johnson, with a detachment
+of seventeen men, embarked in a steamboat at Volusia for the purpose
+of penetrating by the St. John's River the south part of the peninsula
+and selecting a site nearer to the seat of war as a depot for
+supplies. They proceeded to the head of Lake Monroe, but the boat was
+unable to pass the bar and they were compelled to return.
+
+In his report of April 30th General Scott says: "To end this war, I
+am now persuaded that not less than three thousand troops are
+indispensable--two thousand four hundred infantry and six hundred
+horse, the country to be occupied and scoured requiring that number."
+He further recommended that two or three steamers with a light draught
+of water, and fifty or sixty barges capable of carrying from ten to
+fifteen men each, be employed, but did not ask for the control of the
+operations he recommended, saying it was an honor he would neither
+solicit nor decline.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Scott prefers complaint against General Jesup--Court of inquiry
+ordered by the President--Scott fully exonerated by the
+court--Complaints of citizens--Difficulties of the campaign--Speech in
+Congress of Hon. Richard Biddle--Scott declines an invitation to a
+dinner in New York city--Resolutions of the subscribers--Scott is
+ordered to take charge of and remove the Cherokee Indians--Orders
+issued to troops and address to the Indians--Origin of the Cherokee
+Indian troubles--Collision threatened between Maine and New Brunswick,
+and Scott sent there--Correspondence with Lieutenant-Governor
+Harvey--Seizure of Navy Island by Van Rensselaer--Governor Marcy.
+
+
+General Scott had, a short time previous to the events just narrated,
+complained to the War Department of disobedience of orders on the part
+of General Jesup, who had written a letter to the Globe newspaper in
+Washington charging that Scott's conduct had been destructive of the
+best interests of the country. Mr. Francis P. Blair, the editor to
+whom the letter was addressed, showed it to President Jackson, who
+indorsed on it an order to the Secretary of War to recall General
+Scott to Washington, and that an inquiry be held as to his delay in
+prosecuting the Creek War and the failure of the Florida campaign. On
+Scott's arrival in Washington he asked for a court of inquiry, which
+was ordered on October 3d, composed of Major-General Alexander Macomb
+and Brigadier-Generals Henry Atkinson and Hugh Brady, with Colonel
+Cooper, General Macomb's aid-de-camp, as judge advocate. The court
+assembled at Frederick, Md., and was delayed some time by the absence
+of witnesses. General Scott addressed the court in his own defense.
+
+The finding was unanimous that the plan of the Seminole campaign was
+well devised, and prosecuted with energy, steadiness, and ability; and
+as to the Creek campaign, the court decided that the plan of the
+campaign as adopted by General Scott was well calculated to lead to
+successful results, and that it was prosecuted by him, as far as
+practicable, with zeal and ability until he was recalled from the
+command. This was not only a full vindication, but a compliment to him
+expressed in the broadest sense.
+
+He now addressed a letter to Secretary of War Joel R. Poinsett, asking
+the immediate direction of affairs in Florida, as this was a part of
+the geographical division to which he had been assigned, and a large
+number of the troops of his command had been ordered there; and that
+he was senior in rank to General Jesup, then commanding there. The
+members of Congress from his native State made a unanimous appeal to
+the Secretary of War seconding his application, but the application
+was denied.
+
+Some citizens of Florida made complaints of the nonsuccess of the
+army, and severely censured General Scott. In fact, complaints of this
+nature were made against every officer who commanded in Florida,
+except General Zachary Taylor. It has been seen that the court of
+inquiry fully vindicated General Scott's course in the management of
+the war in Florida. The campaign, however, vindicated itself.
+Considering the scarcity of all the means at hand, it is remarkable
+how much was accomplished with so little loss of life.
+
+When General Scott undertook this campaign Florida was a _terra
+incognita_. The greater part of it had scarcely been visited by the
+whites, and very little was known of the settlements of the Seminoles.
+They were known by their approaches to the white settlements, and when
+the war broke out by their plunders and devastations. It was not known
+where their hiding places were, and this could only be determined by
+pursuing them. At the time of General Scott's assignment to the
+command all the information tended to locating them on the waters of
+the Ouithlacoochee and the St. John's Rivers; and accordingly against
+this portion of the country the movement of the army was directed.
+
+It was not only the want of ordnance, clothing, and subsistence, but
+the geographical peculiarity of Florida--with its marshes, thickets,
+hammocks, everglades, and impenetrable swamps--that made this campaign
+almost fruitless, and which for years baffled all efforts of the
+Government to subdue this small but brave and desperate tribe of
+Indians.
+
+In Congress General Scott's campaign in Florida was defended by some
+of the ablest men in the country. Richard Biddle, of Pennsylvania, in
+1837, when the House of Representatives was engaged in a debate on
+appropriations for carrying on the war in Florida, said: "It would be
+recollected by all that after the war in Florida had assumed a
+formidable aspect Major-General Scott was called to the command. An
+officer of his rank and standing was not likely to seek a service in
+which, amid infinite toil and vexation, there would be no opportunity
+for the display of military talent on a scale at all commensurate with
+that in which his past fame had been acquired. Yet he entered on it
+with the alacrity, zeal, and devotion to duty by which he had ever
+been distinguished....
+
+"When the late General Brown, writing from the field of Chippewa, said
+that General Scott merited the highest praises which a grateful
+country could bestow, was there a single bosom throughout the wide
+republic that did not respond to the sentiment? I, for one at least,
+can never forget the thrill of enthusiasm, boy as I then was, which
+mingled with my own devout thankfulness to God that the cloud which
+seemed to have settled on our arms was at length dispelled. On that
+plain it was established that Americans could be trained to meet and
+to beat in the open field, without breastworks, the regulars of
+Britain....
+
+"Sir, the result of that day was due not merely to the gallantry of
+General Scott upon the field. It must in part be ascribed to the
+patient, anxious, and indefatigable drudgery, the consummate skill as
+a tactician, with which he labored night and day, at the camp near
+Buffalo, to prepare his brigade for the career on which it was about
+to enter. After a brief interval he again led that brigade to the
+glorious victory of Bridgewater. He bears now upon his body the wounds
+of that day. It had ever been the characteristic of this officer to
+seek the post of danger--not to have it thrust upon him. In the years
+preceding that to which I have specially referred--in 1812 and
+1813--the eminent services he rendered were in the positions which
+properly belonged to others, but into which he was led by
+irrepressible ardor and jealousy of honor.
+
+"Since the peace with Great Britain the talents of General Scott have
+ever been at the command of his country. His pen and his sword have
+alike been put in requisition to meet the varied exigencies of the
+service. When the difficulties with the Western Indians swelled into
+importance, General Scott was dispatched to the scene of hostility.
+There rose up before him then, in the ravages of a frightful
+pestilence, a form of danger infinitely more appalling than the perils
+of the field. How he bore himself in this emergency, how faithfully he
+became the nurse and the physician of those from whom terror and
+loathing had driven all other aid, can not be forgotten by a just and
+grateful country....
+
+"Mr. Chairman, I believe that a signal atonement to General Scott will
+one day be extorted from the justice of the House. We owe it to him;
+but we owe it still more to the country. What officer can feel secure
+in the face of that great example of triumphant injustice? Who can
+place before himself the anticipation of establishing higher claims
+upon the gratitude of the country than General Scott? Yet he was
+sacrificed. His past services went for nothing. Sir, you may raise new
+regiments and issue new commissions, but you can not without such
+atonement restore the high moral tone which befits the depositories of
+the national honor. I fondly wish that the highest and lowest in the
+country's service might be taught to regard this House as the jealous
+guardian of his rights, against caprice, or fanaticism, or outrage
+from whatever quarter. I would have him know that in running up the
+national flag at the very moment our daily labors commence, we do not
+go through an idle form. On whatever distant service he may be
+sent--whether urging his way amid tumbling icebergs toward the pole,
+or fainting in the unwholesome heat of Florida--I would enable him as
+he looks up to that flag to gather hope and strength. It should impart
+to him a proud feeling of confidence and security. He should know that
+the same emblem of majesty and justice floats over the council of the
+nation, and that in its untarnished luster we have all a common
+interest and a common sympathy. Then, sir, and not before, will you
+have an army or a navy worthy to sustain and to perpetuate the glory
+of former days."
+
+Soon after the decision of the court of inquiry exonerating him from
+blame or censure General Scott was tendered a public dinner in New
+York from leading members of both political parties. He accepted the
+invitation, but it was subsequently postponed until about the middle
+of May, and before that time it was altogether declined, for reasons
+expressed in a note of which a copy follows:
+
+  "GENTLEMEN: Early last month I accepted the invitation to a
+  public dinner which you and other friends did me the honor to tender
+  me. In a few days the embarrassments of this great emporium became
+  such that I begged the compliment might be indefinitely postponed.
+  You, however, were so kind as to hold me to my engagement, and to
+  appoint a day for the meeting, which is now near at hand. In the
+  meantime the difficulties in the commercial world have gone on
+  augmenting, and many of my friends, here and elsewhere, have been
+  whelmed under the general calamity of the times. Feeling deeply for
+  the losses and anxieties of all, no public honor could now be
+  enjoyed by me. I must therefore, under the circumstances, positively
+  but most respectfully withdraw my acceptance of your invitation.
+
+  "I have the honor to remain, gentlemen, with the greatest esteem,
+  your friend and servant,
+
+                                                "WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+The subscribers to the dinner, on receipt of General Scott's letter,
+called a meeting, Cornelius W. Lawrence in the chair, and unanimously
+adopted the resolutions which follow:
+
+"_Resolved_, That in the decision of General Scott to withdraw, for
+the reasons assigned, his acceptance of the public dinner designed to
+testify to him our high appreciation both of his private and public
+character, we find new evidence of his sympathy with all that regards
+the public welfare, and of his habitual oblivion of self where the
+feelings and interests of others are concerned.
+
+"_Resolved_, That we rejoice with the joy of friends in the result, so
+honorable to General Scott, of the recent court of inquiry instituted
+to investigate his military conduct as commander in chief in Alabama
+and Florida, and that the President of the United States (Mr. Van
+Buren), in approving its proceedings, acted in gratifying unison with
+the general sentiments of the nation."
+
+General Scott also received invitations from Richmond, Va., and
+Elizabeth, N.J., both of which places had been his former homes.
+
+The Florida War was brought to a close by the defeat of the Indians by
+Colonel Zachary Taylor, in the decisive battle of Okechobee, for
+which he received the brevet of Brigadier General, and in 1838 was
+appointed to the chief command in Florida. Taylor was succeeded by
+Brigadier-General Armistead, and in 1842 General Worth succeeded to
+the command and made a treaty with Sam Jones and Billy Bowlegs,
+allowing them to remain and possess a large tract of land.
+
+In the spring of 1836 General Scott was ordered to take charge of and
+superintend the removal of the Cherokee Indians to the reservation
+which had been set apart for them by treaty west of the Mississippi
+River. Great opposition to removal was expected from the Indians, and
+much fear felt by the inhabitants contiguous to their settlements.
+General Scott, however, by his kindness and generosity, won the
+confidence of the Indians, and was not compelled to resort to any act
+of violence. Twenty-four thousand five hundred and ninety-four were
+removed, two hundred and thirty-six having lost their lives on the
+steamboat Monmouth. Only seven hundred and forty-four remained east of
+the Mississippi River. The Cherokees occupied territory in the States
+of Georgia, North Carolina, Alabama, and Tennessee. Many of their
+leaders were well educated and were men of ability, and some of them
+were wealthy, owning fine farms and negro slaves. General Scott in his
+Memoirs says: "The North Carolinians and Tennesseeans were kindly
+disposed toward their red brethren. The Alabamians much less so. The
+great difficulty was with the Georgians (more than half the army),
+between whom and the Cherokees there had been feuds and wars for many
+generations. The reciprocal hatred of the two races was probably never
+surpassed. Almost every Georgian on leaving home, as well as after
+arrival at New Echota--the center of the most populous district of the
+Indian Territory--vowed never to return without having killed at least
+one Indian."
+
+General Scott arrived at the Cherokee agency, a small village on the
+Hiawassee River in Tennessee, in the early part of May, 1838. He
+published and circulated two addresses--one to the troops and the
+other to the Indians--but had them circulated together.
+
+Following is the address to the troops:
+
+                      "HEADQUARTERS, EASTERN DIVISION,
+
+                                     "CHEROKEE AGENCY, _May 17, 1838_.
+
+  "Considering the number and temper of the mass to be removed,
+  together with the extent and fastnesses of the country occupied, it
+  will readily occur that simple indiscretions, acts of harshness, and
+  cruelty on the part of our troops may lead, step by step, to delays,
+  to impatience, and exasperation, and in the end to a general war and
+  carnage--a result in the case of these particular Indians, utterly
+  abhorrent to the generous sympathies of the whole American people.
+  Every possible kindness compatible with the necessity of removal
+  must therefore be shown by the troops; and if in the ranks a
+  despicable individual should be found capable of inflicting a wanton
+  injury or insult on any Cherokee man, woman, or child, it is hereby
+  made the special duty of the nearest good officer or man instantly
+  to interpose, and to seize and consign the guilty wretch to the
+  severest penalty of the laws. The major general is fully persuaded
+  that this injunction will not be neglected by the brave men under
+  his command, who can not be otherwise than jealous of their own
+  honor and that of their country.
+
+  "By early and persevering acts of kindness and humanity, it is
+  impossible to doubt that the Indians will soon be induced to confide
+  in the army, and, instead of fleeing to the mountains and forests,
+  flock to us for food and clothing. If, however, through false
+  apprehensions, individuals or a party here and there should seek to
+  hide themselves, they must be pursued and invited to surrender, but
+  not fired upon, unless they should make a stand to resist. Even in
+  such cases mild remedies may sometimes better succeed than violence;
+  and it can not be doubted, if we get possession of the women and
+  children first, or first capture the men, that in either case the
+  outstanding members of the same families will readily come in on the
+  assurance of forgiveness and kind treatment.
+
+  "Every captured man, as well as those who surrender themselves, must
+  be disarmed, with the assurance that their weapons will be carefully
+  preserved and restored at or beyond the Mississippi. In either case
+  the men will be guarded and escorted, except it may be where their
+  women and children are safely secured as hostages; but in general,
+  families in our possession will not be separated, unless it be to
+  send men as runners to invite others to come in.
+
+  "It may happen that Indians will be found too sick, in the opinion
+  of the nearest surgeon, to be removed to one of the depots indicated
+  above. In every such case one or more of the family or the friends
+  of the sick person will be left in attendance, with ample
+  subsistence and remedies, and the remainder of the family removed
+  by the troops. Infants, superannuated persons, lunatics, and women
+  in helpless condition, will all, in the removal, require peculiar
+  attention, which the brave and humane will seek to adapt to the
+  necessities of the several cases."
+
+Following is the address to the Indians:
+
+  "_Major-General Scott, of the United States Army, sends to the
+  Cherokee people remaining in North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and
+  Alabama this_
+
+                               "ADDRESS.
+
+  "CHEROKEES: The President of the United States has sent me
+  with a powerful army to cause you, in obedience of the treaty of
+  1835, to join that part of your people who are already established
+  in prosperity on the other side of the Mississippi. Unhappily, the
+  two years which were allowed for the purpose you have suffered to
+  pass away without following and without making any preparation to
+  follow, and now, or by the time that this solemn address shall reach
+  your distant settlements, the emigration must be commenced in haste,
+  but, I hope, without disorder. I have no power by granting a further
+  delay to correct the error that you have committed. The full moon of
+  May is already on the wane, and before another shall have passed
+  away every Cherokee man, woman, and child in those States must be in
+  motion to join their brethren in the far West.
+
+  "My friends, this is no sudden determination on the part of the
+  President, whom you and I must now obey. By the treaty the
+  emigration was to have been completed on or before the 23d of this
+  month, and the President has constantly kept you warned during the
+  two years allowed, through all his officers and agents in this
+  country, that the treaty would be enforced.
+
+  "I am come to carry out that determination. My troops already occupy
+  many positions in the country that you are to abandon, and thousands
+  and thousands are approaching from every quarter to render
+  assistance and escape alike hopeless. All those troops, regular and
+  militia, are your friends. Receive them, and confide in them as
+  such. Obey them when they tell you that you can remain no longer in
+  this country. Soldiers are as kind-hearted as brave, and the desire
+  of every one of us is to execute our painful duty in mercy. We are
+  commanded by the President to act toward you in that spirit, and
+  such is also the wish of the whole people of America.
+
+  "Chiefs, headmen, and warriors, will you then by resistance compel
+  us to resort to arms? God forbid! Or will you by flight seek to hide
+  yourselves in mountains and forests, and thus oblige us to hunt you
+  down? Remember, that in pursuit it may be impossible to avoid
+  conflicts. The blood of the white man or the blood of the red man
+  may be spilt, and if spilt, however accidentally, if may be
+  impossible for the discreet and humane among you or among us to
+  prevent a general war and carnage. Think of this, my Cherokee
+  brethren! I am an old warrior, and have been present at many a scene
+  of slaughter; but spare me, I beseech you, the horror of witnessing
+  the destruction of the Cherokees.
+
+  "Do not, I invite you, even wait for the close approach of the
+  troops; but make such preparations for emigration as you can, and
+  hasten to this place, to Ross's Landing, or to Gunter's Landing,
+  where you will be received in kindness by officers selected for the
+  purpose. You will find food for all, and clothing for the destitute,
+  at either of those places, and thence at your ease and in comfort be
+  transported to your new homes according to the terms of the treaty.
+
+  "This is the address of a warrior to warriors. May his entreaties be
+  kindly received, and may the God of both prosper the Americans and
+  Cherokees, and preserve them long in peace and friendship with each
+  other.                                         WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+There was some delay in bringing in the mountain Indians of North
+Carolina, but the Indians of Tennessee and Alabama were readily
+collected for emigration. General Scott remained with the Georgians,
+and followed up his printed addresses by suggestions which proved to
+be invaluable.
+
+In a short time the Indians, excepting a few parties, were collected
+at the place of rendezvous. The camp selected was twelve miles in
+length, with a breadth of four miles. It was well shaded by large
+forest trees, and had a large number of springs furnishing an
+abundance of the best of water.
+
+The sick were placed in hospitals, and attended by good physicians and
+furnished with everything necessary for their comfort. General Scott
+rode through the camps daily, and saw that every attention was given
+to the Indians which they required, and he made inquiries and gave
+special attention to the care of the sick and to the women and
+children. At length he placed the matter of the emigration of the
+Indians in the hands of the Cherokee authorities, having won the
+entire confidence and regard of the Indians, and he ordered all of the
+volunteers to their homes, except one company which he retained as a
+police force, and one regiment of regulars which it was thought
+necessary to retain to meet any unforeseen contingencies that might
+arise. Two other regular regiments were ordered off, one to Florida
+and the other to the Canada frontier. The company of volunteers
+retained was from Tennessee, and of it General Scott said: "The
+company of volunteers (Tennesseeans) were a body of respectable
+citizens, and under their judicious commander, Captain Robertson, of
+great value as a police force." The Cherokees were at this time
+receiving large sums of money from the Government in the way of
+damages and indemnities, and a number of gamblers and confidence men
+sought to enter their camps. They were, however, kept out by the
+vigilance of the Tennessee company.
+
+In October the movement west began. General Scott accompanied them to
+the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. General Scott gives
+credit for services and aid rendered him to his acting inspector
+general, Major Matthew Mountjoy Payne; Captain Robert Anderson, acting
+adjutant general (later the commander of Fort Sumter, and a brigadier
+general); Lieutenant Erastus Darwin Keyes, aid-de-camp, afterward
+major general, United States volunteers; Lieutenant Francis Taylor,
+commissary; Captains Page and Abner Reviere Hetzel, quartermasters;
+Lieutenant Henry L. Scott, Fourth Infantry, then aid-de-camp and
+inspector general; Major H.B. Shaw, aid-de-camp, Tennessee volunteers;
+Colonel William Lindsay, Second Artillery; Colonel William S. Foster,
+Fourth Infantry; and Colonel Ichabod Bennett Crane, First Artillery.
+Generals Worth and Floyd rendered important service in this campaign,
+and their names should not be omitted.
+
+It may be necessary, for a better understanding of the Cherokee Indian
+difficulties, to add something more to what has been written. The
+chief troubles which had arisen were in Georgia, and many
+complications arose between the Indians and the whites. In a case
+decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, the opinion being
+rendered by Chief-Justice John Marshall, the status of these Indians
+was thus defined: "Their relation is that of a nation claiming and
+receiving the protection of one more powerful; not that of individuals
+abandoning their national character and submitting as subjects to the
+laws of a master."
+
+Regarding the acts of Congress to regulate trade with the Indians the
+Chief Justice said: "All these acts, and especially that of 1802,
+which is still in force, manifestly consider the several Indian
+nations as distinct political communities, having territorial
+boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive, and having a
+right to all the lands within those boundaries, which is not only
+acknowledged but guaranteed by the United States." By one of the
+treaties made by the United States Government with this tribe of
+Indians, it was enacted and agreed that "the United States solemnly
+guarantee to the Cherokee nation all their lands not hereby ceded,"
+and, "that the Cherokee nation may be led to a greater degree of
+civilization, and to become herdsmen and cultivators, instead of
+remaining in a state of hunting, the United States will from time to
+time furnish gratuitously the said nation with useful instruments of
+husbandry." Acting under this treaty, a greater portion of the
+Cherokees had become both cultivators and herdsmen, and rivaled their
+white neighbors in both.
+
+The trouble which arose in Georgia was from the fact that she claimed
+the right to extend her criminal jurisdiction over these Indians, and
+that the United States was bound to extinguish the Indian titles
+within her borders. This claim of Georgia, persistently pressed,
+caused the United States Government in 1802 to agree to purchase the
+Indian lands, and remove them to some other territory. The Indians
+resisted this action on the faith of treaties. Eventually a treaty was
+made with a portion of the Cherokees by which they were to relinquish
+their lands and accept lands across the Mississippi River. Many of the
+Indians resisted and never ratified this treaty, yet the Government
+insisted upon carrying out the treaty. General Scott received his
+orders on April 10, 1838, and first established his headquarters at a
+small village called Calhoun, on the Hiawassee River, in East
+Tennessee. Colonel Lindsay, an officer of merit and who enjoyed the
+full confidence of General Scott, was in immediate command of that
+territory, had established posts in many of the settlements, and had
+arranged to have the mountain passes well guarded.
+
+Referring to these matters, the National Intelligencer of September
+27, 1838, said: "The manner in which this gallant officer [Scott] has
+acquitted himself within the last year upon the Canada frontier, and
+lately among the Cherokees, has excited the universal admiration and
+gratitude of the whole nation. Owing to his great popularity in the
+North, his thorough knowledge of the laws of his own country, as well
+as of those which govern nations, united to his discretion, his great
+tact and experience, he has saved the country from a ruinous war with
+Great Britain. And by his masterly skill and energy among the
+Cherokees, united to his noble generosity and humanity, he has not
+only effected what everybody supposed could not be done without the
+most heartrending scenes of butchery and bloodshed, but he has
+effected it by obtaining the esteem and confidence of the poor
+Cherokees themselves. They look upon him as a benefactor and friend,
+and one who has saved them from entire destruction. All the Cherokees
+were collected for emigration without bloodshed or violence, and all
+would have been on their way to the West before the middle of July,
+had not humanity induced General Scott to stop the movement until the
+1st of September. Three thousand had been sent off in the first half
+of June by the superintendent, before the general took upon himself
+the responsibility of stopping the emigration, from feelings which
+must do everlasting honor to his heart. An approval of his course had
+been sent on by the War Department, before his report giving
+information that he had stopped the emigration had reached the seat of
+Government. In the early part of January last the President had asked
+Congress for enlarged powers, to enable him to maintain our neutral
+obligations to England--that is, to tranquilize the Canadian
+frontiers. Before the bill passed Congress, General Scott had finished
+the work and effected all its objects. These, too, he effected by
+flying from one end of the frontier to the other in the dead of
+winter, and during the severest and coldest period of it. He returns
+to Washington, and is immediately ordered to the Cherokee nation, to
+take charge of the very difficult and hazardous task to his own fame
+of removing those savages from their native land. Some of his best
+friends regretted most sincerely that he had been ordered on this
+service, and, knowing the disposition of the world to cavil and
+complain without cause, had great apprehension that he would lose a
+portion of the popularity he had acquired by his distinguished success
+on the Canadian frontier. But behold the manner in which this last
+work has been performed! There is so much of noble generosity of
+character about Scott, independent of his skill and bravery as a
+soldier, that his life has really been one of romantic beauty and
+interest."
+
+It was General Scott's intention to accompany the Indian emigration
+farther west, but receiving information that the Canadian insurgents
+were making renewed attempts on the Canadas, he was directed to
+proceed at once to that frontier.
+
+Passing through the States of Kentucky and Ohio, accompanied by
+Captain Robert Anderson, he called upon their respective governors and
+arranged for the calling out of volunteers should they be needed, and
+also gave proper instructions to the United States marshals and
+district attorneys for such duties as they might be called upon to
+perform. He passed on rapidly to Cleveland, Sandusky, and Detroit, and
+met great assemblages of excited citizens, and, by his appeals and
+reasoning with them, prevailed upon them to desist from any acts in
+violation of the neutrality with Great Britain. Pending these
+important services, he learned of the trouble which had arisen between
+the State of Maine and the British colony or province of New
+Brunswick, and at once made haste for Washington. On his arrival at
+the capital, after reporting to the President, he was called before
+the committees on foreign affairs of both Houses of Congress, before
+whom he urged and succeeded in securing the passage of two bills--one
+authorizing the President to call out the militia for six months and
+to accept the service of fifty thousand volunteers, and the other to
+place to his credit ten millions of dollars. On taking leave of the
+President he said to him: "Mr. President, if you want war, I need only
+look on in silence. The Maine people will make it for you fast and hot
+enough. I know them. But if peace be your wish, I can give no
+assurance of success. The difficulties in its way will be formidable."
+The President replied, "Peace with honor"; and the general, who fully
+reciprocated the President's feeling, took his leave, accompanied by
+Captain Robert Anderson and Lieutenant E.D. Keyes, his aid-de-camp. He
+left with general instructions, but in certain events he was to act on
+his own judgment without restriction. Arriving in Boston, he met
+Governor Edward Everett, and arranged for calling out the militia and
+accepting volunteers if needed.
+
+Governor Everett introduced him to his executive council with the
+following address: "General, I take great pleasure in introducing you
+to the members of the Executive Council of Massachusetts. I need not
+say that you are already known to them by reputation. They are
+familiar with your fame as it is recorded in some of the arduous and
+honorable fields of the country's struggles. We rejoice in meeting you
+on this occasion. Charged as you are with a most momentous mission by
+the President of the United States, we are sure you are intrusted
+with a duty most grateful to your feelings--that of averting an appeal
+to arms. We place unlimited reliance on your spirit, energy, and
+discretion. Should you unhappily fail in your efforts, under the
+instructions of the President, to restore harmony, we know that you
+are equally prepared for a still more responsible duty. Should that
+unhappy event occur, I beg you to depend on the firm support of
+Massachusetts." He was then given a reception by the Legislature, and
+received on its behalf by Robert C. Winthrop.
+
+From Boston he proceeded at once to Portland, where he found the
+people greatly excited, and demanding the immediate seizure and
+occupation of the disputed territory. At the capital, Augusta, where
+he next proceeded, he found the same excitement with the same demands.
+The Legislature was in session, and a large majority of its members
+were for war. The strip of disputed land was valuable chiefly for ship
+timber. Some British subjects had entered the territory and cut some
+of the timber, and the Governor of Maine sent an agent with a posse to
+drive them off. The British seized and imprisoned the agent, and much
+angry correspondence followed between the authorities of both sides.
+
+General Scott soon determined that the only mode of settlement was to
+prohibit or have an agreement on both sides to leave the territory
+unoccupied by either party until the matters in dispute could be
+arranged between the governments of the United States and Great
+Britain, taking the matter out of the jurisdiction of the State of
+Maine and the province of New Brunswick. Previous to Scott's arrival
+in Maine the Legislature of that State had passed an act placing
+eight hundred thousand dollars at the disposal of the Governor and
+authorizing the calling out of eight thousand troops. Some of these
+troops had been organized and moved near the disputed territory, and
+others were held ready to move when ordered. British troops, both
+regulars and militia, had also been moved forward. Everything
+indicated a war. On February 27, 1839, President Van Buren had sent a
+message to Congress transmitting various documents received from the
+Governor of Maine, and a copy of a memorandum signed by the Secretary
+of State of the United States and the British Minister to the United
+States, which, it was hoped, would prevent a collision of arms. Mr.
+H.B. Fox, the British Minister, had acted without specific authority
+from his Government, and the memorandum therefore had only the force
+of a recommendation. All correspondence had for some time ceased
+between the governors of Maine and New Brunswick.
+
+The Governor of New Brunswick, John Harvey, had been an adjutant
+general of one of the armies of Canada in the campaign of 1813, and
+was well known to General Scott. Scott, it will be remembered, was an
+adjutant general in this campaign, and he and Colonel Harvey had
+frequent correspondence, and it was so conducted as to create a
+feeling of respect on both sides. At one time in the campaign
+mentioned, when Scott was on a reconnoitering expedition, his party
+came upon Harvey, and a gun in the hands of a soldier near Scott was
+leveled on him. Scott caught the gun, and said, "Hold! he is our
+prisoner," but Colonel Harvey made a rapid turn and escaped.
+
+On General Scott's arrival in Maine he had with him a private letter
+from Sir John Harvey, the Colonel Harvey just mentioned, then Governor
+General of New Brunswick. It is proper to mention here, as additional
+reason for good feeling between General Scott and Sir John Harvey,
+that at one time in the War of 1813 an American soldier under Scott's
+command had come into possession of the uniform coat of a British
+staff officer, and in one of the pockets was found the miniature of a
+young lady. The portmanteau from which the coat and miniature were
+taken was marked "Lieutenant-Colonel Harvey." Scott purchased these
+articles from the soldier and sent them to Colonel Harvey. The picture
+was that of his young bride, then in England.
+
+Governor Fairfield, of Maine, had on March 12th sent a message to the
+Legislature objecting to the terms of the memorandum, but recommending
+that, when fully satisfied that the Lieutenant Governor of New
+Brunswick had abandoned all idea of occupying the disputed territory
+with a military force, or of attempting the expulsion of citizens of
+Maine, he [the Governor] be authorized to withdraw the military force,
+leaving the land agent with a posse of armed or unarmed men, as the
+case might require, sufficient to drive out or arrest trespassers. The
+Legislature on March 20th passed resolutions in accordance with these
+recommendations. The message of the Governor of Maine and the
+resolutions of the Legislature required the lieutenant governor to
+make the advance.
+
+General Scott, after the action of the Legislature above mentioned,
+sent a reply to Harvey's private letter, which he had held unanswered
+so long. This elicited a friendly reply, and other letters of the
+same character quickly followed on either side. A line of couriers
+was established between them to facilitate correspondence. Governor
+Harvey took the first step, and made the concessions which were
+necessary to appease the authorities of Maine, but the Governor did
+not feel authorized to withdraw the troops from the disputed territory
+unless authorized by the Legislature. General Scott mingled freely
+with members of the Legislature, urging pacific measures, and on March
+20th resolutions were passed; and Scott having his memorandum with Sir
+John Harvey with all concessions to restore tranquillity, the Governor
+of Maine added his approval, and the question was transferred to the
+authorities of the United States and Great Britain, which resulted in
+a satisfactory settlement to both nations of this unhappy affair.
+
+An uprising, confined chiefly to the French inhabitants of Upper
+Canada, occurred in 1837, in which they demanded a separation from the
+British Government, and they enlisted many sympathizers among citizens
+of the United States, especially among those living on the Canadian
+boundary. Organizations of sympathizers with the Canadians were
+secretly formed by American citizens to such an extent that the
+President of the United States issued a proclamation enjoining its
+citizens to observe neutrality. This did not quiet the excitement, but
+rather tended to increase it. Matters were brought to a crisis by the
+action of a certain Van Rensselaer, who had been dismissed from the
+Military Academy at West Point, and who styled himself "Colonel" Van
+Rensselaer. He organized a party of Americans reckless like himself,
+and took forcible possession of a small British island opposite to
+Fort Schlosser, on the American side, and known as Navy Island. This
+island was a short distance above the falls of Niagara. Young Van
+Rensselaer engaged a small steamboat called the Caroline to ferry
+parties from Navy Island, which he occupied, to Schlosser on the
+American shore.
+
+The first night on which the Caroline began her voyages the British
+fitted out an expedition to capture her. Instead of making a descent
+on Navy Island within British territory, they boarded the steamer at
+Schlosser, on the American side, and thus violated our territory. The
+boat at the time of this invasion was filled with people, many of whom
+were there for idle curiosity, including a number of boys. In the
+_m�l�e_ of capture one American citizen was killed and several others
+wounded. They cut the boat from its moorings, set it on fire, and it
+drifted down the cataract. It was reported and generally believed that
+when the vessel went over the cataract it had a small number of
+wounded Americans on board.
+
+The publication of this affair created the greatest excitement from
+one end of the country to the other. This occurred on December 29,
+1837, but the news did not reach Washington until January 4th. On the
+evening of that day General Scott was to dine with President Van Buren
+and a number of other distinguished gentlemen. The entire party had
+arrived, but the President failed to appear. After a time he came in
+and spoke inaudibly to Henry Clay, one of the guests, and then said to
+General Scott: "Blood has been shed; you must go with all speed to the
+Niagara frontier. The Secretary of War is now engaged in making out
+your instructions." General Scott left at once, and passing through
+Albany, met William L. Marcy, the Governor of New York, who with his
+adjutant general (McDonald) accompanied him to the scene of the
+troubles. The United States troops at this time were all either in
+Florida or on the Western frontiers. General Scott, in passing through
+New York, had ordered some small detachments of army recruits to
+follow him. Governor Marcy was with him ready to answer his
+requisitions for militia, and he had the aid of the officers
+commanding on Lake Erie and the Detroit frontier and on the Niagara,
+Lake Ontario, and St. Lawrence. All United States marshals and other
+civil officers of the Government were ordered to support and aid him.
+He passed from one place to another, going where his services could be
+needed, exhorting the people to observe the neutrality proclamation of
+the President; and where he found them obstinate and determined, he
+notified them in terms which could not be mistaken that any attempt to
+violate this proclamation would be met by resistance from the
+Government, which would promptly overpower them.
+
+Pending these troubles, a steamer called the Barcelona was taken from
+the harbor of Buffalo in January, 1838, and passed down the river,
+with a view to aid the insurgents on Navy Island. Scott, on learning
+of this, sent an agent who made terms to employ the Barcelona for the
+service of the Government. The vessel then proceeded back to Buffalo,
+where it was intended to use her on Lake Erie; but the Canadian
+authorities had determined to destroy her. As the vessel passed near
+Grand Island, within the jurisdiction of the United States, some
+armed British schooners had taken position, aided by land batteries,
+to open fire on her. This was on January 16th. General Scott and
+Governor Marcy stood on the river bank watching events. Batteries on
+the American side were put in preparation to return the fire of the
+British.
+
+The day before the event just mentioned, Scott had written and
+dispatched a note "To the Commanding Officer of the Armed British
+Vessels in the Niagara":
+
+          "HEADQUARTERS, EASTERN DIVISION, U.S. ARMY,
+
+                      "TWO MILES BELOW BLACK ROCK, _January 15, 1838_.
+
+  "SIR: With his Excellency, Governor Marcy, of New York, who
+  has troops at hand, we are here to enforce the neutrality of the
+  United States and to protect our own soil or waters from violation.
+  The proper civil officers are also present to arrest, if
+  practicable, the leaders of the expedition on foot against Upper
+  Canada. Under these circumstances, it gives me pain to perceive the
+  armed vessels mentioned, anchored in our waters, with the probable
+  intention to fire upon that expedition moving in the same waters.
+  Unless the expedition should first attack--in which case we shall
+  interfere--we shall be obliged to consider a discharge of shot or
+  shell from or into our waters, from the armed schooners of her
+  Majesty, as an act seriously compromising the neutrality of the two
+  nations. I hope, therefore, that no such unpleasant incident may
+  occur.
+
+  "I have the honor to remain, etc.
+
+                                                "WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+The next morning, January 16th, the same information was given by
+General Scott to a British officer who called on him at his quarters.
+The Barcelona moved up the river, and Scott had his cannon pointed and
+his matches in readiness for firing. Scott stood on the highest point
+in full uniform and in view of the other shore. The vessel passed up
+unmolested, and doubtless by this act of Scott a war was averted.
+
+In the meantime Van Rensselaer with his adherents had evacuated Navy
+Island and landed some miles below, where they were arrested by
+General Scott's orders. Thus ended a disturbance which might have
+resulted in war, and it can not be gainsaid that its peaceful
+settlement was due to the wisdom, firmness, and prudence of General
+Scott.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Annexation of Texas--Causes that led to annexation--Message of the
+President--General Scott's letters regarding William Henry
+Harrison--Efforts to reduce General Scott's pay--Letter to T.P.
+Atkinson on the slavery question--Battle of Palo Alto, and of Resaca
+de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena Vista--"The hasty plate of
+soup"--Scott's opinion of General Taylor--Scott ordered to
+Mexico--Proposal to revive the grade of lieutenant general,
+and to appoint Thomas H. Benton--Scott reaches the Brazos
+Santiago--Confidential dispatch from Scott to Taylor--Co-operation of
+the navy--Letters to the Secretary of War as to places of
+rendezvous--Arrival and landing at Vera Cruz, and its investment,
+siege, and capture--Letter to foreign consuls--Terms of
+surrender--Orders of General Scott after the surrender.
+
+
+The Congress of the United States, on February 27, 1845, passed joint
+resolutions providing for the annexation of Texas, and they were
+approved by President Tyler on the 1st of March. A convention was
+called by President Jones, of Texas, to meet on the 4th of the
+succeeding July, to consider the matter of annexation to the United
+States. The convention ratified the proposal, and prepared a
+constitution for Texas as a State in the American Union. The question
+of annexation was submitted to a vote of the people of Texas and
+ratified by a large majority. On December 29th following, a joint
+resolution of the Congress of the United States was passed, which
+declared Texas admitted as a State into the Union.
+
+It may be interesting to take a retrospective view of the causes, or
+rather the means, by which this important measure was brought about.
+
+In the winter of 1842-'43 there appeared in a newspaper published at
+Baltimore a letter of Mr. Thomas W. Gilmer, a member of Congress from
+Virginia, urging the annexation of Texas. He argued among other things
+that the British Government had designs on Texas; that it proposed a
+political and military domination of the country, with a view to the
+abolition of slavery. At this time Texas and Mexico were at war. It
+was at once charged by the opponents of the scheme of annexation that
+Mr. Gilmer, who was known as the close political friend of Mr. John C.
+Calhoun, was simply acting as the mouthpiece of the latter. It will
+be remembered by those who are conversant with the proceedings of
+Congress that Mr. Calhoun, in the Senate in 1836, had offered some
+resolutions looking to the annexation of Texas. Mr. Webster, who was
+known as opposed to the measure, was the only member of President
+Harrison's Cabinet who remained with President Tyler. He resigned his
+portfolio as Secretary of State, and was succeeded by Mr. Hugh S.
+Legar�, of South Carolina, who, dying very soon after his appointment,
+was succeeded by Mr. Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia. Both of the latter
+named were known friends of the annexation scheme. There appeared not
+long after the publication of the Gilmer letter, in the Richmond
+Enquirer, a letter from General Andrew Jackson to Mr. Brown, in reply
+to a letter of Mr. Brown, in which he indorsed a copy of Mr. Gilmer's
+letter and asking General Jackson's views on the subject. General
+Jackson's reply was a thorough and hearty approval of the proposed
+immediate annexation of Texas. General Jackson's letter was dated from
+the Hermitage, his residence near Nashville, Tenn., March 12, 1843.
+The letter of General Jackson produced a profound effect throughout
+the country. Although out of office, old, and in the retirement of
+private life, he exercised more influence than any man living in the
+United States.
+
+Mr. Calhoun succeeded Mr. Upshur as Secretary of State, and he was
+known as a friend of annexation. Mr. Van Buren, replying to a letter
+from Mr. William T. Hammett, a representative in Congress from
+Mississippi, announced his opposition to the immediate annexation of
+Texas, because it would produce a war with Mexico. He expressed
+himself in favor of the measure when it could be done peaceably and
+honorably. Mr. Clay announced his opposition to the measure. In
+December, 1843, the British Premier, Lord Aberdeen, in a dispatch to
+Sir Richard Packenham, British Minister at Washington, denied that
+Great Britain had any design on Texas, but announced (which was
+superfluous, and not germane to the charge which he felt called upon
+to deny) that "Great Britain desires and is constantly exerting
+herself to procure the general abolition of slavery throughout the
+world." This provoked a correspondence between Mr. Calhoun and the
+British Minister. In his annual message to Congress at the
+commencement of the session of 1843-'44 the President expressed
+himself very strongly in regard to war being waged by Mexico against
+Texas. The proposed treaty for annexation was rejected by the Senate
+June 8, 1844, by a vote of thirty-five to sixteen. Mr. Benton
+presented a plan for the peaceful acquisition of Texas, but the Senate
+refused to adopt it.
+
+President Tyler in his last message again referred to the war between
+Mexico and Texas, and said: "I repeat now what I then said, that after
+eight years of feeble and ineffectual efforts to recover Texas, it was
+time that the war should have ceased."
+
+When the convention of the Whig party met at Harrisburg, Pa., December
+4, 1839, to nominate a candidate for the presidency, General Scott's
+name was presented. He had addressed a number of letters to members of
+the convention urging that, if there appeared any prospect of success,
+Mr. Clay should be selected, and if not, that the choice should fall
+on General William Henry Harrison. The total number of votes in the
+convention was two hundred and fifty-four. Of these, General Scott
+received the votes of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Vermont, and
+Michigan--in all, sixty-two. The States which had voted for General
+Scott gave their votes eventually to General Harrison, who received
+the nomination. General Scott said of General Harrison, "But the
+nomination and success of General Harrison," if his life had been
+spared some four years longer, would have been no detriment to the
+country. With excellent intentions and objects, and the good sense to
+appoint able counselors, the country would not have been retarded in
+its prosperity nor disgraced by corruption in high places. No one can,
+of course, be held responsible for sudden deaths among men. A single
+month in office ended President Harrison's life, when the plaint of
+Burke occurred to all, "What shadows we are, what shadows we pursue!"
+In June, 1841, Major-General Macomb having died, General Scott was
+called to take up his residence in Washington as general in chief of
+the army. Among his first orders was one which put a stop to arbitrary
+and illegal punishments in the army.
+
+An effort was made in the House of Representatives of the next
+Congress in 1844 to reduce his pay, but being resisted by Charles J.
+Ingersoll, of Philadelphia, and ex-President John Quincy Adams, it was
+voted down by a large majority. Mr. Adams, in the course of his
+remarks in opposition to the resolution, said that he "felt bound to
+declare that he did think it a very ill reward for the great and
+eminent services of General Scott during a period of thirty odd years,
+in which there were some as gallant exploits as our history could
+show, and in which he had not spared to shed his blood, as well as for
+more recent services of great importance in time of peace--services of
+great difficulty and great delicacy--now to turn him adrift at his
+advanced age.... That he could not for a moment harbor in his heart
+the thought that General Scott, if he had received from the Government
+thousands of dollars more than he had, would have received one dollar
+which he did not richly deserve at the hands of his country."
+
+On February 9, 1843, he wrote from Washington to T.P. Atkinson, of
+Danville, Va., in reply to a letter from that gentleman, asking his
+opinions on the question of slavery. Mr. Atkinson was the son of an
+old friend of General Scott, and the letter was written to him as a
+probable candidate for the presidency. He took the position in this
+letter that Congress had no power under the Constitution to interfere
+with or legislate on the question of slavery within the States. He
+argued that it was the duty of Congress, however, to receive, refer,
+and report upon petitions which might be presented to it on the
+question of slavery, as on all other questions. He did not blame
+masters for not liberating their slaves, as he thought it would
+benefit neither the masters nor the slaves. He, however, held it to be
+the duty of slave owners to employ all means not incompatible with the
+safety of both master and slave to meliorate slavery even to
+extermination. He held that, with the consent of owners or payment of
+just compensation, Congress might legislate in the District of
+Columbia, although it would be dangerous to contiguous States.
+
+He also, in March, 1845, in reply to a letter from J.C. Beckwith,
+corresponding secretary of a peace convention, wrote that he always
+maintained the moral right to wage a just and necessary war.
+
+In March, 1845, as stated, Congress passed a joint resolution for the
+annexation of the republic of Texas, and in July of that year
+Brigadier-General Zachary Taylor, then commanding the first department
+of the United States army in the Southwest, was ordered to Texas. He
+embarked at New Orleans with fifteen hundred troops, and in August
+established his camp at Corpus Christi. Re-enforcements were
+dispatched to him rapidly, and in November his command amounted to
+about four thousand men.
+
+On March 8, 1846, General Taylor, under orders from Washington, moved
+his army toward the Rio Grande, and on the 28th of that month encamped
+on that river opposite the Mexican city of Matamoros. He here erected
+a fort called Fort Brown, which commanded the city of Matamoros. The
+Mexican troops near Matamoros were at the same time busily engaged in
+fortifying the city. General Pedro de Ampudia, who commanded the
+Mexican forces at Matamoros, on April 12, 1846, addressed General
+Taylor a note requiring that within twenty-four hours he should retire
+from his position at Fort Brown and march beyond the Neuces, stating
+that the governments of Mexico and the United States were engaged in
+negotiations regarding the annexation of Texas, and that a failure or
+refusal of General Taylor to comply with this demand would be regarded
+by his Government as a declaration of war on the part of the United
+States. General Taylor replied in substance that he was there with his
+army under orders of his Government, that he declined to retire beyond
+the Neuces, and that he stood ready to repel any attack which might be
+made upon him. Soon after this correspondence General Mariano Arista
+was placed in the command formerly held by General Ampudia, and in
+May, with an army of six thousand men, he crossed the Rio Grande and
+attacked General Taylor at Palo Alto, and was signally defeated.
+General Arista retreated on the next day to Resaca de la Palma, where
+he was again defeated and his army routed, and he retired across the
+Rio Grande. General Taylor was now promoted to the rank of major
+general, and on May 18th took possession of Matamoros without
+opposition.
+
+On September 9th he arrived at Monterey with about six thousand seven
+hundred men, chiefly volunteers. General Ampudia held the command here
+with ten thousand regular Mexican troops. General Taylor assaulted his
+position on September 19th, and after five days of almost continual
+fighting General Ampudia surrendered. General Taylor then transferred
+his headquarters to Monterey, but guarded the city of Saltillo with a
+strong force. He was about making an advance on San Luis Potosi, when
+a large portion of his force was ordered to join General Scott at Vera
+Cruz.
+
+Concentrating his forces, some five thousand in number, he learned
+that General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was concentrating a force of
+twenty thousand men at San Luis Potosi, with a view to attack him. On
+February 21, 1847, he took position at a mountain pass called Buena
+Vista, a few miles from Saltillo, where, being attacked the next day
+by the Mexican army under General Santa Anna, he defeated them, and
+Santa Anna retreated to San Luis Potosi. This brief statement of the
+magnificent and almost unprecedented campaign of General Taylor is
+necessary to understand the part taken by General Scott in the war
+with Mexico.
+
+General Scott was notified early in May, 1846, that he might be
+ordered to assume the command on the Mexican frontier. He expressed
+his disinclination to this duty, because it was, as he expressed it,
+"harsh and unusual for a senior, without re-enforcements, to supersede
+a meritorious junior, and that he doubted whether that was the right
+season, or the Rio Grande the right basis, for offensive operations
+against Mexico," and suggested a plan to conquer a peace, which he
+afterward planned and executed. Political reasons to some extent
+delayed action in sending General Scott to Mexico, and his views on
+the proper campaign in Mexico were not approved by President Polk.
+General Scott thought that unless his plan met the full approval and
+support of the Government, it might result disastrously, and
+expressed the sentiment, which became afterward a byword, that
+"soldiers had a far greater dread of a fire upon the rear than of the
+most formidable enemy in the front." The President declined to order
+him to the command.
+
+Pending these affairs, the Secretary of War one day called at General
+Scott's office and found that he was absent. General Scott, on
+returning, learning that the secretary had called, wrote him a note in
+explanation of his absence, saying that "he had only stepped out for
+the moment to take a hasty plate of soup." This was also made a
+byword, and was used with a view to injure General Scott, or rather to
+ridicule him by his political opponents when he was a candidate of the
+Whig party for President in 1852. The successes of General Taylor had
+endeared him to the whole country, and his praises were in every one's
+mouth. Congress passed a resolution of thanks, with a promise to
+present him with a sword in recognition of his services. General Scott
+wrote to the Kentucky senators, to Hon. Jefferson Davis, and others in
+Congress, suggesting that instead of a sword the higher honor of a
+gold medal should be voted him, and this suggestion was adopted.
+General Scott made an indorsement on the resolution of Congress voting
+this medal, recommending that it be made in the highest style of art.
+About this time he was called upon by some Whig members of Congress to
+inquire if General Taylor was a Whig, and if he would not be a proper
+person for the Whigs to nominate as their candidate for the
+presidency.
+
+General Scott spoke of him to these inquirers as a man who had the
+true basis of a great character--pure, uncorrupted morals combined
+with indomitable courage. Kind-hearted, sincere, and hospitable in a
+plain way, he had no vice but prejudice, many friends, and no enemies.
+He also related an anecdote showing General Taylor's unscrupulous
+honesty and high sense of honor.
+
+General Scott made repeated requests during the summer and autumn of
+1846 to be ordered to Mexico. On November 23d he received the
+following order:
+
+                     "WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, _November 23, 1846_.
+
+  "SIR: The President several days since communicated in
+  person to you his orders to repair to Mexico to take command of the
+  forces there assembled, and particularly to organize and set on foot
+  an expedition to operate on the Gulf coast, if, on arriving at the
+  theater of action, you shall deem it to be practicable. It is not
+  proposed to control your operations by definite and positive
+  instructions, but you are left to prosecute them as your judgment,
+  under a full view of all the circumstances, shall dictate. The work
+  is before you, and the means provided or to be provided for
+  accomplishing it are committed to you, in the full confidence that
+  you will use them to the best advantage.
+
+  "The objects which it is desirable to obtain have been indicated,
+  and it is hoped that you will have the requisite force to accomplish
+  them. Of this you must be the judge when preparations are made and
+  the time for action arrived. Very respectfully,
+
+    "Your obedient servant,
+
+                       "W.L. MARCY, _Secretary of War_.
+
+    "_General_ WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+General Scott was impressed with the belief that Mr. Marcy, the
+Secretary of War, and Hon. Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi, the
+Secretary of the Treasury, had the fullest confidence in his ability,
+and favored giving him the substantial direction of the war. He was
+also impressed with the kindness and confidence extended to him by
+President Polk, but on his arrival in New Orleans he was shown a
+letter from Alexander Barrow, then a Senator in Congress from
+Louisiana and a personal friend of General Scott, informing him that
+the President had asked that the grade of lieutenant general be
+established in the army, and that on the passage of such an act by
+Congress it was the intention of the President to confer this rank,
+and consequently the command of the army, upon Thomas H. Benton, then
+a Senator from Missouri. This was a great shock to General Scott, and
+he attributed it to political motives. He reasoned this way: "Scott is
+a Whig; therefore the Democracy is not bound to observe good faith
+with him. His successes may be turned to the prejudice of the
+Democratic party. We must, however, profit by his military experience,
+and if successful, by force of patronage and other helps, continue to
+crown Benton with the victory, and thus triumph both in the field and
+at the polls."
+
+He reached the Brazos Santiago, near the mouth of the Rio Grande, in
+Christmas week, and proceeded from there to Camargo, where he expected
+to meet General Taylor, but, by some mismanagement or delay, his
+notification to General Taylor did not reach the latter.
+
+A confidential dispatch from General Scott to General Taylor was
+opened, read, and freely discussed at headquarters at Monterey. A
+duplicate was sent forward, but the party in charge of it was killed
+at Villa Gran and the dispatch delivered to General Santa Anna. Taylor
+had made a movement toward Tampico, and hence did not receive the
+first dispatch delivered at Tampico. In the later dispatch General
+Scott had written him that he might have his choice of two
+armies--either remain as the commander of Northern Mexico, or
+accompany General Scott in command of a division toward the City of
+Mexico, with every assurance in either case of confidence and support.
+
+General Scott anticipated the difficulty of timely concentration of
+forces off the Brazos large enough to give hope of success. He thought
+it necessary to have fifteen thousand troops, of which five thousand
+were to be regulars, and to have the co-operation of the navy. The
+time named for the concentration was the middle of January, so that
+the army might reach Vera Cruz by February 1st. He had requested the
+advice of General Taylor on these matters and all others in regard to
+the proposed campaign. He had intimated, in a letter of November 15th,
+that it would be necessary to withdraw a large number of troops from
+General Taylor, and thus reduce him to the defensive, while he thought
+it absolutely necessary for success that General Taylor should have a
+force sufficient to act offensively in the direction of San Luis
+Potosi. In addition to the volunteers and regulars at Tampico and
+those moving there, he desired that Worth's division of regulars,
+Duncan and Taylor's field batteries, a thousand mounted men, and all
+the volunteer infantry that could be spared be sent to General Taylor,
+only retaining a force sufficient to hold Monterey and protect his
+communications to Point Isabel. From New Orleans General Scott had
+written the Secretary of War that he approved of the rendezvous at
+Pensacola rather than at Brazos for the ordnance and ordnance stores.
+He also urged that volunteers be forwarded rapidly to Brazos.
+Subsequently he wrote the Secretary of War asking that ships with
+troops and supplies be ordered to Lobos Island. He addressed a letter
+to General George M. Brooke, commanding at New Orleans, giving
+detailed orders of what he required of him. He also wrote to Commodore
+Conner, and made suggestions about joint operations.
+
+Failing to meet General Taylor, as he hoped and endeavored to do, with
+a view of a full and free conference, he felt compelled to issue
+orders detaching from the army of the Rio Grande such regular troops
+as were deemed necessary to lead the volunteers for the capture of
+Vera Cruz and the move on the capital, leaving General Taylor with a
+force sufficient to maintain himself at Monterey. He intended, had he
+seen General Taylor, to advise him to contract his line to the Rio
+Grande. General Taylor, supported by the authorities in Washington,
+favored the movement on the City of Mexico from Monterey and _via_ San
+Luis Potosi, but General Scott had already formulated and determined
+on the movement which he made with such brilliant success. Orders were
+accordingly issued from Camargo, January 3, 1847, for the movement of
+troops from Monterey, and General Scott returned to Brazos Santiago.
+The embarkation for Vera Cruz was delayed by the non-arrival of the
+troops from Monterey and want of transportation. The Lobos Islands was
+selected as the place of rendezvous. This point is one hundred and
+twenty miles from Vera Cruz. When the greater part of the troops had
+arrived, they sailed past Vera Cruz and anchored, on March 7th, at
+Anton Lizardo, from which point it was determined to make the
+necessary reconnoissances.
+
+General Scott was at this time ignorant of the movement of General
+Santa Anna toward Monterey, and expected, on landing or attempting to
+land, to be met by a formidable force of the enemy. On March 9th, the
+weather proving good, the fleet, consisting of some eighty vessels,
+including transports, moved up the coast with the naval steamers and
+five gunboats. General Scott was on board of the Massachusetts, and as
+she moved up, the troops from the decks of the vessels cheered him
+with great enthusiasm. The anchorage was made outside the range of the
+enemy's guns. General Scott had provided sixty-seven surf boats, and
+in these and some cutters fifty-five hundred men--the boats being
+steered by sailors furnished by Commodore David Conner--passed the
+Massachusetts and repeated their cheers to the commanding general. The
+whole force was landed at half past five in the afternoon, without the
+loss of a man or a boat and without serious opposition from the enemy.
+The remainder of the force was soon landed, amounting in all to
+something less than twelve thousand men.
+
+The following appeared in the New Orleans Bulletin of March 27, 1847:
+"The landing of the American army at Vera Cruz has been accomplished
+in a manner that reflects the highest credit on all concerned; and the
+regularity, precision, and promptness with which it was effected has
+probably never been surpassed, if it has been equaled, in modern
+warfare. The removal of a large body of troops from numerous
+transports into boats in an open sea, their subsequent disembarkation
+on the sea beach, on an enemy's coast, through a surf, with all their
+arms and accouterments, without a single error or accident, requires
+great exertion, skill, and sound judgment.
+
+"The French expedition against Algiers in 1830 was said to be the most
+complete armament in every respect that ever left Europe; it had been
+prepared with labor, attention, experience, and nothing had been
+omitted to insure success, and particularly in the means and
+facilities for landing the troops. This disembarkation took place in a
+wide bay, which was more favorable than an open beach directly on the
+ocean, and (as in the present instance) without any resistance on the
+part of the enemy; yet only nine thousand men were landed the first
+day, and from thirty to forty lives were lost by accidents or
+upsetting of boats; whereas on the present occasion twelve thousand
+men were landed in one day, without, so far as we have heard, the
+slightest accident or loss of life."
+
+Both the city and the castle of San Juan de Ulloa were strongly
+garrisoned and well provisioned. It was General Santa Anna's opinion
+that the garrison at Vera Cruz and the castle could successfully
+resist a siege until the annual breaking out of the yellow fever, upon
+which he depended to cause the withdrawal of the American troops;
+hence he devoted himself to the collection of troops to advance on
+General Taylor. General Scott says: "The walls and forts of Vera Cruz
+in 1847 were in good condition. Subsequent to its capture by the
+French, under Admiral Baudin and the Prince de Joinville, in 1838,
+the castle had been greatly extended, almost rebuilt, and its armament
+about doubled. Besides, the French were allowed to reconnoiter the
+city and castle and choose their positions of attack without the least
+resistance, the Mexicans deprecating the war with that nation, and
+hence ordered not to fire the first gun. Of that injunction the French
+were aware. When we approached, in 1847, the castle had the capacity
+to sink the entire American navy." Soon after the landing was
+effected, General Scott, accompanied by Colonel Joseph G. Totten and
+other officers of his staff, reconnoitered the land side of the city,
+the reconnoissance of the water front having been previously made.
+
+The city was now completely invested, and all communication with the
+interior cut off. A complete blockade had been established by
+Commodore Conner. Several officers applied to General Scott for the
+privilege of leading storming parties. They were thanked, but no
+orders were given. In a meeting with his staff--Colonel Totten, chief
+engineer; Lieutenant-Colonel Ethan A. Hitchcock, acting inspector
+general; Captain Robert E. Lee, engineer; and Lieutenant Henry L.
+Scott, acting adjutant general--General Scott spoke as follows: "We,
+of course, gentlemen, must take the city and castle before the return
+of the _vomito_--if not by head-work, by the slow scientific process
+of storming, and then escape by pushing the conquest into the healthy
+interior. I am strongly inclined to attempt the former, unless you can
+convince me that the other is preferable. Since our thorough
+reconnaissance, I think the suggestion practicable with a very
+moderate loss on our part. The second method would no doubt be
+equally successful, but with the cost of an immense slaughter to both
+sides, including noncombatants, Mexican men, women, and children,
+because assaults must be made in the dark, and the assailants dare not
+lose time in taking and guarding prisoners without incurring the
+certainty of becoming captives themselves, till all the strongholds of
+the place are occupied. The horrors of such slaughter as that, with
+the usual terrible accompaniment, are most revolting. Besides these
+objections, it is necessary to take into account the probable loss of
+some two thousand, perhaps three thousand, of our best men in an
+assault, and I have received but half the number promised me. How,
+then, could we hope to penetrate in the interior?... For these
+reasons," I added, quoting literally, "although I know our countrymen
+will hardly acknowledge a victory unaccompanied by a long butcher's
+bill (report of dead and wounded), I am strongly inclined--policy
+concurring with humanity--to forego their loud applause and 'aves
+vehement' and take the city with the least possible loss of life...."
+
+General Scott's views were fully concurred in by Colonel Totten and
+others of his staff, and orders were issued for digging the trenches
+and the establishment of batteries. Very soon all outposts and
+sentries of the enemy were driven in. General Scott had warned the
+foreign consuls in the city of his proposed attack and had furnished
+them safe conducts out of the city, but they had not taken advantage
+of it. The marines of Commodore Conner's squadron, at his request,
+were now allowed to join the army, and, under command of Captain Alvin
+Edson, they were attached to the Third Artillery.
+
+On the morning of the 10th the guns from the castle opened fire, but
+did very little damage. General Robert Patterson now joined Worth on
+his left, and extended the line of investment. Small parties of
+Mexicans were in sight in a valley, and a detachment under command of
+Colonel Cenovio approached the American camp and opened fire. The only
+damage done was the wounding of one soldier. General Gideon J. Pillow,
+with a part of his command and a six-pounder, opened fire on a large
+stone building occupied by the enemy and known as the magazine. They
+were soon driven off, and General Pillow advanced and attacked a small
+force in his front, driving them and occupying the magazine.
+
+Colonels William T. Haskell's and Francis M. Wynkoop's regiments of
+Tennessee and Pennsylvania volunteers were moved on a small force on
+the road to Medelin, which retired, and two companies--one of
+artillery under command of Captain John R. Vinton, and one of infantry
+under command of Lieutenant A.P. Rogers--seized a point known as the
+limekiln, where it was proposed to plant a battery. General Twiggs
+moved on the 11th to extend the line of investment, which was now
+complete. General Scott then addressed a letter to the commanding
+officer of the city as follows:
+
+    "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
+                CAMP WASHINGTON, BEFORE VERA CRUZ,
+                                                   "_March, 23, 1847_.
+
+  "The undersigned, Major-General Scott, general in chief of the
+  armies of the United States of America, in addition to the close
+  blockade of the coast and port of Vera Cruz previously established
+  by the squadrons under Commodore Conner, of the navy of said
+  States, having more fully invested the said city with an
+  overwhelming army, so as to render it impossible that it should
+  receive from without succor or re-enforcements of any kind, and
+  having caused to be established batteries competent to the speedy
+  destruction of said city, he, the undersigned, deems it due to the
+  courtesies of war in like cases, as well as to the rights of
+  humanity, to summon his Excellency the governor or commander in
+  chief of the city of Vera Cruz to surrender the same to the army of
+  the United States of America, present before the place. The
+  undersigned, anxious to spare the beautiful city of Vera Cruz from
+  the imminent hazard of demolition, its gallant defenders from a
+  useless effusion of blood, and its peaceful inhabitants--women and
+  children inclusive--from the inevitable horrors of a triumphant
+  assault, addresses this summons to the intelligence, the gallantry,
+  the patriotism, no less than the humanity, of his Excellency the
+  governor and commander in chief of Vera Cruz. The undersigned is not
+  accurately informed whether both the city and the castle of San Juan
+  de Ulloa be under the command of his Excellency, or whether each
+  place has its own independent commander; but the undersigned, moved
+  by the considerations adverted to above, may be willing to stipulate
+  that if the city should by capitulation be garrisoned by a part of
+  his troops no missile shall be fired from within the city or from
+  its bastions or walls upon the castle, unless the castle should
+  previously fire upon the city. The undersigned has the honor to
+  tender his distinguished opponent, his Excellency the general and
+  commander in chief of Vera Cruz, the assurance of the high respect
+  and consideration of the undersigned,             WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+To which he received the following reply:
+
+                            "GOD AND LIBERTY!"
+
+                                       "VERA CRUZ, _March 22, 1847_.
+
+  "TO MAJOR-GENERAL SCOTT: The undersigned, commanding
+  general of the free and sovereign State of Vera Cruz, has informed
+  himself of the contents of the note which Major-General Scott,
+  general in chief of the forces of the United States, has addressed
+  to him under date of to-day, demanding the surrender of this place
+  and castle of San Juan de Ulloa, and in answer has to say that the
+  above-named fortress as well as the city depends on his authority;
+  and it being his principal duty, in order to prove worthy of the
+  confidence placed in him by the Government of the nation, to defend
+  both points at all cost, to which he counts upon necessary elements,
+  and will make it good to the last, therefore his Excellency can
+  commence his operations of war in a manner which he may consider
+  most advantageous. The undersigned has the honor to return to the
+  general in chief of the forces of the United States the
+  demonstrations of esteem he may be pleased to honor him with.
+
+                                                     "JUAN MORALES."
+
+The city was garrisoned by a force of three thousand three hundred and
+sixty officers and men, and the castle had a force of one thousand and
+thirty, making a total of four thousand three hundred and ninety. It
+was certainly a brave determination of the Mexicans with this force to
+resist the formidable foe who had invested them and were ready to
+attack.
+
+On March 22d, at 4.15 P.M., the mortar batteries opened fire,
+and from that time the firing was continued without ceasing until the
+23d, when it was suspended for a few hours. The fire was returned from
+the batteries. Fire was also opened on the city from the vessels.
+Heavy guns having arrived, preparations were made for getting them
+ashore, but it was prevented by a heavy norther. The norther having
+subsided on the 23d, six heavy guns and a detachment from the navy
+were landed. On Commodore Matthew C. Perry's request a place in the
+trenches was assigned to the navy. On the 24th, Colonel Persifor F.
+Smith moved out to a small stream called the San Pedro and attacked
+and drove off a force of the enemy.
+
+On the night of the 24th General Scott received a communication,
+signed by the British, French, Spanish, and Prussian consuls in Vera
+Cruz, asking time to permit the neutrals and women and children to
+withdraw from the city; to which he replied that up to the 23d the
+communication between the neutrals in Vera Cruz and the neutral ships
+of war lying off Sacrificios was left open to allow them an exit, and
+that he had given notice to the consuls. He therefore declined to
+grant the request unless it was made by the governor and commander in
+chief of Vera Cruz, accompanied with a proposition to surrender. On
+the 25th, the six heavy guns, the navy battery, and all the mortars
+opened fire. General Scott had determined that, if no proposition for
+surrender was made by the 26th, he would assault the works.
+
+The command of the city having been turned over by General Morales to
+General Landero, the latter, on the 26th, addressed General Scott as
+follows:
+
+  "I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency the exposition
+  which has this moment been made to me by the se�ores consuls of
+  England, France, Spain, and Prussia, in which they solicit that
+  hostilities may be suspended while the innocent families in this
+  place who are suffering the ravages of war be enabled to leave the
+  city, which solicitude claims my support; and considering it in
+  accordance with the rights of afflicted humanity, I have not
+  hesitated to invite your Excellency to enter into an honorable
+  accommodation with the garrison, in which case you will please name
+  three commissioners who may meet at some intermediate point to treat
+  with those of this place upon the terms of the accommodation. With
+  this motive I renew to your Excellency my attentive consideration.
+
+  "God reward your Excellency, etc., etc., etc. (on account of the
+  sickness of the commanding general).
+
+                                              "JOS� JUAN DE LANDERO."
+
+General Scott notified General Landero that he had appointed Brevet
+Major-General Worth, of the regular army, Major-General Pillow, of the
+volunteers, and Colonel Totten, chief of the engineer corps of the
+army, commissioners on his part to meet a like number to be appointed
+by General Landero. The latter announced the appointment on his part
+of Colonels Herrera, Gutierrez de Villa Nueva, and Lieutenant-Colonel
+Robles. The commissioners met at the Punta de Hornos, and on the 27th
+agreed upon terms.
+
+
+[Illustration: Siege of
+VERA CRUZ]
+
+
+The terms of capitulation were in substance that the Mexican troops
+should march out of the city with the honors of war, should stack
+their arms and be paroled; that their colors, when lowered, should be
+saluted. Absolute protection was guaranteed to persons and property in
+the city. No private building was to be taken or used by the United
+States forces without previous arrangement and fair compensation. A
+Mexican historian says: "The sacrifice was consummated, but the
+soldiers of Vera Cruz received the honor due to their valor and
+misfortunes--the respect of the conqueror. Not even a look was given
+them by the enemy's soldiers which could be interpreted into an
+insult." Five thousand prisoners and four hundred guns were captured,
+and with a loss of only sixty-seven killed and wounded.
+
+There is scarcely anything in history equal to this achievement of
+General Scott. Throughout the siege he shared all the dangers and
+hardships of his troops. He examined in person, aided by his very able
+staff officers, every detail of works of defense, and gave orders for
+the firing of the batteries.
+
+One day during the siege General Scott was walking the trenches where
+a heavy fire of the enemy was directed. Seeing some of the soldiers
+standing up, General Scott ordered them not to expose themselves.
+"But, General," said one, "you are exposing yourself." "Oh!" said he,
+"generals nowadays can be made out of anybody, but men can not be
+had." The point of this reply is easy to understand. General Worth was
+appointed commandant and governor of Vera Cruz, with instructions to
+establish and enforce police regulations, but not to interfere with
+the functions of the civil magistrates in affairs between Mexicans.
+
+He was authorized and instructed, after conferring with Commodore
+Perry, to establish a tariff of duties on articles imported, to be
+applied to the necessities of the sick and wounded of the army and
+navy and indigent inhabitants of the city of Vera Cruz; this to
+continue in force until instructions were received from Washington.
+General Worth, on assuming command, immediately issued an order to the
+alcalde as follows:
+
+"Arms in possession of citizens to be given into the alcalde's
+possession and to be reported to headquarters. Drinking saloons to be
+closed, and not to be reopened hereafter except under special
+permission. Mexican laws as between Mexicans to be enforced, and
+justice administered by regular Mexican tribunals. Cases arising
+between American citizens of the army, or authorized followers of the
+same, will be investigated by military commissions."
+
+To cover all cases arising by the military occupation of the country,
+General Scott had issued at Tampico his Martial-Law Order No. 40, and
+republished it at Vera Cruz. General Worth gave permission to the
+residents of the city to leave and enter the city freely between
+daylight and sunset. No duties were imposed on any of the necessaries
+of life.
+
+On March 30th a combined military and naval expedition was organized
+to move to Alvarado, Commodore Perry in command of the naval
+contingent. The army detachment, under General John A. Quitman,
+consisted of the Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina infantry, and a
+squadron of the Second Dragoons under command of Major Benjamin Lloyd
+Beall, and a section of the Third Artillery under Lieutenant Henry
+Bethel Judd.
+
+The object of this expedition was to conciliate the inhabitants, and
+for the purchase of horses, mules, and cattle. Commodore Perry landed
+there on the 1st of April, followed by the arrival of General Quitman
+very soon afterward. Many citizens fled on the approach of the troops,
+and the town was surrendered to the American forces. Twenty-two cannon
+and some ammunition were captured, and five hundred horses secured by
+purchase. The troops returned to Vera Cruz, April 6th. A similar
+expedition for like purposes was undertaken by General Harvey, April
+2d, for Antigua. A lieutenant and eight soldiers were captured, and
+some horses and cattle purchased. On April 3d, Brevet Colonel Henry
+Wilson, with the First United States Infantry and two companies of
+volunteers, was assigned to the command of Vera Cruz and the castle of
+San Juan de Ulloa.
+
+Orders were now issued for an advance of the army on Jalapa, General
+David E. Twiggs, with the Second Division of regulars, to lead the
+movement on the 8th, two brigades of volunteers to follow. On the 9th
+Patterson's division moved, but, for want of transportation, Quitman's
+brigade, Colonel James H. Thomas, Tennessee mounted regiment, Worth's
+division, and the siege train were left at Vera Cruz. General Twiggs
+was notified by General Scott that he had information that General
+Santa Anna had arrived at Jalapa with six thousand troops, though he
+[General Scott] regarded the numbers as exaggerated. General Twiggs,
+on receipt of General Scott's notice, replied that the Mexicans would
+doubtless endeavor to hold the pass of Cerro Gordo between the
+National Bridge and Jalapa. Through Mexican sources he had information
+rating Santa Anna's force at from two thousand to thirteen thousand,
+and that he expected to arrive on the evening of the 11th at Plan del
+Rio, the point where the Mexican advance was posted.
+
+General Scott had received information that Generals Patterson and
+Twiggs had met a strong force of the enemy at Plan del Rio. Worth's
+division was ordered forward, and Quitman directed to follow in
+twenty-four hours. General Scott himself now moved out under a cavalry
+escort.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+General Santa Anna arrives at Cerro Gordo--Engagement at
+Atalay--General Orders No. 111--Reports from Jalapa--Report of
+engagement at Cerro Gordo--Occupation of Perote--Account of a Mexican
+historian--General Santa Anna's letter to General Arroya--Delay of the
+Government in sending re-enforcements--Danger of communications with
+Vera Cruz--Troops intended for Scott ordered to General
+Taylor--Colonel Childs appointed governor of Jalapa--Occupation of
+Puebla--Arrival of re-enforcements--Number of Scott's force.
+
+
+General Santa Anna had arrived at Cerro Gordo on April 9th. General
+Scott, on his arrival, ordered (on the morning of the 11th)
+reconnoissances to be made on the Mexican left by Captain Robert E.
+Lee, which were resumed on the 16th. These reconnoissances determined
+the order of attack, which was to make a demonstration with the
+commands of Generals Pillow and Shields on the Mexican right, and
+press the mass of the army on their right. This movement being
+successful, the enemy's communications would be cut off. In the
+meantime the Mexicans were busily engaged in greatly strengthening
+their positions.
+
+General Scott had not intended to attack the enemy in the absence of
+Worth's division, which had not yet arrived. A movement of Lieutenant
+Franklin Gardner, re-enforced later by the mounted rifles under Major
+Edwin Vose Sumner and a battalion of the First Artillery under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Childs, to occupy a position near the base of the
+Atalaya, provoked a sharp conflict. General Santa Anna, being at the
+front, ordered re-enforcements. Colonel Thomas Childs withdrew, having
+advanced under a misapprehension. The American loss was ninety-seven,
+killed and wounded. General Scott returned to Plan del Rio and issued
+the following order:
+
+                     "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
+
+                                      "PLAN DEL RIO, _April 17, 1847_.
+
+  "GENERAL ORDERS NO. 111.
+
+  "The enemy's whole line of intrenchments and batteries will be
+  attacked in front, and at the same time turned, early in the day
+  to-morrow, probably before ten o'clock A.M. The second (Twiggs's)
+  division of regulars is already advanced within easy turning
+  distance toward the enemy's line. That division has instructions to
+  move forward before daylight to-morrow and take up position across
+  the national road, in the enemy's rear, so as to cut off a retreat
+  toward Jalapa. It may be re-enforced to-day, if unexpectedly
+  attacked in force, by regiments--one or two--taken from Shields's
+  brigade of volunteers. If not, the two volunteer regiments will
+  march for that purpose at daylight to-morrow morning under
+  Brigadier-General Shields, who will report to Brigadier-General
+  Twiggs in getting up with him, or to the general in chief if he be
+  in advance. The remaining regiments of that volunteer brigade will
+  receive instructions in the course of this day. The first division
+  of regulars (Worth's) will follow the movement against the enemy's
+  left at sunrise to-morrow morning. As already arranged,
+  Brigadier-General Pillow's brigade will march at six o'clock
+  to-morrow morning along the route he has carefully reconnoitered,
+  and stand ready, as soon as he hears the report of arms on our
+  right, or sooner, if circumstances should favor him, to pierce the
+  enemy's line of batteries at such point--the nearer the river the
+  better--as he may select. Once in the rear of that line, he will
+  turn to the right or left, or both, and attack the batteries in
+  reverse; or, if abandoned, he will pursue the enemy with vigor until
+  further orders. Wall's field battery and cavalry will be held in
+  reserve on the national road, a little out of view and range of the
+  enemy's batteries. They will take up that position at nine o'clock
+  in the morning. The enemy's batteries being carried or abandoned,
+  all our divisions and corps will pursue with vigor. This pursuit may
+  be continued many miles toward Jalapa until stopped by darkness or
+  fortified positions; consequently the body of the army will not
+  return to this encampment, but be followed to-morrow afternoon, or
+  early the next morning, by the baggage trains of the several corps.
+  For this purpose the feeble men of each corps will be left to guard
+  its camp and effects, and to load up the latter in the wagons of the
+  corps. A commander of the present encampment will be designated in
+  the course of this day.
+
+  "As soon as it shall be known that the enemy's works have been
+  carried, or that the general pursuit has been commenced, one wagon
+  for each regiment and battery and one for the cavalry will follow
+  the movement, to receive, under the direction of medical officers,
+  the wounded and disabled, who will be brought back to this place for
+  treatment in general hospital. The surgeon general will organize
+  this important service, and designate that hospital, as well as the
+  medical officers to be left at it.
+
+  "Every man who marches out to attack or pursue the enemy will take
+  the usual allowance of ammunition and subsistence for at least two
+  days.
+
+  "By command of Major-General Scott.
+
+                          "H.L. SCOTT, _Acting Adjutant General_".
+
+The engineer train and troops under Lieutenant George Brinton
+McClellan having arrived, additional batteries were placed in
+position. General Santa Anna, believing that the Americans would
+attack his right, made his dispositions accordingly. Following are
+General Scott's reports of the battle made to the Secretary of War:
+
+              "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, PLAN DEL RIO,
+
+                        "FIFTY MILES FROM VERA CRUZ, _April 19, 1847_.
+
+  "SIR: The plan of the attack, sketched in General Orders
+  No. 111 herewith, was finely executed by this gallant army before
+  two o'clock P.M. yesterday. We are quite embarrassed with
+  the results of victory--prisoners of war, heavy ordnance, field
+  batteries, small arms, and accouterments. About three thousand men
+  laid down their arms, with the usual proportion of field and company
+  officers, besides five generals, several of them of great
+  distinction--Pinson Jarrero, La Vega, Noryuga, and Obando. A sixth
+  general, Vasque, was killed in defending the battery (tower) in the
+  rear of the line of defense, the capture of which gave us those
+  glorious results.
+
+  "Our loss, though comparatively small in number, has been serious.
+  Brigadier-General Shields, a commander of activity, zeal, and
+  talent, is, I fear, if not dead, mortally wounded. He is some five
+  miles from me at this moment. The field of operations covers many
+  miles, broken by mountains and deep chasms, and I have not a report
+  as yet from any division or brigade. Twiggs's division, followed by
+  Shields's (now Colonel Baker's) brigade, are now near Jalapa, and
+  Worth's division is _en route_ thither, all pursuing with good
+  results, as I learn, that part of the Mexican army--perhaps six or
+  seven thousand men--that fled before our right had carried the
+  tower, and gained the Jalapa road. Pillow's brigade alone is near me
+  at this depot of wounded, sick, and prisoners, and I have time only
+  to give from him the names of First-Lieutenant F.B. Nelson and
+  Second-Lieutenant C.G. Gill, both of the Second Tennessee Foot
+  (Haskell's regiment), among the killed, and in the brigade one
+  hundred and six of all ranks killed or wounded. Among the latter the
+  gallant brigadier general himself has a smart wound in his arm, but
+  not disabled; and Major R. Farqueson, Second Tennessee, H.F. Murray,
+  second lieutenant, G.T. Southerland, first lieutenant, W.P. Hale,
+  adjutant, all of the same regiment, severely, and First-Lieutenant
+  W. Yearwood mortally wounded. And I know, from personal observation
+  on the ground, that First-Lieutenant Ewell, of the Rifles, if not
+  now dead, was mortally wounded in entering, sword in hand, the
+  intrenchments around the captured tower. Second-Lieutenant Derby,
+  Topographical Engineers, I saw also at the same place, severely
+  wounded, and Captain Patten, Second United States Infantry, lost his
+  right hand. Major Sumner, Second United States Dragoons, was
+  slightly wounded the day before, and Captain Johnson, Topographical
+  Engineers (now lieutenant colonel of infantry), was very severely
+  wounded in reconnoitering some days earlier. I must not omit to add
+  that Captain Mason and Second-Lieutenant Davis, both of the Rifles,
+  were among the very severely wounded in storming the same tower. I
+  estimate our total loss in killed and wounded may be about two
+  hundred and fifty, and that of the enemy three hundred and fifty. In
+  the pursuit toward Jalapa (twenty-five miles hence) I learn we have
+  added much to the enemy's loss in prisoners, killed, and wounded. In
+  fact, I suppose this retreating army to be nearly disorganized, and
+  hence my haste to follow in an hour or two to profit by events. In
+  this hurried and imperfect report I must not omit to say that
+  Brigadier-General Twiggs, in passing the mountain range beyond Cerro
+  Gordo crowned with the tower, detached from his division, as I
+  suggested the day before, a strong force to carry that height which
+  commanded the Jalapa road at the foot, and could not fail, if
+  carried, to cut off the whole or any part of the enemy's forces from
+  a retreat in any direction. A portion of the First Artillery under
+  the often-distinguished Brevet-Colonel Childs, the Third Infantry
+  under Captain Alexander, the Seventh Infantry under
+  Lieutenant-Colonel Plympton, and the Rifles under Major Loring, all
+  under the temporary command of Colonel Harvey, Second Dragoons,
+  during the confinement to his bed of Brevet Brigadier-General P.F.
+  Smith, composed that detachment. The style of execution, which I had
+  the pleasure to witness, was most brilliant and decisive. The
+  brigade ascended the long and difficult slope of Cerro Gordo,
+  without shelter and under the tremendous fire of artillery and
+  musketry, with the utmost steadiness, reached the breastworks,
+  drove the enemy from them, planted the colors of the First
+  Artillery, Third and Seventh Infantry, the enemy's flag still
+  flying, and after some minutes of sharp firing finished the conquest
+  with the bayonet. It is a most pleasing duty to say that the highest
+  praise is due to Harvey, Childs, Plympton, Loring, Alexander, their
+  gallant officers and men, for this brilliant service, independent of
+  the great results which soon followed.
+
+  "Worth's division of regulars coming up at this time, he detached
+  Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel C.F. Smith with his light battalion to
+  support the assault, but not in time. The general, reaching the
+  tower a few minutes before me and observing a white flag displayed
+  from the nearest portion of the enemy's lines toward the batteries
+  below, sent out Colonels Harvey and Childs to hold a parley. The
+  surrender followed in an hour or two.
+
+  "Major-General Patterson left a sick-bed to share in the dangers and
+  fatigues of the day, and after the surrender went forward to command
+  the advanced forces toward Jalapa. Brigadier-General Pillow and his
+  brigade twice assaulted with great daring the enemy's lines of
+  batteries on our left; and, though without success, they contributed
+  much to distract and dismay their immediate opponents.
+
+  "President Santa Anna, with Generals Canalizo and Ampudia, and some
+  six or eight thousand men, escaped toward Jalapa just before Cerro
+  Gordo was carried and before Twiggs's division could reach the
+  national road above. I have determined to parole the
+  prisoners--officers and men--as I have not the means of feeding them
+  here beyond to-day, and can not afford to detach a heavy body of
+  horse and foot, with wagons, to accompany them to Vera Cruz. Our
+  baggage train, though increasing, is not yet half large enough to
+  give an assured progress to this army. Besides, a greater number of
+  prisoners would probably escape from the escort in the long and deep
+  sandy road, with subsistence, ten to one, than we shall find again
+  out of the same body of men in ranks opposed to us. Not one of the
+  Vera Cruz prisoners is believed to have been in the lines at Cerro
+  Gordo. Some six of the officers highest in rank refused to give
+  their paroles, except to go to Vera Cruz, and hence, perhaps, to the
+  United States.
+
+  "The small arms and their accouterments being of no value to our
+  army here or at home, I have ordered them to be destroyed, for we
+  have not the means of transporting them. I am also somewhat
+  embarrassed with the many pieces of artillery--all bronze--which we
+  have captured. It would take a brigade and half the mules of this
+  army to transport them fifty miles. A field battery I shall take for
+  service for the army, but the heavy metal must be collected and left
+  here for the present. We have our own siege train and the proper
+  carriages with us.
+
+  "Being occupied with the prisoners and all the details of a forward
+  movement, besides looking to the supplies which are to follow from
+  Vera Cruz, I have time to add no more, intending to be at Jalapa
+  early to-morrow. We shall not probably meet with serious opposition
+  this side of Perote, certainly not unless delayed by the want of the
+  means of transportation.
+
+  "I have the honor to remain, sir, with high respect, your most
+  obedient servant,
+
+                                                      "WINFIELD SCOTT.
+
+  "P.S.--I invite attention to the accompanying letters to President
+  Santa Anna, taken in his carriage yesterday; also to his
+  proclamation issued on hearing that we had captured Vera Cruz, etc.,
+  in which he says: 'If the enemy advance one step more, the national
+  independence will be buried in the abyss of the past.' We have taken
+  that step.
+
+                                                                 "W.S.
+
+  "I make a second postscript, to say that there is some hope, I am
+  happy to learn, that General Shields may survive his wounds. One of
+  the principal motives for paroling the prisoners of war is to
+  diminish the resistance of other garrisons in our march.
+
+
+                  "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, JALAPA, _April 23, 1847_.
+
+  "SIR: In forwarding the reports of commanders which detail
+  the operations of their several corps against the Mexican lines at
+  Cerro Gordo, I shall present, in continuation of my former report,
+  but an outline of the affair; and while adopting heartily their
+  commendations of the ardor and efficiency of individuals, I shall
+  mention by name only those who figure prominently, or, from
+  position, could not be included in those subreports. The field
+  sketch herewith indicates the position of the two armies. The
+  _tierra caliente_, or low level, terminates at Plan del Rio, the
+  site of the American camp, from which the road ascends immediately
+  in a long circle among the lofty hills, whose commanding points had
+  all been fortified and garrisoned by the enemy. His right,
+  intrenched, rested on a precipice overhanging an impassable ravine
+  that forms the bed of the stream; and his intrenchments extended
+  continuously to the road, in which was placed a formidable battery.
+  On the other side the lofty and difficult heights of Cerro Gordo
+  commanded the approaches in all directions. The main body of the
+  Mexican army was encamped on level ground, with a battery of five
+  pieces, half a mile in rear of that height toward Jalapa. Resolving,
+  if possible, to turn the enemy's left and attack in rear while
+  menacing or engaging his front, I caused daily reconnoissances to be
+  pushed, with the view of finding a route for a force to debouch on
+  the Jalapa road and cut off retreat. The reconnoissance, begun by
+  Lieutenant Beauregard, was continued by Captain Lee, engineers, and
+  a road made along difficult slopes and over chasms out of the
+  enemy's view; though reached by his fire when discovered, until,
+  arriving at the Mexican lines, further reconnoissance became
+  impossible without action. The desired point of debouchure, the
+  Jalapa road, was not therefore reached, though believed to be within
+  easy distance; and to gain that point it now became necessary to
+  carry the heights of Cerro Gordo. The disposition in my plan of
+  battle--General Orders No. 111, heretofore inclosed--were
+  accordingly made. Twiggs's division, re-enforced by Shields's
+  brigade of volunteers, was thrown into position on the 17th, and was
+  of necessity drawn into action in taking up the ground for its
+  bivouac, and the opposing height for our heavy battery. It will be
+  seen that many of our officers and men were killed or wounded in
+  this sharp combat, handsomely commenced by a company of the Seventh
+  Infantry under Brevet First-Lieutenant Gardner, who is highly
+  praised by all his commanders for signal services. Colonel Harvey,
+  coming up with the Rifle Regiment and First Artillery (also parts of
+  his brigade), brushed away the enemy and occupied the height, on
+  which, in the night, was placed a battery of one twenty-four pounder
+  and two twenty-four-pound howitzers, under the supervision of
+  Captain Lee, engineers, and Lieutenant Hagner, ordnance. These guns
+  opened next morning, and were served with effect by Captain Steptoe
+  and Lieutenant Brown, Third Artillery, Lieutenant Hagner (ordnance),
+  and Lieutenant Seymore, First Artillery. The same night, with
+  extreme toil and difficulty, under the superintendence of Lieutenant
+  Tower, engineer, and Lieutenant Laidley, ordnance, an eight-inch
+  howitzer was put in position across the river and opposite to the
+  enemy's right battery. A detachment of four companies under Major
+  Burnham, New York volunteers, performed this creditable service,
+  which enabled Lieutenant Ripley, Second Artillery, in charge of the
+  piece, to open a timely fire in that quarter.
+
+  "Early on the 18th the columns moved to the general attack, and our
+  success was speedy and decisive. Pillow's brigade assaulting the
+  right of the intrenchments, although compelled to retire, had the
+  effect I have heretofore stated. Twiggs's division, storming the
+  strong and vital point of Cerro Gordo, pierced the center, gained
+  command of all the intrenchments, and cut them off from support. As
+  our infantry (Colonel Riley's brigade) pushed on against the main
+  body of the enemy, the guns of their own fort were rapidly turned to
+  play on that force (under the immediate command of General Santa
+  Anna), who fled in confusion. Shields's brigade, bravely assaulting
+  the left, carried the rear battery (five guns) on the Jalapa road
+  and aided materially in completing the rout of the enemy. The part
+  taken by the remainder of our forces held in reserve to support and
+  pursue has already been noticed. The moment the fate of the day was
+  decided, the cavalry and Taylor's and Wall's field batteries were
+  pushed on toward Jalapa in advance of the pursuing columns of
+  infantry. Twiggs's division and the brigade of Shields (now under
+  Colonel Baker) and Major-General Patterson were sent to take command
+  of them. In the hot pursuit many Mexicans were captured or slain
+  before our men and horses were exhausted by the heat and distance.
+
+  "The rout proved to have been complete, the retreating army, except
+  a small body of cavalry, being dispersed and utterly disorganized.
+  The immediate consequences have been our possession of this
+  important city, the abandonment of the works and artillery at La
+  Hoya, the next formidable pass between Vera Cruz and the capital,
+  and the prompt occupation by Worth's division of the fortress of
+  Perote (second only to San Juan de Ulloa), with its extensive
+  armament of sixty-six guns and mortars and its large supply of
+  material. To General Worth's report, annexed, I refer for details.
+
+  "I have heretofore endeavored to do justice to the skill and courage
+  with which the heights of Cerro Gordo were attacked, naming the
+  regiments most distinguished, and their-commanders, under the lead
+  of Colonel Harney. Lieutenant G.W. Smith led the engineer company as
+  part of the storming force, and is noticed with distinction. The
+  reports of this assault make favorable mention of many in which I
+  can well concur, having, witnessed the daring advance and perfect
+  steadiness of the whole. Besides those already named, Lieutenant
+  Brooks, Third Infantry, Lieutenant Macdonald, Second Dragoons,
+  Lieutenant Vandorn, Seventh Infantry (all acting staff officers),
+  Captain Magruder, First Artillery, and Lieutenant Gardner, Seventh
+  Infantry, seem to have won special praise. Colonel Riley's brigade
+  and Talcott's rocket and howitzer battery were engaged in and about
+  the heights and bore an active part. The brigade so gallantly led by
+  General Shields, and after his fall by Colonel Baker, deserves high
+  commendation for its fine behavior and success. Colonels Foreman,
+  Burnett, and Major Harris commanded the regiments. Lieutenant
+  Hammond, Third Artillery, and Lieutenant Davis, Illinois volunteers,
+  constituted the brigade staff. These operations, hid from my view by
+  intervening hills, were not fully known when my first report was
+  hastily written. Brigadier-General Twiggs, who was in immediate
+  command of all advanced forces, has earned high credit by his
+  judgment, skill, and energy. The conduct of Colonels Campbell,
+  Haskell, and Wynkoop, commanding the regiments of Pillow's brigade,
+  is reported in terms of strong approbation by Major-General
+  Patterson. I recommend for a commission Quartermaster-Sergeant
+  Henry, of the Seventh Infantry (already known to the army for
+  intrepidity on former occasions), who hauled down the national
+  standard of the Mexican fort. In expressing my indebtedness for able
+  assistance--to Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock, acting inspector
+  general; to Majors Smith and Turnbull, and respective chiefs of
+  engineers and topographical engineers; to their assistant
+  lieutenants, Lieutenants Mason, Beauregard, Stevens, Tower, G.W.
+  Smith, McClellan, engineers, and Lieutenants Derby and Hardcastle,
+  topographical engineers; to Captain Allen, chief quartermaster, and
+  Lieutenant Blair, chief commissary, and to Lieutenants Hagner and
+  Laidley, ordnance, all actively employed--I am compelled to make
+  special mention of the services of Captain R.E. Lee, engineers. This
+  officer greatly distinguished himself at the siege of Vera Cruz, was
+  again indefatigable during these operations, in reconnoissance as
+  daring as laborious, and of the utmost value. Nor was he less
+  conspicuous in planting batteries and in conducting columns to their
+  stations under the heavy fire of the enemy. My personal
+  staff--Lieutenants Scott, Williams, and Lay, and Major Van Buren,
+  who volunteered for the occasion--gave me zealous and efficient
+  assistance. Our whole force present in action and in reserve was
+  eight thousand five hundred. The enemy is estimated at twelve
+  thousand or more. About three thousand prisoners, four or five
+  thousand stands of arms, and forty-three pieces of artillery are
+  taken. By the accompanying return I regret to find our loss more
+  severe than at first supposed, amounting in the two days to
+  thirty-three officers and three hundred and ninety-eight men--in
+  all, four hundred and thirty-one, of whom sixty-three were killed.
+  The enemy's loss is computed to be from one thousand to one thousand
+  two hundred. I am happy in communicating strong hopes of the
+  recovery of the gallant General Shields, who is so much improved as
+  to have been brought to this place.
+
+  "Appended to this report are the following papers:
+
+  "(A) General return by name of killed and wounded.
+
+  "(B) Copies of report of Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock, acting
+  inspector general (of prisoners taken), and accompanying papers.
+
+  "(C) Report of Brigadier-General Twiggs, and subreports.
+
+  "(D) Report of Major-General Patterson and report of brigade
+  commanders.
+
+  "(E) Copy of report of Brigadier-General Worth announcing the
+  occupation by his division of the castle and town of Perote without
+  opposition, with an inventory of ordnance there found.
+
+  "I have the honor to remain, sir, with high respect, your most
+  obedient servant,
+
+                                                     "WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+A Mexican historian gives the following account of the close of the
+battle: "General Santa Anna, accompanied by some of his adjutants, was
+passing along the road to the left of the battery, when the enemy's
+column, now out of the woods, appeared on his line of retreat and
+fired upon him, forcing him back. The carriage in which he had left
+Jalapa was riddled with shot, the mules killed and taken by the enemy,
+as well as a wagon containing sixteen thousand dollars received the
+day before for the pay of the soldiers. Every tie of command and
+obedience now being broken among our troops, safety alone being the
+object, and all being involved in a frightful whirl, they rushed
+desperately to the narrow pass of the defile that descended to the
+Plan del Rio, where the general in chief had preceded, with the chiefs
+and officers accompanying him. Horrid indeed was the descent by that
+narrow and rocky path, where thousands rushed, disputing the passage,
+with desperation, and leaving a track of blood upon the road. All
+classes being confounded, military distinction and respect were lost;
+and badges of rank became marks of sarcasm that were only meted out
+according to their grade and humiliation. The enemy, now masters of
+our camp, turned their guns upon the fugitives, thus augmenting the
+terror of the multitude that crowded through the defile and pressed
+forward every instant by a new impulse, which increased the confusion
+and disgrace of the ill-fated day."
+
+General Scott reports the strength of his army at Cerro Gordo at eight
+thousand five hundred, the killed and wounded four hundred and
+thirty-one, of which thirty-three were officers and three hundred and
+ninety-eight enlisted men. His estimate of the Mexican force was
+twelve thousand. The prisoners captured were about three thousand, and
+the killed and wounded between one thousand and twelve hundred.
+Forty-three cannon and three thousand five hundred small arms were
+captured. On the morning of the 22d the army moved to and occupied the
+town and castle of Perote without resistance.
+
+General Santa Anna now retired to Orizaba, where he was met by many
+distinguished citizens. He addressed a letter to the _ad interim_
+President, General Arroya, as follows:
+
+                                           "ORIZABA, _April 22, 1847_.
+
+  "MY ESTEEMED FRIEND: The dispatch which I have forwarded to
+  the Minister of War will already have informed you of the events
+  which occurred on the 18th inst. The enemy made an extraordinary
+  effort to force the pass, and, exasperated by the repulse he had
+  experienced the day before, and because he knew his ruin was
+  inevitable unless he succeeded, attacked me with his entire army,
+  which was not less than twelve thousand men. He put everything on
+  the hazard of the die, and the cast was favorable to him. I do not
+  regard the cause of the nation as hopeless, if it will defend its
+  honor and independence as circumstances may require. I presume you
+  have taken all proper measures for the public safety, and first of
+  all for that of the capital. I shall be able to aid it very soon if
+  it will defend itself. At present I have with me five hundred men
+  and four guns, and there is no doubt but I shall collect in a few
+  days a force equal to that I rallied at Cerro Gordo. I only require
+  that you send me some money through the medium of bills of exchange,
+  as I find it impossible to raise a dollar. We must, my friend, not
+  give up ourselves as lost, and, before God, you shall see that I
+  will make no treaty with the enemy which will dishonor us or put us
+  in worse condition. Write to me when convenient, and reckon always
+  on the poor services of your most affectionate friend, who wishes
+  you every happiness.                         A.L. DE SANTA ANNA."
+
+The prisoners were all paroled, and the sick and wounded sent to
+Jalapa, where they were comfortably provided for.
+
+General Scott was impatient at the delay of the Government in sending
+him re-enforcements. He feared that his communications with Vera Cruz
+might be cut off. The time of enlistment of the twelve months'
+volunteers would soon expire, and he desired to discharge them in time
+to leave the coast before the prevalence of the yellow fever.
+
+He received information on April 27th that some one to two thousand
+recruits of the ten regiments recently provided for by Congress had
+been ordered to Brazos, and that every effort would be made to
+re-enforce General Taylor. The Secretary of War had ordered troops
+originally designed for General Scott to the relief of General Taylor,
+without notice to General Scott.
+
+On May 4, 1847, he issued an order to the volunteer troops whose term
+of enlistment was about to expire, complimenting them for their
+services, but announcing his intention to discharge them. He then
+addressed the Secretary of War, saying: "To part with so large and so
+respectable a portion of the army in the middle of a country which,
+though broken in its power, is not yet disposed to sue for peace; to
+provide for the return home of seven regiments from this interior
+position at a time when I find it difficult to provide transportation
+and supplies for the operating forces which remain, and all this
+without any prospect of succor or re-enforcements in perhaps the next
+seven months, beyond some three hundred army recruits, presents
+novelties utterly unknown to an invading army before. With the
+addition of ten or twelve thousand new levies in April and May, asked
+for, and until very recently expected, or even with the addition of
+two or three thousand new troops destined for this army, but suddenly,
+by the orders of the War Department, directed to the Rio Grande
+frontier, I might, notwithstanding the unavoidable discharge of the
+old volunteers--seven regiments and two independent companies--advance
+with confidence upon the enemy's capital. I shall nevertheless
+advance, but whether beyond Puebla will depend upon intervening
+information and reflection."
+
+The army, having received supplies of medicines, ammunition, clothing,
+salt, etc., made preparations to move. Colonel Childs was appointed
+governor of Jalapa, and a sufficient garrison left with him. General
+Twiggs was ordered to march to Perote. General Worth had occupied
+Perote on April 22d. The army then occupied Puebla, where during their
+prolonged stay the troops were daily drilled, but were given
+permission to visit the ancient city of Cholula and the adjacent
+country. This city in the time of Cortez had a population of one
+hundred and fifty thousand, but was now a hamlet containing a small
+population and the ruins of its ancient glory. General Scott relates
+that while in this region, "coming up with a brigade marching at ease,
+all intoxicated with the fine air and scenery, he was, as usual,
+received with hearty and protracted cheers. The group of officers who
+surrounded him differed widely in the objects of their admiration,
+some preferring this or that snow-capped mountain, others the city,
+and several the pyramid of Cholula that was now opening upon the view.
+An appeal from all was made to the general in chief. He promptly and
+emphatically replied, 'I differ from you all. My greatest delight is
+in this fine body of troops, without whom we can never sleep in the
+halls of the Montezumas, or in our own homes.'"
+
+The first re-enforcements to arrive were eight hundred men, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel James Simmons McIntosh, escorting a train. They
+were delayed by an attack of the enemy near Jalapa, but, being joined
+by Brigadier-General George Cadwallader with a portion of his brigade
+and a field battery, the enemy was soon driven. Major-General Gideon
+J. Pillow arrived next with a thousand men, and on August 6th
+Brigadier-General Franklin Pierce joined with two thousand five
+hundred men.
+
+General Scott felt compelled, on account of his reduced numbers, to
+order the garrison, under Colonel Childs at Jalapa, to join him. His
+force now was (including late re-enforcements) about fourteen thousand
+men, including two thousand five hundred sick in hospitals, and six
+hundred convalescents too feeble for duty. These convalescents and the
+same number of effective troops were left as a garrison under Colonel
+Childs, who was appointed commandant of the city of Puebla. This
+necessitated the almost total abandonment of the protection of his
+lines to his base at Vera Cruz, and communications to his Government.
+As Scott expressed it, "we had to throw away the scabbard and to
+advance with the naked blade in hand."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Movement toward the City of Mexico--The Duke of Wellington's
+comments--Movements of Santa Anna--A commission meets General Worth to
+treat for terms--Worth enters Puebla--Civil administration of the city
+not interfered with--Scott arrives at Puebla--Scott's address to the
+Mexicans after the battle of Cerro Gordo--Contreras--Reconnoissance of
+the _pedregal_--Defeat of the Mexicans at Contreras--Battle of
+Churubusco--Arrival of Nicholas P. Trist, commissioner--General Scott
+meets a deputation proposing an armistice--He addresses a
+communication to the head of the Mexican Government--Appointment of a
+commission to meet Mr. Trist--Major Lally--Meeting of Mr. Trist with
+the Mexican commissioners--Failure to agree--Armistice violated by the
+Mexicans and notice from General Scott--Santa Anna's insolent
+note--The latter calls a meeting of his principal officers--Molino del
+Rey--Chapultepecec--Losses on both sides.
+
+
+The army began its movement from Puebla toward the City of Mexico on
+August 6, 1847. Twiggs's division was in the advance, General William
+Selby Harney's cavalry leading and the siege train bringing up the
+rear. The other three divisions followed successively on the 8th, 9th,
+and 10th. No division was at any time more than seven or eight miles
+from support. It was expected that the army of Santa Anna would be met
+at Rio Frio, and hence General Scott's great caution in his movement
+to keep his divisions in supporting distance.
+
+The Duke of Wellington was so interested in this march of the army
+from Vera Cruz to the Mexican capital that he caused its movements to
+be marked on a map daily, as information was received. Admiring its
+triumphs up to the basin of Mexico, he now said: "Scott is lost. He
+has been carried away by successes. He can't take the city, and he
+can't fall back upon his base."
+
+General Santa Anna, finding himself without money and with but a small
+following of troops at Orizaba, marched by way of Aculcingo and
+Amasoque to Puebla. In the meantime he was using all efforts to gather
+re-enforcements for his army. There was but one day's interval between
+the troops of General Worth and the Mexican brigades of Leonard Perez
+and the cavalry under General Alcorta, the whole of which was
+commanded by General Santa Anna when he passed Amasoque. Finding that
+he could not successfully defend Puebla, the Mexican general withdrew
+to San Martin and Amasoque. Soon afterward he moved on the road toward
+the City of Mexico.
+
+Two or three miles from Puebla a commission met General Worth to treat
+for terms. A halt of a few hours was made, when the march was resumed,
+and the American forces without opposition marched into the Grand
+Plaza between the palace of the Governor and the cathedral.
+
+A Mexican historian thus describes the first appearance and occupation
+of Puebla by the American troops: "The singular appearance of some of
+the soldiers, their trains, their artillery, their large horses, all
+attracted the curiosity of the multitude, and at the corners and
+squares an immense crowd surrounded the new conquerors. The
+latter--extremely fatigued, confiding in the mutual guarantees
+stipulated by the Ayuntamientimo and General Worth, or perhaps
+despising a people who easily permitted the occupation of their
+territory--stacked arms in the plaza while waiting for quarters, while
+some wandered into neighboring streets to drink pulque and embrace the
+leperos, with whom they seemed old acquaintances. [The leperos were
+the vagabonds of the city and country.] There is no doubt that more
+than ten thousand persons occupied the plazas and corners. One cry,
+one effort, the spirit of one determined man would have sufficed; and
+if once this multitude had pressed in on the enemy, they would have
+inevitably perished. Nothing was done. General Worth took quarters in
+the Governor's palace, east of the Grand Plaza, and upon its flagstaff
+hoisted the Stars and Stripes."
+
+General Worth took possession of Puebla on May 15th, and, acting under
+orders of General Scott, he issued orders which gave assurance to the
+inhabitants that they would not be disturbed either in person or
+property, and that they could continue without molestation their
+ordinary business. The markets were kept open, and no officer or
+soldier was permitted to take anything without paying the regular
+market price.
+
+The civil administration of the city was not interfered with. The
+police of the city was continued under the regulations of the city
+government. The churches, of which there were a large number, were
+opened, and continued their usual functions, and the attendance was
+largely augmented by the American officers and men. In fact, the city,
+except for the presence of the United States troops, was in all other
+respects governed and conducted as before its occupation.
+
+General Scott left Jalapa on May 23d for Puebla. He arrived there on
+the 28th, and was met and escorted into the city by a number of
+officers. Along the streets of the city through which he passed the
+balconies were filled with Mexican ladies and the avenues crowded with
+men. The populace cheered him heartily and escorted him to the palace.
+The soldiers, volunteers and regulars, gave him the heartiest welcome,
+showing that he had the respect and confidence of the army, and the
+demonstrations of the Mexicans evidenced that they regarded him as a
+humane and Christian conqueror.
+
+In this connection it is well to produce the address of General Scott
+to the Mexican people after the battle of Cerro Gordo:
+
+
+[Illustration: Route From
+VERA CRUZ TO MEXICO]
+
+
+  "MEXICANS! The late events of the war and the measures
+  adopted in consequence by our Government make it my duty to address
+  you, in order to lay before you truths of which you are ignorant,
+  because they have been criminally concealed from you. I do not ask
+  you to believe me simply on my word--though he who has not been
+  found false has a claim to be believed--but to judge for yourselves
+  of these truths from facts within the view and scrutiny of you all.
+  Whatever may have been the origin of this war, which the United
+  States was forced to undertake by insurmountable causes, we regard
+  it as an evil. War is ever such to both belligerents, and the reason
+  and justice of the case, if not known on both sides, are in dispute
+  and claimed by each. You have proof of this truth as well as we, for
+  in Mexico, as in the United States, there have existed and do exist
+  two opposite parties, one desiring peace and the other war.
+  Governments have, however, sacred duties to perform from which they
+  can not swerve; and these duties frequently impose, from national
+  considerations, a silence and reserve that displeases at all times
+  the majority of those who, from views purely personal or private,
+  are formed in opposition, to which Governments can pay little
+  attention, expecting the nation to repose in them the confidence due
+  to a magistracy of its own selection--considerations of high policy
+  and of continental American interests precipitated even in spite of
+  circumspection of the Cabinet at Washington. This Cabinet, ardently
+  desiring to terminate all differences with Mexico, spared no effort
+  compatible with honor and dignity. It cherished the most flattering
+  hopes of attaining this end by frank explanations and reasonings
+  addressed to the judgment and prudence of the virtuous and patriotic
+  government of General Herrera. An unexpected misfortune dispelled
+  these hopes and closed every avenue of an honorable adjustment. Your
+  new Government disregarded your national interests, as well as those
+  of continental America, and yielded, moreover, to foreign influences
+  the most opposed to these interests, the most fatal to the future of
+  Mexican liberty and of that republican system which the United
+  States holds it a duty to preserve and protect. Duty, honor, and
+  dignity placed us under the necessity of not losing a season of
+  which the monarchical party was fast taking advantage. As not a
+  moment was to be lost, we acted with a promptness and decision
+  suited to the urgency of the case, in order to avoid a complication
+  of interests which might render our relations more difficult and
+  involved. Again, in the course of civil war, the Government of
+  General Paredes was overthrown. We could not but look upon this as a
+  fortunate event, believing that any other administration
+  representing Mexico would be less deluded, more patriotic, and more
+  prudent, looking to the common good, weighing probabilities,
+  strength, resources, and, above all, the general opinion as to the
+  inevitable results of a national war. We were deceived, and perhaps
+  you Mexicans were also deceived, in judging of the real intentions
+  of General Santa Anna when you recalled and when your Government
+  permitted him to return. Under this state of things the Mexican
+  nation has seen the results lamented by all, and by us most
+  sincerely, for we appreciate as is due the valor and noble decision
+  of those unfortunate men who go to battle ill-conducted, worse cared
+  for, and almost always enforced by violence, deceit, or perfidy. We
+  are witnesses, and we shall not be taxed with partiality as a party
+  interested when we lament with surprise that the heroic behavior of
+  the garrison at Vera Cruz in its valiant defense has been aspersed
+  by the general who has just been routed and put to shameful flight
+  at Buena Vista by a force far inferior to his own. The same general
+  rewarded the insurgents of the capital, promoters of civil war, and
+  heaped outrage upon those who had just acquired for themselves
+  singular distinction by a resistance beyond expectation and of
+  admirable decision. Finally, the bloody events of Cerro Gordo have
+  plainly shown the Mexican nation what it may reasonably expect if it
+  is no longer blind to its real situation--a situation to which it
+  has been brought by some of its generals whom it has most
+  distinguished and in whom it has most confidence. The hardest heart
+  would have been moved to grief in contemplating any battlefield in
+  Mexico a moment after the last struggle. Those generals whom the
+  nation has paid without service rendered for so many years, have, in
+  the day of need, with some honorable exceptions, but served to
+  injure her by their bad example or unskillfulness. The dead and
+  wounded on those battlefields received no marks of military
+  distinction, sharing alike the sad fate which has been the same from
+  Palo Alto to Cerro Gordo; the dead remained unburied and the wounded
+  abandoned to the clemency and charity of the victor. Soldiers who go
+  to battle knowing they have such reward to look for deserve to be
+  classed with the most heroic, for they are stimulated by no hope of
+  glory, nor remembrance, nor a sigh, nor even a grave! Again,
+  contemplate, honorable Mexicans, the lot of peaceful and industrious
+  citizens in all classes of your country. The possessions of the
+  Church menaced and presented as an allurement to revolution and
+  anarchy; the fortunes of rich proprietors pointed out for plunder of
+  armed ruffians; and merchants and the mechanic, the husbandman and
+  the manufacturer, burdened with contributions, excises, monopolies,
+  duties on consumption, surrounded by officers and collectors of
+  these odious internal customs; the man of letters and the
+  legislator, the freeman of knowledge who dares to speak, persecuted
+  without trial by some faction or by the very rulers who abuse their
+  power; and criminals unpunished are set at liberty, as were those of
+  Perote. What, then, Mexicans, is the liberty of which you boast? I
+  do not believe that Mexicans at the present day want the courage to
+  confess errors which do not dishonor them, or to adopt a system of
+  true liberty--one of peace and union with their brethren and
+  neighbors of the North. Neither can I believe the Mexicans ignorant
+  of the infamy of the calumnies put forth by the press in order to
+  excite hostility against us. No, public spirit can not be created or
+  animated by falsehood. We have not profaned your temples, nor abused
+  your women, nor seized your property, as they could have you
+  believe. We say it with pride, and we confirm it by an appeal to
+  your bishops and the curates of Tampico, Tuzpan, Matamoros,
+  Monterey, Vera Cruz, and Jalapa; to all clergy, civil authorities,
+  and inhabitants of all places we have occupied. We adore the same
+  God, and a large portion of our army, as well as of the people of
+  the United States, are Catholics, like yourselves. We punish crime
+  wherever we find it, and reward merit and virtue. The army of the
+  United States respects, and will ever respect, private property of
+  every class, and the property of the Mexican Church. Woe to him who
+  does not where we are! Mexicans, the past is beyond remedy, but the
+  future may yet be controlled. I have repeatedly declared to you that
+  the Government and the people of the United States desire peace,
+  desire your sincere friendship. Abandon, then, state prejudices;
+  cease to be the sport of private ambition, and conduct yourselves
+  like a great American nation. Abandon at once these old colonial
+  habits, and learn to be truly free, truly republican. You may then
+  soon attain prosperity and happiness, of which you possess all the
+  elements; _but remember that you are Americans_, and that your
+  happiness is not to come from Europe. I desire, in conclusion, to
+  say to you with equal frankness that, were it necessary, an army of
+  one hundred thousand Americans would soon be among you, and that the
+  United States, if forced to terminate by arms their differences with
+  you, would not do it in an uncertain or precarious, or, still less,
+  in a dishonorable manner. It would be an insult to the intelligent
+  people of their country to doubt their knowledge of your power. The
+  system of forming guerrilla parties to annoy us will, I assure you,
+  produce only evil to this country and none to our army, which knows
+  how to protect itself and how to proceed against such cut-throats;
+  and if, so far from calming resentments and passion, you try to
+  irritate, you will but force upon us the hard necessity of
+  retaliation. In that event, you can not blame us for the
+  consequences which will fall upon yourselves. I shall march with
+  this army upon Puebla and Mexico. I do not conceal this from you.
+  From those capitals I may again address you. We desire peace,
+  friendship, and union; it is for you to choose whether you prefer
+  continued hostilities. In either case, be assured, I will keep my
+  word.                                            WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+Worth's division, now preceded by Harney's cavalry, moved from San
+Augustin on the main road toward the City of Mexico. These were
+followed by the other divisions of the army. On this route was
+situated the _pedregal_, which is a field of volcanic rock of very
+uneven surface. It is between the roads leading to the capital from
+San Augustin and Padierna. A reconnoissance of the _pedregal_ was made
+by Lieutenants Robert E. Lee and Pierre G.T. Beauregard, who reported
+that there was a passage for wagons of only a mile, and the remainder
+might be crossed by infantry, carefully picking the way. The enemy
+were in position beyond the _pedregal_ with considerable artillery.
+
+General Scott, on the night of the 18th, ordered a movement in the
+direction of Padierna. Worth was ordered to cover San Antonio, Quitman
+to hold San Augustin, and Pillow to march over the _pedregal_, while
+Twiggs was to cover and support Pillow's movement. On the morning of
+this movement the Mexican General Blanco was ordered to construct
+batteries, and General Mejia to take position on the Pelon Cuauhtitlan
+to command the expected movements of the American army. General Santa
+Anna wrote from San Antonio through the Minister of War to General
+Valencia, at San Angel: "The general in chief directs me to say to
+your Excellency that the enemy having now [August 18th, 3
+P.M.] taken up a position on our left in front of San Antonio
+with a part of his forces, it is clear that to-morrow at the latest he
+will undertake the attack of this fortification, although it appears
+there is a movement going on at the same time on our right. His
+Excellency therefore directs you at daylight to-morrow morning to fall
+back with your forces to Coyoacan, and send forward your artillery to
+the fort and the _t�te-de-pont_ at Churubusco."
+
+General Valencia declined to obey this order, giving his reason as
+follows: "I should like much to be able to obey this order, but, in
+view of present circumstances, my conscience as a military man and my
+patriotism will not permit me. I believe the national cause will be
+lost if I should abandon these positions and the road leading from San
+Augustin through Padierna to these points. To me it is as clear as
+the light of day that the enemy will undertake his attack, if not
+to-morrow, the day after, and that he desires to make two attacks at
+the same time, the one true and the other false, and that, should he
+find at the commencement of his movements one of the points of attack
+abandoned, as this, for instance, he will pass by this route with all
+his forces, and thus be enabled to assail our flank and turn our rear;
+or, if he prefer it, he may pass on without obstruction to the City of
+Mexico."
+
+General Valencia, however, ordered a thorough reconnoissance by
+General Mendoza, an engineer officer, who reported "that Padierna was
+absolutely indefensible, and that it was believed best to retire for
+reasons expressed in his note." General Valencia ordered Colonel
+Barreiro to Zacatepetl to watch and report the movements of the enemy.
+He further ordered Colonel Mendoza to occupy with his regiment the
+edge of the _pedregal_, having in his front a detachment of infantry
+under Captain Solos, and beyond him a detachment of cavalry. To the
+left of Padierna was posted the corps of San Luis Potosi, to the right
+the brigade of Lieutenant-Colonel Cabrera, and on the ridge were the
+batteries and brigade of General Mejia. The supporting line were three
+battalions. The reserve at Anzaldo, a mixed company of infantry and
+cavalry, was the command of General Solos, supported on the right by
+two regiments of infantry.
+
+Pillow's and Twiggs's divisions were observed by Colonel Barreiro to
+be moving over the mountain of Zacatepetl and the _pedregal_. On an
+open ridge commanding the _pedregal_ General Valencia had planted
+guns which commanded the _pedregal_ in the direction of San Augustin.
+On the morning of August 19th General Santa Anna ordered two
+battalions to move from Churubusco to San Antonio, Pillow's division
+of the American army having moved out from San Augustin on the road to
+Padierna, which was to be covered by Twiggs's division. Twiggs moved,
+following Quitman, and passed beyond San Augustin. General Alvarez
+closed on his rear. A working party of five hundred men under engineer
+officers was detailed from Pillow's division to make the road to
+Padierna practicable for artillery. While work was progressing on this
+road General Scott notified General Pillow that Valencia was placing
+heavy guns in position, and ordered that the work be pushed forward as
+rapidly as possible. Before the road was finished half the distance
+Twiggs's division passed Pillow's command, and its advance was fired
+upon by the Mexicans. General Persifor F. Smith ordered the mounted
+rifle regiment under Major William Wing Loring, aided by a section of
+Magruder's battery, to drive in the Mexican pickets. Lieutenant George
+B. McClellan placed the artillery in position, but before it was ready
+for action it received a fire from the guns on the elevated ridge
+beyond Padierna. The remainder of Smith's brigade and the other
+section of Lieutenant John Bankhead Magruder's battery were ordered
+forward, and the Mexicans were driven back. General Bennet Riley's
+brigade was ordered to the right, and to pass over the _pedregal_ and
+take possession in the enemy's rear. General Cadwallader's brigade was
+ordered to support Riley's movement. General Scott, perceiving that
+re-enforcements were approaching Valencia from the City of Mexico,
+ordered a regiment of General Franklin Pierce's brigade to move
+forward and occupy San Geronimo, and General James Shields with two
+regiments (New York, and Palmetto, South Carolina) was ordered forward
+as a support. General Persifor F. Smith now moved to the front across
+the _pedregal_, having left detachments as supports to the artillery
+of Magruder and Callender, which were ordered to open fire on the
+beginning of General Smith's movement. This movement of General
+Persifor F. Smith was led and conducted by Lieutenant Gustavus W.
+Smith. When this force reached the village or town of San Geronimo a
+large force of the enemy came in sight. Pierce's brigade was at once
+ordered to the front, and was met by a heavy fire. General Pierce
+having been disabled, Colonel Robert Ransom, of the Ninth Infantry,
+was in command of the forces, which were conducted by Lieutenant Isaac
+Ingles Stevens, and moved to the right and front of Magruder's
+battery. Ransom, uniting with the detachment left by General Smith,
+took possession of Padierna, driving the Mexican General Mendoza.
+Riley's command was the first to pass the _pedregal_, when it occupied
+the road on the opposite side with Captain Simon Henry Drum's company
+of the Fourth Artillery. A detachment of Mexican lancers escorting a
+train was encountered and captured.
+
+Riley's command continued its advance, when a company of Mexican
+lancers was met and repulsed by Captain Silas Casey's company. A
+mounted force, under the Mexican General Frontera, consisting of two
+regiments, was met and repulsed by the Second Infantry under Captain
+Charles T. Morris and the Seventh Infantry under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Joseph Plympton. General Frontera was killed while leading a charge.
+Riley now withdrew to San Geronimo, which he found occupied by
+Cadwallader's and Smith's brigades, and a regiment of Pierce's brigade
+under command of Colonel George Washington Morgan. When General
+Valencia's advanced forces were driven in by Twiggs's division on the
+_pedregal_, Valencia announced (August 19th, 2 P.M.) to
+General Santa Anna at San Antonio that the enemy were approaching
+Padierna, the artillery had opened fire, and the battle had begun.
+General Santa Anna at once, on receipt of this information, sent an
+officer to Coyoacan with orders to General Perez to move at once to
+Padierna, and himself with two regiments and five pieces of artillery
+proceeded to join him. He arrived at Coyoacan just at the time when
+the command of Perez was moving, and he ordered it to move rapidly.
+
+On the evening of August 19th General P.F. Smith was in San Geronimo
+with three brigades of infantry, but without cavalry or artillery. His
+communications with the main army were cut off except through the
+_pedregal_. He determined to attack, however, the next morning at
+daylight, carry the enemy's works, and establish his communications
+with the main army. His disposition of troops was as follows for the
+night: Cadwallader's command in the outer edge of the village of San
+Geronimo, Riley's brigade parallel to it, the Rifles on the right, and
+the Third Infantry in the churchyard. In the night Captain R.E. Lee
+arrived, bearing a letter from General Scott asking to be informed of
+affairs beyond the _pedregal_. The information sought for was given,
+and Captain Lee was requested to inform General Scott of General
+Smith's intention to attack Valencia next morning, and asking that a
+diversion be made on Valencia's front. General Shields arrived at
+midnight, and was left to hold the village and cut off the enemy's
+retreat. In the meantime Colonel Ransom abandoned Padierna, which was
+soon afterward occupied by General Valencia's forces, but not without
+stout resistance by the small detachment left there.
+
+At nightfall General Santa Anna fell back to San Angel, but failed
+to give notice of the movement to General Valencia. Mexican
+history states that at 9 P.M. Ramero and Del Rio arrived at
+Valencia's headquarters and delivered an order from Santa Anna to
+Valencia to retire. General Solos, however, who was present, denies
+this, saying that the order was qualified by one to spike the guns,
+destroy the ammunition, and saving only what could be safely
+transported. General Valencia declined to obey the order. At 2.30
+P.M. of August 20th Smith's troops moved to reach Valencia's
+rear. Riley's brigade and Cadwallader's followed this movement.
+General Shields with the New York regiment of Colonel Ward B. Burnett
+and the South Carolina regiment under Colonel Pierce M. Butler
+remained at the village, to intercept and cut off the enemy's retreat
+and to prevent re-enforcements from reaching the Mexicans.
+
+The night was intensely dark, and the streets of the village were very
+narrow, cut into gullies and very muddy. A heavy rain was pouring
+down, and the march was made under difficulties and necessarily slow.
+General Smith's position was on an eminence about one thousand yards
+from the enemy's works, from which point he made the attack. Riley
+moved up the ravine to a slope leading to a high point of the ridge
+and attacked the enemy some eight hundred yards distant. Cadwallader
+followed Riley, and the Mounted Rifles and Engineer Company moved to a
+position in rear of the force confronting Riley. The Third Infantry
+and First Artillery were held in reserve. The attack was made as
+ordered by General Smith, and the enemy fled, pursued by Riley, the
+Mounted Rifles, and Engineers.
+
+The Third Infantry and First Artillery, held in reserve, were attacked
+by a force of cavalry, which was driven off, and Valencia was
+completely routed. General Shields, who held the village, seized the
+main road and cut off retreat in that direction. The enemy fled in the
+greatest confusion. The battle of Contreras was one of the most
+brilliant victories of the war. It opened the road to the City of
+Mexico. Seven hundred of the enemy were killed, eight hundred and
+thirteen prisoners were captured, including eighty-eight officers, of
+whom four were generals; many standards, twenty-two pieces of brass
+cannon, a large number of stands of small arms, seven hundred pack
+mules, many horses, and large quantities of ordnance stores were added
+to the outfit of the American army.
+
+General Scott had planned to open up the way for the march of his army
+to the City of Mexico by the way of Padierna. Knowing or believing
+that a stubborn defense would be made by the Mexicans, he had ordered
+General Worth to march from San Antonio on the morning of August 20th,
+with Garland's brigade, by way of San Augustin to Padierna, to be
+followed by General Quitman, who was ordered to leave a cavalry force
+to hold San Antonio. But General Persifor F. Smith had won the battle
+before these troops arrived.
+
+A sufficient guard having been left with the prisoners, General
+Persifor F. Smith was ordered with his brigade, the Mounted Rifles and
+Engineers, in pursuit of the fleeing enemy. They were attacked at San
+Angel, but the attacking party were soon driven off. General Pillow
+joined these forces at San Angel, and General Scott came up with them
+at Coyoacan, where he had ordered the army to halt.
+
+From this point in the direction of the capital, Churubusco was one
+mile; two miles to the southeast was San Antonio. Churubusco is about
+six miles south of the City of Mexico, on a river of the same name,
+and on the road from San Angel and San Antonio from San Augustin.
+General Scott on his arrival ordered Captain Lee, with Captain Phil
+Kearney's company of the First Dragoons and a company of the Mounted
+Rifles, to make a reconnoissance. In the meantime Pillow and
+Cadwallader were to attack San Antonio in the rear, General Worth
+assailing it in front. A reconnoissance having been made of the
+convent of San Pablo, in the town of Churubusco, a brigade from
+Twiggs's division, a part of Smith's brigade, Riley's brigade, and
+Taylor's battery were ordered to attack. After the defeat of General
+Valencia at Contreras, General Worth returned with Garland's brigade
+in front of San Antonio. His orders were to attack as soon as Pillow
+and Twiggs, moving from Contreras, approached in the rear. Worth
+ordered Clarke's brigade to move over the _pedregal_ and turn the
+right flank of the fortifications at San Antonio and cut the enemy's
+line of communication. Henry Francis Clarke's brigade was attacked on
+its march, but dispersed the attacking force, and soon encountered the
+rear of the Mexicans from San Antonio and engaged them. Pillow with
+Cadwallader's brigade, joined Worth in pursuit of the fleeing Mexican
+troops and both attacked the _t�te-de-pont_ in their front. Riley's
+brigade having been ordered forward, General Scott ordered Pierce's
+brigade to move by the road leading north from Coyoacan across the
+Churubusco River by a bridge, turn to the right, and seize the
+causeway in the rear of the _t�te-de-pont_. General Scott, learning
+that General Shields, in the rear of the Mexican lines, was in danger
+of being cut off and captured, ordered Major E.V. Sumner with the
+Mounted Rifles under Major W.W. Loring, and the Second Dragoons under
+Captain Henry Hastings Sibley, to his support. The attack of the
+Americans being persistently pressed on all sides, the Mexicans gave
+way and made a precipitous retreat, pursued by the victorious
+Americans.
+
+There remained yet to be captured the convent of San Pablo. This
+building, having very thick walls, was impervious to the attack of
+field pieces. It was defended by a well-constructed bastion, with
+flooded ditches, and guns placed in the embrasure. The attack was made
+by the First Artillery, followed by the Third Infantry. During the
+attack the enemy made several sallies from the convent, which were
+repulsed. The troops in the convent consisted of the Independencia and
+Bravo battalions, about six hundred and fifty each, with the necessary
+cannoneers for six guns, and in the _t�te-de-pont_ cannoneers for five
+guns, the San Patricio companies, and the battalion of Tlapa. Along
+the Rio Churubusco, on the north side, was the brigade of General
+Perez, some twenty-five hundred strong. The Mexicans made a brave and
+gallant defense, but were compelled to succumb. The battles of
+Contreras and Churubusco were fought on the same day, and were really
+one battle. In both actions the American loss was one hundred and
+thirty-nine killed and nine hundred and twenty-six wounded. The
+Mexican loss was near four thousand killed and wounded, with the loss
+of three hundred prisoners, thirty-seven cannon, and a large number of
+small arms with ammunition.
+
+General Scott could easily have occupied the Mexican capital on the
+same day, but meanwhile Mr. Nicholas P. Trist had arrived from
+Washington with instructions from the President to endeavor to make a
+treaty of peace, and both he and General Scott thought it best to
+await the turn of events looking to that end. On the next morning,
+August 27, 1847, General Scott set out on the San Antonio road, and
+was met near Churubusco by a deputation bearing a white flag from the
+Mexican Government, proposing an armistice of thirty hours for burying
+the dead and collecting the wounded, which he at once rejected. The
+deputation accompanying the flag consisted of Se�ores Basadre, Mora y
+Villamil and Aranjos, who had been sent by Pacheco, Minister of
+Foreign Affairs. General Santa Anna expressed great dissatisfaction at
+the action of the Minister, on which he resigned. General Scott
+addressed a communication to the head of the Mexican Government and
+general in chief, in which he said that too much blood had already
+been spilled, and suggested that it was time the differences between
+the two republics should be settled. He mentioned (what was known to
+the Mexican authorities) that a commissioner on the part of the United
+States, clothed with full power to that end, was with his army. He
+expressed his willingness on reasonable terms to agree to a short
+armistice. While he proposed to wait until the next morning for a
+reply, he announced his intention "in the meantime to seize and occupy
+such positions outside of the capital as I may deem necessary to the
+shelter and comfort of this army."
+
+The Mexican authorities, through Alcorta, Secretary of War and of the
+Navy, named two brigadier generals of the Mexican army, Mora y
+Villamil and Benito Quijano, to act as commissioners.
+
+General Scott appointed as commissioners Major General John
+A. Quitman, Brigadier-General Franklin Pierce, and Brevet
+Brigadier-General Persifor F. Smith. The convention concluded its work
+on the 24th of August. It was agreed that hostilities should cease at
+once within thirty leagues of the Mexican capital. No work of a
+military character was to be done, and any re-enforcements or
+munitions of war except that now on its way to either army was to be
+stopped at a distance of twenty-eight leagues from the capital. The
+American army was not to obstruct the passage from the surrounding
+country into the capital of the ordinary supplies of food necessary
+for the subsistence of the Mexican army and the inhabitants within the
+city, nor were the Mexican authorities to obstruct the passage of
+supplies of subsistence from the city or country necessary for the
+supply of the American army. The armistice was to continue pending
+negotiations or until the commander of either army should give notice
+to the other of its cessation; and forty-eight hours after such
+notice General Worth, on the night of the 21st, moved his division to
+Tacubaya, where he was preceded by General Scott, and established his
+headquarters in the Bishop's Palace. General Quitman remained at San
+Augustin, to which point General Shields returned with his command.
+General Twiggs was at San Angel, and General Pillow at Mexcoac.
+
+Previous to the occurrences just narrated, Major Folliot Thornton
+Lally had on August 6th marched with a force of about one thousand men
+from Vera Cruz. He was joined _en route_ by a company of mounted
+Georgia volunteers, one of Louisiana mounted men, and two
+six-pounders, under command of Lieutenant Henry B. Sears, of the
+Second Artillery. General Don Juan Soto, Governor of the State of Vera
+Cruz, organized a force between one thousand and two thousand strong,
+a part of which were paroled prisoners, with the purpose of attacking
+Major Lally and capturing his wagon train, which was supposed to carry
+a large amount of silver coin. An attack was made by this force on
+Major Lally at the pass of Ovejas, the engagement lasting an hour and
+a half. Captains James Nelson Caldwell, of the Voltigeurs, and Arthur
+C. Cummings, Eleventh Infantry, were severely wounded. Nine enlisted
+men were wounded, one mortally. The Mexican loss is not known. On
+August 12th the command reached Puente Nacional and found the Mexicans
+in considerable force, strongly barricaded. An artillery fire was
+opened on them and they were driven back. The American loss in this
+affair was sixty killed and wounded. On approaching the battlefield of
+Cerro Gordo they were again attacked, and sustained a loss of one
+killed and eight wounded. Several other attacks of a similar
+character were made, but without success. Major Lally, with his troops
+and wagon train, arrived at Jalapa thirteen days out from Vera Cruz,
+when without interruption five days would have been sufficient for the
+march. Mr. Trist notified the Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs,
+August 25th, of the object of his mission, and requested a meeting. He
+was advised that commissioners would meet him on the 27th at
+Azapotzalco, which was between the two armies. General Santa Anna,
+after appointing several persons who declined, named General Herrera,
+Se�or Conto, General Mora y Villamil, Se�or Atristain, and Secretary
+Miguel Arroyo. On the morning of the 27th, before the meeting of the
+commissioners, a train of wagons sent into the city to obtain supplies
+for the American army was met by a mob, stoned and driven away.
+Subsequently an apology was offered for this gross infraction of the
+armistice, and the wagons returned and secured their stores.
+
+On meeting the commissioners, Mr. Trist exhibited his powers, which
+were ample, but that of the Mexicans was simply confined to hearing
+propositions from Mr. Trist. Mr. Trist objected to this limitation,
+but was assured that when it became necessary to sign the treaty they
+would exhibit full powers. The American commissioners presented the
+project of a treaty the leading feature of which related to the
+boundary line between the two countries. It was also a part of the
+project that Mexico was to concede to the United States the right of
+transport across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec free from tolls. These and
+all else asked by Mr. Trist were refused. The Mexican commissioners
+asked for further instructions from their Government, which were
+given--that they should neither exceed nor modify the former
+instructions given them. They asked to be relieved, as these
+instructions placed them in an embarrassing position. A council of
+ministers was called, and their former instructions were changed so as
+to authorize them "to approximate to them as much as possible,
+agreeing to some modifications which the circumstances of the country
+may exact, as well as to things of minor importance which may arise
+during the discussion."
+
+On September 1st, when the third meeting was held, the Mexican
+commissioners exhibited plenary powers. No agreement being reached, it
+was proposed to extend the armistice for forty-five days. But on
+September 5th the Mexican commissioners were informed that the
+Government would not consent to the extension or to the cession of New
+Mexico, which Mr. Trist had insisted on. The Mexican commissioners
+then submitted a counter project on the 6th, which in effect refused
+all of the more important concessions asked by the United States. With
+this the diplomatic conferences terminated. General Scott at once
+called a conference with his general officers. He stated to them the
+bad faith of the enemy, who commenced the work of repair on their
+fortifications. He recited the incident of the mobbing of teamsters.
+He closed by saying: "I have therefore called you to headquarters to
+advise upon the propriety of dissolving the armistice, or [after a
+pause] to inform you that I have dissolved it, and to read to you my
+letter to General Santa Anna notifying him of the fact." Looking for
+the letter, he said, "I have torn it up." He at once wrote a note and
+dispatched it to General Santa Anna, as follows:
+
+          "HEADQUARTERS, ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
+
+                              "TACUBAYA, _September 6, 1847_.
+
+  "_To his Excellency the President and General in Chief of the
+  Mexican Republic._
+
+  "SIR: The seventh article, as also the twelfth, that
+  stipulates _that trade_ shall _remain unmolested_--of the armistice
+  or military convention which I had the honor to ratify and to
+  exchange with your Excellency the 24th ultimo--has been repeatedly
+  violated, beginning soon after date, on the part of Mexico; and I
+  now have good reasons to believe that within the last forty-eight
+  hours, if not earlier, the third article of that convention has been
+  equally violated by the same party. These direct breaches of faith
+  give to this army the most perfect right to resume hostilities
+  against Mexico, without any notice whatever; but, to allow time for
+  possible apology or reparation, I now give formal notice that,
+  unless full satisfaction on these allegations should be received by
+  me by 12 o'clock meridian to-morrow, I shall consider the said
+  armistice at an end from and after that hour.
+
+  "I have the honor to be your Excellency's most obedient servant,
+
+                                                     "WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+General Santa Anna replied in an insolent note, denying General
+Scott's charges and making counter charges.
+
+Many newspapers throughout the United States criticised General Scott
+in the severest terms for being duped by General Santa Anna into an
+armistice which the latter only desired to recruit his army. There is
+the strongest evidence--that of Mr. Trist and the Mexican
+commissioners--that Santa Anna was really desirous to make peace. The
+manifesto which he issued to the nation is itself sufficient proof on
+this score; and certainly it reflects the highest credit on General
+Scott, that when he was at the very gates of the capital, which he
+could have entered in a few hours, he was willing to spare not only
+the lives of his own gallant army, but those of the enemy. Santa Anna
+now called a meeting of the principal officers and governmental
+civilians to meet him in the palace, and it was agreed to continue
+resistance.
+
+A force was at once sent out under cover of the guns of Chapultepec to
+strengthen the position and resist the advance of the Americans. At
+this point was a number of very large buildings known as Molino del
+Rey, which had formerly been used for the manufacture of ordnance
+stores. Chapultepec was a strong, well-fortified and well-armed fort.
+Molino del Rey was occupied by a brigade of the National Guards, under
+General Leon. These were re-enforced on the morning of the 7th by a
+brigade under General Rangel. The Casta Mata, a large storehouse
+surrounded by a wide ditch and inclosed by a bastioned fort, was
+occupied by the brigade of General Perez, and between these two
+positions was posted General Ramirez's brigade with six pieces of
+artillery. In the rear occupying some woods were the reserves.
+
+The Mexican cavalry, about two thousand strong, under command of
+General Alvarez, was two miles west from Chapultepec on the right of
+the line. After a thorough reconnoissance by the American engineer,
+General Scott on the afternoon of the 7th issued the necessary orders
+for massing and disposing his army. The general depot was established
+at Mexcoac. One brigade of Twiggs's division under Colonel Plympton
+was ordered to move and threaten the city by way of the Ni�o Perdido
+road, moving at 6 P.M. Quitman marched from San Augustin on
+the 8th to Coyoacan. Pillow was to advance with one brigade and take
+command of the advanced position which was held by Twiggs's division
+and a part of his own, while Cadwallader was to join Worth. At Molino
+del Rey was supposed to be a cannon foundry, and it was thought by
+General Scott that a large quantity of powder was stored there.
+General Worth was ordered to make the attack, carry the enemy's lines,
+and destroy the ordnance works and return to his former position. To
+carry out this order General Worth directed General John Garland's
+brigade to be posted on the right with two pieces of Simon H. Drum's
+battery, so as to prevent re-enforcements from Chapultepec, and to be
+in position to support, if necessary, the assaulting forces; the guns
+of Captain Benjamin Hug�r to be placed on the eminence to Garland's
+right and rear; a storming party of some five hundred picked men under
+Brevet Major George Wright, Eighth Infantry, to take post near and to
+the right of Hug�r's battering guns, to attack the battery in the
+center of the enemy's lines; Clarke's brigade under Colonel James S.
+McIntosh and Captain James Duncan's battery opposite the enemy's right
+to support the assaulting column; Cadwallader to be held in reserve;
+and Major Edwin V. Sumner with his cavalry to be posted on the extreme
+left. Some changes were made in the disposition of the Mexican forces.
+Early on the morning of the 8th Hug�r with two 24-pounders opened
+fire, and the assaulting column under Major Wright advanced under a
+heavy fire of grapeshot from the Mexican center and left. Undismayed,
+they pushed forward now under fire of musketry, captured a battery,
+and turned it upon the enemy, who fled in confusion. They were soon
+re-enforced, and rallied and reopened fire not only from their lines
+but from the housetops and walls. The storming party was driven back,
+but Duncan's battery opening fire at this time checked the Mexican
+advance. The light battalion of Colonel Charles F. Smith, now under
+command of Captain Edmund Kirby Smith, Fifth Infantry, moved forward,
+supported by a part of Cadwallader's brigade, and this was followed by
+a forward movement of Garland's brigade and Drum's battery. This
+movement was irresistible, and the Mexicans fell back, bravely
+contesting every inch of ground. Pending the fire of Duncan's battery,
+one section of the battery, under Lieutenant Henry J. Hunt, opened
+fire on the enemy's lines between the Casta Mata and Molino del Rey.
+McIntosh fought in close quarters, and charged and drove the enemy in
+his front, but received three wounds, one of which proved mortal.
+General Alvarez, commanding the Mexican cavalry, was held in check by
+the voltigeur regiment under command of Major E.V. Sumner, and
+Duncan's battery. The fight was continued obstinately and bravely by
+the Mexicans from the roofs of houses. The main force of the enemy,
+having been driven toward Chapultepec, were rallied by General Pe�a Y.
+Barragan, and made an advance. Captain Drum was ordered forward, and
+with a captured six-pounder cleared the road. The battle lasted for
+more than two hours and was hotly contested by the Mexicans. Those
+who escaped death or capture retreated to Chapultepec, leaving General
+Worth in full possession of their lines. Worth's loss was one hundred
+and sixteen killed and six hundred and seventy-one wounded, a total of
+seven hundred and eighty-seven. His estimate of the Mexican strength
+was fourteen thousand.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+General Quitman's movements to San Antonio and Coyoacan--Movements of
+General Pillow--General reconnoissance by Scott--Chapultepec--Scott
+announces his line of attack--Surrender of the Mexican General
+Bravo--Preparations to move on the capital--Entry of General
+Scott into the City of Mexico--General Quitman made Military
+Governor--General Scott's orders--Movements of Santa Anna--General
+Lane--American and Mexican deserters--Orders as to collection of
+duties and civil government.
+
+
+General Quitman, who, it will be remembered, was to march from San
+Augustin to Coyoacan on the 8th, having heard firing in the direction
+of Tacubaya, moved, early on September 8th, to San Antonio, and from
+thence on to Coyoacan. A reconnoissance was made in the afternoon by
+General Pillow as far as the town of Piedad and the Ni�o Perdido
+roads, one of which leads to the Belen gate of the city and the other
+through a gate of the same name. These roads run parallel to each
+other, about three fourths of a mile apart. On the 9th, General Scott,
+accompanied by Captain R.E. Lee, made an examination of the works near
+the San Antonio gate, where they discovered Mexican soldiers busily at
+work. On the 9th Riley took position to the right of Piedad, and was
+joined on the 11th by Smith's brigade and Francis Taylor's and Edward
+James Steptoe's batteries.
+
+An advanced post of the enemy was evacuated on the approach of the
+Americans on the night of the 9th and occupied; this force was
+strengthened by both infantry and artillery, and a bridge was thrown
+over a ditch in front of it for the passage of cannon. Colonel Harvey,
+on the night of the 10th, occupied Mexcoac with the Second Dragoons
+for the purpose of protecting the hospitals and stores there. General
+Scott called a meeting of his general officers and informed them of
+his plan of attack. He had determined to attack either the San Antonio
+Garita or Chapultepec and the western gates. After hearing the
+opinions of his officers, who differed on the place of attack, General
+Scott determined to make the movement on Chapultepec and the western
+gate, and he so announced.
+
+A reconnoissance was made on the morning of the 11th, with a view to
+the location of the batteries. The locations selected by Captain
+Hug�r, who was sent for the purpose, were adopted. The division of
+Quitman was ordered to unite with Pillow near Piedad in the evening,
+and after nightfall both divisions were to move to Tacubaya. Twiggs
+was ordered to remain in front of the southern gates and divert the
+enemy's attention.
+
+Major Sumner with seven companies was to march at daylight and join
+Pillow. Chapultepec is a natural fortification, rising one hundred and
+fifty feet above the valley. A large building, the Military School, is
+on its summit, and it is bounded on the west by the Molino del Rey.
+The grounds are surrounded by a thick wall some fifteen feet in
+height. It is situated two miles from the Belen gate, and was regarded
+as the key to the city. The officer in command was General D.
+Nicholas Bravo, an officer of skill, distinction, and courage. Second
+in command was General D. Mariano Monterde. The chief of engineers was
+D. Juan Cano, and D. Manuel Gamboa commandant of artillery. Generals
+Noriega and Perez were afterward attached to the command. The orders
+of the 11th to Quitman and Pillow were to march to Tacubaya, where
+they awaited further orders.
+
+The attack was begun by the batteries of Drum and Peter Valentine
+Hagner, and the fire proved to be well directed. The guns at the
+castle answered promptly and kept up a vigorous cannonade. When there
+was some cessation of firing from the castle, Captain Lee, under
+direction of General Scott, using the wall of the aqueduct as a
+parapet, placed two pieces of artillery under Captain Horace Brooks,
+which opened fire. Steptoe's battery kept up a continuous firing.
+Santa Anna, who was deceived at the point of attack, on hearing the
+guns of Steptoe, moved at once to Candelaria and San Antonio Garita,
+where he expected the attack. At noon he repaired to Chapultepec, and,
+taking charge of a battalion, moved to re-enforce a work which was
+being attacked. The Americans opened fire on this force and compelled
+it to withdraw. General Bravo, expecting an assault, asked for
+re-enforcements, which General Santa Anna promised should be furnished
+in time. In the meantime the Governor of the State of Mexico had
+arrived with seven hundred men, having reached a point near Tacubaya
+on the 11th, and his arrival greatly increased the Mexicans' hopes.
+Not being joined by cavalry as he expected, the Governor remained
+inactive on the 11th, 12th, and 13th. Quitman's division, with United
+States Marines and a company of New York volunteers, remained in the
+rear near the Tacubaya road during the 12th.
+
+It was now determined by General Scott to resume the bombardment early
+next morning, and to attack with the columns under Quitman and Pillow.
+In aid of this a storming party was detailed from Worth's division of
+ten officers and two hundred and sixty men, under command of Captain
+Samuel McKenzie, Second Artillery, and a like detail from Twiggs's
+division under Captain Silas Casey, Second Infantry, in support of
+Pillow's movement, and General P.F. Smith's brigade of Twiggs's
+division was ordered to the support of Quitman. The bombardment was
+renewed early on the morning of the 13th. Four companies of the
+voltigeur regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph E. Johnston, were
+instructed, on the cessation of firing, to move rapidly under cover of
+the wall and enter the inclosure at its opening. Four companies under
+Colonel Timothy P. Andrews were ordered to unite with Johnston, deploy
+as skirmishers, and drive the enemy from his shelter. McKenzie was
+ordered to move in the rear of Johnston, with orders to follow the
+latter through the breach and advance rapidly and carry the main work
+by assault. A force of men carrying scaling ladders were placed with
+Johnston. Colonel William Trousdale, with the Eleventh and Fourteenth
+Regiments, and one section of Magruder's battery, under command of
+Lieutenant Thomas Jonathan Jackson, was placed in position in the road
+leading on the left of Chapultepec to the city, and ordered to advance
+and prevent an advance of the enemy in that direction. General
+Cadwallader was directed by General Pillow to execute the orders.
+General Smith's brigade had orders to move on the right of the column
+of attack and cut off the retreat of the enemy in that direction.
+General Scott now notified the commanding officers of the attacking
+forces to be ready to move when the signal was given. The troops moved
+forward promptly at the signal, and after a brave and desperate
+struggle its gallant defender, General Bravo, surrendered. With the
+exception of Riley's brigade, Steptoe's battery, and the garrison at
+Mexcoac, all of the American army were engaged. General Scott's forces
+engaged amounted to about seven thousand five hundred men. The Mexican
+authorities state that eight hundred men were in Chapultepec. The
+brigades of Rangel and Pe�a were stationed near. The Mexicans engaged
+did not probably exceed four thousand men.
+
+
+[Illustration: OPERATIONS OF THE AMERICAN ARMY
+IN THE
+VALLEY OF MEXICO
+in August and September
+1847.]
+
+
+Among the prisoners captured were Generals Monterde, Saldana, and
+Norriega, the former superintendent of the military school, and forty
+of his pupils. On the commencement of the engagement these youths
+deserted their schoolrooms, and, arming themselves, joined in the
+defense of Chapultepec and fought with great bravery.
+
+Preparations were now made for an advance and the capture of the
+capital. The pursuit of the retreating enemy was followed on two roads
+leading to the city, and there was considerable desultory fighting. At
+1 o'clock A.M. on the 14th a deputation of citizens arrived at General
+Worth's headquarters, who were sent by him, under charge of Major
+William W. Mackall, to General Scott's headquarters. They reported
+that General Santa Anna had fled from the city, leaving it with the
+civil authorities, and they came to ask favorable terms of surrender.
+General Scott declined to make any terms with them, telling them that
+the city had practically been in his possession from the day before;
+that he would levy a moderate tax, and would be governed by no terms
+except his own and such only as the honor and dignity of the United
+States would require. Early on the morning of the 14th a white flag
+was displayed at the Garita de Belen, and General Quitman was
+requested to take possession, as the city had been evacuated by the
+Mexican army. Leaving a guard at the Belen gate, General Quitman
+marched his command and took possession of the citadel. Leaving the
+Second Pennsylvania Regiment at the citadel, he marched to the Grand
+Plaza, followed by Steptoe's battery. The Marine Battalion was placed
+in the National Palace, and the American flag was hoisted from its
+summit. Lieutenant G.T. Beauregard was dispatched to notify General
+Scott. About eight o'clock the general in chief, accompanied by his
+staff, with an escort of cavalry, all in full dress, passed through
+the northwestern angle into the Grand Plaza. The line of soldiers
+presented arms, lowered colors, and gave the drum beat. General Scott
+uncovered in acknowledgment of the salute, dismounted, and passed into
+the _porte-coch�re_ of the palace, followed by Generals Quitman and
+Smith and officers of the staff. He said, "Gentlemen, we must not be
+too elated with our success." Then turning, he said: "Let me present
+to you the Civil and Military Governor of the City of Mexico,
+Major-General John A. Quitman. I appoint him at this instant. He has
+earned the distinction, and he shall have it." The general then
+ascended the stairway and at once wrote General Order No. 284, as
+follows:
+
+                       "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
+
+                                        "MEXICO, _September 14, 1847_.
+
+  "1. Under the favor of God, the valor of this army, after many
+  glorious victories, has hoisted the colors of our country in the
+  capital of Mexico and on the palace of its Government.
+
+  "2. But the war is not yet ended. The Mexican army and Government
+  have fled, only to watch an opportunity to turn upon us with
+  vengeance. We must, then, be upon our guard.
+
+  "3. Companies and regiments will be kept together, and all stand on
+  the alert. Our safety is in military discipline.
+
+  "4. Let there be no drunkenness, no disorders, no straggling.
+  Stragglers will be in great danger of assassination, and marauders
+  shall be punished by courts-martial.
+
+  "5. All the rules so honorably observed by this glorious army in
+  Puebla must be observed here. The honor of the army and the honor of
+  our country call for the best behavior on the part of all. To win
+  the approbation of their country, the valiant must be sober,
+  orderly, and merciful. His noble brethren in arms will not be deaf
+  to this hearty appeal from their commander and friend.
+
+  "6. Major-General Quitman is appointed Civil and Military Governor
+  of Mexico.
+
+  "By command of Major-General Scott.
+
+                                           "H.L. SCOTT,
+
+                          "_Acting Assistant Adjutant General_."
+
+Firing having been heard in the street, General Scott said to an
+officer: "Will you have the kindness to go and say to our volunteer
+friends that it is unsoldierlike, bad manners, and dangerous to
+discharge arms in a city, and to say to their officers that it must
+not occur again. None of us desire, I am sure, to hear more musketry."
+When the officer returned he informed the general that it was not the
+volunteers, but Mexicans, who were firing from the roofs of houses.
+Orders were at once issued to place soldiers in the steeples of
+churches and on the roofs of houses as sharpshooters, to sweep the
+streets with artillery if necessary, and to break open and enter all
+houses from which the troops were fired upon. The prompt execution of
+this order soon had the effect of putting a stop to the firing and
+restoring order in the city.
+
+The retreating Mexican infantry on its arrival at Guadalupe received
+orders from General Santa Anna to move to Tlalnepantla. One of the
+Mexican battalions having discharged its guns without orders and the
+sound being heard, Santa Anna, believing it to have proceeded from the
+American army, gave orders to countermarch. On learning the truth, the
+order was countermanded and the march resumed. General Herrera was
+then ordered with artillery and infantry to march to Queretaro, while
+Santa Anna would move on Puebla and surprise and capture the small
+garrison left there by General Scott.
+
+General Santa Anna, learning of the street firing in the city,
+supposed that the Mexicans had rallied and were contesting the
+possession of the capital by the Americans. He received this
+information from Prospero Terez, one of the leaders of the mob, who
+urged him to return. He at once dispatched a staff officer to General
+Herrera, ordering his return, and took up the line of march for the
+capital. Learning on his approach that the Mexicans under Alvarez in
+their attempt on the city were unsuccessful, he revoked his order to
+Herrera and ordered him to proceed to Queretaro. Very soon he again
+sent orders to countermarch and move to the capital. Again he ordered
+Herrera to move on Queretaro, when he marched to Guadalupe and issued
+a call for a junta to meet on the 16th.
+
+From General Scott's report we learn that the loss in his army in the
+various engagements around and in the City of Mexico amounted to two
+thousand seven hundred and three. The whole force engaged in the
+capture of the capital was less than six thousand. The Mexicans admit
+that their force for the defense of the capital was about twenty
+thousand, with one hundred and four cannon. The Mexican army
+encountered by General Scott on his move to the capital was not less
+than thirty thousand. In nearly if not quite all of the engagements
+they were intrenched, and occupied their own chosen positions. Of
+these, the American army killed or wounded not less than seven
+thousand officers and men, captured three thousand seven hundred and
+thirty prisoners, more than twenty colors and standards, seventy-five
+pieces of ordnance, besides fifty-seven wall pieces, twenty thousand
+stand of small arms, and a large quantity of ammunition.
+
+Following are orders issued by General Scott after the occupation of
+the capital:
+
+          "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, NATIONAL PALACE OF MEXICO,
+                                         "_September 16, 1847_.
+
+  "GENERAL ORDERS NO. 286.
+
+  "The general in chief calls upon his brethren in arms to return,
+  both in private and public worship, thanks and gratitude to God for
+  the signal triumph which they have recently achieved for their
+  country. Beginning with August 10th and ending the 14th inst., this
+  army has gallantly fought its way through the fields and forts of
+  Contreras, San Antonio, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and
+  the gates of San Cosme and Tacubaya, into the capital of Mexico.
+  When the very limited number who have performed these brilliant
+  deeds shall have become known, the world will be astonished and our
+  own countrymen filled with joy and admiration. But all is not yet
+  done. The enemy, though scattered and dismayed, has still many
+  fragments of his late army hovering about us, and, aided by an
+  exasperated population, he may again unite in treble our numbers and
+  fall upon us to advantage if we rest inactive in the security of
+  past victories. Compactness, vigilance, and discipline are therefore
+  our only securities. Let every good officer and man look to these
+  cautions and enjoin them on all others.
+
+  "By command of Major-General Scott.
+
+                                                    "H.L. SCOTT,
+
+                           "_Acting Assistant Adjutant General_."
+
+
+          "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, NATIONAL PALACE OF MEXICO,
+
+                                         "_September 17, 1847_.
+
+  "GENERAL ORDERS NO. 287.
+
+  "The general in chief republishes, with important additions, his
+  General Order No. 20, of February 19, 1847, declaring martial law to
+  govern all who may be concerned. There are nineteen paragraphs in
+  the order. (See Ex. Doc. No. 1, Thirtieth Congress, first session,
+  Senate.) The last seven will be copied.
+
+  "13. The administration of justice, both in civil and criminal
+  matters, through the ordinary courts of the country, shall nowhere
+  and in no degree be interrupted by any officer or soldier of the
+  American forces except, first, in case where an officer or soldier,
+  agent, servant, or follower of the army may be a party; and second,
+  in political cases--that is, prosecutions against other individuals
+  on the allegation that they have given friendly information, aid, or
+  assistance to the American forces.
+
+  "14. For the care and safety of both parties in all cities and towns
+  occupied by the American army, a Mexican police shall be established
+  and duly harmonized with the military police of said forces.
+
+  "15. This splendid capital, its churches and religious worship, its
+  convents and monasteries, its inhabitants and property, are,
+  moreover, placed under the special safeguard of the faith and honor
+  of the American army.
+
+  "16. In consideration of the foregoing protection, a contribution of
+  one hundred and fifty thousand dollars is imposed on this capital,
+  to be paid in four weekly installments of thirty-seven thousand five
+  hundred dollars each, beginning on Monday next, the 20th inst., and
+  terminating on Monday, October 11th.
+
+  "17. The Ayuntamiento, or corporate authority of the city, is
+  specially charged with the collection and payment of the several
+  installments.
+
+  "18. Of the whole contribution to be paid over to this army, twenty
+  thousand dollars shall be appropriated to the purchase of extra
+  comforts for the wounded and sick in hospital, ninety thousand
+  dollars to the purchase of blankets and shoes for gratuitous
+  distribution among the rank and file of the army, and forty
+  thousand dollars reserved for other necessary military purposes.
+
+  "19. This order shall be read at the head of every company of the
+  United States forces serving in Mexico, and translated into Spanish
+  for the information of the Mexicans.
+
+  "By command of Major-General Scott.
+
+                                                    "H.L. SCOTT,
+
+                           "_Acting Assistant Adjutant General_."
+
+
+          "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, NATIONAL PALACE OF MEXICO,
+
+                                         "_September 18, 1847_.
+
+  "GENERAL ORDERS NO. 289.
+
+  "1. The army by degrees, and beginning as soon as practicable, will
+  be distributed and quartered over the city as follows:
+
+  "2. The first division (Worth's) in or near the direct route from
+  the San Cosme toward the cathedral and extending a little beyond the
+  east end of the Alameda. This division will keep a competent guard
+  with two guns of medium caliber at that gate.
+
+  "3. The second division (Twiggs's) about the Grand Plaza and
+  extending toward the gate of San Lazaro, or the Penon, at which it
+  will keep a guard and two pieces of artillery, as above.
+
+  "4. The third division (Pillow's) on or near the direct route from
+  the gate of Peralvillo, or Guadalupe, toward the cathedral, but not
+  south of the convent of San Domingo, and will keep a guard of two
+  pieces of artillery at that gate.
+
+  "5. The volunteer division (Quitman's) on or near the direct route
+  from the gate of San Antonio toward the cathedral, but not north of
+  the Hospital of Jesus, and will keep a guard with two pieces of
+  artillery, as above, at that gate.
+
+  "6. The brigade of cavalry (Colonel Harney's) will be quartered in
+  the cavalry barracks near the National Palace (marked on the plan of
+  the city small m). This brigade will furnish daily a detachment of a
+  corporal and six men to the respective gates of division, to serve
+  as couriers between the gates and the commanders of the respective
+  divisions, and for no other purposes.
+
+  "7. No private house shall be occupied by any corps or officers
+  until all suitable public buildings within the above ranges shall be
+  first fully occupied, and all officers attached to troops shall be
+  quartered with or near their troops.
+
+  "8. No rent shall be paid by the United States for any buildings
+  occupied by troops or officers without a special direction from
+  general headquarters; nor shall any private house be occupied or
+  quartered without the free consent of the owner or orders from
+  general headquarters. No deviations from these injunctions will be
+  tolerated.
+
+  "9. The collection of customs or duties at the several gates of the
+  city by the civil authorities of the same will be continued as
+  heretofore until modified by the Civil and Military Governor,
+  Major-General Quitman, according to the views of the general in
+  chief; but supplies belonging to the quartermaster and commissary
+  departments will at once be exempted from all duties.
+
+  "By command of Major-General Scott.
+
+                                                      "H.L. SCOTT,
+
+                             "_Acting Assistant Adjutant General_."
+
+The effect of the strict enforcement of these admirable orders was to
+bring the American army under a discipline which won for them the
+confidence of the people of the city, and to revive and restore trade,
+open up the churches, and, as near as could be done under the
+circumstances, to place matters in the city _in statu quo ante
+bellum_. At the meeting of the junta called by General Santa Anna he
+tendered his resignation as President of the Republic and of the
+command of the army. Under the Constitution of Mexico the office
+devolved upon Manuel de la Pe�a y Pe�a, who at once assumed it, and
+Santa Anna set out with a view to the capture of Puebla and the
+occupation of the road leading to the coast.
+
+Instead of marching on Puebla, Santa Anna turned his forces toward
+Queretaro, but in a few days countermarched. After two or three
+maneuvers of this kind, he finally invested Puebla with about fifteen
+hundred cavalry and four field pieces. He summoned Colonel Childs, who
+was in command, to surrender on the score of humanity. Santa Anna
+represented his force at eight thousand men, and threatened assault.
+Colonel Childs declined to surrender, and made preparations to resist
+the assault by strengthening his position. The threatened assault was
+not made. On October 1st Santa Anna raised the siege of Puebla and
+marched toward El Pinal to intercept a train of wagons with supplies
+and re-enforcements, leaving General Rea with sufficient force to
+continue operations against the Americans. The Americans were so
+annoyed by continuous firing from the housetops that Captain William
+F. Small, First Pennsylvania Infantry, was ordered to dig through the
+walls of the houses until he had gained a point which would command a
+barricade that had been thrown up by the Mexicans. The enemy was
+driven off, leaving seventeen dead on the ground; the barricade was
+then burned. Hostile parties were constantly annoying the garrison,
+until two companies of the First Pennsylvania regiment were sent out
+and dispersed them. Many skirmishes took place, which invariably
+resulted disastrously to the enemy.
+
+General Joseph Lane's efforts to exterminate the roving bands of
+_guerillos_ and _rancheros_ involved great rapidity of movement, and
+he had officers and men under his command eminently fit for such
+service. One of the most pestiferous of the _guerillo_ leaders was a
+Catholic priest called Padre Juarata. He seemed to be everywhere at
+once, and notwithstanding his party was frequently met by the
+Americans, sometimes surrounded and always beaten, yet the Padre
+adroitly managed to get out of every trap and escape. Being a priest,
+he was always ready and willing to administer the last rites of the
+Church to friend or foe.
+
+While the army was at Puebla, General Scott organized a company of
+Mexicans under command of one Dominguez, which was regularly mustered
+into the service of the United States. A battalion of deserters from
+the American army, known as the San Patricio Battalion, composed
+almost wholly of Europeans, was organized under the command of one
+O'Riley. These two commands met in battle in the convent of
+Churubusco, and fought each other with great desperation. The Mexicans
+under Dominguez entered Churubusco with the American army, and met the
+execration of their countrymen, who denounced them as traitors. The
+American deserters (the San Patricio Battalion) were captured at
+Churubusco, tried by court-martial, and all but sixteen sentenced to
+death and executed. Some were pardoned, and O'Riley, their leader, was
+branded with the letter D on his cheek and released. This clemency was
+shown him because he deserted before hostilities commenced.
+
+The number of American troops engaged at Churubusco on August 19th and
+20th was four thousand five hundred. The entire force engaged at
+Churubusco was about seven thousand four hundred. General Scott's
+estimate of the Mexican force on August 20th, including Contreras,
+Churubusco, and the road between San Antonio and Churubusco, the
+Portales, and the road to the Capitol, was thirty-two thousand.
+
+In these battles three thousand prisoners were captured, including
+eight general officers and two hundred and five other officers. The
+killed and wounded amounted to over four thousand. Thirty pieces of
+cannon were taken. The loss to the American army was one hundred and
+thirty-nine officers, including sixteen killed, and one thousand and
+fifty-three enlisted men; sixty officers and eight hundred and
+seventy-six men wounded.
+
+Commodore William B. Shubrick having captured Mazatlan and Guaymas,
+General Scott wrote him, December 2, 1847: "I have been waiting here
+for two and a half months to learn the views of the Government at
+home, or at least for re-enforcements, before undertaking any new and
+distant operations. The forces I have under my orders in the whole of
+this republic, except the troops immediately under Major-General
+Taylor, only give me means of holding Tampico, Vera Cruz, Puebla,
+Chapultepec, and this capital."
+
+General Scott had made a careful study of the statistics of Mexican
+finances, and previous to ordering the occupation of several important
+districts near the capital, to be followed by a like disposition in
+more remote departments, issued General Orders No. 376, December 15,
+1847:
+
+"(1) This army is about to spread itself over and to occupy the
+Republic of Mexico until the latter shall sue for peace on terms
+acceptable to the Government of the United States. (2) On the
+occupation of the principal point or points in any State the payment
+to the Federal Government of this republic of all taxes or dues of
+whatever manner or kind heretofore, say in 1844, payable or collected
+by that Government, is absolutely prohibited, as all such taxes, dues,
+etc., will be demanded of the proper civil authorities for the support
+of the army of occupation. (3) The State and Federal districts being
+already so occupied, as well as the States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and
+Tamaulipas, the usual taxes or dues heretofore contributed by the same
+to the Federal Government will be considered as due and payable to
+this army from the beginning of the present month, and will early be
+demanded of the civil authorities of said States and districts under
+rules and penalties which shall be duly announced and enforced. (4)
+Other States of this republic, as the Californias, New Mexico,
+Chihuahua, Coahuila, New Leon, etc., already occupied by the forces of
+the United States, though not under the immediate orders of the
+general in chief, will conform to the prescriptions of this order,
+except in such State or States where a different system has been
+adopted with the sanction of the Government at Washington. (5) The
+internal taxes or dues referred to are: 1, District taxes; 2, Dues on
+the production of gold and silver; 3, Melting and assaying duties; 4,
+The tobacco rent; 5, Rent of stamped paper; 6, The rent on the
+manufacture of playing cards; and, 7, The rent of post offices. (6)
+The rent of national lotteries is abolished, lotteries being hereby
+prohibited. (7) Import and export duties at ports of the republic will
+remain as fixed by the Government of the United States, except that
+the exportation of gold and silver in bars or ingot--_plata y oro en
+pasta_--is prohibited until the further instructions of the Government
+on the subjects. (8) All imported articles, goods, or commodities
+which have once paid or given sufficient security for the payment of
+duties to the United States at any port of entry of the republic shall
+not again be burdened with any tax or duty in any port of this
+republic occupied by the forces of the United States. (9) The levying
+of duties on the transit of animals, goods, or commodities, whether of
+foreign or domestic growth, from one State of this republic to
+another, or on entering or leaving the gate of any city within the
+republic, will, from and after the beginning of the ensuing year, be
+prohibited, as far as the United States forces may have power to
+enforce the prohibition. Other and equitable means, to a moderate
+extent, must be resorted to by the several State and city authorities
+for the necessary support of their respective governments. (10) The
+tobacco, playing cards, and stamped paper rents will be placed for
+three, six, or twelve months under the contract with the highest
+bidders respectively, for the several States, the State and Federal
+district of Mexico being considered one. Accordingly, offers or bids
+for those rents within each State, or any of them, are invited. They
+will be sent in as early as possible, sealed, to the headquarters of
+departments, except for the Federal District and State of Mexico. For
+this latter the offers or bids will be addressed to the general in
+chief. (11) Further details for the execution of the foregoing system
+of government and revenue will soon be given in general orders."
+
+General Scott forwarded the above order to Washington, together with a
+memoir of the precious metals, showing that he had carefully studied
+and had thorough knowledge of the subject. In his letter forwarding
+the order he said:
+
+"The Government of the United States proposes that their forces shall
+occupy the Mexican Republic, and raise in said country the means to
+meet the expenses of occupation. To obtain this object, it appears
+convenient that said resources should be raised so as to interfere as
+little as possible with the existing interests of foreign as well as
+of native residents; for if any measure calculated to involve the ruin
+of a part or the whole of said interests was taken, there is little or
+no doubt that the results would be as injurious to the interest of the
+United States as to those of this country, for the destiny of both
+interests in the case of occupation is linked together. It appears
+that this recommendation, besides being fully justified by a sound
+policy, will also be the means of facilitating the organization of a
+financial system, and ultimately lead to increase of revenue.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"The tariff given by the United States for the Mexican ports occupied
+allows the free exportation of gold and silver either in bars or
+coined. Although it has been done, perhaps, with a liberal view, it
+would seem that the measure was taken to hostilize the Mexican
+Government, preventing thus any advance from being made to said
+Government on future export duties on silver or gold, and depriving it
+of that resource. However, who would benefit by the free export of
+gold or silver? It is well known that nothing finds its level,
+respecting prices, as soon as the precious metals, and therefore as
+soon as the exportation should be carried into effect there would have
+been exchange on England, France, and the United States, a difference
+equivalent to the duties taken off on the precious metals. The free
+exportation would apparently have been advantageous to none but the
+miners; apparently is the word, for it is evident that the higher
+prices obtained by them at first would have gradually come down until
+they were on a level with those obtained in Europe, and ultimately
+would have become lower than they are to-day, for it is not to be
+doubted that the free exportation of bars partially or totally
+occasioning the ruin of the mints, coined specie would have
+disappeared from circulation, and that miners would have been for the
+sale of their product entirely at the mercy of the speculators, while,
+the exportation being prohibited, the mints are obliged to pay to them
+at any time a fixed price for their gold and silver which can not be
+altered.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"The exportation of gold and silver in bars has been prohibited in
+this country by all the tariffs that have existed either under the
+Spanish or Mexican Government; and though licenses of exportation to a
+small amount have now and then been granted, the prohibition has been
+the rule and the exportation has been the exception, until the Mexican
+Government, having rented all their mines but two to foreign
+companies, has taken the solemn engagement not to give any more
+licenses of exportation. As it may easily be supposed, the engagement
+of giving no more licenses of exportation has been the principal basis
+on which the companies have relied to make their contracts, and the
+principal inducement for them to advance the rent as they have done.
+It is not known what policy will be adopted by the United States
+respecting neutral interests in Mexico in case the country should be
+occupied by their armies, but too high an opinion is entertained of
+the justice of their Government to admit for a moment the possibility
+of such interests being sacrificed or ruined when no direct benefit
+could be derived from such a measure for the United States, and when,
+on the contrary, it might be injurious to them, as may be explained."
+
+On December 17th he again wrote to the Secretary calling his attention
+to General Orders No. 376, the seventh paragraph of which contained
+the duties on exported bars of gold and silver, which had been made
+free by order of the United States Government. Since the publication
+of the order he had seen a slip cut from a Vera Cruz paper of the
+17th, from the Department to him on the subject, which said: "I have
+taken great pains to obtain correct information in respect to the
+production and exportation of the precious metals in and from this
+country. The Mexican policy has been uniform against the exportation
+of bars and ingots, though, from want or cupidity, special licenses
+have been given in violation of that sound policy and in gross
+violation of the rights purchased by the renters of the mints. This
+army is also interested in some prohibition, for if we permit the
+exportation of bars and ingots there will be but little domestic
+coinage, our drafts would soon be under par, and the Mexicans, from
+want of sufficient circulating medium, be less able to pay the
+contributions which we propose to levy upon them through their civil
+authorities."
+
+General Scott, knowing the President's great desire to have the war
+terminated, embraced every opportunity to keep him advised as to the
+prospects, more or less remote, of peace, and wrote, December 14th,
+that he "had received no communication from the Mexican Government,
+and did not expect any before the Congress and President had been
+installed, about March 10th. It is believed that both will be inclined
+to peace." Congress, however, did not meet until May.
+
+General William O. Butler arrived at the capital December 18th with
+thirty-six hundred men, and the train dispatched November 1st, under
+Colonel Harney, returned, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph
+E. Johnston, of the voltigeurs, with thirteen hundred men in addition
+to the escort that accompanied it on the trip down. These
+re-enforcements, with those that recently arrived, made a total of
+eight or nine thousand for duty.
+
+General Scott was anxious to occupy the mining districts of San Luis
+and Zacatecas, maintain communication with the capital, and open one
+with Tampico, and for that purpose needed two columns of five thousand
+men each, and to garrison the State capitals within reach of the two
+columns. It was represented that great embarrassment would result
+from the movement on Zacatecas, as that column would have to march
+through Queretaro to reach its destination. It was represented that it
+would cause the dispersion of the Mexican Government and make its
+assembling at any other point doubtful. The Department, however,
+directed the double movement to be made when the re-enforcements known
+to have left Vera Cruz would arrive, unless in the meantime otherwise
+instructed.
+
+The commanding general was greatly disappointed when the first train
+returned from Vera Cruz without bringing a jacket, blanket, or a pair
+of shoes for the army. That small depot had been exhausted by the
+troops of Patterson, Butler, and Marshall, who were fresh from home,
+or the Brazos, and others that arrived without clothing since June;
+and on December 25th he wrote of his great disappointments, and stated
+that this want might delay distant expeditions for many weeks, as some
+of the new volunteers were in want of essential articles of wear. He
+called attention to the fact that requisitions for clothing made by
+the regular regiments over a year previous had not been sent, or at
+any rate had not reached the regiments. No general ever paid more
+attention or displayed greater interest in the comfort of his men than
+General Scott. The quartermaster's and commissary departments were his
+never-ceasing care, and he gave constant personal attention to both.
+
+On the matter of assessments he says: "You perceive I do not propose
+to seize the ordinary State or city revenue, as that, in my judgment,
+would be to make war on civilization, as no community can escape
+absolute anarchy without civil government. I shall take care, however,
+to see that the means collected within any particular State or city
+for that purpose are moderate and reasonable."
+
+Order No. 395 was issued December 31st, specifying the States by name
+and the several sums they would be annually taxed. The duties paid at
+the gates of the cities, and in passing from one State to another, as
+well as the tobacco monopoly and lotteries, were abolished. Governors
+and members of the Legislature of the different States, and all
+collecting officers then in commission and charged with the collection
+of Federal duties of any, were held individually responsible in their
+persons and property for the collection and payment of the assessment.
+The order, which was a long one and carefully prepared, gave many
+details. The last two paragraphs say: "The American troops, in
+spreading themselves over this republic, will take care to observe the
+strictest discipline and morals in respect to the persons and property
+of the country, purchasing and paying for all necessaries and comforts
+they may require, and treating the unoffending inhabitants with
+forbearance and kindness. The higher honor of the country, as well as
+the particular honor of the army, must and shall be maintained against
+the few miscreants in our ranks. The laws of war will also be strictly
+observed toward all Mexicans who respect those laws. For the treatment
+of those atrocious bands of _guerillos_ and armed _rancheros_, General
+Order No. 392 of the 12th instant will be rigidly enforced."
+
+To prevent frauds in the payment of dues as assessed, General Orders
+No. 8, of January 9, 1848, were issued. The orders referred to and
+quoted in part show that General Scott was eminently qualified to
+fulfill a position in civil as well as military life. The orders he
+promulgated were laws to the Mexicans, and show that his
+administration of the civil affairs of the conquered country was wise,
+merciful, and judicious. It was here that General Scott's early legal
+training manifested itself. These orders had anticipated the message
+of the President which reached him on the 14th in a communication from
+the War Department, and in which the President's views were given in
+regard to the future prosecution of the war. He was urged to endeavor
+to lessen expenses by compelling Mexico to contribute, and see the
+necessity of making a peace honorable alike to both countries. Says
+the Secretary: "Our object being to obtain acceptable terms, which it
+is apprehended can not be speedily obtained without making the enemy
+feel he is to bear a considerable part of the burden of war.
+
+"Should there not be at this time a government in Mexico of sufficient
+stability to make peace, or should the authority which there exists be
+adverse to it, and yet a large and influential portion of the people
+be really disposed to put an end to hostilities, it is desirable to
+know what prospect there is that the latter could, with countenance
+and protection of our arms, organize a government willing to make
+peace and sustain relations of peace with us. It is presumed that your
+opportunities of knowing the disposition of the people of Mexico will
+enable you to furnish your Government with correct information on the
+subject, and the President desires to be furnished with your views."
+
+On January 6, 1848, General Scott reported to the Department that his
+total force in the Valley of Mexico was fourteen thousand nine hundred
+and sixty-four, with only eleven thousand one hundred and sixty-two
+fit for duty, measles prevailing mainly among the volunteers. Half of
+General Marshall's force at Jalapa was sick, and he reported, December
+22d, that he had sent his wagons back to Vera Cruz for medicines and
+other supplies. Pachuca was occupied without opposition by Colonel
+Jones M. Withers, Ninth Infantry, and General Cadwallader marched,
+December 22d, for Lerma and Toluca, the latter the State capital and
+thirty-eight miles from the City of Mexico.
+
+On January 13th General Scott reported the unsuccessful efforts of
+Colonel Wynkoop's First Pennsylvania Volunteers to capture the Padre
+Jaruata, but the same colonel, learning of General Valencia's
+whereabouts, made a night march, surprised and captured him and a
+colonel of his staff. Colonel Jack Hays made efforts to capture
+Jaruata, but also failed. He had an engagement with the band, killing
+and wounding many of them.
+
+On January 12, 1848, a letter was dispatched by the Secretary of War
+to General Scott informing him that he had been relieved from the
+command of the army by order of the President of the United States,
+and was to be brought before a court of inquiry to be convened in the
+Castle of Perote, Mexico, on the 18th of February.
+
+On February 2, 1848, General Scott acknowledged receipt of the
+Secretary's letters of November 8th and 17th and December 14th. The
+system of finance--prohibiting the export duties on coins and the
+prohibition of export in bars, inaugurated by the general--differed
+materially from the instructions in the Secretary's letter of November
+17th, and the general hoped, for the reasons suggested in his letter
+of December 17th, that the President would consent to adopt his views
+in respect to the precious metals. He informed the Secretary that the
+ayuntamiento of the capital had charged itself with the payment on
+account of the Federal district of four hundred thousand dollars of
+the six hundred and sixty-eight thousand three hundred and thirty-two
+dollars imposed per year on the State of Mexico; that General
+Cadwallader would soon begin to collect through the ayuntamiento of
+Toluca a large part of the remainder. Colonel Clarke, of the Sixth
+Infantry, had been ordered into the Cuernavaca Valley, forty-three
+miles south, with a force amply sufficient to enforce a thorough
+collection.
+
+General Scott says: "The _war of masses_ ended with the capture of the
+enemy's capital; the _war of detail_, including the occupation of the
+country and the collection of revenue, requires a large additional
+force, as before suggested." Referring to the fact that he had learned
+it was thought in Washington that "he had thirty thousand men under
+his command, while in truth, including the forces at Tampico, Vera
+Cruz, on the line from that port, and in the valley and vicinity, he
+had a total of twenty-four thousand eight hundred and sixteen; the
+sick, necessary, and indispensable garrisons deducted would leave an
+available force for distant service of only four thousand five
+hundred, and he did not know of the approach of any considerable
+re-enforcements. Seven thousand he deemed a minimum number with which
+the important line from Durango through Zacatecas and San Luis to
+Tampico could be opened and maintained. Many of the volunteers were
+sick with measles, mumps, and erysipelas, common among all classes of
+soldiers."
+
+A treaty of peace had been agreed upon and signed and was to be
+forwarded at once. Referring to the fact, he says: "In about forty
+days I may receive an acknowledgment of this report, and by that time,
+if the treaty of peace be not accepted, I hope to be sufficiently
+re-enforced to open the commercial line between Zacatecas and Tampico.
+The occupation of Queretaro, Guanajuato, and Guadalajara would be the
+next in importance, and some of the ports of the Pacific third.
+Meanwhile the collection of internal revenue dues on the precious
+metals and direct assessments shall be continued."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following is the organization of the army in its march from Puebla
+to the City of Mexico:
+
+                         GENERAL STAFF.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Assistant Inspector General.
+Captain Henry Lee Scott, Acting Adjutant General.
+First-Lieutenant T. Williams, Aid-de-camp.
+Brevet First-Lieutenant George William Lay, Aid-de-camp.
+Second-Lieutenant Schuyler Hamilton, Aid-de-camp.
+Major J.P. Gaines, Volunteer Aid-de-camp.
+
+                         ENGINEER CORPS.
+
+Major John Lind Smith, Chief; Captain Robert Edward Lee;
+Lieutenants Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, Isaac I. Stevens,
+Zealous Bates Tower, Gustavus Woodson Smith, George B. McClellan,
+John Gray Foster.
+
+                       ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.
+
+Captain Benjamin Hug�r, Chief, with siege train.
+First-Lieutenant Peter Valentine Hugner.
+Second-Lieutenant George Thom.
+Brevet Second-Lieutenant E.L.F. Hardcastle.
+
+                    QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT.
+
+Captains James R. Irwin, Chief; Abraham C. Myers, Robert
+Allen, Henry Constantine Wayne, Justus McKinstry, George W.F.
+Wood, J. Daniels, O'Hara, Samuel McGowan.
+
+                      SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT.
+
+Captain John Breckinridge Grayson, Chief.
+Captain Thomas P. Randle.
+
+                         PAY DEPARTMENT.
+
+Major Edmund Kirby, Chief.
+ "    Abraham Van Buren.
+ "    Albert Gallatin Bennett.
+
+                       MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
+
+Surgeon-General Thomas Lawson; Surgeons Benjamin Franklin Harney,
+Richard Smith Satterlee, Charles Stuart Tripler, Burton Randall, James
+Meck Cuyler; Assistant Surgeons Alexander F. Suter, Josiah Simpson,
+David Camben De Leon, Henry H. Steiner, James Simons, Joseph K. Barnes,
+Levi H. Holden, Charles Carter Keeney, James Frazier Head, John Fox
+Hammond, Josephus M. Steiner, Charles P. Deyerle, Ebenezer Swift.
+Surgeons J.M. Tyler, volunteer; McMillan, volunteer; Courtney J. Clark,
+volunteer; W.B. Halstead, volunteer. Assistant Surgeons R. Hagan,
+volunteer; H.L. Wheaton, volunteer. Surgeons R. Ritchie, First
+Volunteers; J. Barry, First Volunteers; Edwards, First Volunteers; L.W.
+Jordan, First Volunteers; R. McSherry, First Volunteers; Roberts, First
+Volunteers.
+
+                             CORPS.
+
+                    Colonel Harney's Brigade.
+
+Detachment of First Light Dragoons, Captain James Kearny.
+Detachment of Second Light Dragoons, Major Edwin Vose Sumner.
+Detachment of Third Light Dragoons under Major Andrew Thomas McReynolds.
+
+
+        I. BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL WORTH'S DIVISION.
+
+                1. Colonel John Garland's Brigade.
+
+Second Regiment of Artillery, serving as infantry.
+Third     "     "     "          "          "
+Fourth    "     "   Infantry.
+Duncan's Field Battery.
+
+                2. Colonel Andrew Clark's Brigade.
+
+Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Regiments of Infantry.
+A Light Battery.
+
+
+        II. BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL TWIGGS'S DIVISION.
+
+                1. Brevet Brigadier-General Persifor F. Smith's Brigade.
+
+Rifle Regiment.
+First Regiment of Artillery, serving as infantry.
+Third Regiment of Infantry.
+Taylor's Light Battery.
+
+                2. Colonel Bennet Riley's Brigade.
+
+Fourth Regiment of Artillery, serving as infantry.
+First Regiment of Infantry.
+Seventh Regiment of Infantry.
+
+
+        III. MAJOR-GENERAL GIDEON J. PILLOW'S DIVISION.
+
+                1. Brigadier-General G. Cadwallader's Brigade.
+
+Voltigeurs.
+Eleventh and Fourteenth Infantry.
+A Light Battery.
+
+                2. Brigadier-General Franklin Pierce's Brigade.
+
+Ninth, Twelfth, and Fifteenth Infantry.
+
+
+        IV. MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN A. QUITMAN'S DIVISION.
+
+                1. Brigadier-General Shields's Brigade.
+
+New York Volunteers.
+South Carolina Volunteers.
+
+                2. Lieutenant-Colonel Watson's Brigade.
+
+A detachment of Second Pennsylvania Volunteers.
+A detachment of United States Marines.
+
+
+_List of Officers of the Battalion of Marines under Command of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Watson._
+
+Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel E. Watson, Major Levi Twiggs, Major
+William Dulany.
+
+_Staff._--First Lieutenant and Adjutant D.D. Baker, First Lieutenant
+and Acting Quartermaster John S. Devlin.
+
+_Captains._--John G. Reynolds, George H. Terrett, and William Lang.
+
+_First Lieutenants._--Jabez C. Rich, Robert C. Caldwell, William L.
+Young, Thomas A. Brady, John D. Simms, and Daniel J. Sutherland.
+
+_Second Lieutenants._--George Adams, E. McD. Reynolds, Thomas Y.
+Field, Charles G. McCawley, Freeman Norvell, Charles A. Henderson,
+John S. Nicholson, Augustus S. Nicholson, and Henry Welsh.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Scott's care for the welfare of his army--Account of the money levied
+on Mexico--Last note to the Secretary of War while commander in chief
+in Mexico--Army asylums--Treaty of peace--Scott turns over the army to
+General William O. Butler--Scott and Worth--Court of inquiry on
+Worth--The "Leonidas" and "Tampico" letters--Revised paragraph
+650--Army regulations--General Worth demands a court of inquiry and
+prefers charges against Scott--Correspondence--General belief as to
+Scott's removal command--The trial--Return home of General Scott.
+
+
+As an army commander General Scott had frequent occasion to use money
+for which vouchers or even ordinary receipts could not be taken and
+the nature of the service could not be specified; he styled them
+"secret disbursements." In a letter to the War Department of February
+6, 1848, he stated that he "had made no report of such disbursements
+since leaving Jalapa, (1) because of the uncertainty of our
+communications with Vera Cruz, and (2) the necessity of certain
+explanations which, on account of others, ought not to be reduced to
+writing," and added, "I have never tempted the honor or patriotism of
+any man, but have held it as lawful in morals as in war to purchase
+valuable information or services voluntarily tendered me."
+
+He charged himself with the money he received in Washington for
+"secret disbursements," the one hundred and fifty thousand dollars
+levied upon the City of Mexico for the immediate benefit of the army,
+and of the captured tobacco taken from the Mexican Government, with
+other small sums, all of which were accounted for. He then charged
+himself with sixty-three thousand seven hundred and forty-five dollars
+and fifty-seven cents expended in the purchase of blankets and shoes
+distributed gratuitously to enlisted men, for ten thousand dollars
+extra supplies for the hospitals, ten dollars each to every crippled
+man discharged or furloughed, some sixty thousand dollars for secret
+services, including the native spy company of Dominguez, whose pay
+commenced in July, and which he did not wish to bring into account
+with the Treasury. There remained a balance of one hundred thousand
+dollars, a draft for which he inclosed, saying: "I hope you will allow
+the draft to go to the credit of the army asylum, and make the subject
+known in the way you may deem best to the military committees of
+Congress. The sum is, in small part, the price of American blood so
+gallantly shed in this vicinity; and considering that the army
+receives no prize money, I repeat the hope that its proposed
+destination may be approved and carried into effect.... The remainder
+of the money in my hands, as well as that expended, I shall be ready
+to account for at the proper time and in the proper manner, merely
+offering this imperfect report to explain, in the meantime, the
+character of the one hundred thousand dollars draft."
+
+On February 9, 1848, General Scott addressed what seems to have been
+his last note to the War Department as commander in chief of the army
+of Mexico. It is brief. He adverted to the fact of his not receiving
+any communication from the War Department or adjutant general's
+office, and says: "But slips from newspapers and letters from
+Washington have come to interested parties here, representing, I
+learn, that the President has determined to place me before a court
+for daring to enforce necessary discipline in this army against
+certain of its high officers. I make only a passing comment upon these
+unofficial announcements, learning with pleasure, through the same
+sources, that I am to be superseded by Major-General William O.
+Butler." The admirable recommendation in regard to the draft was
+adopted and carried out, and the money applied to the purchase of
+asylums for soldiers.
+
+There was not any general engagement of the armies after the capture
+of the City of Mexico. General Lane, always vigilant, kept his force
+in constant motion, pursuing, engaging, when possible, and dispersing
+the numerous predatory bands that infested his flanks and rear.
+
+The first efforts to agree upon a treaty of peace failed. Active
+operations were resumed, and so weakened Mexico that she was left no
+alternative but to make "peace such as her powerful and successful
+enemy might dictate." By the Constitution of Mexico the office of
+President in case of a vacancy devolved upon the president of the
+Supreme Court provisionally; but there was no president of the Supreme
+Court in September, 1847, the last incumbent having died, and no
+successor having been elected when Santa Anna resigned. Congress,
+whose duty it was to elect this officer, could only be convened by
+proclamation of the President, but, as is seen, there was no
+President. In this unfortunate state of affairs, the most influential
+of the _Moderado_ party, with the hope of preventing anarchy, then
+greatly threatened, if it had not already raised its head, and
+conclude terms of peace, prevailed upon Pe�a y Pe�a, an able and
+enlightened jurist, statesman, and patriot, and senior judge of the
+Supreme Court, to assume the provisional presidency. He was recognized
+by the State authorities, and pledges were given that they would
+uphold and defend it against all intriguers opposed to peace, through
+the non-existence of a government competent to make it. It was known
+that Pe�a was not averse to peace.
+
+Mr. Nicholas P. Trist, the commissioner on the part of the United
+States, upon the formation of the new Government, made propositions
+for a conference of representatives. Owing to the fact that the
+Mexican Congress had to be called together to elect a President _ad
+interim_ to serve until January 8, 1848, the overtures of Mr. Trist
+could not be entertained. By a combination between the Puro party and
+the adherents of Santa Anna and other factions, the _Moderado_ party
+came very near being defeated, but the latter were successful and
+elected General Don Pedro Maria Anaya _ad interim_ President; and Pe�a
+y Pe�a and General Mora y Villamil, both in favor of peace, were made
+respectively Minister of Foreign Relations and Minister of War.
+
+Negotiations were now again formally undertaken. The Mexican
+Government was represented by Se�ores Conto, Atristain, and Cuevas.
+The commissioners of the respective countries met at Guadalupe
+Hidalgo, three miles from the City of Mexico. After many meetings,
+long conferences, and discussions, a treaty of peace, friendships, and
+limits between Mexico and the United States was concluded and signed
+February 2, 1848.
+
+A synopsis of the treaty is given. Some of the articles are given in
+full, as the fifth, which secured to the United States the great State
+of California with its incalculable wealth in mineral and agriculture
+resources, and the territory of New Mexico, also rich in all that
+Nature can yield.
+
+  _Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, concluded February 2, 1848.
+  Ratifications exchanged at Queretaro, May 30, 1848. Proclaimed July
+  4, 1848_.
+
+  The United States was represented by Nicholas P. Trist, and the
+  Republic of Mexico was represented by Don Louis Gonzaga Cuevas, Don
+  Bernardo Conto, and Don Miguel Atristain.
+
+  "ARTICLE I. There shall be firm and universal peace between
+  the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, and between
+  respective countries, territories, cities, towns, and people,
+  without exception of places or persons.
+
+  "ART. II provides that, immediately upon the signature to
+  this treaty, commissioners shall be appointed by the commander in
+  chief of the American forces and the Mexican Government for the
+  provisional suspension of hostilities and the re-establishment of
+  the political, administrative, and judicial branches so far as this
+  shall be permitted by the circumstances of the case.
+
+  "ART. III. Immediately upon the ratification of this treaty
+  by the United States orders shall be issued to the commanders of the
+  land and naval forces, requiring the latter (provided this treaty
+  has been ratified by Mexico and ratifications exchanged) to
+  immediately desist from blockading any Mexican ports, and requiring
+  the former (under the same conditions) to withdraw all troops of the
+  United States then in the interior of the Mexican Republic to a
+  distance from the seaport not exceeding thirty leagues--this to be
+  done with the least possible delay; and to deliver up all
+  customhouses at all ports occupied by the forces of the United
+  States to persons authorized by the Mexican Government to receive
+  it, with all bonds and evidences of debt for duties on importations
+  and exportations. An exact account to be rendered of all duties on
+  imports and exports, after the ratification of this treaty by
+  Mexico, deducting only the cost of collection. The City of Mexico to
+  be evacuated within one month after the orders there stipulated
+  shall be received by the commander of said troops.
+
+  "ART. IV. Immediately after the ratifications of the
+  present treaty all castles, forts, territories, places, and
+  possessions shall be definitely restored to Mexico; the final
+  evacuation of the territory of Mexico shall be completed within
+  three months, or sooner if possible, the Mexican Government engaging
+  to use all means in its power to facilitate the same. All prisoners
+  of war taken on sea or land to be restored, and all Mexicans held by
+  savage tribes within the United States to be exacted from such
+  tribes and restored to their country.
+
+  "ART. V is given in full:
+
+  "The boundary line between the two republics shall commence in the
+  Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, opposite the mouth of the
+  Rio Grande, otherwise called Rio Bravo del Norte, or opposite the
+  mouth of its deepest branch, if it should have more than one branch
+  emptying directly into the sea; from thence up the middle of that
+  river, following the deepest channel, where it has more than one, to
+  the point where it strikes the southern boundary of New Mexico;
+  thence westwardly along the southern boundary of New Mexico (which
+  runs north of the town called Paso) to its western termination;
+  thence northward along the western line of New Mexico until it
+  intersects the first branch of the Rio Gila (or if it should not
+  intersect any branch of that river, then to a point on said line
+  nearest to said branch, and thence in a direct line to the same);
+  thence down the middle of the said branch of said river until it
+  empties into the Rio Colorado; thence across the Rio Colorado,
+  following the division line between Upper and Lower California to
+  the Pacific Ocean. The southern and western limits of New Mexico
+  mentioned in this article are those laid down in the map entitled
+  '_Map of the United Mexican States, as organized and defined by
+  various acts of Congress of said republic, and constructed according
+  to the best authorities. Revised edition. Published in New York, in
+  1847, by J. Disturnell_'; of which map a copy is added to this
+  treaty, bearing the signatures and seals of the undersigned
+  plenipotentiaries. And in order to preclude all difficulty in
+  tracing upon the ground limit separating Upper from Lower
+  California, it is agreed that the said limit shall consist of a
+  straight line drawn from the middle of the Rio Gila, where it unites
+  with the Colorado, to a point on the coast of the Pacific Ocean
+  distant one marine league due south of the southernmost point of the
+  port of San Diego, according to the plan of said port made in 1782
+  by Don Juan Pantoja, second sailing master of the Spanish fleet,
+  and published at Madrid in the year 1802, in the atlas to the voyage
+  of said schooners Sutil and Mexicana; of which plan a copy is
+  hereunto added, signed and sealed by the respective
+  plenipotentiaries.
+
+  "In order to designate the boundary line with due precision upon
+  authoritative maps, and to establish upon the ground landmarks which
+  shall show the limits of both republics, as described in the present
+  article, the two governments shall each appoint a commissioner and
+  surveyor, who, before the expiration of one year from the date of
+  the exchange of ratifications of this treaty, shall meet at the port
+  of San Diego and proceed to run and mark the said boundary in its
+  whole course to the mouth of the Rio Bravo del Norte. They shall
+  keep journals and make out plans of their operations; and the result
+  agreed upon by them shall be deemed a part of this treaty, and shall
+  have the same force and effect as if inserted therein. The two
+  governments will amicably agree regarding what may be necessary to
+  these persons, and also as to their respective escorts, should such
+  be necessary.
+
+  "The boundary line established by this article shall be religiously
+  respected by each of the two republics, and no change shall ever be
+  made therein, except by the express and free consent of both nations
+  lawfully given by the General Government of each in conformity with
+  its own constitution.
+
+  "ART. 6 gives citizens of the United States free navigation
+  of the Gulf of California and the Rio Colorado below its confluence
+  with the Gila.
+
+  "ART. 7. The Rio Gila and the part of the Rio Bravo del
+  Norte are made free for the navigation of vessels of both countries
+  without tax.
+
+  "ART. 8. Mexicans to remain in the ceded territory if they
+  choose to do so, or to remove at any time to the Mexican republic,
+  retaining the property they possess in said territories, or
+  disposing of the same and removing the same wherever they please.
+  Those who remain in said territories may either retain the title and
+  rights of Mexican citizens or acquire those of citizens of the
+  United States; but they shall be under the obligation to make their
+  election within one year from the date of the exchange of
+  ratifications of this treaty; and those who shall remain in said
+  territories after the expiration of that year, without having
+  declared their intention to retain the character of Mexicans, shall
+  be considered to have elected to become citizens of the United
+  States. Property in those territories belonging to Mexicans shall be
+  inviolably respected, and the present owners and their heirs and
+  those who have acquired the same shall enjoy the same, as if it
+  belonged to citizens of the United States.
+
+  "ART. 9. Mexicans who do not declare themselves citizens of
+  Mexico shall be incorporated in and become citizens of the United
+  States under such regulations as shall be provided by law.
+
+  "ART. 10 of the treaty was stricken out.
+
+  "ART. 11. The United States undertakes to deliver up, if
+  possible, any Mexicans that may be captured by any of the savage
+  tribes within the ceded territory; and to prevent purchasing any
+  property from any Mexican while in capture by the Indians; nor to
+  purchase any property of any kind stolen within Mexican territory by
+  such Indians.
+
+  "ART. 12. In consideration of the extension acquired by the
+  boundaries of the United States, as defined by the fifth article of
+  the present treaty, the Government of the United States engages to
+  pay to that of the Mexican republic the sum of fifteen millions of
+  dollars, and prescribes the manner and times of payment.
+
+  "ART. 13. The United States assumes the payment of all
+  claims now due and those hereafter to become due by reason of claims
+  already liquidated against Mexico under the treaties of April 11,
+  1839, and January 30, 1843.
+
+  "ART. 14. The United States discharges Mexico from all
+  claims of citizens of the United States against said republic.
+
+  "ART. 15 provides for the appointment of a board of
+  commissioners to adjudicate all claims against Mexico, the United
+  States assuming the payment of such as may be allowed; the Mexican
+  Government agreeing to furnish such books, papers, etc., as may be
+  deemed necessary as evidence.
+
+  "ART. 16. The right of both parties to fortify any point in
+  its territory it may deem proper.
+
+  "ART. 17. The treaty of April 5, 1831, and its provisions
+  not inconsistent with this treaty, revived.
+
+  "ART. 18. All supplies for troops of the United States
+  shall be exempt from duties or charges of any kind; the United
+  States engaging to prevent merchandise and goods from being landed,
+  under cover of this article, not intended for the army.
+
+  "ART. 19. General provisions in regard to merchandise
+  imported into Mexico during hostilities.
+
+  "ART. 20 provides what disposition shall be made of
+  merchandise arriving in Mexico, if the customhouses shall be
+  delivered up less than sixty days from the signatures to this
+  treaty.
+
+  "ART. 21. If disagreements should arise between the two
+  countries, every effort will be made to adjust the same peaceably;
+  and failing in that, the subject-matter of dispute shall be referred
+  to arbitration.
+
+  "ART. 22 provides what shall be done with the citizens of
+  either country residing in the other, should war unhappily break out
+  between the two republics."
+
+The treaty was given to a trusty messenger, dispatched to Vera Cruz,
+and the general commanding at that point was ordered to forward it
+immediately by the swiftest steamer in the harbor. The general
+requested, in case the treaty was accepted and ratified, that he be
+instructed as early as practicable in regard to evacuating Mexico, and
+the disposition to be made of the wagons, artillery, and cavalry
+horses, and the points in the United States to which the troops should
+be ordered, and hoped the troops could leave Mexico before the return
+of the _vomito_, which would probably be in May.
+
+It had been rumored in the army for several weeks that General Scott
+was to be superseded in command, and he announced the fact in the
+following order:
+
+                             "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
+
+                                         "MEXICO, _February 18, 1848_.
+
+  "GENERAL ORDERS NO. 59.
+
+  "By instruction from the President of the United States just
+  received, Major-General Scott turns over the command of the army to
+  Major-General Butler, who will immediately enter upon duty
+  accordingly. In taking leave of the troops he has so long had the
+  command of in an arduous campaign, a small part of whose glory has
+  been from position reflected on the senior officer, Major-General
+  Scott is happy to be relieved by a general of established merit and
+  distinction in the service of his country.
+
+  "By command of General Scott.
+
+                                                   "H.L. SCOTT,
+
+                                "_Acting Assistant Adjutant General_."
+
+There was nothing for General Butler to do but wait the action of the
+United States on the treaty that had been forwarded, and then evacuate
+the Mexican territory. As has been seen, ratifications of the treaty
+were exchanged at Queretaro May 30, 1848, and proclaimed July 4, 1848.
+
+Although General Worth had served with General Scott as his aid, and
+the most friendly relations had heretofore existed between them,
+circumstances occurred in May and June, 1847, that caused an
+estrangement between them which was never healed. On June 16, 1847,
+General Worth issued a circular at Peublo of the following purport:
+"Intelligence has come to the headquarters of this division, in a form
+and from sources entitled to consideration, that food exhibited, and,
+in tempting form, for sale to the soldiers, is purposely prepared to
+cause sickness and ultimately death"; and he appealed to every soldier
+to forbear the procurement or use of such food, as ample rations were
+issued, and added: "Doubtless there are among those with whom we are
+situated many who will not hesitate, as is the habit of cowards, to
+poison those from whom they habitually fly in battle--a resource
+familiar in Spanish history, legitimately inherited and willingly
+practiced in Mexico."
+
+General Scott had animadverted upon the terms granted by Worth to the
+functionaries of the city of Puebla, about May 15, 1847, and strongly
+censured the circular referred to. These reproofs induced General
+Worth to call for a court of inquiry, which was ordered to convene
+June 17, 1847, at 10 o'clock A.M. The court met, and General
+Worth submitted a statement of the matters in which he deemed himself
+wronged by the general in chief, and to which he invited
+investigation. The court gave the matters before it careful
+consideration on the evidence adduced and the documents submitted, and
+pronounced their opinions. The court found nothing in the remarks of
+the general in chief in regard to General Worth's terms to the
+functionaries of Puebla to which he [Worth] could take exception;
+"that the terms or stipulations granted by Brevet Major-General Worth
+to the functionaries of the city of Puebla upon his entrance with his
+advance of the army on the 15th of May last were unnecessarily
+yielded, improvident, and in effect detrimental to the public
+service," and continues: "The court, as required, further declares its
+opinion that the 'circular' published by Brevet Major-General Worth to
+his division, dated Puebla, June 16, 1847, was highly improper and
+extremely objectionable in many respects, especially as it might tend,
+by exasperating the whole Mexican nation, to thwart the well-known
+pacific policy of the United States, and, in view of the high source
+from which it emanated, to disturb the friendly relations of our
+Government with Spain, or at least give occasion to that power to call
+for explanations or apologies. The barbarous offense against which
+that 'circular' warned the soldiers of the First Division, if it
+exists at all, equally affected the whole army. The information
+obtained by General Worth, if worthy of notice, should therefore have
+been communicated to the general in chief, that he might have
+exercised his discretion on the means to be adopted for correcting the
+evil. With these views of the 'circular' alluded to the court is of
+the opinion that it called for the 'emphatic admonition' and rebuke of
+the general in chief."
+
+About two months after the occupation of the City of Mexico by the
+United States forces a mail arrived from the States. It was found that
+two letters written from the valley a few days after the battles of
+Contreras and Churubusco had been published in the newspapers. One of
+them, published in the New Orleans Delta, was known as the "Leonidas
+letter," and gave to General Pillow nearly all the credit for winning
+these important battles, and placed him on a plane of military genius
+far above the facts, as was understood by parties present. Among other
+things the letter said: "He [Pillow] evinced on this, as he had on
+other occasions, that masterly military genius and profound knowledge
+of the science of war which has astonished _the mere martinets of the
+profession_. His plan was very similar to that by which Napoleon
+effected the reduction of the fortress of Ulm, and General Scott was
+so perfectly well satisfied with it that he could not interfere with
+any part of it, but left it to the gallant projector to carry into
+glorious and successful execution."
+
+The "Tampico letter," as the other letter was called, is given in
+full:
+
+                                 "TACUBAYA, MEXICO, _August 27, 1847_.
+
+  "The whole force which moved from Puebla, amounting to ten thousand,
+  more or less, marched in four columns on successive days, in the
+  following order, viz.: Twiggs, Quitman, Worth, and Pillow. In
+  approaching the City of Mexico by the main highway you go directly
+  on to Penon, which is a strong position, exceedingly well fortified.
+  Before leaving Puebla, it had been considered whether the main road
+  can not be avoided and El Penon turned by passing around to the
+  south and left of Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco. The engineer officers
+  serving immediately at general headquarters had questioned a number
+  of persons, including spies and agents sent expressly to examine the
+  route, and the mass of testimony was entire to the boggy, mucky, and
+  perfectly impracticable character for wagons and artillery of the
+  road leading in that direction. It was therefore in contemplation to
+  turn Penon by forcing Mexicalcinzo, although the ground was
+  difficult and the batteries known to be numerous. This route, you
+  will observe, is to the north and right of the lakes. The
+  reconnoissances of the engineers were consequently directed to this
+  end. In the meantime General Worth, whose division had been left at
+  Chalco, while General Scott, with Twiggs, had gone to Ayotla, sent
+  Colonel Duncan with a large party to examine the denounced route.
+
+  "Colonel Duncan found it just the reverse of what it had been
+  pronounced to be; it was firm, rocky, and quite practicable,
+  requiring, to be sure, a little labor here and there. General Worth
+  instantly sent Colonel Duncan with this information to General
+  Scott, and urged the movement of the whole army to the left of Lake
+  Chalco. The direct attack was abandoned, and on the morning the
+  whole army was in motion."
+
+Owing to a letter written by General Taylor to General Gaines, which
+was intended to be private and confidential, finding its way into the
+New York Morning Express, the Secretary of War issued the following:
+
+
+                     "WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, _January 28, 1847_.
+
+  "The President of the United States directs that paragraph 650 of
+  the General Regulations of the Army, established the 1st of March,
+  1825, and not included among those published January 25, 1841, be
+  now published, and its observance, as a part of the general
+  regulations, be strictly enjoined upon the army.
+
+  "By order of the President.
+
+                                    "W.L. MARCY, _Secretary of War_."
+
+The following is the paragraph referred to and ordered to be
+"published":
+
+"Private letters or reports relative to military movements and
+operations are frequently mischievous in design, and always
+disgraceful to the army. They are therefore strictly forbidden, and
+any officer found guilty of making such report for publication,
+without special permission, or of placing the writing beyond his
+control, so that it finds its way to the press within one month after
+the termination of the campaign to which it relates, shall be
+dismissed from the service."
+
+Upon the appearance in print of the two letters referred to, the
+commanding general issued the following:
+
+                              "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
+
+                                         "MEXICO, _November 12, 1847_.
+
+  "GENERAL ORDERS No. 349.
+
+  "The attention of certain officers of this army is recalled to the
+  foregoing--650th paragraph, 1,825 regulations--a regulation
+  prohibiting officers of the army from detailing in private letters
+  or reports the movements of the army, which the general in chief is
+  resolved to enforce so far as it may be in his power. As yet but two
+  echoes from home of the brilliant operations of our army in this
+  basin have reached us--the first in a New Orleans and the second
+  through a Tampico newspaper.
+
+  "It requires not a little charity to believe that the principal
+  heroes of the scandalous letters alluded to did not write them, or
+  especially procure them to be written; and the intelligent can be at
+  no loss in conjecturing the authors, chiefs, partisans, and pet
+  familiars. To the honor of the service, the disease--pruriency of
+  fame not earned--can not have seized upon half a dozen officers
+  present, all of whom, it is believed, belonged to the same two
+  coteries.
+
+  "False credit may no doubt be attained at hand by such despicable
+  self-puffings and malignant exclusion of others, but at the expense
+  of the just esteem and consideration of all honorable officers who
+  love their country, their profession, and the truth of history. The
+  indignation of the great number of the latter class can not fail in
+  the end to bring down the conceited and envious to their proper
+  level."
+
+The day after the publication of the above General Orders General
+Worth forwarded to army headquarters a communication in which he
+said:
+
+"I learn with much astonishment that the prevailing opinion in this
+army points the imputation of 'scandalous' contained in the third, and
+the invocation of the 'indignation of the great number' in the fourth
+paragraph of Orders No. 349, printed and issued yesterday, to myself
+as one of the officers alluded to. Although I can not suppose those
+opinions to be correctly formed, nevertheless, regarding the high
+source from which such imputations flow, so seriously affecting the
+qualities of a gentleman, the character and usefulness of him at whom
+they may be aimed, I feel it incumbent on me to ask, as I do now most
+respectfully, of the frankness and justice of the commander in chief,
+whether in any sense or degree he condescended to apply, or designed
+to have applied, the epithets contained in that order to myself, and
+consequently whether the general military opinion or sentiment in that
+matter has taken a right or intended direction. I trust I shall be
+pardoned for pressing with urgency an early reply to this
+communication."
+
+On the day General Worth addressed his communication to General Scott,
+Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel James Duncan wrote to the editor of the
+North American (a newspaper published in the City of Mexico in
+English), in which he avowed that the substance of the "Tampico
+letter" was communicated by him to a friend in Pittsburg from Tacubaya
+soon after the battles, and added: "The statements in the letter are
+known by very many officers of this army to be true, and I can not but
+think that the publication of the truth is less likely to do violence
+to individuals or to the service than the suppression of it." He
+states that justice to General Worth, who was evidently one of the
+persons pointed at in Orders No. 349, requires him [Duncan] to state
+that he [General Worth] knew nothing of the writer's purpose in
+writing the letter in question; that General Worth never saw it, and
+did not know, directly or indirectly, even the purport of one line,
+word, or syllable of it until he saw it in print; that this letter was
+not inspired by General Worth, but that both the "Tampico letter"--or
+rather the private letter to his friend which formed the basis of that
+letter--and this were written on his own responsibility.
+
+On November 14, 1847, General Scott acknowledged General Worth's
+letter of the 13th, and said: "The General Order No. 349 was, as is
+pretty clearly expressed on its face, meant to apply to the letter
+signed 'Leonidas' in a New Orleans paper, and to the summary of two
+letters given in the Washington Union and copied into a Tampico paper,
+to the authors, aiders, and abettors of those letters, be they who
+they may."
+
+It may be well questioned if an officer has a right to demand of his
+superior in command whether or not certain expressions used in written
+orders apply to him. If one officer could claim this privilege another
+also could, until every officer in the command had interrogated the
+commanding officer as to the intention of words used in general
+orders. To comment upon and disapprove or censure the official acts of
+his subordinates is not only a privilege of the commanding general,
+but an obligation, for the maintenance of discipline and the _morale_
+of the army.
+
+But any officer aggrieved by any censure or disapproval may demand a
+court of inquiry, which General Worth did in a letter dated November
+14, 1847, addressed to General Scott, in which he says: "I have the
+honor to receive your letter in reply, but not in answer to mine of
+yesterday, handed in this morning. The General Order is too clearly
+expressed on its face to admit of any doubt in regard to papers, and,
+in public military opinion, in regard to persons. The object of my
+letter, as I endeavored clearly to express, was to seek to know
+distinctly, and with a view to further measures to protect myself, if,
+as is supposed, I was one of the persons referred to. Regretting the
+necessity for intrusion, I am compelled again respectfully to solicit
+an answer to that question. I ask it as an act of simple justice,
+which it is hoped will not be denied."
+
+To this General Scott replied through his assistant adjutant general
+[H.L. Scott], November 14, 1847, "that he [General Scott] can not be
+more explicit than in his reply through me already given; that he has
+nothing to do with the suspicions of others, and has no positive
+information as to the authorship of the letters alluded to in General
+Orders No. 349. If he had valid information he would immediately
+prosecute the parties before a general court-martial."
+
+The correspondence on this subject was terminated by General Worth in
+the following letter:
+
+                            "HEADQUARTERS FIRST DIVISION,
+
+                                         "MEXICO, _November 14, 1847_.
+
+  "SIR: It is due to official courtesy and propriety that I
+  acknowledge your letter No. 2, in answer to mine of this date; and
+  in doing so, and in closing this correspondence with the
+  headquarters of the army, I beg permission to say, and with regret,
+  that I have received no satisfactory answer to the just and
+  rightful inquiries which I have addressed to the general in chief;
+  but inasmuch as I know myself to be deeply aggrieved and wronged, it
+  only remains to go by appeal, as I shall do through the prescribed
+  channels, to the constitutional commander in chief.
+
+  "The general in chief is pleased to say through you that he has
+  nothing to do with the suspicion of others, and that he has no
+  positive information as to authorship, etc., granted. But has not
+  the manner in which the general in chief has been pleased to treat
+  the case established--whether designedly or not remains to be
+  seen--an equivocal public sentiment on the subject? There are always
+  enough of that peculiar pestilential species who exist upon the
+  breath of authority to catch up the whisperings of fancy and infect
+  a whole military community. I do not design to be stifled under the
+  miasma of such, nor stricken down in my advanced age, without an
+  effort to convince my friends that I scorn to wear 'honor not
+  earned.'        Your obedient servant,
+
+                                 "W.J. WORTH, _Brevet Major General_."
+
+Following this, General Worth prepared the following communication,
+and sent it to army headquarters:
+
+                    "HEADQUARTERS FIRST DIVISION, _November 16, 1847_.
+
+  "_To the Honorable Secretary of War, Washington_:
+
+  "SIR: From the arbitrary and illegal conduct, the malice
+  and gross injustice, practiced by the general officer, commanding in
+  chief, this army, Major-General Winfield Scott, I appeal (as is my
+  right and privilege) to the constitutional commander in chief, the
+  President of the United States. I accuse Major-General Winfield
+  Scott of having acted in a manner unbecoming an officer and a
+  gentleman. He has availed himself of his position to publish by
+  authority to the army which he commands, and of the influence of his
+  station to give the highest effect to an order bearing date November
+  12, 1847, and numbered 349--official printed copy
+  herewith--calculated and designed to cast odium and disgrace upon
+  Brevet Major-General Worth; to bring that general officer into
+  disrepute with the army, to lessen, if not destroy, his just
+  influence and proper authority with those officers over whom he is
+  placed in command; that he has, without inquiry or investigation, in
+  the said order published to the army and the world, falsely charged
+  Brevet Major-General Worth with having written, or connived at the
+  writing, a certain letter published in the United States, and to
+  which he has been pleased to apply the epithet of 'scandalous,'
+  'malignant,' etc.; that he has made these statements to the world,
+  giving to them the sanction of his high authority and the influence
+  of his position, while he has had no information as to the
+  authorship of the letters in question; and when respectfully and
+  properly addressed upon the subject by the undersigned appellant, he
+  has declined to reply whether or not he intended to impute to Brevet
+  Major-General Worth conduct which he had characterized as
+  'scandalous,' 'malignant,' etc.; be pleased to refer to
+  correspondence herewith marked from A to E. I do not urge present
+  action on these accusations, because of their inconvenience to the
+  service in withdrawing many officers from their duties, but I do
+  humbly and respectfully invoke the President's examination into the
+  case, and such notice thereof and protection from arbitrary conduct
+  of said Major-General Scott as he may deem suitable.
+
+  "I have the honor to be, etc.,
+
+                                                  "W.J. WORTH,
+
+                         "_Brevet Major General, United States Army_."
+
+Upon receipt of the above communication at General Scott's
+headquarters, General Worth was placed under arrest and charged "with
+behaving with contempt and disrespect toward his commanding officer,"
+or words to that effect; and the specification to the charge was to
+the following effect: "Under pretext of appeal he charged his
+commanding officer to be actuated by malice toward him [Worth] and
+conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman."
+
+It must have been under a painful stress of duty that General Scott
+preferred charges against General Worth; they had been friends for
+over thirty years, and the latter had been aid-de-camp to the former.
+Worth was the first general officer ordered from General Taylor's army
+to report to General Scott on his arrival in Mexico.
+
+It was shown that General Pillow had given a written account of the
+battles of Contreras and Churubusco to the correspondent of a
+newspaper about August 25th, expressing a desire that it should go off
+with first impressions and form a part of the correspondent's letter.
+The general told the correspondent he had prepared it for him. The
+latter examined the paper submitted by the general, found it incorrect
+in many details, and did not send it as requested. When, however, the
+mail from New Orleans brought the newspaper with the "Leonidas
+letter," the correspondent compared the letter with the memorandum or
+statement given him by Pillow and pronounced them almost identical.
+
+The arrest of General Pillow was ordered. He was charged: 1. With a
+violation of a general regulation or standing order of the army. 2.
+With conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman.
+
+The specification to the first charge was, that he [Pillow] wrote or
+caused to be written an account of military operations between the
+United States forces and those of the Republic of Mexico, August 19,
+1847, in and about Contreras and Churubusco, in which operations said
+Pillow bore a part, and which account was designed by said Pillow and
+in due time, over the signature of "Leonidas," partially printed and
+published in the New Orleans Delta of September 10, 1847, and
+reprinted entire in the Bulletin and the Daily Picayune of the 15th
+and 16th of the same month, all this pending the campaign between the
+forces before mentioned. There were eight different specifications to
+the second charge, and under the first there were eight different
+items or headings. The specifications cover eleven printed pages.
+Their substance and effect was that General Pillow's account was not
+correct in the very many particulars specified.[B]
+
+Colonel Duncan was charged: 1. With violation of the 650th paragraph
+(revised), General Regulations of the Army; and the specification
+cited the "Tampico letter," which he confessed to have written. The
+second charge had relation solely to matters of fact set forth in the
+"Tampico letter."
+
+On January 13, 1848, the Secretary of War addressed a communication
+to General Scott in which he said: "The President has determined to
+relieve you from further duty as commanding general in Mexico. You are
+therefore ordered by him to turn over the command of the army to
+Major-General Butler, or, in his absence, to the officer highest in
+rank with the column under you, together with all instructions you
+have received in relation to your operations and duties as general in
+chief command, and all records and papers properly belonging or
+appertaining to general headquarters.
+
+
+[Footnote B: See Ex. Doc. No. 65, Thirtieth Congress, first session.]
+
+
+"Desirous to secure a full examination into all matters embraced in
+the several charges which you have presented against Major-General
+Pillow and Brevet Colonel Duncan, as well as the charges or grounds of
+complaint presented against you by Brevet Major-General Worth, and
+deeming your presence before the court of inquiry which has been
+organized to investigate these matters indispensably necessary for
+this purpose, you are directed by the President to attend the said
+court of inquiry wherever it may hold its sittings; and when your
+presence before or attendance upon the court shall no longer be
+required, and you are notified of that fact by the court, you will
+report in person at this department for further orders."
+
+General Scott while in Puebla had asked to be relieved from command of
+the army because of the want of sympathy and support of the home
+Government. He thought active operations would cease in November, and
+the passage through Vera Cruz would be safe by that date. The
+Secretary, in reply to this request of General Scott, said:
+
+"Regarding the inducement you have assigned for begging to be
+recalled as deserving to have very little influence on the question,
+it will be decided by the President with exclusive reference to the
+public good. When that shall render it proper in his opinion to
+withdraw you from your present command, his determination to do so
+will be made known to you."
+
+And further:
+
+"The perusal of these communications by the President has forced upon
+his mind the painful conviction that there exists a state of things at
+the headquarters of the army which is exceedingly detrimental to the
+public service, and imperiously calls upon him to interfere in such a
+way as will, he sincerely hopes, arrest and put an end to the
+dissensions and feuds which there prevail.... The documents show that
+General Worth felt deeply aggrieved by your General Order No. 349....
+With this view of the import and object of the order, his attempt by
+all proper means to remove from himself the ignominy of these
+imputations can not be regarded as an exceptionable course on his
+part. If he was actually aggrieved in this matter, or believed himself
+to be so, he had an unquestionable right to have the subject brought
+to the consideration of his and your common superior--the President.
+He prepared charges against you, for his letter of November 16th to
+the Secretary of War can be viewed in no other character, and
+endeavored to send them through you, the only channel he could use
+without violating established regulations to his common superior....
+General Worth having preferred charges against General Scott before
+the latter preferred charges against him, both law and natural justice
+require that the order of events should be pursued in such cases. The
+charges which he prefers against you should be first disposed of
+before proceedings can be instituted against him for malice in
+preferring charges, or for presenting such as he did know or believe
+to be well founded."
+
+The President was evidently laboring under a misapprehension in regard
+to the condition of affairs at the headquarters of the army.
+Everything was quiet, industry prevailed, and constant watchfulness
+for the comfort of the men of his command was being observed by the
+general in chief. The public interests under his charge received his
+constant care. No feuds were known to the army, and it was expected
+that if there was anything done by the President it would be to
+sustain the commanding general. At the time the order was issued
+relieving General Scott, both Generals Quitman and Shields were in
+Washington, but they were not consulted by the President or Secretary
+of War. General Quitman wrote from Washington to his aid, Lieutenant
+Christopher S. Lovell: "You are long since informed of the course the
+War Department has thought fit to pursue in relation to the
+difficulties between some of the generals. Though General Shields and
+myself were at Washington when the information came, we were not
+consulted."
+
+It was believed by a large number of persons both in and out of the
+army that considerations of public good had not in themselves caused
+the President to relieve General Scott from command of the army. It
+was well known that his political opinions were not in harmony with
+the Administration, while those of his successor were. There had been
+anything but that amenity which should exist between a commissioner
+to negotiate a treaty of peace and the commanding general. General
+Scott did not think that Mr. Trist treated him with the consideration
+his position required--rejecting all overtures on the part of the
+general. General Scott ascribes Trist's conduct to sickness, which is
+throwing the mantle of charity over a series of slights amounting
+almost to insults, which a general less solicitous for the cause he
+was engaged in, and less regardful of his country's good, would have
+resented in a manner that would have produced a crisis detrimental to
+the interests of the Government.
+
+General Scott, commander in chief, being the accuser, and Pillow,
+Worth, and Duncan the defendants, the duty devolved upon the President
+to appoint the court, which he did, composed of Brigadier-General
+Nathan Towson, paymaster general, Brigadier-General Caleb Cushing, and
+Brevet Colonel William G. Belknap, with Captain S.C. Ridgely, judge
+advocate and recorder.
+
+The court organized and adjourned to the City of Mexico, where it met
+March 16, 1848, all the members present, the judge advocate and
+recorder. General Pillow was also in attendance. No objection being
+made to any member of the court, they were duly sworn. General Scott
+then read a paper, from which the following extracts are made:
+
+"Having, in the maintenance of what I deemed necessary discipline,
+drawn up charges and specifications against three officers then under
+my command, I transmitted the papers November 28, 1847, to the
+Secretary of War, with a request in each case that the President,
+under the act of May 29, 1830, would appoint a general court-martial
+for the trial of the same. This court of inquiry is the result. I am
+stricken down from high command; one of the arrested generals is
+pre-acquitted and rewarded, and of the other parties, the judge and
+his prisoners, the accuser and the accused, the innocent and the
+guilty, with that strange exception, all thrown before you to scramble
+for justice as we may.
+
+"In the case of Major-General Pillow I preferred two charges: the
+first with one specification, respecting a prohibited publication in
+the newspapers of the United States, and the second embracing a great
+number of specifications.
+
+"Considering, Mr. President, that I asked for a general court-martial
+to try and definitely determine cases specifically defined and set
+out, and that this preliminary court has no power beyond the mere
+collection of facts and giving an inoperative opinion thereon;
+considering that, if we now proceed, the whole labor must be gone over
+again at least by the parties and witnesses; considering that the
+court will be obliged to adjourn to the United States in order to have
+the least hope of obtaining the testimony of these important
+witnesses, now retired to civil life, and therefore not compellable to
+attend a military court even at home, or to testify before a
+commission duly appointed by such courts, and the parties will not be
+able to leave this country for home without peril of life. Considering
+that there is a near prospect of peace between the United States and
+Mexico, which may be consummated in time to enable this whole army to
+return home at once in safety; considering immediately, on such
+consummation, that Major-General Pillow would, by express terms of the
+law under which he holds his commission, be out of the army, and
+therefore no longer amenable for his acts to any military tribunal;
+considering that, in preferring the charges against that officer, I
+was moved solely by the desire to preserve the discipline and honor of
+the army, not having even had the slightest personal quarrel or
+difficulty with him, and that the time had probably gone by for
+benefiting the service by a conviction and punishment--in view of
+these circumstances, I shall, Mr. President, decline prosecuting the
+charges and specifications against Major-General Pillow before this
+preliminary court, without its special orders, or further orders from
+the President of the United States."
+
+In total disregard of the charges preferred against General Worth by
+the commanding general, the President ordered him to be released from
+arrest and restored to his command. General Worth, considering that
+the President had done him "full and ample justice," withdrew his
+charges against General Scott; to which the latter said that he "felt
+strong in conscious rectitude, strong in all the means of defense,
+defied his accusers, and would not plead the letter withdrawing the
+accusations against him in bar of trial; that he challenged the writer
+of that letter to come forward and do his worst."
+
+Colonel Duncan having admitted that he had written the "Tampico
+letter," thus pleading guilty to violating the army regulations, and
+the President having ordered a court of inquiry and not a
+court-martial, General Scott declined to prosecute him before this
+court or a court-martial without express orders from the President.
+General Scott considered that it was not for him to attempt to uphold
+a regulation which the President had revived and then disregarded.
+While Colonel Duncan no doubt believed all he had written to be true,
+the evidence of Colonel H.L. Scott, assistant adjutant general of the
+army, Colonel Hitchcock, and Captain Lee shows that the direct attack,
+or that by Mexicalcingo, was never decided upon.
+
+General Scott was informed that the court of inquiry would probably
+adjourn to await further orders from the Government. To prevent this
+delay, he [Scott] consented to prosecute the case of General Pillow.
+With a probability of peace and the disbanding of the army, it was
+almost certain that there never would be a trial by court-martial
+should such a court be recommended.
+
+On March 21st the investigation before the court of inquiry commenced
+in the City of Mexico and continued until April 21st, when the court,
+as General Scott had predicted, adjourned to the United States for the
+purpose of obtaining further testimony, and reassembled in Frederick,
+Md., May 29, 1848. General Pillow did not appear until June 5th, when
+General Scott was also present. The latter had been detained by
+sickness, and General Pillow had stopped in Tennessee to visit his
+family.
+
+On July 1st General Scott submitted the following paper to the court,
+and withdrew the charges against Colonel Duncan:
+
+"The reason given for withdrawing the first charge was, that the
+President seemed indisposed to enforce the revised paragraph 650,
+which he had ordered to be published, and enjoined all to obey and
+enforce.
+
+"In regard to the second charge and specification, relating to
+matters of fact set forth in the 'Tampico letter,' and which Colonel
+Duncan had acknowledged over his own signature he had written, General
+Scott, believing that Colonel Duncan had fallen undesignedly into
+erroneous statements of fact in the letter, sent an officer to ask him
+if he was not ignorant, at the time of writing the letter,
+
+"1. That before the army left Pueblo for the valley his [Scott's] bias
+and expectation were that the army would be obliged to reach the
+enemy's capital by the left or south around Lakes Chalco and
+Xochimilco.
+
+"2. That after his headquarters were established at Ayotla, August
+11th, he [Scott] had shown equal solicitude to get additional
+information of that route, as well as that of Penon or Mexicalcingo.
+
+"3. That besides sending from Ayotla, August 12th, oral instructions
+to Brevet Major-General Worth to push further inquiries from Chalco as
+to the character of the southernmost route around the two lakes, he
+[Scott] had sent written instructions to General Worth to the same
+effect from his quarters at Ayotla.[C]
+
+
+[Footnote C: General Worth wrote to Colonel Duncan from Tacubaya,
+March 31, 1848: "General Scott evinced a disposition to gather
+information as respected this route (Chalco) on the 12th.... As I have
+said, General Scott directed me to send and examine the Chalco route,"
+etc.]
+
+
+"4. That while at Ayotla, from the 11th to the 15th of August, he
+[Scott] sent a Mexican from Ayotla, independent of General Worth, all
+around the village of Xochimilco to report to him [Scott] whether
+there had been any recent change in the route, either in the matter
+of fortifications or from overflowing of the lakes.
+
+"5. That in the evening of the 13th he [Scott] had ordered Captain
+Mason, of the engineers, to report to General Worth the next morning,
+to be employed in reconnoitering that same southern route, in which
+service he had already been anticipated by the reconnoitering party
+under himself--Colonel Duncan."
+
+The officer was authorized to say that if Colonel Duncan would state
+that he was ignorant of these facts, he would withdraw and abandon,
+upon his word, the second charge and specification.
+
+To this Colonel Duncan replied that he "believed the facts therein
+('Tampico letter') set forth to be substantially true, and still
+believed so; had no desire to detract directly or indirectly from the
+merits of any officer, and no one could regret more than himself if he
+had done so. If the statements of General Scott were facts, he learned
+them for the first time, and was ignorant of them when he wrote the
+'Tampico letter.'" General Scott's reply was that "ample evidence,
+both oral and written, was at hand to substantiate his averments in
+respect to the route around Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco." He then
+withdrew the second charge against Colonel Duncan.
+
+Following is the opinion of the court of inquiry in General Pillow's
+case:
+
+"On reviewing the whole case, it will be seen that the points on which
+the conduct of General Pillow has been disapproved by the court are
+his claiming in certain passages of the paper No. 1" (the letter he
+gave Mr. Freuner, correspondent of the New Orleans Delta, and which
+had been pronounced a twin brother to the "Leonidas letter"), "and in
+his official report of the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, a
+larger degree of participation in the merit of the movements
+appertaining to the battle of Contreras than is substantiated by the
+evidence, or he is entitled to, and also the language above quoted, in
+which that claim is referred to in the letter to General Scott.
+
+"But as the movements actually ordered by General Pillow at Contreras
+on the 19th were emphatically approved by General Scott at the time,
+and as the conduct of General Pillow in the brilliant series of
+military operations carried on to such triumphant issue by General
+Scott in the Valley of Mexico appears by the several official reports
+of the latter, and otherwise, to have been highly meritorious, from
+these and other considerations the court is of the opinion that no
+further proceedings against General Pillow in this case are called for
+by the interests of the public."
+
+On July 7, 1848, the President, through the Secretary of War, issued
+an order approving the findings of the court of inquiry, and adds:
+
+"The President, finding, on a careful review of the whole evidence,
+that there is nothing established to sustain the charge of 'a
+violation of the general regulation or standing order of the army,'
+nothing in the conduct of General Pillow, nor in his correspondence
+with the general in chief of the army, 'unbecoming an officer and a
+gentleman,' concurs with the court in their conclusion that 'no
+further proceedings against General Pillow in the case are called for
+by the interests of the public service,' and he accordingly directs
+that no further proceedings be had in the case."
+
+As has been seen, General Scott had defied his enemies, whoever they
+were, to do their worst. The charges against him were withdrawn, and
+the court only investigated the charges against General Pillow, with
+the result as given above. The court was then dissolved. It is
+probably fortunate for all the parties against whom General Scott had
+brought charges that a peace had been consummated, after a campaign in
+which all participants from the highest in rank to the private had
+borne such a brilliant part.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When General Scott arrived at Vera Cruz on his journey home he found
+several fast steamers in port, any one of which he could have taken
+passage in, but, with a consideration for the comfort of his men,
+which throughout his career he never failed to evince, he left them
+for the troops soon to embark, and taking a small sailing brig, loaded
+down with guns, mortars, and ordnance stores, started on his voyage to
+New York. On Sunday morning, May 20th, at daylight, the health officer
+boarded the brig, and the general landed and proceeded to Elizabeth,
+N.J., to join his family. He had the Mexican disease (diarrhoea)
+upon him, and required rest and good nursing. He was not long
+permitted to enjoy his much-needed repose, for deputations from New
+York tendered him one of the most magnificent civic and military
+receptions ever extended to any hero in this country up to that time.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+General Taylor nominated for the presidency--Thanks of Congress to
+Scott, and a gold medal voted--Movement to revive and confer upon
+Scott the brevet rank of lieutenant general--Scott's views as to the
+annexation of Canada--Candidate for President in 1852 and
+defeated--Scott's diplomatic mission to Canada in 1859--Mutterings of
+civil war--Letters and notes to President Buchanan--Arrives
+in Washington, December 12, 1861--Note to the Secretary of
+War--"Wayward sisters" letter--Events preceding inauguration of Mr.
+Lincoln--Preparation for the defense of Washington--Scott's
+loyalty--Battle of Bull Run--Scott and McClellan--Free navigation of
+the Mississippi River--Retirement of General Scott and affecting
+incidents connected therewith--Message of President Lincoln--McClellan
+on Scott--Mount Vernon--Scott sails for Europe--Anecdote of the day
+preceding the battle of Chippewa--The Confederate cruiser
+Nashville--Incident between Scott and Grant--Soldiers' Home--Last days
+of Scott--His opinion of noncombatants.
+
+
+General Taylor had been nominated by the Whigs as their candidate for
+President, and at the instance of General Scott he [Scott] was put in
+command of the Eastern Department and the former the Western
+Department. This was considered a compliment to General Taylor. March
+9, 1848, the following joint resolution, unanimously passed by
+Congress, was approved by the President:
+
+"1. That the thanks of Congress be and they are hereby presented to
+Winfield Scott, major general commanding in chief the army in Mexico,
+and through him to the officers and men of the regular and volunteer
+corps under him, for their uniform gallantry and good conduct,
+conspicuously displayed at the siege and capture of the city of Vera
+Cruz and castle of San Juan de Ulloa, March 29, 1847; and in the
+successive battles of Cerro Gordo, April 18th; Contreras, San Antonio,
+and Churubusco, August 19th and 20th; and for the victories achieved
+in front of the City of Mexico, September 8th, 11th, 12th, and 13th,
+and the capture of the metropolis, September 14, 1847, in which the
+Mexican troops, greatly superior in numbers and with every advantage
+of position, were in every conflict signally defeated by the American
+arms.
+
+"2. That the President of the United States be and he is hereby
+requested to cause to be struck a gold medal with devices emblematical
+of the series of brilliant victories achieved by the army, and
+presented to Major-General Winfield Scott, as a testimony of the high
+sense entertained by Congress of his valor, skill, and judicious
+conduct in the memorable campaign of 1847.
+
+"3. That the President of the United States be requested to cause the
+foregoing resolutions to be communicated to Major-General Scott in
+such terms as he may deem best calculated to give effect to the
+objects thereof."
+
+On February 24, 1849, a joint resolution was offered in the United
+States Senate to confer upon General Scott the brevet rank of
+lieutenant general, which went only to its second reading, an
+objection being interposed to a third reading and passage of the
+resolution. On July 29, 1850, Mr. Jere Clemens, of Alabama, submitted
+a resolution instructing the Committee on Military Affairs to inquire
+into the expediency of conferring by law the brevet rank of lieutenant
+general on Major-General Scott, "with such additional pay and
+allowances as might be deemed proper, in consideration of the
+distinguished services rendered to the republic by that officer during
+the late war with Mexico." The resolution was eight days after
+referred to the Committee on Military Affairs.
+
+On September 30, 1850, Senator Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi,
+Chairman of the Military Committee, reported a resolution requesting
+the President to refer to a board of officers, to be designated by
+him, the following questions:
+
+"Is it expedient or necessary to provide for additional grades of
+commissioned officers in the army of the United States; and, if so,
+what grades, in addition to the present organization, should be
+created?"
+
+Mr. Davis's opposition to conferring the brevet rank of lieutenant
+general upon General Scott was well known at the time. In pursuance of
+this request by the Senate, the following officers were appointed on
+the board: Generals Jesup, president, Wool, Gibson, Totten, Talcott,
+Hitchcock, and Colonel Crane. The unanimous report was:
+
+"Under the first inquiry referred to it, the board is of opinion that
+it is expedient to create by law for the army the additional grade of
+lieutenant general, and that when, in the opinion of the President and
+Senate, it shall be deemed proper to acknowledge eminent services of
+officers of the army, and in the mode already provided for in
+subordinate grades, it is expedient and proper that the grade of
+lieutenant general may be conferred by brevet."
+
+Several efforts were subsequently made to pass joint resolutions
+similar in purport to those quoted and referred to, but it was not
+until 1852 that the joint resolution was passed creating the brevet
+rank of lieutenant general, and General Scott succeeded to that
+dignity in the army. The law did not in terms carry with it the pay
+and emoluments of the brevet rank, and Mr. Davis, who had become
+Secretary of War under President Pierce, referred the question to the
+Attorney-General, Mr. Caleb Cushing; but before that officer rendered
+an opinion Congress inserted a declaratory provision in the military
+appropriation bill, which, becoming a law, gave the pay proper and all
+that went with it to a veteran who had by his services well earned it.
+General Scott was thenceforward until he died the second officer of
+the American army (General Washington being the first) who held the
+office of lieutenant general.
+
+After the inauguration of General Taylor as President, General Scott,
+between whom and the President there was no very good feeling,
+continued his headquarters in New York; but when President Fillmore
+succeeded, in 1850, he removed to Washington, and continued to reside
+in the latter city until the accession of President Pierce, when, by
+General Scott's request, there was another change back to New York,
+where until 1861--with the exception of ten months of hard duty--he
+remained and maintained headquarters of the army.
+
+In 1849 there were evidences of discontent which almost assumed the
+attitude of threats in the Canadas growing out of political agitation,
+and General Scott was interrogated on the question of the advisability
+of annexation by John C. Hamilton, Esq., of New York. General Scott
+replied from West Point, June 29, 1849, in which he expressed the
+opinion that the news from the British Parliament would increase the
+discontent of the Canadas, and that those discontents might in a few
+years lead to a separation of the Canadas, New Brunswick, etc., from
+England. He thought that, instead of those provinces forming
+themselves into an independent nation, they would seek a connection
+with our Union, and that thereby the interests of both sides would be
+promoted, the provinces coming into the Union on equal terms with the
+States. This would secure the free navigation of the St. Lawrence
+River, which would be of immense importance to at least one third of
+our population, and of great value to the remainder. Although opposed
+to incorporating with us any district densely populated with the
+_Mexican_ race, he would be most happy to fraternize with our Northern
+and Northeastern neighbors.
+
+In 1852 General Scott became a candidate a second time for the
+presidency, having been nominated by the Whig Convention that met at
+Baltimore in June of that year, his competitors being Mr. Webster, and
+Mr. Fillmore, who succeeded President Taylor. William A. Graham, Mr.
+Fillmore's Secretary of the Navy, was put on the ticket for
+Vice-President. General Franklin Pierce and William R. King, a Senator
+from Alabama, were respectively put forward for President and
+Vice-President by the Democrats. The campaign was a heated one. The
+Democratic orators, however, on all occasions accorded to the Whig
+candidate that meed of praise for his gallantry as an army officer and
+commander to which his services to the country had entitled him, and
+accorded with the universal sentiment that his services to the
+country had been of inestimable benefit and shed ineffaceable luster
+on the American arms in the wars since 1800; but still, being in all
+essentials but a military man, it was contended he was not fit to be
+intrusted with the exalted office of President. These speakers had
+doubtless never read, or had forgotten, the orders published by
+General Scott upon his capturing the City of Mexico, which show a
+wonderful insight into civil as well as military command. It was left
+to the lower portion of the opposition to indulge in caricature, and
+garbled and distorted paragraphs in reports and published letters,
+such as a "hasty plate of soup" already mentioned, and his reference
+to "a fire in the rear," which had reference to the weak sympathy and
+support he had experienced from the Administration during the war with
+Mexico. The Democratic candidate was overwhelmingly elected, only four
+States--Massachusetts, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee--casting their
+votes for Scott. In his autobiography General Scott thanks God for his
+political defeats. It detracted none from his reputation that the
+people chose some one else for the chief Executive.
+
+The expedition set on foot in 1857 to bring the hostile Mormons to
+terms met with General Scott's censure, and he made no concealment of
+his belief that it was a scheme got up for the benefit of army
+contractors, whose peculations would involve the country in great
+expense. It is true the cost in hardship and privation to the army, as
+well as the money involved, was very great, but the results were very
+beneficial. During the late civil war the inhabitants of Utah had it
+in their power to greatly embarrass the Federal Government, but they
+did not, as a people, commit one disloyal act. At the time of the
+expedition they had put themselves in such defiance of the Federal
+Government that it was necessary that strong measures should be
+resorted to, and the result was as has been stated.
+
+In 1859 General Scott was again called upon to exercise his powers as
+a diplomat. Commissioners were at that time engaged in running the
+boundary line between the British possessions and the United States.
+Differences sprang up as to which of the two countries the San Juan
+Island in Puget Sound belonged to. This question should have been
+referred to the two Governments for amicable settlement. General
+Harvey, an impetuous officer then in command of the United States
+forces in that country, took forcible possession of the island,
+endangering the friendly relations between the two countries. The
+situation was critical, but President Buchanan requested General Scott
+to go to the scene of operations and settle the matter without
+conflict, if possible. The general had recently been crippled from a
+fall, but, suffering as he was, he sailed September 20, 1859, from New
+York in the Star of the West for Panama, and thence to his
+destination. The British governor was at Victoria. The few friendly
+notes that passed between General Scott and the governor restored the
+island to its former condition, the joint possession of both parties,
+and thus averting what might have led to great and serious
+complications.
+
+Nothing of particular public importance attracted the attention of the
+general until the mutterings of civil war gave utterance to sound.
+That he knew the feeling and determination of the Southern people
+better than those in high authority is shown by his suggestions to
+prevent, if possible, the secession of the Southern States. He was a
+native of Virginia, and every effort was made by persuasion to induce
+him to link his fortunes with his State, but without avail. Even his
+old friends--the friends of his early youth and manhood, to say
+nothing of those of maturer years--brought to bear upon him every
+argument to swerve him, but to no purpose. He remained true to the
+Government he had served and that had honored him, and if his
+suggestion had been carried out, the war would not perhaps have
+attained the proportions it did.
+
+On October 29, 1860, General Scott addressed the following note to the
+President [Buchanan]: "The excitement that threatens secession is
+caused by the near approach of a Republican's election to the
+presidency. From a sense of propriety as a soldier, I have taken no
+part in the pending canvass, and, as always heretofore, mean to stay
+away from the polls. My sympathies, however, are with the Bell and
+Everett ticket. With Mr. Lincoln I have no communication whatever,
+direct or indirect, and have no recollection of ever having seen his
+person; but can not believe any unconstitutional violence or breach of
+law is to be apprehended from his administration of the Federal
+Government.
+
+"From a knowledge of our Southern population, it is my solemn
+conviction that there is some danger of an early act of secession,
+viz.: The seizure of some or all of the following posts: Forts Jackson
+and St. Philip, on the Mississippi below New Orleans, both without
+garrisons; Fort Morgan, below Mobile, without garrison; Forts Pickens
+and McKee, Pensacola Harbor, with an insufficient garrison for one;
+Fort Pulaski, below Savannah, without a garrison; Forts Moultrie and
+Sumter, Charleston Harbor, the former with an insufficient garrison
+and the latter without any; and Fort Monroe, Hampton Roads, without a
+sufficient garrison. In my opinion, all these works should be
+immediately so garrisoned as to make any attempt to take any one of
+them by surprise or _coup de main_ ridiculous.
+
+"With the army faithful to its allegiance and the navy probably
+equally so, and a Federal Executive for the next twelve months of
+firmness and moderation, which the whole country has a right to
+expect--_moderation_ being an element of power not less than
+_firmness_--there is good reason to hope that the danger of secession
+may be made to pass away without one conflict of arms, one execution,
+or one arrest for treason. In the meantime it is suggested that
+exports might be left perfectly free, and, to avoid conflicts, all
+duties on imports be collected outside of the cities in forts or ships
+of war."
+
+Again, October 31st, the general suggested to the Secretary of War
+that a circular should be sent at once to such of those forts as had
+garrisons to be on the alert against surprises and sudden assaults;
+but no notice seems to have been taken of the judicious and wise
+suggestion.
+
+On December 12th General Scott arrived in Washington. He had been
+confined to his bed for a long time and was physically very much
+depleted. He again personally urged upon the Secretary of War the
+views expressed in his note from West Point of October 29th as to
+strengthening the forts in Charleston Harbor, Pensacola, Mobile, and
+the Mississippi River below New Orleans. The Secretary did not concur
+in these views. Finally General Scott called on the President, on
+December 15th, in company with the Secretary, and urged upon the chief
+Executive the importance of re-enforcing the forts mentioned; but no
+action was taken. After the Secretary of War [Floyd] had resigned his
+position in the Cabinet he was given a reception in Richmond, which
+called out the remark from the Examiner, of that city, that if the
+plan invented by General Scott to stop secession had been carried out,
+and the arsenals and forts put in the condition he wanted them to be,
+"the Southern Confederacy would not now exist."
+
+On December 28th he wrote a note to the Secretary expressing the hope:
+1. That orders may not be given for the evacuation of Fort Sumter
+[this was after Major Anderson had withdrawn his forces from Fort
+Moultrie and concentrated at Sumter]. 2. That one hundred and fifty
+recruits may be instantly sent from Governor's Island to re-enforce
+that garrison, with ample supplies of ammunition and subsistence,
+including fresh vegetables, as potatoes, onions, turnips, etc. 3. That
+one or two armed vessels be sent to support the said fort. In the same
+communication he calls the Secretary's attention to Forts Jefferson
+(Tortugas) and Taylor (Key West). On December 30th he addressed the
+President and asked permission, "without reference to the War
+Department, and otherwise as secretly as possible, to send two hundred
+and fifty recruits from New York Harbor to re-enforce Fort Sumter,
+together with some extra muskets or rifles, ammunition, and
+subsistence," and asked that a sloop of war and cutter might be
+ordered for the same purpose as early as the next day. The documents
+show that from General Scott's first note, referred to and quoted
+herein, down to the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln, he was persistent in
+his efforts to have the Southern forts, or as many of them as the
+means at hand would permit, re-enforced and garrisoned against
+surprise and capture; but little heed was paid to his importunities.
+
+On the day before the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln General Scott
+addressed William H. Seward, who, it was known, would become Secretary
+of State in Lincoln's Cabinet, what is called the "Wayward sisters"
+letter, and which is quoted in full:
+
+                                         "WASHINGTON, _March 3, 1861_.
+
+  "DEAR SIR: Hoping that in a day or two the new President
+  will have happily passed through all personal dangers and find
+  himself installed an honored successor of the great Washington, with
+  you as the chief of his Cabinet, I beg leave to repeat in writing
+  what I have before said to you orally, this supplement to my printed
+  'Views' (dated in October last) on the highly disordered condition
+  of our (so late) happy and glorious Union.
+
+  "To meet the extraordinary exigencies of the times, it seems to me
+  that I am guilty of no arrogance in limiting the President's field
+  of selection to one of the four plans of procedure subjoined:
+
+  "I. Throw off the old and assume the new designation, the Union
+  party; adopt the conciliatory measures proposed by Mr. Crittenden or
+  the Peace Convention, and my life upon it, we shall have no new case
+  of secession; but, on the contrary, an early return of many, if not
+  of all, the States which have already broken off from the Union.
+  Without some equally benign measure the remaining slaveholding
+  States will probably join the Montgomery Confederacy in less than
+  sixty days, when this city, being included in a foreign country,
+  would require a permanent garrison of at least thirty-five thousand
+  troops to protect the Government within it.
+
+  "II. Collect the duties on foreign goods outside the ports of which
+  the Government has lost the command, or close such ports by act of
+  Congress and blockade them.
+
+  "III. Conquer the seceded States by invading armies. No doubt this
+  might be done in two or three years by a young and able general--a
+  Wolfe, a Desaix, a Hoche--with three hundred thousand disciplined
+  men, estimating a third for garrisons and the loss of a yet greater
+  number by skirmishes, sieges, battles, and Southern fevers. The
+  destruction of life and property on the other side would be
+  frightful, however perfect the moral discipline of the invaders.
+
+  "The conquest completed at the enormous waste of human life to the
+  North and Northwest, with at least $250,000,000 added thereto, and
+  _cui bono_? Fifteen devastated provinces! not to be brought into
+  harmony with their conquerors, but to be held for generations by
+  heavy garrisons at an expense quadruple the net duties or taxes,
+  which it would be possible to extort from them, followed by a
+  protector or emperor.
+
+  "IV. Say to the seceded States: 'Wayward sisters, depart in peace.'
+
+  "In haste, I remain very truly yours,
+
+                                                "WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+The two months preceding the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln were fraught
+with great responsibility to General Scott. He had moved his
+headquarters to Washington, as he thought, temporarily; but from the
+threatening aspect of the political troubles it soon became apparent
+that his stay there would be, if not permanent, prolonged a greater
+length of time than was at first expected. As March 4th approached,
+rumors thick and fast filled the atmosphere of attempts to resist Mr.
+Lincoln's taking the oath. It was said that bodies of men were
+drilling in Maryland, Virginia, and even in the District of Columbia,
+for that purpose. There is no doubt men were being put through
+military exercise within a few miles of the capital, which was known
+at the War Department; but if the object was violence of any kind it
+never developed. Great apprehension was felt, and not without reason,
+for the general's daily mail contained letters--mostly anonymous, a
+few signed doubtless with fictitious names--threatening him and Mr.
+Lincoln with assassination if the latter should attempt to be
+inaugurated. Some idea of the difficulty may be gathered when it is
+known that the militia of the District was but poorly equipped either
+in officers or otherwise to cope successfully with the situation
+should an outbreak or invasion of armed men from Maryland or Virginia
+be attempted. The military force of the District showed large _on
+paper_, but the actual force consisted of two or three companies
+tolerably well drilled. In this emergency Captain (afterward
+Brigadier-General) Charles P. Stone, a graduate from West Point,
+offered his services, which were accepted, and about January 1, 1861,
+he was mustered into the United States service as colonel and
+inspector general of the militia of the District of Columbia, and
+assigned to the command of the District, with authority to organize
+volunteers. Some members of the companies already in existence left
+the ranks, but Colonel Stone soon succeeded in organizing a small
+compact force with those that remained loyal, and a number of
+recruits, which did good service. In addition to these, a light
+battery, under Captain John B. Magruder, First Artillery; Captain
+(afterward General) William Farquhar, Barry's Battery of the Second
+Artillery; and a battery made up at West Point and commanded by
+Captain (afterward General) Charles Griffin, arrived. With these, some
+infantry ordered from distant points, and the District militia, which
+had been very much increased in numbers, General Scott had about three
+thousand men under his command for the defense of Washington, the
+preservation of order, and to guard the approaches to the city. It is
+but due to the citizens of Washington to state that, when trouble was
+apprehended and an intimation went out that there was a possibility of
+trouble, they came in great numbers to offer their services in defense
+of their city and the Government. Companies were organized, and
+persons in all positions and callings, from the highest in social life
+to the humblest resident, were not backward in asserting their
+allegiance and giving proof of it by entering the ranks. By marching
+and maneuvering the men on the streets frequently they made the
+impression that a greater force was present than really was.
+
+Many efforts were made to induce General Scott to resign, but he never
+once wavered in his devotion to the Union. On one occasion Judge
+Robertson, a small, thin, but venerable-looking man, who had filled
+the office of chancellor in Virginia and was a man of high character
+and standing, came to Washington with two other Virginia gentlemen to
+offer Scott the command of the Army of Virginia if he would abandon
+the United States service and go with his State. The general listened
+in silence as Robertson feelingly recalled the days when they were
+schoolboys together, and then spoke of the warm attachment
+Virginians always cherished for their State, and of their boasted
+allegiance to it above all other political ties. But when he began to
+unfold his offer of a commission, General Scott stopped him,
+exclaiming: "Friend Robertson, go no further. It is best that we part
+here before you compel me to resent a mortal insult!" It is needless
+to say that this ended the interview, and Judge Robertson and his
+companions departed, looking and doubtless feeling very much
+discomfited. No man stood higher in the esteem of the people of
+Virginia than Judge Robertson, and it is not probable that he and his
+friends would have taken it upon themselves to make the offer they did
+upon a contingency. If, however, they had any authority to act on the
+part of the Commonwealth of Virginia, no act of the Convention to that
+effect can be discovered.
+
+Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, a Senator from Illinois and one of the
+unsuccessful candidates for the presidency in 1860, made a speech in
+Ohio early in 1861, in which, in alluding to a question that had been
+asked, or rather suggested, as to General Scott's loyalty to the
+Government, said: "Why, it is almost profanity to ask such a question.
+I saw him only last Saturday. He was at his desk, pen in hand,
+writing his orders for the defense and safety of the American
+capital."
+
+On April 30, 1861, Alexander Henry, Horace Binney, William M.
+Meredith, a former Secretary of the Treasury, and others of
+Philadelphia, addressed a letter to General Scott, in which they said:
+"At a time like this, when Americans distinguished by the favor of
+their country, intrenched in power, and otherwise high in influence
+and station, civil and military, are renouncing their allegiance to
+the flag they have sworn to support, it is an inexpressible source of
+consolation and pride to us to know that the general in chief of the
+army remains like an impregnable fortress at the post of duty and
+glory, and that he will continue to the last to uphold that flag, and
+defend it, if necessary, with his sword, even if his native State
+should assail it."
+
+The Charleston (South Carolina) Mercury of April 22, 1861, contained
+the following statement: "A positive announcement was made at
+Montgomery, Ala." (then the capital of the Southern Confederacy),
+"that General Scott had resigned his position in the army of the
+United States and tendered his sword to his native State--Virginia. At
+Mobile one hundred guns were fired in honor of his resignation." This
+shows in some measure the high estimation in which General Scott's
+influence was held throughout the South.
+
+The ceremonies of the inauguration passed off without incident. There
+was no attempt to prevent it, or any show of violence. Apprehension
+was shown in every countenance. General Scott rode in front of the
+President's carriage with the company of Sappers and Miners from West
+Point, commanded by Captain (afterward General) James Chatham Duane,
+of the engineers. During the ceremonies the general, in order to be
+more free in case of emergency, remained outside the Capitol square
+(which was at that time surrounded by a strong iron fence) with the
+batteries. The precautions thus taken were, like all of General
+Scott's plans, wise, and possibly saved the city from one of those
+scenes incident to the French Revolution, and, it may be, saved the
+country. At the conclusion of the ceremonies the march back to the
+White House was made, and Mr. Lincoln was President of the United
+States.
+
+From long association in military and private life a warm personal
+friendship had existed between General Scott and General Robert E.
+Lee. At the outbreak of the war the latter, then a colonel in the
+army, was at his residence, Arlington, near Washington, in Virginia,
+on leave of absence. General Scott sent for him, and after an
+interview Lee tendered his resignation, which was accepted, and he
+entered the service of his own State as major general of State troops,
+and subsequently became commanding general of the armies of the
+Confederate States.
+
+Soon after this, and when it was apparent that war would come, General
+Scott's first care was to provide for the safety of the city, the
+Capitol, and public buildings. He caused large quantities of army
+supplies, flour, provisions, etc., to be stored in the Capitol
+building, and quartered companies in the public buildings with stores
+and ammunition. A signal was agreed upon at sound of which the troops
+could assemble. These companies were all put under command of regular
+officers. There was a company of citizens from different States
+organized, and quartered at night at the President's house, under
+command of General Cassius M. Clay, of Kentucky. By the action of the
+seceded States the war was commenced by firing on the steamer Star of
+the West, January 13, 1861, in an effort to re-enforce Fort Sumter,
+Charleston Harbor, and subsequently bombarding that fort April 12,
+1861. On April 15th the President issued his proclamation calling on
+the governors of the States for seventy-five thousand volunteers for
+three months. Troops soon began to assemble at the national capital.
+The first to arrive was the famous New York Seventh Regiment. There
+was also a Massachusetts and Rhode Island regiment present, when, on
+April 26th, General Orders No. 4 were issued from Headquarters of the
+army at Washington. It was as follows:
+
+"I. From the known assemblage near this city of numerous hostile
+bodies of troops, it is evident that an attack upon it may be soon
+expected. In such an event, to meet and repel the enemy, it is
+necessary that some plan of harmonious co-operation should be adopted
+on the part of all the forces, regular and volunteer, present for the
+defense of the capital--that is, for the defense of the Government,
+the peaceable inhabitants of the city, their property, the public
+buildings and public archives.
+
+"II. At the first moment of attack every regiment, battalion,
+squadron, and independent company will promptly assemble at its
+established rendezvous (in or out of the public buildings), ready for
+battle and wait for orders.
+
+"III. The pickets (or advance guards) will stand fast until driven in
+by overwhelming forces; but it is expected that those stationed to
+defend the bridges, having every advantage of position, will not give
+way till actually pushed by the bayonet. Such obstinacy on the part of
+pickets so stationed is absolutely necessary, to give time for the
+troops in the rear to assemble at their places of rendezvous.
+
+"IV. All advance guards and pickets driven in will fall back slowly,
+to delay the advance of the enemy as much as possible, before
+repairing to their proper rendezvous.
+
+"V. On the happening of an attack, the troops lodged in the public
+buildings and in the navy yard will remain for their defense
+respectively, unless specially ordered elsewhere, with the exception
+that the Seventh New York Regiment and Massachusetts regiment will
+march rapidly toward the President's Square for its defense; and the
+Rhode Island regiment (in the Department of the Interior), when full,
+will make a diversion by detachment, to assist in the defense of the
+General Post-Office Building, if necessary."
+
+From this time on General Scott, old and infirm, suffering from wounds
+received in early service and from accidents which befell him in
+maturer life, continued, from his bed or couch on which he was
+compelled often to recline, to direct the movements and disposition of
+the troops and provide for the defense of the city. The pressure for
+an onward movement of the army was such that it could not be
+withstood. Brigadier-General Irvin McDowell, who had served several
+years on General Scott's staff, was assigned to command the forward
+movement. He prepared his plans carefully, under the advice and
+direction of General Scott, which involved a possible battle. These
+plans were frequently gone over with General Scott, and finally
+submitted to and approved by the President at the White House, his
+Cabinet, General Scott and staffs, and others, of whom General John C.
+Fremont was one. The result of the advance is well known. The Union
+troops were driven back in great disorder; confusion reigned in
+Washington, and grave apprehensions were felt as to the safety of the
+city if the Confederates should follow up their advantage. The battle
+of Bull Run was fought July 21, 1861. On the day following a telegram
+was sent to General George B. McClellan, then at Beverly, Virginia,
+directing him to turn over his command to General William S. Rosecrans
+and come to Washington. In the meantime, however, General Scott had
+taken measures to gather the straggling officers and men from the
+streets and place them in quarters, that discipline might be again
+asserted and maintained. Upon the arrival of McClellan the work of
+reorganizing the army was intrusted to him, and he was put in command
+of the Army of the Potomac. He was not General Scott's first choice
+for that command, the latter preferring General Henry W. Halleck, then
+on his way from California to Washington, for that responsible
+position. When McClellan took command he at once commenced making his
+reports directly to the Secretary of War, instead of through the
+lieutenant general. This was resented by the commander in chief, who,
+September 16, 1861, issued General Orders No. 17 by way of admonition,
+in which he said: "It is highly important that junior officers on duty
+be not permitted to correspond with the general in chief, or other
+commander, on current official business, except through intermediate
+commanders; and the same rule applies to correspondence with the
+President direct, or with him through the Secretary of War, unless it
+be by special invitation or request of the President." This gentle
+reminder of his duty to his superior officer did not have the desired
+effect, and so, on October 4th, General Scott addressed a letter to
+Hon. Simon Cameron, wherein he quotes his General Orders No. 17, in
+which he says: "I hailed the arrival here of Major-General McClellan
+as an event of happy consequence to the country and to the army.
+Indeed, if I did not call for him, I heartily approved of the
+suggestion, and gave it the most cordial support. He, however, had
+hardly entered upon his new duties when, encouraged to communicate
+directly with the President and certain members of the Cabinet, he in
+a few days forgot that he had any intermediate commander, and has now
+long prided himself in treating me with uniform neglect, running into
+disobedience of orders of the smaller matters--neglects, though in
+themselves grave military offenses." He complains that General
+McClellan, with the General Orders No. 17 fresh in his mind, had
+addressed several orders to the President and Secretary of War over
+his [Scott's] head. On the same day of the issuance of General Orders
+No. 17 General Scott addressed a letter to McClellan directing that
+officer to report to the commanding general the position, state, and
+number of troops under him by divisions, brigades, and independent
+regiments or detachments, which general report should be followed by
+reports of new troops as they arrived, with all the material changes
+which might take place in the Army of the Potomac. Eighteen days had
+elapsed between his letter to McClellan and his communication to the
+Secretary of War, and no response had been received. He says:
+"Perhaps he will say in respect to the latter that it has been
+difficult for him to procure the exact returns of divisions and
+brigades. But why not have given me the proximate returns, such as he
+so eagerly furnished the President and certain secretaries? Has, then,
+a senior no corrective power over a junior officer in case of such
+persistent neglect and disobedience?" He remarks that arrest and trial
+by court-martial would soon cure the evil, but feared a conflict of
+authority over the head of the army would be highly encouraging to the
+enemies and depressing to the friends of the Union, and concludes:
+"Hence my long forbearance; and continuing, though but nominally, on
+duty, I shall try to hold out till the arrival of Major-General
+Halleck, when, as his presence will give me increased confidence in
+the safety of the Union, and being, as I am, unable to ride in the
+saddle, or to walk, by reason of dropsy in my feet and legs and
+paralysis in the small of my back, I shall definitely retire from the
+command of the army." Thus the crippled, illustrious old hero asserted
+his power and authority to command the respect of his subordinates to
+the last. Owing, as has been seen, to his physical condition, it was
+not possible for General Scott to take active command of the army. In
+fact, but comparatively few of the army assembled here had ever seen
+him, and they only when they were passing in review.
+
+The defense of Washington and the organization of the army for that
+purpose and aggressive movements from that point did not alone command
+the attention of General Scott. He was solicitous about the free and
+uninterrupted navigation of the Mississippi River, and to prevent
+obstructions by the Confederates, or to remove any that might have
+been placed on shore or in the water, he addressed a confidential
+letter to General McClellan, then commanding in the West, dated May 3,
+1861, in which he informed that general that the Government was to
+call for twenty-five thousand additional regulars, and sixty thousand
+volunteers to serve for two years.
+
+An act of Congress approved March 3, 1861, provided:
+
+SECTION 15. "That any commissioned officer of the army, or of
+the marine corps, who shall have served as such for forty consecutive
+years, may, upon his own application to the President of the United
+States, be placed upon the list of retired officers, with the pay and
+allowances allowed by this act.
+
+SECTION 16.... "_Provided_, That should the lieutenant
+general be retired under this act, it shall be without reduction in
+his current pay, subsistence, and allowances."
+
+On October 31, 1861, General Scott addressed Hon. Simon Cameron,
+Secretary of War, the following communication:
+
+  "SIR: For more than three years I have been unable, from a
+  hurt, to mount a horse or to walk more than a few paces at a time,
+  and that with much pain. Other and new infirmities--dropsy and
+  vertigo--admonish me that repose of mind and body, with the
+  appliances of surgery and medicine, are necessary to add a little
+  more to a life already protracted much beyond the usual space of
+  man. It is under such circumstances, made doubly painful by the
+  unnatural and unjust rebellion now raging in the Southern States of
+  our lately prosperous and happy Union, that I am compelled to
+  request that my name be placed on the list of army officers retired
+  from active service. As this request is founded on an absolute
+  right, granted by a recent act of Congress, I am at liberty to say
+  that it is with deep regret that I withdraw myself in these
+  momentous times from the orders of a President who has treated me
+  with much distinguished kindness and courtesy, whom I know upon much
+  personal intercourse to be patriotic, without sectional prejudices;
+  to be highly conscientious in the performance of every duty, and of
+  unrivaled activity and perseverance; and to you, Mr. Secretary, whom
+  I now officially address for the last time, I beg to acknowledge my
+  many obligations for the uniform high consideration I have received
+  at your hands, and I have the honor to remain, sir, with the highest
+  respect, etc."
+
+The following day, November 1st, a special meeting of the Cabinet was
+convened, and it was decided that the request, under the circumstances
+set forth in the letter, should be complied with. At four o'clock of
+that day the President and his Cabinet proceeded to the residence of
+General Scott. The scene is well described by General Edward Davis
+Townsend, a member of the general's staff, who was an eye-witness, and
+who says: "Being seated, the President read to the general the
+following order:
+
+  "'On the 1st day of November, A.D. 1861, upon his own
+  application to the President of the United States, Brevet
+  Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott is ordered to be placed upon the
+  list of retired officers of the Army of the United States, without
+  reduction in his current pay, subsistence, or allowance. The
+  American people will hear with sadness and deep emotion that General
+  Scott has withdrawn from the active control of the army, while the
+  President and unanimous Cabinet express their own and the nation's
+  sympathy in his personal affliction, and their profound sense of the
+  important public services rendered by him to his country during his
+  long and brilliant career, among which will be gratefully
+  distinguished his faithful devotion to the Constitution, the Union,
+  and the flag when assailed by parricidal rebellion.
+
+                                                    "ABRAHAM LINCOLN.'
+
+"General Scott thereupon arose and addressed the Cabinet, who had also
+risen, as follows:
+
+"'President, this honor overwhelms me. It overpays all the services I
+have attempted to render my country. If I had any claims before, they
+are all obliterated by this expression of approval by the President,
+with the remaining support of the Cabinet. I know the President and
+his Cabinet well. I know that the country has placed its interests in
+this trying crisis in safe keeping. Their counsels are wise, their
+labors as untiring as they are loyal, and their course is the right
+one.
+
+"'President, you must excuse me. I am unable to stand longer to give
+utterance to the feelings of gratitude which oppress me. In my
+retirement I shall offer up my prayers to God for this Administration
+and for my country. I shall pray for it with confidence in its success
+over all enemies, and that speedily.'
+
+"The President then took leave of General Scott, giving him his hand,
+and saying that he hoped soon to write him a private letter expressive
+of his gratitude and affection.... Each member of the Administration
+then gave his hand to the veteran and retired in profound silence."
+
+The Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of War accompanied
+General Scott to New York the next morning. On the same day (November
+1st) Secretary Cameron addressed the lieutenant general the following
+letter in response to the latter's of the day previous:
+
+  "GENERAL: It was my duty to lay before the President your
+  letter of yesterday, asking to be relieved on the recent act of
+  Congress. In separating from you, I can not refrain from expressing
+  my deep regret that your health, shattered by long service and
+  repeated wounds received in your country's defense, should render it
+  necessary for you to retire from your high position at this
+  momentous period of our history. Although you are not to remain in
+  active service, I yet hope that while I continue in charge of the
+  department over which I now preside I shall at all times be
+  permitted to avail myself of the benefits of your wise counsels and
+  sage experience. It has been my good fortune to enjoy a personal
+  acquaintance with you for over thirty years, and the pleasant
+  relations of that long time have been greatly strengthened by your
+  cordial and entire co-operation in all the great questions which
+  have occupied the department and convulsed the country for the last
+  six months. In parting from you I can only express the hope that a
+  merciful Providence that has protected you amid so many trials will
+  improve your health and continue your life long after the people of
+  the country shall have been restored to their former happiness and
+  prosperity. I am, general, very sincerely,
+
+                                            "Your friend and servant."
+
+In his first annual message to Congress, Mr. Lincoln deplores the
+physical necessity that compelled the retirement of Scott in the
+following language:
+
+"Since your last adjournment Lieutenant-General Scott has retired from
+the head of the army. During his long life the nation has not been
+unmindful of his merits; yet, in calling to mind how faithfully and
+ably and brilliantly he has served his country, from a time far back
+in our history, when few now living had been born, and thenceforward
+continually, I can not but think we are still his debtors. I submit,
+therefore, for your consideration what further mark of consideration
+is due to him and to ourselves as a grateful people."
+
+In virtue of this act and in pursuance of the foregoing request on
+November 1, 1861, the lieutenant general having been retired from
+active service, General Orders No. 94 announced that "the President is
+pleased to direct that Major-General George B. McClellan assume
+command of the Army of the United States." On assuming the important
+command to which he had been designated, General McClellan on the same
+day issued his General Orders No. 19, in which he gracefully and
+feelingly alludes to the retiring commander:
+
+"The army will unite with me in the feeling of regret that the weight
+of many years and the effect of increasing infirmities, contracted and
+intensified in his country's service, should just now remove from our
+head the great soldier of our nation--the hero who in his youth raised
+high the reputation of his country on the fields of Canada, which he
+hallowed with his blood; who in more mature years proved to the world
+that American skill and valor could repeat, if not eclipse, the
+exploits of Cortez in the land of the Montezumas; whose life has been
+devoted to the service of his country; whose whole efforts have been
+directed to uphold our honor at the smallest sacrifice of life; a
+warrior who scorned the selfish glories of the battlefield when his
+great abilities as a statesman could be employed more profitably to
+his country; a citizen who in his declining years has given to the
+world the most shining instances of loyalty in disregarding all ties
+of birth and clinging to the cause of truth and honor--such has been
+the career, such the character, of WINFIELD SCOTT, whom it
+has long been the delight of the nation to honor, both as a man and a
+soldier. While we regret his loss, there is one thing we can not
+regret--the bright example he has left for our emulation. Let us all
+hope and pray that his declining years may be passed in peace and
+happiness, and that they may be cheered by the success of the country
+and the cause he has fought for and loved so well. Beyond all that,
+let us do nothing that can cause him to blush for us; let no defeat of
+the army he has so long commanded embitter his last years, but let our
+victories illuminate the close of a life so grand." General Scott
+lived to see the fulfillment of this devout prayer in a restoration of
+the union of the States.
+
+General Scott held in great reverence the fame and memory of the
+Father of his Country, and was desirous that Mount Vernon should be
+left undisturbed during the trouble arising from the civil war. A
+report was sent abroad that the bones of Washington had been removed.
+This report was wholly without foundation, but it created a great deal
+of excitement in both sections of the country. Through the efforts of
+the lady regent who resided there, an understanding was arrived at by
+which it should be regarded by both sides as neutral ground. The
+general, however, issued General Orders No. 13, July 31, 1861, from
+which is quoted: "Should the operations of the war take the United
+States troops in that direction, the general in chief does not doubt
+that each and every man will approach with due reverence and leave
+uninjured not only the tombs, but also the house, the groves, and
+walks which were so loved by the best and greatest of men." It is true
+that neither party ever invaded the sacred precincts where repose the
+remains of the illustrious Washington, but they were found when the
+war closed to be in as fair a state of preservation as was possible
+under the circumstances, and of partial suspension of husbandry. No
+act of vandalism was attempted.
+
+In the fall of 1861 Brigadier-General Charles P. Stone obtained
+permission from General Scott to take a brigade and make a
+demonstration along the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal toward
+Harper's Ferry in order to afford an outlet for the fine wheat that
+had been harvested about Leesburg, Virginia, to the large flouring
+mills at Georgetown, adjoining Washington. This led to the battle of
+Ball's Bluff, or Leesburg, October 21st, the death of Colonel Edward
+D. Baker, of the Seventy-first Pennsylvania Infantry, and at the time
+a senator in Congress from the State of Oregon, and the subsequent
+arrest and close confinement of the unfortunate commander for several
+months without charges of any nature having been preferred against
+him.[D]
+
+
+[Footnote D: General Stone (1824-1887) was arrested by order of the
+Secretary of War and confined in Fort Lafayette, New York Harbor, from
+February 9 to August, 16, 1862. The general impression that it was
+done through the influence of Senator Sumner is denied by his
+biographer, Mr. Henry L. Pierce. _Vide_ Life of Sumner, vol. iv, pp.
+67, 68: Boston, 1893. Generals Grant and Sherman both stated to the
+editor of this series, that it was an exceedingly arbitrary and unjust
+act.]
+
+
+On November 9, 1861, General Scott sailed for Europe in the steamer
+Arago for Havre to join his wife, who was in Paris. Mr. Thurlow Weed,
+a thorough loyalist and prominent politician, was a passenger on the
+same ship. He and General Scott had been on terms of intimacy for over
+thirty years. During the passage over the general gave Mr. Weed the
+true version of how he came near being made a prisoner in 1814. After
+apologizing in advance for the question about to be put and receiving
+permission to propound it, Mr. Weed said: "General, did anything
+remarkable happen to you on the morning of the battle of Chippewa?"
+The general answered: "Yes, something did happen to me--something very
+remarkable. I will now for the third time in my life repeat the story:
+
+"The fourth day of July, 1814, was one of extreme heat. On that day my
+brigade skirmished with a British force commanded by General Riall
+from an early hour in the morning till late in the afternoon. We had
+driven the enemy down the river some twelve miles to Street's Creek,
+near Chippewa, where we encamped for the night, our army occupying
+the west, while that of the enemy was encamped on the east side of the
+creek. After our tents had been pitched I noticed a flag borne by a
+man in a peasant's dress approaching my marquee. He brought a letter
+from a lady who occupied a large mansion on the opposite side of the
+creek, informing me that she was the wife of a member of Parliament
+who was then in Quebec; that her children, servants, and a young lady
+friend were alone with her in the house; that General Riall had placed
+a sentinel before her door; and that she ventured, with great doubts
+of the propriety of the request, to ask that I would place a sentinel
+upon the bridge to protect her against stragglers from our camp. I
+assured the messenger that the lady's request should be complied with.
+Early the next morning the same messenger, bearing a white flag,
+reappeared with a note from the same lady, thanking me for the
+protection she had enjoyed, adding that, in acknowledgment for my
+civilities, she begged that I would, with such members of my staff as
+I chose to bring with me, accept the hospitalities of her house at a
+breakfast which had been prepared with considerable attention and was
+quite ready. Acting upon an impulse which I never have been able to
+analyze or comprehend, I called my two aids, Lieutenants Worth and
+Watts, and returned with the messenger.
+
+"We met our hostess at the door, who ushered us into the dining room,
+where breakfast awaited us and where the young lady previously
+referred to was already seated by the coffee urn, our hostess asking
+to be excused for a few minutes, and the young lady immediately served
+our coffee. Before we had broken our fast, Lieutenant Watts rose from
+the table to get his bandanna (that being before the days of
+napkins), which he had left in his cap on a side table by the window,
+glancing through which he saw Indians approaching the house on one
+side and redcoats approaching it on the other, with an evident purpose
+of surrounding it and us, and instantly exclaimed, 'General, we are
+betrayed!' Springing from the table and clearing the house, I saw our
+danger, and, remembering Lord Chesterfield had said, 'Whatever it is
+proper to do it is proper to do well,' and as we had to run and as my
+legs were longer than those of my companions, I soon outstripped them.
+As we made our escape we were fired at, but got across the bridge in
+safety."
+
+After the battle of Chippewa the mansion described, being the largest
+near by, was used as a hospital for the wounded officers of both
+armies. The general went there to visit his officers, whom he found on
+the second floor. On going there he met the hostess, who, by her
+flurried and embarrassed manner, impressed the general with the belief
+that she had endeavored to entrap him. But years after General Scott
+was inclined to give her the benefit of the doubt and think that the
+presence at the house of himself and staff was accidentally discovered
+by the Indians and British.
+
+The Arago touched at Southampton to discharge the English mail and
+passengers, and here an exciting incident occurred. When the anchor
+had been cast, a vessel steamed up, flying the Confederate colors,
+which proved to be the cruiser Nashville. All was astir on the Arago,
+as an attack was expected as soon as that vessel had cleared port and
+got into neutral waters. The general asked the captain of the vessel
+what means of defense he had. It was found that thirty muskets and two
+cannon were available. The crew and those of the passengers who were
+fit for duty were formed upon the forward deck and the business of
+drilling was commenced, the general advising and in great measure
+directing the preparations for defense. It turned out, however, that
+the Nashville had put into Southampton for repairs, and the Arago
+proceeded on her voyage in safety. After remaining one day at Havre
+General Scott proceeded to Paris. The steamer that followed the Arago
+brought news of the "Trent affair." On November 8, 1861, Commodore
+Charles Wilkes, in command of the United States steamer San Jacinto,
+on his return from the coast of Africa, put into Havana. On the same
+day the British mail steamer Trent sailed from that port, having on
+board as passengers James M. Mason, of Virginia, and John Slidell, of
+Louisiana, Confederate plenipotentiaries to France and England. The
+San Jacinto overhauled the Trent in the Bahama Straits, brought her to
+by a shot across the bow, arrested and removed the Confederate
+commissioners and their secretaries from the mail steamer, and brought
+them to Fortress Monroe, where Commodore Wilkes awaited instructions
+from Washington. They were subsequently removed to Fort Warren, in
+Boston Harbor. The arrest and removal of these Confederate diplomats
+created great excitement in England, and for a time it was feared that
+hostilities between the countries would ensue. The affair was
+commented upon severely by the press, and the subjects of Her
+Britannic Majesty were at fever heat. Eight thousand British soldiers
+were immediately dispatched to Canada, and the shipyards were put to
+their utmost capacity. When the news and the excitement reached the
+old hero, who had hoped that he would find some rest in Paris after
+his long and eventful career, he determined at once to return to his
+native country and be on the spot should his counsel and advice be
+needed. He took the same steamer that he had gone out on and returned
+home. The Trent affair was settled by surrendering the Confederate
+commissioners, and war was happily averted.
+
+During the years that followed, his advice was frequently sought by
+the President and others high in authority. It was at West Point that
+the general received the Prince of Wales when he visited this country,
+and at the same place the interview occurred between Scott and Grant
+when the former presented the latter a gift "from the oldest to the
+greatest general." In December, 1865, General Scott went to Key West,
+Fla., and remained there a portion of the winter. On returning, he
+spent a few weeks in New York city, and then went to West Point. It
+was then the incident mentioned took place between him and General
+Grant.
+
+As early as February 27, 1829, a report was made to Congress by the
+Committee on Military Affairs upon the subject of establishing an
+"army asylum fund," and letters were submitted from the major general
+commanding and other officers of the army expressive of their views on
+the subject. In February, 1840, General Robert Anderson (then a
+captain in the adjutant general's department) addressed a letter to
+Hon. John Reynolds, giving his views upon the benefits and advantages
+which would result from establishing such an institution, with
+suggestions for a plan for one. This letter formed the basis of a
+report, January 7, 1841, by the Committee on Military Affairs,
+submitting a bill in which the measures suggested therein were
+embraced, and urging the necessary legislation as commending itself
+"by every attribute and motive of patriotism, benevolence, national
+gratitude, and economy." General Scott was deeply interested in the
+subject, and in 1844 gave it special prominence in his annual report,
+which led to a report as theretofore from the military committee. On
+March 5, 1846, a report was also made on a memorial of the officers of
+the army stationed at Fort Moultrie and the petition of officers of
+the Second United States Infantry, and later (on January 19, 1848)
+upon the memorial of the officers of the army then in Mexico. The
+committee in each case approved and recommended the passage of the
+bill reported January 7, 1841. The plan, however, did not assume
+practical shape until the transmission by General Scott of the draft
+for one hundred thousand dollars, a part of the tribute levied on the
+City of Mexico for the benefit of the army, requesting that it might
+be allowed to go to the credit of the asylum fund. He says in a letter
+dated November, 1849, referring to the same matter: "The draft was
+payable to me, and, in order to place the deposit beyond the control
+of any individual functionary whatever, I indorsed it. The Bank of
+America will place the within amount to the credit of the army asylum,
+subject to the order of Congress." This fund, together with a balance
+of eighteen thousand seven hundred and ninety-one dollars and nineteen
+cents remaining from the same levy, was subsequently appropriated to
+found the asylum. By the act those who are entitled to the benefits
+of the asylum were soldiers of twenty years' service and men, whether
+pensioners or not, who have been disabled by wounds or disease in the
+service in the line of duty. An honorable discharge is a preliminary
+requisite to admission. The inmates are all thus civilians. At first
+the general in chief, the generals commanding the Eastern and Western
+military divisions, the chiefs of the quartermaster's, commissary,
+pay, and medical departments, and the adjutant general of the army
+composed the board of commissioners _ex officio_ to administer the
+affairs of the institution. An unexpended balance of fifty-four
+thousand three hundred and nineteen dollars and twenty-three cents was
+appropriated "for the benefit of discharged soldiers disabled by
+wounds." A perpetual revenue was provided from "stoppages and fines
+imposed by court-martial," "forfeitures on account of desertion," a
+certain portion of the hospital and post fund of each station, moneys
+belonging to the estates of deceased soldiers not claimed for three
+years; also a deduction of twenty-five cents per month with his
+consent from the pay of each enlisted man. The act of Congress of
+March 3, 1859, changed the provisions of the original act and reduced
+the number of commissioners to three--the commissary general of
+subsistence, the surgeon general, and the adjutant general of the
+army, substituted the name of "Soldiers' Home" for "Military Asylum,"
+and extended the benefits of the Home to the soldiers of the War of
+1812. The act of Congress of March 3, 1883, added the general in chief
+commanding the army, the quartermaster general, the judge advocate
+general, and the governor of the Home to the board of commissioners;
+these officers, together with those already named, compose the board.
+By the same act pensioners who are inmates of the Home may assign
+their pension and have the same or any portion thereof paid to a wife,
+child, or parent if living; otherwise the pension is paid to the
+treasurer of the Home and held by him in trust for the pensioner, who
+may, while an inmate, draw upon it for necessary purposes, and receive
+whatever balance may remain upon his discharge.
+
+In 1851 temporary asylums were established at New Orleans, La.,
+Greenwoods Island, Miss., and Washington, D.C. The one at New Orleans
+continued about one year. A tract of land was purchased in Mississippi
+comprising one hundred and ten acres in 1853, and was occupied until
+1855. At this date the inmates were removed to a branch asylum near
+Harrodsburg, Mercer County, Ky. This latter asylum was discontinued in
+1858 under the act of March 3, 1857, and the inmates transferred to
+the Home near Washington, which was established in 1851-'52. This Home
+is situated about three miles due north of the Capitol of the nation.
+At first it comprised two hundred and fifty-six acres of land.
+Subsequent acquisitions by purchases have been added, so that now the
+grounds comprise five hundred acres and three quarters. The largest
+part of the grounds are woodland, a portion being cultivated for the
+benefit of the Home, and through it nearly ten miles of graded,
+macadamized roads have been constructed, winding through the groves of
+native and foreign selected trees. The park is open to the public at
+proper hours, and forms a favorite drive and walk for the residents of
+and visitors to Washington. The principal building for the inmates is
+of white marble, the south part being called the Scott Building, after
+the founder of the institution, and the addition on the north is
+called the Sherman Building, after General W.T. Sherman. The old
+homestead building to the west of and not far from the Scott Building
+is called the Robert Anderson Building, in commemoration of the early
+advocacy of and interest in the establishment of the Home by that
+officer. This building was the home of the first inmates, and has
+frequently been used as the summer residence of the Presidents. It has
+been occupied by Presidents Buchanan, Lincoln, Hayes, and Arthur.
+There is a building to the east called the King Building, after
+Benjamin King, U.S.A., who was the surgeon in charge for thirteen
+years. Brick quarters were erected to the northeast of the Sherman
+Building in 1883, and, in honor of General Philip H. Sheridan, is
+named the Sheridan Building. There is a neat chapel built of red
+sandstone, which was completed in 1871, where religious services, both
+Protestant and Roman Catholic, are regularly held. The officers in
+immediate charge of the Home are a governor, a deputy governor, a
+secretary and treasurer, and a medical officer detailed from the army.
+The inmates who are not pensioned receive one dollar a month pocket
+money, and twenty-five cents a day for such labor as they are detailed
+for and willing to perform. Some beneficiaries who have families
+receive a small monthly stipend and reside elsewhere than at the Home.
+The whole number of permanent inmates admitted up to September 30,
+1892, was 8,086. The number on the rolls January 31, 1893, was 1,196;
+of these, 824 were present at the Home, some receiving outside
+assistance, and some being absent on furlough.
+
+A heroic statue in bronze of Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott, by
+Launt Thompson, was erected in 1874 on the most commanding point of
+the grounds. Aside from the artistic finish of the statue, it is a
+wonderful likeness of the subject. There is also a perfectly designed
+hospital for the sick and an infirmary for the aged and helpless,
+which was completed in 1876. No grander or more lasting monument could
+be erected to perpetuate the memory of the illustrious general than
+the Soldiers' Home near Washington.
+
+General Scott, in his later years, was very impatient of
+contradiction, but when convinced that he was in error was always
+ready to acknowledge it. In a diary of Colonel (now General) James
+Grant Wilson, who was at that time aid-de-camp to General Banks,
+occurs the following:
+
+"On the morning of the 19th of February, 1864, I spent an hour with
+Scott at his quarters, Delmonico's, corner Fourteenth Street and Fifth
+Avenue. During our conversation he mentioned that he was engaged in
+writing his Memoirs, and that he experienced a great deal of annoyance
+from his difficulty in obtaining dates relating to events in the
+southwest. He expressed regret that Gayarre, whom he knew and had met
+before the war, had not published the third volume of the History of
+Louisiana, which he [Scott] knew was in manuscript. I remarked that I
+thought I had seen the work in three octavo volumes. 'No, you have not
+seen three volumes. There are only two published, and the first is a
+small 18mo volume,' was the old gentleman's answer. I further added
+that it was my impression that I had seen three, when the old soldier
+settled the matter by saying, 'Your impressions are entirely wrong,
+colonel.' An hour later I purchased the third volume at a Broadway
+bookseller's, and sent it to him with the following note:
+
+                            "'FIFTH AVENUE HOTEL, _February 19, 1864_.
+
+  "'MY DEAR GENERAL: I have much pleasure in sending you the
+  third volume of Gayarre's History of Louisiana, which I trust may
+  contain the desired information. Should you wish to refer to the
+  first volume of his work, you will find it at the Astor Library. It
+  is an octavo volume of about five hundred pages, published by Harper
+  & Brothers, of this city. I have the honor to be, general, very
+  truly yours,
+
+                              (Signed)         "'JAS GRANT WILSON,
+
+                                                       "'_Col., A.D.C._
+
+    "'_Lieutenant-General_ WINFIELD SCOTT.'
+
+"Called on Scott soon after my arrival from New Orleans (early in
+October, 1864), and had a very pleasant interview. Almost the first
+thing he said was thanking me most kindly for the third volume of
+Gayarre's History, and apologizing for his mistake. Told me his
+Memoirs were completed and in press; that he had closed them abruptly,
+as he was fearful that his end was near, during the early part of the
+summer--about June, I think he said."
+
+General Scott's health continuing bad, he was conveyed in a
+quartermaster's boat from New York to West Point by General Stewart
+Van Vliet, accompanied by several personal friends. He died at the
+West Point Hotel a few minutes after eleven o'clock, May 29, 1866.
+The last words which he spoke were to his coachman: "Peter, take good
+care of my horse." He was buried, in accordance with his oft-expressed
+wish, in the West Point Cemetery; on June 1st, his remains being
+accompanied to the grave by some of the most illustrious men of the
+country, including General Grant and Admiral Farragut. The horse
+mentioned above was a splendid animal, seventeen hands high and finely
+formed. The last time that General Scott mounted him was in the latter
+part of 1859, which he did with the aid of a stepladder, for the
+purpose of having an equestrian portrait painted for the State of
+Virginia. The war coming on, the picture passed into possession of the
+Mercantile Library of New York.
+
+The author received a letter from the late Rutherford B. Hayes in
+January, 1892, in which he said: "On my Southern tour in 1877 I
+repeated two or three times something like this, purporting to be
+quoted from General Scott: 'When the war is over and peace restored,
+there will be no difficulty in restoring harmonious and friendly
+relations between the soldiers of the sections. The great trouble will
+be to restore and keep the peace between the non-belligerent
+combatants of the war.' I did not hear the remark of General Scott. My
+recollection is that I heard it from General Rosecrans." ...
+
+On submitting President Hayes's letter to General Rosecrans, he made
+the following statement: "I heard that story about General Scott from
+General Charles P. Stone. General Stone was on the staff of General
+Scott. At the beginning of the war, in the spring of 1861, he was
+directed to organize the militia of the District of Columbia, and was
+present when the following occurred, as he told me personally.
+Shortly after the fall of Sumter and the President's call for troops,
+Secretaries Seward, Chase, and Cameron came to General Scott's
+residence in Washington one evening and found him at the dinner table.
+One of them said: 'General, our duties as members of the Cabinet make
+it very desirable for us to have some idea of what the probable range
+and course of the war will be, that we may guide ourselves
+accordingly. We have therefore come to you to get your judgment on the
+situation.' On the general's invitation, they sat down at his dinner
+table, and he went on to explain his idea of how the war would
+progress from year to year. While he was talking, Mr. Seward seemed to
+be somewhat impatient, and put in several little interruptions, but
+finally subsided and allowed General Scott to proceed. The general
+gave an outline of a war probably lasting from three and one half to
+four years, but resulting in favor of the Union.
+
+"On the general's announcement of his opinion that the Union would
+triumph, Mr. Seward, rubbing his hands, inquired, 'Well, general, then
+the troubles of the Federal Government will be at an end.' To which
+General Scott replied, 'No, gentlemen, for a long time thereafter it
+will require the exercise of the full powers of the Federal Government
+to restrain the fury of the noncombatants.'"
+
+To a young army officer he gave the following advice: "You are now
+beginning life; you are ignorant of society and of yourself. You
+appear to be industrious and studious enough to fit yourself for high
+exploits in your profession, and your next object should be to make
+yourself a perfect man of the world. To do that you must carefully
+observe well-bred men. You must also learn to converse and to express
+your thoughts in proper language. You must make acquaintances among
+the best people, and take care always to be respectful to old persons
+and to ladies." General Scott was always extremely gallant and
+courteous to ladies and greatly enjoyed the society of intelligent and
+refined women. As stated in the early part of this work, General Scott
+had been an industrious student of the law, and the knowledge thus
+acquired was of great service to him throughout his eventful career.
+He was well read in the standard English authors--Shakespeare, Milton,
+Addison, Pope, Johnson, Goldsmith, Dryden, Hume, Gibbon, and the early
+English novelists. He was a constant reader of the best foreign and
+American periodicals and the leading newspapers of the day. He was of
+the opinion that wars would never cease, and therefore took little
+interest in peace societies.
+
+He held the opinion that the study of the higher mathematics had a
+tendency to lessen the ability to move armies in the field, yet
+expressed regret that he had not in his youth given more study to the
+subject. He was very fond of whist, but was quite irritated when he
+was beaten and generally had a ready excuse for his defeat. On one
+occasion he was playing a very close game, in the midst of which he
+left the table to expectorate in the fireplace. He lost the game and
+said to one of the party, "Young gentleman, do you know why I lost
+that game?" "No, sir," was the response. "It was because I got up to
+spit." Scott was also a good chess player.
+
+He used tobacco somewhat excessively until the close of the Mexican
+War, after which time he renounced its use entirely. He was
+exceedingly vain of his accomplishments as a cook and specially prided
+himself on the knowledge of how to make good bread. He spent several
+days in instructing the cook at Cozzens' Hotel, West Point, in this
+art, and did not desist until the bread was made according to his
+standard. He had a great aversion to dining alone, and rather than do
+so would cheerfully pay for the meal of any pleasant friend whom he
+would invite to dine with him. General Scott openly professed himself
+a Christian and was a regular attendant at the services of the
+Episcopal Church. He was broad and liberal in his views and condemned
+no man who differed with him in religious opinion. He usually carried
+a large, stout, gold-headed cane, and after entering his pew would
+rest both hands on its head and bow his head, praying in silence. It
+was difficult for him to kneel on account of his size. He scrupulously
+joined with the greatest decorum and seriousness in all the services
+of the church, responding in a distinct, loud voice.
+
+He was impatient with persons who could not recollect or did not know
+of dates and events which were conspicuous in his life. He was asked
+at one time the date of the battle of Chippewa. He answered blandly,
+"July 5, 1814." Turning to a friend, he remarked, "There is fame for
+you." The same party inquired in what State he was born. He answered,
+"Virginia." "Ah," said the questioner, "I thought you were a native of
+Connecticut." This left him in a bad humor for the remainder of the
+evening. The editor of this series has said of him: "General Scott was
+a man of true courage--personally, morally, and religiously brave. He
+was in manner, association, and feeling courtly and chivalrous. He
+was always equal to the danger--great on great occasions. His
+unswerving loyalty and patriotism were always conspicuous, and of such
+a lofty character that had circumstances rendered the sacrifice
+necessary he would have unhesitatingly followed the glorious example
+of the Swiss hero of Sempach, who gave his life to his country six
+hundred years ago.... He was too stately in his manners and too
+exacting in his discipline--that power which Carnot calls 'the glory
+of the soldier and the strength of armies.' A brief anecdote will
+illustrate the strictness of his discipline. While on duty he always
+required officers to be dressed according to their rank in the
+minutest particular. The general's headquarters in Mexico comprised
+two rooms, one opening into the other. In the rear room General Scott
+slept. One night after the general had retired a member of his staff
+wanted some water. The evening was warm and the hour late, being past
+midnight. The officer rose to go in his shirt sleeves. He was
+cautioned against the experiment as a dangerous one, for if Scott
+caught him in his quarters with his coat off he would punish him. The
+officer said he would risk it--that the general was asleep, and he
+would make no noise. He opened the door softly and went on tiptoe to
+the water pitcher. He had no time to drink before he heard the tinkle
+of the bell, and the sentinel outside the door entered. 'Take this man
+to the guardhouse,' was the brief order, and the coatless captain
+spent the night on a hard plank under guard."[E] He did not conceal
+his opinions of men or measures, and hence he very often gave
+offense. It should be borne in mind that the public men of the age
+when General Scott came on the stage, both military and civil, were as
+a rule dignified, formal, and to some extent dogmatic. They held
+themselves with great dignity, and their magnetism was the result of
+their commanding abilities and high character, and they did not rely
+for popularity upon the methods of modern times.
+
+
+[Footnote E: Wilson's Sketches of Illustrious Soldiers: New York,
+1874.]
+
+
+General Grant, in mentioning General Scott's Mexican campaign, says:
+"Both the strategy and tactics displayed by General Scott in the
+various engagements of August 20, 1847, were faultless, as I look upon
+them now after the lapse of so many years." And further: "General
+Scott enjoys the rare distinction of having held high and successful
+command in two wars, which were a full generation apart. In 1847 he
+commanded, in Mexico, the sons of those officers who aided in his
+brilliantly successful campaign against the British on the borders of
+Canada in 1814." Daniel Webster, in a speech delivered in the United
+States Senate February 20, 1848, said: "I understand, sir, that, there
+is a report from General Scott, a man who has performed the most
+brilliant campaign on recent military record, a man who has warred
+against the enemy, warred against the climate, warred against a
+thousand unpropitious circumstances, and has carried the flag of his
+country to the capital of the enemy--honorably, proudly, humanely--to
+his own permanent honor and the great military credit of his country.
+And where is he? At Pueblo--at Pueblo, undergoing an inquiry before
+his inferiors in rank, and other persons without military rank, while
+the high powers he has exercised and executed with so much
+distinction are transferred to another--I do not say to one unworthy
+of them, but to one inferior in rank, station, and experience to
+himself." No more fitting close to this sketch of his life can be
+given than to quote the words of his friend, General Wilson: "He has
+bequeathed to his country a name pure and unspotted--a name than which
+the republic has few indeed that shine with a brighter luster, and a
+name that will go down to future generations with those of the
+greatest captains of the nineteenth century."
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+Abadie, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Aberdeen, Lord, British Minister, 151.
+
+Abraham, negro, Indian interpreter, 74.
+
+Adams, George, Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Adams, John Quincy, ex-President, 153.
+
+Adams, the British vessel, captured, 13.
+
+Allen, Captain, 17.
+
+Alvarez, Mexican General, 219, 221, 231.
+
+Amatha, Charley, 79.
+
+American forces surrender to General Sheaffe, 18.
+
+Ampudia, Pedro de, Mexican General, surrenders, 155, 156.
+
+Anaya, Don Pedro Maria, General, elected President of Mexico, 257.
+
+Andrews, Timothy P., Colonel, 226.
+
+Anderson, Robert, General, 135, 322, 326.
+
+Anecdote of Colonel Scott and a Roman Catholic priest, 19.
+
+Armistice violated; General Scott's letter to President of Mexican
+  Republic, 218.
+
+Arnold, Ripley A., Lieutenant, attacked by Indians, 115.
+
+Arista, Mariano, Mexican General, 155.
+
+Arthur, President, 326.
+
+Assiola, Indian Chief, 88.
+
+Atkinson, T.P., letter from General Scott to, 153.
+
+Atristain, Se�or, 216, 257.
+
+Azapotzalco, the place of meeting of the commissioners, 216.
+
+
+Baker, D.D., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Baker, Edward D., Colonel, killed at Ball's Bluff, 317.
+
+Bankhead, James, Colonel, 112.
+
+Barcelona, the steamer, 146.
+
+Barker, Captain, 16.
+
+Barr, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Barragan, Pe�a y, 221.
+
+Barren, Major, 109.
+
+Basinger, William E., Lieutenant, 88.
+
+Battle on the Ouithlacoochee, 90-92.
+
+Beall, Benjamin Lloyd, Major, 172.
+
+Beard, Joseph, Major, 95.
+
+Beauregard, P.T., Lieutenant, 203.
+
+Beckwith, J.C., letter to, from General Scott, 154.
+
+Belknap, William G., 281.
+
+Benton, Thomas H., 159.
+
+Biddle, Richard, speech in Congress, 124-127.
+
+Binney, Horace, letter to General Scott, 304.
+
+Black Hawk War, the, 52, 55.
+
+Blockade of Southern ports, 296, 297.
+
+Board of Army Officers, 47.
+
+Boerstler, Charles G., Colonel, 27.
+
+Bolton, Commodore, 97.
+
+Bones, George, Captain, 110.
+
+Botts, Benjamin, 5.
+
+Boyd, John Parker, General, attack on Fort Niagara, 24.
+
+Brady, Hugh, Major, 33;
+  sketch of, 39.
+
+Brady, Thomas A., First-Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Brant, Indian, attacks Colonel Scott, 18, 19.
+
+Bravo, D. Nicholas, Mexican General, 225, 227.
+
+Brazos Santiago, 159.
+
+Brisbane, Abbott H, Colonel, 112.
+
+Brooks, Horace, Captain, 225.
+
+Brown, Jacob, General, 27, 38-40.
+
+Bryant, Thomas S., Captain, 96.
+
+Buchanan, James, President, 296, 326.
+
+Bull Run, 308.
+
+Burlington Heights, 28.
+
+Burnett, Ward B., Colonel, 209.
+
+Burnham, Major, 185.
+
+Burr, Aaron, 5-8.
+
+Burt, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Butler, Pierce M., Colonel, 112, 115, 209.
+
+Butler, William O., General, 244, 245, 256, 264.
+
+
+Cadwallader, George, General, 193, 206, 209, 210, 221, 226, 249.
+
+Caldwell, James N., Captain, 215.
+
+Caldwell, Robert C., First-Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Caledonia, British brig, 13.
+
+Calhoun, John C., 151.
+
+Call, Richard Keith, General, 89.
+
+Cameron, Simon, 309, 314, 315, 330.
+
+Canada political agitation, 272.
+
+Cano, D. Juan, Mexican General, 225.
+
+Caroline, the steamboat, 145.
+
+Casey, Silas, Captain, 207, 226.
+
+Cass, Lewis, 59, 66, 67, 76, 77.
+
+Cerro Gortlo, the battle of, 176, 190.
+
+Chandler, John, Colonel, attack on Fort George, 24.
+
+Chapultepec, battle of, 223, 228.
+
+Charleston, S.C., furnishes troops and supplies, 94.
+
+Chase, Secretary, 330.
+
+Chauncey, Isaac, Commodore, 24, 28.
+
+Cherokee Indians, removal of, from Georgia, 129.
+
+Chesapeake, the, boarded by the Leopard, 6.
+
+Chesnut, Colonel, 95.
+
+Childs, Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel, 176, 194, 236.
+
+Chippewa, battle of, 32.
+
+Cholera among troops at Chicago, 56, 57.
+
+Chrysler's Farm, engagement at, 29.
+
+Chrystie, John, Colonel, 14, 17.
+
+Cincinnati, Society of the, 42.
+
+City of Mexico, 195, 228.
+
+Civil war, beginning of, 295, 296.
+
+Clarke, Henry Francis, Colonel, 212, 249.
+
+Clay, Cassius M., 306.
+
+Clay, Henry, 145, 151.
+
+Clinch, Duncan L., General, 82, 88, 93.
+
+Clinton, Governor, 42.
+
+Clifton, Captain, 112.
+
+Coffin, Captain, 19.
+
+Congress declares war against Great Britain, 13.
+
+Congress votes a medal to General Scott, 42.
+
+Conner, Commodore, 165.
+
+Conto, Se�or, 216, 257.
+
+Cooper, Mark A., Major, 112, 119.
+
+Coto, Se�or, 216.
+
+Crane, Ichabod B., Colonel, 136.
+
+Crawford, William H., 40.
+
+Cuevas, Se�or, 257.
+
+Cummings, Arthur C., Captain, 215.
+
+Cunningham, Captain, 94.
+
+Cushing, Caleb, General, 281.
+
+
+Dade, Francis Langhorne, Major, killed, 88.
+
+Dallas, Commodore, 97.
+
+Davis, Edward, General, 312.
+
+Davis, Jefferson, 291.
+
+Dearborn, Henry, General, 14, 23, 24.
+
+Dennis, Colonel, 29.
+
+Devlin, John S., acting quartermaster, 253.
+
+Dominguez commands Mexicans in American army, 237.
+
+Douglas, Stephen A., 303.
+
+Douglass, John M., Major, 112.
+
+Drum, Simon H., Captain, 220, 225.
+
+Drummond, Lieutenant-General Sir Gordon, 34.
+
+Duane, James Chatham, General, 305.
+
+Duel between Burr and Hamilton, 5.
+
+Dulaney, William, Major, 253.
+
+Duncan, James, Lieutenant-Colonel, 108, 221, 271, 277, 283, 286.
+
+Duval, William P., Governor, 82.
+
+
+Eaton, J.H., Secretary of War, 49, 50, 76, 82.
+
+Edson, Alvin, Captain, 165.
+
+Elliott, Lieutenant, plans destruction of British brigs, 13.
+
+Eustis, Abram, Brigadier-General, 111, 113, 114.
+
+Expedition of Aaron Burr, 5, 6.
+
+
+Fagan, John, Major, 75.
+
+Fanning, Alexander C.W., Major, 88.
+
+Farquhar, William, Captain, 302.
+
+Farragut, Admiral D.G., 329.
+
+Fenwick, John R., Colonel, 16.
+
+Field, Thomas Y., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Fillmore, Millard, President, 293.
+
+Finances of Mexico, 239.
+
+Finlay, Captain, 94.
+
+Florida War, 72, 87, 97-99, 112.
+
+Florida, army of, 115.
+
+Floyd, John B., 136, 298.
+
+Floyd, Robertson R., Captain, 96.
+
+Fort Brooke, the army concentrate there, 118.
+
+Fort Brown occupied by General Taylor, 154.
+
+Fort Erie surrenders, 30;
+  invested, 37.
+
+Fort George, attack on, 16, 17;
+  storming of, 24.
+
+Fort Niagara, defeat of the British at, 26.
+
+Foster, William Sewell, Lieutenant-Colonel, 102.
+
+Frazer, William, Captain, 88.
+
+Freeman, Norvell, Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Fremont, John C., General, 308.
+
+Frontera, Mexican General, 207, 208.
+
+
+Gadsden, James, Colonel, 75.
+
+Gaines, Edmund, General, 48, 103.
+
+Gaines, J.P., Major, 250.
+
+Gamboa, D. Manuel, Mexican General, 225.
+
+Gardiner, George, 88.
+
+Gardner, Charles K., Lieutenant, 11.
+
+Gardner, Franklin, 175.
+
+Garland, John, General, 220, 221.
+
+Gatlin, John Slade, Dr., 88.
+
+Georgia troops, 95, 96, 110.
+
+Gibson, Captain, 18.
+
+Giles, William B., 5-7.
+
+Goodwyn, Robert H., Colonel, 112-116.
+
+Graham, Captain, 110.
+
+Graham, William A., Secretary of the Navy, 293.
+
+Grant, Ulysses S., General, 322, 329, 334.
+
+Great Britain, war declared against, 11.
+
+Greenway, James, Dr., 3.
+
+Griffin, Charles, Captain, 302.
+
+Guadalupe Hidalgo, text of treaty of, 257, 264.
+
+
+Hagner, Peter V., Captain, 225.
+
+Halleck, Henry W., General, 308.
+
+Hamilton, Alexander, 5.
+
+Hamilton, John C., 292.
+
+Hamilton, Schuyler, Lieutenant, 250.
+
+Hampton, Wade, General, 7, 9-12, 28.
+
+Hardy, Sir Thomas, 6.
+
+Hargrave, James, 4.
+
+Harney, John, Governor, 142-144.
+
+Harney, William S., Colonel, 186, 224.
+
+Harris, Captain, 33.
+
+Harris, Joseph W., Lieutenant, 83.
+
+Harrison, William Henry, General, 152.
+
+Haskell, William T., Colonel, 166.
+
+Hayes, Rutherford B., President, 326, 329.
+
+Heileman, Julius Frederick, Major, 65, 66.
+
+Henderson, Charles A., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Henderson, Richard, Lieutenant, 88.
+
+Henry, Alexander, letter to General Scott, 304.
+
+Henry, George, Captain, 115.
+
+Hernandez, John M., General, 96.
+
+Herrera, General, 216.
+
+Hetzel, Abner R., Captain, 135.
+
+Hindman, Jacob, Major, 30, 39.
+
+Hitchcock, Ethan A., Captain, 100, 164, 284.
+
+Holata, Amathla, 75, 77, 78, 79.
+
+Hug�r, Benjamin, Captain, 220, 224.
+
+Hull, William, General, 13.
+
+Hunt, Henry J., Lieutenant, 221.
+
+
+Ingersoll, Charles J., 153.
+
+Irish prisoners, 20.
+
+Irving, Washington, 5.
+
+Izard, George, Colonel, 13.
+
+Izard, James Farley, Lieutenant, 101, 102.
+
+
+Jackson, Andrew, General, 5, 40, 42, 46, 63, 151.
+
+Jackson, Thomas J., Lieutenant, 226.
+
+Jacobs, Captain (Indian), attacks General Scott, 18, 19.
+
+Jefferson, Thomas, President, 7.
+
+Jesup, Thomas S., General, 31, 33, 39, 122, 123.
+
+Johnston, Joseph E., Colonel, 226.
+
+Juarata, Padre, leader of guerrillas, 237.
+
+Judd, Henry, Jr., Lieutenant, 172.
+
+
+Kearney, Philip, Captain, 211.
+
+Keayes, J.S., Lieutenant, 88.
+
+Ke-o-Kuck, Indian chief, 58.
+
+Ker, Croghan, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 107.
+
+Ker, William H., Captain, 101.
+
+Keyes, Erastus D., Lieutenant, 135.
+
+King, William R., 293.
+
+Kirby, Reynold M., Major, 94, 115.
+
+
+Lally, Folliot T., Major, 215, 216.
+
+Landero, Jos� Juan de, Mexican General, 169, 170.
+
+Lane, Joseph, General, 237, 256.
+
+Lang, William, Captain, 253.
+
+Lawson, Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel, 101.
+
+Leavenworth, Henry, Major, 31, 33
+
+Lee, Robert E., Captain, 101, 164, 175, 203, 208, 223, 225, 284, 305.
+
+Leigh, Benjamin Watkins, 10, 70.
+
+Lendrum, Thomas W., 88.
+
+Leon, Mexican General, 219.
+
+"Leonidas letter," the, 267, 287.
+
+Leopard, British frigate, 6.
+
+Lewis, Morgan, General, 26.
+
+Lincoln, Abraham, President, 296, 301, 312, 313, 315, 316, 326.
+
+Lindsay, William, Colonel, 111, 135.
+
+Lobas Island, 161.
+
+Loring, William W., Major, 206, 212.
+
+Louisiana troops, 119.
+
+Lovell, Christopher H., Lieutenant, 280.
+
+Lundy's Lane, battle of, 34-36.
+
+
+McCauley, Charles G., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+McClellan, George B., General, 178, 206, 308.
+
+McClure, Brigadier-General, New York militia, 28.
+
+McComb, Alexander, Colonel, 24, 29, 50, 153.
+
+McDonald, Adjutant, 146.
+
+McDowell, Irwin, General, 307.
+
+McDuffie, George, 61-63.
+
+McFeely, George, Lieutenant-Colonel, 24.
+
+McIntosh, James S., Colonel, 193, 220.
+
+McKenzie, Colonel, 226.
+
+McLemore, Captain, 110, 112.
+
+McNeill, John, Jr., General, 31, 33, 39.
+
+McRee, William, Colonel, 39.
+
+McTavish, Carroll, 41.
+
+Mackall, William W., Major, 227.
+
+Madison, James, President, 22.
+
+Magee, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Magruder, John B., Lieutenant, 206, 226, 302.
+
+Malone, Captain, 119.
+
+Mansfield, Mr., British Minister, 11.
+
+Marcy, William L., 146, 158, 159, 269.
+
+Marks, George H., Captain, 113.
+
+Marks, Samuel F., Captain, 101.
+
+Marshall, General, 245-248.
+
+Marshall, John, Chief-Justice, 136.
+
+Martin Luther, 5.
+
+Mason, Captain, 286.
+
+Mason, Daniel, 3.
+
+Mason, James M., 321.
+
+Mason, Winfield, 3.
+
+Massacre of General Thompson and others, 89.
+
+May, James F., 5.
+
+Mayo, John, Colonel, 41.
+
+Mendoza, Mexican General, 205, 207.
+
+Mico, Indian chief, 78.
+
+Miconopy, Indian chief, 78.
+
+Miller, James, Colonel, 25.
+
+Mississippi River, free navigation of, 310.
+
+Molino del Rey, battle of, 219-222.
+
+Monroe, James, President, 22.
+
+Monterde, D. Mariano, Mexican General, 225.
+
+Morales, Mexican General, 168, 169.
+
+Morgan, George W., Colonel, 208.
+
+Mormon expedition, 294.
+
+Morris, Charles T., Captain, 207.
+
+Mount Vernon, 316, 317.
+
+Mudge, Robert Richard, Lieutenant, 88.
+
+Mullaney, James Robert, Lieutenant-Colonel, 16.
+
+
+Nashville, Confederate steamer, 320.
+
+Negroes engaged in Dade massacre, 111.
+
+Nicholson, Augustus S., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Nicholson, John S., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Nueva de Villa Gutierrez, Colonel, 170.
+
+Nullification in South Carolina, 61-64.
+
+
+Ogilvie, James, Captain, 4-17.
+
+O'Riley, commander of deserters, captured, 237, 238.
+
+
+Pachuca occupied, 248.
+
+Packenham, Sir Richard, 151.
+
+Paez, General, 48.
+
+Page, Captain, 135.
+
+Palo Alto, battle of, 155.
+
+Parish, Richard C., Colonel, 90.
+
+Patterson, Robert, General, 245.
+
+Payne, Matthew M., Major, 135.
+
+Payne's Landing, treaty of, 74.
+
+Pe�a y Pe�a, 236, 257.
+
+Perez, Mexican General, 208-219.
+
+Perry, Matthew C., Commodore, 169.
+
+Perry, Oliver Hazard, Captain, 14, 24.
+
+Pierce, Franklin, General, 207, 214, 292, 293.
+
+Pike, Zebulon, General, 24.
+
+Pillow, Gideon J., General, 170, 176, 193, 211, 224, 226, 276, 281.
+
+Plympton, Joseph, Lieutenant-Colonel, 208, 220.
+
+Porter, Captain, 25.
+
+Porter, Moses, General, 24, 30.
+
+Porter, W., Secretary to General Gaines, 108.
+
+Prevost, Sir George, 26, 27.
+
+Puebla, occupation of, 197.
+
+Putnam, Benjamin A., Major, 93.
+
+Putnam, General, 5.
+
+
+Queenstown Heights, storming of, 15.
+
+Quijano, Benito, Mexican commissioner, 214.
+
+Quitman, John A., General, 172, 204, 206, 224, 226, 228, 280.
+
+
+Randolph, John, 5.
+
+Rangel, Mexican General, 219.
+
+Rea, Mexican General, 236.
+
+Read, Leigh, Colonel, 90, 113.
+
+Resaca de la Palma, battle of, 155.
+
+Ravenel, Captain, 94.
+
+Reynolds, E. McD., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Reynolds, John G., Captain, 253.
+
+Riall, General, moves to Burlington Heights, 33.
+
+Rich, Jabez L., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Ridgely, S.C., Captain, 281.
+
+Riley, Bennet, General, 206, 208, 209.
+
+Ripley, Eleazer W., 39.
+
+Ripley, R.S., Lieutenant, 185.
+
+Roach, Isaac, Jr., Lieutenant, 13, 16.
+
+Robertson, Judge, 302, 303.
+
+Robinson, David, Judge, 4.
+
+Robinson, Edward B., Captain, 110.
+
+Robles, Mexican Lieutenant-Colonel, 170.
+
+Rogers, A.P., Lieutenant, 166.
+
+Rogers, Captain Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Rosecrans, William S., General, 308, 329.
+
+Ruffin, Thomas, 5.
+
+
+Sacs and Fox Indians, treaty with, 58.
+
+Sackett's Harbor, landing of the British, 27.
+
+Sanders, William G., Captain, 107.
+
+Sands, Richard M., Major, 101.
+
+San Jacinto, steamer, 321.
+
+San Pablo, convent of, 212.
+
+San Patricio Battalion, 237.
+
+Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez, General, 156, 173, 175, 190, 206, 209, 225,
+  230, 231, 236, 256, 257.
+
+Scott, Ann, 3.
+
+Scott, Camilla, 41.
+
+Scott, Cornelia, 41.
+
+Scott, Henry L., Colonel, 135, 164, 178, 284.
+
+Scott, James, death of, 1, 2.
+
+Scott, Winfield, birth and parentage, 1; runs away from Sunday
+  school, 2; defends his teacher; at William and Mary College, 4;
+  enters on the practice of law; present at the trial of Aaron Burr,
+  5; attacks British camp at Lynn Haven Bay; goes to South Carolina to
+  practice law; returns to Petersburg, Va., to practice law; joins
+  Petersburg cavalry company, 6; receives commission as Captain in the
+  U.S. army; recruits his company and embarks for New Orleans, 7;
+  arrested and tried by court-martial for words spoken of General
+  Wilkinson, 8; tenders his resignation, 8; finding of the court, 9;
+  letter to Lewis Edwards, 10; rejoins the army at Baton Rouge, La.;
+  embarks for Washington; vessel gets aground, 11; appointed Colonel;
+  visits the Secretary of War with General Hampton; an unpleasant
+  incident, 12; war with Great Britain; ordered to the Niagara
+  frontier, 13; volunteers to cross the Niagara; marches to Lewiston,
+  16; the attack on Fort George, 17; a flag of truce, 18; a prisoner,
+  and attacked by Indians; embarks for Boston, 19; addresses Irish
+  prisoners; letter to Secretary of War, 20; selects hostages in
+  retaliation for Irish prisoners, 21; returns to Washington, 22;
+  ordered to Philadelphia; appointed Adjutant General; promoted
+  Colonel of his regiment; joins General Dearborn, and appointed chief
+  of staff, 23; assault on Fort George; Scott leads the advance, 24;
+  struck by a piece of timber and collar bone broken, 25; anecdote of
+  a British officer, 26; resigns the office of Adjutant General, 27;
+  joins General Wilkinson, 28; marches for Sackett's Harbor; appointed
+  to command of a battalion; preparing new levies of troops, 29;
+  appointed Brigadier General; ordered to join General Jacob Brown;
+  establishes camp of instruction at Sackett's Harbor; assigned to a
+  new command; moves toward Chippewa, 30; wins the battle of Chippewa;
+  report of General Brown, 32; moves to mouth of the Niagara, 33;
+  battle of Lundy's Lane, 34, 35; General Scott disabled, 37-39; in
+  command for defense of Philadelphia and Baltimore, 39; reception at
+  Princeton; declined to act as Secretary of War; ordered to Europe,
+  40; receives attention in Europe; return home; headquarters in New
+  York; married to Miss Mayo, of Richmond; names of his children, 41;
+  Congress passes resolutions complimenting him; present at the death
+  of President Monroe; thanked by Legislatures of Virginia and New
+  York; honorary member of the Society of the Cincinnati; order of
+  General Jackson, 42; letter of General Jackson to General Scott; his
+  reply, 43; letter to General Jackson, 44; General Jackson's reply;
+  Scott calls on General Jackson, 45; tribute to General Jackson; his
+  work on general regulations for the army, 46; president of board of
+  army and militia officers; publication of his work on infantry
+  tactics; the temperance reform; his views on, 47; controversy with
+  General Gaines; tenders his resignation; not accepted, 48; letter to
+  Secretary of War; the Secretary's reply, 49; assigned to command of
+  Eastern Department; treaty with Sac Indians, 50; ordered to
+  Illinois; Asiatic cholera, 53; letter to Governor Reynolds, 54;
+  newspaper extracts in regard to General Scott's action in the
+  cholera epidemic, 55-57; commissioner to treat with Indians; result
+  of the treaty, 58; arrives in New York, and ordered to Washington;
+  the tariff act of 1828 and excitement in South Carolina, 60; ordered
+  to South Carolina, 66; letter of instruction from Secretary of War;
+  arrival in Charleston, 66, 67; detained by accident, 68; success of
+  his mission, 71; ordered to immediate command in Florida, 98;
+  disposition of troops, 110-112; movement of troops, 114; the army
+  arrives at Tampa Bay, 117; arrival at Fort Brooke, 118; embarks on
+  St. John's River, 120; complaint against General Jesup; court of
+  inquiry on Florida campaign, 122; finding of the court; letter to
+  Secretary of War, 123; defense in Congress, 124; tendered dinner in
+  New York; declines, 127; ordered to remove the Creek Indians, 129;
+  addresses to troops and Indians, 130, 132, 133; the Indians move
+  West, 135; ordered to look after Canada insurgents, 139; ordered to
+  Maine, 140; meets Governor Everett; proceeds to Portland, 141;
+  settlement of the troubles, 143, 144; uprising in Upper Canada;
+  affair of the Caroline, 144, 145; ordered to the scene of the
+  troubles; meets Governor Marcy, 146; letter to commanding officer of
+  British vessels, 147; the affair settled, 147, 148; his name
+  presented to Whig Convention as candidate for the presidency, 152;
+  effort in Congress to reduce his pay; letter to T.P. Atkinson on
+  slavery, 153; letter to peace convention, 154; the War with Mexico;
+  the "hasty plate of soup," 157; his opinion of General Taylor;
+  ordered to Mexico; goes _via_ New Orleans, 158; arrives at Brazos
+  Santiago, 159; fails to meet General Taylor, 161; landing of the
+  troops at Vera Cruz, 162; investment and surrender of Vera Cruz,
+  164-170; advances on Jalapa, 173; Cerro Gordo, 178, 179, 187;
+  occupation of Puebla, 193; movement toward the City of Mexico;
+  criticism by the Duke of Wellington, 195, 196; address to Mexican
+  people, 198; movement on and capture of Padierna, 204-207;
+  Churubusco, 211; arrival of Nicholas P. Trist, U.S. Commissioner,
+  213; cessation of hostilities by armistice, 214; the armistice
+  ended, 218; Molino del Rey, 219-222; attack on and capture of
+  Chapultepec, 226, 227; occupation of the capital; orders for
+  government of the city, 229; additional orders, 231-234; orders for
+  obtaining revenue in Mexico, 240-242; letter to Secretary of War,
+  243; his civil administration of Mexico, 246, 247; reports his total
+  force, January 6, 1848; ordered before a court of inquiry; relieved
+  from command of the army, 248; money levied on City of Mexico, 255;
+  turns over command of the army, 264; General Orders No. 349, 270;
+  letter to General Worth, 272; relieved from duty, 277, 278; reads a
+  paper before the court of inquiry, 281, 282; submits paper to court
+  of inquiry, 284; embarks at Vera Cruz for home, 288; receives thanks
+  of Congress, 289; discontent in Canada, 293; candidate for the
+  presidency (1852), 293; on commission to settle boundary line with
+  Great Britain, 295; letter to President Buchanan, 296, 297; letter
+  to Secretary of War, 297, 298; letter to Secretary of War, December
+  28, 1861, 298; letter to Secretary Seward, March 3, 1861, 299;
+  firing of guns at Mobile on announcement that he had resigned, 304;
+  order of April 26, 1861, at Washington, D.C., 306; issues General
+  Orders No. 17, 308; complains of General McClellan, 309; request to
+  be placed on retired list, 311, 312; addresses the President and
+  Cabinet on his retirement, 313; sails for Europe, November 9, 1861,
+  318; army asylum fund, 323; statue of, at Soldiers' Home, 327; his
+  death and last words, 329; his acquaintance with English authors,
+  331; advice to young army officer, 330, 331; anecdote of battle of
+  Chippewa, 332; vain of his accomplishments; regular attendant at the
+  Episcopal Church, 332; goes to West Point, 328; his loyalty, his
+  strict ideas of discipline; anecdote, 333.
+
+Sears, Henry B., Lieutenant, 215.
+
+Secretary of War to General Gaines, 100.
+
+Seminole council, 85.
+
+Seward, Secretary, anecdote of General Scott, 330.
+
+Shannon, Samuel, Captain, 102.
+
+Shaw, H.B., Major, 135.
+
+Sheaffe, General Sir Roger Hale, 17-19.
+
+Shelton, Joseph, General, 116.
+
+Sheridan, Philip H., General, 326.
+
+Sherman, William T., General, 326.
+
+Shields, James, General, 176, 207, 209, 280.
+
+Shubrick, William B., Commodore, 238.
+
+Sibley, Henry H., Captain, 212.
+
+Simms, John D., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Slidell, John, 321.
+
+Small, William F., Captain, 236.
+
+Smith, Charles F., Captain, 221.
+
+Smith, Colonel, Louisiana volunteers, 101, 118.
+
+Smith, Constantine, Lieutenant, 89.
+
+Smith, E. Kirby, Captain, 221.
+
+Smith, Gustavus W., Lieutenant, 207.
+
+Smith, Persifor F., Colonel, 101, 112, 206, 208, 209, 211, 214, 227.
+
+Smyth, Alexander, General, 14.
+
+Soldiers' Home at Washington, 323, 324, 326.
+
+Soto, Don Juan, Vera Cruz, 215.
+
+Steptoe, Edward J., Captain, 223.
+
+Stone, Charles P., General, 301, 318.
+
+Strahan, Captain, 17.
+
+Sumner, Edwin V., Major, 175, 211, 220, 221, 224.
+
+Sutherland, David J., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Swift, Joseph G., Colonel, 28.
+
+
+Tampico letter, the, 267, 268.
+
+Tariff of 1828 and trouble In South Carolina, 60.
+
+Taylor, Francis, Captain, 135, 223.
+
+Taylor, Governor, Carolina, 61.
+
+Taylor, Zachary, General, 154, 289.
+
+Tazewell, Littleton W., 5.
+
+Temperance reform, 47.
+
+Terrett, George H., Captain, 253.
+
+Texas, causes which led to annexation, 149, 154.
+
+Thistle, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Thomas, James H., Colonel, 173.
+
+Thompson, General, Indian agent, 79.
+
+Thompson, Launt, 327.
+
+Thurston, Charles Myron, Captain, 110.
+
+Timrod, Captain, 94.
+
+Totten, Joseph G., Colonel, 17, 18, 28, 164.
+
+Towson, Captain, ordered to report to St. Elliott, 13, 16, 33, 37.
+
+Towson, Nathan, General, 281.
+
+Trent, affair of the, 321.
+
+Tripp, T.S., Captain, 115.
+
+Trist, Nicholas P., commissioner, 213, 216, 257, 281.
+
+Trousdale, William, Colonel, 226.
+
+Truxton, Commodore, 5.
+
+Tweedale, Marquis of, crosses the Chippewa, 30.
+
+Twiggs, David E., General, 101, 173, 176, 193, 200, 220.
+
+Twiggs, Levi, Major, 253.
+
+Tyler, John, President, 152.
+
+
+Upshur, Abel P., Secretary of State, 151.
+
+
+Valencia, Mexican General, 204, 211, 248.
+
+Van Buren, Martin, President, 145.
+
+Van Rensselaer, Colonel, 144.
+
+Van Rensselaer, Solomon, General, 14, 17.
+
+Van Rensselaer, Stephen, General, 14, 16, 18.
+
+Van Vliet, Stewart, General, 328.
+
+Vera Cruz, 161, 162, 167, 171.
+
+Villamil, Mora y., General, 214, 216, 257.
+
+Vincent, General, 27.
+
+Vinton, John R., Colonel, 166.
+
+Volunteer American officers paroled, 19.
+
+
+Wadsworth, Decius, General, 15.
+
+Walker, Robert J., 159.
+
+Washington, George, General, 5.
+
+Watson, Samuel E., Lieutenant-Colonel, 253.
+
+"Wayward Sisters" letter, 299, 300.
+
+Webb, Captain, U.S.N., 97.
+
+Webster, Daniel, 293.
+
+Weed, Thurlow, 318.
+
+Wellington, Duke of, 195.
+
+Welsh, Henry, Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Wheelock, Eleazer, General, 30.
+
+Wilkes, Charles, Commodore, 321.
+
+Wilkinson, James, General, 7, 8, 28.
+
+William and Mary College, 4.
+
+Williams, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Williams, T., A.-D.-C., 250.
+
+Wilson, Henry, Colonel, 173.
+
+Wilson, James Grant, General, 327, 328, 335.
+
+Winder, William Henry, General, 24, 27.
+
+Winfield, Elizabeth, 3.
+
+Winfield, John, 3.
+
+Wirt, William, 5.
+
+Withers, Jones M., 248.
+
+Wood, Major, 37.
+
+Wool, John E., Captain, 15-17.
+
+Worth, W.J., General, 136, 170, 174, 193, 265-267, 270, 271, 273,
+  274-276, 285.
+
+Wright, George, Major, 220.
+
+Wynkoop, Francis M., Colonel, 166, 248.
+
+
+Young, William L., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+
+Zacatepetl, Barreiro, Colonel, 205.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES_, from the Revolution to
+the Civil War. By JOHN BACH MCMASTER. To be completed in five
+volumes. Vols. I, II, and III now ready. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $2.50
+each.
+
+
+[Illustration: JOHN BACH MCMASTER.]
+
+
+In the course of this narrative much is written of wars, conspiracies,
+and rebellions; of Presidents, of Congresses, of embassies, of
+treaties, of the ambition of political leaders, and of the rise of
+great parties in the nation. Yet the history of the people is the
+chief theme. At every stage of the splendid progress which separates
+the America of Washington and Adams from the America in which we live,
+it has been the author's purpose to describe the dress, the
+occupations, the amusements, the literary canons of the times; to note
+the changes of manners and morals; to trace the growth of that humane
+spirit which abolished punishment for debt, and reformed the
+discipline of prisons and of jails; to recount the manifold
+improvements which, in a thousand ways, have multiplied the
+conveniences of life and ministered to the happiness of our race; to
+describe the rise and progress of that long series of mechanical
+inventions and discoveries which is now the admiration of the world,
+and our just pride and boast; to tell how, under the benign influence
+of liberty and peace, there sprang up, in the course of a single
+century, a prosperity unparalleled in the annals of human affairs.
+
+  "The pledge given by Mr. McMaster, that 'the history of the people
+  shall be the chief theme,' is punctiliously and satisfactorily
+  fulfilled. He carries out his promise in a complete, vivid, and
+  delightful way. We should add that the literary execution of the
+  work is worthy of the indefatigable industry and unceasing vigilance
+  with which the stores of historical material have been accumulated,
+  weighed, and sifted. The cardinal qualities of style, lucidity,
+  animation, and energy, are everywhere present. Seldom indeed has a
+  book in which matter of substantial value has been so happily united
+  to attractiveness of form been offered by an American author to his
+  fellow-citizens."--_New York Sun._
+
+  "To recount the marvelous progress of the American people, to
+  describe their life, their literature, their occupations, their
+  amusements, is Mr. McMaster's object. His theme is an important one,
+  and we congratulate him on his success. It has rarely been our
+  province to notice a book with so many excellences and so few
+  defects."--_New York Herald._
+
+  "Mr. McMaster at once shows his grasp of the various themes and his
+  special capacity as a historian of the people. His aim is high, but
+  he hits the mark."--_New York Journal of Commerce._
+
+  " ... The author's pages abound, too, with illustrations of the best
+  kind of historical work, that of unearthing hidden sources of
+  information and employing them, not after the modern style of
+  historical writing, in a mere report, but with the true artistic
+  method, in a well-digested narrative.... If Mr. McMaster finishes
+  his work in the spirit and with the thoroughness and skill with
+  which it has begun, it will take its place among the classics of
+  American literature."--_Christian Union._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.
+
+
+
+
+_ABRAHAM LINCOLN: The True Story of a Great Life_. By WILLIAM H.
+HERNDON and JESSE W. WEIK. With numerous Illustrations. New and
+revised edition, with an introduction by HORACE WHITE. In two volumes.
+12mo. Cloth, $3.00.
+
+This is probably the most intimate life of Lincoln ever written. The
+book, by Lincoln's law-partner, William H. Herndon, and his friend
+Jesse W. Weik, shows us Lincoln the man. It is a true picture of his
+surroundings and influences and acts. It is not an attempt to
+construct a political history, with Lincoln often in the background,
+nor is it an effort to apotheosize the American who stands first in
+our history next to Washington. The writers knew Lincoln intimately.
+Their book is the result of unreserved association. There is no
+attempt to portray the man as other than he really was, and on this
+account their frank testimony must be accepted, and their biography
+must take permanent rank as the best and most illuminating study of
+Lincoln's character and personality. Their story, simply told,
+relieved by characteristic anecdotes, and vivid with local color, will
+be found a fascinating work.
+
+  "Truly, they who wish to know Lincoln as he really was must read the
+  biography of him written by his friend and law-partner, W.H.
+  Herndon. This book was imperatively needed to brush aside the rank
+  growth of myth and legend which was threatening to hide the real
+  lineaments of Lincoln from the eyes of posterity. On one pretext or
+  another, but usually upon the plea that he was the central figure of
+  a great historical picture, most of his self-appointed biographers
+  have, by suppressing a part of the truth and magnifying or
+  embellishing the rest, produced portraits which those of Lincoln's
+  contemporaries who knew him best are scarcely able to recognize.
+  There is, on the other hand, no doubt about the faithfulness of Mr.
+  Herndon's delineation. The marks of unflinching veracity are patent
+  in every line."--_New York Sun._
+
+  "Among the books which ought most emphatically to have been written
+  must be classed 'Herndon's Lincoln,'"--_Chicago Inter-Ocean._
+
+  "The author has his own notion of what a biography should be, and it
+  is simple enough. The story should tell all, plainly and even
+  bluntly. Mr. Herndon is naturally a very direct writer, and he has
+  been industrious in gathering material. Whether an incident happened
+  before or behind the scenes, is all the same to him. He gives it
+  without artifice or apology. He describes the life of his friend
+  Lincoln just as he saw it."--_Cincinnati Commercial Gazette._
+
+  "A remarkable piece of literary achievement--remarkable alike for
+  its fidelity to facts, its fullness of details, its constructive
+  skill, and its literary charm."--_New York Times._
+
+  "It will always remain the authentic life of Abraham
+  Lincoln,"--_Chicago Herald._
+
+  "The book is a valuable depository of anecdotes, innumerable and
+  characteristic. It has every claim to the proud coast of being the
+  'true story of a great life.'"--_Philadelphia Ledger._
+
+  "Will be accepted as the best biography yet written of the great
+  President."--_Chicago Inter-Ocean._
+
+  "Mr. White claims that, as a portraiture of the man Lincoln, Mr.
+  Herndon's work 'will never be surpassed.' Certainly it has never
+  been equaled yet, and this new edition is all that could be
+  desired."--_New York Observer._
+
+  "The three portraits of Lincoln are the best that exist; and not the
+  least characteristic of these, the Lincoln of the Douglas debates,
+  has never before been engraved.... Herndon's narrative gives, as
+  nothing else is likely to give, the material from which we may form
+  a true picture of the man from infancy to maturity,"--_The Nation._
+
+
+
+
+_APPLETONS' CYCLOP�DIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY_. Complete in six
+volumes, royal 8vo, containing about 800 pages each. With sixty-one
+fine steel portraits and some two thousand smaller vignette portraits
+and views of birthplaces, residences, statues, etc.
+
+APPLETONS' CYCLOP�DIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY, edited by General JAMES
+GRANT WILSON, President of the New York Genealogical and Biographical
+Society, and Professor JOHN FISKE, formerly of Harvard University,
+assisted by over two hundred special contributors, contains a
+biographical sketch of every person eminent in American civil and
+military history, in law and politics, in divinity, in literature and
+art, in science and in invention. Its plan embraces all the countries
+of North and South America, and includes distinguished persons born
+abroad, but related to American history. As events are always
+connected with persons, it affords a complete compendium of American
+history in every branch of human achievement. An exhaustive topical
+and analytical Index enables the reader to follow the history of any
+subject with great readiness.
+
+  "It is the most complete work that exists on the subject. The tone
+  and guiding spirit of the book are certainly very fair, and show a
+  mind bent on a discriminate, just, and proper treatment of its
+  subject."--_From the_ Hon. GEORGE BANCROFT.
+
+  "The portraits are remarkably good. To anyone interested in
+  American history or literature, the Cyclop�dia will be
+  indispensable."--_From the_ Hon. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL.
+
+  "The selection of names seems to be liberal and just. The portraits,
+  so far as I can judge, are faithful, and the biographies
+  trustworthy."--_From_ NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D.,
+  _ex-President of Yale College_.
+
+  "A most valuable and interesting work."--_From the_ Hon. WM. E.
+  GLADSTONE.
+
+  "I have examined it with great interest and great gratification. It
+  is a noble work, and does enviable credit to its editors and
+  publishers."--_From the_ Hon. ROBERT C. WINTHROP.
+
+  "I have carefully examined 'Appletons' Cyclop�dia of American
+  Biography,' and do not hesitate to commend it to favor. It is
+  admirably adapted to use in the family and the schools, and is so
+  cheap as to come within the reach of all classes of readers and
+  students."--_From_ J.B. FORAKER, _ex-Governor of Ohio_.
+
+  "This book of American biography has come to me with a most unusual
+  charm. It sets before us the faces of great Americans, both men and
+  women, and gives us a perspective view of their lives. Where so many
+  noble and great have lived and wrought, one is encouraged to believe
+  the soil from which they sprang, the air they breathed, and the sky
+  over their heads, to be the best this world affords, and one says,
+  'Thank God, I also am an American!' We have many books of biography,
+  but I have seen none so ample, so clear-cut, and breathing so
+  strongly the best spirit of our native land. No young man or woman
+  can fail to find among these ample pages some model worthy of
+  imitation."--_From_ FRANCES E. WILLARD, _President
+  N.W.C.T.U._
+
+  "I congratulate you on the beauty of the volume, and the
+  thoroughness of the work."--_From_ Bishop PHILLIPS BROOKS.
+
+  "Every day's use of this admirable work confirms me in regard to its
+  comprehensiveness and accuracy."--_From_ CHARLES DUDLEY
+  WARNER.
+
+_Price, per volume, cloth or buckram, $5.00; sheep, $6.00; half calf
+or half morocco, $7.00. Sold only by subscription. Descriptive
+circular, with specimen pages, sent on application. Agents wanted for
+districts not yet assigned._
+
+
+
+
+"This work marks an epoch in the history-writing of this
+country."--_St. Louis Post-Dispatch._
+
+
+[Illustration: COLONIAL COURT-HOUSE PHILADELPHIA, 1707.]
+
+
+_THE HOUSEHOLD HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND ITS PEOPLE._ FOR YOUNG
+AMERICANS. By EDWARD EGGLESTON. Richly illustrated with 350 Drawings,
+75 Maps, etc. Square 8vo. Cloth, $2.50.
+
+
+_FROM THE PREFACE._
+
+The present work is meant, in the first instance, for the young--not
+alone for boys and girls, but for young men and women who have yet to
+make themselves familiar with the more important features of their
+country's history. By a book for the young is meant one in which the
+author studies to make his statements clear and explicit, in which
+curious and picturesque details are inserted, and in which the writer
+does not neglect such anecdotes as lend the charm of a human and
+personal interest to the broader facts of the nation's story. That
+history is often tiresome to the young is not so much the fault of
+history as of a false method of writing by which one contrives to
+relate events without sympathy or imagination, without narrative
+connection or animation. The attempt to master vague and general
+records of kiln-dried facts is certain to beget in the ordinary reader
+a repulsion from the study of history--one of the very most important
+of all studies for its widening influence on general culture.
+
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN'S TRAP.]
+
+
+  "Fills a decided gap which has existed for the past twenty years in
+  American historical literature. The work is admirably planned and
+  executed, and will at once take its place as a standard record of
+  the life, growth, and development of the nation. It is profusely and
+  beautifully illustrated."--_Boston Transcript._
+
+  "The book in its new dress makes a much finer appearance than
+  before, and will be welcomed by older readers as gladly as its
+  predecessor was greeted by girls and boys. The lavish use the
+  publishers have made of colored plates, woodcuts, and photographic
+  reproductions, gives an unwonted piquancy to the printed page,
+  catching the eye as surely as the text engages the mind."--_New York
+  Critic._
+
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL PUTNAM.]
+
+
+  "The author writes history as a story. It can never be less than
+  that. The book will enlist the interest of young people, enlighten
+  their understanding, and by the glow of its statements fix the great
+  events of the country firmly in the mind."--_San Francisco
+  Bulletin._
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GENERAL SCOTT***
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+    /* XML end  ]]>*/
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, General Scott, by General Marcus J. Wright</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: General Scott</p>
+<p>Author: General Marcus J. Wright</p>
+<p>Release Date: January 1, 2006  [eBook #17444]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GENERAL SCOTT***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Pilar Somoza,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net /)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h3>Great Commanders<br/>
+<i>EDITED BY JAMES GRANT WILSON</i></h3>
+
+<h2 class="biggap">GENERAL SCOTT</h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 30%;" />
+
+
+<div class="blockcent">
+<h3>The Great Commanders Series.</h3>
+<h5><span class="smcap">Edited by General James Grant Wilson.</span></h5>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>Admiral Farragut.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By Captain <span class="smcap">A.T. Mahan</span>, U.S.N.</p>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>General Taylor.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By General <span class="smcap">O.O. Howard</span>, U.S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>General Jackson.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By <span class="smcap">James Parton</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>General Greene.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By Captain <span class="smcap">Francis V. Greene</span>, U.S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>General J.E. Johnston.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By <span class="smcap">Robert M. Hughes</span>, of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>General Thomas.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By <span class="smcap">Henry Copper</span>, LL.D.</p>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>General Scott.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By General <span class="smcap">Marcus J. Wright</span>.</p>
+
+<h3><i>IN PREPARATION</i></h3>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>General Washington.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By General <span class="smcap">Bradley T. Johnson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>General Sherman.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By General <span class="smcap">Manning F. Force</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>General Grant.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By General <span class="smcap">James Grant Wilson</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>Admiral Porter.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By <span class="smcap">James R. Soley</span>, late Assist. Sec. of Navy.</p>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>General Lee.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By General <span class="smcap">Fitzhugh Lee</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>General Hancock.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By General <span class="smcap">Francis A. Walker</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="noind nomarg"><b>General Sheridan.</b></p>
+<p class="right nomarg">By General <span class="smcap">Henry E. Davies</span>.</p>
+
+<h5>Each, 12mo, cloth, with Portrait and Maps, $1.50.</h5>
+
+<h5>New York: <span class="smcap">D. Appleton &amp; Co.</span>, 1, 2 &amp; 5 Bond St.</h5>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 30%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 298px;">
+<a name="frontispiece"></a><a href="images/frontis_b.jpg"><img src="images/frontis_t.jpg" width="298" height="400" alt="Winfield Scott Lieutenant General" title="Winfield Scott Lieutenant General" /></a>
+</div>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img class="gap" src="images/sig.jpg" alt="Signature" title="Signature" />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 30%;" />
+
+<h3>GREAT COMMANDERS</h3>
+
+
+<h1 class="biggap">GENERAL SCOTT</h1>
+
+<h4 class="biggap">BY</h4>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">General</span> MARCUS J. WRIGHT</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img class="biggap" src="images/tm.jpg" alt="Typographic mark" title="Typographic mark" />
+</div>
+
+<h4>
+NEW YORK<br />
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY<br />
+1894</h4>
+
+<hr style="width: 30%;" />
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1893,<br/>
+<span class="smcap">By</span> D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.</h5>
+
+<h5 class="gap"><i>All rights reserved.</i></h5>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In the preparation of this volume the author has consulted and used
+with freedom the following-named works: History of the Mexican War, by
+General Cadmus M. Wilcox; Autobiography of General Scott; Life of
+General Scott, by Edward D. Mansfield; Life of General Scott, by David
+Hunter Strother; Life of General Scott, by J.T. Headley; History of
+the Mexican War, by John S. Jenkins; Anecdotes of the Civil War, by
+General E.D. Townsend; Sketches of Illustrious Soldiers, by General
+James Grant Wilson; Fifty Years' Observation of Men and Things, by
+General E.D. Keyes; Reminiscences of Thurlow Weed, and Historical
+Register of the United States Army, by F.B. Heitman.</p>
+
+<p>My thanks are due to Mr. David Fitzgerald, Librarian of the War
+Department; Mr. Andrew H. Allen, Librarian of the State Department;
+and Colonel John B. Brownlow, for many courtesies. I am specially
+indebted to Mr. John N. Oliver, of Washington city, for valuable
+assistance rendered me.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">M.J.W.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <i>August, 1893</i>.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="pagenum"><a name="Pg_vii" id="Pg_vii">{vii}</a></div>
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockchap">
+<table border="0" summary="contents">
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h3>CHAPTER I.</h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap">
+Parentage and birth of Scott&mdash;Precocity&mdash;Enters William and Mary
+College&mdash;Leaves college and commences the study of law with Judge
+Robinson&mdash;Attends the trial of Burr at Richmond&mdash;Impressment of
+American seamen and proclamation of President Jefferson&mdash;Joins the
+Petersburg troop&mdash;Leaves for Charleston&mdash;Returns to
+Petersburg&mdash;Appointed captain of artillery&mdash;Trial of General
+Wilkinson&mdash;Scott sends in his resignation, but withdraws it and
+returns to Natchez&mdash;Is court-martialed&mdash;On staff duty at New
+Orleans&mdash;Declaration of war with Great Britain&mdash;General Wade Hampton
+and the Secretary of War&mdash;Hull's surrender&mdash;Storming of
+Queenstown&mdash;March to Lewiston&mdash;Scott's appeal to the officers and
+soldiers&mdash;Indians fire on a flag of truce&mdash;Incident with a
+Caledonian priest&mdash;Letter in relation to Irish prisoners sent home
+to be tried for treason</td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_1">1</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h3>CHAPTER II.</h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap">
+Scott ordered to Philadelphia&mdash;Appointed adjutant general with the
+rank of colonel&mdash;Becomes chief of staff to General Dearborn&mdash;Death
+of General Pike&mdash;Leads the advance on Fort Niagara&mdash;Anecdote of
+Scott and a British colonel&mdash;Commands the expedition to Burlington
+Heights&mdash;March for Sackett's Harbor&mdash;Meets a force at
+Cornwall&mdash;Retreat of Wilkinson&mdash;Scott appointed brigadier
+general&mdash;Attack on and surrender of Fort Erie&mdash;Battle <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_viii" id="Pg_viii">{viii}</a></span>of
+Chippewa&mdash;Lundy's Lane and wounding of Scott&mdash;Retreat</td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h3>CHAPTER III.</h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap">
+Is received and entertained by prominent civilians and military men
+in Europe&mdash;Marries Miss Mayo&mdash;Offspring&mdash;Thanks of Congress&mdash;Thanks
+of the Virginia Legislature voted, and also a sword&mdash;Controversy
+with General Andrew Jackson and correspondence&mdash;Prepares general
+regulations for the army and militia&mdash;Controversy with General
+Gaines and the War Department about rank&mdash;In command of the Eastern
+Division&mdash;War with the Sac and Fox Indians&mdash;Black Hawk&mdash;Cholera
+breaks out among the troops</td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h3>CHAPTER IV.</h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap">
+Troubles in South Carolina growing out of the tariff acts
+apprehended, and General Scott sent South&mdash;Action of the
+nullifiers&mdash;Instructions in case of an outbreak&mdash;Action of the South
+Carolina Legislature</td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_60">60</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h3>CHAPTER V.</h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap">
+Events that led to the war in Florida&mdash;Treaty of Camp Moultrie and
+its stipulations&mdash;Complaints of Indians and whites&mdash;Treaty of
+Payne's Landing&mdash;Objections of the Indians to complying with the
+latter treaty&mdash;Councils and talks with the
+Seminoles&mdash;Assiola&mdash;Murder of mail carrier Dalton&mdash;Murder of Charley
+Amanthla&mdash;Dade's massacre&mdash;Murder of General Thompson and
+others&mdash;General Clinch&mdash;Depredations by the Indians on the whites
+and by the latter on the Indians&mdash;Volunteers&mdash;Military departments
+of Gaines and Scott</td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_72">72</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h3>CHAPTER VI.</h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap">
+Review of the army by General Gaines&mdash;Arrival of General Gaines at
+Fort King&mdash;Lieutenant Izard mortally wounded&mdash;Correspondence
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_ix" id="Pg_ix">{ix}</a></span>between General Gaines and Clinch&mdash;General Scott ordered to command
+in Florida&mdash;Disadvantages under which he labored&mdash;Preparations for
+movements&mdash;Commencement of hostilities against the Indians</td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_103">103</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h3>CHAPTER VII.</h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap">
+Scott prefers complaint against General Jesup&mdash;Court of inquiry
+ordered by the President&mdash;Scott fully exonerated by the
+court&mdash;Complaints of citizens&mdash;Difficulties of the campaign&mdash;Speech
+in Congress of Hon. Richard Biddle&mdash;Scott declines an invitation to
+a dinner in New York city&mdash;Resolutions of the subscribers&mdash;Scott is
+ordered to take charge of and remove the Cherokee Indians&mdash;Orders
+issued to troops and address to the Indians&mdash;Origin of the Cherokee
+Indian troubles&mdash;Collision threatened between Maine and New
+Brunswick, and Scott sent there&mdash;Correspondence with
+Lieutenant-Governor Harvey&mdash;Seizure of Navy Island by Van
+Rensselaer&mdash;Governor Marcy</td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_122">122</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h3>CHAPTER VIII.</h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap">
+Annexation of Texas&mdash;Causes that led to annexation&mdash;Message of the
+President&mdash;General Scott's letters regarding William Henry
+Harrison&mdash;Efforts to reduce General Scott's pay&mdash;Letter to T.P.
+Atkinson on the slavery question&mdash;Battle of Palo Alto, and of Resaca
+de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena Vista&mdash;"The hasty plate of
+Soup"&mdash;Scott's opinion of General Taylor&mdash;Scott ordered to
+Mexico&mdash;Proposal to revive the grade of lieutenant general,
+and to appoint Thomas H. Benton&mdash;Scott reaches the Brazos
+Santiago&mdash;Confidential dispatch from Scott to Taylor&mdash;Co-operation
+of the navy&mdash;Letters to the Secretary of War as to places of
+rendezvous&mdash;Arrival and landing at Vera Cruz, and its investment,
+siege, and capture&mdash;Letter to foreign consuls&mdash;Terms of
+surrender&mdash;Orders of General Scott after the surrender</td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_149">149</a><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_x" id="Pg_x">{x}</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h3>CHAPTER IX.</h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap">
+General Santa Anna arrives at Cerro Gordo&mdash;Engagement at
+Atalaya&mdash;General Orders No. 111&mdash;Reports from Jalapa&mdash;Report of
+engagement at Cerro Gordo&mdash;Occupation of Perote&mdash;Account of a
+Mexican historian&mdash;General Santa Anna's letter to General
+Arroya&mdash;Delay of the Government in sending re-enforcements&mdash;Danger
+of communications with Vera Cruz&mdash;Troops intended for Scott ordered
+to General Taylor&mdash;Colonel Childs appointed governor of
+Jalapa&mdash;Occupation of Puebla&mdash;Arrival of re-enforcements&mdash;Number of
+Scott's force</td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_175">175</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h3>CHAPTER X.</h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap">
+Movement toward the City of Mexico&mdash;The Duke of Wellington's
+comments&mdash;Movements of Santa Anna&mdash;A commission meets General Worth
+to treat for terms&mdash;Worth enters Puebla&mdash;Civil administration of the
+city not interfered with&mdash;Scott arrives at Puebla&mdash;Scott's address
+to the Mexicans after the battle of Cerro
+Gordo&mdash;Contreras&mdash;Reconnoissance of the <i>pedregal</i>&mdash;Defeat of the
+Mexicans at Contreras&mdash;Battle of Churubusco&mdash;Arrival of Nicholas P.
+Trist, commissioner&mdash;General Scott meets a deputation proposing an
+armistice&mdash;He addresses a communication to the head of the Mexican
+Government&mdash;Appointment of a commission to meet Mr. Trist&mdash;Major
+Lally&mdash;Meeting of Mr. Trist with the Mexican commissioners&mdash;Failure
+to agree&mdash;Armistice violated by the Mexicans and notice from General
+Scott&mdash;Santa Anna's insolent note&mdash;The latter calls a meeting of his
+principal officers&mdash;Molino del Rey&mdash;Chapultepec&mdash;Losses on both
+sides</td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_195">195</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h3>CHAPTER XI.</h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap">
+General Quitman's movements to San Antonio and Coyoacan&mdash;Movements
+of General Pillow&mdash;General reconnoissance by
+Scott&mdash;Chapultepec&mdash;Scott announces his line <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_xi" id="Pg_xi">{xi}</a></span>of attack&mdash;Surrender
+of the Mexican General Bravo&mdash;Preparations to move on the
+capital&mdash;Entry of General Scott into the City of Mexico&mdash;General
+Quitman made Military Governor&mdash;General Scott's orders&mdash;Movements of
+Santa Anna&mdash;General Lane&mdash;American and Mexican deserters&mdash;Orders as
+to collection of duties and civil government</td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_223">223</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h3>CHAPTER XII.</h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap">
+Scott's care for the welfare of his army&mdash;Account of the money
+levied on Mexico&mdash;Last note to the Secretary of War while commander
+in chief in Mexico&mdash;Army asylums&mdash;Treaty of peace&mdash;Scott turns over
+the army to General William O. Butler&mdash;Scott and Worth&mdash;Court of
+inquiry on Worth&mdash;The "Leonidas" and "Tampico" letters&mdash;Revised
+paragraph 650&mdash;Army regulations&mdash;General Worth demands a court of
+inquiry and prefers charges against Scott&mdash;Correspondence&mdash;General
+belief as to Scott's removal command&mdash;The trial&mdash;Return home of
+General Scott</td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_254">254</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2"><h3>CHAPTER XIII.</h3></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap">
+General Taylor nominated for the presidency&mdash;Thanks of Congress to
+Scott, and a gold medal voted&mdash;Movement to revive and confer upon
+Scott the brevet rank of lieutenant general&mdash;Scott's views as to the
+annexation of Canada&mdash;Candidate for President in 1852 and
+defeated&mdash;Scott's diplomatic mission to Canada in 1859&mdash;Mutterings
+of civil war&mdash;Letters and notes to President Buchanan&mdash;Arrives in
+Washington, December 12, 1861&mdash;Note to the Secretary of
+War&mdash;"Wayward sisters" letter&mdash;Events preceding inauguration of Mr.
+Lincoln&mdash;Preparation for the defense of Washington&mdash;Scott's
+loyalty&mdash;Battle of Bull Run&mdash;Scott and McClellan&mdash;Free navigation of
+the Mississippi River&mdash;Retirement of General Scott and affecting
+incidents connected therewith&mdash;Message of President
+Lincoln&mdash;McClellan on Scott&mdash;Mount <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_xii" id="Pg_xii">{xii}</a></span>Vernon&mdash;Scott sails for
+Europe&mdash;Anecdote of the day preceding the battle of Chippewa&mdash;The
+Confederate cruiser Nashville&mdash;Incident between Scott and
+Grant&mdash;Soldiers' Home&mdash;Last days of Scott&mdash;His opinion of
+noncombatants&mdash;General Wilson's tribute</td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_289">289</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="tdchap"><span class="smcap">Index</span></td>
+<td class="tdnum"><a href="#Pg_337">337</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<div class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_xiii" id="Pg_xiii">{xiii}</a></div>
+
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockchap">
+<p class="noind"><span class="fright"><span class="smcap">facing page</span></span>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="noind"><span class="fright"><a href="#frontispiece"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></span>Portrait of Winfield Scott</p>
+
+<p class="noind"><span class="fright"><a href="#Pg_12">12</a></span>The Niagara Frontier</p>
+
+<p class="noind"><span class="fright"><a href="#Pg_32">32</a></span>Battle of Chippewa</p>
+
+<p class="noind"><span class="fright"><a href="#Pg_170">170</a></span>Siege of Vera Cruz</p>
+
+<p class="noind"><span class="fright"><a href="#Pg_198">198</a></span>Route from Vera Cruz to Mexico</p>
+
+<p class="noind"><span class="fright"><a href="#Pg_226">226</a></span>Operations of the American Army in the Valley of Mexico</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_1" id="Pg_1">{1}</a></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h1>GENERAL SCOTT.</h1>
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="biggap">CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">Parentage and birth of Scott&mdash;Precocity&mdash;Enters William and Mary
+College&mdash;Leaves college and commences the study of law with Judge
+Robinson&mdash;Attends the trial of Burr at Richmond&mdash;Impressment of
+American seamen and proclamation of President Jefferson&mdash;Joins the
+Petersburg troop&mdash;Leaves for Charleston&mdash;Returns to
+Petersburg&mdash;Appointed captain of artillery&mdash;Trial of General
+Wilkinson&mdash;Scott sends in his resignation, but withdraws it and
+returns to Natchez&mdash;Is court-martialed&mdash;On staff duty at New
+Orleans&mdash;Declaration of war with Great Britain&mdash;General Wade Hampton
+and the Secretary of War&mdash;Hull's surrender&mdash;Storming of
+Queenstown&mdash;March to Lewiston&mdash;Scott's appeal to the officers and
+soldiers&mdash;Indians fire on a flag of truce&mdash;Incident with a Caledonian
+priest&mdash;Letter in relation to Irish prisoners sent home to be tried
+for treason.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>Winfield Scott was born at Laurel Branch, the estate of his father,
+fourteen miles from Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Virginia, June 13,
+1786. His grandfather, James Scott, was a Scotchman of the Clan
+Buccleuch, and a follower of the Pretender to the throne of England,
+who, escaping from the defeat at Culloden, made his way to Virginia in
+1746, where he settled. William, the son of this James, married Ann
+Mason, a native of Dinwiddie County and a neighbor of the Scott
+family. Winfield Scott was the issue of this marriage. There were an
+elder <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_2" id="Pg_2">{2}</a></span>brother and two daughters. James Scott died at an early age,
+when Winfield was but six years old. William, the father of Winfield,
+was a lieutenant and afterward captain in a Virginia company which
+served in the Revolutionary army. Eleven years after the father's
+death the mother died, leaving Winfield, at seventeen years old, to
+make his own way in the world.</p>
+
+<p>At the death of his father, Winfield, being but six years old, was
+left to the charge of his mother, to whom he was devotedly attached.
+It is a well-warranted tradition of the county in which the Scott
+family resided, that the mother of General Scott was a woman of
+superior mind and great force of character. In acknowledging the
+inspiration from the lessons of that admirable parent for whatever of
+success he achieved, he was not unlike Andrew Jackson and the majority
+of the great men of the world. He wrote of her in his mature age as
+follows: "And if, in my now protracted career, I have achieved
+anything worthy of being written, anything that my countrymen are
+likely to honor in the next century, it is from the lessons of that
+admirable parent that I derived the inspiration."</p>
+
+<p>In his seventh year he was ordered on a Sunday morning to get ready
+for church. Disobeying the order, he ran off and concealed himself,
+but was pursued, captured, and returned to his mother, who at once
+sent for a switch. The switch was a limb from a Lombardy poplar, and
+the precocious little truant, seeing this, quoted a verse from St.
+Matthew which was from a lesson he had but recently read to his
+mother. The quotation was as follows: "Every tree that bringeth not
+forth good fruit is hewn down, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_3" id="Pg_3">{3}</a></span>and cast into the fire." The quotation
+was so apt that the punishment was withheld, but the offender was not
+spared a very wholesome lesson.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott's mother, Ann, was the daughter of Daniel Mason and
+Elizabeth Winfield, his wife, who was the daughter of John Winfield, a
+man of high standing and large wealth. From his mother's family he
+acquired his baptismal name of Winfield. John Winfield survived his
+daughter, and dying intestate, in 1774, Winfield Mason acquired by
+descent as the eldest male heir (the law of primogeniture then being
+the law of Virginia) the whole of a landed estate and a portion of the
+personal property. The principal part of this large inheritance was
+devised to Winfield Scott, but, the devisee having married again and
+had issue, the will was abrogated. The wife of Winfield Mason was the
+daughter of Dr. James Greenway, a near neighbor. He was born in
+England, near the borders of Scotland, and inherited his father's
+trade, that of a weaver. He was ambitious and studious, and giving all
+of his spare time to study, he became familiar with the Greek, Latin,
+French, and Italian languages. After his immigration to Virginia he
+prepared himself for the practice of medicine, and soon acquired a
+large and lucrative practice. He devoted much of his time to botany,
+and left a <i>hortus siccus</i> of forty folio volumes, in which he
+described the more interesting plants of Virginia and North Carolina.
+He was honored by memberships in several of the learned European
+societies, and was a correspondent of the celebrated Swedish
+naturalist Linn&aelig;us. He acquired such a knowledge of music as enabled
+him to become teacher to his own children.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_4" id="Pg_4">{4}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>James Hargrave, a Quaker, was one of young Scott's earliest teachers.
+He found his pupil to be a lad of easy excitement and greatly inclined
+to be belligerent. He tried very hard to tone him down and teach him
+to govern his temper. On one occasion young Scott, being in Petersburg
+and passing on a crowded street, found his Quaker teacher, who was a
+non-combatant, engaged in a dispute with a noted bully. Hargrave was
+the county surveyor, and this fellow charged him with running a false
+dividing line. When Scott heard the charge he felled the bully to the
+ground with one blow of his fist. He recovered and advanced on Scott,
+when Hargrave placed himself between them and received the blow
+intended for Scott; but the bully was again knocked to the ground by
+the strong arm of Scott. Many years afterward (in 1816) Scott met his
+Quaker friend and former teacher, who said to him: "Friend Winfield, I
+always told thee not to fight; but as thou wouldst fight, I am glad
+that thou wert not beaten."</p>
+
+<p>His next instructor was James Ogilvie, a Scotchman, who was a man of
+extraordinary endowments and culture. Scott spent a year under his
+tutelage at Richmond, and entered, in 1805, William and Mary College.
+Here he gave special attention to the study of civil and international
+law, besides chemistry, natural and experimental philosophy, and
+common law. At about the age of nineteen he left William and Mary
+College and entered the law office of Judge David Robinson in
+Petersburg as a student.</p>
+
+<p>Robinson had emigrated from Scotland to Virginia at the request of
+Scott's grandfather, who employed him as a private tutor in his
+family.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_5" id="Pg_5">{5}</a></span> There were two other students in Mr. Robinson's office with
+Scott&mdash;Thomas Ruffin and John F. May. Ruffin became Chief Justice of
+the Supreme Court of North Carolina, and May the leading lawyer in
+southern Virginia. After he had received his license to practice he
+rode the circuit, and was engaged in a number of causes. He was
+present at the celebrated trial of Aaron Burr for treason, and was
+greatly impressed with Luther Martin, John Wickham, Benjamin Botts,
+and William Wirt, the leading lawyers in the case. Here he also met
+Commodore Truxton, General Andrew Jackson, Washington Irving, John
+Randolph, Littleton W. Tazewell, William B. Giles, John Taylor of
+Caroline, and other distinguished persons.</p>
+
+<p>Aaron Burr was a native of Newark, N.J., and was the grandson of the
+celebrated Jonathan Edwards. He graduated at Princeton in September,
+1772, and studied law, but in 1775 joined the American army near
+Boston. Accompanied Colonel Benedict Arnold in the expedition to
+Quebec, and acquired such reputation that he was made a major;
+afterward joined General Washington's staff, and subsequently was an
+aid to General Putnam. Promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, he
+commanded a detachment which defeated the British at Hackensack, and
+distinguished himself at Monmouth. Burr became Vice-President on the
+election of Jefferson as President, and was involved in a quarrel with
+Alexander Hamilton, and killed him in a duel at Weehawken, N.J., July
+7, 1804. This affair was fatal to his future prospects. In 1805 he
+floated in a boat from Pittsburg to New Orleans. His purpose was
+supposed to be to collect an army and conquer<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_6" id="Pg_6">{6}</a></span> Mexico and Texas, and
+establish a government of which he should be the head. He purchased a
+large tract of land on the Wachita River, and made other arrangements
+looking to the consummation of his object. Colonel Burr was arrested
+and tried for treason in Richmond in 1807, but was acquitted. He died
+on Staten Island, September 14, 1836.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1807, the British frigate Leopard boarded the Chesapeake in
+Virginia waters and forcibly carried off some of her crew, who were
+claimed as British subjects. Mr. Jefferson, President of the United
+States, at once issued a proclamation prohibiting all British war
+vessels from entering our harbors. Great excitement was produced
+throughout the entire country. The day after the issuance of the
+President's proclamation the Petersburg (Va.) troop of cavalry
+tendered its services to the Government, and young Scott, riding
+twenty-five miles distant from Petersburg, enlisted as a member. He
+was placed in a detached camp near Lynn Haven Bay, opposite where the
+British squadron was at anchor. Sir Thomas Hardy was the ranking
+officer in command of several line of battle ships. Learning that an
+expedition from the squadron had gone out on an excursion, Scott, in
+charge of a small detachment, was sent to intercept them. He succeeded
+in capturing two midshipmen and six sailors, and brought them into
+camp. The capture was not approved by the authorities, and the
+prisoners were ordered to be released, and restored to Admiral Sir
+Thomas Hardy.</p>
+
+<p>The prospect of a war with Great Britain had abated, and the affair of
+the Chesapeake being in train of settlement, Scott left Virginia in
+October,<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_7" id="Pg_7">{7}</a></span> 1807, and proceeded to Charleston, S.C., with a view of
+engaging in the practice of law. The law of that State required a
+residence of twelve months before admission to the bar. Scott went to
+Columbia, where the Legislature was in session, and applied for a
+special act permitting him to practice. The application failed for
+want of time. He then proceeded to Charleston, with a view of office
+practice until he could be qualified for the usual practice in the
+courts; but the prospect of war being again imminent, he went to
+Washington, and on the application and recommendation of Hon. William
+B. Giles, of Virginia, President Jefferson promised him a captain's
+commission in the event of hostilities. No act of war occurring, he
+returned in March, 1808, to Petersburg, and resumed the practice of
+law in that circuit; but his life as a lawyer came suddenly to a close
+in the succeeding month of May, when he received from the President
+his commission as captain of artillery. He recruited his company in
+Petersburg and Richmond, and embarked from Norfolk to New Orleans,
+February 4, 1809.</p>
+
+<p>It being thought that on the breaking out of hostilities the British
+would at once endeavor to invade Louisiana, a military force was sent
+to New Orleans under the command of General James Wilkinson. The
+discipline of the army became greatly impaired, and much sickness and
+many deaths occurred in this command. General Wilkinson was ordered to
+Washington for an investigation into his conduct as commanding
+officer, and General Wade Hampton succeeded to the command. The camp
+below New Orleans was broken up in June, 1809, and the troops were
+transferred to and encamped near Natchez.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_8" id="Pg_8">{8}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>General Wilkinson was charged with complicity with Aaron Burr, and
+with being in the pay of the Spanish Government, and was tried by
+court-martial; and although he was acquitted, there were many persons
+who believed him guilty, and among these was Captain Scott, who was
+present, as heretofore mentioned, at the trial of Burr, and
+participated in the strong feeling which it produced throughout the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>The apparent lull in the war feeling having produced the impression
+that there would be no hostile movements, Captain Scott forwarded his
+resignation and sailed for Virginia, intending to re-engage in the
+practice of the law. Before his resignation had been accepted he
+received information that grave charges would be preferred against him
+should he return to the army at Natchez. This determined him to return
+at once to his post and meet the charges. Scott had openly given it as
+his opinion that General Wilkinson was equally guilty with Colonel
+Burr. Soon after his return he was arrested and tried by a
+court-martial at Washington, near Natchez, in January, 1810. The first
+charge was for "conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman," and
+the specification was "in withholding at sundry times men's money
+placed in his possession for their payment for the months of September
+and October." Another charge was "ungentlemanly and unofficerlike
+conduct," the specification being "In saying, between the 1st of
+December and the 1st of January, 1809-'10, at a public table in
+Washington, Mississippi Territory, that 'he never saw but two
+traitors&mdash;General Wilkinson and Burr&mdash;and that General Wilkinson was a
+liar and a scoundrel.'" This charge was <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_9" id="Pg_9">{9}</a></span>based on the sixth article of
+war, which says: "Any officer who shall behave himself with contempt
+and disrespect toward his commanding officer shall be punished,
+according to the nature of the offense, by the judgment of a
+court-martial."</p>
+
+<p>Captain Scott's defense to this charge was that General Wilkinson was
+not, at the time the words were charged to have been spoken, his
+commanding officer, that place being filled by General Wade Hampton.
+General Scott, in his Memoirs, says that some of Wilkinson's partisans
+had heard him say in an excited conversation that he knew, soon after
+Burr's trial, from his friends Mr. Randolph and Mr. Tazewell and
+others, members of the grand jury, who found the bill of indictment
+against Burr, that nothing but the influence of Mr. Jefferson had
+saved Wilkinson from being included in the same indictment, and that
+he believed Wilkinson to have been equally a traitor with Burr. He
+admits that the expression of that belief was not only imprudent, but
+no doubt at that time blamable. But this was not the declaration on
+which he was to be tried. This was uttered in New Orleans, the
+headquarters of General Wilkinson. The utterance on which he was
+tried, as will be seen, was made in Washington, Mississippi Territory,
+when General Wade Hampton was his commanding officer.</p>
+
+<p>The finding of the Court on this charge was guilty, and that his
+conduct was unofficerlike. The facts in regard to the charge of
+retaining money belonging to the men of his command were, that prior
+to his departure for New Orleans he had recruited his company in
+Virginia, and, being remote from a paymaster or quartermaster, a sum
+of four hundred dollars <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_10" id="Pg_10">{10}</a></span>was placed in his hands to be used in
+recruiting. Some of his vouchers were technically irregular, and at
+the time of his trial about fifty dollars was not covered by formal
+vouchers. This was the finding of the Court, but it expressly
+acquitted him of all fraudulent intentions. General Wilkinson nursed
+his wrath, and after the close of the war published an attack on
+General Scott. His own failure in the campaign of 1813, and especially
+his defeat at La Cale Mills, compared with Scott's brilliant campaign
+on the Niagara frontier in the following spring, may have induced this
+attack.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Scott returned to Virginia after the trial, and under the
+advice of his friend, the distinguished lawyer and statesman, Benjamin
+Watkins Leigh, he devoted himself to the study of military works and
+of English attack. During the time mentioned he wrote a letter to
+Lewis Edwards, Esq., at Washington City, of which he following is a
+copy:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Petersburg</span>, <i>June, 1811</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I believe we have very little village news to
+give you, nor do I know what would please you in that way. Of
+myself&mdash;that person who has so large a space in every man's own
+imagination, and so small a one in the imagination of every other&mdash;I
+can say but little; perhaps less would please you more. Since my
+return to Virginia my time has been passed in easy transitions from
+pleasure, to study, from study to pleasure; in my gayety forgetting
+the student, in the student forgetting my gayety.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> I have
+generally been in the office of my friend Mr.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_11" id="Pg_11">{11}</a></span> Leigh, though not
+unmindful of the studies connected with my present profession; but
+you will easily conceive my military ardor has suffered abatement.
+Indeed, it is my design, as soon as circumstances will permit, to
+throw the feather out of my cap and resume it in my hand. Yet,
+should war come at last, my enthusiasm will be rekindled, and then
+who knows but that I may yet write my history with my sword?</p>
+
+
+<p>"Yours truly,</p>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Scott rejoined the army at Baton Rouge, La., in 1811, and was soon
+appointed Judge Advocate on the trial of a colonel charged with gross
+negligence in discipline and administration. By dilatory pleas this
+officer had several times escaped justice, but on this trial he was
+found guilty and censured. In the winter of 1811-'12 Scott was
+frequently on staff duty with General Wade Hampton at New Orleans, and
+while there saw the first steam vessel that ever floated on the
+Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>On May 20, 1812, Captain Scott embarked at New Orleans for Washington
+<i>via</i> Baltimore, accompanying General Hampton and Lieutenant Charles
+K. Gardner. As the vessel on which they had taken passage entered near
+the Capes of Virginia it passed a British frigate lying off the bar.
+In a short time they met a Hampton pilot boat going out to sea. This
+was on June 29th, and this pilot boat bore dispatches to Mr.
+Mansfield, the British Minister at Washington, announcing that
+Congress had two days before declared war against Great Britain. The
+vessel bearing Captain Scott and his companions went aground about
+sixteen miles from Baltimore, and he and <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_12" id="Pg_12">{12}</a></span>some others undertook the
+remainder of the journey on foot. At the end of the fourth mile they
+passed an enthusiastic militia meeting which had just received a copy
+of the declaration of war. Scott, having on a uniform, was made the
+hero of the occasion, and was chosen to read the declaration to the
+meeting. He was here offered a seat in a double gig to Baltimore, but
+the driver, who had become intoxicated, overturned the gig twice, when
+Scott took the reins and drove the latter part of the journey. On his
+arrival at Baltimore he received the pleasing intelligence that he had
+been appointed a lieutenant colonel in the United States army. He was
+then in his twenty-sixth year.</p>
+
+<p>He went with General Hampton to Washington, where the general asked
+him to accompany him on an official visit to the Secretary of War. An
+unpleasant correspondence had a short time previously occurred between
+the general and the secretary, yet he felt it his duty to make the
+call. On General Hampton's name being announced to the secretary the
+latter appeared at the door and extended his hand, while General
+Hampton simply bowed and crossed his hands behind him. A conversation
+on official matters was held, at first formal and cold, but gradually
+terminating in one of a friendly character. When General Hampton rose
+to leave he extended to the secretary both of his hands; but it was
+now the latter's turn, and he bowed and placed his hands behind him.
+General Hampton sent a challenge to mortal combat, but mutual friends
+settled the matter without bloodshed, by requiring that Hampton should
+on the next morning present himself at the secretary's door with both
+hands extended in the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_13" id="Pg_13">{13}</a></span>presence of the same persons who witnessed the
+former meeting. Colonel Scott was now ordered to Philadelphia to
+mobilize his regiment and organize a camp of instruction. On his own
+solicitation, he was soon afterward ordered to report to
+Brigadier-General Alexander Smyth, near Buffalo, N.Y.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 267px;">
+<a href="images/013_b.jpg"><img src="images/013_t.jpg" height="400" alt="The Niagara Frontier" title="The Niagara Frontier" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The Congress of the United States made formal declaration of war
+against Great Britain and its dependencies June 18, 1812. In the month
+previous General William Hull had been appointed to the command of the
+northwestern army, intended for the invasion of Canada. This army
+arrived on the Maumee River on May 30th, and marching northward
+subsequently crossed over at Detroit. High hopes were entertained of
+the success of this expedition, and the bitterest disappointment and
+chagrin were manifested throughout the country when it was learned
+that Hull had surrendered his entire command to the British General
+Brock on August 14th. The regiment to which Colonel Scott was assigned
+was the Second Artillery. Colonel George Izard and he arrived on the
+Niagara frontier with the companies of Nathan Towson and James Nelson
+Barker. He was posted at Black Rock for the protection of the navy
+yard there established.</p>
+
+<p>An expedition had been planned by Lieutenant Elliott, of the navy, for
+the capture or destruction of two armed British brigs which were lying
+under the guns of Fort Erie. On October 8th Colonel Scott detached
+Captain Towson and a portion of his company to report to Elliott. On
+the morning of the 9th the Adams was taken by Elliott and Lieutenant
+Isaac Roach, and the Caledonia was captured by Captain Towson. In
+passing down the river the<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_14" id="Pg_14">{14}</a></span> Adams drifted into the British channel and
+ran aground under the British guns. The enemy endeavored to recapture
+her, but were successfully resisted by Colonel Scott. This was his
+first experience under fire, and he was complimented for his skill and
+gallantry. The Caledonia was afterward a part of Commodore Perry's
+fleet on Lake Erie. The Adams, having drifted aground, was burned to
+prevent recapture.</p>
+
+<p>The northwestern army at this time consisted of about ten thousand
+troops. General Henry Dearborn held command near Plattsburg and
+Greenbush, and was the commanding officer of all the forces on the
+northern frontier. A portion of his army was camped at Lewistown under
+the command of General Stephen Van Rensselaer, of New York. General
+Alexander Smyth was at Buffalo with some fifteen hundred regular
+troops. Besides these, there were small detachments at Ogdensburg,
+Sackett's Harbor, and Black Rock.</p>
+
+<p>General Van Rensselaer conceived the plan of making a bold and sudden
+move into Canada, with a view of capturing Jamestown, and there
+establishing winter quarters. The affair of the capture of the two
+English brigs with fifty men had roused great enthusiasm, and the
+country was anxious for some success of arms to alleviate the
+depression occasioned by Hull's surrender. General Van Rensselaer
+confided the immediate command of the expedition to his relative,
+Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer, an officer of coolness and courage,
+who, with three hundred militia and three hundred regulars, under
+Colonel Chrystie, on October 13th began crossing the river.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_15" id="Pg_15">{15}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The troops were on the river bank ready to embark an hour before
+daylight, but from some mismanagement there was not a sufficient
+number of boats to transport the whole, and they were compelled to
+cross in detachments. Colonel Chrystie's boat was swept down the river
+by the current, and he was wounded. On a second attempt he succeeded
+in landing. With about a hundred men Colonel Van Rensselaer led them
+up the bank, and halted to await the arrival of the remainder. It was
+now daylight, and the little command was in full view of the enemy,
+who opened a deadly fire. Every commissioned officer was either killed
+or wounded. Finding that the river bank afforded but little
+protection, Colonel Van Rensselaer determined to storm the Queenstown
+heights. He had now received four wounds, and was compelled to
+relinquish the command to Captains Peter Ogilvie, Jr., and John Ellis
+Wool. In a very short time the fort was taken and the heights occupied
+by the Americans. The enemy took refuge in a stone house, from which
+they opened a destructive fire and made two unsuccessful attempts to
+recapture the lost ground. General Brock rallied his men and led them
+on, but while moving at the head of the Forty-ninth Grenadiers he fell
+mortally wounded. General Van Rensselaer recrossed the river and
+assumed command, but hastening back to urge forward re-enforcements,
+the command fell to General Decius Wadsworth, who, however, did not
+assume to control the movements. Two light batteries from the Canada
+shore played on the boats attempting to cross, and there was no
+artillery with which the Americans could resist.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Scott had volunteered his services for the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_16" id="Pg_16">{16}</a></span>expedition, but
+they were declined, for the reason that arrangements had been made for
+detachments under Colonel John R. Fenwick and Lieutenant-Colonel James
+Robert Mullaney to sustain the assaulting columns. Permission was,
+however, given to Colonel Scott to march his regiment to Lewiston and
+act as circumstances might require.</p>
+
+<p>He arrived there at 4 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> on the 13th. Finding no boats to
+transport his command, he placed his guns on the American shore, under
+the direction of Captains Towson and Barker. Seeing that a small
+portion of the troops had crossed over, and knowing the peril of Van
+Rensselaer's little force, he took one piece of artillery into a boat,
+and, accompanied by his adjutant, Lieutenant Isaac Roach, Jr., he
+<ins class="correction" title="text reads 'crossedt'">crossed</ins> to the Canada shore. Wadsworth at once relinquished the
+command of the troops to him, and he soon animated every one with
+courage and resolution.</p>
+
+<p>Six feet five inches in height, clad in a new uniform, he became a
+conspicuous mark for the enemy. The re-enforcements which had now
+crossed over increased the force to about six hundred, of which more
+than half were regulars. These were placed under Colonel Scott's
+directions in the most commanding positions, where they awaited
+further re-enforcements. About this time a body of five hundred
+Indians joined the British troops. The British with their Indian
+allies moved forward to the assault, but were speedily driven back. A
+second time they moved forward, but with the same result. They kept up
+a desultory firing, during which a body of Indians moved suddenly out
+and surprised an outpost of militia. Scott, who was at this moment
+engaged in unspiking a gun, rushed to the front, and, rallying his
+men, sent the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_17" id="Pg_17">{17}</a></span>dusky warriors rapidly in retreat. The British general
+Sheaffe, who held the command at Fort George, having heard the firing,
+at once put his troops in motion and marched for the scene of the
+conflict. Sheaffe's command consisted of eight hundred and fifty men.
+These, added to the garrison which the Americans were attacking, was a
+formidable force to be met by three hundred men. In the meantime the
+American troops had refused to cross the river and were in a state of
+mutiny. No entreaties, orders, or threats of Van Rensselaer could
+avail to move them. But the three hundred brave fellows, with only one
+piece of artillery, stood their ground. General Van Rensselaer, from
+the American shore, sent word to Wadsworth to retreat. Colonels John
+Chrystie and Scott, of the regulars, and Captains James Mead, Strahan,
+and Allen, of the militia, and Captains Ogilvei, Wool, Joseph Gilbert,
+Totten, and McChesney, took council of their desperate situation.
+Colonel Scott told them that their condition was desperate, but that
+the stain of Hull's surrender must be wiped out. "Let us die," he
+said, "arms in hand. Our country demands the sacrifice. The example
+will not be lost. The blood of the slain will make heroes of the
+living. Those who follow will avenge our fall and our country's
+wrongs. Who dare to stand?" he exclaimed. A loud ringing shout "All!"
+came from the whole line.</p>
+
+<p>General Sheaffe did not move to immediate attack on his arrival. He
+marched his troops slowly the entire length of the American line, and
+then countermarched.</p>
+
+<p>As resistance was entirely hopeless, the order was given to retire.
+The whole line broke in disorder <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_18" id="Pg_18">{18}</a></span>to the river, but there were no
+boats there to transport them. Two flags of truce were sent to the
+enemy, but the officer who bore them did not return. Colonel Scott
+then fixed a white handkerchief on the end of his sword, and,
+accompanied by Captains Totten and Gibson, passed under the river
+bluff and started to ascend the heights. They were met by Indians, who
+fired on them and rushed with tomahawks to assault them. A British
+officer happily arrived and conducted them to the quarters of General
+Sheaffe, and Colonel Scott made formal surrender of the whole force.
+The number surrendered, except some skulking militia who were
+discovered later, was two hundred and ninety-three. The American loss
+in killed, wounded, and captured was near one thousand men.</p>
+
+<p>General Van Rensselaer was so mortified at the conduct of the militia
+that he tendered his resignation. The British general Brock was next
+day buried under one of the bastions of Fort George, and Colonel
+Scott, then a prisoner, sent orders to have minute guns fired from
+Fort Niagara during the funeral ceremonies, which orders were carried
+out&mdash;an act of chivalry and courtesy which greatly impressed the
+British.</p>
+
+<p>The American officers who had been captured were lodged in a small inn
+at the village of Newark and divested of their arms, and a strong
+guard was posted at the door. Two Indians, Captain Jacobs and Brant,
+sent word that they wished to see the tall American, meaning Colonel
+Scott. The alleged object of their visit was to see if Scott had not
+been wounded, as he had been fired at several times at close range. On
+entering the room, Jacobs seized Scott by <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_19" id="Pg_19">{19}</a></span>the arm and attempted to
+turn him around. Scott seized the Indian and threw him against the
+wall. Both then drew their knives, and advancing on the prisoner said,
+"We kill you now!" The sentinel at the door was not in view, and
+Scott, making a spring, seized a sword, which he quickly drew from the
+scabbard, and, placing his back against the wall in the narrow hall,
+defied his assailants. At this critical moment Captain Coffin, nephew
+of General Sheaffe and his aid-de-camp, entered the room and caught
+Jacobs by the throat and presented a cocked pistol to his breast. Both
+savages now turned on him, and Scott closed in to defend the captain.
+At this moment the guard entered, and arrested the two Indians and
+conducted them out of the room.</p>
+
+<p>The volunteer officers and men were paroled and sent home, while the
+regulars were embarked for Quebec. On the passage to Quebec a priest
+of a Caledonian settlement reproached Colonel Scott severely for being
+a traitor to George III. Respect for his profession brought out a mild
+reply. In 1827, General Scott being at Buffalo on board a Government
+steamer, the master of the vessel asked permission to bring into his
+cabin a bishop and two priests. The bishop was recognized as the same
+prelate who had acted so rudely. General Scott, however, heaped coals
+of fire on his head by treating him and his party with the greatest
+courtesy.</p>
+
+<p>After a cartel of exchange had been agreed upon, Colonel Scott and the
+other regulars, prisoners, were embarked on a vessel for Boston. As
+they were about to sail, Colonel Scott's attention was attracted by an
+unusual noise on deck. Proceeding from the cabin to the scene of the
+disturbance, he found a party <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_20" id="Pg_20">{20}</a></span>of British officers in the act of
+separating from the other prisoners such as by confusion or brogue
+they judged to be Irishmen. The object was to refuse to parole them,
+and send them to England to be tried for high treason. Twenty-three
+had been selected and set apart for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Scott learned with indignation that this proceeding was under
+the direct orders of Sir George Prevost, the Governor General. He at
+once protested, and commanded the remaining men to be silent and
+answer no questions. This order was obeyed despite the threats of the
+British officers, and none others than the twenty-three were separated
+from their comrades. He then addressed the party selected, explaining
+the laws of allegiance, and assuring them that the United States
+Government would protect them by immediate retaliation, and, if
+necessary, by an order to give no quarter hereafter in battle. He was
+frequently interrupted by the British officers, but they failed to
+silence him. The Irishmen were put in irons, placed on board a
+frigate, and sent to England. After Colonel Scott landed in Boston he
+proceeded to Washington and was duly exchanged. He at once addressed a
+letter to the Secretary of War as <ins class="correction" title="text reads 'folows'">follows</ins>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I think it my duty to lay before the Department that
+on the arrival at Quebec of the American prisoners of war
+surrendered at Queenstown they were mustered and examined by British
+officers appointed to that duty, and every native-born of the United
+Kingdom of Great-Britain and Ireland sequestered and sent on board a
+ship of war then in the harbor. The vessel in a few days thereafter
+sailed<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_21" id="Pg_21">{21}</a></span> for England with these persons on board. Between fifteen and
+twenty persons were thus taken from us, natives of Ireland, several
+of whom were known by their platoon officers to be naturalized
+citizens of the United States, and others to have been long
+residents within the same. One in particular, whose name has escaped
+me, besides having complied with all the conditions of our
+naturalization laws, was represented by his officers to have left a
+wife and five children, all of them born within the State of New
+York.</p>
+
+<p>"I distinctly understood, as well from the officers who came on
+board the prison ship for the above purposes as from others with
+whom I remonstrated on this subject, that it was the determination
+of the British Government, as expressed through Sir George Prevost,
+to punish every man whom it might subject to its power found in arms
+against the British king contrary to his native allegiance. I have
+the honor to be, sir,</p>
+
+
+<p>"Your most obedient servant,</p>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>,</p>
+<p class="sig">"<i>Lieutenant Colonel, Second U.S. Artillery</i>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This report was forwarded by the Secretary of War to both houses of
+Congress, and the immediate result was that Congress, on March 3,
+1813, passed an act of retaliation. In May, 1813, at the battle of
+Fort George, a number of prisoners were captured. Colonel Scott, being
+then chief of staff, selected twenty-three to be confined and held as
+hostages. He was careful, however, to entirely exclude Irishmen from
+the number. Eventually the twenty-three men sent to England were
+released, and Scott <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_22" id="Pg_22">{22}</a></span>took great interest in securing their arrearages
+of pay and patents for their land bounties.</p>
+
+<p>The doctrine of perpetual allegiance had always been maintained by the
+British Government, and examples were numerous of the arrest or
+detention of prisoners claimed as British subjects. After this act of
+Colonel Scott no other prisoners were set apart by the British to be
+tried for treason.</p>
+
+<p>These transactions gave rise to discussion of the question throughout
+the country and in both houses of Congress. President Madison, and Mr.
+Monroe as Secretary of State, took strong ground against the British
+claim. While subsequent treaties were silent on the question, the
+right is no longer asserted by Great Britain, and has been recognized
+by treaty. Colonel Scott then returned to Washington.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="noind"><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1">[A]</a></p><p>"If idle, be not solitary; if solitary, be not idle." An
+apothegm of Burton paraphrased by Johnson, "My Motto."</p></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_23" id="Pg_23">{23}</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">Scott ordered to Philadelphia&mdash;Appointed adjutant general with the
+rank of colonel&mdash;Becomes chief of staff to General Dearborn&mdash;Death of
+General Pike&mdash;Leads the advance on Fort Niagara&mdash;Anecdote of Scott and
+a British colonel&mdash;Commands the expedition to Burlington
+Heights&mdash;March for Sackett's Harbor&mdash;Meets a force at
+Cornwall&mdash;Retreat of Wilkinson&mdash;Scott appointed brigadier
+general&mdash;Attack on and surrender of Fort Erie&mdash;Battle of
+Chippewa&mdash;Lundy's Lane and wounding of Scott&mdash;Retreat of the army to
+Black Rock&mdash;Fort Erie&mdash;Visits Europe.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From Washington Colonel Scott was ordered to Philadelphia to take
+command of another battalion of his regiment. In March, 1813, he was
+appointed adjutant general with the rank of colonel, and about the
+same time promoted to the colonelcy of his regiment. Notwithstanding
+his command of the regiment, he continued to perform staff duties. At
+this time General Dearborn was in command of the American forces at
+Fort Niagara, consisting of about five thousand men. In May, Colonel
+Scott, with his regiment, joined General Dearborn, and Scott became
+chief of staff. He first organized the service among all the staff
+departments, several of which were entirely new, and others disused in
+the United States since the Revolutionary War. On the British side of
+the Niagara was Fort George, situated on a peninsula and occupied by
+British troops. Just <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_24" id="Pg_24">{24}</a></span>previous to Colonel Scott's arrival at Niagara
+an expedition was landed from the squadron of Commodore Chauncey,
+commanded by General Zebulon Montgomery Pike, for the capture of York,
+the capital of Upper Canada. The assault was successful, and the place
+was taken with a large number of prisoners and valuable stores.
+General Pike was killed by the explosion of a magazine. Animated by
+the success of General Pike's expedition, General Dearborn determined
+to make an assault on Fort George, having the co-operation of
+Commodore Chauncey and his naval force. Arrangements were made for an
+attack on May 20th. Colonel Scott asked permission to join the
+expedition in command of his own regiment, which was granted.</p>
+
+<p>The fleet weighed anchor at three o'clock in the morning, and by four
+the troops were all aboard. The place of embarkation was three miles
+east of Fort Niagara, and was made in six divisions of boats. Colonel
+Scott led the advance guard, at his special request, composed of his
+own regiment and a smaller one under Lieutenant-Colonel George
+McFeely. He was followed by General Moses Porter having the field
+train, then the brigades of Generals John Parker Boyd, William Henry
+Winder, and John Chandler, with the reserve under the able Colonel
+Alexander Macomb.</p>
+
+<p>Commodore Isaac Chauncey had directed the anchorage of his schooners
+close to the shore in order to protect the troops in landing, and to
+open fire at any point on the shore where the enemy were suspected to
+be. Lieutenant Oliver Hazard Perry joined Commodore Chauncey on the
+evening of the 25th, and volunteered his services in assisting in the
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_25" id="Pg_25">{25}</a></span>debarkation of the troops. This service required the greatest
+coolness and skill, as the wind was blowing strong and the current
+running rapidly; the vessels were difficult to manage, especially as
+they were under almost constant fire of the British guns. Perry
+accompanied Scott through the surf, and rendered valuable service. He
+it was who as Commodore Perry soon after became known to the world as
+the hero of Lake Erie.</p>
+
+<p>The landing was effected on the British shore at nine o'clock in the
+morning a short distance from the village of Newark, now known as
+Niagara. The line of battle was promptly formed under cover of a bank
+ranging from six to twelve feet in height. The line of the enemy was
+formed at the top of the bank, consisting of about fifteen hundred
+men. The first attempt to ascend was unsuccessful. Scott, in
+attempting to scale the bank, received a severe fall, but recovering
+himself and rallying his forces, he advanced up the bank and was met
+by the enemy's bayonets. The British fell back and reformed under
+cover of a ravine, but a vigorous assault of less than half an hour
+put them in a complete rout. These forces were assisted by Porter's
+artillery and Boyd with a portion of his command, who had landed soon
+after the advance forces. The enemy were pursued to the village, where
+the Americans were re-enforced by the command of Colonel James Miller.
+It was learned from some prisoners that the British garrison was about
+to abandon Fort George and preparing to blow up the works. Two
+companies were dispatched toward the fort, but on nearing it one of
+the magazines exploded, and a piece of timber striking Colonel Scott,
+threw him from his horse, resulting <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_26" id="Pg_26">{26}</a></span>in a broken collar bone.
+Recovering himself, he caused the gate to be forced, entered the fort,
+and with his own hands pulled down the British flag. The fort had
+suffered great damage from the artillery fire directed against it from
+the opposite shore. The enemy were pursued for five miles, when an
+order from General Morgan Lewis recalled Scott when he was in the
+midst of the stragglers from the British forces. The American loss was
+seventeen killed and forty-five wounded, and that of the British
+ninety killed, one hundred and sixty wounded, and over one hundred
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that about a year before Colonel Scott was for a
+short time a prisoner at Queenstown. Dining one evening with General
+Sheaffe and several other British officers, one of them asked him if
+he had ever seen the falls of Niagara. He replied, "Yes, from the
+American side." To this the officer replied, "You must have the glory
+of a successful fight before you can view the cataract in all its
+grandeur." Scott replied, "If it be your purpose to insult me, sir,
+honor should have prompted you first to return my sword." General
+Sheaffe rebuked the officer, and the matter ended.</p>
+
+<p>This same colonel was severely wounded and captured at Fort George.
+Colonel Scott showed him every attention and had his wants promptly
+supplied. On visiting him one day the British officer said to him: "I
+have long owed you an apology, sir. You have overwhelmed me with
+kindness. You now, sir, at your leisure, can view the falls in all
+their glory."</p>
+
+<p>Within two days, after the capture of Fort George a body of some nine
+hundred British troops under command of Sir George Prevost, Governor
+General <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_27" id="Pg_27">{27}</a></span>of Canada, landed at Sackett's Harbor, New York, for the
+purpose of destroying the stores and a vessel there on the stocks.
+General Jacob Brown, who subsequently came to the command of the
+United States army, hastily gathered a body of militia, attacked and
+drove the enemy back to their vessels, and saved the stores. On June
+6th, General Winder, with about eight hundred men, had been
+re-enforced at Stoney Creek by a small force under General Chandler.
+They were in pursuit of the British forces who had escaped from Fort
+George under command of General Vincent. He determined not to await
+the attack of the Americans, but to attack himself. He moved out at
+night and attacked the center of the American line, which he succeeded
+in breaking, and captured both Generals Winder and Chandler; but the
+enemy was at last driven back, and a council of war decided on a
+retreat. Coming close on this disaster, Colonel Charles G. Boerstler,
+with a command of six hundred men, had been sent forward to capture
+the Stone House, seventeen miles from Fort George. The British force
+was much larger than Boerstler's, and on June 24th he was completely
+surrounded and forced to surrender. For some three months the main
+body of the army had remained inactive. Colonel Scott during the
+happening of the occurrences just related had been engaged in foraging
+expeditions for the supply of the army. These expeditions also
+resulted in combats between the opposing forces, in all of which Scott
+was successful. In July, 1813, he resigned the office of adjutant
+general and was assigned to the command of twenty companies, or what
+was known as a double regiment.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_28" id="Pg_28">{28}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Burlington Heights, on Lake Ontario, was supposed to be the depot of
+military stores for the British, and in September an expedition was
+fitted out under Scott's command to capture it; but no stores being
+found there, he marched toward York, now called Toronto, where a large
+quantity of stores were taken and the barracks and storehouses burned.
+General Wilkinson being now in command of the army, a campaign was
+inaugurated for the capture of Kingston and Montreal. Kingston was an
+important port, and Montreal the chief commercial town of Lower
+Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Wilkinson was ordered to concentrate at Sackett's Harbor early in
+October. General Wade Hampton was ordered to join him from northern
+New York. Wilkinson embarked on October 2d, and Scott was left in
+command of Fort George with some eight hundred regulars and part of a
+regiment of militia under Colonel Joseph Gardner Swift. Under
+directions of Captain Totten, of the engineers, work was rapidly
+advanced in placing the fort in tenable condition; but the work was
+not completed before October 9th, when, to Scott's surprise, the enemy
+near him moved down toward Wilkinson. As authorized by his orders,
+Colonel Scott turned the command of the fort over to Brigadier-General
+McLure, of the New York militia. It was arranged that Scott was to
+join Wilkinson, and that vessels for his transportation should be sent
+up to the mouth of the Genesee River.</p>
+
+<p>On his arrival there he received information that Commodore Chauncey,
+commanding the fleet, had been detained by the protest of General
+Wilkinson against his leaving him, even for a few days. Scott <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_29" id="Pg_29">{29}</a></span>was
+then compelled to undertake the long march for Sackett's Harbor by way
+of Rochester, Canandaigua, and Utica. The march was accomplished under
+many difficulties and with much suffering, as it rained almost
+incessantly, and the roads were in the worst of conditions. On his
+arrival in advance of his troops, he was appointed to the command of a
+battalion under Colonel Macomb. Being in command of the advance of the
+army in the descent of the St. Lawrence, he was not present at the
+engagement at Chrysler's Farm on November 11th. At that time, in
+conjunction with Colonel Dennis, he was forcing a passage near
+Cornwall, under fire of a British force, which he routed, and captured
+many prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>The day before the occurrence of the affair just mentioned he landed
+at Fort Matilda, commanding a narrow place on the river, where he
+gained possession of the fort. The expedition which was announced for
+the conquest of Canada was, on November 12th, abandoned by its leader
+and projector, General Wilkinson, who commanded a retreat. This
+occurred when Scott was fifteen miles in advance of Chrysler's Field,
+there being no body of British troops between him and Montreal, and
+the garrison at the latter place had only four hundred marines and two
+hundred sailors.</p>
+
+<p>Wilkinson's defense for his failure was that General Hampton had
+refused to join him at St. Regis for fear of lack of provisions and
+forage.</p>
+
+<p>After the events just related, Colonel Scott was engaged in preparing
+the new levies of troops for the field and arranging for supplies and
+transportation for the next campaign.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_30" id="Pg_30">{30}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On March 9, 1814, he was appointed to the rank of brigadier general,
+and ordered to join General Jacob Brown, commanding general of the
+United States army, then moving toward the Niagara frontier. On the
+24th General Brown marched to Sackett's Harbor, where Scott
+established a camp of instruction. On assembling of the army at
+Buffalo, Scott was assigned to the command of the Ninth, Eleventh, and
+Twenty-fifth Regiments of infantry, with a part of the Twenty-second
+Regiment and Captain Towson's company of artillery. In addition to
+this command there were at this time at Buffalo the commands of
+Generals Porter and Eleazer Wheelock Ripley. The whole force was
+placed in camp under General Scott's immediate direction. In the
+latter part of June General Brown returned to Buffalo, and on the
+morning of July 3d Scott's brigade with the artillery of Major Jacobs
+Hindman, crossed the river and landed below Fort Erie, while Ripley's
+brigade landed a short distance above. Fort Erie was invested,
+attacked, and soon surrendered, and on the morning of the 4th Scott's
+brigade moved in advance in the direction of Chippewa. He was engaged
+for a distance of sixteen miles in a running fight with the British
+forces under the Marquis of Tweedale. Toward night the Marquis of
+Tweedale crossed the Chippewa River and joined the main army under
+General Sir Phineas Riall. Scott then took position on a creek some
+two miles from Chippewa. On the east was the Niagara River and the
+road to Chippewa, while an the west was a heavy wood. Between the wood
+and the river were two streams&mdash;the Chippewa and Street's Creek.
+General Riall, the British commander, was posted behind the<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_31" id="Pg_31">{31}</a></span> Chippewa,
+flanked on one side with a blockhouse and a heavy battery on the
+other.</p>
+
+<p>Both of these streams were bridged on the road to Chippewa, the one
+over Street's Creek being nearest to Scott, while that over the
+Chippewa was nearest to Riall. On the morning of the 5th General Brown
+had determined to make the attack, but the enemy, anticipating it,
+made the first forward movement, and there were a number of
+skirmishes. General Porter, whose command consisted of volunteers,
+militia, and friendly Indians, first engaged the British and drove
+them back through the woods. General Riall at this moment was seen
+advancing with the main body of his army, and the retreating troops
+rallied, attacking Porter furiously, and, despite his own coolness and
+gallantry, his troops gave way and fled. This was about four o'clock,
+and General Brown, being with Porter, saw the advance of the British
+force, and meeting General Scott, said to him, "The enemy is
+advancing." General Brown then moved to the rear and ordered the
+advance of Ripley's brigade. The British army was composed of the One
+Hundredth Regiment, under the Marquis of Tweedale, the First Royal
+Scots, under Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon, a portion of the Eighth or
+King's Regiment, a detachment of the Royal Artillery, a detachment of
+the Royal Nineteenth Light Dragoons, and some Canadian militia and
+Indians. These were supported by a heavy battery of nine guns. Scott
+crossed the bridge under fire of this battery, losing a number of men.
+After crossing, the commands of Majors Henry Leavenworth and John
+McNeil, Jr., formed line in front opposite the center and left of the
+enemy. Major Thomas Sidney Jesup moved to <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_32" id="Pg_32">{32}</a></span>the left and advanced to
+attack the enemy's right. Towson's battery was on the right, on the
+Chippewa road. Seeing that the British lines outflanked him, Scott
+ordered the movement of Jesup to the left. The battle now opened,
+Jesup holding in check the right wing of the enemy, his position in
+the wood concealing him from view. General Scott had now advanced to
+within eighty paces of the enemy, and ordering the left flank of
+McNeil's battalion formed on the right so that it was oblique to the
+enemy's charge and flanking him on the right. Scott called to McNeil's
+command, which had no recruits in it: "The enemy say we are good at
+long shot, but can not stand the cold iron. I call upon the Eleventh
+to give the lie to that slander. Charge!" The charge was made at once,
+supported by a corresponding charge of Leavenworth and a flank fire
+from Towson's battery. The British broke, and fled in great confusion.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime Major Jesup, commanding on the left, ordered his men
+to advance, which they did, driving the enemy into his intrenchments
+across the Chippewa. The British forces engaged were about twenty-one
+hundred men, and that of the Americans nineteen hundred. The British
+lost in killed, one hundred and thirty-eight; wounded, three hundred
+and nineteen; and missing, forty-six. The American loss was sixty
+killed, two hundred and forty-eight wounded, and nineteen missing.
+General Brown in his official report says: "Brigadier General Scott is
+entitled to the highest praise our country can bestow; to him more
+than to any other man am I indebted for the victory of July 5th. His
+brigade covered itself with glory. Every officer and every man of the<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_33" id="Pg_33">{33}</a></span>
+Ninth, Twenty-second, Eleventh, and Twenty-fifth Regiments did his
+duty with a zeal and energy worthy of the American character." Two
+days after the battle of Chippewa General Scott forced a passage
+across the Chippewa, driving the enemy.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<a href="images/033_b.jpg"><img src="images/033_t.jpg" height="400" alt="The movements of the troops in the battle of Chippewa." title="The movements of the troops in the battle of Chippewa." /></a><br/>
+
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Note</span>.&mdash;The accompanying map indicates the
+movements of the troops in the battle of Chippewa. A H show the
+position of Majors McNeil and Leavenworth when they made the final
+charge. a, a, a, the point to which General Porter drove the
+British and Indians. b, Street&#39;s barn.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>A fort called Messasauga was built after the campaign of 1813 by the
+British as a defense to Fort George, and being re-enforced by General
+Riall, he moved to Burlington Heights on Lake Ontario. It was General
+Brown's intention to capture these forts before beginning further or
+more extended operations. With this purpose, he ordered some heavy
+guns from Sackett's Harbor; but Commodore Chauncey being sick, and the
+enemy having a superior fleet on the lake, the attack on these forts
+was abandoned. General Brown then made a feint by moving up the
+Niagara and recrossing the Chippewa, with a view to draw the enemy
+down and to enable him to obtain supplies from Fort Schlosser. Failing
+in this, it was his purpose to send General Scott by the road from
+Queenstown and thus force Riall to battle.</p>
+
+<p>On the afternoon of the 25th General Brown received a note from a
+militia officer who occupied some posts on the American side of the
+Niagara, that a thousand British troops had crossed from Queenstown to
+Lewiston, a few miles below the Chippewa. It was thought that the
+object of this movement was to capture the American magazines at
+Schlosser and cut off supplies from Buffalo. General Brown having
+determined to threaten the forts at the mouth of the Niagara, General
+Scott's command was put in motion for this purpose. It consisted of
+four battalions under Colonel Hugh Brady, and the commands of Majors
+Jesup, Leavenworth, and McNeil, Captain<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_34" id="Pg_34">{34}</a></span> Towson's artillery, and
+Captain Harris's detachment of cavalry, the whole force aggregating
+thirteen hundred men. After a march of two miles some mounted British
+officers were discovered on a reconnoitering expedition, their forces
+being a short distance off and hidden from view.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott's orders were to march on the forts, as information had
+been received that Riall had divided his forces, sending a thousand of
+them across the river. He, however, determined to move forward and
+give battle. Dispatching Adjutant-General Jones to General Brown with
+information that the enemy was in his front, he moved on, and was
+astonished to see drawn up in line of battle on Lundy's Lane a larger
+force than he had fought at Chippewa; but he determined to give battle
+and rely upon re-enforcements being rapidly sent to him. Lieutenant
+Richard Douglass was now dispatched to inform General Brown of the
+situation. On the night of the 23d Lieutenant-General Sir Gordon
+Drummond had arrived at the mouth of the river with re-enforcements.
+This was not known to General Brown. Riall had marched down the road
+which Scott was to have taken on the 26th, coming by Queenstown, and
+had not sent any troops across the Niagara. His re-enforcements were
+coming up rapidly. The battle opened late in the afternoon. The
+British line, eighteen hundred strong, posted on a ridge in Lundy's
+Lane running at right angles with the river, was in front of Scott.
+The left of this line was on a road parallel to the river, with a
+space grown up with small timber, extending some two hundred yards. He
+ordered Major Jesup and Colonel Brady to take advantage of this and
+turn the enemy's left from the concealed position <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_35" id="Pg_35">{35}</a></span>which the brushwood
+afforded. The other infantry forces had been placed in line with
+detachments of cavalry on both sides and held as reserves. The
+British, outflanking Scott on the left, made a movement to attack in
+flank and fear. This was repelled by Major McNeil with heavy loss.
+Jesup had succeeded in his movement, while Brady, Leavenworth, and
+Towson were engaged in the front. Jesup had captured General Riall and
+a number of other officers far in his front, and then resumed his
+line. At nine o'clock the British right was driven back from its
+assault on Scott's flank, and his left was turned and cut off. The
+center posted on the ridge held its place, supported by nine pieces of
+artillery. Another battalion of British troops was on its way as a
+re-enforcement, and but a short distance away, when General Brown
+arrived on the field, in advance of the reserve. He thus describes in
+his report what occurred from the time of his arrival:</p>
+
+<p>"Apprehending that these corps were much exhausted, and knowing that
+they had suffered severely, I determined to interpose a new line with
+the advancing troops, and thus disengage General Scott and hold his
+brigade in reserve. Orders were accordingly given to General Ripley.
+The enemy's artillery at this moment occupied a hill which gave him
+great advantage and was the key to the whole position. It was
+supported by a line of infantry. To secure the victory it was
+necessary to carry this with artillery and seize the height.</p>
+
+<p>"The duty was assigned to Colonel Miller. He advanced steadily and
+gallantly to his object, and carried the height and the cannon.
+General Ripley brought up the Twenty-third (which had faltered) to
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_36" id="Pg_36">{36}</a></span>his support, and the enemy disappeared from before them. The enemy,
+rallying his forces, and, as is believed, having received
+re-enforcements, now attempted to drive us from our position and
+regain his artillery. Our line was unshaken and the enemy repulsed.
+Two other attempts having the same object had the same issue. General
+Scott was again engaged in repelling the former of these, and the last
+I saw of him on the field of battle he was near the head of his column
+and giving to its march a direction that would have placed him on the
+enemy's right.... Having been for some time wounded and being a good
+deal exhausted by loss of blood, it became my wish to devolve the
+command on General Scott and retire from the field; but on inquiry I
+had the misfortune to learn that he was disabled by wounds. I
+therefore kept my post, and had the satisfaction to see the enemy's
+last effort repulsed."</p>
+
+<p>General Brown said to General Miller, when he saw that to win the
+battle the artillery on the ridge must be captured, "Sir, can you take
+that battery?" He replied, "I will try, sir," and at once moved
+forward, conducted by Scott, who was familiar with the ground, and
+with his gallant command drove the enemy from its stronghold and
+captured the guns.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott, though severely wounded, was not disabled at the time
+mentioned in General Brown's report. Having two horses killed under
+him, he was at this time on foot, but was finally prostrated by his
+two wounds&mdash;one in the side, the other in the shoulder. The American
+loss was one hundred and seventy-one killed, five hundred and
+seventy-two wounded, and one hundred and seventeen prisoners; that of
+the British was eighty-four killed, five hundred and <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_37" id="Pg_37">{37}</a></span>fifty-nine
+wounded, and two hundred and thirty-five prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>Generals Brown and Scott both being disabled, General Ripley was sent
+to bring off the wounded and dead. The captured artillery, owing to
+want of horses and harness, was left on the field. The army now fell
+back to Chippewa and fortified the place.</p>
+
+<p>It being learned that General Drummond was advancing on Chippewa with
+a large force, the place was evacuated and the army retreated to the
+ferry near Black Rock. A division was ordered to remain at Fort Erie
+and repair the fort, and Brigadier-General Gaines was, by General
+Brown's orders, placed in command of the army.</p>
+
+<p>Very soon the British General Drummond appeared in front of Fort Erie
+and commenced a regular investment. Cannonading was begun on August
+13th and continued at intervals, and on the 15th a heavy British
+column assaulted Towson's battery, which was stationed at the
+northwest angle of the fort. The assault was repelled by Captain
+Towson with the aid of Major Wood, commanding the Twenty-fifth
+Regiment. The western angle was then attacked, with a like result. The
+British eventually succeeded in obtaining possession of the exterior
+bastion of the old fort. Just at this time a number of cartridges in a
+building near by exploded, killing many of the British and expelling
+them from the fort. The losses in these affairs were: British&mdash;killed,
+fifty-seven; wounded, three hundred and nine; missing, five hundred
+and thirty-nine. American&mdash;killed, seventeen; wounded, fifty-six;
+missing, eleven.</p>
+
+<p>General Brown resumed command on September 2d, and determined to
+attempt to relieve the siege by <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_38" id="Pg_38">{38}</a></span>a sortie on the enemy's works. The
+investment had now lasted fifty days, and the British during that time
+had erected two batteries and were engaged on a third. The force was
+divided into three brigades, two of which were encamped out of range
+of the American cannon. At half past 2 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> on the 17th the
+American troops marched out and the action began. In less than half an
+hour the Americans had captured two of the batteries and two
+blockhouses. Very soon a third battery was abandoned, the cannon
+spiked and dismounted. General Drummond retired on the night of the
+21st, and took post in his intrenchments behind the Chippewa. The
+British losses in this investment were, in killed, wounded, and
+prisoners, nearly a thousand, while the American loss was five hundred
+and eleven. Early in November the American army took up winter
+quarters in Buffalo, and this brought to a close the war on the
+Niagara.</p>
+
+<p>The following statement of the losses on either side in this memorable
+campaign is interesting:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" summary="losses">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>British loss.</td><td align='left'>American loss.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Battle of Chippewa, July 5, 1814</td><td align='right'>507</td><td align='right'>328</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Battle of Niagara, July 25, 1814</td><td align='right'>878</td><td align='right'>860</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Battle of Fort Erie, August 15, 1814</td><td align='right'>905</td><td align='right'>84</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Sortie from Fort Erie, Sept. 17, 1814</td><td align='right'>800</td><td align='right'>511</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Total</td><td align='right'>3,090</td><td align='right'>1,783</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>General Jacob Brown, the commander of this army, became General in
+Chief of the United States army March 10, 1821. He died September 24,
+1828. General Brown was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, May 9,
+1775. He was secretary to Alexander Hamilton, where he acquired
+military information <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_39" id="Pg_39">{39}</a></span>and experience, and in 1809 was made a colonel
+of militia. In 1810 he was promoted brigadier general, and two years
+afterward was assigned to the command of the frontier from Oswego to
+Lake St. Francis. In July, 1813, he was appointed a brigadier general
+in the United States army and placed in command of the Army of Niagara
+with the rank of major general. His subsequent career is briefly
+mentioned in this work. He received the thanks of Congress, November
+3, 1814, and a gold medal, now in possession of his son, General N.W.
+Brown, of Washington City.</p>
+
+<p>General Eleazer W. Ripley became a brevet major general, and resigned
+in May, 1820. He was a member of the House of Representatives of the
+United States Congress (the Twenty-fourth) from Louisiana, and died
+March 2, 1839. Hugh Brady became a brigadier general by brevet.
+William McRee resigned as colonel in March, 1819; was afterward
+surveyor general of Missouri, and died in 1832. Thomas S. Jesup became
+quartermaster general of the army with rank of brevet major general.
+Henry Leavenworth died a brigadier general by brevet, July 21, 1834.
+John McNeil resigned as brigadier general by brevet; was afterward
+surveyor of customs at Boston. Jacob Hindman died a colonel, February
+17, 1827. Roger Jones was adjutant general of the army, and brigadier
+general by brevet.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott's wounds were so severe and painful that it was a long
+time before he was fit for duty. In September, 1814, Philadelphia and
+Baltimore were so threatened by the enemy that General Scott took
+nominal command for the defense of those cities. Everywhere on his
+route he received the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_40" id="Pg_40">{40}</a></span>highest evidences of the love and esteem of the
+people. At Princeton, N.J., he had a distinguished reception, and had
+conferred on him by the college the degree of Master of Arts. From
+Princeton he proceeded to Baltimore, and on October 16, 1814, assumed
+command of the Tenth Military District, with headquarters at
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The treaty of peace was signed December 24, 1814, and ratified by the
+Senate, February 17, 1815. He was tendered the appointment of
+Secretary of War, but declined on the ground that he was too young.
+When his recommendations for colonel and brigadier general were
+presented to the President he expressed in both instances the fear
+that he was too young. It was in allusion to this that he gave this
+reason. He was then requested to act as Secretary until the arrival of
+William H. Crawford, at that period Minister to France, and who had
+been appointed Secretary of War. He declined this also, in deference
+to Generals Jacob Brown and Andrew Jackson. He was engaged for some
+time in reducing the army to a peace establishment, which being
+completed he was ordered to Europe for professional purposes. He was
+also intrusted with certain important and delicate diplomatic
+functions relating to the designs of Great Britain on the island of
+Cuba, and the revolutionary struggles between certain Spanish
+provinces in America.</p>
+
+
+<div class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_41" id="Pg_41">{41}</a></div>
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">Is received and entertained by prominent civilians and military men in
+Europe&mdash;Marries Miss Mayo&mdash;Offspring&mdash;Thanks of Congress&mdash;Thanks of
+the Virginia Legislature voted, and also a sword&mdash;Controversy with
+General Andrew Jackson and correspondence&mdash;Prepares general
+regulations for the army and militia&mdash;Controversy with General Gaines
+and the War Department about rank&mdash;In command of the Eastern
+Division&mdash;War with the Sac and Fox Indians&mdash;Black Hawk&mdash;Cholera breaks
+out among the troops.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Scott received great attention from prominent military men in
+Europe. He was also treated with much respect by men of letters and
+science. On his return home, in 1816, he was assigned to the command
+of the seaboard, and established his headquarters in the city of New
+York. On March 11, 1817, he was married to Miss Maria D. Mayo, of
+Richmond, Va., daughter of Colonel John Mayo. She was a lady of many
+accomplishments and a belle in Virginia society. The issue of this
+marriage who lived to maturity were Virginia, who died unmarried;
+Cornelia who was married to Colonel Henry L. Scott, General Scott's
+adjutant general for many years, and who, dying, left one son,
+Winfield Scott, now a resident of Richmond, Va.; Camilla, who married
+Gould Hoyt, of New York, and died leaving children; Ella, who married
+Carroll McTavish, and has several daughters. She is now (1893) a
+resident of<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_42" id="Pg_42">{42}</a></span> Baltimore. Mrs. Scott died June 10, 1862. Two sons and
+two daughters died before reaching maturity. Mrs. Scott's remains were
+buried by the side of her illustrious husband at West Point.</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1813, Congress passed a joint resolution complimenting
+General Scott for his skill and gallantry in the battles of Chippewa
+and Niagara and for his uniform good conduct throughout the war, and
+directed the striking and presentation to him of a gold medal. This
+was presented to him in a speech of great feeling and high compliment
+at the Executive Mansion in the presence of the members of the Cabinet
+and many other distinguished persons. On July 4, 1831, General Scott
+watched the last moments and closed the eyes of President Monroe in
+New York city. In February, 1816, the Legislature of Virginia passed a
+resolution unanimously returning thanks to General Scott for his
+services to his country, and also voted him a sword. This was followed
+by like action by the Legislature of New York. In 1815 he was elected
+an honorary member of the Society of the Cincinnati.</p>
+
+<p>In April, 1817, General Andrew Jackson issued from Nashville, Tenn.,
+an order reciting that "the commanding general considers it due to the
+principles of subordination which might and must exist in an army to
+prohibit the obedience of any order emanating from the Department of
+War to officers of the division who have reported and been assigned to
+duty, unless coming through him as the proper organ of communication."
+At a dinner party in New York soon after the publication of this order
+Governor Clinton desired to know General Scott's opinion of it. He
+expressed views in opposition to General<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_43" id="Pg_43">{43}</a></span> Jackson, and added that its
+tendency was mutinous. An anonymous writer published the details of
+this conversation in a New York paper called the Columbian, and a copy
+of it reached General Jackson, who wrote General Scott as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters Division of the South</span>,</p>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Nashville</span>, <i>September 17, 1817</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: With that candor due the character you have sustained
+as a soldier and a man of honor, and with the fairness of the
+latter, I address you. Inclosed is a copy of an anonymous letter
+postmarked New York, August 14, 1817, together with a publication
+taken from the Columbian, which accompanied the letter. I have not
+permitted myself for a moment to believe that the conduct ascribed
+to you is correct. Candor, however, induces me to lay them before
+you, that you may have it in your power to say how far they be
+incorrectly stated. If my order has been the subject of your
+animadversions, it is believed you will at once admit it, and the
+extent to which you may have gone.</p>
+
+<p>"I am, sir, respectfully,</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Your most obedient servant,</p></div>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson</span>.</p>
+<p>"<i>General</i> <span class="smcap">W. Scott</span>, <i>U.S. Army</i>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Scott replied to this letter denying the authorship of the
+article, and said: " ... I gave it as my opinion that that paper was,
+as it respected the future, mutinous in its character and tendency,
+and as it respected the past, a reprimand of the commander in chief,
+the President of the United States; for although the latter be not
+expressly named, it is a principle well understood that the War
+Department, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_44" id="Pg_44">{44}</a></span>without at least his supposed sanction, can not give a
+valid command to an ensign.... Even if I belonged to your division I
+should not hesitate to repeat to you all that I have said at any time
+on this subject if a proper occasion offered; and what is more, I
+should expect your approbation, as in my humble judgment refutation is
+impossible."</p>
+
+<p>General Jackson replied to this in a very angry manner, and intimating
+that General Scott might, if he chose, call him to the field. Scott
+replied, and declined to write the challenge, "as his ambition was not
+that of Erostratus," intimating that he ruined his only chance of
+acquiring distinction by killing a defender of his country.</p>
+
+<p>For years afterward Scott heard reports that General Jackson had made
+threats of personal chastisement whenever they should meet. In 1823,
+soon after General Jackson took his seat in the United States Senate,
+Scott made frequent visits there, and was entitled to the floor.
+Wearied at last with this state of things, he addressed General
+Jackson as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <i>December 11, 1823</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: One portion of the American community has long
+attributed to you the most distinguished magnanimity, and the other
+portion the greatest desperation in your resentments.</p>
+
+<p>"Am I to conclude that both are in error? I allude to circumstances
+which have transpired between us and which need not here be
+repeated, and to the fact that I have now been six days in your
+immediate vicinity without having attracted your notice. As this is
+the first time in my life that I have been within a hundred miles of
+you, and as it is barely <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_45" id="Pg_45">{45}</a></span>possible that you may be ignorant of my
+presence, I beg leave to state that I shall not leave the district
+before the morning of the 14th inst.</p>
+
+
+<p>"I have the honor to be, sir,</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Your most obedient servant,</p></div>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Winfield Scott.</span></p>
+<p>"<i>The Hon.</i> <span class="smcap">General A. Jackson</span>, <i>Senator, etc.</i>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following answer was promptly returned:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Mrs. O'Neil's</span>, <i>December 11, 1823</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Your letter of to-day has been received. Whether the
+world is correct or in error as regards my 'magnanimity' is for the
+world to decide. I am satisfied of one fact: that when you shall
+know me better you will not be disposed to harbor the opinion that
+anything like desperation in resentment attaches to me.</p>
+
+<p>"Your letter is ambiguous, but, concluding from occurrences
+heretofore that it was written with friendly views, I take the
+liberty of saying to you that whenever you shall feel disposed to
+meet me on friendly terms, that disposition will not be met by any
+other than a corresponding feeling on my part.</p>
+
+<p>"I have the honor to be, sir,</p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Your most obedient servant,</p></div>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson</span>.</p>
+<p>"<i>General</i> <span class="smcap">W. Scott</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Scott was gratified at the reply, and called at once on
+General Jackson, who received him kindly and graciously, and the next
+day he departed for the West. In mentioning these facts General Scott
+adds that "it is painful to reflect that so amicable a settlement only
+meant with one of the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_46" id="Pg_46">{46}</a></span>parties a postponement of revenge to a more
+convenient season."</p>
+
+<p>This remark is in allusion to Scott's recall from the Indian War in
+1836. General Jackson died the 8th of June, 1845, General Scott being
+then at West Point. He was president of the Board of Examiners, which
+was in session when the news was received. He at once arose, and,
+addressing the board of visitors and academic staff, said:
+"Ex-President Jackson died at the Hermitage on the 8th inst. The
+information is not official, but sufficiently authentic to prompt the
+step I am about to take. An event of much moment to the nation has
+occurred. A great man has fallen. General Jackson is dead&mdash;a great
+general, and a great patriot who had filled the highest political
+stations in the gift of his countrymen. He is dead. This is not the
+place, nor am I the individual, to pronounce a fit eulogy on the
+illustrious deceased. National honors will doubtless be prescribed by
+the President of the United States; but in the meantime, and in
+harmony with the feelings of all who hear me, and particularly with
+those of the authorities of this institution, I deem it proper to
+suspend the examination of the cadets for the day, and to await the
+orders of the Executive of the United States on the subject."</p>
+
+<p>General Scott in his early training had studied the science of war,
+using the works of the greatest and best-known authors. He was in his
+early life a close student, and when he entered the army was, better
+equipped, in the knowledge of the standard authors on the science of
+war than most men in the army. In 1821 he prepared a work entitled
+General Regulations for the Army, or Military Institutes.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_47" id="Pg_47">{47}</a></span> This was
+the first book published in the United States which could be accepted
+as a manual for both the regular troops of the army and the militia.
+He had formerly, in 1814-'15, been president of a board of army
+officers which compiled a system of infantry tactics, a copy of the
+system which he had used in the camp of instruction at Buffalo in
+1814. This was revised by another board, of which he was president,
+and was published in 1825.</p>
+
+<p>In 1826 a board of army and militia officers was convened by order of
+the Secretary of War, of which he was made president, for the purpose
+of reporting a plan for the organization and instruction of the
+militia of the United States, a system of tactics for the artillery, a
+system of cavalry tactics, and a system of infantry and rifle tactics.
+The reports on the plan for the organization and instruction of the
+militia and that on the system of infantry and rifle tactics were
+written wholly by General Scott, and adopted by the board. Under a
+resolution of Congress in 1835 there was published a new edition of
+infantry tactics prepared by him.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott was one of the pioneers in what is known as the
+temperance reform, and preceded Dr. Lyman Beecher in his celebrated
+discourses on this subject. In December, 1821, General Scott published
+his "Scheme for restricting the use of ardent spirits in the United
+States." It was first published in the National Gazette. He did not
+take ground for total abstinence, but against the use ardent of
+spirits, brandy, rum, and whisky. He was also a member of the society
+formed in New York in 1821 "for the prevention of pauperism, vice, and
+immorality."</p>
+
+<p>General Scott, in 1823, took great interest in having <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_48" id="Pg_48">{48}</a></span>the sons of
+General Paez, of Colombia, South America, admitted as students at the
+military academy at West Point, which drew from General Paez letters
+of thanks to General Scott and President Monroe.</p>
+
+<p>A very serious controversy arose in 1828 between General Scott and
+General Edmund Pendleton Gaines on a question of rank. General Macomb
+had been appointed by President Adams major general of the United
+States army. There was at that time but one major general, and Scott
+held the rank of brevet major general, with an older date than
+Macomb's appointment, and he addressed a memorial to Congress claiming
+his superiority in rank to Macomb. He argued that from the beginning
+of the Revolutionary War down to the time of his appointment brevet
+rank was uniformly held to give rank and command, except only in the
+body of a regiment, etc.; that there existed in law or in fact no
+higher title or grade in the army than that of major general, there
+being no such thing as a commander in chief, except the President.
+That he [Scott] held a commission as major general, July 25, 1814, of
+older date than that of either Generals Macomb or Gaines. Congress did
+not pass an act, however, sustaining his claim, and the result was a
+construction by the authorities that a brevet appointment did not
+confer additional rank.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott, on this decision of Congress, tendered his resignation,
+which was not accepted. When he was informed that the President and
+others high in authority sustained the action of Congress, he
+addressed a letter to Mr. Eaton, the Secretary of War, as follows:<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_49" id="Pg_49">{49}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">New York</span>, <i>November 10, 1829</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have seen the President's order of the 13th of
+August last, which gives a construction of the sixty-first and
+sixty-second articles of war relative to rank or command.</p>
+
+<p>"Humbly protesting that this order deprives me of rights guaranteed
+by these articles, and the uniform practice of the army under them,
+from the commencement of the Government down to the year 1828, when
+the new construction was first adopted against me, in obedience to
+the universal advice of my friends, who deem it incumbent on me to
+sacrifice my own connections and feelings to what may, by an apt
+error, be considered the repeated decision of the civil authority of
+my country, I have brought myself to make that sacrifice, and
+therefore withdraw the tender of my resignation now on file in your
+department.</p>
+
+<p>"I also ask leave to surrender the remainder of the furlough the
+department was kind enough to extend to me in April last, and to
+report myself for duty.</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>.</p>
+<p>"<i>The Hon.</i> <span class="smcap">J.H. Eaton</span>, <i>Secretary of War</i>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To this the Secretary of War replied:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">War Department</span>, <i>November 13, 1829</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Your letter of the 10th instant is received, and I
+take pleasure in saying to you that it affords the department much
+satisfaction to perceive the conclusion to which you have arrived as
+to your brevet rights. None will do you the injustice to suppose
+that the opinions declared by you upon this subject are not the
+result of reflections and convictions; <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_50" id="Pg_50">{50}</a></span>but since the constituted
+authorities of the Government have, with the best feelings
+entertained, come to conclusions adverse to your own, no other
+opinion was cherished or was hoped for but that, on your return to
+the United States, you would adopt the course your letter indicates,
+and with good feelings resume those duties of which she has so long
+had the benefit. Agreeably to your request, the furlough heretofore
+granted you is revoked from and after the 20th instant. You will
+accordingly report to the commanding general, Alexander Macomb, for
+duty.</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">J.H. Eaton</span>.</p>
+<p>"<i>To Major-General</i> <span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Scott, on reporting to General Macomb, was assigned to the
+command of the Eastern Department, while General Gaines was assigned
+to the Western. From the assignment of General Scott to the command of
+the Eastern Department, for a period of nearly three years, his duties
+were those of an ordinary department commander, with no incidents
+necessary to be ingrafted into his biography.</p>
+
+<p>A treaty had been made by the United States Government in 1804 with
+the chiefs of the Sac Indians, in which their lands east of the
+Mississippi were ceded to the Government, but with the reservation
+that so long as they belonged to the Government of the United States
+the Indians should have the privilege of occupying and hunting on
+them. The Sacs and Foxes were contiguous and friendly tribes, and
+their principal village was on a peninsula between the Rock River and
+the Mississippi. Their principal chief was known as Black Hawk. The
+United States Government in its treaty acquiring <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_51" id="Pg_51">{51}</a></span>the title to these
+Indian lands made a guarantee that the Indians should be free from
+intrusion from any white settlers.</p>
+
+<p>Their lands were very fertile, and soon white men in large numbers
+began to encroach on them, and no adequate steps were taken by the
+Government to protect the Indians in their treaty rights. In 1829 the
+Government ordered a public sale of lands which included a part of the
+Sac village. It was purchased by an Indian trader. This greatly
+disturbed the Chief Black Hawk, but he was assured that if the lands
+purchased by this agent had not actually been sold to the Government
+that the sale would be canceled and the Indian occupants allowed to
+remain. Nothing more was done in the matter until in the spring of
+1831, when the corn planted by a number of Indians was plowed up by
+white settlers, and many annoying trespasses made by the whites upon
+the Indian occupants. The Chief Black Hawk then announced to the white
+settlers in the village that they must remove. This resulted in a
+memorial from some of the white settlers, in May, 1831, to the
+Governor of Illinois, stating that the Indians were committing
+depredations on them. The Governor called out seven hundred militia to
+remove a band of the Sac Indians, and so notified General Gaines.
+General Gaines, on May 29th, replied to the Governor that he had
+ordered six companies of troops from Jefferson City to Rock Island,
+and four other companies from Prairie du Chien, to assist the
+Governor's militia in repelling the Indians. When the United States
+troops reached Fort Armstrong a conference was held with some of the
+Indian chiefs, but with no practical results. On receiving this
+information<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_52" id="Pg_52">{52}</a></span> General Gaines called on the Governor of Illinois for
+additional forces, and on June 25th Governor Reynolds and General
+Joseph Duncan arrived at Rock River with sixteen hundred mounted
+militia. The Indians from the Sac village, being informed of this
+movement, deserted their homes with their wives and children and
+crossed the Mississippi. The next morning General Gaines occupied the
+Sac village without opposition.</p>
+
+<p>A treaty was then made (June 30th) by General Gaines and Governor
+Reynolds with the Sacs, by which the Indians agreed to take up their
+abode west of the Mississippi River. In April, 1832, Chief Black Hawk
+and his tribe recrossed the Mississippi, in violation of the treaty
+previously made, for the purpose of joining the Winnebagoes and making
+a crop of corn and beans.</p>
+
+<p>General Henry Atkinson at this time was in command of Fort Armstrong.
+He notified Black Hawk that he must recross the river or be driven
+back. The Indians refused to obey the order. Black Hawk endeavored to
+enlist some of the Northwestern tribes to join him, but failing to
+gain their assent, resolved to recross the Mississippi. He was
+encamped with his tribe at a place which the Indians called
+Kish-wa-cokee.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the Illinois mounted militia were at Dixon's Ferry, on Rock
+River, not far from the Indian encampment. Major Stillman, commanding
+some three hundred volunteers, moved from Dixon's Ferry to Sycamore
+Creek on a scouting expedition. Black Hawk, being apprised of their
+approach, sent three of his young Indians bearing a white flag to meet
+them. One of these young Indians was captured <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_53" id="Pg_53">{53}</a></span>and killed. Another
+party of five Indians, following the flag-of-truce bearers to assist
+in pacific negotiations, were met by the whites and two of them
+killed. The Illinois militia moved on and crossed Sycamore Creek.
+Black Hawk, who was exasperated at the killing of his men whom he had
+sent under flag of truce, advanced with his warriors on May 14th, met
+the Illinois militia, engaged and defeated them, and forced them to
+recross the creek.</p>
+
+<p>This success greatly encouraged the Indians, but created great alarm
+and excitement with the white people of Illinois. Many small battles
+took place after this between the whites and Indians, and the war was
+brought to a close by the delivery of Black Hawk to the Indian agent,
+General Street, August 27th, by two of his followers who betrayed him.
+This war created necessarily great excitement and alarm in Illinois.
+It was the general expectation that the Winnebagoes and Pottawattomies
+would sympathize with Black Hawk, and the result would be a general
+Indian war. At this juncture General Scott was ordered to proceed to
+Illinois and take command of the forces to bring the Indians into
+subjugation. In July, acting under this order, he left Buffalo with
+about one thousand troops, destined for Chicago. The general and his
+staff, with about two hundred and twenty men, embarked on the
+steamboat Sheldon Thompson, and on July 8th it was announced that
+several of the soldiers were attacked with Asiatic cholera. The vessel
+arrived at the village of Chicago on the 10th with eighty sick men on
+board, one officer and fifty-one soldiers having died during the
+passage.</p>
+
+<p>The fate of the troops who were embarked in <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_54" id="Pg_54">{54}</a></span>other vessels was even
+worse than those on the Thompson. Of the one thousand men who left
+Buffalo only about four hundred survived. General Scott gave every
+attention to the sick, exposing himself without fear day and night in
+seeing to the wants of his men. Leaving Colonel Abram Eustis in
+command, he proceeded to join General Atkinson at Prairie du Chien,
+which he reached on the 3d of August. The engagement called the Battle
+of Bad Axe had been fought before his arrival. He was here again
+confronted with the plague of cholera, which had broken out in
+Atkinson's command at Rock Island, and he devoted himself to the care
+of the sick and the consolation of the dying.</p>
+
+<p>In this connection an extract from the Richmond Enquirer of August 7,
+1832, will be of interest:</p>
+
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Louisville</span>, <i>July 27, 1832</i>.&mdash;The following is the latest
+official intelligence from Chicago. We are indebted to a commercial
+friend for it.&mdash;<i>Advertiser.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="right">"'<span class="smcap">Headquarters Northwestern Army</span>,</p>
+<p class="sig">"'<span class="smcap">Chicago</span>, <i>July 15, 1832</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"'<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: To prevent or to correct the exaggerations of rumor
+in respect to the existence of cholera at this place, I address
+myself to your Excellency. Four steamers were engaged at Buffalo to
+transport United States troops and supplies to Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>"'In the headmost of these boats, the Sheldon Thompson, I, with my
+staff and four companies, a part of Colonel Eustis's command,
+arrived here on the 8th. All on board were in high health and
+spirits, but the next morning six cases of undoubted cholera
+presented themselves. The disease rapidly <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_55" id="Pg_55">{55}</a></span>spread itself for the
+next three days. About one hundred and twenty persons have been
+affected.</p>
+
+<p>"'Under a late act of Congress six companies of rangers are to be
+raised and marched to this place. General Dodge, of Michigan, is
+appointed major of the battalion, and I have seen the names of the
+captains, but I do not know where to address them. I am afraid that
+the report from this place in respect to cholera may seriously
+retard the raising of this force.</p>
+
+<p>"'I wish, therefore, that your Excellency would give publicity to
+the measures I have adopted to prevent the spread of the disease,
+and of my determination not to allow any junction or communication
+between uninfected and infected troops.</p>
+
+<p>"'The war is not at an end, and may not be brought to a close for
+some time. The rangers may reach the theatre of operations in time
+to give the final blow. As they approach this place I shall take
+care of their health and general wants.</p>
+
+<p>"'I write in great haste, and may not have time to cause my letter
+to be copied. It will be put in some post office to be forthwith
+forwarded. I have the honor to be</p>
+
+<p>"'Your Excellency's most obedient servant,</p>
+<p class="sig">"'<span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"'<i>His Excellency</i>, <span class="smcap">Governor Reynolds</span>.'"</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center gap"><i>From the Richmond Enquirer, October 12, 1832.</i></p>
+
+<p>"In laying the following article before our readers, our own personal
+feelings, as well as a just sense of gratitude to a meritorious
+officer, prompts us to add that we have known Winfield Scott long and
+have known him intimately, and that the conduct here attributed <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_56" id="Pg_56">{56}</a></span>to
+him is precisely such as we should have expected, from his ardent
+patriotism, his humane disposition, and his distinguished
+intelligence."</p>
+
+
+<p class="center gap"><i>From the Illinois Galenian, September 12, 1832.</i></p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">General Scott</span>.&mdash;Perhaps on no former occasion has a more
+arduous and responsible duty been confided to any officer of our
+Government than that with which this gentleman has been clothed, in
+prosecuting to final issue the savage war upon our borders. And we
+hesitate not to say that in our estimation a better selection could
+not have been made.</p>
+
+<p>"It might suffice, in justification of this assertion, to instance the
+promptitude of his movements to the scene of action, the ease with
+which he overcame space, and the facility with which he surmounted all
+obstacles opposed to the accomplishment of his object.</p>
+
+<p>"But he had an enemy to encounter far more terrible than Black Hawk
+and his adherents&mdash;an enemy that bid defiance to military prowess and
+baffled all the skill of the tactician.</p>
+
+<p>"That loathsome epidemic, the direful scourge of the Eastern
+hemisphere, the cholera, invaded his camp. Here was a new foe that had
+never yet been conquered. Victim after victim fell under its ravages.
+The general might have retired to some healthy clime, where he would
+have been freed from this pestilence, but not while his officers and
+men were falling around him; humanity prompted him to remain and
+succor a distressed army. During our stay at Rock Island the cholera
+commenced its work of death; and seeing the general almost every day,
+we had frequent opportunities of witnessing his untiring <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_57" id="Pg_57">{57}</a></span>perseverance
+in and constant personal attention to all those duties appertaining to
+his official station, the calls of humanity, and the best interests of
+the country.</p>
+
+<p>"On the arrival of the companies from Chicago (among whom the cholera
+had been severe) they were stationed on an island in Rock River,
+several miles from the fort, and all communication prohibited by
+special order. Some of his aids, on their way to Rock Island, having
+violated this order (without knowing it was given), were immediately
+ordered back to Rock River, while the general was left alone to
+perform all their respective duties. When a soldier was attacked with
+cholera he was the first to render assistance by the application of
+friction to the extremities in order to attract the fluids from the
+large internal vessels to the surface of the body. At the bake-house
+we found him one day giving instructions how to make the most
+wholesome bread, and on the next day we beheld one of his bakers
+consigned to the tomb. And if we follow him on, we next find him
+instructing those employed in the culinary art, so cautious is he
+about everything that his men eat and drink. And in order to insure
+temperance among the soldiers, he issued an order requiring every man
+found drunk to dig a grave.</p>
+
+<p>"In his orders he was bound to be severe, and in their enforcement he
+was equally rigid. His whole soul seemed to be devoted to the benefit
+of his army.</p>
+
+<p>"On one occasion he observed that his own honor, the duty he owed his
+country and his fellow-men, required his personal attention at his
+post, and also <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_58" id="Pg_58">{58}</a></span>the severity of his orders. And if, in attending to
+his duties, he should be so unfortunate as to lose his life, the army
+could get along as well without him, but he could not get along
+without an army. Thus, with Roman firmness and a disinterested
+devotion of life to his country, has he remained at his post of duty.
+Such conduct deserves the highest praise, and we feel confident that
+it will be awarded by a grateful and virtuous community."</p>
+
+<p>The cholera having subsided by the middle of September, negotiations
+were opened with the various Indian tribes at Rock Island. General
+Scott and Governor Reynolds were the commissioners on the part of the
+United States to make treaties with the Sacs, Foxes, Winnebagoes,
+Sioux, and Menomonees. The leading man among the Indians was
+Ke-o-Kuck, a Sac chief, who was of commanding appearance, eloquent in
+speech, and a brave warrior. He was not, however, a hereditary chief,
+and for this reason his tribe deposed him; but on General Scott's
+request he was again replaced as chief. General Scott conducted the
+negotiations in the way of speech-making at the request of his
+associate, Governor Reynolds. The speeches of Scott and those of the
+Indian chiefs were taken down by Captain Richard Bache, of the army,
+and are to be found in the archives of the War Department at
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The result of the treaties was the cession to the United States by the
+Sacs and Foxes of about six million acres of land, the greater part of
+which is now included in the State of Iowa; and the United States gave
+in consideration of this cession a reservation of nearly four hundred
+square miles, on the Iowa River, to Ke-o-Kuck and his band, and agreed
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_59" id="Pg_59">{59}</a></span>to pay the Indians an annuity of twenty thousand dollars per annum
+for thirty years to pay the debts of the tribe, and to employ a
+blacksmith and a gunsmith for them. The treaty also provided for ample
+space for hunting, and planting-grounds for the Indians and their
+posterity. A similar treaty was made with the other Indians. General
+Scott, on his return to Washington, was complimented by General Cass,
+the Secretary of War, "upon the fortunate consummation of his arduous
+duties," and he expressed his entire approbation of the whole course
+of his proceedings during a series of difficulties requiring higher
+moral courage than the operations of an active campaign under ordinary
+circumstances.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_60" id="Pg_60">{60}</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">Troubles in South Carolina growing out of the tariff acts apprehended,
+and General Scott sent South&mdash;Action of the nullifiers&mdash;Instructions
+in case of an outbreak&mdash;Action of the South Carolina Legislature.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the conclusion of the treaties with the Indian tribes, mentioned in
+the preceding chapter, General Scott went to New York, where he
+arrived in October, 1832. A few days after his arrival he received an
+order to proceed to Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The passage of the tariff act of 1828 had produced great excitement in
+several of the Southern States, but especially in South Carolina. By
+this act the duties on foreign goods imported into this country were
+raised much higher than by any previous tariff. It was passed for the
+protection of American manufactures, of which at that time none were
+in the South, but all, or nearly all, in the New England States.</p>
+
+<p>The cotton planters of South Carolina opposed and resisted it on the
+ground that it was not only in violation of the Constitution of the
+United States, but injurious to their interests, and in the interest
+of other States as opposed to theirs. They argued, as it is now
+argued, that a tariff is a tax, and that this tariff discriminated in
+favor of certain portions of the country as against other portions,
+and that <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_61" id="Pg_61">{61}</a></span>therefore it unquestionably violated the fundamental law of
+the land.</p>
+
+<p>This tariff act was passed on May 15, 1828, and on the 12th of June
+following the citizens of Colleton District, South Carolina, met at
+the courthouse in Walterborough and adopted an address to the people.
+Among other things this address stated: "For it is not enough that
+imposts laid for protection of domestic manufactures are oppressive,
+and transfer in their operation millions of our property to Northern
+capitalists. If we have given our bond, let them take our blood. Those
+who resist these imposts must deem them unconstitutional, and the
+principle is abandoned by the payment of one cent&mdash;as much as ten
+millions." The address assumed "open resistance to the laws of the
+Union."</p>
+
+<p>Governor Taylor was asked to convene the Legislature. He declined to
+take action on the request of the Colleton meeting, on the ground that
+"the time of great public excitement is not a time propitious for cool
+deliberation or wise determination."</p>
+
+<p>George McDuffie, a member of the House of Representatives in Congress
+from South Carolina, and a man of high character and great ability,
+was the leading spirit in the opposition to this tariff and resistance
+to its enforcement. At a dinner in Columbia, S.C., he recommended that
+the State fix a tax on Northern manufactured goods, and proposed as a
+toast "Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute." In the
+district of St. Helena, S.C., a public meeting was held at which this
+resolution was adopted:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That, differing from those of our fellow-citizens who
+look to home production, or more consumption <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_62" id="Pg_62">{62}</a></span>of the fabrics of the
+tariff States as a relief from our present burdens, we perceive in
+these expedients rather an ill-judged wasting of the public energy and
+diversion of the public mind than an adequate remedy for the true
+evil, the usurping of Congress, which (since that body will never
+construe down its own powers) can be checked, in our opinion, only by
+the action of States opposed to such usurpation."</p>
+
+<p>The reference to "expedients, rather an ill-judged wasting of the
+public energy," was to the action of certain meetings in South
+Carolina where it was resolved to wear only their own manufactures,
+and abstain wholly from those made north of the Potomac. The
+supporters of nullification defended themselves on constitutional
+grounds and on the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions of 1798. Congress
+revised the tariff in May, 1832, modifying some of the duties imposed
+by the act of 1828. In October, 1832, the Legislature of South
+Carolina passed an act providing for the calling of a convention of
+the people of the State.</p>
+
+<p>The object of the convention was "to take into consideration the
+several acts of the Congress of the United States imposing duties on
+foreign imports, for the protection of domestic manufactures or for
+other unauthorized objects; to determine on the character thereof, and
+to devise the means of redress."</p>
+
+<p>The convention authorized under this act assembled on November 19,
+1832. An ordinance was passed to provide for arresting the operations
+of certain acts of Congress of the United States, purporting to be
+taxes laying duties and imposts on the importation of foreign
+commodities. On its final passage the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_63" id="Pg_63">{63}</a></span>word "arresting" was stricken
+out and the word "nullifying" substituted in its place.</p>
+
+<p>The substance of this ordinance was to interdict the action of the
+courts, and to require all officers to take an oath to obey the
+ordinance and the laws passed to give it effect. It also declared that
+the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832 were null, void, and not binding on
+the State, its officers or citizens. It further declared it to be
+unlawful for any of the constituted authorities of the State or of the
+United States to enforce the payment of the duties imposed by the act
+within the limits of the State of South Carolina. Other provisions
+were that no case of law or equity decided in South Carolina, in which
+was involved the question of the validity of the ordinance of the
+South Carolina convention, or any act of its Legislature to give it
+effect, should be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States,
+or be regarded if appealed; and that, if the General Government should
+employ force to carry these acts into effect, or endeavor to coerce
+the State by closing its ports, South Carolina would consider the
+Union dissolved, and would proceed to organize a separate government.
+A union convention was called in South Carolina to endeavor to
+suppress the movement inaugurated by the ordinance of the recent
+convention.</p>
+
+<p>The States of Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia&mdash;the first through its
+Governor, Gayle, and the latter by resolutions of their
+Legislatures&mdash;took strong anti-nullification grounds. On December 10th
+President Andrew Jackson issued his famous proclamation exhorting all
+persons to obey the laws, and denouncing the South Carolina ordinance.
+He said <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_64" id="Pg_64">{64}</a></span>in this proclamation: "I consider, then, the power to annul a
+law of the United States, assumed by one State, incompatible with the
+existence of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the
+Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every
+principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object
+for which it was formed."</p>
+
+<p>"This, then, is the position in which we stand. A small majority of
+the citizens of one State in the Union have elected delegates to a
+State convention. That convention has ordained that all the revenue
+laws of the United States must be repealed, or that they are no longer
+a member of the Union. The Governor of that State has recommended to
+the Legislature the raising of an army to carry the secession into
+effect, and that he may be empowered to give clearance to vessels in
+the name of the State. No act of violent opposition to the laws has
+yet been committed, but such a state of things is hourly apprehended;
+and it is the intent of this instrument to proclaim not only that the
+duty imposed on me by the Constitution&mdash;'to take care that the laws be
+faithfully executed'&mdash;shall be performed to the extent of the powers
+already vested in me by law, or of such other as the wisdom of
+Congress shall devise and intrust to me for that purpose, but to warn
+the citizens of South Carolina, who have been deluded into an
+opposition to the laws, of the danger they will incur by obedience to
+the illegal and disorganizing ordinance of the convention; to exhort
+those who have refused to support it to persevere in their
+determination to uphold the Constitution and laws of their country,
+and to point out to all the perilous situation into which the good
+people of <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_65" id="Pg_65">{65}</a></span>that State have been led; and that the course they are
+urged to pursue is one of ruin and disgrace to the very State whose
+rights they affect to support."</p>
+
+<p>This proclamation, of which the foregoing are extracts, was signed on
+December 10, 1832. The ordinance adopted by the convention of South
+Carolina was passed November 24th; and the Legislature of South
+Carolina, which had formulated laws necessary to carry out the
+ordinance, adjourned on December 21st.</p>
+
+<p>President Jackson, in anticipation of the troubles likely to arise,
+had, as early as October 29th, directed General Macomb to issue an
+order to Major Heileman, commanding the United States troops at
+Charleston, stating that "it is deemed necessary that the officers in
+the harbor of Charleston should be advised of the possibility of
+attempts being made to surprise, seize, and occupy the forts committed
+to them. You are therefore especially charged to use your utmost
+vigilance in counteracting such attempts. You will call personally on
+the commanders of Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie, and instruct them
+to be vigilant to prevent surprise in the night or day on the part of
+any set of people whatever who may approach the forts with a view to
+seize and occupy them. You will warn the said officers that such an
+event is apprehended, and that they will be held responsible for the
+defense, to the last extremity, of the forts and garrisons under their
+respective commands, against any assault, and also against intrigue
+and surprise.</p>
+
+<p>"The attempt to surprise the forts and garrisons, it is expected, will
+be made by the militia, and it must be guarded against by constant
+vigilance, and <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_66" id="Pg_66">{66}</a></span>repulsed at every hazard. These instructions you will
+be careful not to show to any persons other than the commanding
+officers of Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie."</p>
+
+<p>Two companies of artillery were ordered to Fort Moultrie on November
+7th, and on the 12th General Macomb directed Major Julius Frederick
+Heileman that a building called "The Citadel," in Charleston, and
+which was the property of the State of South Carolina, should, with
+its State arms, be delivered up if demanded by the State authorities.
+He was further instructed to act in this matter with the greatest
+courtesy; but should he be attacked, he must make a stubborn defense.</p>
+
+<p>This was the state of affairs in South Carolina at the time stated. On
+November 18th, President Jackson, after a conference with General
+Scott, ordered him on a confidential or secret order to Charleston.
+The order was, of course, issued from the War Department by direction
+of the President, and the main points of it are as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>" ... The possibility of such a measure furnishes sufficient reason
+for guarding against it, and the President is therefore anxious that
+the situation and means of defense of these fortifications should be
+inspected by an officer of experience, who could also estimate and
+provide for any dangers to which they may be exposed. He has full
+confidence in your judgment and discretion, and it is his wish that
+you repair immediately to Charleston and examine everything
+connected with the fortifications. You are at liberty to take such
+measures either by strengthening these defenses or by re-enforcing<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_67" id="Pg_67">{67}</a></span>
+these garrisons with troops drawn from any other posts, as you may
+think prudence and a just precaution require.</p>
+
+<p>"Your duty will be one of great importance and of great delicacy.
+You will consult fully and freely with the collector of the port of
+Charleston, and you will take no step, except what relates to the
+immediate defense and security of the posts, without their order and
+concurrence. The execution of the laws will be enforced through the
+civil authority and by the method pointed out by the acts of
+Congress. Should, unfortunately, a crisis arise when the ordinary
+power in the hands of the civil officers shall not be sufficient for
+this purpose, the President shall determine the course to be taken
+and the measures adopted. Till, therefore, you are otherwise
+instructed, you will act in obedience to the legal requisitions of
+the proper civil officers of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>"I will thank you to communicate to me freely and confidentially
+upon every topic upon which you may deem it important for the
+Government to receive information.</p>
+
+<p>"Very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Lewis Cass</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Scott, acting in obedience to these orders, arrived in
+Charleston November 28th, two days after the passage of the ordinance.
+He found, on his arrival and after conferring with many of the leading
+people, that the sentiment in regard to the action of the convention
+was divided, there seeming to be as many persons in opposition as
+those who favored it.</p>
+
+<p>His arrival created no special notice, as he had been in the habit of
+visiting Charleston about this <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_68" id="Pg_68">{68}</a></span>time of year in discharge of his
+duties as inspector. It should be added to what has been said in
+regard to his conference with President Jackson before leaving
+Washington, that the President announced to him in the most emphatic
+terms that "the Union must and shall be preserved." On asking General
+Scott for any suggestions he had to make, the general told the
+President that Fort Moultrie, Castle Pinckney, and the arsenal at
+Augusta should be strongly garrisoned. He also advised that a number
+of troops, sloops of war, and revenue cutters would be needed at
+Charleston to enforce the collection of duties on foreign
+importations. The President said to him: "Proceed at once and execute
+those views. You have my <i>carte blanche</i> in respect to troops; the
+vessels shall be there, and written instructions will follow you."</p>
+
+<p>The President at this interview invited General Scott to remain and
+take supper with him. He declined, on the ground that he desired to
+call on his friend ex-President Adams before leaving. To this
+President Jackson replied, "That's right; never forget a friend."</p>
+
+<p>On his journey he met with an accident and sprained his ankle. This
+turned out a fortunate thing, for it enabled him to delay so as to
+spend needed time in Charleston, Savannah, and Augusta without
+exciting any suspicion of the real object of his visit. Had it been
+known that he was there to make preparations for defense and to
+strengthen the garrisons, it would have excited the populace who
+sustained the action of the convention, and might have resulted in
+open hostilities. He visited Fort Moultrie and Castle Pinckney, and
+gave oral <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_69" id="Pg_69">{69}</a></span>confidential orders to enlarge and strengthen both places.
+Orders were also sent for re-enforcements in single companies, which
+excited no alarm. These important matters being accomplished, he went
+to Savannah and posed as a sick man, for the reason that an early
+return to Fort Moultrie might have excited alarm. In the latter part
+of January he returned by sea to Fort Moultrie, but his presence there
+was unknown to all outside of the fort.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime the leaders of nullification had, at a large meeting,
+agreed that no attempt to execute the ordinance should be undertaken
+before the adjournment of Congress on March 3d following. The
+Legislature of South Carolina, at its meeting in December, had passed
+laws for the raising of troops and providing money for the purchase of
+arms and ammunition, and many organizations of volunteers had been
+formed wearing the palmetto cockade and buttons. A very decided and
+unexpected rebuff was given by the Court of Appeals of South Carolina,
+which decided, in the case of State <i>vs.</i> Hunt (2 Hills, S.C.
+Reports), that the ordinance which required the citizens of South
+Carolina to take a test oath of exclusive allegiance to the State was
+unconstitutional. It is a curious piece of history that the palmetto
+buttons worn by the volunteer nullifiers were manufactured in
+Connecticut.</p>
+
+<p>There was in Charleston, as in other parts of the State, a very large
+number of Unionists. Both parties in Charleston held frequent
+meetings, and it was with great difficulty that riots or encounters
+between the two were prevented.</p>
+
+<p>The officers of the army and navy at and near Charleston during these
+perilous times showed great <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_70" id="Pg_70">{70}</a></span>prudence. Their first public display was
+the celebration of Washington's birthday; but the most intense
+nullifier could raise no objection to this. During these exciting
+times a fire broke out in the city of Charleston, and General Scott,
+being one of the first to observe it, called for volunteers and went
+to the scene, and, with the assistance of the naval volunteers and men
+of the army, succeeded in extinguishing the fire. This act of General
+Scott, seconded by army and navy men, had much to do with quieting the
+intense political excitement in Charleston.</p>
+
+<p>In the latter part of January, 1833, the General Assembly of Virginia
+passed a resolution asking Congress to modify the tariff, and also to
+appoint a commissioner to South Carolina and endeavor to conciliate
+that State. The commissioner appointed was Benjamin Watkins Leigh. On
+his request, Mr. James Hamilton, president of the South Carolina
+convention, called it to assemble, when it rescinded the ordinance,
+the troops which had been called were disbanded, and the whole State
+and country were happily relieved of an impending internecine war.
+Congress had passed the compromise act, and the United States troops
+and vessels which had been sent to Charleston were withdrawn, and
+peace and quiet again dawned on the lately excited city.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Leigh, the Commissioner of Virginia to South <ins class="correction" title="text reads 'Carolinia'">Carolina</ins>,
+says of General Scott's part of that historic period: ... "General
+Scott had a large acquaintance with the people of Charleston; he was
+their friend; but his situation was such that many of the people&mdash;the
+great majority of them&mdash;looked upon him as a public enemy.... He
+thought, as I thought, that the first drop of blood shed in civil
+war&mdash;in civil war between <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_71" id="Pg_71">{71}</a></span>the United States and one of the
+States&mdash;would prove an immedicable wound, which would end in a change
+of our institutions. He was resolved, if possible, to prevent a resort
+to arms, and nothing could have been more judicious than his conduct.
+Far from being prone to take offense, he kept his temper under the
+strictest guard, and was most careful to avoid giving occasion for
+offense; yet he held himself ready to act if it should become
+necessary, and he let it be known that he strictly understood the
+situation. He sought the society of the leading nullifiers, and was in
+their company as much as they would let him be, but he took care never
+to say a word to them on the subject of political differences; he
+treated them as friends. From the beginning to the end his conduct was
+as conciliatory as it was firm and sincere, evincing that he knew his
+duty and was resolved to perform it, and yet his principal object and
+purpose was peace. He was perfectly successful, when the least
+imprudence might have resulted in a serious collision."</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_72" id="Pg_72">{72}</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">Events that led to the war in Florida&mdash;Treaty of Camp Moultrie and its
+stipulations&mdash;Complaints of Indians and whites&mdash;Treaty of Payne's
+Landing&mdash;Objections of the Indians to complying with the latter
+treaty&mdash;Councils and talks with the Seminoles&mdash;Assiola&mdash;Murder of mail
+carrier Dalton&mdash;Murder of Charley Amathla&mdash;Dade's massacre&mdash;Murder of
+General Thompson and others&mdash;General Clinch&mdash;Depredations by the
+Indians on the whites and by the latter on the
+Indians&mdash;Volunteers&mdash;Military departments of Gaines and Scott.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is proper to give as brief a <i>r&eacute;sum&eacute;</i> as the subject will permit of
+the events that led to the outbreak of hostilities in Florida.</p>
+
+<p>General Jackson, when Governor of Florida in 1821, urged upon the
+Government the necessity of adopting measures to send back to their
+own reservations the large number of Creek Indians who had left their
+nation and settled with other tribes in Florida. He argued that this
+was an encroachment by the Creeks, and that an increase of Indians in
+this territory would lead to unhappy results. Colonel Joseph M. White,
+the delegate from the territory of Florida, fully concurred with
+General Jackson in this view, and so informed the Secretary of War.</p>
+
+<p>The Government, disregarding these wise suggestions, entered into a
+treaty with the Florida Indians, September 18, 1823, at Camp Moultrie,
+stipulating <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_73" id="Pg_73">{73}</a></span>for their continued residence in the territory for twenty
+years. They were by this treaty established in the heart of the
+country, and their claims to the lands acknowledged and guaranteed.
+The treaty provided, among other things, that the Seminole Indians
+should relinquish all their claim to lands in Florida except a tract
+estimated to contain some five millions of acres, within the limits of
+which they agreed to abide.</p>
+
+<p>The Government of the United States agreed to pay to the Indians two
+thousand dollars to aid them in removal to the new reservation, to
+furnish them with certain articles of husbandry and stock to the
+amount of six thousand dollars, to furnish them with corn, meat, and
+salt for one year, to pay them forty-five hundred dollars for their
+improvements on their surrendered lands, to allow them one thousand
+dollars per annum for a blacksmith and one thousand dollars per annum
+for a school fund, and these last two allowances to extend during the
+term of the treaty. Complaints were made by the whites, and counter
+complaints by the Indians, of depredations, but the preponderance of
+testimony is that the whites were the principal aggressors. These
+Indians were slave-holders, having a number of negroes held in
+slavery by the same tenure that slaves were held by the whites in
+Florida. The whites commenced and carried on a systematic and
+continued robbery of the slaves and cattle belonging to the Indians,
+sending them to Mobile for sale. A protest was made by the inhabitants
+of ten of the Seminole towns, complaining in substance that the white
+people had carried all their cattle off; that the white men first
+commenced to steal from them; that within three years six Indians <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_74" id="Pg_74">{74}</a></span>had
+been killed by the whites, admitting that the Indians had taken
+satisfaction, but were not even on that score by three.</p>
+
+<p>Complaints from whites of Indian depredations and counter complaints
+from the Indians became so frequent that the President determined to
+endeavor to make a new treaty, abrogating that of Camp Moultrie. For
+this purpose Colonel James Gadsden, of Florida, was appointed a
+commissioner to carry out this purpose. The Indians, by invitation,
+assembled at Payne's Landing, on the Ocklawaha River, on May 8, 1832.
+The points agreed upon were that the Seminole Indians relinquish their
+claim to the tract of land reserved for them by the second article of
+the Camp Moultrie treaty, containing four million thirty-two thousand
+six hundred and forty acres, and to remove west of the Mississippi
+River and there become a constituent part of the Creeks.</p>
+
+<p>The United States engaged to pay the Seminoles fifteen thousand four
+hundred dollars as a consideration for the improvements on the lands
+which they abandoned, and a further sum of two hundred dollars each to
+two negroes, Abraham and Cudjoe, each Indian to be furnished with a
+blanket and homespun frock, and a sufficient quantity of corn, meat,
+and salt for one year's support after arriving in the new reservation.
+Two blacksmiths, at one thousand dollars a year, were agreed to be
+furnished for a period of ten years, and an annuity of three thousand
+dollars for fifteen years to be paid after their arrival in the West;
+which sum, together with the four thousand dollars stipulated for in
+the Camp Moultrie treaty, making seven thousand dollars per annum, was
+to be paid to the Creek nation with their annuities.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_75" id="Pg_75">{75}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In order to relieve the Seminoles from vexatious demands on them for
+their slaves and other property, the United States stipulated to have
+the matter investigated, and to liquidate such as were satisfactory,
+provided the amount did not exceed seven thousand dollars. This treaty
+was executed on May 9, 1832, and signed by Holata Amathla and fourteen
+other chiefs. Seven of the chiefs were deputed to visit and explore
+the new country, accompanied by their interpreter and by Major John
+Fagan, formerly Indian agent in Florida. The delegation reported their
+approval of the country, and the ratification on the part of the
+Indians was made by seven of the chiefs at Fort Gibson, La.</p>
+
+<p>This ratification by the seven chiefs was in excess of their
+authority, as they were only authorized to examine the country and
+report the result of their mission to a general council of the nation,
+which was to be convened on their return.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Gadsden, the commissioner on the part of the United States,
+addressed a letter to the Secretary of War, in which he said: "There
+is a condition prefixed to the agreement without assenting to which
+the Florida Indians most positively refused to negotiate for their
+removal west of the Mississippi. Even with the condition annexed,
+there was a reluctance, which with some difficulty was overcome, on
+the part of the Indians to bind themselves by any stipulations before
+a knowledge of the facts and circumstances would enable them to judge
+of the advantages or disadvantages of the disposition the Government
+of the United States wished to make of them. They were finally
+induced, however, to assent to the agreement....<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_76" id="Pg_76">{76}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The payment for property alleged to have been plundered was the
+subject most pressed by the Indians, and in yielding to their wishes
+on this head a limitation has been fixed in a sum which I think,
+however, will probably cover all demands which can be satisfactorily
+proved. Many of the claims are for negroes said to have been enticed
+away from their owners during the protracted Indian disturbances, of
+which Florida has been for years the theater. The Indians allege that
+the depredations were mutual, that they have suffered in the same
+degree, and that most of the property claimed was taken as reprisal
+for property of equal value lost by them. They could not, therefore,
+yield to the justice of restitution solely on their part, and probably
+there was no better mode of terminating the difficulty than by that
+provided for in the treaty now concluded. The final ratification of
+the treaty will depend upon the opinion of the seven chiefs selected
+to explore the country west of the Mississippi River. If that
+corresponds to the description given, or is equal to the expectations
+formed of it, there will be no difficulty on the part of the
+Seminoles. If the Creeks, however, raise any objections, this will be
+a sufficient pretext on the part of some of the Seminole deputation to
+oppose the execution of the whole arrangement for removal."</p>
+
+<p>On March 8, 1835, the Hon. John H. Eaton addressed a letter to Lewis
+Cass, Secretary of War, raising the question whether the treaty of
+Payne's Landing was valid, it not having been ratified until 1834. To
+this the Secretary replied that, the question had been referred to the
+Attorney General, and that he had decided that the obligation of the
+treaty <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_77" id="Pg_77">{77}</a></span>was not affected by the delay, but that the Indians might be
+required to move in the years 1835-'37.</p>
+
+<p>The Indian agent called a meeting of the Indians, who assembled in
+council on October 23, 1834. The agent stated that he had convened
+them by order of the President, who said that he had complied with all
+the promises made to them, and that they must prepare to move by the
+beginning of cold weather. He further stated that he had a proposition
+to them from the Creeks, and exhibited a map of the country allotted
+to them west of the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>The proposition from the Creeks was that the Seminoles, instead of
+settling in the country allotted to them, in a separate body, settle
+promiscuously among the Creeks. The agent stated in regard to this
+last proposition: "It is left, as it should be, entirely optional with
+you, and no persons but yourselves have any right to say you shall or
+shall not accede to the proposition." Other questions were submitted,
+such as the disposition of their cattle, whether they preferred to
+march by land or go by water, and the manner in which they desired the
+annuity paid them. The Indians then retired for a private council, and
+on their return Holata Amathla said: "My brothers, we have now heard
+the talk that our father at Washington has sent us. He says that we
+made a treaty at Payne's Landing, and we have no excuse now for not
+doing what we promised; we must be honest. Let us go, my brothers, and
+talk it over, and don't let us act like fools."</p>
+
+<p>At four o'clock in the afternoon of the same day the Indians met in
+private council and were addressed by Assiola, in which he opposed
+emigrating from Florida to the Creek country, denouncing the<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_78" id="Pg_78">{78}</a></span> Creeks
+as bad Indians. He also denounced the agent for advising them to
+remove "from the lands which we live on&mdash;our homes and the graves of
+our fathers." He announced that when the Great Spirit told him to go
+he would go. But he said the Great Spirit had told him not to go. He
+also threatened the white people with his rifle, for he still had
+that, and some powder and lead. He also said that if any of the
+Indians wanted to go West they would not be permitted to do so.
+Assiola was followed by Holata Amathla, who strongly urged his
+brothers to abide by the treaty of Payne's Landing, and advised them
+to "act honest and do as our great father at Washington tells us."
+Jumper, the sense-keeper, also urged a compliance with the last-named
+treaty, because if they did not comply the white men would make them.
+Chief Arpincki proposed that Holata Amathla be selected to represent
+to the agent the objections of the nation to removal. This was
+declined by Holata Amathla, and Jumper was selected in his stead to
+speak the sentiments of the people on the next day.</p>
+
+<p>On October 24, 1834, the Indians again met in council. The agent asked
+them if they were ready to reply to the proposals made to them. Holata
+Mico and Miconopy made short talks. When Jumper rose he complained
+that a treaty had been made or rather forced on the Indians at Payne's
+Landing before the twenty years provided in the Camp Moultrie treaty
+had expired. He was one of the chiefs who had gone to look at the new
+lands and liked them, but did not like the neighbors they would have,
+and spoke of these latter Pawnees as savages and horse thieves. He
+told the agent that his talk <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_79" id="Pg_79">{79}</a></span>always seemed good, but that the Indians
+did not want to go West. Holata Amathla, who was also one of the
+chiefs who went West, objected to his people removing there for
+substantially the same reason as Jumper. Charley Amathla said that
+seven years of the time stipulated in the Camp Moultrie treaty
+remained unexpired. He did not say that he would not go, but did not
+think he would give an answer until the expiration of the seven years.
+He also complained that the distance to the West was so great that
+many would die on the way. In these talks the chiefs spoke well of the
+agent. The latter, in reply, said: "I have no answer to make to what
+you have said to me to-day. My talk to you yesterday must and will
+stand, and you must abide by it." He then repeated the question he had
+previously submitted, and told them to deliberate further, and let him
+know when they were ready to meet him. Another meeting was held on
+October 25, 1834. The agent told them he was ready to receive their
+answers. The speakers on the part of the Indians said their people
+still refused to comply with the treaty of Payne's Landing and leave
+their native country. They thought the agent was mad with them.
+General Thompson, the agent, told them he was not mad, but was their
+friend; that what they said was not an answer to his questions, and
+added, "Your father, the President, will compel you to go." He argued
+that the treaty of Payne's Landing had been duly signed. This was
+denied by Miconopy, when the general told him he lied, and that by the
+terms of the treaty the decision of the delegation sent out to view
+the country was binding on the Seminoles, and they were compelled
+under its provisions <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_80" id="Pg_80">{80}</a></span>to move. He told them that the Payne's Landing
+treaty abrogated that made at Camp Moultrie. Replying to Charley
+Amathla's assertion that the last treaty had been forced upon them, he
+said: "You say that the white people forced you into the treaty of
+Payne's Landing. If you were so cowardly as to be forced by anybody to
+do what you ought not to do, you are unfit to be chiefs, and your
+people ought to hurl you from your stations." He explained to them the
+white people's Government; that the Indians living among white people
+might be charged with all kinds of offenses under the law, and would
+not be permitted to testify themselves; that the Cherokees, Creeks,
+Choctaws, and Chickasaws who live in the States were moving beyond the
+Mississippi River, because they could not live under the white
+people's laws, and the Seminoles were a small handful compared to
+their number; that when the jurisdiction of the State government was
+extended over them the Indian laws and customs would have to be
+abolished; and told them it was this view of the subject that had
+induced the President to settle them beyond Florida; and told them
+further that the land to which they were to go should be theirs "while
+grass grows and water runs," It was for this reason the treaty had
+been made with them at Payne's Landing, and for the same reason they
+would be compelled to keep it and comply with their bargain. His
+speech was a long one, reiterating, elaborating, and emphasizing the
+determination of the Government to make them move, whether they
+desired to or not. During this speech the agent was interrupted by
+Assiola, who urged Miconopy to be firm, and to assure the agent that
+he did not care whether <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_81" id="Pg_81">{81}</a></span>any more annuity was paid or not. The agent
+closed by hoping that mature reflection would make them act like
+honest men, and not compel him to report them to their father, the
+President, "as faithless to your engagements." The Indians then,
+through Assiola and Miconopy, announced positively and emphatically
+that their answer had been made, and that they did not intend to move.
+The agent told them that he was satisfied now that they were willfully
+and entirely dishonest in regard to their engagements with the
+President, and regretted that he had to so report them. He told them
+the talk he had given them must and should stand, and directed them to
+retire and prepare their stocks to receive their annuity on the
+following day.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that by the treaty of Payne's Landing it was
+stipulated that seven chiefs should be sent to examine the lands to
+which it was proposed to remove the Seminoles. They were to report its
+general aspect and fertility to the nation, but were not invested with
+power to ratify the treaty. That was the province of the nation in
+general council. Jumper, as stated in these pages, was one of the
+chiefs selected for the purpose of examining and reporting upon the
+new country. General Thompson, the agent, had told the chiefs in
+council that "no person has a right to say to you, You shall go, or
+that you shall accede to the proposition made to you by the Creeks;
+but it is left, as it should be, entirely optional with you." This is
+in singular contrast to the words heretofore quoted from the agent,
+and altogether different from his assurance to one of the chiefs: "The
+President, backed by the Secretary of War" (the Indian Bureau <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_82" id="Pg_82">{82}</a></span>was
+then under the jurisdiction of the War Department) "and the whole
+Congress, never should compel me to act so dishonorably as to violate
+the treaty [of Camp Moultrie] made with your people. If such a thing
+were required of me I would spurn the President's commission and
+retire to the bosom of my family." General Thompson reported to the
+authorities at Washington what had taken place, as just related, and
+stated that, in view of the circumstances, no doubt remained that the
+Indians intended to resist the execution of the treaty of Payne's
+Landing. After giving a full statement of the situation, he felt it
+his "imperious duty" to urge the necessity of a strong re-enforcement
+at Fort King, and the station of a strong force at Tampa Bay, as early
+as possible. "An imposing force, thus marshaled to coerce the
+refractory people, would have the effect to crush the hopes of the
+chiefs and those who had been tampering with them into a proper
+respect for the Government, afford protection to the neighboring white
+settlements, and supersede the necessity of Holata Amathla and his
+followers fleeing the country." At this time the force at the two
+posts mentioned was two hundred and thirty-five men. General Thompson,
+sustained by Governor William P. Duval, continued to urge upon the
+Government, an increase of the military force. The latter, in a letter
+to the Secretary of War, informed that official that even with a
+respectable military force stationed at Fort Brooke and Tampa Bay the
+agent and superintendents would have much difficulty in carrying the
+treaty of Payne's Landing into effect. The necessity for additional
+military force was urged by Generals Clinch and Eaton and Lieutenant
+Joseph<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_83" id="Pg_83">{83}</a></span> W. Harris, the disbursing agent. These representations went
+unheeded. In the whole of Florida there were but two hundred and fifty
+men of the United States army, while more than three thousand were
+stationed at other convenient points totally inactive.</p>
+
+<p>When the time came for the removal of the Big Swamp Indians they were
+so notified. But having been previously informed that they would be
+expected to go, they did nothing in the way of planting crops, and
+were destitute of food. Corn was distributed by the agents to the most
+needy. It was concluded to make another effort to secure their
+peaceful removal, and on April 22, 1835, several hundred of them
+assembled in council. After the council was opened General Thompson
+explained to them the treaty of Payne's Landing, and read a letter
+from President Jackson, in which he besought them as his children, to
+whom he had always acted honestly and kind, to comply with the treaty
+and go to the lands selected for them, telling them they must go; that
+they had sold all their land and did not have a piece "as big as a
+blanket to sit upon," and had no right to stay. The letter concluded:
+"If you listen to the voice of friendship and truth, you will go
+quietly and voluntarily; but should you listen to the bad birds that
+are always flying about you, and refuse to remove, I have then
+directed the commanding officer to remove you by force. This will be
+done. I pray the Great Spirit, therefore, to incline you to do what is
+right." After the letter had been read through and interpreted, Jumper
+rose and opposed the treaty, but deprecated force. Miconopy and others
+sustained Jumper's views <i>as to the treaty</i>, but were silent on the
+question of forcible resistance.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_84" id="Pg_84">{84}</a></span> General Clinch then addressed them,
+and told them the time of expostulation had passed, that persuasion
+had been exhausted, and wound up by telling them "it was the question
+now whether they would go of their own accord or go by force." On the
+next morning the chiefs and warriors sent word to the agent that they
+wanted to talk to him. On assembling, Miconopy was absent. Jumper, the
+spokesman, announced that he stood firm, but the veteran chief Fueta
+Susta Hajo (Black Dirt) spoke passionately and eloquently in favor of
+the execution of the treaty. After he had concluded, General Thompson
+placed on the table a paper, dated April 23, 1835, which pledged the
+Seminole tribe to voluntarily acknowledge the treaty at Payne's
+Landing on May 9, 1832, and the treaty concluded at Fort Gibson on
+March 28, 1833 (the one signed by the seven chiefs who had gone to
+visit the country to which the Seminoles were to remove), and freely
+submitting and assenting to said treaties in all their provisions.
+This paper received the signatures of eight principal chiefs, among
+them Fueta Susta Hajo and eight subchiefs. Five of the principal
+chiefs, Jumper among them, stood aloof and would not sign. Miconopy,
+who was absent, sent word by Jumper that he would not abide by the
+treaty. Upon this the agent said he would no longer regard Miconopy as
+a chief, and said his name should be stricken from the council of the
+nation. This action on the part of the agent was arbitrary and wholly
+unauthorized, and was severely censured by General Cass, Secretary of
+War.</p>
+
+<p>On August 11th the mail carrier Dalton was met by a party of Micosukee
+Indians six miles from Fort Brooke and killed. The body was found a
+few days <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_85" id="Pg_85">{85}</a></span>afterward, and General Clinch immediately sent a demand for
+the surrender of the murderers, but they eluded capture by seeking
+refuge in the "Old red sticks" in the neighborhood of Ouithlacoochee.
+This murder, it was claimed, was in retaliation for the killing of an
+Indian in the previous June.</p>
+
+<p>On August 19, 1835, at the request of Holata Amathla and twenty-five
+others, a council of the Seminoles was convened. At the request of the
+other chiefs Holata Amathla opened the council, saying they had come
+to talk about matters of great interest. He referred to the treaty of
+Payne's Landing, the visit to the West of the seven chiefs, and the
+promises that had been made; stated that the Seminoles wanted their
+separate agent, and paid a high compliment to General Thompson, who,
+he said, had always told them the truth. The speech was forwarded to
+Washington, but no notice was taken of it. This nonaction on the part
+of the authorities at Washington served to intensify the distrust and
+suspicions of the Indians as to the good faith of the Government, and
+caused many of those who had expressed a willingness to move to join
+the ranks of those who objected to doing so. Hostilities soon
+commenced. The Long Swamp and Big Swamp Indians commenced pillaging.
+Three of them were caught and subjected to exceedingly cruel treatment
+by the white settlers. Many outrages were perpetrated on both sides.
+The Indians were notified to bring in all their cattle, ponies, and
+hogs to be turned over to a United States agent and appraised, the
+owners to be paid on their arrival across the Mississippi. Six of the
+principal chiefs and some others surrendered their stock. The sale,
+however, was indefinitely <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_86" id="Pg_86">{86}</a></span>postponed. The Big Swamp Indians resolved
+to retain possession of the country, and condemned to death all those
+Indians who should oppose their views. This caused many of the
+friendly Indians to take refuge in the United States forts. About four
+hundred and fifty fled to Fort Brooke, and on November 9th they
+encamped on the opposite side of Hillsboro River. The hostile Indians,
+fearing that the secrets of their councils had become known, made
+every effort to win over to their side those who were disposed to
+comply with the treaty. Assiola and about four hundred warriors went
+to the house of Charley Amathla and demanded that he pledge himself to
+oppose removal. He declined, saying he would sacrifice his life before
+he would violate the pledge he had given his great father. Assiola
+attempted to shoot Charley, but was prevented by Abraham, the
+interpreter. Assiola left, but soon returned with a small party to the
+house and murdered him in cold blood. A number of the murdered man's
+followers at once made their escape to Fort King, while others joined
+the hostile party. Charley Amathla was regarded as a brave, resolute,
+and upright man. He had saved the life of Assiola, and his murder was
+an act of horrible ingratitude. The Indians now abandoned their homes
+and took refuge in the impenetrable swamps.</p>
+
+<p>At this time the entire military force in Florida amounted to four
+hundred and eighty-nine officers and men, and were distributed as
+follows: At St. Augustine, one company, fifty-three men; at Fort
+Brooke, on Hillsboro Bay, three companies, one hundred and fifty-three
+men; at Fort King, six companies, three hundred and fifty-three men.
+The Seminoles <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_87" id="Pg_87">{87}</a></span>were located in the peninsula of Florida, a region of
+fens, swamps, and creeks almost inapproachable. They claimed that the
+Government had not carried out in good faith the treaties made with
+them. Their great leader and chief was Assiola, sometimes called
+Powell, and improperly spelled Osceola, whose father was a white man
+and his mother a woman of the Creek Indian tribe. Among most of the
+tribes of Southern Indians the children took rank from the mother. He
+was recognized among the Indians as a Creek. He did not inherit the
+title or place of a chief, but won it by his native ability, cruelty,
+and courage. In his early days he was insolent in his manners, and
+kept apart from the society of his people.</p>
+
+<p>When General Alexander Ramsay Thompson was agent of the United States
+for these Indians, on one occasion Assiola appeared before him and
+announced that the lands claimed by the Government belonged to the
+Indians; that the Indians could take care of themselves, and did not
+need General Thompson's services. He was arrested and placed in
+confinement, and after being imprisoned some time expressed regret,
+signed the treaty, and was released. Subsequently he rendered valuable
+service in arresting criminals, and regained the confidence of the
+whites. This confidence, however, was of short duration.</p>
+
+<p>War having been declared in the name of the Florida Indians, a
+detachment of volunteers with some regulars, under General Duncan L.
+Clinch, moved to the Ouithlacoochee, the Indian encampment. Three days
+before the event which will be described as occurring at
+Ouithlacoochee, Major Francis Langhorne Dade, with a small command,
+had moved from Fort Brooke to relieve the post of Fort King.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_88" id="Pg_88">{88}</a></span> Major
+Dade and his command had marched sixty-five miles in five days,
+intrenching themselves each night in their encampment. On the sixth
+night they were attacked by Indians and negro allies, and out of one
+hundred and twelve all were slain except three. The officers killed
+were Major Francis Langhorne <ins class="correction" title="text reads 'Dado'">Dade</ins>, Captain George Washington
+Gardiner, Captain William Frazier, Lieutenants William E. Basinger,
+J.L. Keayes, Robert Richard Mudge, Richard Henderson, and Dr. John
+Slade Gatlin. Total killed, officers and men, one hundred and seven;
+escaped, three. A handsome monument has been erected to their memory
+at West Point. Returning to General Duncan L. Clinch's advance on
+Ouithlacoochee, here he was attacked by Assiola and his followers
+after he had crossed the river; but the general succeeded in repelling
+the attack and driving the Indians. While the battle resulting in the
+massacre of Major Dade and his command was being fought, the death of
+Thompson and others was effected within a few hundred yards of Fort
+King, on February 28th. All of the troops except Thomas W. Lendrum's
+company of the Third Artillery, about forty strong, had been withdrawn
+on the 26th, to re-enforce General Clinch at Lang Syne plantation,
+with a view to his striking a blow at the families of the Indians
+supposed to be concealed in the swamps and hammocks of the
+Ouithlacoochee River, with the hope of drawing the Indian warriors out
+and bringing on a general engagement. All those attached to the fort
+or agency were directed not to pass beyond the picketing. Thompson
+slept inside the defenses and passed the greater part of the day at
+the agency, about one hundred yards beyond the works. The sutler,
+Rogers, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_89" id="Pg_89">{89}</a></span>had moved his goods into the fort, but was in the habit of
+taking his meals at his residence, six hundred yards away in the skirt
+of a hammock to the southwest of the fort.</p>
+
+<p>On the day of the massacre Lieutenant Constantine Smith, of the Second
+Artillery, had dined with General Thompson, and after dinner the two
+went out for a walk. They had proceeded about three hundred yards
+beyond the agency office when they were fired upon by a party of
+Indians who were concealed in the hammock on the border of which the
+sutler's house stood. The reports of the rifles, and the war-whoop
+repeated, were heard within a brief time, other volleys more remote
+were fired, when the smoke of the firing was seen at the fort. Captain
+Lendrum at once called out his men, who were at that time engaged in
+strengthening the pickets. He was not aware of the absence from the
+fort of General Thompson and Lieutenant Smith; he supposed the firing
+was a ruse to draw him out and cut him off from the fort. Very soon
+several whites and negroes came in and informed him that Mr. Rogers,
+his clerks, and themselves had been surprised at dinner, and the three
+former had fallen into the hands of the Indians. A small command was
+at once dispatched to succor and pursue, but the butchery had been as
+brief as it was complete, and a last war-whoop had been given as a
+signal for retreat. The bodies of General Thompson, Lieutenant Smith,
+and Mr. Kitzler were soon found and brought in; those of the others
+were not found until the following morning. General Thompson's body
+had fourteen bullets in it and a deep knife-wound in the left breast.
+Lieutenant Smith and Mr. Kitzler had each received two bullets in the
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_90" id="Pg_90">{90}</a></span>head. The bodies of Rogers the sutler and Robert Suggs were
+shockingly mangled, the skulls of each being broken, and all save
+Suggs were scalped. The party was led by Assiola, and consisted of
+fifty or sixty Micosukees. Two other Indians were in the party attired
+as chiefs, but were not recognized. This information comes from an old
+negro woman who was in the house and who concealed herself so as to
+elude the Indians, and made her escape to the fort after the massacre.</p>
+
+<p>Information of the butchery was at once dispatched to General Clinch.
+General Richard Keith Call, with Colonels Richard C. Parish and Leigh
+Read, having arrived on the 29th with about five hundred volunteers
+from the adjoining counties, who had previously been ordered to scour
+the country on the right and left flank, joined the United States
+troops, numbering about two hundred under General Clinch. Orders were
+issued for a forward movement at sunrise on December 29th. They
+arrived near the Ouithlacoochee on the 30th, and threw up breastworks
+around their encampment. On arriving at the river next morning it was
+found too deep to be forded. No Indians being in sight, one of the men
+swam the river and brought over a canoe. As only seven men could be
+taken over at a time, the work of crossing the troops was slow and
+tedious. General Clinch and Colonels Samuel Parkhill and Read crossed
+over, and, in conjunction with General Call, began the construction of
+rafts on which the baggage and stores could be crossed over. The
+regulars were all over by twelve o'clock, and Major Alexander C.W.
+Fanning marched them into an open field surrounded on all sides either
+by a thick swamp or hammock, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_91" id="Pg_91">{91}</a></span>and there formed them into line,
+awaiting the crossing of the volunteers. When about fifty of the
+volunteers had crossed, and the officers were engaged in
+superintending the construction of the rafts, an alarm was given that
+the Indians were upon them. General Call at once put his men in line,
+and the Indians opened fire, but the volunteers poured a heavy volley
+into the hammock, which silenced the fire of the Indians for a time;
+but they soon collected their forces and opened a galling fire on the
+regulars. General Clinch ordered a charge, which was gallantly led by
+Major Fanning, but the Indians maintained their ground. A second
+charge was more successful, driving the Indians some distance back.
+The chiefs made every effort to rally them, but without success.</p>
+
+<p>During the battle General Call, Colonel John Warren, and Major James
+G. Cooper, with a number of volunteers, crossed the river at imminent
+peril, and the two latter immediately engaged and fought with the most
+determined bravery. General Call had formed the volunteers that last
+crossed into two parallel lines, placing one above and the other below
+the crossing place, for the purpose of protecting the troops on the
+other side and those who were recrossing with the dead and wounded. He
+therefore did not reach the field until the enemy were repulsed,
+though his services were eminently useful in directing the crossing.
+Clinch at this time was not advised of the disaster to Major Dade's
+command.</p>
+
+<p>The term of service of the volunteers having expired, General Clinch
+marched them, on January 2d, to Fort Drane and disbanded them. In this
+last-named engagement the regulars and volunteers, numbering, all
+told, two hundred and twenty-seven <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_92" id="Pg_92">{92}</a></span>men&mdash;under the able leadership of
+Clinch, Major Campbell Graham, Major Fanning, Colonel John Warren,
+General Richard K. Call, Cooper, and Lieutenant George Read&mdash;succeeded
+in defeating over seven hundred Indians who had chosen their ground
+and were protected by the swamps and hammocks. The volunteer officers,
+to whom great credit was due, were Major (afterward Brigadier General)
+Leigh Read, whose horse was shot under him, Colonel John Warren,
+Colonel Parkhill (of Richmond, Va.), Colonel William J. Mills, Major
+Cooper, Captain Martin Scott, and Captain William J. Bailey. The
+services of General Call and Majors Gamble and Wellford were of great
+value. General Clinch makes mention of Major J.S. Little his
+aid-de-camp, Captains Gustavus S. Drane, Charles Mellon, and Gates,
+Lieutenants George Henry Talcott, Erastus A. Capron, John Graham,
+William Seaton Maitland, and Horace Brooks, of the United States army,
+and Colonel McIntosh, Lieutenants Youman, Stewart, Nathaniel W.
+Hunter, Cuthbert, and Adjutant Joseph A. Phillips, of the Florida
+volunteers, of the officers of the medical staff. Special mention was
+made of Drs. Richard Weightman, Hamilton, Philip G. Randolph, and
+Brandon. The returns of the killed and wounded were as follows:</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="wounded">
+<tr><td colspan="4">REGULARS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Killed, 2 artificers and 2 privates</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align='right'>4</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wounded, 1 captain and 2 lieutenants</td><td align='right'>3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Two sergeants and 4 corporals</td><td align='right'>6</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Private soldiers</td><td align='right'>43</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>&mdash;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>52</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4">VOLUNTEERS.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wounded, Colonel Warren, Major Cooper, and Lieutenant Youman</td><td align='right'>3</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Private soldiers</td><td align='right'>4</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>&mdash;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='right'>&nbsp;&nbsp;59</td><td>= 63</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_93" id="Pg_93">{93}</a></span>Previous to and immediately after this engagement the Indians divided
+themselves into small parties for the purpose of devastating the
+country. They made their appearance simultaneously in the southern
+part of the peninsula as far north as Picolata and from the extreme
+east below St. Augustine to the west, carrying off everything that was
+useful to them and destroying the remainder. At New River, on the
+southeast side of the peninsula, they murdered the wife, children, and
+teacher in the family of Mr. Cooley, carrying off provisions and
+horses, and setting fire to the house on their departure.</p>
+
+<p>The settlements in that neighborhood were abandoned, the inhabitants
+taking refuge near the lighthouse on Cape Florida; but they had been
+there only a short time when, the Indians making their appearance,
+they were compelled to seek shelter and protection elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>The ruthless destruction of property and of lives on the east side of
+the peninsula was heartrending. Their principal ravages, however, were
+on the east side from St. Augustine to the south. Major Benjamin A.
+Putnam, with a small detachment of men, marched into this country with
+a view to drive the Indians away. He was met by an overpowering number
+of the savages, and forced to retreat. In fact, no part of the State
+seemed to be free from these murderous savages.</p>
+
+<p>General Clinch made requisitions on the Governors of Georgia, South
+Carolina, and Alabama to aid the Floridians in their unequal warfare
+with the savages. It was felt by the citizens of Florida that the
+Government at Washington showed great apathy, if not real
+indifference, to their condition. A meeting was <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_94" id="Pg_94">{94}</a></span>called in Charleston,
+S.C., early in January, for the purpose of aiding the people of
+Florida with men and means, but General Eustis informed the meeting
+that General Clinch had sufficient force and supplies under his
+command to subdue any number of Indians and negroes that could be
+brought to oppose him. On January 12th, intelligence having been
+received from General Clinch asking for six hundred men, the committee
+conferred with General Eustis and requested him to send a company of
+United States troops with arms and ammunition for the defense of St.
+Augustine. This was granted, and the citizens of Charleston chartered
+a steamboat and placed on board one thousand bushels of corn, one
+hundred barrels of flour, thirty barrels of beef, twenty barrels of
+pork, and ten tierces of rice. On January 20th another meeting was
+called to raise volunteers for Florida. The banks of Charleston
+subscribed twenty-five thousand dollars as a loan to the Government.
+The committee dispatched a schooner, loaded with corn, rice, bread,
+beef, pork, and military and hospital stores, and sent a physician to
+attend the sick.</p>
+
+<p>Four companies of volunteers were put in motion on the 27th for St.
+Augustine&mdash;viz., the Washington Light Infantry, Captain Ravenel;
+Washington Volunteers, Captain Finley; German Fusileers, Captain
+Timrod; and Hamburgh Volunteers, Captain Cunningham. These volunteer
+companies arrived at St. Augustine on January 30th, and were at once
+sent out to scour the country for hostile Indians; they were, however,
+relieved from duty on February 12th, on the arrival of the South
+Carolina militia and United States troops under Major Reynold Marvin
+Kirby. These troops were placed on the same duty <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_95" id="Pg_95">{95}</a></span>as their
+predecessors, but there was no engagement with the hostile Indians
+until the latter part of March. An instance of the chivalric spirit of
+the South Carolina volunteers is worthy of mention. On requisition of
+the Governor for three companies to be furnished for Florida, Colonel
+Chesnut, of Camden, called out his regiment. After telling them what
+was wanted, he requested those who desired to volunteer in defense of
+their suffering neighbors to step forward. The whole regiment marched
+forward and tendered their services. At the same time four thousand
+dollars were contributed for their equipment.</p>
+
+<p>On receipt of the intelligence of the Dade massacre in Savannah, a
+company of Georgia volunteers at once embarked for Picolata. A meeting
+of the Richmond Blues and Richmond Hussars, of Augusta, was called for
+the purpose of rendering aid. The city council appropriated the
+necessary funds to supply arms and ammunition. The ladies of Augusta
+volunteered to make the uniforms, and in less than a week these
+volunteers were on their way to Picolata. These companies were
+composed of the <i>&eacute;lite</i> of the city. Supplies of all kinds were sent
+by Mayor Joseph Beard to Fort Drane and the posts on the St. John's,
+which were poorly equipped with ordnance and quartermaster's stores.
+He also sent a six-pounder cannon with necessary equipments of grape,
+canister, and round shot, ten thousand rounds of musket ball and
+buckshot cartridges, and a general supply of needful articles. Further
+supplies were drawn on their arrival at Picolata.</p>
+
+<p>This action of Quartermaster Beard was most fortunate, as it was found
+that the military posts, by the neglect of the War Department or its
+subalterns, had <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_96" id="Pg_96">{96}</a></span>been reduced to such an extremity that in case of
+attack they must necessarily have been shorn of the means of defense,
+and would have fallen into the hands of the enemy. Nothing but the
+timely arrival of supplies saved these posts from destruction.</p>
+
+<p>There were no means of transportation at Picolata, and the
+quartermaster procured horses at Jacksonville for the purpose of
+forwarding one of the six-pounders to Fort Drane. Four of the horses
+on arrival were found unfit for service, but, fortunately, General
+John M. Hernandez was able to furnish ten chicken carts, and the
+quartermaster was authorized to make impressments for transportation.
+The Richmond Blues, one hundred and twelve strong, with the Camden and
+Glynn mounted volunteers, numbering twenty-seven, and the Darien
+Infantry of about thirty, under command of Captains Robertson, R.
+Floyd, and Thomas S. Bryant respectively, took up line of march as an
+escort to the two six-pounders, ordnance stores, twenty-five wagons
+and carts laden with provisions, and passed through the heart of the
+enemy's country, arriving on February 15th, without obstruction, at
+the garrison of Fort Drane.</p>
+
+<p>Supplies under the same escort were at once forwarded to Fort King.
+Subsequently the following-named companies of Georgia volunteers
+arrived in Florida: The Hancock Blues, Captain A.S. Brown; State
+Fencibles, Captain J.A. Merriwether; Macon Volunteers, Captain Isaac
+Seymour; Morgan Guards, Captain N.G. Foster; Monroe Musketeers,
+Captain John Cureton; Washington Cavalry, Captain C.J. Malone; Baldwin
+Cavalry, Captain W.F. Scott. Major Ross, with several companies of
+mounted men from Georgia, arrived later, but owing to the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_97" id="Pg_97">{97}</a></span>advanced
+season, much to their disappointment, did not enter the field.</p>
+
+<p>Going back to January 15th, General Edmund Pendleton Gaines, who was
+on a tour of inspection through the Western Department, first heard of
+the troubles in Florida, and at once called on the Governor of
+Louisiana and requested him to hold in readiness a body of volunteers
+for service in subduing the Seminole Indians.</p>
+
+<p>He also wrote to the adjutant general at Washington, urging that no
+time be lost in succoring the troops in Florida, and saying, from his
+knowledge of the Seminole character, that at least four thousand men
+would be required to subdue them, protected and aided by a strong
+naval force.</p>
+
+<p>At that time the United States was divided into two military
+departments by a line drawn from the southern part of Florida to the
+northwestern extremity of Lake Superior. The Eastern Department was
+under the command of General Winfield Scott, and the Western under
+that of General Gaines, and by reference to a map it will be seen that
+the line passed directly through the theater of hostilities in
+Florida. The meeting of these two distinguished generals was purely
+accidental. General Scott was in Washington when the news was received
+of General Clinch's engagement with the Seminoles. After dispatching
+his letter to the adjutant general, General Gaines proceeded to
+Pensacola for the purpose of getting the co-operation of the naval
+forces at that station. He found, however, that Commodores Dallas and
+Bolton and Captain Webb had received orders to direct their attention
+to the inlets of Florida, whence they had sailed. He received here the
+most alarming <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_98" id="Pg_98">{98}</a></span>intelligence of the state of affairs in Florida. He
+proceeded to Mobile on January 18th, and there learned that Fort
+Brooke was invested by the Indians and the garrison in great danger of
+being cut off and slaughtered. He at once sent an express to General
+Clinch, supposed to be at Fort King, stating that he would arrive at
+Fort Brooke about February 8th with seven hundred men, and requested
+General Clinch to take the field and march southward and form a
+junction with him at Fort Brooke.</p>
+
+<p>As the crisis demanded immediate action, and General Scott being
+present to receive the instructions of the Government in person, he
+was charged with the direction of the campaign without regard to
+department boundaries. General Gaines had left his headquarters at
+Memphis, Tenn., on a tour of inspection through his department, and it
+was very uncertain when or where the orders and instructions of the
+Government would reach him; and as the immediate services of an
+officer of high rank of mind and discreet judgment were required to
+maintain the neutrality of the United States during the war between
+the Texans and Mexicans, General Gaines was selected for that
+important duty. However, the official dispatches did not reach General
+Gaines until he had already taken the field in Florida and marched
+from Fort Brooke to Fort King, within ninety-five miles of where
+General Scott had established his headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>In pursuance of this plan, Lieutenant-Colonel David E. Twiggs was
+ordered to receive into service the eight companies of volunteers
+requested of the Governor of Louisiana, adding them to the command of
+such regular troops as might be in the vicinity of<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_99" id="Pg_99">{99}</a></span> New Orleans, all
+to be held in readiness for a movement to Tampa Bay. The troops were
+mustered into service on February 3d. General Gaines having arrived in
+New Orleans on January 27th, chartered three steamers to convey the
+troops and stores. The Legislature of Louisiana had appropriated
+eighty-five thousand dollars for the equipment of her volunteers, and
+on February 4th the chartered steamers, with the Louisiana volunteers
+and one company of regulars, were under way, and on the same day
+another steamer, with Colonel Twiggs and Companies B, E, G, H, I, and
+K of the regulars, left New Orleans. The vessels arrived safely at
+Hillsboro Bay, four miles distant from the garrison, on February 8th,
+9th, and 10th, and the troops were immediately disembarked and camped
+just outside of the fort.</p>
+
+<p>The fort was a triangular work formed by pickets with blockhouses at
+the apex, the base resting on the bay and flanked on the west by
+Hillsboro River. It was found that there were at the fort about two
+hundred regular troops, composed of Companies A, B, C, and H of the
+Second Artillery, and Company A of the Fourth Infantry, with Majors
+Francis S. Belton, Richard Augustus Zantzinger, and John Mountford,
+Lieutenants John Breckenridge Grayson, Samuel McKenzie, John Charles
+Casey, Thomas C. Legate, Edwin Wright Morgan, Augustus Porter Allen,
+and Benjamin Alvord, and Surgeons Henry Lee Heiskell and Reynolds.
+Major Belton was the commanding officer of the post.</p>
+
+<p>General Gaines, having received instructions at Pensacola from the
+Secretary of War to repair and take charge of the forces which were
+assembling on the Mexican frontier, announced the fact to Colonel<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_100" id="Pg_100">{100}</a></span>
+Twiggs; but the troops, on hearing this, manifested great
+dissatisfaction, and insisted that as they had volunteered to go under
+the command of General Gaines, he in good faith should be their
+leader. Following is the text of the letter of the Secretary of War to
+General Gaines:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">War Department, Washington</span>, <i>January 23, 1835</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I am instructed by the President to request that you
+will repair to some proper position near the western frontier of the
+State of Louisiana, and there assume the personal command of all the
+troops of the United States which are or may be employed in any part
+of the region adjoining the Mexican boundary.</p>
+
+<p>"It is not the intention of this order to change at all the
+relations between yourself and the military departments under your
+command, to require your personal presence at a point where public
+considerations demand the exercise of great discretion and
+prudence...."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The pressure not only from the troops in the field but from outside
+sources was so great that General Gaines felt it his duty to enter the
+field. Besides, that was thought a propitious time to begin active
+operations, as the day before the arrival of the Louisiana troops the
+friendly Indians had engaged the hostiles in a battle about four miles
+from Fort Brooke. Although at this date, as before mentioned, General
+Scott in Washington had been ordered to assume command in Florida,
+General Gaines was entirely ignorant of such order.</p>
+
+<p>Orders were accordingly issued assigning officers to their respective
+duties. Captain Ethan A. Hitchcock,<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_101" id="Pg_101">{101}</a></span> First Infantry, was announced
+Assistant Inspector General of the Department, and Lieutenant James
+Farley Izard, of the Dragoons, to be Acting Brigade Major. The
+artillery and infantry of the United States army, together with the
+Louisiana volunteer forces under Adjutant-General Persifor F. Smith,
+were to constitute "the light brigade." (Here is an instance of a
+staff officer being assigned to command troops.) The whole force to be
+under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel David E. Twiggs, Fourth
+Infantry.</p>
+
+<p>The Louisiana volunteers were divided into two battalions, the first
+composed of the companies of Captains Burt, Lee, Williams, Rogers, and
+Thistle, under Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Lawson, Surgeon. (Here is
+another case of a staff officer and surgeon ordered to the command of
+troops.) The second battalion was composed of the companies of
+Captains Samuel F. Marks, William H. Ker, Magee, Smith, Abadie, and
+Barr, under Major Marks, the regiment to be commanded by Colonel
+Persifor F. Smith. Orders for marching were issued on the 13th, the
+troops to be supplied with forty rounds of ammunition and ten days'
+rations, five of which were to be carried in haversacks. During the
+Florida campaign the only articles drawn by the private volunteer
+soldiers were bread or flour, pork or beef, while only a few drew
+salt, sugar, and coffee. Major Richard M. Sands, of the Fourth
+Infantry, and Captain Barr's company of volunteers, amounting in all
+to one hundred and sixty men, were detailed for the protection of the
+fort, under command of Major Sands.</p>
+
+<p>The army marched in three columns, equidistant one hundred yards, with
+a strong advance and rear <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_102" id="Pg_102">{102}</a></span>guard. The center column was composed of
+one company of volunteers as advance guard, under command of Brigade
+Major Izard. Seven companies of United States artillery and infantry,
+under command of Lieutenant-Colonel William Sewell Foster; the baggage
+train, led by Captain Samuel Shannon; six companies of Louisiana
+volunteers as rear guard, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Lawson.
+Right column: Four companies of artillery acting as light infantry,
+under command of Major Belton. Left column: Four companies of
+Louisiana volunteers, under command of Major Marks. The entire command
+consisted of nine hundred and eighty effective men, exclusive of the
+detachment under Major Sands, which, added to the force, would make it
+eleven hundred and forty men.</p>
+
+<p>The Quartermaster's Department at the post was in a very bad
+condition, destitute of nearly everything that was necessary for the
+comfort of the troops. There was great scarcity of ordnance stores,
+but, happily, an abundant supply of subsistence stores.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_103" id="Pg_103">{103}</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">Review of the army by General Gaines&mdash;Arrival of General Gaines at
+Fort King&mdash;Lieutenant Izard mortally wounded&mdash;Correspondence between
+General Gaines and Clinch&mdash;General Scott ordered to command in
+Florida&mdash;Disadvantages under which he labored&mdash;Preparations for
+movements&mdash;Commencement of hostilities against the Indians.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Gaines reviewed the army on February 13th, and, accompanied by
+seventy-seven friendly Indians, took up line of march toward the
+Alafia River, to which point he learned that the hostile Indians had
+gone. The march was made under many difficulties, the horses of the
+baggage train breaking down and necessitating the loss of valuable
+articles of camp equipage. Near dark they encamped six miles from Fort
+Brooke. The next day they arrived at Warren, on the Alafia River,
+eighteen miles from the fort, and received two days' rations, which
+General Gaines had ordered sent around from Fort Brooke by water.
+Discovering no traces of Indians, he directed the march toward the
+grounds where Major Dade and his party were massacred. The boats
+having arrived at Fort Brooke with the sick and disabled and all
+superfluous baggage, the army moved in the direction of a deserted
+Indian village, passing the ruins of many fine plantations, and struck
+the military road near the Hillsboro River.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_104" id="Pg_104">{104}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the 17th they arrived at the river and halted. On the 18th, after
+burning two deserted Indian villages near the Big Ouithlacoochee
+River, the friendly Indians accompanying the expedition requested
+permission to return to Fort Brooke. General Gaines assured them that
+there was no danger to be apprehended; that he only required them to
+act as scouts and guides, and that they were not expected to go into
+battle.</p>
+
+<p>The Ouithlacoochee was forded on the 19th, and that night a breastwork
+was thrown up on the ground which had been occupied by the ill-fated
+party of Major Dade. At daybreak of the 20th they resumed their march,
+and buried on their way the remains of Major Dade and Captain Frazier
+and eight other officers, and ninety-eight noncommissioned officers
+and privates.</p>
+
+<p>It now became a question of importance whether to continue the march
+to Fort King, which post was thought to be besieged by the enemy, or
+to return to Fort Brooke. To Fort Brooke it was sixty-five miles, and
+to Fort King forty miles north. A large number of the volunteers were
+destitute of provisions. It would require five days to reach Fort
+Brooke, and but two to reach Fort King.</p>
+
+<p>It having been reported at Fort Brooke that Fort King was assailed by
+the Indians and in danger of being cut off, and this opinion being
+strengthened by the noncompliance of General Clinch with the request
+of General Gaines to co-operate with him, it became General Gaines's
+duty to ascertain the cause. A large number of General Gaines's troops
+were in a destitute condition, and the senior assistant quartermaster,
+Captain Shannon, had a letter from the<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_105" id="Pg_105">{105}</a></span> Quartermaster General at
+Washington, dated January 19th, which stated that large supplies of
+provisions had been ordered from New York to Fort King. With these
+facts before him, General Gaines determined to move to Fort King,
+where he could ascertain the position of the enemy and at the same
+time strengthen the garrison.</p>
+
+<p>The army under General Gaines arrived at Fort King on February 22d.
+Finding the post poorly supplied with subsistence, he dispatched
+Lieutenant-Colonel Foster, with an escort of the Fourth Infantry, to
+proceed to Fort Drane, twenty-two miles distant, where General Clinch
+was stationed with four companies of artillery and one of infantry and
+two companies of volunteers, and endeavored to get a supply of
+provisions. The detachment returned on the 24th with seven days'
+supplies. Here for the first time General Gaines was informed that
+General Scott was in command in Florida, and that he was then at
+Picolata organizing forces and gathering supplies.</p>
+
+<p>General Gaines then determined that he could not remain at Fort King,
+as supplies were being exhausted as fast as they came in, and that to
+remain there would necessarily embarrass the operations of General
+Scott. It was also evident that the enemy would not be found by
+retracing his march to Fort Brooke, but that by moving by the battle
+ground of General Clinch, even should he not succeed in meeting the
+enemy, the mere presence of a large force would perhaps tend to
+concentrate him, and thus give security to the frontier and enable the
+inhabitants to give attention to planting their crops. Besides, he
+would find supplies at Fort Brooke, and on <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_106" id="Pg_106">{106}</a></span>his arrival the command of
+Colonel Lindsay would be strengthened.</p>
+
+<p>The army, being provided with two days' rations, moved out on the
+27th, and arriving at the river, a halt was called, the baggage train
+being under protection of the rear guard, while General Gaines, with
+the main column and artillery, moved forward for the purpose of making
+a reconnoissance preparatory to crossing. Finding the river too deep
+to ford at the point reached, General Gaines and Colonel Smith made an
+attempt to cross about two hundred and fifty yards higher up. Reaching
+a small island in the middle of the river, a sharp fire was opened
+upon them, accompanied by the Indian war-whoop.</p>
+
+<p>The troops returned the fire, and the field piece under Lieutenant
+Grayson was brought into action, which quickly silenced the war-whoop.
+The engagement lasted about three quarters of an hour, during which
+one volunteer was killed and seven wounded. General Clinch's old
+breastwork was enlarged and occupied by the troops during the night.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 28th the line was again formed, and after a
+circuitous march the army arrived at the crossing place. James Farley
+Izard, a first lieutenant of dragoons, being on leave of absence,
+volunteered his services to General Gaines, was assigned to duty as
+brigade major, and was about forming the guard when the sharp crack of
+a rifle and the war-whoop gave notice of the presence of the enemy.
+His horse had received a bullet in his neck. When he dismounted he
+proceeded to the bank of the river, when a ball from the enemy entered
+his left eye. He said to the men, "Keep your positions and lie close."
+He died in a few days from <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_107" id="Pg_107">{107}</a></span>the effect of the wound. A desultory fight
+was kept up from nine in the morning until one o'clock in the
+afternoon, when the enemy withdrew. The troops threw up breastworks,
+inside of which they encamped for the night. Captain William G.
+Sanders, commanding the friendly Indians, was severely wounded.
+Captain Armstrong, of the United States transport schooner Motto, was
+wounded, and a soldier of Captain Croghan Ker's company of Louisiana
+volunteers was killed. General Gaines sent an express to General
+Clinch asking his co-operation by crossing the river eight or ten
+miles above and coming down on the enemy's rear. He notified General
+Clinch that he would not move from his position until he heard from
+him, and requested to be furnished with needed subsistence. The
+dispatch arrived on the following morning, and General Clinch sent it
+forward to General Scott at Picolata.</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th, orders were issued for one third of the command to remain
+on duty inside of the encampment, while another third was engaged in
+strengthening the defenses. A detachment of two hundred Louisiana
+volunteers under command of Captain Thistle, an expert marksman, was
+detailed for the erection of a blockhouse near the river, while others
+were engaged in preparing canoes and rafts. Everything was quiet until
+ten o'clock, when a fire was opened by the Indians on the working
+parties and on three sides of the camp. The Indians were concealed in
+the palmettoes, about two hundred yards distant. They set fire to the
+grass and palmettoes, but a sudden shift of the wind carried the fire
+in their direction. The firing lasted about two hours, when the
+Indians retired. Captain Thistle and party <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_108" id="Pg_108">{108}</a></span>returned to camp without
+having sustained any loss. The firing was renewed by the Indians about
+four o'clock in the afternoon, but soon subsided. The loss in General
+Gaines's camp was one noncommissioned officer of artillery killed, and
+thirty-two officers, noncommissioned officers, and privates wounded.
+General Gaines received a painful wound in the mouth. Lieutenant James
+Duncan, Second Artillery, Mr. W. Potter, secretary to General Gaines,
+and Lieutenant Ephraim Smith, of the Louisiana volunteers, were
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p>General Gaines now sent another dispatch by some friendly Indians to
+General Clinch asking him to march his forces direct to Camp Izard
+instead of crossing above. He also asked for some mounted men and one
+or two field pieces with a sufficient supply of ammunition. General
+Gaines regarded this as a most favorable opportunity to attack the
+Indians while they were concentrated, and he thought that with such
+re-enforcements as he asked, and a supply of provisions, he could end
+the war in ten days. He had notified General Clinch, on February 28th,
+that he would make no sortie nor would he move from his position until
+he heard from General Clinch. In his second letter to General Clinch
+he wrote: "Being fully satisfied that I am in the neighborhood of the
+principal body of Indians, and that they are now concentrated, I must
+suggest to you the expediency of an immediate co-operation with the
+forces under your command. I have only to repeat my determination not
+to move from my position or make a sortie until I hear from you, as it
+would only tend to disperse the enemy, and we should then have
+difficulty in finding them."<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_109" id="Pg_109">{109}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>If General Gaines had made an attack he would certainly have lost one
+or two hundred men. He had no transportation to convey the wounded,
+and was short of supplies, as his whole train consisted of one wagon
+and two carts. Had he made an attack and routed the enemy, he had no
+means of following them, and his victory would have been barren of
+results. The Indians made another attack on March 1st, and renewed it
+on the next day. These attacks were repeated daily until the 5th, when
+they sent <ins class="correction" title="text reads 'forrward'">forward</ins> their interpreter, who wanted to know if
+Colonel Twiggs was in command, and saying they did not want to
+continue the war, but to shake hands and be friends. He was told to
+come at nine o'clock the next morning with a white flag. On Sunday
+morning, March 6th, Assiola and Colonel Hago, with others, appeared
+for a talk. Major Barron, Captain Marks, and others met them. They
+said they wanted to stop fighting; that they had taken up arms against
+the whites because they had been badly treated; that the whites had
+killed many of their men; that they would stop the war if the whites
+were withdrawn, and would not cross the river.</p>
+
+<p>Major Barron replied that he would communicate what they said to
+General Gaines. Jumper asked if Colonel Twiggs was in camp. He was
+answered in the affirmative, but was told that General Gaines was in
+command. General Gaines directed Captain Hitchcock, of his staff,
+accompanied by Captain Marks, Dr. Harrall, and others, to confer with
+Jumper. On meeting Jumper he expressed a desire to see General Gaines,
+and said they would like to consult their governor, Miconopy, who was
+then some distance off. The Indians insisted on seeing General Gaines,
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_110" id="Pg_110">{110}</a></span>and they were informed that he was ready to meet Miconopy, their
+governor. Nothing definite having been settled, they retired. At a
+subsequent meeting the Seminoles agreed to give up their arms and
+cease hostilities, and meet the commissioners again for a general
+treaty.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime General Gaines was re-enforced by Georgia troops,
+under command of Captains Edward B. Robinson and Bones, the Florida
+mounted militia, under command of Captain McLemore, and some regulars,
+under Captains Charles Myron Thruston and Graham, the whole under the
+command of General Clinch. They also brought beef cattle and other
+much-needed supplies. The Indians appeared again with a white flag and
+asked to confer with General Gaines, but were told that they must
+bring their governor, Miconopy, with whom General Gaines would confer.</p>
+
+<p>General Gaines now turned over the command of the army to General
+Clinch, and on Thursday, the 10th, the army moved in the direction of
+Fort Drane. General Gaines left for Tallahassee and Mobile, and was
+the recipient of great attention by the citizens of those places.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the situation when, on January 20, 1836, General Scott was
+ordered to take command of the army in Florida, which had been
+increased to twelve hundred regulars, besides volunteers, by the time
+he arrived there. He left Washington the day after receiving his
+orders and arrived at Picolata, on the St. John's River, and on
+February 22d issued orders forming the army into three divisions. The
+troops on the west bank of the St. John's River were placed under
+command of General Clinch, and constituted <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_111" id="Pg_111">{111}</a></span>the right wing of the
+army. Those on the east bank of the St. John's River, under
+Brigadier-General Abram Eustis, constituted the left wing, and those
+at Tampa Bay, under Colonel William Lindsay, constituted the center.
+General Scott had been authorized to ask for volunteers from the
+States of Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, and the Territory of
+Florida. Among other instructions given the general was the following:
+In consequence of representations from Florida that measures would
+probably be taken to transmit the slaves captured by the Indians to
+the Havana, orders were given the navy to prevent such proceedings,
+and General Scott was directed "to allow no pacification with the
+Indians while a slave belonging to a white man remained in their
+possession." There were a great many negroes among the Indians. In the
+band that massacred Major Dade and his command there were sixty-three
+of them mounted in one company. The negroes and Indians of mixed
+African and Indian blood were the most cruel members of the tribe.</p>
+
+<p>Re-enforcements of militia were soon added to the army. The great
+disadvantages under which Scott labored necessarily delayed his
+movements until a late period. He found the quartermaster's department
+very deficient, and had the greatest difficulty in transporting
+supplies to Fort Drane. His supplies of ordnance were very limited,
+and the greater part of those on hand were unfit for use. To penetrate
+a country like Florida, filled with swamps, morasses, and almost
+impenetrable hammocks, required much preparation and labor. There was
+no chain of posts or settlements through the country, and the army was
+compelled to carry a heavy load of provisions <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_112" id="Pg_112">{112}</a></span>and ordnance. To
+increase the difficulties, heavy rains had fallen which made the roads
+almost impassable. General Scott arrived at Fort Drane on March 13,
+1836, with a very small force. Believing the enemy to be concentrated
+at or near the forks of Ouithlacoochee River, he adopted the following
+plan of operations:</p>
+
+<p>The Florida army to constitute three divisions, to be known as the
+right, center, and left wings; the center being composed of Alabama
+volunteers, three companies of Louisiana volunteers, and two companies
+of United States artillery, amounting to twelve hundred and fifty men,
+to be commanded by Colonel William Lindsay. To move from Fort Brooke
+and take position at or near Chicuchatty, on March 25th. Signal guns
+to be fired each day thereafter at 9 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> to announce
+position. The right wing, composed of a battalion of Augusta
+volunteers under Acting Major Robertson; a battalion of Georgia
+volunteers under Major Mark A. Cooper; Major John M. Douglass, Georgia
+Cavalry; eleven companies of Louisiana volunteers, under Colonel
+Persifor F. Smith; Florida Rangers, under Major McLemore; the
+regulars, under Colonel James Bankhead; and Captain Clifton Wharton's
+company of Dragoons&mdash;in all amounting to about two thousand men, to be
+commanded by General Clinch. This wing to move from Fort Drane and be
+in position near Camp Izard, on the Ouithlacoochee River, between
+March 26th and 28th. Signal guns to be fired at 11 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> The
+left wing, composed of the South Carolina volunteers, under Colonel
+Abbott H. Brisbane; mounted volunteers, under Colonels Goodwyn and
+Butler&mdash;amounting to about fourteen hundred men&mdash;to be <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_113" id="Pg_113">{113}</a></span>commanded by
+General Abram Eustis. This wing to move from Volusia and take position
+at or near Pilaklakaha on March 27th. Signal guns to be fired at ten
+o'clock each day.</p>
+
+<p>Each wing to be composed of three columns, a center protected by a
+strong van and rear guard. The baggage train to be placed in the rear
+of the main column. The center and left wings, on assuming their
+respective positions, will fire signal guns, which will be responded
+to by the right wing. The right wing will then move up the cove or
+great swamp of the Ouithlacoochee in a southeast direction and drive
+the Indians south, while the center will advance to the north and the
+left to the west, by which united movement the Indians will be
+surrounded and left no avenue of escape. The operations of the army
+will be supported by the naval forces under Commodore Alfred J.
+Dallas, protecting the western coast of the peninsula, to cut off
+retreat and supplies.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Lindsay, commanding the center wing, arrived at Fort Brooke
+with eight companies of Alabama volunteers on March 6th, where he
+found a battalion of Florida troops, commanded by Major Read, and on
+the 10th was joined by one company of Louisiana volunteers, under
+command of Captain George H. Marks.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th he discovered fires to the southeast, and it was soon
+reported that a large body of Indians was encamped a few miles
+distant. Colonel Lindsay directed Major Leigh Read with his battalion
+to make a reconnoissance in the direction of the Indians. Major Read
+moved during the night, and coming upon the Indians at daylight,
+surprised them and put them to flight with a loss of three killed and
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_114" id="Pg_114">{114}</a></span>six taken prisoners. He also secured a quantity of camp equipage and
+some beef cattle.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Lindsay, not hearing from headquarters, determined to proceed
+as far as Hillsboro River and erect a stockade so as to place his
+supplies nearer to the scene of operations. This object having been
+effected, he left Major Read in charge of the fort, which he had named
+Fort Alabama, and returned to Fort Brooke on the 21st. During his
+absence dispatches were received from General Scott announcing the
+plan of campaign, and requesting Colonel Lindsay to be in position at
+Chicuchatty on March 25th. Major Read having been relieved, the line
+of march was taken up. The column being fired on by the Indians and
+several soldiers killed and wounded, Colonel Lindsay ordered a charge,
+which was executed by Captains Benham and Blount, commanding Alabama
+volunteers, and the Indians were driven from their covert into a pine
+woods.</p>
+
+<p>On March 28th, three days after the time mentioned in the orders, this
+command was in position at Camp Broadnax, near Chicuchatty, in
+pursuance of General Scott's orders. The country over which they had
+marched was hilly, and in many places there were dense forests which
+retarded their movements, though the late period at which Colonel
+Lindsay received his orders would have prevented his arrival at the
+time specified in them. No censure can be attributed to General Scott
+for the delay, as it was impossible under the circumstances for him to
+have matured his plans earlier.</p>
+
+<p>General Eustis, commanding the left wing, arrived at St. Augustine on
+February 15th, and at once established a chain of posts at intervals
+of from ten to <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_115" id="Pg_115">{115}</a></span>twenty miles, extending along the Atlantic coast as
+far south as the Mosquito Inlet, in order to drive off the bands of
+depredators and to give protection to the plantations. Colonel
+Goodwyn's mounted South Carolina volunteers having arrived on March
+9th, the several detachments of the left wing, with the exception of
+Colonel Pierce M. Butler's battalion and two companies of artillery
+under Major Reynold M. Kirby, were put in motion for Volusia, where
+they arrived on March 21st after encountering great difficulties,
+being compelled to cut the road nearly the whole distance. On the 22d
+they began crossing the St. John's River. When the vanguard,
+consisting of two companies under Captains Adams and T.S. Tripp, had
+reached the opposite shore they were attacked by about fifty Indians
+who were concealed in a hammock. Being re-enforced by George Henry and
+Hibler's companies, they charged the enemy and drove him. Two
+companies of mounted men were crossed above with a view of cutting off
+the retreat of the Indians, but they were too late. The loss in this
+battle was three killed and nine wounded. On the 24th, Lieutenant
+Ripley A. Arnold, with twenty-seven mounted men, was sent in quest of
+Colonel Butler and his command, who had not joined the main command,
+he having marched in the direction of New Smyrna. This detachment fell
+in with a party of twelve or fifteen Indians who gave battle. Two of
+the Indians were killed, and Lieutenant Arnold, having his horse shot,
+ordered a retreat, for which he was severely censured. The whole force
+of General Eustis's command being now concentrated on the west side of
+the St. John's River, opposite to Volusia, orders were issued to
+distribute <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_116" id="Pg_116">{116}</a></span>thirteen days' rations, and the line of march to be taken
+up for Pilaklakaha, leaving the sick and wounded with two companies of
+Colonel Brisbane's regiment at Volusia, under command of Major William
+Gates, United States army. The roads being bad, they were unable to
+march more than seven miles in two days. On the 29th they reached the
+Ocklawaha, and, constructing a bridge, crossed over after sundown and
+discovered fires on the margin of Lake Eustis, which they supposed to
+be signals of the Indians. Colonel Butler, with a small command,
+accompanied by General Joseph Shelton, who was serving as a private
+soldier, moved in the direction of the fires and discovered four
+Indians, who at once retreated. One of these Indians, Chief Yaha Hayo,
+was killed, while the others made their escape. On the 30th Colonel
+Goodwyn was sent forward to reconnoiter, and when near Pilaklakaha was
+attacked by Indians, having three men and several horses wounded.
+Colonel Robert H. Goodwyn was soon re-enforced by General Eustis, and
+a battle ensued lasting nearly an hour. The Indians were driven into
+the swamp. On March 31st an express was sent to Scott for information
+and for the purpose of obtaining forage. A signal gun was fired on the
+following morning after their arrival, but not answered.</p>
+
+<p>The right wing having assembled at Fort Drane, General Scott ordered
+General Clinch to put his troops in motion on March 25th and take
+position on the Ouithlacoochee; but a heavy rain prevented the
+movement until the morning of March 26th. General Clinch sent forward
+two flatboats drawn on wagons to await the arrival of the troops at
+the river. The movement was begun by Major Douglass with his <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_117" id="Pg_117">{117}</a></span>mounted
+Georgians. The order of march was in three columns: the center, with
+the baggage train, headed by General Clinch, the right consisting of
+the Louisiana volunteers, under command of Colonel Persifor F. Smith,
+joined the line at Camp Smith, and the left, commanded by Colonel
+Bankhert, joined by Lieutenant Colonel William S. Foster's battalion
+of United States troops at Camp Twiggs, General Scott and staff with
+an escort of dragoons taking position in the center. Colonel Gadsden
+was appointed quartermaster general for Florida, and acting inspector
+general. When nine miles from Fort Drane information reached the army
+that some volunteers left in charge of a broken-down team had been
+attacked by the Indians and one man killed. On March 28th the column
+reached the Ouithlacoochee and encamped near Fort Izard. The river
+bank was occupied by sharpshooters and two pieces of artillery to
+protect the crossing. Foster Blodget, of the Richmond Blues of
+Augusta, Ga., swam the river and attached a rope to a tree on the
+opposite shore and planted the flag of his command. The whole command
+was passed over, but the rear division was fired upon by the Indians,
+who were quickly repulsed by the six-pounders. On the morning of March
+30th a party of Indians was encountered, charged upon, and routed, and
+the same party were next day met and driven into the swamp. The column
+proceeded on its march and arrived at Tampa Bay on April 5th. They
+here learned that Colonel Lindsay had preceded them one day, being
+obliged to return for necessary subsistence.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that the center, being under Colonel Lindsay,
+took position at Camp Broadnax, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_118" id="Pg_118">{118}</a></span>near Chicuchatty, on March 28th. They
+were fired on by the Indians, but succeeded in driving them off. As
+his supplies had run short and the original plan of the campaign had
+been defeated, Colonel Lindsay returned with his command to Fort
+Brooke, arriving there April 4th. When Colonel Lindsay reached Fort
+Alabama, near the Hillsboro River, he learned that the post had been
+attacked on the morning of March 27th by three or four hundred
+Indians, who surrounded the breastwork and continued the attack for
+two hours, when they were repulsed with a loss of fifteen. The
+garrison lost one man killed and two wounded. General Eustis, for the
+same reasons which moved Colonel Lindsay, marched on April 2d from
+Pilaklakaha and encamped about sixteen miles from Fort Brooke,
+reporting to General Scott.</p>
+
+<p>The whole army being now concentrated at or near Fort Brooke, the plan
+for a new campaign was discussed. They had found but small parties of
+the Indians in the cove or swamp region, and it was thought that they
+had gone to the southern part of the Florida peninsula and concealed
+themselves in the Everglades.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott ordered Colonel Smith, of the Louisiana volunteers, to
+proceed by water to Charlotte Harbor and move north, while Colonel
+Goodwyn, with the South Carolina mounted men, was ordered to the lake
+at the head of Pease's Creek for the purpose of driving the Indians
+down. Having destroyed a large unoccupied Indian village on the left
+bank of that stream, and finding no Indians, the command returned to
+Hillsboro River and joined the left wing.</p>
+
+<p>The Louisiana troops left Fort Brooke on April<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_119" id="Pg_119">{119}</a></span> 10th and arrived at
+Pease's Creek on the 17th. They moved forward at once, but the weather
+was oppressive and the men were broken down by previous marches; many
+of them being destitute of shoes and other clothing, it was found
+necessary to return to camp. Out of over seven hundred Louisiana
+troops who had volunteered in January and entered the field the
+beginning of the next month, but one hundred and thirty were now left
+fit for duty. With these, however, and a small detachment of marines
+from the United States vessels in that vicinity, Colonel Smith
+determined to proceed. He embarked with one half of his command in
+canoes, the others proceeding by land. Meeting no Indians, he returned
+to Fort Brooke on April 27th, when the Louisiana troops were ordered
+to New Orleans to be mustered out of service. Colonel Smith proceeded
+to St. Mark's and reported to General Scott.</p>
+
+<p>The right wing having remained at Tampa Bay from April 5th to the
+13th, General Scott issued orders to General Clinch to move toward
+Fort Drane, and, after relieving Major Cooper, to co-operate with
+Colonel Lindsay, who had left Fort Brooke about the same time, for the
+purpose of penetrating the cove in a different direction from that
+pursued by the right wing on its march to Tampa, and to penetrate the
+forks of the Ouithlacoochee.</p>
+
+<p>While Colonel Lindsay was engaged in constructing a defensive work on
+the military road near Big Ouithlacoochee, General Clinch encamped
+near Fort Cooper and dispatched some cavalry under Captain Malone to
+relieve the garrison, with instructions that should he meet the enemy,
+he was to advise General Clinch at once. When about three miles
+distant <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_120" id="Pg_120">{120}</a></span>from the main body the Indians opened fire and at once
+retreated. The hammock was penetrated and searched, but no Indians
+were found.</p>
+
+<p>Major Cooper was attacked by a large body of Indians and besieged for
+thirteen days. His loss was one man killed and twenty wounded. The
+Indians not having been found in any large numbers, the two wings
+separated, the center returning to Fort Brooke and the right to Fort
+King, where they arrived April 25th.</p>
+
+<p>After the arrival of Colonel Goodwyn's mounted regiment, the left
+wing, accompanied by General Scott, took up line of march on the 18th
+for Volusia. A small party of Indians was encountered, but they fled
+and secreted themselves in a hammock. General Eustis's command arrived
+at Volusia on the evening of the 25th, and on the 28th all the
+volunteers from South Carolina marched to St. Augustine and were
+mustered out. On the arrival of Colonel Lindsay at Fort Brooke he was
+directed by General Scott to relieve the garrison at Fort Alabama, and
+disband the Alabama volunteers, leaving only regulars there.</p>
+
+<p>They were attacked by the Indians with a loss of four killed and
+nineteen wounded. General Scott, accompanied by Colonel Gadsden,
+Captain Augustus Canfield, and Lieutenant Johnson, with a detachment
+of seventeen men, embarked in a steamboat at Volusia for the purpose
+of penetrating by the St. John's River the south part of the peninsula
+and selecting a site nearer to the seat of war as a depot for
+supplies. They proceeded to the head of Lake Monroe, but the boat was
+unable to pass the bar and they were compelled to return.</p>
+
+<p>In his report of April 30th General Scott says:<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_121" id="Pg_121">{121}</a></span> "To end this war, I
+am now persuaded that not less than three thousand troops are
+indispensable&mdash;two thousand four hundred infantry and six hundred
+horse, the country to be occupied and scoured requiring that number."
+He further recommended that two or three steamers with a light draught
+of water, and fifty or sixty barges capable of carrying from ten to
+fifteen men each, be employed, but did not ask for the control of the
+operations he recommended, saying it was an honor he would neither
+solicit nor decline.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_122" id="Pg_122">{122}</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">Scott prefers complaint against General Jesup&mdash;Court of inquiry
+ordered by the President&mdash;Scott fully exonerated by the
+court&mdash;Complaints of citizens&mdash;Difficulties of the campaign&mdash;Speech in
+Congress of Hon. Richard Biddle&mdash;Scott declines an invitation to a
+dinner in New York city&mdash;Resolutions of the subscribers&mdash;Scott is
+ordered to take charge of and remove the Cherokee Indians&mdash;Orders
+issued to troops and address to the Indians&mdash;Origin of the Cherokee
+Indian troubles&mdash;Collision threatened between Maine and New Brunswick,
+and Scott sent there&mdash;Correspondence with Lieutenant-Governor
+Harvey&mdash;Seizure of Navy Island by Van Rensselaer&mdash;Governor Marcy.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Scott had, a short time previous to the events just narrated,
+complained to the War Department of disobedience of orders on the part
+of General Jesup, who had written a letter to the Globe newspaper in
+Washington charging that Scott's conduct had been destructive of the
+best interests of the country. Mr. Francis P. Blair, the editor to
+whom the letter was addressed, showed it to President Jackson, who
+indorsed on it an order to the Secretary of War to recall General
+Scott to Washington, and that an inquiry be held as to his delay in
+prosecuting the Creek War and the failure of the Florida campaign. On
+Scott's arrival in Washington he asked for a court of inquiry, which
+was ordered on October 3d, composed of Major-General<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_123" id="Pg_123">{123}</a></span> Alexander Macomb
+and Brigadier-Generals Henry Atkinson and Hugh Brady, with Colonel
+Cooper, General Macomb's aid-de-camp, as judge advocate. The court
+assembled at Frederick, Md., and was delayed some time by the absence
+of witnesses. General Scott addressed the court in his own defense.</p>
+
+<p>The finding was unanimous that the plan of the Seminole campaign was
+well devised, and prosecuted with energy, steadiness, and ability; and
+as to the Creek campaign, the court decided that the plan of the
+campaign as adopted by General Scott was well calculated to lead to
+successful results, and that it was prosecuted by him, as far as
+practicable, with zeal and ability until he was recalled from the
+command. This was not only a full vindication, but a compliment to him
+expressed in the broadest sense.</p>
+
+<p>He now addressed a letter to Secretary of War Joel R. Poinsett, asking
+the immediate direction of affairs in Florida, as this was a part of
+the geographical division to which he had been assigned, and a large
+number of the troops of his command had been ordered there; and that
+he was senior in rank to General Jesup, then commanding there. The
+members of Congress from his native State made a unanimous appeal to
+the Secretary of War seconding his application, but the application
+was denied.</p>
+
+<p>Some citizens of Florida made complaints of the nonsuccess of the
+army, and severely censured General Scott. In fact, complaints of this
+nature were made against every officer who commanded in Florida,
+except General Zachary Taylor. It has been seen that the court of
+inquiry fully vindicated General Scott's course in the management of
+the war in Florida. The campaign, however, vindicated itself.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_124" id="Pg_124">{124}</a></span>
+Considering the scarcity of all the means at hand, it is remarkable
+how much was accomplished with so little loss of life.</p>
+
+<p>When General Scott undertook this campaign Florida was a <i>terra
+incognita</i>. The greater part of it had scarcely been visited by the
+whites, and very little was known of the settlements of the Seminoles.
+They were known by their approaches to the white settlements, and when
+the war broke out by their plunders and devastations. It was not known
+where their hiding places were, and this could only be determined by
+pursuing them. At the time of General Scott's assignment to the
+command all the information tended to locating them on the waters of
+the Ouithlacoochee and the St. John's Rivers; and accordingly against
+this portion of the country the movement of the army was directed.</p>
+
+<p>It was not only the want of ordnance, clothing, and subsistence, but
+the geographical peculiarity of Florida&mdash;with its marshes, thickets,
+hammocks, everglades, and impenetrable swamps&mdash;that made this campaign
+almost fruitless, and which for years baffled all efforts of the
+Government to subdue this small but brave and desperate tribe of
+Indians.</p>
+
+<p>In Congress General Scott's campaign in Florida was defended by some
+of the ablest men in the country. Richard Biddle, of Pennsylvania, in
+1837, when the House of Representatives was engaged in a debate on
+appropriations for carrying on the war in Florida, said: "It would be
+recollected by all that after the war in Florida had assumed a
+formidable aspect Major-General Scott was called to the command. An
+officer of his rank and standing was not likely to seek a service in
+which, amid infinite toil <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_125" id="Pg_125">{125}</a></span>and vexation, there would be no opportunity
+for the display of military talent on a scale at all commensurate with
+that in which his past fame had been acquired. Yet he entered on it
+with the alacrity, zeal, and devotion to duty by which he had ever
+been distinguished....</p>
+
+<p>"When the late General Brown, writing from the field of Chippewa, said
+that General Scott merited the highest praises which a grateful
+country could bestow, was there a single bosom throughout the wide
+republic that did not respond to the sentiment? I, for one at least,
+can never forget the thrill of enthusiasm, boy as I then was, which
+mingled with my own devout thankfulness to God that the cloud which
+seemed to have settled on our arms was at length dispelled. On that
+plain it was established that Americans could be trained to meet and
+to beat in the open field, without breastworks, the regulars of
+Britain....</p>
+
+<p>"Sir, the result of that day was due not merely to the gallantry of
+General Scott upon the field. It must in part be ascribed to the
+patient, anxious, and indefatigable drudgery, the consummate skill as
+a tactician, with which he labored night and day, at the camp near
+Buffalo, to prepare his brigade for the career on which it was about
+to enter. After a brief interval he again led that brigade to the
+glorious victory of Bridgewater. He bears now upon his body the wounds
+of that day. It had ever been the characteristic of this officer to
+seek the post of danger&mdash;not to have it thrust upon him. In the years
+preceding that to which I have specially referred&mdash;in 1812 and
+1813&mdash;the eminent services he rendered were in the positions which
+properly belonged to <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_126" id="Pg_126">{126}</a></span>others, but into which he was led by
+irrepressible ardor and jealousy of honor.</p>
+
+<p>"Since the peace with Great Britain the talents of General Scott have
+ever been at the command of his country. His pen and his sword have
+alike been put in requisition to meet the varied exigencies of the
+service. When the difficulties with the Western Indians swelled into
+importance, General Scott was dispatched to the scene of hostility.
+There rose up before him then, in the ravages of a frightful
+pestilence, a form of danger infinitely more appalling than the perils
+of the field. How he bore himself in this emergency, how faithfully he
+became the nurse and the physician of those from whom terror and
+loathing had driven all other aid, can not be forgotten by a just and
+grateful country....</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Chairman, I believe that a signal atonement to General Scott will
+one day be extorted from the justice of the House. We owe it to him;
+but we owe it still more to the country. What officer can feel secure
+in the face of that great example of triumphant injustice? Who can
+place before himself the anticipation of establishing higher claims
+upon the gratitude of the country than General Scott? Yet he was
+sacrificed. His past services went for nothing. Sir, you may raise new
+regiments and issue new commissions, but you can not without such
+atonement restore the high moral tone which befits the depositories of
+the national honor. I fondly wish that the highest and lowest in the
+country's service might be taught to regard this House as the jealous
+guardian of his rights, against caprice, or fanaticism, or outrage
+from whatever quarter. I would have him know that in running up the
+national flag at the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_127" id="Pg_127">{127}</a></span>very moment our daily labors commence, we do not
+go through an idle form. On whatever distant service he may be
+sent&mdash;whether urging his way amid tumbling icebergs toward the pole,
+or fainting in the unwholesome heat of Florida&mdash;I would enable him as
+he looks up to that flag to gather hope and strength. It should impart
+to him a proud feeling of confidence and security. He should know that
+the same emblem of majesty and justice floats over the council of the
+nation, and that in its untarnished luster we have all a common
+interest and a common sympathy. Then, sir, and not before, will you
+have an army or a navy worthy to sustain and to perpetuate the glory
+of former days."</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the decision of the court of inquiry exonerating him from
+blame or censure General Scott was tendered a public dinner in New
+York from leading members of both political parties. He accepted the
+invitation, but it was subsequently postponed until about the middle
+of May, and before that time it was altogether declined, for reasons
+expressed in a note of which a copy follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>: Early last month I accepted the invitation to a
+public dinner which you and other friends did me the honor to tender
+me. In a few days the embarrassments of this great emporium became
+such that I begged the compliment might be indefinitely postponed.
+You, however, were so kind as to hold me to my engagement, and to
+appoint a day for the meeting, which is now near at hand. In the
+meantime the difficulties in the commercial world have gone on
+augmenting, and many of my friends, here and elsewhere, have been
+whelmed under the<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_128" id="Pg_128">{128}</a></span> general calamity of the times. Feeling deeply for
+the losses and anxieties of all, no public honor could now be
+enjoyed by me. I must therefore, under the circumstances, positively
+but most respectfully withdraw my acceptance of your invitation.</p>
+
+<p>"I have the honor to remain, gentlemen, with the greatest esteem,
+your friend and servant,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Winfield Scott.</span>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The subscribers to the dinner, on receipt of General Scott's letter,
+called a meeting, Cornelius W. Lawrence in the chair, and unanimously
+adopted the resolutions which follow:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That in the decision of General Scott to withdraw, for
+the reasons assigned, his acceptance of the public dinner designed to
+testify to him our high appreciation both of his private and public
+character, we find new evidence of his sympathy with all that regards
+the public welfare, and of his habitual oblivion of self where the
+feelings and interests of others are concerned.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That we rejoice with the joy of friends in the result, so
+honorable to General Scott, of the recent court of inquiry instituted
+to investigate his military conduct as commander in chief in Alabama
+and Florida, and that the President of the United States (Mr. Van
+Buren), in approving its proceedings, acted in gratifying unison with
+the general sentiments of the nation."</p>
+
+<p>General Scott also received invitations from Richmond, Va., and
+Elizabeth, N.J., both of which places had been his former homes.</p>
+
+<p>The Florida War was brought to a close by the defeat of the Indians by
+Colonel Zachary Taylor, in<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_129" id="Pg_129">{129}</a></span> the decisive battle of Okechobee, for
+which he received the brevet of Brigadier General, and in 1838 was
+appointed to the chief command in Florida. Taylor was succeeded by
+Brigadier-General Armistead, and in 1842 General Worth succeeded to
+the command and made a treaty with Sam Jones and Billy Bowlegs,
+allowing them to remain and possess a large tract of land.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1836 General Scott was ordered to take charge of and
+superintend the removal of the Cherokee Indians to the reservation
+which had been set apart for them by treaty west of the Mississippi
+River. Great opposition to removal was expected from the Indians, and
+much fear felt by the inhabitants contiguous to their settlements.
+General Scott, however, by his kindness and generosity, won the
+confidence of the Indians, and was not compelled to resort to any act
+of violence. Twenty-four thousand five hundred and ninety-four were
+removed, two hundred and thirty-six having lost their lives on the
+steamboat Monmouth. Only seven hundred and forty-four remained east of
+the Mississippi River. The Cherokees occupied territory in the States
+of Georgia, North Carolina, Alabama, and Tennessee. Many of their
+leaders were well educated and were men of ability, and some of them
+were wealthy, owning fine farms and negro slaves. General Scott in his
+Memoirs says: "The North Carolinians and Tennesseeans were kindly
+disposed toward their red brethren. The Alabamians much less so. The
+great difficulty was with the Georgians (more than half the army),
+between whom and the Cherokees there had been feuds and wars for many
+generations. The reciprocal hatred of the two races was probably never
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_130" id="Pg_130">{130}</a></span>surpassed. Almost every Georgian on leaving home, as well as after
+arrival at New Echota&mdash;the center of the most populous district of the
+Indian Territory&mdash;vowed never to return without having killed at least
+one Indian."</p>
+
+<p>General Scott arrived at the Cherokee agency, a small village on the
+Hiawassee River in Tennessee, in the early part of May, 1838. He
+published and circulated two addresses&mdash;one to the troops and the
+other to the Indians&mdash;but had them circulated together.</p>
+
+<p>Following is the address to the troops:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters, Eastern Division</span>,</p>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Cherokee Agency</span>, <i>May 17, 1838</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"Considering the number and temper of the mass to be removed,
+together with the extent and fastnesses of the country occupied, it
+will readily occur that simple indiscretions, acts of harshness, and
+cruelty on the part of our troops may lead, step by step, to delays,
+to impatience, and exasperation, and in the end to a general war and
+carnage&mdash;a result in the case of these particular Indians, utterly
+abhorrent to the generous sympathies of the whole American people.
+Every possible kindness compatible with the necessity of removal
+must therefore be shown by the troops; and if in the ranks a
+despicable individual should be found capable of inflicting a wanton
+injury or insult on any Cherokee man, woman, or child, it is hereby
+made the special duty of the nearest good officer or man instantly
+to interpose, and to seize and consign the guilty wretch to the
+severest penalty of the laws. The major general is fully persuaded
+that this injunction will not be neglected by the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_131" id="Pg_131">{131}</a></span>brave men under
+his command, who can not be otherwise than jealous of their own
+honor and that of their country.</p>
+
+<p>"By early and persevering acts of kindness and humanity, it is
+impossible to doubt that the Indians will soon be induced to confide
+in the army, and, instead of fleeing to the mountains and forests,
+flock to us for food and clothing. If, however, through false
+apprehensions, individuals or a party here and there should seek to
+hide themselves, they must be pursued and invited to surrender, but
+not fired upon, unless they should make a stand to resist. Even in
+such cases mild remedies may sometimes better succeed than violence;
+and it can not be doubted, if we get possession of the women and
+children first, or first capture the men, that in either case the
+outstanding members of the same families will readily come in on the
+assurance of forgiveness and kind treatment.</p>
+
+<p>"Every captured man, as well as those who surrender themselves, must
+be disarmed, with the assurance that their weapons will be carefully
+preserved and restored at or beyond the Mississippi. In either case
+the men will be guarded and escorted, except it may be where their
+women and children are safely secured as hostages; but in general,
+families in our possession will not be separated, unless it be to
+send men as runners to invite others to come in.</p>
+
+<p>"It may happen that Indians will be found too sick, in the opinion
+of the nearest surgeon, to be removed to one of the depots indicated
+above. In every such case one or more of the family or the friends
+of the sick person will be left in attendance, with ample
+subsistence and remedies, and the remainder <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_132" id="Pg_132">{132}</a></span>of the family removed
+by the troops. Infants, superannuated persons, lunatics, and women
+in helpless condition, will all, in the removal, require peculiar
+attention, which the brave and humane will seek to adapt to the
+necessities of the several cases."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Following is the address to the Indians:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="blockchap">
+<p class="neg">"<i>Major-General Scott, of the United States Army, sends to the
+Cherokee people remaining in North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and
+Alabama this</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center noind">"ADDRESS.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Cherokees</span>: The President of the United States has sent me
+with a powerful army to cause you, in obedience of the treaty of
+1835, to join that part of your people who are already established
+in prosperity on the other side of the Mississippi. Unhappily, the
+two years which were allowed for the purpose you have suffered to
+pass away without following and without making any preparation to
+follow, and now, or by the time that this solemn address shall reach
+your distant settlements, the emigration must be commenced in haste,
+but, I hope, without disorder. I have no power by granting a further
+delay to correct the error that you have committed. The full moon of
+May is already on the wane, and before another shall have passed
+away every Cherokee man, woman, and child in those States must be in
+motion to join their brethren in the far West.</p>
+
+<p>"My friends, this is no sudden determination on the part of the
+President, whom you and I must now obey. By the treaty the
+emigration was to have been completed on or before the 23d of this
+month, and the President has constantly kept you warned<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_133" id="Pg_133">{133}</a></span> during the
+two years allowed, through all his officers and agents in this
+country, that the treaty would be enforced.</p>
+
+<p>"I am come to carry out that determination. My troops already occupy
+many positions in the country that you are to abandon, and thousands
+and thousands are approaching from every quarter to render
+assistance and escape alike hopeless. All those troops, regular and
+militia, are your friends. Receive them, and confide in them as
+such. Obey them when they tell you that you can remain no longer in
+this country. Soldiers are as kind-hearted as brave, and the desire
+of every one of us is to execute our painful duty in mercy. We are
+commanded by the President to act toward you in that spirit, and
+such is also the wish of the whole people of America.</p>
+
+<p>"Chiefs, headmen, and warriors, will you then by resistance compel
+us to resort to arms? God forbid! Or will you by flight seek to hide
+yourselves in mountains and forests, and thus oblige us to hunt you
+down? Remember, that in pursuit it may be impossible to avoid
+conflicts. The blood of the white man or the blood of the red man
+may be spilt, and if spilt, however accidentally, if may be
+impossible for the discreet and humane among you or among us to
+prevent a general war and carnage. Think of this, my Cherokee
+brethren! I am an old warrior, and have been present at many a scene
+of slaughter; but spare me, I beseech you, the horror of witnessing
+the destruction of the Cherokees.</p>
+
+<p>"Do not, I invite you, even wait for the close approach of the
+troops; but make such preparations for emigration as you can, and
+hasten to this place,<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_134" id="Pg_134">{134}</a></span> to Ross's Landing, or to Gunter's Landing,
+where you will be received in kindness by officers selected for the
+purpose. You will find food for all, and clothing for the destitute,
+at either of those places, and thence at your ease and in comfort be
+transported to your new homes according to the terms of the treaty.</p>
+
+<p>"This is the address of a warrior to warriors. May his entreaties be
+kindly received, and may the God of both prosper the Americans and
+Cherokees, and preserve them long in peace and friendship with each
+other.</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There was some delay in bringing in the mountain Indians of North
+Carolina, but the Indians of Tennessee and Alabama were readily
+collected for emigration. General Scott remained with the Georgians,
+and followed up his printed addresses by suggestions which proved to
+be invaluable.</p>
+
+<p>In a short time the Indians, excepting a few parties, were collected
+at the place of rendezvous. The camp selected was twelve miles in
+length, with a breadth of four miles. It was well shaded by large
+forest trees, and had a large number of springs furnishing an
+abundance of the best of water.</p>
+
+<p>The sick were placed in hospitals, and attended by good physicians and
+furnished with everything necessary for their comfort. General Scott
+rode through the camps daily, and saw that every attention was given
+to the Indians which they required, and he made inquiries and gave
+special attention to the care of the sick and to the women and
+children. At length he placed the matter of the emigration of the
+Indians in the hands of the Cherokee authorities,<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_135" id="Pg_135">{135}</a></span> having won the
+entire confidence and regard of the Indians, and he ordered all of the
+volunteers to their homes, except one company which he retained as a
+police force, and one regiment of regulars which it was thought
+necessary to retain to meet any unforeseen contingencies that might
+arise. Two other regular regiments were ordered off, one to Florida
+and the other to the Canada frontier. The company of volunteers
+retained was from Tennessee, and of it General Scott said: "The
+company of volunteers (Tennesseeans) were a body of respectable
+citizens, and under their judicious commander, Captain Robertson, of
+great value as a police force." The Cherokees were at this time
+receiving large sums of money from the Government in the way of
+damages and indemnities, and a number of gamblers and confidence men
+sought to enter their camps. They were, however, kept out by the
+vigilance of the Tennessee company.</p>
+
+<p>In October the movement west began. General Scott accompanied them to
+the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. General Scott gives
+credit for services and aid rendered him to his acting inspector
+general, Major Matthew Mountjoy Payne; Captain Robert Anderson, acting
+adjutant general (later the commander of Fort Sumter, and a brigadier
+general); Lieutenant Erastus Darwin Keyes, aid-de-camp, afterward
+major general, United States volunteers; Lieutenant Francis Taylor,
+commissary; Captains Page and Abner Reviere Hetzel, quartermasters;
+Lieutenant Henry L. Scott, Fourth Infantry, then aid-de-camp and
+inspector general; Major H.B. Shaw, aid-de-camp, Tennessee volunteers;
+Colonel William Lindsay, Second Artillery;<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_136" id="Pg_136">{136}</a></span> Colonel William S. Foster,
+Fourth Infantry; and Colonel Ichabod Bennett Crane, First Artillery.
+Generals Worth and Floyd rendered important service in this campaign,
+and their names should not be omitted.</p>
+
+<p>It may be necessary, for a better understanding of the Cherokee Indian
+difficulties, to add something more to what has been written. The
+chief troubles which had arisen were in Georgia, and many
+complications arose between the Indians and the whites. In a case
+decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, the opinion being
+rendered by Chief-Justice John Marshall, the status of these Indians
+was thus defined: "Their relation is that of a nation claiming and
+receiving the protection of one more powerful; not that of individuals
+abandoning their national character and submitting as subjects to the
+laws of a master."</p>
+
+<p>Regarding the acts of Congress to regulate trade with the Indians the
+Chief Justice said: "All these acts, and especially that of 1802,
+which is still in force, manifestly consider the several Indian
+nations as distinct political communities, having territorial
+boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive, and having a
+right to all the lands within those boundaries, which is not only
+acknowledged but guaranteed by the United States." By one of the
+treaties made by the United States Government with this tribe of
+Indians, it was enacted and agreed that "the United States solemnly
+guarantee to the Cherokee nation all their lands not hereby ceded,"
+and, "that the Cherokee nation may be led to a greater degree of
+civilization, and to become herdsmen and cultivators, instead of
+remaining in a state of hunting, the United States will from time to
+time furnish<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_137" id="Pg_137">{137}</a></span> gratuitously the said nation with useful instruments of
+husbandry." Acting under this treaty, a greater portion of the
+Cherokees had become both cultivators and herdsmen, and rivaled their
+white neighbors in both.</p>
+
+<p>The trouble which arose in Georgia was from the fact that she claimed
+the right to extend her criminal jurisdiction over these Indians, and
+that the United States was bound to extinguish the Indian titles
+within her borders. This claim of Georgia, persistently pressed,
+caused the United States Government in 1802 to agree to purchase the
+Indian lands, and remove them to some other territory. The Indians
+resisted this action on the faith of treaties. Eventually a treaty was
+made with a portion of the Cherokees by which they were to relinquish
+their lands and accept lands across the Mississippi River. Many of the
+Indians resisted and never ratified this treaty, yet the Government
+insisted upon carrying out the treaty. General Scott received his
+orders on April 10, 1838, and first established his headquarters at a
+small village called Calhoun, on the Hiawassee River, in East
+Tennessee. Colonel Lindsay, an officer of merit and who enjoyed the
+full confidence of General Scott, was in immediate command of that
+territory, had established posts in many of the settlements, and had
+arranged to have the mountain passes well guarded.</p>
+
+<p>Referring to these matters, the National Intelligencer of September
+27, 1838, said: "The manner in which this gallant officer [Scott] has
+acquitted himself within the last year upon the Canada frontier, and
+lately among the Cherokees, has excited the universal admiration and
+gratitude of the whole nation. Owing to his great popularity in the
+North, his <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_138" id="Pg_138">{138}</a></span>thorough knowledge of the laws of his own country, as well
+as of those which govern nations, united to his discretion, his great
+tact and experience, he has saved the country from a ruinous war with
+Great Britain. And by his masterly skill and energy among the
+Cherokees, united to his noble generosity and humanity, he has not
+only effected what everybody supposed could not be done without the
+most heartrending scenes of butchery and bloodshed, but he has
+effected it by obtaining the esteem and confidence of the poor
+Cherokees themselves. They look upon him as a benefactor and friend,
+and one who has saved them from entire destruction. All the Cherokees
+were collected for emigration without bloodshed or violence, and all
+would have been on their way to the West before the middle of July,
+had not humanity induced General Scott to stop the movement until the
+1st of September. Three thousand had been sent off in the first half
+of June by the superintendent, before the general took upon himself
+the responsibility of stopping the emigration, from feelings which
+must do everlasting honor to his heart. An approval of his course had
+been sent on by the War Department, before his report giving
+information that he had stopped the emigration had reached the seat of
+Government. In the early part of January last the President had asked
+Congress for enlarged powers, to enable him to maintain our neutral
+obligations to England&mdash;that is, to tranquilize the Canadian
+frontiers. Before the bill passed Congress, General Scott had finished
+the work and effected all its objects. These, too, he effected by
+flying from one end of the frontier to the other in the dead of
+winter, and during the severest and coldest period of <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_139" id="Pg_139">{139}</a></span>it. He returns
+to Washington, and is immediately ordered to the Cherokee nation, to
+take charge of the very difficult and hazardous task to his own fame
+of removing those savages from their native land. Some of his best
+friends regretted most sincerely that he had been ordered on this
+service, and, knowing the disposition of the world to cavil and
+complain without cause, had great apprehension that he would lose a
+portion of the popularity he had acquired by his distinguished success
+on the Canadian frontier. But behold the manner in which this last
+work has been performed! There is so much of noble generosity of
+character about Scott, independent of his skill and bravery as a
+soldier, that his life has really been one of romantic beauty and
+interest."</p>
+
+<p>It was General Scott's intention to accompany the Indian emigration
+farther west, but receiving information that the Canadian insurgents
+were making renewed attempts on the Canadas, he was directed to
+proceed at once to that frontier.</p>
+
+<p>Passing through the States of Kentucky and Ohio, accompanied by
+Captain Robert Anderson, he called upon their respective governors and
+arranged for the calling out of volunteers should they be needed, and
+also gave proper instructions to the United States marshals and
+district attorneys for such duties as they might be called upon to
+perform. He passed on rapidly to Cleveland, Sandusky, and Detroit, and
+met great assemblages of excited citizens, and, by his appeals and
+reasoning with them, prevailed upon them to desist from any acts in
+violation of the neutrality with Great Britain. Pending these
+important services, he learned of the trouble which had arisen between
+the State of Maine and the British colony or <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_140" id="Pg_140">{140}</a></span>province of New
+Brunswick, and at once made haste for Washington. On his arrival at
+the capital, after reporting to the President, he was called before
+the committees on foreign affairs of both Houses of Congress, before
+whom he urged and succeeded in securing the passage of two bills&mdash;one
+authorizing the President to call out the militia for six months and
+to accept the service of fifty thousand volunteers, and the other to
+place to his credit ten millions of dollars. On taking leave of the
+President he said to him: "Mr. President, if you want war, I need only
+look on in silence. The Maine people will make it for you fast and hot
+enough. I know them. But if peace be your wish, I can give no
+assurance of success. The difficulties in its way will be formidable."
+The President replied, "Peace with honor"; and the general, who fully
+reciprocated the President's feeling, took his leave, accompanied by
+Captain Robert Anderson and Lieutenant E.D. Keyes, his aid-de-camp. He
+left with general instructions, but in certain events he was to act on
+his own judgment without restriction. Arriving in Boston, he met
+Governor Edward Everett, and arranged for calling out the militia and
+accepting volunteers if needed.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Everett introduced him to his executive council with the
+following address: "General, I take great pleasure in introducing you
+to the members of the Executive Council of Massachusetts. I need not
+say that you are already known to them by reputation. They are
+familiar with your fame as it is recorded in some of the arduous and
+honorable fields of the country's struggles. We rejoice in meeting you
+on this occasion. Charged as you are with a most momentous mission by
+the President of the United<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_141" id="Pg_141">{141}</a></span> States, we are sure you are intrusted
+with a duty most grateful to your feelings&mdash;that of averting an appeal
+to arms. We place unlimited reliance on your spirit, energy, and
+discretion. Should you unhappily fail in your efforts, under the
+instructions of the President, to restore harmony, we know that you
+are equally prepared for a still more responsible duty. Should that
+unhappy event occur, I beg you to depend on the firm support of
+Massachusetts." He was then given a reception by the Legislature, and
+received on its behalf by Robert C. Winthrop.</p>
+
+<p>From Boston he proceeded at once to Portland, where he found the
+people greatly excited, and demanding the immediate seizure and
+occupation of the disputed territory. At the capital, Augusta, where
+he next proceeded, he found the same excitement with the same demands.
+The Legislature was in session, and a large majority of its members
+were for war. The strip of disputed land was valuable chiefly for ship
+timber. Some British subjects had entered the territory and cut some
+of the timber, and the Governor of Maine sent an agent with a posse to
+drive them off. The British seized and imprisoned the agent, and much
+angry correspondence followed between the authorities of both sides.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott soon determined that the only mode of settlement was to
+prohibit or have an agreement on both sides to leave the territory
+unoccupied by either party until the matters in dispute could be
+arranged between the governments of the United States and Great
+Britain, taking the matter out of the jurisdiction of the State of
+Maine and the province of New Brunswick. Previous to Scott's arrival
+in Maine the Legislature of that State had passed an <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_142" id="Pg_142">{142}</a></span>act placing
+eight hundred thousand dollars at the disposal of the Governor and
+authorizing the calling out of eight thousand troops. Some of these
+troops had been organized and moved near the disputed territory, and
+others were held ready to move when ordered. British troops, both
+regulars and militia, had also been moved forward. Everything
+indicated a war. On February 27, 1839, President Van Buren had sent a
+message to Congress transmitting various documents received from the
+Governor of Maine, and a copy of a memorandum signed by the Secretary
+of State of the United States and the British Minister to the United
+States, which, it was hoped, would prevent a collision of arms. Mr.
+H.B. Fox, the British Minister, had acted without specific authority
+from his Government, and the memorandum therefore had only the force
+of a recommendation. All correspondence had for some time ceased
+between the governors of Maine and New Brunswick.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor of New Brunswick, John Harvey, had been an adjutant
+general of one of the armies of Canada in the campaign of 1813, and
+was well known to General Scott. Scott, it will be remembered, was an
+adjutant general in this campaign, and he and Colonel Harvey had
+frequent correspondence, and it was so conducted as to create a
+feeling of respect on both sides. At one time in the campaign
+mentioned, when Scott was on a reconnoitering expedition, his party
+came upon Harvey, and a gun in the hands of a soldier near Scott was
+leveled on him. Scott caught the gun, and said, "Hold! he is our
+prisoner," but Colonel Harvey made a rapid turn and escaped.</p>
+
+<p>On General Scott's arrival in Maine he had with <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_143" id="Pg_143">{143}</a></span>him a private letter
+from Sir John Harvey, the Colonel Harvey just mentioned, then Governor
+General of New Brunswick. It is proper to mention here, as additional
+reason for good feeling between General Scott and Sir John Harvey,
+that at one time in the War of 1813 an American soldier under Scott's
+command had come into possession of the uniform coat of a British
+staff officer, and in one of the pockets was found the miniature of a
+young lady. The portmanteau from which the coat and miniature were
+taken was marked "Lieutenant-Colonel Harvey." Scott purchased these
+articles from the soldier and sent them to Colonel Harvey. The picture
+was that of his young bride, then in England.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Fairfield, of Maine, had on March 12th sent a message to the
+Legislature objecting to the terms of the memorandum, but recommending
+that, when fully satisfied that the Lieutenant Governor of New
+Brunswick had abandoned all idea of occupying the disputed territory
+with a military force, or of attempting the expulsion of citizens of
+Maine, he [the Governor] be authorized to withdraw the military force,
+leaving the land agent with a posse of armed or unarmed men, as the
+case might require, sufficient to drive out or arrest trespassers. The
+Legislature on March 20th passed resolutions in accordance with these
+recommendations. The message of the Governor of Maine and the
+resolutions of the Legislature required the <ins class="correction" title="text reads 'lieutentant'">lieutenant</ins>
+governor to make the advance.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott, after the action of the Legislature above mentioned,
+sent a reply to Harvey's private letter, which he had held unanswered
+so long. This elicited a friendly reply, and other letters of the
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_144" id="Pg_144">{144}</a></span>same character quickly followed on either side. A line of couriers
+was established between them to facilitate correspondence. Governor
+Harvey took the first step, and made the concessions which were
+necessary to appease the authorities of Maine, but the Governor did
+not feel authorized to withdraw the troops from the disputed territory
+unless authorized by the Legislature. General Scott mingled freely
+with members of the Legislature, urging pacific measures, and on March
+20th resolutions were passed; and Scott having his memorandum with Sir
+John Harvey with all concessions to restore tranquillity, the Governor
+of Maine added his approval, and the question was transferred to the
+authorities of the United States and Great Britain, which resulted in
+a satisfactory settlement to both nations of this unhappy affair.</p>
+
+<p>An uprising, confined chiefly to the French inhabitants of Upper
+Canada, occurred in 1837, in which they demanded a separation from the
+British Government, and they enlisted many sympathizers among citizens
+of the United States, especially among those living on the Canadian
+boundary. Organizations of sympathizers with the Canadians were
+secretly formed by American citizens to such an extent that the
+President of the United States issued a proclamation enjoining its
+citizens to observe neutrality. This did not quiet the excitement, but
+rather tended to increase it. Matters were brought to a crisis by the
+action of a certain Van Rensselaer, who had been dismissed from the
+Military Academy at West Point, and who styled himself "Colonel" Van
+Rensselaer. He organized a party of Americans reckless like himself,
+and took forcible possession of a small British <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_145" id="Pg_145">{145}</a></span>island opposite to
+Fort Schlosser, on the American side, and known as Navy Island. This
+island was a short distance above the falls of Niagara. Young Van
+Rensselaer engaged a small steamboat called the Caroline to ferry
+parties from Navy Island, which he occupied, to Schlosser on the
+American shore.</p>
+
+<p>The first night on which the Caroline began her voyages the British
+fitted out an expedition to capture her. Instead of making a descent
+on Navy Island within British territory, they boarded the steamer at
+Schlosser, on the American side, and thus violated our territory. The
+boat at the time of this invasion was filled with people, many of whom
+were there for idle curiosity, including a number of boys. In the
+<i>m&ecirc;l&eacute;e</i> of capture one American citizen was killed and several others
+wounded. They cut the boat from its moorings, set it on fire, and it
+drifted down the cataract. It was reported and generally believed that
+when the vessel went over the cataract it had a small number of
+wounded Americans on board.</p>
+
+<p>The publication of this affair created the greatest excitement from
+one end of the country to the other. This occurred on December 29,
+1837, but the news did not reach Washington until January 4th. On the
+evening of that day General Scott was to dine with President Van Buren
+and a number of other distinguished gentlemen. The entire party had
+arrived, but the President failed to appear. After a time he came in
+and spoke inaudibly to Henry Clay, one of the guests, and then said to
+General Scott: "Blood has been shed; you must go with all speed to the
+Niagara frontier. The Secretary of War is <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_146" id="Pg_146">{146}</a></span>now engaged in making out
+your instructions." General Scott left at once, and passing through
+Albany, met William L. Marcy, the Governor of New York, who with his
+adjutant general (McDonald) accompanied him to the scene of the
+troubles. The United States troops at this time were all either in
+Florida or on the Western frontiers. General Scott, in passing through
+New York, had ordered some small detachments of army recruits to
+follow him. Governor Marcy was with him ready to answer his
+requisitions for militia, and he had the aid of the officers
+commanding on Lake Erie and the Detroit frontier and on the Niagara,
+Lake Ontario, and St. Lawrence. All United States marshals and other
+civil officers of the Government were ordered to support and aid him.
+He passed from one place to another, going where his services could be
+needed, exhorting the people to observe the neutrality proclamation of
+the President; and where he found them obstinate and determined, he
+notified them in terms which could not be mistaken that any attempt to
+violate this proclamation would be met by resistance from the
+Government, which would promptly overpower them.</p>
+
+<p>Pending these troubles, a steamer called the Barcelona was taken from
+the harbor of Buffalo in January, 1838, and passed down the river,
+with a view to aid the insurgents on Navy Island. Scott, on learning
+of this, sent an agent who made terms to employ the Barcelona for the
+service of the Government. The vessel then proceeded back to Buffalo,
+where it was intended to use her on Lake Erie; but the Canadian
+authorities had determined to destroy her. As the vessel passed near
+Grand Island, within the jurisdiction <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_147" id="Pg_147">{147}</a></span>of the United States, some
+armed British schooners had taken position, aided by land batteries,
+to open fire on her. This was on January 16th. General Scott and
+Governor Marcy stood on the river bank watching events. Batteries on
+the American side were put in preparation to return the fire of the
+British.</p>
+
+<p>The day before the event just mentioned, Scott had written and
+dispatched a note "To the Commanding Officer of the Armed British
+Vessels in the Niagara":</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters, Eastern Division, U.S. Army,</span></p>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Two Miles Below Black Rock</span>, <i>January 15, 1838</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: With his Excellency, Governor Marcy, of New York, who
+has troops at hand, we are here to enforce the neutrality of the
+United States and to protect our own soil or waters from violation.
+The proper civil officers are also present to arrest, if
+practicable, the leaders of the expedition on foot against Upper
+Canada. Under these circumstances, it gives me pain to perceive the
+armed vessels mentioned, anchored in our waters, with the probable
+intention to fire upon that expedition moving in the same waters.
+Unless the expedition should first attack&mdash;in which case we shall
+interfere&mdash;we shall be obliged to consider a discharge of shot or
+shell from or into our waters, from the armed schooners of her
+Majesty, as an act seriously compromising the neutrality of the two
+nations. I hope, therefore, that no such unpleasant incident may
+occur.</p>
+
+<p>"I have the honor to remain, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Winfield Scott.</span>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_148" id="Pg_148">{148}</a></span>The next morning, January 16th, the same information was given by
+General Scott to a British officer who called on him at his quarters.
+The Barcelona moved up the river, and Scott had his cannon pointed and
+his matches in readiness for firing. Scott stood on the highest point
+in full uniform and in view of the other shore. The vessel passed up
+unmolested, and doubtless by this act of Scott a war was averted.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime Van Rensselaer with his adherents had evacuated Navy
+Island and landed some miles below, where they were arrested by
+General Scott's orders. Thus ended a disturbance which might have
+resulted in war, and it can not be gainsaid that its peaceful
+settlement was due to the wisdom, firmness, and prudence of General
+Scott.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_149" id="Pg_149">{149}</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">Annexation of Texas&mdash;Causes that led to annexation&mdash;Message of the
+President&mdash;General Scott's letters regarding William Henry
+Harrison&mdash;Efforts to reduce General Scott's pay&mdash;Letter to T.P.
+Atkinson on the slavery question&mdash;Battle of Palo Alto, and of Resaca
+de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena Vista&mdash;"The hasty plate of
+soup"&mdash;Scott's opinion of General Taylor&mdash;Scott ordered to
+Mexico&mdash;Proposal to revive the grade of lieutenant general, and to
+appoint Thomas H. Benton&mdash;Scott reaches the Brazos
+Santiago&mdash;Confidential dispatch from Scott to Taylor&mdash;Co-operation of
+the navy&mdash;Letters to the Secretary of War as to places of
+rendezvous&mdash;Arrival and landing at Vera Cruz, and its investment,
+siege, and capture&mdash;Letter to foreign consuls&mdash;Terms of
+surrender&mdash;Orders of General Scott after the surrender.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Congress of the United States, on February 27, 1845, passed joint
+resolutions providing for the annexation of Texas, and they were
+approved by President Tyler on the 1st of March. A convention was
+called by President Jones, of Texas, to meet on the 4th of the
+succeeding July, to consider the matter of annexation to the United
+States. The convention ratified the proposal, and prepared a
+constitution for Texas as a State in the American Union. The question
+of annexation was submitted to a vote of the people of Texas and
+ratified by a large majority. On December 29th following, a joint
+resolution of the Congress of the United States was passed, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_150" id="Pg_150">{150}</a></span>which
+declared Texas admitted as a State into the Union.</p>
+
+<p>It may be interesting to take a retrospective view of the causes, or
+rather the means, by which this important measure was brought about.</p>
+
+<p>In the winter of 1842-'43 there appeared in a newspaper published at
+Baltimore a letter of Mr. Thomas W. Gilmer, a member of Congress from
+Virginia, urging the annexation of Texas. He argued among other things
+that the British Government had designs on Texas; that it proposed a
+political and military domination of the country, with a view to the
+abolition of slavery. At this time Texas and Mexico were at war. It
+was at once charged by the opponents of the scheme of annexation that
+Mr. Gilmer, who was known as the close political friend of Mr. John C.
+Calhoun, was simply acting as the mouthpiece of the latter. It will
+be remembered by those who are conversant with the proceedings of
+Congress that Mr. Calhoun, in the Senate in 1836, had offered some
+resolutions looking to the annexation of Texas. Mr. Webster, who was
+known as opposed to the measure, was the only member of President
+Harrison's Cabinet who remained with President Tyler. He resigned his
+portfolio as Secretary of State, and was succeeded by Mr. Hugh S.
+Legar&eacute;, of South Carolina, who, dying very soon after his appointment,
+was succeeded by Mr. Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia. Both of the latter
+named were known friends of the annexation scheme. There appeared not
+long after the publication of the Gilmer letter, in the Richmond
+Enquirer, a letter from General Andrew Jackson to Mr. Brown, in reply
+to a letter of Mr. Brown, in which he indorsed a copy of Mr. Gilmer's
+letter and <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_151" id="Pg_151">{151}</a></span>asking General Jackson's views on the subject. General
+Jackson's reply was a thorough and hearty approval of the proposed
+immediate annexation of Texas. General Jackson's letter was dated from
+the Hermitage, his residence near Nashville, Tenn., March 12, 1843.
+The letter of General Jackson produced a profound effect throughout
+the country. Although out of office, old, and in the retirement of
+private life, he exercised more influence than any man living in the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Calhoun succeeded Mr. Upshur as Secretary of State, and he was
+known as a friend of annexation. Mr. Van Buren, replying to a letter
+from Mr. William T. Hammett, a representative in Congress from
+Mississippi, announced his opposition to the immediate annexation of
+Texas, because it would produce a war with Mexico. He expressed
+himself in favor of the measure when it could be done peaceably and
+honorably. Mr. Clay announced his opposition to the measure. In
+December, 1843, the British Premier, Lord Aberdeen, in a dispatch to
+Sir Richard Packenham, British Minister at Washington, denied that
+Great Britain had any design on Texas, but announced (which was
+superfluous, and not germane to the charge which he felt called upon
+to deny) that "Great Britain desires and is constantly exerting
+herself to procure the general abolition of slavery throughout the
+world." This provoked a correspondence between Mr. Calhoun and the
+British Minister. In his annual message to Congress at the
+commencement of the session of 1843-'44 the President expressed
+himself very strongly in regard to war being waged by Mexico against
+Texas. The proposed treaty for annexation was rejected by the Senate<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_152" id="Pg_152">{152}</a></span>
+June 8, 1844, by a vote of thirty-five to sixteen. Mr. Benton
+presented a plan for the peaceful acquisition of Texas, but the Senate
+refused to adopt it.</p>
+
+<p>President Tyler in his last message again referred to the war between
+Mexico and Texas, and said: "I repeat now what I then said, that after
+eight years of feeble and ineffectual efforts to recover Texas, it was
+time that the war should have ceased."</p>
+
+<p>When the convention of the Whig party met at Harrisburg, Pa., December
+4, 1839, to nominate a candidate for the presidency, General Scott's
+name was presented. He had addressed a number of letters to members of
+the convention urging that, if there appeared any prospect of success,
+Mr. Clay should be selected, and if not, that the choice should fall
+on General William Henry Harrison. The total number of votes in the
+convention was two hundred and fifty-four. Of these, General Scott
+received the votes of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Vermont, and
+Michigan&mdash;in all, sixty-two. The States which had voted for General
+Scott gave their votes eventually to General Harrison, who received
+the nomination. General Scott said of General Harrison, "But the
+nomination and success of General Harrison," if his life had been
+spared some four years longer, would have been no detriment to the
+country. With excellent intentions and objects, and the good sense to
+appoint able counselors, the country would not have been retarded in
+its prosperity nor disgraced by corruption in high places. No one can,
+of course, be held responsible for sudden deaths among men. A single
+month in office ended President Harrison's life, when the plaint of
+Burke occurred to all, "What shadows we are, what shadows we pursue!"<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_153" id="Pg_153">{153}</a></span>
+In June, 1841, Major-General Macomb having died, General Scott was
+called to take up his residence in Washington as general in chief of
+the army. Among his first orders was one which put a stop to arbitrary
+and illegal punishments in the army.</p>
+
+<p>An effort was made in the House of Representatives of the next
+Congress in 1844 to reduce his pay, but being resisted by Charles J.
+Ingersoll, of Philadelphia, and ex-President John Quincy Adams, it was
+voted down by a large majority. Mr. Adams, in the course of his
+remarks in opposition to the resolution, said that he "felt bound to
+declare that he did think it a very ill reward for the great and
+eminent services of General Scott during a period of thirty odd years,
+in which there were some as gallant exploits as our history could
+show, and in which he had not spared to shed his blood, as well as for
+more recent services of great importance in time of peace&mdash;services of
+great difficulty and great delicacy&mdash;now to turn him adrift at his
+advanced age.... That he could not for a moment harbor in his heart
+the thought that General Scott, if he had received from the Government
+thousands of dollars more than he had, would have received one dollar
+which he did not richly deserve at the hands of his country."</p>
+
+<p>On February 9, 1843, he wrote from Washington to T.P. Atkinson, of
+Danville, Va., in reply to a letter from that gentleman, asking his
+opinions on the question of slavery. Mr. Atkinson was the son of an
+old friend of General Scott, and the letter was written to him as a
+probable candidate for the presidency. He took the position in this
+letter that Congress had no power under the Constitution to interfere
+with or legislate on the question of slavery <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_154" id="Pg_154">{154}</a></span>within the States. He
+argued that it was the duty of Congress, however, to receive, refer,
+and report upon petitions which might be presented to it on the
+question of slavery, as on all other questions. He did not blame
+masters for not liberating their slaves, as he thought it would
+benefit neither the masters nor the slaves. He, however, held it to be
+the duty of slave owners to employ all means not incompatible with the
+safety of both master and slave to meliorate slavery even to
+extermination. He held that, with the consent of owners or payment of
+just compensation, Congress might legislate in the District of
+Columbia, although it would be dangerous to contiguous States.</p>
+
+<p>He also, in March, 1845, in reply to a letter from J.C. Beckwith,
+corresponding secretary of a peace convention, wrote that he always
+maintained the moral right to wage a just and necessary war.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1845, as stated, Congress passed a joint resolution for the
+annexation of the republic of Texas, and in July of that year
+Brigadier-General Zachary Taylor, then commanding the first department
+of the United States army in the Southwest, was ordered to Texas. He
+embarked at New Orleans with fifteen hundred troops, and in August
+established his camp at Corpus Christi. Re-enforcements were
+dispatched to him rapidly, and in November his command amounted to
+about four thousand men.</p>
+
+<p>On March 8, 1846, General Taylor, under orders from Washington, moved
+his army toward the Rio Grande, and on the 28th of that month encamped
+on that river opposite the Mexican city of Matamoros. He here erected
+a fort called Fort Brown, which commanded the city of Matamoros. The
+Mexican <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_155" id="Pg_155">{155}</a></span>troops near Matamoros were at the same time busily engaged in
+fortifying the city. General Pedro de Ampudia, who commanded the
+Mexican forces at Matamoros, on April 12, 1846, addressed General
+Taylor a note requiring that within twenty-four hours he should retire
+from his position at Fort Brown and march beyond the Neuces, stating
+that the governments of Mexico and the United States were engaged in
+negotiations regarding the annexation of Texas, and that a failure or
+refusal of General Taylor to comply with this demand would be regarded
+by his Government as a declaration of war on the part of the United
+States. General Taylor replied in substance that he was there with his
+army under orders of his Government, that he declined to retire beyond
+the Neuces, and that he stood ready to repel any attack which might be
+made upon him. Soon after this correspondence General Mariano Arista
+was placed in the command formerly held by General Ampudia, and in
+May, with an army of six thousand men, he crossed the Rio Grande and
+attacked General Taylor at Palo Alto, and was signally defeated.
+General Arista retreated on the next day to Resaca de la Palma, where
+he was again defeated and his army routed, and he retired across the
+Rio Grande. General Taylor was now promoted to the rank of major
+general, and on May 18th took possession of Matamoros without
+opposition.</p>
+
+<p>On September 9th he arrived at Monterey with about six thousand seven
+hundred men, chiefly volunteers. General Ampudia held the command here
+with ten thousand regular Mexican troops. General Taylor assaulted his
+position on September 19th, and after five days of almost continual
+fighting General<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_156" id="Pg_156">{156}</a></span> Ampudia surrendered. General Taylor then transferred
+his headquarters to Monterey, but guarded the city of Saltillo with a
+strong force. He was about making an advance on San Luis Potosi, when
+a large portion of his force was ordered to join General Scott at Vera
+Cruz.</p>
+
+<p>Concentrating his forces, some five thousand in number, he learned
+that General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was concentrating a force of
+twenty thousand men at San Luis Potosi, with a view to attack him. On
+February 21, 1847, he took position at a mountain pass called Buena
+Vista, a few miles from Saltillo, where, being attacked the next day
+by the Mexican army under General Santa Anna, he defeated them, and
+Santa Anna retreated to San Luis Potosi. This brief statement of the
+magnificent and almost unprecedented campaign of General Taylor is
+necessary to understand the part taken by General Scott in the war
+with Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott was notified early in May, 1846, that he might be
+ordered to assume the command on the Mexican frontier. He expressed
+his disinclination to this duty, because it was, as he expressed it,
+"harsh and unusual for a senior, without re-enforcements, to supersede
+a meritorious junior, and that he doubted whether that was the right
+season, or the Rio Grande the right basis, for offensive operations
+against Mexico," and suggested a plan to conquer a peace, which he
+afterward planned and executed. Political reasons to some extent
+delayed action in sending General Scott to Mexico, and his views on
+the proper campaign in Mexico were not approved by President Polk.
+General Scott thought that unless his plan met the full approval and
+support of the Government, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_157" id="Pg_157">{157}</a></span>it might result disastrously, and
+expressed the sentiment, which became afterward a byword, that
+"soldiers had a far greater dread of a fire upon the rear than of the
+most formidable enemy in the front." The President declined to order
+him to the command.</p>
+
+<p>Pending these affairs, the Secretary of War one day called at General
+Scott's office and found that he was absent. General Scott, on
+returning, learning that the secretary had called, wrote him a note in
+explanation of his absence, saying that "he had only stepped out for
+the moment to take a hasty plate of soup." This was also made a
+byword, and was used with a view to injure General Scott, or rather to
+ridicule him by his political opponents when he was a candidate of the
+Whig party for President in 1852. The successes of General Taylor had
+endeared him to the whole country, and his praises were in every one's
+mouth. Congress passed a resolution of thanks, with a promise to
+present him with a sword in recognition of his services. General Scott
+wrote to the Kentucky senators, to Hon. Jefferson Davis, and others in
+Congress, suggesting that instead of a sword the higher honor of a
+gold medal should be voted him, and this suggestion was adopted.
+General Scott made an indorsement on the resolution of Congress voting
+this medal, recommending that it be made in the highest style of art.
+About this time he was called upon by some Whig members of Congress to
+inquire if General Taylor was a Whig, and if he would not be a proper
+person for the Whigs to nominate as their candidate for the
+presidency.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott spoke of him to these inquirers as <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_158" id="Pg_158">{158}</a></span>a man who had the
+true basis of a great character&mdash;pure, uncorrupted morals combined
+with indomitable courage. Kind-hearted, sincere, and hospitable in a
+plain way, he had no vice but prejudice, many friends, and no enemies.
+He also related an anecdote showing General Taylor's unscrupulous
+honesty and high sense of honor.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott made repeated requests during the summer and autumn of
+1846 to be ordered to Mexico. On November 23d he received the
+following order:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">War Department, Washington</span>, <i>November 23, 1846</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The President several days since communicated in
+person to you his orders to repair to Mexico to take command of the
+forces there assembled, and particularly to organize and set on foot
+an expedition to operate on the Gulf coast, if, on arriving at the
+theater of action, you shall deem it to be practicable. It is not
+proposed to control your operations by definite and positive
+instructions, but you are left to prosecute them as your judgment,
+under a full view of all the circumstances, shall dictate. The work
+is before you, and the means provided or to be provided for
+accomplishing it are committed to you, in the full confidence that
+you will use them to the best advantage.</p>
+
+<p>"The objects which it is desirable to obtain have been indicated,
+and it is hoped that you will have the requisite force to accomplish
+them. Of this you must be the judge when preparations are made and
+the time for action arrived. Very respectfully,</p>
+
+<p>"Your obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">W.L. Marcy</span>, <i>Secretary of War</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>General</i> <span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_159" id="Pg_159">{159}</a></span>General Scott was impressed with the belief that Mr. Marcy, the
+Secretary of War, and Hon. Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi, the
+Secretary of the Treasury, had the fullest confidence in his ability,
+and favored giving him the substantial direction of the war. He was
+also impressed with the kindness and confidence extended to him by
+President Polk, but on his arrival in New Orleans he was shown a
+letter from Alexander Barrow, then a Senator in Congress from
+Louisiana and a personal friend of General Scott, informing him that
+the President had asked that the grade of lieutenant general be
+established in the army, and that on the passage of such an act by
+Congress it was the intention of the President to confer this rank,
+and consequently the command of the army, upon Thomas H. Benton, then
+a Senator from Missouri. This was a great shock to General Scott, and
+he attributed it to political motives. He reasoned this way: "Scott is
+a Whig; therefore the Democracy is not bound to observe good faith
+with him. His successes may be turned to the prejudice of the
+Democratic party. We must, however, profit by his military experience,
+and if successful, by force of patronage and other helps, continue to
+crown Benton with the victory, and thus triumph both in the field and
+at the polls."</p>
+
+<p>He reached the Brazos Santiago, near the mouth of the Rio Grande, in
+Christmas week, and proceeded from there to Camargo, where he expected
+to meet General Taylor, but, by some mismanagement or delay, his
+notification to General Taylor did not reach the latter.</p>
+
+<p>A confidential dispatch from General Scott to General Taylor was
+opened, read, and freely discussed <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_160" id="Pg_160">{160}</a></span>at headquarters at Monterey. A
+duplicate was sent forward, but the party in charge of it was killed
+at Villa Gran and the dispatch delivered to General Santa Anna. Taylor
+had made a movement toward Tampico, and hence did not receive the
+first dispatch delivered at Tampico. In the later dispatch General
+Scott had written him that he might have his choice of two
+armies&mdash;either remain as the commander of Northern Mexico, or
+accompany General Scott in command of a division toward the City of
+Mexico, with every assurance in either case of confidence and support.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott anticipated the difficulty of timely concentration of
+forces off the Brazos large enough to give hope of success. He thought
+it necessary to have fifteen thousand troops, of which five thousand
+were to be regulars, and to have the co-operation of the navy. The
+time named for the concentration was the middle of January, so that
+the army might reach Vera Cruz by February 1st. He had requested the
+advice of General Taylor on these matters and all others in regard to
+the proposed campaign. He had intimated, in a letter of November 15th,
+that it would be necessary to withdraw a large number of troops from
+General Taylor, and thus reduce him to the defensive, while he thought
+it absolutely necessary for success that General Taylor should have a
+force sufficient to act offensively in the direction of San Luis
+Potosi. In addition to the volunteers and regulars at Tampico and
+those moving there, he desired that Worth's division of regulars,
+Duncan and Taylor's field batteries, a thousand mounted men, and all
+the volunteer infantry that could be spared be sent to General Taylor,
+only retaining a force <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_161" id="Pg_161">{161}</a></span>sufficient to hold Monterey and protect his
+communications to Point Isabel. From New Orleans General Scott had
+written the Secretary of War that he approved of the rendezvous at
+Pensacola rather than at Brazos for the ordnance and ordnance stores.
+He also urged that volunteers be forwarded rapidly to Brazos.
+Subsequently he wrote the Secretary of War asking that ships with
+troops and supplies be ordered to Lobos Island. He addressed a letter
+to General George M. Brooke, commanding at New Orleans, giving
+detailed orders of what he required of him. He also wrote to Commodore
+Conner, and made suggestions about joint operations.</p>
+
+<p>Failing to meet General Taylor, as he hoped and endeavored to do, with
+a view of a full and free conference, he felt compelled to issue
+orders detaching from the army of the Rio Grande such regular troops
+as were deemed necessary to lead the volunteers for the capture of
+Vera Cruz and the move on the capital, leaving General Taylor with a
+force sufficient to maintain himself at Monterey. He intended, had he
+seen General Taylor, to advise him to contract his line to the Rio
+Grande. General Taylor, supported by the authorities in Washington,
+favored the movement on the City of Mexico from Monterey and <i>via</i> San
+Luis Potosi, but General Scott had already formulated and determined
+on the movement which he made with such brilliant success. Orders were
+accordingly issued from Camargo, January 3, 1847, for the movement of
+troops from Monterey, and General Scott returned to Brazos Santiago.
+The embarkation for Vera Cruz was delayed by the non-arrival of the
+troops from Monterey and want of transportation. The Lobos Islands was
+selected as <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_162" id="Pg_162">{162}</a></span>the place of rendezvous. This point is one hundred and
+twenty miles from Vera Cruz. When the greater part of the troops had
+arrived, they sailed past Vera Cruz and anchored, on March 7th, at
+Anton Lizardo, from which point it was determined to make the
+necessary reconnoissances.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott was at this time ignorant of the movement of General
+Santa Anna toward Monterey, and expected, on landing or attempting to
+land, to be met by a formidable force of the enemy. On March 9th, the
+weather proving good, the fleet, consisting of some eighty vessels,
+including transports, moved up the coast with the naval steamers and
+five gunboats. General Scott was on board of the Massachusetts, and as
+she moved up, the troops from the decks of the vessels cheered him
+with great enthusiasm. The anchorage was made outside the range of the
+enemy's guns. General Scott had provided sixty-seven surf boats, and
+in these and some cutters fifty-five hundred men&mdash;the boats being
+steered by sailors furnished by Commodore David Conner&mdash;passed the
+Massachusetts and repeated their cheers to the commanding general. The
+whole force was landed at half past five in the afternoon, without the
+loss of a man or a boat and without serious opposition from the enemy.
+The remainder of the force was soon landed, amounting in all to
+something less than twelve thousand men.</p>
+
+<p>The following appeared in the New Orleans Bulletin of March 27, 1847:
+"The landing of the American army at Vera Cruz has been accomplished
+in a manner that reflects the highest credit on all concerned; and the
+regularity, precision, and promptness with which it was effected has
+probably never <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_163" id="Pg_163">{163}</a></span>been surpassed, if it has been equaled, in modern
+warfare. The removal of a large body of troops from numerous
+transports into boats in an open sea, their subsequent disembarkation
+on the sea beach, on an enemy's coast, through a surf, with all their
+arms and accouterments, without a single error or accident, requires
+great exertion, skill, and sound judgment.</p>
+
+<p>"The French expedition against Algiers in 1830 was said to be the most
+complete armament in every respect that ever left Europe; it had been
+prepared with labor, attention, experience, and nothing had been
+omitted to insure success, and particularly in the means and
+facilities for landing the troops. This disembarkation took place in a
+wide bay, which was more favorable than an open beach directly on the
+ocean, and (as in the present instance) without any resistance on the
+part of the enemy; yet only nine thousand men were landed the first
+day, and from thirty to forty lives were lost by accidents or
+upsetting of boats; whereas on the present occasion twelve thousand
+men were landed in one day, without, so far as we have heard, the
+slightest accident or loss of life."</p>
+
+<p>Both the city and the castle of San Juan de Ulloa were strongly
+garrisoned and well provisioned. It was General Santa Anna's opinion
+that the garrison at Vera Cruz and the castle could successfully
+resist a siege until the annual breaking out of the yellow fever, upon
+which he depended to cause the withdrawal of the American troops;
+hence he devoted himself to the collection of troops to advance on
+General Taylor. General Scott says: "The walls and forts of Vera Cruz
+in 1847 were in good condition. Subsequent to its capture by the
+French, under<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_164" id="Pg_164">{164}</a></span> Admiral Baudin and the Prince de Joinville, in 1838,
+the castle had been greatly extended, almost rebuilt, and its armament
+about doubled. Besides, the French were allowed to reconnoiter the
+city and castle and choose their positions of attack without the least
+resistance, the Mexicans deprecating the war with that nation, and
+hence ordered not to fire the first gun. Of that injunction the French
+were aware. When we approached, in 1847, the castle had the capacity
+to sink the entire American navy." Soon after the landing was
+effected, General Scott, accompanied by Colonel Joseph G. Totten and
+other officers of his staff, reconnoitered the land side of the city,
+the reconnoissance of the water front having been previously made.</p>
+
+<p>The city was now completely invested, and all communication with the
+interior cut off. A complete blockade had been established by
+Commodore Conner. Several officers applied to General Scott for the
+privilege of leading storming parties. They were thanked, but no
+orders were given. In a meeting with his staff&mdash;Colonel Totten, chief
+engineer; Lieutenant-Colonel Ethan A. Hitchcock, acting inspector
+general; Captain Robert E. Lee, engineer; and Lieutenant Henry L.
+Scott, acting adjutant general&mdash;General Scott spoke as follows: "We,
+of course, gentlemen, must take the city and castle before the return
+of the <i>vomito</i>&mdash;if not by head-work, by the slow scientific process
+of storming, and then escape by pushing the conquest into the healthy
+interior. I am strongly inclined to attempt the former, unless you can
+convince me that the other is preferable. Since our thorough
+reconnaissance, I think the suggestion practicable with a very
+moderate loss on our part.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_165" id="Pg_165">{165}</a></span> The second method would no doubt be
+equally successful, but with the cost of an immense slaughter to both
+sides, including noncombatants, Mexican men, women, and children,
+because assaults must be made in the dark, and the assailants dare not
+lose time in taking and guarding prisoners without incurring the
+certainty of becoming captives themselves, till all the strongholds of
+the place are occupied. The horrors of such slaughter as that, with
+the usual terrible accompaniment, are most revolting. Besides these
+objections, it is necessary to take into account the probable loss of
+some two thousand, perhaps three thousand, of our best men in an
+assault, and I have received but half the number promised me. How,
+then, could we hope to penetrate in the interior?... For these
+reasons," I added, quoting literally, "although I know our countrymen
+will hardly acknowledge a victory unaccompanied by a long butcher's
+bill (report of dead and wounded), I am strongly inclined&mdash;policy
+concurring with humanity&mdash;to forego their loud applause and 'aves
+vehement' and take the city with the least possible loss of life...."</p>
+
+<p>General Scott's views were fully concurred in by Colonel Totten and
+others of his staff, and orders were issued for digging the trenches
+and the establishment of batteries. Very soon all outposts and
+sentries of the enemy were driven in. General Scott had warned the
+foreign consuls in the city of his proposed attack and had furnished
+them safe conducts out of the city, but they had not taken advantage
+of it. The marines of Commodore Conner's squadron, at his request,
+were now allowed to join the army, and, under command of Captain Alvin
+Edson, they were attached to the Third Artillery.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_166" id="Pg_166">{166}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 10th the guns from the castle opened fire, but
+did very little damage. General Robert Patterson now joined Worth on
+his left, and extended the line of investment. Small parties of
+Mexicans were in sight in a valley, and a detachment under command of
+Colonel Cenovio approached the American camp and opened fire. The only
+damage done was the wounding of one soldier. General Gideon J. Pillow,
+with a part of his command and a six-pounder, opened fire on a large
+stone building occupied by the enemy and known as the magazine. They
+were soon driven off, and General Pillow advanced and attacked a small
+force in his front, driving them and occupying the magazine.</p>
+
+<p>Colonels William T. Haskell's and Francis M. Wynkoop's regiments of
+Tennessee and Pennsylvania volunteers were moved on a small force on
+the road to Medelin, which retired, and two companies&mdash;one of
+artillery under command of Captain John R. Vinton, and one of infantry
+under command of Lieutenant A.P. Rogers&mdash;seized a point known as the
+limekiln, where it was proposed to plant a battery. General Twiggs
+moved on the 11th to extend the line of investment, which was now
+complete. General Scott then addressed a letter to the commanding
+officer of the city as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters of the Army of the United States of America,
+Camp Washington, before Vera Cruz</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<i>March, 23, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"The undersigned, Major-General Scott, general in chief of the
+armies of the United States of America, in addition to the close
+blockade of the coast and port of Vera Cruz previously established
+by the<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_167" id="Pg_167">{167}</a></span> squadrons under Commodore Conner, of the navy of said
+States, having more fully invested the said city with an
+overwhelming army, so as to render it impossible that it should
+receive from without succor or re-enforcements of any kind, and
+having caused to be established batteries competent to the speedy
+destruction of said city, he, the undersigned, deems it due to the
+courtesies of war in like cases, as well as to the rights of
+humanity, to summon his Excellency the governor or commander in
+chief of the city of Vera Cruz to surrender the same to the army of
+the United States of America, present before the place. The
+undersigned, anxious to spare the beautiful city of Vera Cruz from
+the imminent hazard of demolition, its gallant defenders from a
+useless effusion of blood, and its peaceful inhabitants&mdash;women and
+children inclusive&mdash;from the inevitable horrors of a triumphant
+assault, addresses this summons to the intelligence, the gallantry,
+the patriotism, no less than the humanity, of his Excellency the
+governor and commander in chief of Vera Cruz. The undersigned is not
+accurately informed whether both the city and the castle of San Juan
+de Ulloa be under the command of his Excellency, or whether each
+place has its own independent commander; but the undersigned, moved
+by the considerations adverted to above, may be willing to stipulate
+that if the city should by capitulation be garrisoned by a part of
+his troops no missile shall be fired from within the city or from
+its bastions or walls upon the castle, unless the castle should
+previously fire upon the city. The undersigned has the honor to
+tender his distinguished opponent, his Excellency the general and
+commander in chief of Vera Cruz, the assurance<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_168" id="Pg_168">{168}</a></span> of the high respect
+and consideration of the undersigned,</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To which he received the following reply:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">God and Liberty</span>!"</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Vera Cruz</span>, <i>March 22, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">To Major-General Scott</span>: The undersigned, commanding
+general of the free and sovereign State of Vera Cruz, has informed
+himself of the contents of the note which Major-General Scott,
+general in chief of the forces of the United States, has addressed
+to him under date of to-day, demanding the surrender of this place
+and castle of San Juan de Ulloa, and in answer has to say that the
+above-named fortress as well as the city depends on his authority;
+and it being his principal duty, in order to prove worthy of the
+confidence placed in him by the Government of the nation, to defend
+both points at all cost, to which he counts upon necessary elements,
+and will make it good to the last, therefore his Excellency can
+commence his operations of war in a manner which he may consider
+most advantageous. The undersigned has the honor to return to the
+general in chief of the forces of the United States the
+demonstrations of esteem he may be pleased to honor him with.</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">"Juan Morales.</span>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The city was garrisoned by a force of three thousand three hundred and
+sixty officers and men, and the castle had a force of one thousand and
+thirty, making a total of four thousand three hundred and ninety. It
+was certainly a brave determination of the Mexicans with this force to
+resist the formidable foe who had invested them and were ready to
+attack.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_169" id="Pg_169">{169}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On March 22d, at 4.15 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>, the mortar batteries opened fire,
+and from that time the firing was continued without ceasing until the
+23d, when it was suspended for a few hours. The fire was returned from
+the batteries. Fire was also opened on the city from the vessels.
+Heavy guns having arrived, preparations were made for getting them
+ashore, but it was prevented by a heavy norther. The norther having
+subsided on the 23d, six heavy guns and a detachment from the navy
+were landed. On Commodore Matthew C. Perry's request a place in the
+trenches was assigned to the navy. On the 24th, Colonel Persifor F.
+Smith moved out to a small stream called the San Pedro and attacked
+and drove off a force of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>On the night of the 24th General Scott received a communication,
+signed by the British, French, Spanish, and Prussian consuls in Vera
+Cruz, asking time to permit the neutrals and women and children to
+withdraw from the city; to which he replied that up to the 23d the
+communication between the neutrals in Vera Cruz and the neutral ships
+of war lying off Sacrificios was left open to allow them an exit, and
+that he had given notice to the consuls. He therefore declined to
+grant the request unless it was made by the governor and commander in
+chief of Vera Cruz, accompanied with a proposition to surrender. On
+the 25th, the six heavy guns, the navy battery, and all the mortars
+opened fire. General Scott had determined that, if no proposition for
+surrender was made by the 26th, he would assault the works.</p>
+
+<p>The command of the city having been turned over by General Morales to
+General Landero, the latter, on the 26th, addressed General Scott as
+follows:<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_170" id="Pg_170">{170}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency the exposition
+which has this moment been made to me by the se&ntilde;ores consuls of
+England, France, Spain, and Prussia, in which they solicit that
+hostilities may be suspended while the innocent families in this
+place who are suffering the ravages of war be enabled to leave the
+city, which solicitude claims my support; and considering it in
+accordance with the rights of afflicted humanity, I have not
+hesitated to invite your Excellency to enter into an honorable
+accommodation with the garrison, in which case you will please name
+three commissioners who may meet at some intermediate point to treat
+with those of this place upon the terms of the accommodation. With
+this motive I renew to your Excellency my attentive consideration.</p>
+
+<p>"God reward your Excellency, etc., etc., etc. (on account of the
+sickness of the commanding general).</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Jos&eacute; Juan de Landero."</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Scott notified General Landero that he had appointed Brevet
+Major-General Worth, of the regular army, Major-General Pillow, of the
+volunteers, and Colonel Totten, chief of the engineer corps of the
+army, commissioners on his part to meet a like number to be appointed
+by General Landero. The latter announced the appointment on his part
+of Colonels Herrera, Gutierrez de Villa Nueva, and Lieutenant-Colonel
+Robles. The commissioners met at the Punta de Hornos, and on the 27th
+agreed upon terms.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/170_b.jpg"><img src="images/170_t.jpg" width="400" alt="Siege of VERA CRUZ" title="Siege of VERA CRUZ" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The terms of capitulation were in substance that the Mexican troops
+should march out of the city with the honors of war, should stack
+their arms and <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_171" id="Pg_171">{171}</a></span>be paroled; that their colors, when lowered, should be
+saluted. Absolute protection was guaranteed to persons and property in
+the city. No private building was to be taken or used by the United
+States forces without previous arrangement and fair compensation. A
+Mexican historian says: "The sacrifice was consummated, but the
+soldiers of Vera Cruz received the honor due to their valor and
+misfortunes&mdash;the respect of the conqueror. Not even a look was given
+them by the enemy's soldiers which could be interpreted into an
+insult." Five thousand prisoners and four hundred guns were captured,
+and with a loss of only sixty-seven killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p>There is scarcely anything in history equal to this achievement of
+General Scott. Throughout the siege he shared all the dangers and
+hardships of his troops. He examined in person, aided by his very able
+staff officers, every detail of works of defense, and gave orders for
+the firing of the batteries.</p>
+
+<p>One day during the siege General Scott was walking the trenches where
+a heavy fire of the enemy was directed. Seeing some of the soldiers
+standing up, General Scott ordered them not to expose themselves.
+"But, General," said one, "you are exposing yourself." "Oh!" said he,
+"generals nowadays can be made out of anybody, but men can not be
+had." The point of this reply is easy to understand. General Worth was
+appointed commandant and governor of Vera Cruz, with instructions to
+establish and enforce police regulations, but not to interfere with
+the functions of the civil magistrates in affairs between Mexicans.</p>
+
+<p>He was authorized and instructed, after conferring with Commodore
+Perry, to establish a tariff of duties <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_172" id="Pg_172">{172}</a></span>on articles imported, to be
+applied to the necessities of the sick and wounded of the army and
+navy and indigent inhabitants of the city of Vera Cruz; this to
+continue in force until instructions were received from Washington.
+General Worth, on assuming command, immediately issued an order to the
+alcalde as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"Arms in possession of citizens to be given into the alcalde's
+possession and to be reported to headquarters. Drinking saloons to be
+closed, and not to be reopened hereafter except under special
+permission. Mexican laws as between Mexicans to be enforced, and
+justice administered by regular Mexican tribunals. Cases arising
+between American citizens of the army, or authorized followers of the
+same, will be investigated by military commissions."</p>
+
+<p>To cover all cases arising by the military occupation of the country,
+General Scott had issued at Tampico his Martial-Law Order No. 40, and
+republished it at Vera Cruz. General Worth gave permission to the
+residents of the city to leave and enter the city freely between
+daylight and sunset. No duties were imposed on any of the necessaries
+of life.</p>
+
+<p>On March 30th a combined military and naval expedition was organized
+to move to Alvarado, Commodore Perry in command of the naval
+contingent. The army detachment, under General John A. Quitman,
+consisted of the Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina infantry, and a
+squadron of the Second Dragoons under command of Major Benjamin Lloyd
+Beall, and a section of the Third Artillery under Lieutenant Henry
+Bethel Judd.</p>
+
+<p>The object of this expedition was to conciliate the inhabitants, and
+for the purchase of horses, mules, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_173" id="Pg_173">{173}</a></span>and cattle. Commodore Perry landed
+there on the 1st of April, followed by the arrival of General Quitman
+very soon afterward. Many citizens fled on the approach of the troops,
+and the town was surrendered to the American forces. Twenty-two cannon
+and some ammunition were captured, and five hundred horses secured by
+purchase. The troops returned to Vera Cruz, April 6th. A similar
+expedition for like purposes was undertaken by General Harvey, April
+2d, for Antigua. A lieutenant and eight soldiers were captured, and
+some horses and cattle purchased. On April 3d, Brevet Colonel Henry
+Wilson, with the First United States Infantry and two companies of
+volunteers, was assigned to the command of Vera Cruz and the castle of
+San Juan de Ulloa.</p>
+
+<p>Orders were now issued for an advance of the army on Jalapa, General
+David E. Twiggs, with the Second Division of regulars, to lead the
+movement on the 8th, two brigades of volunteers to follow. On the 9th
+Patterson's division moved, but, for want of transportation, Quitman's
+brigade, Colonel James H. Thomas, Tennessee mounted regiment, Worth's
+division, and the siege train were left at Vera Cruz. General Twiggs
+was notified by General Scott that he had information that General
+Santa Anna had arrived at Jalapa with six thousand troops, though he
+[General Scott] regarded the numbers as exaggerated. General Twiggs,
+on receipt of General Scott's notice, replied that the Mexicans would
+doubtless endeavor to hold the pass of Cerro Gordo between the
+National Bridge and Jalapa. Through Mexican sources he had information
+rating Santa Anna's force at from two thousand to thirteen thousand,
+and that he expected to arrive on the evening of the 11th at<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_174" id="Pg_174">{174}</a></span> Plan del
+Rio, the point where the Mexican advance was posted.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott had received information that Generals Patterson and
+Twiggs had met a strong force of the enemy at Plan del Rio. Worth's
+division was ordered forward, and Quitman directed to follow in
+twenty-four hours. General Scott himself now moved out under a cavalry
+escort.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_175" id="Pg_175">{175}</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">General Santa Anna arrives at Cerro Gordo&mdash;Engagement at
+Atalay&mdash;General Orders No. 111&mdash;Reports from Jalapa&mdash;Report of
+engagement at Cerro Gordo&mdash;Occupation of Perote&mdash;Account of a Mexican
+historian&mdash;General Santa Anna's letter to General Arroya&mdash;Delay of the
+Government in sending re-enforcements&mdash;Danger of communications with
+Vera Cruz&mdash;Troops intended for Scott ordered to General
+Taylor&mdash;Colonel Childs appointed governor of Jalapa&mdash;Occupation of
+Puebla&mdash;Arrival of re-enforcements&mdash;Number of Scott's force.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Santa Anna had arrived at Cerro Gordo on April 9th. General
+Scott, on his arrival, ordered (on the morning of the 11th)
+reconnoissances to be made on the Mexican left by Captain Robert E.
+Lee, which were resumed on the 16th. These reconnoissances determined
+the order of attack, which was to make a demonstration with the
+commands of Generals Pillow and Shields on the Mexican right, and
+press the mass of the army on their right. This movement being
+successful, the enemy's communications would be cut off. In the
+meantime the Mexicans were busily engaged in greatly strengthening
+their positions.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott had not intended to attack the enemy in the absence of
+Worth's division, which had not yet arrived. A movement of Lieutenant
+Franklin Gardner, re-enforced later by the mounted rifles under Major
+Edwin Vose Sumner and a battalion of the<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_176" id="Pg_176">{176}</a></span> First Artillery under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Childs, to occupy a position near the base of the
+Atalaya, provoked a sharp conflict. General Santa Anna, being at the
+front, ordered re-enforcements. Colonel Thomas Childs withdrew, having
+advanced under a misapprehension. The American loss was ninety-seven,
+killed and wounded. General Scott returned to Plan del Rio and issued
+the following order:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters of the Army</span>,</p>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Plan del Rio</span>, <i>April 17, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">General Orders No.</span> 111.</p>
+
+<p>"The enemy's whole line of intrenchments and batteries will be
+attacked in front, and at the same time turned, early in the day
+to-morrow, probably before ten o'clock A.M. The second (Twiggs's)
+division of regulars is already advanced within easy turning
+distance toward the enemy's line. That division has instructions to
+move forward before daylight to-morrow and take up position across
+the national road, in the enemy's rear, so as to cut off a retreat
+toward Jalapa. It may be re-enforced to-day, if unexpectedly
+attacked in force, by regiments&mdash;one or two&mdash;taken from Shields's
+brigade of volunteers. If not, the two volunteer regiments will
+march for that purpose at daylight to-morrow morning under
+Brigadier-General Shields, who will report to Brigadier-General
+Twiggs in getting up with him, or to the general in chief if he be
+in advance. The remaining regiments of that volunteer brigade will
+receive instructions in the course of this day. The first division
+of regulars (Worth's) will follow the movement against the enemy's
+left at sunrise to-morrow morning. As already arranged,
+Brigadier-General Pillow's brigade will march at six o'clock<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_177" id="Pg_177">{177}</a></span>
+to-morrow morning along the route he has carefully reconnoitered,
+and stand ready, as soon as he hears the report of arms on our
+right, or sooner, if circumstances should favor him, to pierce the
+enemy's line of batteries at such point&mdash;the nearer the river the
+better&mdash;as he may select. Once in the rear of that line, he will
+turn to the right or left, or both, and attack the batteries in
+reverse; or, if abandoned, he will pursue the enemy with vigor until
+further orders. Wall's field battery and cavalry will be held in
+reserve on the national road, a little out of view and range of the
+enemy's batteries. They will take up that position at nine o'clock
+in the morning. The enemy's batteries being carried or abandoned,
+all our divisions and corps will pursue with vigor. This pursuit may
+be continued many miles toward Jalapa until stopped by darkness or
+fortified positions; consequently the body of the army will not
+return to this encampment, but be followed to-morrow afternoon, or
+early the next morning, by the baggage trains of the several corps.
+For this purpose the feeble men of each corps will be left to guard
+its camp and effects, and to load up the latter in the wagons of the
+corps. A commander of the present encampment will be designated in
+the course of this day.</p>
+
+<p>"As soon as it shall be known that the enemy's works have been
+carried, or that the general pursuit has been commenced, one wagon
+for each regiment and battery and one for the cavalry will follow
+the movement, to receive, under the direction of medical officers,
+the wounded and disabled, who will be brought back to this place for
+treatment in general hospital. The surgeon general will organize
+this<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_178" id="Pg_178">{178}</a></span> important service, and designate that hospital, as well as the
+medical officers to be left at it.</p>
+
+<p>"Every man who marches out to attack or pursue the enemy will take
+the usual allowance of ammunition and subsistence for at least two
+days.</p>
+
+<p>"By command of Major-General Scott.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">H.L. Scott</span>, <i>Acting Adjutant General</i>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The engineer train and troops under Lieutenant George Brinton
+McClellan having arrived, additional batteries were placed in
+position. General Santa Anna, believing that the Americans would
+attack his right, made his dispositions accordingly. Following are
+General Scott's reports of the battle made to the Secretary of War:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters of the Army, Plan del Rio,</span></p>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Fifty Miles from Vera Cruz</span>, <i>April 19, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The plan of the attack, sketched in General Orders
+No. 111 herewith, was finely executed by this gallant army before
+two o'clock <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> yesterday. We are quite embarrassed with
+the results of victory&mdash;prisoners of war, heavy ordnance, field
+batteries, small arms, and accouterments. About three thousand men
+laid down their arms, with the usual proportion of field and company
+officers, besides five generals, several of them of great
+distinction&mdash;Pinson Jarrero, La Vega, Noryuga, and Obando. A sixth
+general, Vasque, was killed in defending the battery (tower) in the
+rear of the line of defense, the capture of which gave us those
+glorious results.</p>
+
+<p>"Our loss, though comparatively small in number, has been serious.
+Brigadier-General Shields, a commander of activity, zeal, and
+talent, is, I fear, if not dead, mortally wounded. He is some five
+miles<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_179" id="Pg_179">{179}</a></span> from me at this moment. The field of operations covers many
+miles, broken by mountains and deep chasms, and I have not a report
+as yet from any division or brigade. Twiggs's division, followed by
+Shields's (now Colonel Baker's) brigade, are now near Jalapa, and
+Worth's division is <i>en route</i> thither, all pursuing with good
+results, as I learn, that part of the Mexican army&mdash;perhaps six or
+seven thousand men&mdash;that fled before our right had carried the
+tower, and gained the Jalapa road. Pillow's brigade alone is near me
+at this depot of wounded, sick, and prisoners, and I have time only
+to give from him the names of First-Lieutenant F.B. Nelson and
+Second-Lieutenant C.G. Gill, both of the Second Tennessee Foot
+(Haskell's regiment), among the killed, and in the brigade one
+hundred and six of all ranks killed or wounded. Among the latter the
+gallant brigadier general himself has a smart wound in his arm, but
+not disabled; and Major R. Farqueson, Second Tennessee, H.F. Murray,
+second lieutenant, G.T. Southerland, first lieutenant, W.P. Hale,
+adjutant, all of the same regiment, severely, and First-Lieutenant
+W. Yearwood mortally wounded. And I know, from personal observation
+on the ground, that First-Lieutenant Ewell, of the Rifles, if not
+now dead, was mortally wounded in entering, sword in hand, the
+intrenchments around the captured tower. Second-Lieutenant Derby,
+Topographical Engineers, I saw also at the same place, severely
+wounded, and Captain Patten, Second United States Infantry, lost his
+right hand. Major Sumner, Second United States Dragoons, was
+slightly wounded the day before, and Captain Johnson,
+<ins class="correction" title="text reads 'Typographical'">Topographical</ins> Engineers (now lieutenant colonel of
+infantry), was very severely<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_180" id="Pg_180">{180}</a></span> wounded in reconnoitering some days
+earlier. I must not omit to add that Captain Mason and
+Second-Lieutenant Davis, both of the Rifles, were among the very
+severely wounded in storming the same tower. I estimate our total
+loss in killed and wounded may be about two hundred and fifty, and
+that of the enemy three hundred and fifty. In the pursuit toward
+Jalapa (twenty-five miles hence) I learn we have added much to the
+enemy's loss in prisoners, killed, and wounded. In fact, I suppose
+this retreating army to be nearly disorganized, and hence my haste
+to follow in an hour or two to profit by events. In this hurried and
+imperfect report I must not omit to say that Brigadier-General
+Twiggs, in passing the mountain range beyond Cerro Gordo crowned
+with the tower, detached from his division, as I suggested the day
+before, a strong force to carry that height which commanded the
+Jalapa road at the foot, and could not fail, if carried, to cut off
+the whole or any part of the enemy's forces from a retreat in any
+direction. A portion of the First Artillery under the
+often-distinguished Brevet-Colonel Childs, the Third Infantry under
+Captain Alexander, the Seventh Infantry under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Plympton, and the Rifles under Major Loring, all under the temporary
+command of Colonel Harvey, Second Dragoons, during the confinement
+to his bed of Brevet Brigadier-General P.F. Smith, composed that
+detachment. The style of execution, which I had the pleasure to
+witness, was most brilliant and decisive. The brigade ascended the
+long and difficult slope of Cerro Gordo, without shelter and under
+the tremendous fire of artillery and musketry, with the utmost
+steadiness, reached the<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_181" id="Pg_181">{181}</a></span> breastworks, drove the enemy from them,
+planted the colors of the First Artillery, Third and Seventh
+Infantry, the enemy's flag still flying, and after some minutes of
+sharp firing finished the conquest with the bayonet. It is a most
+pleasing duty to say that the highest praise is due to Harvey,
+Childs, Plympton, Loring, Alexander, their gallant officers and men,
+for this brilliant service, independent of the great results which
+soon followed.</p>
+
+<p>"Worth's division of regulars coming up at this time, he detached
+Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel C.F. Smith with his light battalion to
+support the assault, but not in time. The general, reaching the
+tower a few minutes before me and observing a white flag displayed
+from the nearest portion of the enemy's lines toward the batteries
+below, sent out Colonels Harvey and Childs to hold a parley. The
+surrender followed in an hour or two.</p>
+
+<p>"Major-General Patterson left a sick-bed to share in the dangers and
+fatigues of the day, and after the surrender went forward to command
+the advanced forces toward Jalapa. Brigadier-General Pillow and his
+brigade twice assaulted with great daring the enemy's lines of
+batteries on our left; and, though without success, they contributed
+much to distract and dismay their immediate opponents.</p>
+
+<p>"President Santa Anna, with Generals Canalizo and Ampudia, and some
+six or eight thousand men, escaped toward Jalapa just before Cerro
+Gordo was carried and before Twiggs's division could reach the
+national road above. I have determined to parole the
+prisoners&mdash;officers and men&mdash;as I have not the means of feeding them
+here beyond to-day, and can not afford to detach a heavy body of
+horse and foot,<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_182" id="Pg_182">{182}</a></span> with wagons, to accompany them to Vera Cruz. Our
+baggage train, though increasing, is not yet half large enough to
+give an assured progress to this army. Besides, a greater number of
+prisoners would probably escape from the escort in the long and deep
+sandy road, with subsistence, ten to one, than we shall find again
+out of the same body of men in ranks opposed to us. Not one of the
+Vera Cruz prisoners is believed to have been in the lines at Cerro
+Gordo. Some six of the officers highest in rank refused to give
+their paroles, except to go to Vera Cruz, and hence, perhaps, to the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>"The small arms and their accouterments being of no value to our
+army here or at home, I have ordered them to be destroyed, for we
+have not the means of transporting them. I am also somewhat
+embarrassed with the many pieces of artillery&mdash;all bronze&mdash;which we
+have captured. It would take a brigade and half the mules of this
+army to transport them fifty miles. A field battery I shall take for
+service for the army, but the heavy metal must be collected and left
+here for the present. We have our own siege train and the proper
+carriages with us.</p>
+
+<p>"Being occupied with the prisoners and all the details of a forward
+movement, besides looking to the supplies which are to follow from
+Vera Cruz, I have time to add no more, intending to be at Jalapa
+early to-morrow. We shall not probably meet with serious opposition
+this side of Perote, certainly not unless delayed by the want of the
+means of transportation.</p>
+
+<p>"I have the honor to remain, sir, with high respect, your most
+obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_183" id="Pg_183">{183}</a></div>
+
+<p>"P.S.&mdash;I invite attention to the accompanying letters to President
+Santa Anna, taken in his carriage yesterday; also to his
+proclamation issued on hearing that we had captured Vera Cruz, etc.,
+in which he says: 'If the enemy advance one step more, the national
+independence will be buried in the abyss of the past.' We have taken
+that step.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"W.S.</p>
+
+<p>"I make a second postscript, to say that there is some hope, I am
+happy to learn, that General Shields may survive his wounds. One of
+the principal motives for paroling the prisoners of war is to
+diminish the resistance of other garrisons in our march.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters of the Army, Jalapa</span>, <i>April 23, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In forwarding the reports of commanders which detail
+the operations of their several corps against the Mexican lines at
+Cerro Gordo, I shall present, in continuation of my former report,
+but an outline of the affair; and while adopting heartily their
+commendations of the ardor and efficiency of individuals, I shall
+mention by name only those who figure prominently, or, from
+position, could not be included in those subreports. The field
+sketch herewith indicates the position of the two armies. The
+<i>tierra caliente</i>, or low level, terminates at Plan del Rio, the
+site of the American camp, from which the road ascends immediately
+in a long circle among the lofty hills, whose commanding points had
+all been fortified and garrisoned by the enemy. His right,
+intrenched, rested on a precipice overhanging an impassable ravine
+that forms the bed of the stream; and his intrenchments extended
+continuously to the road, in which was placed a formidable battery.
+On<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_184" id="Pg_184">{184}</a></span> the other side the lofty and difficult heights of Cerro Gordo
+commanded the approaches in all directions. The main body of the
+Mexican army was encamped on level ground, with a battery of five
+pieces, half a mile in rear of that height toward Jalapa. Resolving,
+if possible, to turn the enemy's left and attack in rear while
+menacing or engaging his front, I caused daily reconnoissances to be
+pushed, with the view of finding a route for a force to debouch on
+the Jalapa road and cut off retreat. The reconnoissance, begun by
+Lieutenant Beauregard, was continued by Captain Lee, engineers, and
+a road made along difficult slopes and over chasms out of the
+enemy's view; though reached by his fire when discovered, until,
+arriving at the Mexican lines, further reconnoissance became
+impossible without action. The desired point of debouchure, the
+Jalapa road, was not therefore reached, though believed to be within
+easy distance; and to gain that point it now became necessary to
+carry the heights of Cerro Gordo. The disposition in my plan of
+battle&mdash;General Orders No. 111, heretofore inclosed&mdash;were
+accordingly made. Twiggs's division, re-enforced by Shields's
+brigade of volunteers, was thrown into position on the 17th, and was
+of necessity drawn into action in taking up the ground for its
+bivouac, and the opposing height for our heavy battery. It will be
+seen that many of our officers and men were killed or wounded in
+this sharp combat, handsomely commenced by a company of the Seventh
+Infantry under Brevet First-Lieutenant Gardner, who is highly
+praised by all his commanders for signal services. Colonel Harvey,
+coming up with the Rifle Regiment and First Artillery (also parts of
+his brigade), brushed away the enemy <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_185" id="Pg_185">{185}</a></span>and occupied the height, on
+which, in the night, was placed a battery of one twenty-four pounder
+and two twenty-four-pound howitzers, under the supervision of
+Captain Lee, engineers, and Lieutenant Hagner, ordnance. These guns
+opened next morning, and were served with effect by Captain Steptoe
+and Lieutenant Brown, Third Artillery, Lieutenant Hagner (ordnance),
+and Lieutenant Seymore, First Artillery. The same night, with
+extreme toil and difficulty, under the superintendence of Lieutenant
+Tower, engineer, and Lieutenant Laidley, ordnance, an eight-inch
+howitzer was put in position across the river and opposite to the
+enemy's right battery. A detachment of four companies under Major
+Burnham, New York volunteers, performed this creditable service,
+which enabled Lieutenant Ripley, Second Artillery, in charge of the
+piece, to open a timely fire in that quarter.</p>
+
+<p>"Early on the 18th the columns moved to the general attack, and our
+success was speedy and decisive. Pillow's brigade assaulting the
+right of the intrenchments, although compelled to retire, had the
+effect I have heretofore stated. Twiggs's division, storming the
+strong and vital point of Cerro Gordo, pierced the center, gained
+command of all the intrenchments, and cut them off from support. As
+our infantry (Colonel Riley's brigade) pushed on against the main
+body of the enemy, the guns of their own fort were rapidly turned to
+play on that force (under the immediate command of General Santa
+Anna), who fled in confusion. Shields's brigade, bravely assaulting
+the left, carried the rear battery (five guns) on the Jalapa road
+and aided materially in completing the rout of the enemy. The part
+taken by the remainder of our forces held in reserve to support<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_186" id="Pg_186">{186}</a></span> and
+pursue has already been noticed. The moment the fate of the day was
+decided, the cavalry and Taylor's and Wall's field batteries were
+pushed on toward Jalapa in advance of the pursuing columns of
+infantry. Twiggs's division and the brigade of Shields (now under
+Colonel Baker) and Major-General Patterson were sent to take command
+of them. In the hot pursuit many Mexicans were captured or slain
+before our men and horses were exhausted by the heat and distance.</p>
+
+<p>"The rout proved to have been complete, the retreating army, except
+a small body of cavalry, being dispersed and utterly disorganized.
+The immediate consequences have been our possession of this
+important city, the abandonment of the works and artillery at La
+Hoya, the next formidable pass between Vera Cruz and the capital,
+and the prompt occupation by Worth's division of the fortress of
+Perote (second only to San Juan de Ulloa), with its extensive
+armament of sixty-six guns and mortars and its large supply of
+material. To General Worth's report, annexed, I refer for details.</p>
+
+<p>"I have heretofore endeavored to do justice to the skill and courage
+with which the heights of Cerro Gordo were attacked, naming the
+regiments most distinguished, and their-commanders, under the lead
+of Colonel Harney. Lieutenant G.W. Smith led the engineer company as
+part of the storming force, and is noticed with distinction. The
+reports of this assault make favorable mention of many in which I
+can well concur, having, witnessed the daring advance and perfect
+steadiness of the whole. Besides those already named, Lieutenant
+Brooks, Third Infantry, Lieutenant Macdonald, Second Dragoons,
+Lieutenant<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_187" id="Pg_187">{187}</a></span> Vandorn, Seventh Infantry (all acting staff officers),
+Captain Magruder, First Artillery, and Lieutenant Gardner, Seventh
+Infantry, seem to have won special praise. Colonel Riley's brigade
+and Talcott's rocket and howitzer battery were engaged in and about
+the heights and bore an active part. The brigade so gallantly led by
+General Shields, and after his fall by Colonel Baker, deserves high
+commendation for its fine behavior and success. Colonels Foreman,
+Burnett, and Major Harris commanded the regiments. Lieutenant
+Hammond, Third Artillery, and Lieutenant Davis, Illinois volunteers,
+constituted the brigade staff. These operations, hid from my view by
+intervening hills, were not fully known when my first report was
+hastily written. Brigadier-General Twiggs, who was in immediate
+command of all advanced forces, has earned high credit by his
+judgment, skill, and energy. The conduct of Colonels Campbell,
+Haskell, and Wynkoop, commanding the regiments of Pillow's brigade,
+is reported in terms of strong approbation by Major-General
+Patterson. I recommend for a commission Quartermaster-Sergeant
+Henry, of the Seventh Infantry (already known to the army for
+intrepidity on former occasions), who hauled down the national
+standard of the Mexican fort. In expressing my indebtedness for able
+assistance&mdash;to Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock, acting inspector
+general; to Majors Smith and Turnbull, and respective chiefs of
+engineers and topographical engineers; to their assistant
+lieutenants, Lieutenants Mason, Beauregard, Stevens, Tower, G.W.
+Smith, McClellan, engineers, and Lieutenants Derby and Hardcastle,
+topographical engineers; to Captain Allen, chief quartermaster, and
+Lieutenant Blair,<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_188" id="Pg_188">{188}</a></span> chief commissary, and to Lieutenants Hagner and
+Laidley, ordnance, all actively employed&mdash;I am compelled to make
+special mention of the services of Captain R.E. Lee, engineers. This
+officer greatly distinguished himself at the siege of Vera Cruz, was
+again indefatigable during these operations, in reconnoissance as
+daring as laborious, and of the utmost value. Nor was he less
+conspicuous in planting batteries and in conducting columns to their
+stations under the heavy fire of the enemy. My personal
+staff&mdash;Lieutenants Scott, Williams, and Lay, and Major Van Buren,
+who volunteered for the occasion&mdash;gave me zealous and efficient
+assistance. Our whole force present in action and in reserve was
+eight thousand five hundred. The enemy is estimated at twelve
+thousand or more. About three thousand prisoners, four or five
+thousand stands of arms, and forty-three pieces of artillery are
+taken. By the accompanying return I regret to find our loss more
+severe than at first supposed, amounting in the two days to
+thirty-three officers and three hundred and ninety-eight men&mdash;in
+all, four hundred and thirty-one, of whom sixty-three were killed.
+The enemy's loss is computed to be from one thousand to one thousand
+two hundred. I am happy in communicating strong hopes of the
+recovery of the gallant General Shields, who is so much improved as
+to have been brought to this place.</p>
+
+<p>"Appended to this report are the following papers:</p>
+
+<p>"(A) General return by name of killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p>"(B) Copies of report of Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock, acting
+inspector general (of prisoners taken), and accompanying papers.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_189" id="Pg_189">{189}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"(C) Report of Brigadier-General Twiggs, and subreports.</p>
+
+<p>"(D) Report of Major-General Patterson and report of brigade
+commanders.</p>
+
+<p>"(E) Copy of report of Brigadier-General Worth announcing the
+occupation by his division of the castle and town of Perote without
+opposition, with an inventory of ordnance there found.</p>
+
+<p>"I have the honor to remain, sir, with high respect, your most
+obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A Mexican historian gives the following account of the close of the
+battle: "General Santa Anna, accompanied by some of his adjutants, was
+passing along the road to the left of the battery, when the enemy's
+column, now out of the woods, appeared on his line of retreat and
+fired upon him, forcing him back. The carriage in which he had left
+Jalapa was riddled with shot, the mules killed and taken by the enemy,
+as well as a wagon containing sixteen thousand dollars received the
+day before for the pay of the soldiers. Every tie of command and
+obedience now being broken among our troops, safety alone being the
+object, and all being involved in a frightful whirl, they rushed
+desperately to the narrow pass of the defile that descended to the
+Plan del Rio, where the general in chief had preceded, with the chiefs
+and officers accompanying him. Horrid indeed was the descent by that
+narrow and rocky path, where thousands rushed, disputing the passage,
+with desperation, and leaving a track of blood upon the road. All
+classes being confounded, military distinction and respect were lost;
+and badges of rank became marks <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_190" id="Pg_190">{190}</a></span>of sarcasm that were only meted out
+according to their grade and humiliation. The enemy, now masters of
+our camp, turned their guns upon the fugitives, thus augmenting the
+terror of the multitude that crowded through the defile and pressed
+forward every instant by a new impulse, which increased the confusion
+and disgrace of the ill-fated day."</p>
+
+<p>General Scott reports the strength of his army at Cerro Gordo at eight
+thousand five hundred, the killed and wounded four hundred and
+thirty-one, of which thirty-three were officers and three hundred and
+ninety-eight enlisted men. His estimate of the Mexican force was
+twelve thousand. The prisoners captured were about three thousand, and
+the killed and wounded between one thousand and twelve hundred.
+Forty-three cannon and three thousand five hundred small arms were
+captured. On the morning of the 22d the army moved to and occupied the
+town and castle of Perote without resistance.</p>
+
+<p>General Santa Anna now retired to Orizaba, where he was met by many
+distinguished citizens. He addressed a letter to the <i>ad interim</i>
+President, General Arroya, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Orizaba</span>, <i>April 22, 1847</i></p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">My Esteemed Friend</span>: The dispatch which I have forwarded to
+the Minister of War will already have informed you of the events
+which occurred on the 18th inst. The enemy made an extraordinary
+effort to force the pass, and, exasperated by the repulse he had
+experienced the day before, and because he knew his ruin was
+inevitable unless he succeeded, attacked me with his entire army,
+which was not less than twelve thousand men. He put everything on
+the hazard of the die, and the cast was favorable <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_191" id="Pg_191">{191}</a></span>to him. I do not
+regard the cause of the nation as hopeless, if it will defend its
+honor and independence as circumstances may require. I presume you
+have taken all proper measures for the public safety, and first of
+all for that of the capital. I shall be able to aid it very soon if
+it will defend itself. At present I have with me five hundred men
+and four guns, and there is no doubt but I shall collect in a few
+days a force equal to that I rallied at Cerro Gordo. I only require
+that you send me some money through the medium of bills of exchange,
+as I find it impossible to raise a dollar. We must, my friend, not
+give up ourselves as lost, and, before God, you shall see that I
+will make no treaty with the enemy which will dishonor us or put us
+in worse condition. Write to me when convenient, and reckon always
+on the poor services of your most affectionate friend, who wishes
+you every happiness.</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">A.L. de Santa Anna</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The prisoners were all paroled, and the sick and wounded sent to
+Jalapa, where they were comfortably provided for.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott was impatient at the delay of the Government in sending
+him re-enforcements. He feared that his communications with Vera Cruz
+might be cut off. The time of enlistment of the twelve months'
+volunteers would soon expire, and he desired to discharge them in time
+to leave the coast before the prevalence of the yellow fever.</p>
+
+<p>He received information on April 27th that some one to two thousand
+recruits of the ten regiments recently provided for by Congress had
+been ordered to Brazos, and that every effort would be made to
+re-enforce General Taylor. The Secretary <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_192" id="Pg_192">{192}</a></span>of War had ordered troops
+originally designed for General Scott to the relief of General Taylor,
+without notice to General Scott.</p>
+
+<p>On May 4, 1847, he issued an order to the volunteer troops whose term
+of enlistment was about to expire, complimenting them for their
+services, but announcing his intention to discharge them. He then
+addressed the Secretary of War, saying: "To part with so large and so
+respectable a portion of the army in the middle of a country which,
+though broken in its power, is not yet disposed to sue for peace; to
+provide for the return home of seven regiments from this interior
+position at a time when I find it difficult to provide transportation
+and supplies for the operating forces which remain, and all this
+without any prospect of succor or re-enforcements in perhaps the next
+seven months, beyond some three hundred army recruits, presents
+novelties utterly unknown to an invading army before. With the
+addition of ten or twelve thousand new levies in April and May, asked
+for, and until very recently expected, or even with the addition of
+two or three thousand new troops destined for this army, but suddenly,
+by the orders of the War Department, directed to the Rio Grande
+frontier, I might, notwithstanding the unavoidable discharge of the
+old volunteers&mdash;seven regiments and two independent companies&mdash;advance
+with confidence upon the enemy's capital. I shall nevertheless
+advance, but whether beyond Puebla will depend upon intervening
+information and reflection."</p>
+
+<p>The army, having received supplies of medicines, ammunition, clothing,
+salt, etc., made preparations to move. Colonel Childs was appointed
+governor of<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_193" id="Pg_193">{193}</a></span> Jalapa, and a sufficient garrison left with him. General
+Twiggs was ordered to march to Perote. General Worth had occupied
+Perote on April 22d. The army then occupied Puebla, where during their
+prolonged stay the troops were daily drilled, but were given
+permission to visit the ancient city of Cholula and the adjacent
+country. This city in the time of Cortez had a population of one
+hundred and fifty thousand, but was now a hamlet containing a small
+population and the ruins of its ancient glory. General Scott relates
+that while in this region, "coming up with a brigade marching at ease,
+all intoxicated with the fine air and scenery, he was, as usual,
+received with hearty and protracted cheers. The group of officers who
+surrounded him differed widely in the objects of their admiration,
+some preferring this or that snow-capped mountain, others the city,
+and several the pyramid of Cholula that was now opening upon the view.
+An appeal from all was made to the general in chief. He promptly and
+emphatically replied, 'I differ from you all. My greatest delight is
+in this fine body of troops, without whom we can never sleep in the
+halls of the Montezumas, or in our own homes.'"</p>
+
+<p>The first re-enforcements to arrive were eight hundred men, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel James Simmons McIntosh, escorting a train. They
+were delayed by an attack of the enemy near Jalapa, but, being joined
+by Brigadier-General George Cadwallader with a portion of his brigade
+and a field battery, the enemy was soon driven. Major-General Gideon
+J. Pillow arrived next with a thousand men, and on August 6th
+Brigadier-General Franklin Pierce joined with two thousand five
+hundred men.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_194" id="Pg_194">{194}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>General Scott felt compelled, on account of his reduced numbers, to
+order the garrison, under Colonel Childs at Jalapa, to join him. His
+force now was (including late re-enforcements) about fourteen thousand
+men, including two thousand five hundred sick in hospitals, and six
+hundred convalescents too feeble for duty. These convalescents and the
+same number of effective troops were left as a garrison under Colonel
+Childs, who was appointed commandant of the city of Puebla. This
+necessitated the almost total abandonment of the protection of his
+lines to his base at Vera Cruz, and communications to his Government.
+As Scott expressed it, "we had to throw away the scabbard and to
+advance with the naked blade in hand."<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_195" id="Pg_195">{195}</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h2>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">Movement toward the City of Mexico&mdash;The Duke of Wellington's
+comments&mdash;Movements of Santa Anna&mdash;A commission meets General Worth to
+treat for terms&mdash;Worth enters Puebla&mdash;Civil administration of the city
+not interfered with&mdash;Scott arrives at Puebla&mdash;Scott's address to the
+Mexicans after the battle of Cerro Gordo&mdash;Contreras&mdash;Reconnoissance of
+the <i>pedregal</i>&mdash;Defeat of the Mexicans at Contreras&mdash;Battle of
+Churubusco&mdash;Arrival of Nicholas P. Trist, commissioner&mdash;General Scott
+meets a deputation proposing an armistice&mdash;He addresses a
+communication to the head of the Mexican Government&mdash;Appointment of a
+commission to meet Mr. Trist&mdash;Major Lally&mdash;Meeting of Mr. Trist with
+the Mexican commissioners&mdash;Failure to agree&mdash;Armistice violated by the
+Mexicans and notice from General Scott&mdash;Santa Anna's insolent
+note&mdash;The latter calls a meeting of his principal officers&mdash;Molino del
+Rey&mdash;Chapultepecec&mdash;Losses on both sides.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The army began its movement from Puebla toward the City of Mexico on
+August 6, 1847. Twiggs's division was in the advance, General William
+Selby Harney's cavalry leading and the siege train bringing up the
+rear. The other three divisions followed successively on the 8th, 9th,
+and 10th. No division was at any time more than seven or eight miles
+from support. It was expected that the army of Santa Anna would be met
+at Rio Frio, and hence General Scott's great caution in his movement
+to keep his divisions in supporting distance.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Wellington was so interested in this <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_196" id="Pg_196">{196}</a></span>march of the army
+from Vera Cruz to the Mexican capital that he caused its movements to
+be marked on a map daily, as information was received. Admiring its
+triumphs up to the basin of Mexico, he now said: "Scott is lost. He
+has been carried away by successes. He can't take the city, and he
+can't fall back upon his base."</p>
+
+<p>General Santa Anna, finding himself without money and with but a small
+following of troops at Orizaba, marched by way of Aculcingo and
+Amasoque to Puebla. In the meantime he was using all efforts to gather
+re-enforcements for his army. There was but one day's interval between
+the troops of General Worth and the Mexican brigades of Leonard Perez
+and the cavalry under General Alcorta, the whole of which was
+commanded by General Santa Anna when he passed Amasoque. Finding that
+he could not successfully defend Puebla, the Mexican general withdrew
+to San Martin and Amasoque. Soon afterward he moved on the road toward
+the City of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Two or three miles from Puebla a commission met General Worth to treat
+for terms. A halt of a few hours was made, when the march was resumed,
+and the American forces without opposition marched into the Grand
+Plaza between the palace of the Governor and the cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>A Mexican historian thus describes the first appearance and occupation
+of Puebla by the American troops: "The singular appearance of some of
+the soldiers, their trains, their artillery, their large horses, all
+attracted the curiosity of the multitude, and at the corners and
+squares an immense crowd surrounded the new conquerors. The
+latter&mdash;extremely fatigued, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_197" id="Pg_197">{197}</a></span>confiding in the mutual guarantees
+stipulated by the Ayuntamientimo and General Worth, or perhaps
+despising a people who easily permitted the occupation of their
+territory&mdash;stacked arms in the plaza while waiting for quarters, while
+some wandered into neighboring streets to drink pulque and embrace the
+leperos, with whom they seemed old acquaintances. [The leperos were
+the vagabonds of the city and country.] There is no doubt that more
+than ten thousand persons occupied the plazas and corners. One cry,
+one effort, the spirit of one determined man would have sufficed; and
+if once this multitude had pressed in on the enemy, they would have
+inevitably perished. Nothing was done. General Worth took quarters in
+the Governor's palace, east of the Grand Plaza, and upon its flagstaff
+hoisted the Stars and Stripes."</p>
+
+<p>General Worth took possession of Puebla on May 15th, and, acting under
+orders of General Scott, he issued orders which gave assurance to the
+inhabitants that they would not be disturbed either in person or
+property, and that they could continue without molestation their
+ordinary business. The markets were kept open, and no officer or
+soldier was permitted to take anything without paying the regular
+market price.</p>
+
+<p>The civil administration of the city was not interfered with. The
+police of the city was continued under the regulations of the city
+government. The churches, of which there were a large number, were
+opened, and continued their usual functions, and the attendance was
+largely augmented by the American officers and men. In fact, the city,
+except for the presence of the United States troops, was in all <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_198" id="Pg_198">{198}</a></span>other
+respects governed and conducted as before its occupation.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott left Jalapa on May 23d for Puebla. He arrived there on
+the 28th, and was met and escorted into the city by a number of
+officers. Along the streets of the city through which he passed the
+balconies were filled with Mexican ladies and the avenues crowded with
+men. The populace cheered him heartily and escorted him to the palace.
+The soldiers, volunteers and regulars, gave him the heartiest welcome,
+showing that he had the respect and confidence of the army, and the
+demonstrations of the Mexicans evidenced that they regarded him as a
+humane and Christian conqueror.</p>
+
+<p>In this connection it is well to produce the address of General Scott
+to the Mexican people after the battle of Cerro Gordo:</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/198_b.jpg"><img src="images/198_t.jpg" width="400" alt="Route From VERA CRUZ TO MEXICO" title="Route From VERA CRUZ TO MEXICO" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Mexicans</span>! The late events of the war and the measures
+adopted in consequence by our Government make it my duty to address
+you, in order to lay before you truths of which you are ignorant,
+because they have been criminally concealed from you. I do not ask
+you to believe me simply on my word&mdash;though he who has not been
+found false has a claim to be believed&mdash;but to judge for yourselves
+of these truths from facts within the view and scrutiny of you all.
+Whatever may have been the origin of this war, which the United
+States was forced to undertake by insurmountable causes, we regard
+it as an evil. War is ever such to both belligerents, and the reason
+and justice of the case, if not known on both sides, are in dispute
+and claimed by each. You have proof of this truth as well as we, for
+in Mexico, as in the United States, there have existed and do exist
+two <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_199" id="Pg_199">{199}</a></span>opposite parties, one desiring peace and the other war.
+Governments have, however, sacred duties to perform from which they
+can not swerve; and these duties frequently impose, from national
+considerations, a silence and reserve that displeases at all times
+the majority of those who, from views purely personal or private,
+are formed in opposition, to which Governments can pay little
+attention, expecting the nation to repose in them the confidence due
+to a magistracy of its own selection&mdash;considerations of high policy
+and of continental American interests precipitated even in spite of
+circumspection of the Cabinet at Washington. This Cabinet, ardently
+desiring to terminate all differences with Mexico, spared no effort
+compatible with honor and dignity. It cherished the most flattering
+hopes of attaining this end by frank explanations and reasonings
+addressed to the judgment and prudence of the virtuous and patriotic
+government of General Herrera. An unexpected misfortune dispelled
+these hopes and closed every avenue of an honorable adjustment. Your
+new Government disregarded your national interests, as well as those
+of continental America, and yielded, moreover, to foreign influences
+the most opposed to these interests, the most fatal to the future of
+Mexican liberty and of that republican system which the United
+States holds it a duty to preserve and protect. Duty, honor, and
+dignity placed us under the necessity of not losing a season of
+which the monarchical party was fast taking advantage. As not a
+moment was to be lost, we acted with a promptness and decision
+suited to the urgency of the case, in order to avoid a complication
+of interests which might render our relations more difficult and
+involved.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_200" id="Pg_200">{200}</a></span> Again, in the course of civil war, the Government of
+General Paredes was overthrown. We could not but look upon this as a
+fortunate event, believing that any other administration
+representing Mexico would be less deluded, more patriotic, and more
+prudent, looking to the common good, weighing probabilities,
+strength, resources, and, above all, the general opinion as to the
+inevitable results of a national war. We were deceived, and perhaps
+you Mexicans were also deceived, in judging of the real intentions
+of General Santa Anna when you recalled and when your Government
+permitted him to return. Under this state of things the Mexican
+nation has seen the results lamented by all, and by us most
+sincerely, for we appreciate as is due the valor and noble decision
+of those unfortunate men who go to battle ill-conducted, worse cared
+for, and almost always enforced by violence, deceit, or perfidy. We
+are witnesses, and we shall not be taxed with partiality as a party
+interested when we lament with surprise that the heroic behavior of
+the garrison at Vera Cruz in its valiant defense has been aspersed
+by the general who has just been routed and put to shameful flight
+at Buena Vista by a force far inferior to his own. The same general
+rewarded the insurgents of the capital, promoters of civil war, and
+heaped outrage upon those who had just acquired for themselves
+singular distinction by a resistance beyond expectation and of
+admirable decision. Finally, the bloody events of Cerro Gordo have
+plainly shown the Mexican nation what it may reasonably expect if it
+is no longer blind to its real situation&mdash;a situation to which it
+has been brought by some of its generals whom it has most
+distinguished and in <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_201" id="Pg_201">{201}</a></span>whom it has most confidence. The hardest heart
+would have been moved to grief in contemplating any battlefield in
+Mexico a moment after the last struggle. Those generals whom the
+nation has paid without service rendered for so many years, have, in
+the day of need, with some honorable exceptions, but served to
+injure her by their bad example or unskillfulness. The dead and
+wounded on those battlefields received no marks of military
+distinction, sharing alike the sad fate which has been the same from
+Palo Alto to Cerro Gordo; the dead remained unburied and the wounded
+abandoned to the clemency and charity of the victor. Soldiers who go
+to battle knowing they have such reward to look for deserve to be
+classed with the most heroic, for they are stimulated by no hope of
+glory, nor remembrance, nor a sigh, nor even a grave! Again,
+contemplate, honorable Mexicans, the lot of peaceful and industrious
+citizens in all classes of your country. The possessions of the
+Church menaced and presented as an allurement to revolution and
+anarchy; the fortunes of rich proprietors pointed out for plunder of
+armed ruffians; and merchants and the mechanic, the husbandman and
+the manufacturer, burdened with contributions, excises, monopolies,
+duties on consumption, surrounded by officers and collectors of
+these odious internal customs; the man of letters and the
+legislator, the freeman of knowledge who dares to speak, persecuted
+without trial by some faction or by the very rulers who abuse their
+power; and criminals unpunished are set at liberty, as were those of
+Perote. What, then, Mexicans, is the liberty of which you boast? I
+do not believe that Mexicans at the present day want the courage to
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_202" id="Pg_202">{202}</a></span>confess errors which do not dishonor them, or to adopt a system of
+true liberty&mdash;one of peace and union with their brethren and
+neighbors of the North. Neither can I believe the Mexicans ignorant
+of the infamy of the calumnies put forth by the press in order to
+excite hostility against us. No, public spirit can not be created or
+animated by falsehood. We have not profaned your temples, nor abused
+your women, nor seized your property, as they could have you
+believe. We say it with pride, and we confirm it by an appeal to
+your bishops and the curates of Tampico, Tuzpan, Matamoros,
+Monterey, Vera Cruz, and Jalapa; to all clergy, civil authorities,
+and inhabitants of all places we have occupied. We adore the same
+God, and a large portion of our army, as well as of the people of
+the United States, are Catholics, like yourselves. We punish crime
+wherever we find it, and reward merit and virtue. The army of the
+United States respects, and will ever respect, private property of
+every class, and the property of the Mexican Church. Woe to him who
+does not where we are! Mexicans, the past is beyond remedy, but the
+future may yet be controlled. I have repeatedly declared to you that
+the Government and the people of the United States desire peace,
+desire your sincere friendship. Abandon, then, state prejudices;
+cease to be the sport of private ambition, and conduct yourselves
+like a great American nation. Abandon at once these old colonial
+habits, and learn to be truly free, truly republican. You may then
+soon attain prosperity and happiness, of which you possess all the
+elements; <i>but remember that you are Americans</i>, and that your
+happiness is not to come from Europe. I desire, in<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_203" id="Pg_203">{203}</a></span> conclusion, to
+say to you with equal frankness that, were it necessary, an army of
+one hundred thousand Americans would soon be among you, and that the
+United States, if forced to terminate by arms their differences with
+you, would not do it in an uncertain or precarious, or, still less,
+in a dishonorable manner. It would be an insult to the intelligent
+people of their country to doubt their knowledge of your power. The
+system of forming guerrilla parties to annoy us will, I assure you,
+produce only evil to this country and none to our army, which knows
+how to protect itself and how to proceed against such cut-throats;
+and if, so far from calming resentments and passion, you try to
+irritate, you will but force upon us the hard necessity of
+retaliation. In that event, you can not blame us for the
+consequences which will fall upon yourselves. I shall march with
+this army upon Puebla and Mexico. I do not conceal this from you.
+From those capitals I may again address you. We desire peace,
+friendship, and union; it is for you to choose whether you prefer
+continued hostilities. In either case, be assured, I will keep my
+word.</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Worth's division, now preceded by Harney's cavalry, moved from San
+Augustin on the main road toward the City of Mexico. These were
+followed by the other divisions of the army. On this route was
+situated the <i>pedregal</i>, which is a field of volcanic rock of very
+uneven surface. It is between the roads leading to the capital from
+San Augustin and Padierna. A reconnoissance of the <i>pedregal</i> was made
+by Lieutenants Robert E. Lee and Pierre G.T. Beauregard, who reported
+that there was a passage for <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_204" id="Pg_204">{204}</a></span>wagons of only a mile, and the remainder
+might be crossed by infantry, carefully picking the way. The enemy
+were in position beyond the <i>pedregal</i> with considerable artillery.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott, on the night of the 18th, ordered a movement in the
+direction of Padierna. Worth was ordered to cover San Antonio, Quitman
+to hold San Augustin, and Pillow to march over the <i>pedregal</i>, while
+Twiggs was to cover and support Pillow's movement. On the morning of
+this movement the Mexican General Blanco was ordered to construct
+batteries, and General Mejia to take position on the Pelon Cuauhtitlan
+to command the expected movements of the American army. General Santa
+Anna wrote from San Antonio through the Minister of War to General
+Valencia, at San Angel: "The general in chief directs me to say to
+your Excellency that the enemy having now [August 18th, 3
+<span class="smcap">p.m.</span>] taken up a position on our left in front of San Antonio
+with a part of his forces, it is clear that to-morrow at the latest he
+will undertake the attack of this fortification, although it appears
+there is a movement going on at the same time on our right. His
+Excellency therefore directs you at daylight to-morrow morning to fall
+back with your forces to Coyoacan, and send forward your artillery to
+the fort and the <i>t&ecirc;te-de-pont</i> at Churubusco."</p>
+
+<p>General Valencia declined to obey this order, giving his reason as
+follows: "I should like much to be able to obey this order, but, in
+view of present circumstances, my conscience as a military man and my
+patriotism will not permit me. I believe the national cause will be
+lost if I should abandon these positions and the road leading from San
+Augustin <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_205" id="Pg_205">{205}</a></span>through Padierna to these points. To me it is as clear as
+the light of day that the enemy will undertake his attack, if not
+to-morrow, the day after, and that he desires to make two attacks at
+the same time, the one true and the other false, and that, should he
+find at the commencement of his movements one of the points of attack
+abandoned, as this, for instance, he will pass by this route with all
+his forces, and thus be enabled to assail our flank and turn our rear;
+or, if he prefer it, he may pass on without obstruction to the City of
+Mexico."</p>
+
+<p>General Valencia, however, ordered a thorough reconnoissance by
+General Mendoza, an engineer officer, who reported "that Padierna was
+absolutely indefensible, and that it was believed best to retire for
+reasons expressed in his note." General Valencia ordered Colonel
+Barreiro to Zacatepetl to watch and report the movements of the enemy.
+He further ordered Colonel Mendoza to occupy with his regiment the
+edge of the <i>pedregal</i>, having in his front a detachment of infantry
+under Captain Solos, and beyond him a detachment of cavalry. To the
+left of Padierna was posted the corps of San Luis Potosi, to the right
+the brigade of Lieutenant-Colonel Cabrera, and on the ridge were the
+batteries and brigade of General Mejia. The supporting line were three
+battalions. The reserve at Anzaldo, a mixed company of infantry and
+cavalry, was the command of General Solos, supported on the right by
+two regiments of infantry.</p>
+
+<p>Pillow's and Twiggs's divisions were observed by Colonel Barreiro to
+be moving over the mountain of Zacatepetl and the <i>pedregal</i>. On an
+open ridge commanding the <i>pedregal</i> General Valencia had planted
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_206" id="Pg_206">{206}</a></span>guns which commanded the <i>pedregal</i> in the direction of San Augustin.
+On the morning of August 19th General Santa Anna ordered two
+battalions to move from Churubusco to San Antonio, Pillow's division
+of the American army having moved out from San Augustin on the road to
+Padierna, which was to be covered by Twiggs's division. Twiggs moved,
+following Quitman, and passed beyond San Augustin. General Alvarez
+closed on his rear. A working party of five hundred men under engineer
+officers was detailed from Pillow's division to make the road to
+Padierna practicable for artillery. While work was progressing on this
+road General Scott notified General Pillow that Valencia was placing
+heavy guns in position, and ordered that the work be pushed forward as
+rapidly as possible. Before the road was finished half the distance
+Twiggs's division passed Pillow's command, and its advance was fired
+upon by the Mexicans. General Persifor F. Smith ordered the mounted
+rifle regiment under Major William Wing Loring, aided by a section of
+Magruder's battery, to drive in the Mexican pickets. Lieutenant George
+B. McClellan placed the artillery in position, but before it was ready
+for action it received a fire from the guns on the elevated ridge
+beyond Padierna. The remainder of Smith's brigade and the other
+section of Lieutenant John Bankhead Magruder's battery were ordered
+forward, and the Mexicans were driven back. General Bennet Riley's
+brigade was ordered to the right, and to pass over the <i>pedregal</i> and
+take possession in the enemy's rear. General Cadwallader's brigade was
+ordered to support Riley's movement. General Scott, perceiving that
+re-enforcements were approaching Valencia from the City <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_207" id="Pg_207">{207}</a></span>of Mexico,
+ordered a regiment of General Franklin Pierce's brigade to move
+forward and occupy San Geronimo, and General James Shields with two
+regiments (New York, and Palmetto, South Carolina) was ordered forward
+as a support. General Persifor F. Smith now moved to the front across
+the <i>pedregal</i>, having left detachments as supports to the artillery
+of Magruder and Callender, which were ordered to open fire on the
+beginning of General Smith's movement. This movement of General
+Persifor F. Smith was led and conducted by Lieutenant Gustavus W.
+Smith. When this force reached the village or town of San Geronimo a
+large force of the enemy came in sight. Pierce's brigade was at once
+ordered to the front, and was met by a heavy fire. General Pierce
+having been disabled, Colonel Robert Ransom, of the Ninth Infantry,
+was in command of the forces, which were conducted by Lieutenant Isaac
+Ingles Stevens, and moved to the right and front of Magruder's
+battery. Ransom, uniting with the detachment left by General Smith,
+took possession of Padierna, driving the Mexican General Mendoza.
+Riley's command was the first to pass the <i>pedregal</i>, when it occupied
+the road on the opposite side with Captain Simon Henry Drum's company
+of the Fourth Artillery. A detachment of Mexican lancers escorting a
+train was encountered and captured.</p>
+
+<p>Riley's command continued its advance, when a company of Mexican
+lancers was met and repulsed by Captain Silas Casey's company. A
+mounted force, under the Mexican General Frontera, consisting of two
+regiments, was met and repulsed by the Second Infantry under Captain
+Charles T. Morris and the<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_208" id="Pg_208">{208}</a></span> Seventh Infantry under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Joseph Plympton. General Frontera was killed while leading a charge.
+Riley now withdrew to San Geronimo, which he found occupied by
+Cadwallader's and Smith's brigades, and a regiment of Pierce's brigade
+under command of Colonel George Washington Morgan. When General
+Valencia's advanced forces were driven in by Twiggs's division on the
+<i>pedregal</i>, Valencia announced (August 19th, 2 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span>) to
+General Santa Anna at San Antonio that the enemy were approaching
+Padierna, the artillery had opened fire, and the battle had begun.
+General Santa Anna at once, on receipt of this information, sent an
+officer to Coyoacan with orders to General Perez to move at once to
+Padierna, and himself with two regiments and five pieces of artillery
+proceeded to join him. He arrived at Coyoacan just at the time when
+the command of Perez was moving, and he ordered it to move rapidly.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of August 19th General P.F. Smith was in San Geronimo
+with three brigades of infantry, but without cavalry or artillery. His
+communications with the main army were cut off except through the
+<i>pedregal</i>. He determined to attack, however, the next morning at
+daylight, carry the enemy's works, and establish his communications
+with the main army. His disposition of troops was as follows for the
+night: Cadwallader's command in the outer edge of the village of San
+Geronimo, Riley's brigade parallel to it, the Rifles on the right, and
+the Third Infantry in the churchyard. In the night Captain R.E. Lee
+arrived, bearing a letter from General Scott asking to be informed of
+affairs beyond the <i>pedregal</i>. The information sought for was <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_209" id="Pg_209">{209}</a></span>given,
+and Captain Lee was requested to inform General Scott of General
+Smith's intention to attack Valencia next morning, and asking that a
+diversion be made on Valencia's front. General Shields arrived at
+midnight, and was left to hold the village and cut off the enemy's
+retreat. In the meantime Colonel Ransom abandoned Padierna, which was
+soon afterward occupied by General Valencia's forces, but not without
+stout resistance by the small detachment left there.</p>
+
+<p>At nightfall General Santa Anna fell back to San Angel, but failed to
+give notice of the movement to General Valencia. Mexican history
+states that at 9 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> Ramero and Del Rio arrived at
+Valencia's headquarters and delivered an order from Santa Anna to
+Valencia to retire. General Solos, however, who was present, denies
+this, saying that the order was qualified by one to spike the guns,
+destroy the ammunition, and saving only what could be safely
+transported. General Valencia declined to obey the order. At 2.30
+<span class="smcap">p.m.</span> of August 20th Smith's troops moved to reach Valencia's
+rear. Riley's brigade and Cadwallader's followed this movement.
+General Shields with the New York regiment of Colonel Ward B. Burnett
+and the South Carolina regiment under Colonel Pierce M. Butler
+remained at the village, to intercept and cut off the enemy's retreat
+and to prevent re-enforcements from reaching the Mexicans.</p>
+
+<p>The night was intensely dark, and the streets of the village were very
+narrow, cut into gullies and very muddy. A heavy rain was pouring
+down, and the march was made under difficulties and necessarily slow.
+General Smith's position was on an eminence <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_210" id="Pg_210">{210}</a></span>about one thousand yards
+from the enemy's works, from which point he made the attack. Riley
+moved up the ravine to a slope leading to a high point of the ridge
+and attacked the enemy some eight hundred yards distant. Cadwallader
+followed Riley, and the Mounted Rifles and Engineer Company moved to a
+position in rear of the force confronting Riley. The Third Infantry
+and First Artillery were held in reserve. The attack was made as
+ordered by General Smith, and the enemy fled, pursued by Riley, the
+Mounted Rifles, and Engineers.</p>
+
+<p>The Third Infantry and First Artillery, held in reserve, were attacked
+by a force of cavalry, which was driven off, and Valencia was
+completely routed. General Shields, who held the village, seized the
+main road and cut off retreat in that direction. The enemy fled in the
+greatest confusion. The battle of Contreras was one of the most
+brilliant victories of the war. It opened the road to the City of
+Mexico. Seven hundred of the enemy were killed, eight hundred and
+thirteen prisoners were captured, including eighty-eight officers, of
+whom four were generals; many standards, twenty-two pieces of brass
+cannon, a large number of stands of small arms, seven hundred pack
+mules, many horses, and large quantities of ordnance stores were added
+to the outfit of the American army.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott had planned to open up the way for the march of his army
+to the City of Mexico by the way of Padierna. Knowing or believing
+that a stubborn defense would be made by the Mexicans, he had ordered
+General Worth to march from San Antonio on the morning of August 20th,
+with Garland's brigade, by way of San Augustin to Padierna, to be
+followed <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_211" id="Pg_211">{211}</a></span>by General Quitman, who was ordered to leave a cavalry force
+to hold San Antonio. But General Persifor F. Smith had won the battle
+before these troops arrived.</p>
+
+<p>A sufficient guard having been left with the prisoners, General
+Persifor F. Smith was ordered with his brigade, the Mounted Rifles and
+Engineers, in pursuit of the fleeing enemy. They were attacked at San
+Angel, but the attacking party were soon driven off. General Pillow
+joined these forces at San Angel, and General Scott came up with them
+at Coyoacan, where he had ordered the army to halt.</p>
+
+<p>From this point in the direction of the capital, Churubusco was one
+mile; two miles to the southeast was San Antonio. Churubusco is about
+six miles south of the City of Mexico, on a river of the same name,
+and on the road from San Angel and San Antonio from San Augustin.
+General Scott on his arrival ordered Captain Lee, with Captain Phil
+Kearney's company of the First Dragoons and a company of the Mounted
+Rifles, to make a reconnoissance. In the meantime Pillow and
+Cadwallader were to attack San Antonio in the rear, General Worth
+assailing it in front. A reconnoissance having been made of the
+convent of San Pablo, in the town of Churubusco, a brigade from
+Twiggs's division, a part of Smith's brigade, Riley's brigade, and
+Taylor's battery were ordered to attack. After the defeat of General
+Valencia at Contreras, General Worth returned with Garland's brigade
+in front of San Antonio. His orders were to attack as soon as Pillow
+and Twiggs, moving from Contreras, approached in the rear. Worth
+ordered Clarke's brigade to move over the <i>pedregal</i> and turn the
+right flank of the fortifications at San Antonio <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_212" id="Pg_212">{212}</a></span>and cut the enemy's
+line of communication. Henry Francis Clarke's brigade was attacked on
+its march, but dispersed the attacking force, and soon encountered the
+rear of the Mexicans from San Antonio and engaged them. Pillow with
+Cadwallader's brigade, joined Worth in pursuit of the fleeing Mexican
+troops and both attacked the <i>t&ecirc;te-de-pont</i> in their front. Riley's
+brigade having been ordered forward, General Scott ordered Pierce's
+brigade to move by the road leading north from Coyoacan across the
+Churubusco River by a bridge, turn to the right, and seize the
+causeway in the rear of the <i>t&ecirc;te-de-pont</i>. General Scott, learning
+that General Shields, in the rear of the Mexican lines, was in danger
+of being cut off and captured, ordered Major E.V. Sumner with the
+Mounted Rifles under Major W.W. Loring, and the Second Dragoons under
+Captain Henry Hastings Sibley, to his support. The attack of the
+Americans being persistently pressed on all sides, the Mexicans gave
+way and made a precipitous retreat, pursued by the victorious
+Americans.</p>
+
+<p>There remained yet to be captured the convent of San Pablo. This
+building, having very thick walls, was impervious to the attack of
+field pieces. It was defended by a well-constructed bastion, with
+flooded ditches, and guns placed in the embrasure. The attack was made
+by the First Artillery, followed by the Third Infantry. During the
+attack the enemy made several sallies from the convent, which were
+repulsed. The troops in the convent consisted of the Independencia and
+Bravo battalions, about six hundred and fifty each, with the necessary
+cannoneers for six guns, and in the <i>t&ecirc;te-de-pont</i> cannoneers for five
+guns, the San Patricio companies, and the battalion <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_213" id="Pg_213">{213}</a></span>of Tlapa. Along
+the Rio Churubusco, on the north side, was the brigade of General
+Perez, some twenty-five hundred strong. The Mexicans made a brave and
+gallant defense, but were compelled to succumb. The battles of
+Contreras and Churubusco were fought on the same day, and were really
+one battle. In both actions the American loss was one hundred and
+thirty-nine killed and nine hundred and twenty-six wounded. The
+Mexican loss was near four thousand killed and wounded, with the loss
+of three hundred prisoners, thirty-seven cannon, and a large number of
+small arms with ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott could easily have occupied the Mexican capital on the
+same day, but meanwhile Mr. Nicholas P. Trist had arrived from
+Washington with instructions from the President to endeavor to make a
+treaty of peace, and both he and General Scott thought it best to
+await the turn of events looking to that end. On the next morning,
+August 27, 1847, General Scott set out on the San Antonio road, and
+was met near Churubusco by a deputation bearing a white flag from the
+Mexican Government, proposing an armistice of thirty hours for burying
+the dead and collecting the wounded, which he at once rejected. The
+deputation accompanying the flag consisted of Se&ntilde;ores Basadre, Mora y
+Villamil and Aranjos, who had been sent by Pacheco, Minister of
+Foreign Affairs. General Santa Anna expressed great dissatisfaction at
+the action of the Minister, on which he resigned. General Scott
+addressed a communication to the head of the Mexican Government and
+general in chief, in which he said that too much blood had already
+been spilled, and suggested that it was time the differences between
+the two republics should be <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_214" id="Pg_214">{214}</a></span>settled. He mentioned (what was known to
+the Mexican authorities) that a commissioner on the part of the United
+States, clothed with full power to that end, was with his army. He
+expressed his willingness on reasonable terms to agree to a short
+armistice. While he proposed to wait until the next morning for a
+reply, he announced his intention "in the meantime to seize and occupy
+such positions outside of the capital as I may deem necessary to the
+shelter and comfort of this army."</p>
+
+<p>The Mexican authorities, through Alcorta, Secretary of War and of the
+Navy, named two brigadier generals of the Mexican army, Mora y
+Villamil and Benito Quijano, to act as commissioners.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott appointed as commissioners Major General John A.
+Quitman, Brigadier-General Franklin Pierce, and Brevet
+Brigadier-General Persifor F. Smith. The convention concluded its work
+on the 24th of August. It was agreed that hostilities should cease at
+once within thirty leagues of the Mexican capital. No work of a
+military character was to be done, and any re-enforcements or
+munitions of war except that now on its way to either army was to be
+stopped at a distance of twenty-eight leagues from the capital. The
+American army was not to obstruct the passage from the surrounding
+country into the capital of the ordinary supplies of food necessary
+for the subsistence of the Mexican army and the inhabitants within the
+city, nor were the Mexican authorities to obstruct the passage of
+supplies of subsistence from the city or country necessary for the
+supply of the American army. The armistice was to continue pending
+negotiations or until the commander of either army should give notice
+to the other of its cessation; <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_215" id="Pg_215">{215}</a></span>and forty-eight hours after such
+notice General Worth, on the night of the 21st, moved his division to
+Tacubaya, where he was preceded by General Scott, and established his
+headquarters in the Bishop's Palace. General Quitman remained at San
+Augustin, to which point General Shields returned with his command.
+General Twiggs was at San Angel, and General Pillow at Mexcoac.</p>
+
+<p>Previous to the occurrences just narrated, Major Folliot Thornton
+Lally had on August 6th marched with a force of about one thousand men
+from Vera Cruz. He was joined <i>en route</i> by a company of mounted
+Georgia volunteers, one of Louisiana mounted men, and two
+six-pounders, under command of Lieutenant Henry B. Sears, of the
+Second Artillery. General Don Juan Soto, Governor of the State of Vera
+Cruz, organized a force between one thousand and two thousand strong,
+a part of which were paroled prisoners, with the purpose of attacking
+Major Lally and capturing his wagon train, which was supposed to carry
+a large amount of silver coin. An attack was made by this force on
+Major Lally at the pass of Ovejas, the engagement lasting an hour and
+a half. Captains James Nelson Caldwell, of the Voltigeurs, and Arthur
+C. Cummings, Eleventh Infantry, were severely wounded. Nine enlisted
+men were wounded, one mortally. The Mexican loss is not known. On
+August 12th the command reached Puente Nacional and found the Mexicans
+in considerable force, strongly barricaded. An artillery fire was
+opened on them and they were driven back. The American loss in this
+affair was sixty killed and wounded. On approaching the battlefield of
+Cerro Gordo they were again attacked, and sustained a loss of one
+killed and <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_216" id="Pg_216">{216}</a></span>eight wounded. Several other attacks of a similar
+character were made, but without success. Major Lally, with his troops
+and wagon train, arrived at Jalapa thirteen days out from Vera Cruz,
+when without interruption five days would have been sufficient for the
+march. Mr. Trist notified the Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs,
+August 25th, of the object of his mission, and requested a meeting. He
+was advised that commissioners would meet him on the 27th at
+Azapotzalco, which was between the two armies. General Santa Anna,
+after appointing several persons who declined, named General Herrera,
+Se&ntilde;or Conto, General Mora y Villamil, Se&ntilde;or Atristain, and Secretary
+Miguel Arroyo. On the morning of the 27th, before the meeting of the
+commissioners, a train of wagons sent into the city to obtain supplies
+for the American army was met by a mob, stoned and driven away.
+Subsequently an apology was offered for this gross infraction of the
+armistice, and the wagons returned and secured their stores.</p>
+
+<p>On meeting the commissioners, Mr. Trist exhibited his powers, which
+were ample, but that of the Mexicans was simply confined to hearing
+propositions from Mr. Trist. Mr. Trist objected to this limitation,
+but was assured that when it became necessary to sign the treaty they
+would exhibit full powers. The American commissioners presented the
+project of a treaty the leading feature of which related to the
+boundary line between the two countries. It was also a part of the
+project that Mexico was to concede to the United States the right of
+transport across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec free from tolls. These and
+all else asked by Mr. Trist were refused. The Mexican commissioners
+asked for further instructions <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_217" id="Pg_217">{217}</a></span>from their Government, which were
+given&mdash;that they should neither exceed nor modify the former
+instructions given them. They asked to be relieved, as these
+instructions placed them in an embarrassing position. A council of
+ministers was called, and their former instructions were changed so as
+to authorize them "to approximate to them as much as possible,
+agreeing to some modifications which the circumstances of the country
+may exact, as well as to things of minor importance which may arise
+during the discussion."</p>
+
+<p>On September 1st, when the third meeting was held, the Mexican
+commissioners exhibited plenary powers. No agreement being reached, it
+was proposed to extend the armistice for forty-five days. But on
+September 5th the Mexican commissioners were informed that the
+Government would not consent to the extension or to the cession of New
+Mexico, which Mr. Trist had insisted on. The Mexican commissioners
+then submitted a counter project on the 6th, which in effect refused
+all of the more important concessions asked by the United States. With
+this the diplomatic conferences terminated. General Scott at once
+called a conference with his general officers. He stated to them the
+bad faith of the enemy, who commenced the work of repair on their
+fortifications. He recited the incident of the mobbing of teamsters.
+He closed by saying: "I have therefore called you to headquarters to
+advise upon the propriety of dissolving the armistice, or [after a
+pause] to inform you that I have dissolved it, and to read to you my
+letter to General Santa Anna notifying him of the fact." Looking for
+the letter, he said, "I have torn it up." He at once wrote a <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_218" id="Pg_218">{218}</a></span>note and
+dispatched it to General Santa Anna, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters, Army of the United States of America,</span></p>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Tacubaya</span>, <i>September 6, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">"<i>To his Excellency the President and General in Chief of the
+Mexican Republic.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The seventh article, as also the twelfth, that
+stipulates <i>that trade</i> shall <i>remain unmolested</i>&mdash;of the armistice
+or military convention which I had the honor to ratify and to
+exchange with your Excellency the 24th ultimo&mdash;has been repeatedly
+violated, beginning soon after date, on the part of Mexico; and I
+now have good reasons to believe that within the last forty-eight
+hours, if not earlier, the third article of that convention has been
+equally violated by the same party. These direct breaches of faith
+give to this army the most perfect right to resume hostilities
+against Mexico, without any notice whatever; but, to allow time for
+possible apology or reparation, I now give formal notice that,
+unless full satisfaction on these allegations should be received by
+me by 12 o'clock meridian to-morrow, I shall consider the said
+armistice at an end from and after that hour.</p>
+
+<p>"I have the honor to be your Excellency's most obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Santa Anna replied in an insolent note, denying General
+Scott's charges and making counter charges.</p>
+
+<p>Many newspapers throughout the United States criticised General Scott
+in the severest terms for being duped by General Santa Anna into an
+armistice which the latter only desired to recruit his army. There is
+the strongest evidence&mdash;that of Mr. Trist and <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_219" id="Pg_219">{219}</a></span>the Mexican
+commissioners&mdash;that Santa Anna was really desirous to make peace. The
+manifesto which he issued to the nation is itself sufficient proof on
+this score; and certainly it reflects the highest credit on General
+Scott, that when he was at the very gates of the capital, which he
+could have entered in a few hours, he was willing to spare not only
+the lives of his own gallant army, but those of the enemy. Santa Anna
+now called a meeting of the principal officers and governmental
+civilians to meet him in the palace, and it was agreed to continue
+resistance.</p>
+
+<p>A force was at once sent out under cover of the guns of Chapultepec to
+strengthen the position and resist the advance of the Americans. At
+this point was a number of very large buildings known as Molino del
+Rey, which had formerly been used for the manufacture of ordnance
+stores. Chapultepec was a strong, well-fortified and well-armed fort.
+Molino del Rey was occupied by a brigade of the National Guards, under
+General Leon. These were re-enforced on the morning of the 7th by a
+brigade under General Rangel. The Casta Mata, a large storehouse
+surrounded by a wide ditch and inclosed by a bastioned fort, was
+occupied by the brigade of General Perez, and between these two
+positions was posted General Ramirez's brigade with six pieces of
+artillery. In the rear occupying some woods were the reserves.</p>
+
+<p>The Mexican cavalry, about two thousand strong, under command of
+General Alvarez, was two miles west from Chapultepec on the right of
+the line. After a thorough reconnoissance by the American engineer,
+General Scott on the afternoon of the 7th issued the necessary orders
+for massing and disposing <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_220" id="Pg_220">{220}</a></span>his army. The general depot was established
+at Mexcoac. One brigade of Twiggs's division under Colonel Plympton
+was ordered to move and threaten the city by way of the Ni&ntilde;o Perdido
+road, moving at 6 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> Quitman marched from San Augustin on
+the 8th to Coyoacan. Pillow was to advance with one brigade and take
+command of the advanced position which was held by Twiggs's division
+and a part of his own, while Cadwallader was to join Worth. At Molino
+del Rey was supposed to be a cannon foundry, and it was thought by
+General Scott that a large quantity of powder was stored there.
+General Worth was ordered to make the attack, carry the enemy's lines,
+and destroy the ordnance works and return to his former position. To
+carry out this order General Worth directed General John Garland's
+brigade to be posted on the right with two pieces of Simon H. Drum's
+battery, so as to prevent re-enforcements from Chapultepec, and to be
+in position to support, if necessary, the assaulting forces; the guns
+of Captain Benjamin Hug&eacute;r to be placed on the eminence to Garland's
+right and rear; a storming party of some five hundred picked men under
+Brevet Major George Wright, Eighth Infantry, to take post near and to
+the right of Hug&eacute;r's battering guns, to attack the battery in the
+center of the enemy's lines; Clarke's brigade under Colonel James S.
+McIntosh and Captain James Duncan's battery opposite the enemy's right
+to support the assaulting column; Cadwallader to be held in reserve;
+and Major Edwin V. Sumner with his cavalry to be posted on the extreme
+left. Some changes were made in the disposition of the Mexican forces.
+Early on the morning of the 8th Hug&eacute;r with two 24-pounders <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_221" id="Pg_221">{221}</a></span>opened
+fire, and the assaulting column under Major Wright advanced under a
+heavy fire of grapeshot from the Mexican center and left. Undismayed,
+they pushed forward now under fire of musketry, captured a battery,
+and turned it upon the enemy, who fled in confusion. They were soon
+re-enforced, and rallied and reopened fire not only from their lines
+but from the housetops and walls. The storming party was driven back,
+but Duncan's battery opening fire at this time checked the Mexican
+advance. The light battalion of Colonel Charles F. Smith, now under
+command of Captain Edmund Kirby Smith, Fifth Infantry, moved forward,
+supported by a part of Cadwallader's brigade, and this was followed by
+a forward movement of Garland's brigade and Drum's battery. This
+movement was irresistible, and the Mexicans fell back, bravely
+contesting every inch of ground. Pending the fire of Duncan's battery,
+one section of the battery, under Lieutenant Henry J. Hunt, opened
+fire on the enemy's lines between the Casta Mata and Molino del Rey.
+McIntosh fought in close quarters, and charged and drove the enemy in
+his front, but received three wounds, one of which proved mortal.
+General Alvarez, commanding the Mexican cavalry, was held in check by
+the voltigeur regiment under command of Major E.V. Sumner, and
+Duncan's battery. The fight was continued obstinately and bravely by
+the Mexicans from the roofs of houses. The main force of the enemy,
+having been driven toward Chapultepec, were rallied by General Pe&ntilde;a Y.
+Barragan, and made an advance. Captain Drum was ordered forward, and
+with a captured six-pounder cleared the road. The battle lasted for
+more than two hours and was hotly contested <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_222" id="Pg_222">{222}</a></span>by the Mexicans. Those
+who escaped death or capture retreated to Chapultepec, leaving General
+Worth in full possession of their lines. Worth's loss was one hundred
+and sixteen killed and six hundred and seventy-one wounded, a total of
+seven hundred and eighty-seven. His estimate of the Mexican strength
+was fourteen thousand.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_223" id="Pg_223">{223}</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">General Quitman's movements to San Antonio and Coyoacan&mdash;Movements of
+General Pillow&mdash;General reconnoissance by Scott&mdash;Chapultepec&mdash;Scott
+announces his line of attack&mdash;Surrender of the Mexican General
+Bravo&mdash;Preparations to move on the capital&mdash;Entry of General Scott
+into the City of Mexico&mdash;General Quitman made Military
+Governor&mdash;General Scott's orders&mdash;Movements of Santa Anna&mdash;General
+Lane&mdash;American and Mexican deserters&mdash;Orders as to collection of
+duties and civil government.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Quitman, who, it will be remembered, was to march from San
+Augustin to Coyoacan on the 8th, having heard firing in the direction
+of Tacubaya, moved, early on September 8th, to San Antonio, and from
+thence on to Coyoacan. A reconnoissance was made in the afternoon by
+General Pillow as far as the town of Piedad and the Ni&ntilde;o Perdido
+roads, one of which leads to the Belen gate of the city and the other
+through a gate of the same name. These roads run parallel to each
+other, about three fourths of a mile apart. On the 9th, General Scott,
+accompanied by Captain R.E. Lee, made an examination of the works near
+the San Antonio gate, where they discovered Mexican soldiers busily at
+work. On the 9th Riley took position to the right of Piedad, and was
+joined on the 11th by Smith's brigade and Francis Taylor's and Edward
+James Steptoe's batteries.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_224" id="Pg_224">{224}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>An advanced post of the enemy was evacuated on the approach of the
+Americans on the night of the 9th and occupied; this force was
+strengthened by both infantry and artillery, and a bridge was thrown
+over a ditch in front of it for the passage of cannon. Colonel Harvey,
+on the night of the 10th, occupied Mexcoac with the Second Dragoons
+for the purpose of protecting the hospitals and stores there. General
+Scott called a meeting of his general officers and informed them of
+his plan of attack. He had determined to attack either the San Antonio
+Garita or Chapultepec and the western gates. After hearing the
+opinions of his officers, who differed on the place of attack, General
+Scott determined to make the movement on Chapultepec and the western
+gate, and he so announced.</p>
+
+<p>A reconnoissance was made on the morning of the 11th, with a view to
+the location of the batteries. The locations selected by Captain
+Hug&eacute;r, who was sent for the purpose, were adopted. The division of
+Quitman was ordered to unite with Pillow near Piedad in the evening,
+and after nightfall both divisions were to move to Tacubaya. Twiggs
+was ordered to remain in front of the southern gates and divert the
+enemy's attention.</p>
+
+<p>Major Sumner with seven companies was to march at daylight and join
+Pillow. Chapultepec is a natural fortification, rising one hundred and
+fifty feet above the valley. A large building, the Military School, is
+on its summit, and it is bounded on the west by the Molino del Rey.
+The grounds are surrounded by a thick wall some fifteen feet in
+height. It is situated two miles from the Belen gate, and was regarded
+as the key to the city. The officer in command <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_225" id="Pg_225">{225}</a></span>was General D.
+Nicholas Bravo, an officer of skill, distinction, and courage. Second
+in command was General D. Mariano Monterde. The chief of engineers was
+D. Juan Cano, and D. Manuel Gamboa commandant of artillery. Generals
+Noriega and Perez were afterward attached to the command. The orders
+of the 11th to Quitman and Pillow were to march to Tacubaya, where
+they awaited further orders.</p>
+
+<p>The attack was begun by the batteries of Drum and Peter Valentine
+Hagner, and the fire proved to be well directed. The guns at the
+castle answered promptly and kept up a vigorous cannonade. When there
+was some cessation of firing from the castle, Captain Lee, under
+direction of General Scott, using the wall of the aqueduct as a
+parapet, placed two pieces of artillery under Captain Horace Brooks,
+which opened fire. Steptoe's battery kept up a continuous firing.
+Santa Anna, who was deceived at the point of attack, on hearing the
+guns of Steptoe, moved at once to Candelaria and San Antonio Garita,
+where he expected the attack. At noon he repaired to Chapultepec, and,
+taking charge of a battalion, moved to re-enforce a work which was
+being attacked. The Americans opened fire on this force and compelled
+it to withdraw. General Bravo, expecting an assault, asked for
+re-enforcements, which General Santa Anna promised should be furnished
+in time. In the meantime the Governor of the State of Mexico had
+arrived with seven hundred men, having reached a point near Tacubaya
+on the 11th, and his arrival greatly increased the Mexicans' hopes.
+Not being joined by cavalry as he expected, the Governor remained
+inactive on the 11th, 12th, and 13th. Quitman's <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_226" id="Pg_226">{226}</a></span>division, with United
+States Marines and a company of New York volunteers, remained in the
+rear near the Tacubaya road during the 12th.</p>
+
+<p>It was now determined by General Scott to resume the bombardment early
+next morning, and to attack with the columns under Quitman and Pillow.
+In aid of this a storming party was detailed from Worth's division of
+ten officers and two hundred and sixty men, under command of Captain
+Samuel McKenzie, Second Artillery, and a like detail from Twiggs's
+division under Captain Silas Casey, Second Infantry, in support of
+Pillow's movement, and General P.F. Smith's brigade of Twiggs's
+division was ordered to the support of Quitman. The bombardment was
+renewed early on the morning of the 13th. Four companies of the
+voltigeur regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph E. Johnston, were
+instructed, on the cessation of firing, to move rapidly under cover of
+the wall and enter the inclosure at its opening. Four companies under
+Colonel Timothy P. Andrews were ordered to unite with Johnston, deploy
+as skirmishers, and drive the enemy from his shelter. McKenzie was
+ordered to move in the rear of Johnston, with orders to follow the
+latter through the breach and advance rapidly and carry the main work
+by assault. A force of men carrying scaling ladders were placed with
+Johnston. Colonel William Trousdale, with the Eleventh and Fourteenth
+Regiments, and one section of Magruder's battery, under command of
+Lieutenant Thomas Jonathan Jackson, was placed in position in the road
+leading on the left of Chapultepec to the city, and ordered to advance
+and prevent an advance of the enemy in that direction. General
+Cadwallader was directed by General Pillow to execute the orders.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_227" id="Pg_227">{227}</a></span>
+General Smith's brigade had orders to move on the right of the column
+of attack and cut off the retreat of the enemy in that direction.
+General Scott now notified the commanding officers of the attacking
+forces to be ready to move when the signal was given. The troops moved
+forward promptly at the signal, and after a brave and desperate
+struggle its gallant defender, General Bravo, surrendered. With the
+exception of Riley's brigade, Steptoe's battery, and the garrison at
+Mexcoac, all of the American army were engaged. General Scott's forces
+engaged amounted to about seven thousand five hundred men. The Mexican
+authorities state that eight hundred men were in Chapultepec. The
+brigades of Rangel and Pe&ntilde;a were stationed near. The Mexicans engaged
+did not probably exceed four thousand men.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a href="images/227_b.jpg"><img src="images/227_t.jpg" width="400" alt="OPERATIONS OF THE AMERICAN ARMY IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO in August and September 1847."
+title="OPERATIONS OF THE AMERICAN ARMY IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO in August and September 1847." /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Among the prisoners captured were Generals Monterde, Saldana, and
+Norriega, the former superintendent of the military school, and forty
+of his pupils. On the commencement of the engagement these youths
+deserted their schoolrooms, and, arming themselves, joined in the
+defense of Chapultepec and fought with great bravery.</p>
+
+<p>Preparations were now made for an advance and the capture of the
+capital. The pursuit of the retreating enemy was followed on two roads
+leading to the city, and there was considerable desultory fighting. At
+1 o'clock A.M. on the 14th a deputation of citizens arrived at General
+Worth's headquarters, who were sent by him, under charge of Major
+William W. Mackall, to General Scott's headquarters. They reported
+that General Santa Anna had fled from the city, leaving it with the
+civil authorities, and they came to ask favorable terms of surrender.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_228" id="Pg_228">{228}</a></span>
+General Scott declined to make any terms with them, telling them that
+the city had practically been in his possession from the day before;
+that he would levy a moderate tax, and would be governed by no terms
+except his own and such only as the honor and dignity of the United
+States would require. Early on the morning of the 14th a white flag
+was displayed at the Garita de Belen, and General Quitman was
+requested to take possession, as the city had been evacuated by the
+Mexican army. Leaving a guard at the Belen gate, General Quitman
+marched his command and took possession of the citadel. Leaving the
+Second Pennsylvania Regiment at the citadel, he marched to the Grand
+Plaza, followed by Steptoe's battery. The Marine Battalion was placed
+in the National Palace, and the American flag was hoisted from its
+summit. Lieutenant G.T. Beauregard was dispatched to notify General
+Scott. About eight o'clock the general in chief, accompanied by his
+staff, with an escort of cavalry, all in full dress, passed through
+the northwestern angle into the Grand Plaza. The line of soldiers
+presented arms, lowered colors, and gave the drum beat. General Scott
+uncovered in acknowledgment of the salute, dismounted, and passed into
+the <i>porte-coch&egrave;re</i> of the palace, followed by Generals Quitman and
+Smith and officers of the staff. He said, "Gentlemen, we must not be
+too elated with our success." Then turning, he said: "Let me present
+to you the Civil and Military Governor of the City of Mexico,
+Major-General John A. Quitman. I appoint him at this instant. He has
+earned the distinction, and he shall have it." The general then
+ascended the stairway and at once wrote General Order No. 284, as
+follows:<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_229" id="Pg_229">{229}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters of the Army</span>,</p>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Mexico</span>, <i>September 14, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"1. Under the favor of God, the valor of this army, after many
+glorious victories, has hoisted the colors of our country in the
+capital of Mexico and on the palace of its Government.</p>
+
+<p>"2. But the war is not yet ended. The Mexican army and Government
+have fled, only to watch an opportunity to turn upon us with
+vengeance. We must, then, be upon our guard.</p>
+
+<p>"3. Companies and regiments will be kept together, and all stand on
+the alert. Our safety is in military discipline.</p>
+
+<p>"4. Let there be no drunkenness, no disorders, no straggling.
+Stragglers will be in great danger of assassination, and marauders
+shall be punished by courts-martial.</p>
+
+<p>"5. All the rules so honorably observed by this glorious army in
+Puebla must be observed here. The honor of the army and the honor of
+our country call for the best behavior on the part of all. To win
+the approbation of their country, the valiant must be sober,
+orderly, and merciful. His noble brethren in arms will not be deaf
+to this hearty appeal from their commander and friend.</p>
+
+<p>"6. Major-General Quitman is appointed Civil and Military Governor
+of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>"By command of Major-General Scott.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">H.L. Scott</span>,</p>
+<p class="right">"<i>Acting Assistant Adjutant General</i>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Firing having been heard in the street, General Scott said to an
+officer: "Will you have the kindness to go and say to our volunteer
+friends that it is unsoldierlike, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_230" id="Pg_230">{230}</a></span>bad manners, and dangerous to
+discharge arms in a city, and to say to their officers that it must
+not occur again. None of us desire, I am sure, to hear more musketry."
+When the officer returned he informed the general that it was not the
+volunteers, but Mexicans, who were firing from the roofs of houses.
+Orders were at once issued to place soldiers in the steeples of
+churches and on the roofs of houses as sharpshooters, to sweep the
+streets with artillery if necessary, and to break open and enter all
+houses from which the troops were fired upon. The prompt execution of
+this order soon had the effect of putting a stop to the firing and
+restoring order in the city.</p>
+
+<p>The retreating Mexican infantry on its arrival at Guadalupe received
+orders from General Santa Anna to move to Tlalnepantla. One of the
+Mexican battalions having discharged its guns without orders and the
+sound being heard, Santa Anna, believing it to have proceeded from the
+American army, gave orders to countermarch. On learning the truth, the
+order was countermanded and the march resumed. General Herrera was
+then ordered with artillery and infantry to march to Queretaro, while
+Santa Anna would move on Puebla and surprise and capture the small
+garrison left there by General Scott.</p>
+
+<p>General Santa Anna, learning of the street firing in the city,
+supposed that the Mexicans had rallied and were contesting the
+possession of the capital by the Americans. He received this
+information from Prospero Terez, one of the leaders of the mob, who
+urged him to return. He at once dispatched a staff officer to General
+Herrera, ordering his return, and took up the line of march for the
+capital. Learning <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_231" id="Pg_231">{231}</a></span>on his approach that the Mexicans under Alvarez in
+their attempt on the city were unsuccessful, he revoked his order to
+Herrera and ordered him to proceed to Queretaro. Very soon he again
+sent orders to countermarch and move to the capital. Again he ordered
+Herrera to move on Queretaro, when he marched to Guadalupe and issued
+a call for a junta to meet on the 16th.</p>
+
+<p>From General Scott's report we learn that the loss in his army in the
+various engagements around and in the City of Mexico amounted to two
+thousand seven hundred and three. The whole force engaged in the
+capture of the capital was less than six thousand. The Mexicans admit
+that their force for the defense of the capital was about twenty
+thousand, with one hundred and four cannon. The Mexican army
+encountered by General Scott on his move to the capital was not less
+than thirty thousand. In nearly if not quite all of the engagements
+they were intrenched, and occupied their own chosen positions. Of
+these, the American army killed or wounded not less than seven
+thousand officers and men, captured three thousand seven hundred and
+thirty prisoners, more than twenty colors and standards, seventy-five
+pieces of ordnance, besides fifty-seven wall pieces, twenty thousand
+stand of small arms, and a large quantity of ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>Following are orders issued by General Scott after the occupation of
+the capital:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters of the Army, National Palace of Mexico</span>,</p>
+<p class="sig">"<i>September 16, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="noind">"<span class="smcap">General Orders No</span>. 286.</p>
+
+<p>"The general in chief calls upon his brethren in arms to return,
+both in private and public worship,<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_232" id="Pg_232">{232}</a></span> thanks and gratitude to God for
+the signal triumph which they have recently achieved for their
+country. Beginning with August 10th and ending the 14th inst., this
+army has gallantly fought its way through the fields and forts of
+Contreras, San Antonio, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and
+the gates of San Cosme and Tacubaya, into the capital of Mexico.
+When the very limited number who have performed these brilliant
+deeds shall have become known, the world will be astonished and our
+own countrymen filled with joy and admiration. But all is not yet
+done. The enemy, though scattered and dismayed, has still many
+fragments of his late army hovering about us, and, aided by an
+exasperated population, he may again unite in treble our numbers and
+fall upon us to advantage if we rest inactive in the security of
+past victories. Compactness, vigilance, and discipline are therefore
+our only securities. Let every good officer and man look to these
+cautions and enjoin them on all others.</p>
+
+<p>"By command of Major-General Scott.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">H.L. Scott</span>,</p>
+<p class="right">"<i>Acting Assistant Adjutant General</i>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters of the Army, National Palace of Mexico</span>,</p>
+<p class="sig">"<i>September 17, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="noind">"<span class="smcap">General Orders No</span>. 287.</p>
+
+<p>"The general in chief republishes, with important additions, his
+General Order No. 20, of February 19, 1847, declaring martial law to
+govern all who may be concerned. There are nineteen paragraphs in
+the order. (See Ex. Doc. No. 1, Thirtieth Congress, first session,
+Senate.) The last seven will be copied.</p>
+
+<p>"13. The administration of justice, both in civil<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_233" id="Pg_233">{233}</a></span> and criminal
+matters, through the ordinary courts of the country, shall nowhere
+and in no degree be interrupted by any officer or soldier of the
+American forces except, first, in case where an officer or soldier,
+agent, servant, or follower of the army may be a party; and second,
+in political cases&mdash;that is, prosecutions against other individuals
+on the allegation that they have given friendly information, aid, or
+assistance to the American forces.</p>
+
+<p>"14. For the care and safety of both parties in all cities and towns
+occupied by the American army, a Mexican police shall be established
+and duly harmonized with the military police of said forces.</p>
+
+<p>"15. This splendid capital, its churches and religious worship, its
+convents and monasteries, its inhabitants and property, are,
+moreover, placed under the special safeguard of the faith and honor
+of the American army.</p>
+
+<p>"16. In consideration of the foregoing protection, a contribution of
+one hundred and fifty thousand dollars is imposed on this capital,
+to be paid in four weekly installments of thirty-seven thousand five
+hundred dollars each, beginning on Monday next, the 20th inst., and
+terminating on Monday, October 11th.</p>
+
+<p>"17. The Ayuntamiento, or corporate authority of the city, is
+specially charged with the collection and payment of the several
+installments.</p>
+
+<p>"18. Of the whole contribution to be paid over to this army, twenty
+thousand dollars shall be appropriated to the purchase of extra
+comforts for the wounded and sick in hospital, ninety thousand
+dollars to the purchase of blankets and shoes for gratuitous
+distribution among the rank and file of the<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_234" id="Pg_234">{234}</a></span> army, and forty
+thousand dollars reserved for other necessary military purposes.</p>
+
+<p>"19. This order shall be read at the head of every company of the
+United States forces serving in Mexico, and translated into Spanish
+for the information of the Mexicans.</p>
+
+<p>"By command of Major-General Scott.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">H.L. Scott</span>,</p>
+<p class="right">"<i>Acting Assistant Adjutant General</i>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 15%;" />
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters of the Army, National Palace of Mexico</span>,</p>
+<p class="sig">"<i>September 18, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="noind">"<span class="smcap">General Orders No.</span> 289.</p>
+
+<p>"1. The army by degrees, and beginning as soon as practicable, will
+be distributed and quartered over the city as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"2. The first division (Worth's) in or near the direct route from
+the San Cosme toward the cathedral and extending a little beyond the
+east end of the Alameda. This division will keep a competent guard
+with two guns of medium caliber at that gate.</p>
+
+<p>"3. The second division (Twiggs's) about the Grand Plaza and
+extending toward the gate of San Lazaro, or the Penon, at which it
+will keep a guard and two pieces of artillery, as above.</p>
+
+<p>"4. The third division (Pillow's) on or near the direct route from
+the gate of Peralvillo, or Guadalupe, toward the cathedral, but not
+south of the convent of San Domingo, and will keep a guard of two
+pieces of artillery at that gate.</p>
+
+<p>"5. The volunteer division (Quitman's) on or near the direct route
+from the gate of San Antonio toward the cathedral, but not north of
+the Hospital of Jesus, and will keep a guard with two pieces of
+artillery, as above, at that gate.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_235" id="Pg_235">{235}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"6. The brigade of cavalry (Colonel Harney's) will be quartered in
+the cavalry barracks near the National Palace (marked on the plan of
+the city small m). This brigade will furnish daily a detachment of a
+corporal and six men to the respective gates of division, to serve
+as couriers between the gates and the commanders of the respective
+divisions, and for no other purposes.</p>
+
+<p>"7. No private house shall be occupied by any corps or officers
+until all suitable public buildings within the above ranges shall be
+first fully occupied, and all officers attached to troops shall be
+quartered with or near their troops.</p>
+
+<p>"8. No rent shall be paid by the United States for any buildings
+occupied by troops or officers without a special direction from
+general headquarters; nor shall any private house be occupied or
+quartered without the free consent of the owner or orders from
+general headquarters. No deviations from these injunctions will be
+tolerated.</p>
+
+<p>"9. The collection of customs or duties at the several gates of the
+city by the civil authorities of the same will be continued as
+heretofore until modified by the Civil and Military Governor,
+Major-General Quitman, according to the views of the general in
+chief; but supplies belonging to the quartermaster and commissary
+departments will at once be exempted from all duties.</p>
+
+<p>"By command of Major-General Scott.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">H.L. Scott</span>,</p>
+<p class="right">"<i>Acting Assistant Adjutant General</i>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The effect of the strict enforcement of these admirable orders was to
+bring the American army<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_236" id="Pg_236">{236}</a></span> under a discipline which won for them the
+confidence of the people of the city, and to revive and restore trade,
+open up the churches, and, as near as could be done under the
+circumstances, to place matters in the city <i>in statu quo ante
+bellum</i>. At the meeting of the junta called by General Santa Anna he
+tendered his resignation as President of the Republic and of the
+command of the army. Under the Constitution of Mexico the office
+devolved upon Manuel de la Pe&ntilde;a y Pe&ntilde;a, who at once assumed it, and
+Santa Anna set out with a view to the capture of Puebla and the
+occupation of the road leading to the coast.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of marching on Puebla, Santa Anna turned his forces toward
+Queretaro, but in a few days countermarched. After two or three
+maneuvers of this kind, he finally invested Puebla with about fifteen
+hundred cavalry and four field pieces. He summoned Colonel Childs, who
+was in command, to surrender on the score of humanity. Santa Anna
+represented his force at eight thousand men, and threatened assault.
+Colonel Childs declined to surrender, and made preparations to resist
+the assault by strengthening his position. The threatened assault was
+not made. On October 1st Santa Anna raised the siege of Puebla and
+marched toward El Pinal to intercept a train of wagons with supplies
+and re-enforcements, leaving General Rea with sufficient force to
+continue operations against the Americans. The Americans were so
+annoyed by continuous firing from the housetops that Captain William
+F. Small, First Pennsylvania Infantry, was ordered to dig through the
+walls of the houses until he had gained a point which would command a
+barricade that had been thrown up by the Mexicans. The<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_237" id="Pg_237">{237}</a></span> enemy was
+driven off, leaving seventeen dead on the ground; the barricade was
+then burned. Hostile parties were constantly annoying the garrison,
+until two companies of the First Pennsylvania regiment were sent out
+and dispersed them. Many skirmishes took place, which invariably
+resulted disastrously to the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>General Joseph Lane's efforts to exterminate the roving bands of
+<i>guerillos</i> and <i>rancheros</i> involved great rapidity of movement, and
+he had officers and men under his command eminently fit for such
+service. One of the most pestiferous of the <i>guerillo</i> leaders was a
+Catholic priest called Padre Juarata. He seemed to be everywhere at
+once, and notwithstanding his party was frequently met by the
+Americans, sometimes surrounded and always beaten, yet the Padre
+adroitly managed to get out of every trap and escape. Being a priest,
+he was always ready and willing to administer the last rites of the
+Church to friend or foe.</p>
+
+<p>While the army was at Puebla, General Scott organized a company of
+Mexicans under command of one Dominguez, which was regularly mustered
+into the service of the United States. A battalion of deserters from
+the American army, known as the San Patricio Battalion, composed
+almost wholly of Europeans, was organized under the command of one
+O'Riley. These two commands met in battle in the convent of
+Churubusco, and fought each other with great desperation. The Mexicans
+under Dominguez entered Churubusco with the American army, and met the
+execration of their countrymen, who denounced them as traitors. The
+American deserters (the San Patricio Battalion) were captured at
+Churubusco, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_238" id="Pg_238">{238}</a></span>tried by court-martial, and all but sixteen sentenced to
+death and executed. Some were pardoned, and O'Riley, their leader, was
+branded with the letter D on his cheek and released. This clemency was
+shown him because he deserted before hostilities commenced.</p>
+
+<p>The number of American troops engaged at Churubusco on August 19th and
+20th was four thousand five hundred. The entire force engaged at
+Churubusco was about seven thousand four hundred. General Scott's
+estimate of the Mexican force on August 20th, including Contreras,
+Churubusco, and the road between San Antonio and Churubusco, the
+Portales, and the road to the Capitol, was thirty-two thousand.</p>
+
+<p>In these battles three thousand prisoners were captured, including
+eight general officers and two hundred and five other officers. The
+killed and wounded amounted to over four thousand. Thirty pieces of
+cannon were taken. The loss to the American army was one hundred and
+thirty-nine officers, including sixteen killed, and one thousand and
+fifty-three enlisted men; sixty officers and eight hundred and
+seventy-six men wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Commodore William B. Shubrick having captured Mazatlan and Guaymas,
+General Scott wrote him, December 2, 1847: "I have been waiting here
+for two and a half months to learn the views of the Government at
+home, or at least for re-enforcements, before undertaking any new and
+distant operations. The forces I have under my orders in the whole of
+this republic, except the troops immediately under Major-General
+Taylor, only give me means of holding Tampico, Vera Cruz, Puebla,
+Chapultepec, and this capital."<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_239" id="Pg_239">{239}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>General Scott had made a careful study of the statistics of Mexican
+finances, and previous to ordering the occupation of several important
+districts near the capital, to be followed by a like disposition in
+more remote departments, issued General Orders No. 376, December 15,
+1847:</p>
+
+<p>"(1) This army is about to spread itself over and to occupy the
+Republic of Mexico until the latter shall sue for peace on terms
+acceptable to the Government of the United States. (2) On the
+occupation of the principal point or points in any State the payment
+to the Federal Government of this republic of all taxes or dues of
+whatever manner or kind heretofore, say in 1844, payable or collected
+by that Government, is absolutely prohibited, as all such taxes, dues,
+etc., will be demanded of the proper civil authorities for the support
+of the army of occupation. (3) The State and Federal districts being
+already so occupied, as well as the States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and
+Tamaulipas, the usual taxes or dues heretofore contributed by the same
+to the Federal Government will be considered as due and payable to
+this army from the beginning of the present month, and will early be
+demanded of the civil authorities of said States and districts under
+rules and penalties which shall be duly announced and enforced. (4)
+Other States of this republic, as the Californias, New Mexico,
+Chihuahua, Coahuila, New Leon, etc., already occupied by the forces of
+the United States, though not under the immediate orders of the
+general in chief, will conform to the prescriptions of this order,
+except in such State or States where a different system has been
+adopted with the sanction of the Government at Washington. (5) The
+internal taxes or <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_240" id="Pg_240">{240}</a></span>dues referred to are: 1, District taxes; 2, Dues on
+the production of gold and silver; 3, Melting and assaying duties; 4,
+The tobacco rent; 5, Rent of stamped paper; 6, The rent on the
+manufacture of playing cards; and, 7, The rent of post offices. (6)
+The rent of national lotteries is abolished, lotteries being hereby
+prohibited. (7) Import and export duties at ports of the republic will
+remain as fixed by the Government of the United States, except that
+the exportation of gold and silver in bars or ingot&mdash;<i>plata y oro en
+pasta</i>&mdash;is prohibited until the further instructions of the Government
+on the subjects. (8) All imported articles, goods, or commodities
+which have once paid or given sufficient security for the payment of
+duties to the United States at any port of entry of the republic shall
+not again be burdened with any tax or duty in any port of this
+republic occupied by the forces of the United States. (9) The levying
+of duties on the transit of animals, goods, or commodities, whether of
+foreign or domestic growth, from one State of this republic to
+another, or on entering or leaving the gate of any city within the
+republic, will, from and after the beginning of the ensuing year, be
+prohibited, as far as the United States forces may have power to
+enforce the prohibition. Other and equitable means, to a moderate
+extent, must be resorted to by the several State and city authorities
+for the necessary support of their respective governments. (10) The
+tobacco, playing cards, and stamped paper rents will be placed for
+three, six, or twelve months under the contract with the highest
+bidders respectively, for the several States, the State and Federal
+district of Mexico being considered one. Accordingly, offers or bids
+for those <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_241" id="Pg_241">{241}</a></span>rents within each State, or any of them, are invited. They
+will be sent in as early as possible, sealed, to the headquarters of
+departments, except for the Federal District and State of Mexico. For
+this latter the offers or bids will be addressed to the general in
+chief. (11) Further details for the execution of the foregoing system
+of government and revenue will soon be given in general orders."</p>
+
+<p>General Scott forwarded the above order to Washington, together with a
+memoir of the precious metals, showing that he had carefully studied
+and had thorough knowledge of the subject. In his letter forwarding
+the order he said:</p>
+
+<p>"The Government of the United States proposes that their forces shall
+occupy the Mexican Republic, and raise in said country the means to
+meet the expenses of occupation. To obtain this object, it appears
+convenient that said resources should be raised so as to interfere as
+little as possible with the existing interests of foreign as well as
+of native residents; for if any measure calculated to involve the ruin
+of a part or the whole of said interests was taken, there is little or
+no doubt that the results would be as injurious to the interest of the
+United States as to those of this country, for the destiny of both
+interests in the case of occupation is linked together. It appears
+that this recommendation, besides being fully justified by a sound
+policy, will also be the means of facilitating the organization of a
+financial system, and ultimately lead to increase of revenue.</p>
+
+<p class="center noind">.   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .</p>
+
+<p>"The tariff given by the United States for the Mexican ports occupied
+allows the free exportation of gold and silver either in bars or
+coined. Although <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_242" id="Pg_242">{242}</a></span>it has been done, perhaps, with a liberal view, it
+would seem that the measure was taken to hostilize the Mexican
+Government, preventing thus any advance from being made to said
+Government on future export duties on silver or gold, and depriving it
+of that resource. However, who would benefit by the free export of
+gold or silver? It is well known that nothing finds its level,
+respecting prices, as soon as the precious metals, and therefore as
+soon as the exportation should be carried into effect there would have
+been exchange on England, France, and the United States, a difference
+equivalent to the duties taken off on the precious metals. The free
+exportation would apparently have been advantageous to none but the
+miners; apparently is the word, for it is evident that the higher
+prices obtained by them at first would have gradually come down until
+they were on a level with those obtained in Europe, and ultimately
+would have become lower than they are to-day, for it is not to be
+doubted that the free exportation of bars partially or totally
+occasioning the ruin of the mints, coined specie would have
+disappeared from circulation, and that miners would have been for the
+sale of their product entirely at the mercy of the speculators, while,
+the exportation being prohibited, the mints are obliged to pay to them
+at any time a fixed price for their gold and silver which can not be
+altered.</p>
+
+<p class="center noind">.   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .</p>
+
+<p>"The exportation of gold and silver in bars has been prohibited in
+this country by all the tariffs that have existed either under the
+Spanish or Mexican Government; and though licenses of exportation to a
+small amount have now and then been granted, the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_243" id="Pg_243">{243}</a></span>prohibition has been
+the rule and the exportation has been the exception, until the Mexican
+Government, having rented all their mines but two to foreign
+companies, has taken the solemn engagement not to give any more
+licenses of exportation. As it may easily be supposed, the engagement
+of giving no more licenses of exportation has been the principal basis
+on which the companies have relied to make their contracts, and the
+principal inducement for them to advance the rent as they have done.
+It is not known what policy will be adopted by the United States
+respecting neutral interests in Mexico in case the country should be
+occupied by their armies, but too high an opinion is entertained of
+the justice of their Government to admit for a moment the possibility
+of such interests being sacrificed or ruined when no direct benefit
+could be derived from such a measure for the United States, and when,
+on the contrary, it might be injurious to them, as may be explained."</p>
+
+<p>On December 17th he again wrote to the Secretary calling his attention
+to General Orders No. 376, the seventh paragraph of which contained
+the duties on exported bars of gold and silver, which had been made
+free by order of the United States Government. Since the publication
+of the order he had seen a slip cut from a Vera Cruz paper of the
+17th, from the Department to him on the subject, which said: "I have
+taken great pains to obtain correct information in respect to the
+production and exportation of the precious metals in and from this
+country. The Mexican policy has been uniform against the exportation
+of bars and ingots, though, from want or cupidity, special licenses
+have been given in <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_244" id="Pg_244">{244}</a></span>violation of that sound policy and in gross
+violation of the rights purchased by the renters of the mints. This
+army is also interested in some prohibition, for if we permit the
+exportation of bars and ingots there will be but little domestic
+coinage, our drafts would soon be under par, and the Mexicans, from
+want of sufficient circulating medium, be less able to pay the
+contributions which we propose to levy upon them through their civil
+authorities."</p>
+
+<p>General Scott, knowing the President's great desire to have the war
+terminated, embraced every opportunity to keep him advised as to the
+prospects, more or less remote, of peace, and wrote, December 14th,
+that he "had received no communication from the Mexican Government,
+and did not expect any before the Congress and President had been
+installed, about March 10th. It is believed that both will be inclined
+to peace." Congress, however, did not meet until May.</p>
+
+<p>General William O. Butler arrived at the capital December 18th with
+thirty-six hundred men, and the train dispatched November 1st, under
+Colonel Harney, returned, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph
+E. Johnston, of the voltigeurs, with thirteen hundred men in addition
+to the escort that accompanied it on the trip down. These
+re-enforcements, with those that recently arrived, made a total of
+eight or nine thousand for duty.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott was anxious to occupy the mining districts of San Luis
+and Zacatecas, maintain communication with the capital, and open one
+with Tampico, and for that purpose needed two columns of five thousand
+men each, and to garrison the State capitals within reach of the two
+columns. It was <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_245" id="Pg_245">{245}</a></span>represented that great embarrassment would result
+from the movement on Zacatecas, as that column would have to march
+through Queretaro to reach its destination. It was represented that it
+would cause the dispersion of the Mexican Government and make its
+assembling at any other point doubtful. The Department, however,
+directed the double movement to be made when the re-enforcements known
+to have left Vera Cruz would arrive, unless in the meantime otherwise
+instructed.</p>
+
+<p>The commanding general was greatly disappointed when the first train
+returned from Vera Cruz without bringing a jacket, blanket, or a pair
+of shoes for the army. That small depot had been exhausted by the
+troops of Patterson, Butler, and Marshall, who were fresh from home,
+or the Brazos, and others that arrived without clothing since June;
+and on December 25th he wrote of his great disappointments, and stated
+that this want might delay distant expeditions for many weeks, as some
+of the new volunteers were in want of essential articles of wear. He
+called attention to the fact that requisitions for clothing made by
+the regular regiments over a year previous had not been sent, or at
+any rate had not reached the regiments. No general ever paid more
+attention or displayed greater interest in the comfort of his men than
+General Scott. The quartermaster's and commissary departments were his
+never-ceasing care, and he gave constant personal attention to both.</p>
+
+<p>On the matter of assessments he says: "You perceive I do not propose
+to seize the ordinary State or city revenue, as that, in my judgment,
+would be to make war on civilization, as no community can <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_246" id="Pg_246">{246}</a></span>escape
+absolute anarchy without civil government. I shall take care, however,
+to see that the means collected within any particular State or city
+for that purpose are moderate and reasonable."</p>
+
+<p>Order No. 395 was issued December 31st, specifying the States by name
+and the several sums they would be annually taxed. The duties paid at
+the gates of the cities, and in passing from one State to another, as
+well as the tobacco monopoly and lotteries, were abolished. Governors
+and members of the Legislature of the different States, and all
+collecting officers then in commission and charged with the collection
+of Federal duties of any, were held individually responsible in their
+persons and property for the collection and payment of the assessment.
+The order, which was a long one and carefully prepared, gave many
+details. The last two paragraphs say: "The American troops, in
+spreading themselves over this republic, will take care to observe the
+strictest discipline and morals in respect to the persons and property
+of the country, purchasing and paying for all necessaries and comforts
+they may require, and treating the unoffending inhabitants with
+forbearance and kindness. The higher honor of the country, as well as
+the particular honor of the army, must and shall be maintained against
+the few miscreants in our ranks. The laws of war will also be strictly
+observed toward all Mexicans who respect those laws. For the treatment
+of those atrocious bands of <i>guerillos</i> and armed <i>rancheros</i>, General
+Order No. 392 of the 12th instant will be rigidly enforced."</p>
+
+<p>To prevent frauds in the payment of dues as assessed, General Orders
+No. 8, of January 9, 1848, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_247" id="Pg_247">{247}</a></span>were issued. The orders referred to and
+quoted in part show that General Scott was eminently qualified to
+fulfill a position in civil as well as military life. The orders he
+promulgated were laws to the Mexicans, and show that his
+administration of the civil affairs of the conquered country was wise,
+merciful, and judicious. It was here that General Scott's early legal
+training manifested itself. These orders had anticipated the message
+of the President which reached him on the 14th in a communication from
+the War Department, and in which the President's views were given in
+regard to the future prosecution of the war. He was urged to endeavor
+to lessen expenses by compelling Mexico to contribute, and see the
+necessity of making a peace honorable alike to both countries. Says
+the Secretary: "Our object being to obtain acceptable terms, which it
+is apprehended can not be speedily obtained without making the enemy
+feel he is to bear a considerable part of the burden of war.</p>
+
+<p>"Should there not be at this time a government in Mexico of sufficient
+stability to make peace, or should the authority which there exists be
+adverse to it, and yet a large and influential portion of the people
+be really disposed to put an end to hostilities, it is desirable to
+know what prospect there is that the latter could, with countenance
+and protection of our arms, organize a government willing to make
+peace and sustain relations of peace with us. It is presumed that your
+opportunities of knowing the disposition of the people of Mexico will
+enable you to furnish your Government with correct information on the
+subject, and the President desires to be furnished with your views."<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_248" id="Pg_248">{248}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On January 6, 1848, General Scott reported to the Department that his
+total force in the Valley of Mexico was fourteen thousand nine hundred
+and sixty-four, with only eleven thousand one hundred and sixty-two
+fit for duty, measles prevailing mainly among the volunteers. Half of
+General Marshall's force at Jalapa was sick, and he reported, December
+22d, that he had sent his wagons back to Vera Cruz for medicines and
+other supplies. Pachuca was occupied without opposition by Colonel
+Jones M. Withers, Ninth Infantry, and General Cadwallader marched,
+December 22d, for Lerma and Toluca, the latter the State capital and
+thirty-eight miles from the City of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>On January 13th General Scott reported the unsuccessful efforts of
+Colonel Wynkoop's First Pennsylvania Volunteers to capture the Padre
+Jaruata, but the same colonel, learning of General Valencia's
+whereabouts, made a night march, surprised and captured him and a
+colonel of his staff. Colonel Jack Hays made efforts to capture
+Jaruata, but also failed. He had an engagement with the band, killing
+and wounding many of them.</p>
+
+<p>On January 12, 1848, a letter was dispatched by the Secretary of War
+to General Scott informing him that he had been relieved from the
+command of the army by order of the President of the United States,
+and was to be brought before a court of inquiry to be convened in the
+Castle of Perote, Mexico, on the 18th of February.</p>
+
+<p>On February 2, 1848, General Scott acknowledged receipt of the
+Secretary's letters of November 8th and 17th and December 14th. The
+system of finance&mdash;prohibiting the export duties on coins and the
+prohibition <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_249" id="Pg_249">{249}</a></span>of export in bars, inaugurated by the general&mdash;differed
+materially from the instructions in the Secretary's letter of November
+17th, and the general hoped, for the reasons suggested in his letter
+of December 17th, that the President would consent to adopt his views
+in respect to the precious metals. He informed the Secretary that the
+ayuntamiento of the capital had charged itself with the payment on
+account of the Federal district of four hundred thousand dollars of
+the six hundred and sixty-eight thousand three hundred and thirty-two
+dollars imposed per year on the State of Mexico; that General
+Cadwallader would soon begin to collect through the ayuntamiento of
+Toluca a large part of the remainder. Colonel Clarke, of the Sixth
+Infantry, had been ordered into the Cuernavaca Valley, forty-three
+miles south, with a force amply sufficient to enforce a thorough
+collection.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott says: "The <i>war of masses</i> ended with the capture of the
+enemy's capital; the <i>war of detail</i>, including the occupation of the
+country and the collection of revenue, requires a large additional
+force, as before suggested." Referring to the fact that he had learned
+it was thought in Washington that "he had thirty thousand men under
+his command, while in truth, including the forces at Tampico, Vera
+Cruz, on the line from that port, and in the valley and vicinity, he
+had a total of twenty-four thousand eight hundred and sixteen; the
+sick, necessary, and indispensable garrisons deducted would leave an
+available force for distant service of only four thousand five
+hundred, and he did not know of the approach of any considerable
+re-enforcements. Seven thousand he deemed a minimum number with <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_250" id="Pg_250">{250}</a></span>which
+the important line from Durango through Zacatecas and San Luis to
+Tampico could be opened and maintained. Many of the volunteers were
+sick with measles, mumps, and erysipelas, common among all classes of
+soldiers."</p>
+
+<p>A treaty of peace had been agreed upon and signed and was to be
+forwarded at once. Referring to the fact, he says: "In about forty
+days I may receive an acknowledgment of this report, and by that time,
+if the treaty of peace be not accepted, I hope to be sufficiently
+re-enforced to open the commercial line between Zacatecas and Tampico.
+The occupation of Queretaro, Guanajuato, and Guadalajara would be the
+next in importance, and some of the ports of the Pacific third.
+Meanwhile the collection of internal revenue dues on the precious
+metals and direct assessments shall be continued."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+
+<p>The following is the organization of the army in its march from Puebla
+to the City of Mexico:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind"><span class="smcap">General Staff</span>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Lieutenant-Colonel Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Assistant Inspector General.</li>
+<li>Captain Henry Lee Scott, Acting Adjutant General.</li>
+<li>First-Lieutenant T. Williams, Aid-de-camp.</li>
+<li>Brevet First-Lieutenant George William Lay, Aid-de-camp.</li>
+<li>Second-Lieutenant Schuyler Hamilton, Aid-de-camp.</li>
+<li>Major J.P. Gaines, Volunteer Aid-de-camp.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center noind"><span class="smcap">Engineer Corps</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Major John Lind Smith, Chief; Captain Robert Edward Lee;
+Lieutenants Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, Isaac I. Stevens,
+Zealous Bates Tower, Gustavus Woodson Smith, George B. McClellan,
+John Gray Foster.</p>
+
+<div class="pagenum"><a name="Pg_251" id="Pg_251">{251}</a></div>
+
+<p class="center noind"><span class="smcap">Ordnance Department</span>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Captain Benjamin Hug&eacute;r, Chief, with siege train.</li>
+<li>First-Lieutenant Peter Valentine Hugner.</li>
+<li>Second-Lieutenant George Thom.</li>
+<li>Brevet Second-Lieutenant E.L.F. Hardcastle.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center noind"><span class="smcap">Quartermaster's Department</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Captains James R. Irwin, Chief; Abraham C. Myers, Robert
+Allen, Henry Constantine Wayne, Justus McKinstry, George W.F.
+Wood, J. Daniels, O'Hara, Samuel McGowan.</p>
+
+<p class="center noind"><span class="smcap">Subsistence Department</span>.</p>
+
+<ul><li>Captain John Breckinridge Grayson, Chief.</li>
+<li>Captain Thomas P. Randle.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="center noind"><span class="smcap">Pay Department</span>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Major Edmund Kirby, Chief.</li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Abraham Van Buren.</li>
+<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Albert Gallatin Bennett.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center noind"><span class="smcap">Medical Department</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Surgeon-General Thomas Lawson; Surgeons Benjamin Franklin Harney,
+Richard Smith Satterlee, Charles Stuart Tripler, Burton Randall, James
+Meck Cuyler; Assistant Surgeons Alexander F. Suter, Josiah Simpson,
+David Camben De Leon, Henry H. Steiner, James Simons, Joseph K. Barnes,
+Levi H. Holden, Charles Carter Keeney, James Frazier Head, John Fox
+Hammond, Josephus M. Steiner, Charles P. Deyerle, Ebenezer Swift.
+Surgeons J.M. Tyler, volunteer; McMillan, volunteer; Courtney J. Clark,
+volunteer; W.B. Halstead, volunteer. Assistant Surgeons R. Hagan,
+volunteer; H.L. Wheaton, volunteer. Surgeons R. Ritchie, First
+Volunteers; J. Barry, First Volunteers; Edwards, First Volunteers; L.W.
+Jordan, First Volunteers; R. McSherry, First Volunteers; Roberts, First
+Volunteers.</p>
+
+<p class="center noind"><span class="smcap">Corps</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center noind">Colonel Harney's Brigade.</p>
+
+<ul><li>Detachment of First Light Dragoons, Captain James Kearny.</li>
+<li>Detachment of Second Light Dragoons, Major Edwin Vose Sumner.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_252" id="Pg_252">{252}</a></span></li>
+<li>Detachment of Third Light Dragoons under Major Andrew Thomas McReynolds.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center noind gap">I. <span class="smcap">Brevet Major-General Worth's Division</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center noind">1. Colonel John Garland's Brigade.</p>
+
+<ul><li>Second Regiment of Artillery, serving as infantry.</li>
+<li>Third&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</li>
+<li>Fourth&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Infantry.</li>
+<li>Duncan's Field Battery.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center noind">2. Colonel Andrew Clark's Brigade.</p>
+
+<ul><li>Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Regiments of Infantry.</li>
+<li>A Light Battery.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="center noind gap">II. <span class="smcap">Brevet Major-General Twiggs's Division</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center noind">1. Brevet Brigadier-General Persifor F. Smith's Brigade.</p>
+
+<ul><li>Rifle Regiment.</li>
+<li>First Regiment of Artillery, serving as infantry.</li>
+<li>Third Regiment of Infantry.</li>
+<li>Taylor's Light Battery.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="center noind">2. Colonel Bennet Riley's Brigade.</p>
+
+<ul><li>Fourth Regiment of Artillery, serving as infantry.</li>
+<li>First Regiment of Infantry.</li>
+<li>Seventh Regiment of Infantry.</li></ul>
+
+<p class="center noind gap">III. <span class="smcap">Major-General Gideon J. Pillow's Division</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center noind">1. Brigadier-General G. Cadwallader's Brigade.</p>
+
+<ul><li>Voltigeurs.</li>
+<li>Eleventh and Fourteenth Infantry.</li>
+<li>A Light Battery.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center noind">2. Brigadier-General Franklin Pierce's Brigade.</p>
+
+<ul><li>Ninth, Twelfth, and Fifteenth Infantry.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center noind gap">IV. <span class="smcap">Major-General John A. Quitman's Division</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center noind">1. Brigadier-General Shields's Brigade.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>New York Volunteers.</li>
+<li>South Carolina Volunteers.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_253" id="Pg_253">{253}</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center noind">2. Lieutenant-Colonel Watson's Brigade.</p>
+
+<ul><li>A detachment of Second Pennsylvania Volunteers.</li>
+<li>A detachment of United States Marines.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="gap"><i>List of Officers of the Battalion of Marines under Command of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Watson.</i></p>
+
+<p>Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel E. Watson, Major Levi Twiggs, Major
+William Dulany.</p>
+
+<p><i>Staff.</i>&mdash;First Lieutenant and Adjutant D.D. Baker, First Lieutenant
+and Acting Quartermaster John S. Devlin.</p>
+
+<p><i>Captains.</i>&mdash;John G. Reynolds, George H. Terrett, and William Lang.</p>
+
+<p><i>First Lieutenants.</i>&mdash;Jabez C. Rich, Robert C. Caldwell, William L.
+Young, Thomas A. Brady, John D. Simms, and Daniel J. Sutherland.</p>
+
+<p><i>Second Lieutenants.</i>&mdash;George Adams, E. McD. Reynolds, Thomas Y.
+Field, Charles G. McCawley, Freeman Norvell, Charles A. Henderson,
+John S. Nicholson, Augustus S. Nicholson, and Henry Welsh.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_254" id="Pg_254">{254}</a></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">Scott's care for the welfare of his army&mdash;Account of the money levied
+on Mexico&mdash;Last note to the Secretary of War while commander in chief
+in Mexico&mdash;Army asylums&mdash;Treaty of peace&mdash;Scott turns over the army to
+General William O. Butler&mdash;Scott and Worth&mdash;Court of inquiry on
+Worth&mdash;The "Leonidas" and "Tampico" letters&mdash;Revised paragraph
+650&mdash;Army regulations&mdash;General Worth demands a court of inquiry and
+prefers charges against Scott&mdash;Correspondence&mdash;General belief as to
+Scott's removal command&mdash;The trial&mdash;Return home of General Scott.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As an army commander General Scott had frequent occasion to use money
+for which vouchers or even ordinary receipts could not be taken and
+the nature of the service could not be specified; he styled them
+"secret disbursements." In a letter to the War Department of February
+6, 1848, he stated that he "had made no report of such disbursements
+since leaving Jalapa, (1) because of the uncertainty of our
+communications with Vera Cruz, and (2) the necessity of certain
+explanations which, on account of others, ought not to be reduced to
+writing," and added, "I have never tempted the honor or patriotism of
+any man, but have held it as lawful in morals as in war to purchase
+valuable information or services voluntarily tendered me."</p>
+
+<p>He charged himself with the money he received in Washington for
+"secret disbursements," the one hundred <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_255" id="Pg_255">{255}</a></span>and fifty thousand dollars
+levied upon the City of Mexico for the immediate benefit of the army,
+and of the captured tobacco taken from the Mexican Government, with
+other small sums, all of which were accounted for. He then charged
+himself with sixty-three thousand seven hundred and forty-five dollars
+and fifty-seven cents expended in the purchase of blankets and shoes
+distributed gratuitously to enlisted men, for ten thousand dollars
+extra supplies for the hospitals, ten dollars each to every crippled
+man discharged or furloughed, some sixty thousand dollars for secret
+services, including the native spy company of Dominguez, whose pay
+commenced in July, and which he did not wish to bring into account
+with the Treasury. There remained a balance of one hundred thousand
+dollars, a draft for which he inclosed, saying: "I hope you will allow
+the draft to go to the credit of the army asylum, and make the subject
+known in the way you may deem best to the military committees of
+Congress. The sum is, in small part, the price of American blood so
+gallantly shed in this vicinity; and considering that the army
+receives no prize money, I repeat the hope that its proposed
+destination may be approved and carried into effect.... The remainder
+of the money in my hands, as well as that expended, I shall be ready
+to account for at the proper time and in the proper manner, merely
+offering this imperfect report to explain, in the meantime, the
+character of the one hundred thousand dollars draft."</p>
+
+<p>On February 9, 1848, General Scott addressed what seems to have been
+his last note to the War Department as commander in chief of the army
+of Mexico. It is brief. He adverted to the fact of his not receiving
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_256" id="Pg_256">{256}</a></span>any communication from the War Department or adjutant general's
+office, and says: "But slips from newspapers and letters from
+Washington have come to interested parties here, representing, I
+learn, that the President has determined to place me before a court
+for daring to enforce necessary discipline in this army against
+certain of its high officers. I make only a passing comment upon these
+unofficial announcements, learning with pleasure, through the same
+sources, that I am to be superseded by Major-General William O.
+Butler." The admirable recommendation in regard to the draft was
+adopted and carried out, and the money applied to the purchase of
+asylums for soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>There was not any general engagement of the armies after the capture
+of the City of Mexico. General Lane, always vigilant, kept his force
+in constant motion, pursuing, engaging, when possible, and dispersing
+the numerous predatory bands that infested his flanks and rear.</p>
+
+<p>The first efforts to agree upon a treaty of peace failed. Active
+operations were resumed, and so weakened Mexico that she was left no
+alternative but to make "peace such as her powerful and successful
+enemy might dictate." By the Constitution of Mexico the office of
+President in case of a vacancy devolved upon the president of the
+Supreme Court provisionally; but there was no president of the Supreme
+Court in September, 1847, the last incumbent having died, and no
+successor having been elected when Santa Anna resigned. Congress,
+whose duty it was to elect this officer, could only be convened by
+proclamation of the President, but, as is seen, there was no
+President. In this unfortunate state of affairs, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_257" id="Pg_257">{257}</a></span>the most influential
+of the <i>Moderado</i> party, with the hope of preventing anarchy, then
+greatly threatened, if it had not already raised its head, and
+conclude terms of peace, prevailed upon Pe&ntilde;a y Pe&ntilde;a, an able and
+enlightened jurist, statesman, and patriot, and senior judge of the
+Supreme Court, to assume the provisional presidency. He was recognized
+by the State authorities, and pledges were given that they would
+uphold and defend it against all intriguers opposed to peace, through
+the non-existence of a government competent to make it. It was known
+that Pe&ntilde;a was not averse to peace.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nicholas P. Trist, the commissioner on the part of the United
+States, upon the formation of the new Government, made propositions
+for a conference of representatives. Owing to the fact that the
+Mexican Congress had to be called together to elect a President <i>ad
+interim</i> to serve until January 8, 1848, the overtures of Mr. Trist
+could not be entertained. By a combination between the Puro party and
+the adherents of Santa Anna and other factions, the <i>Moderado</i> party
+came very near being defeated, but the latter were successful and
+elected General Don Pedro Maria Anaya <i>ad interim</i> President; and Pe&ntilde;a
+y Pe&ntilde;a and General Mora y Villamil, both in favor of peace, were made
+respectively Minister of Foreign Relations and Minister of War.</p>
+
+<p>Negotiations were now again formally undertaken. The Mexican
+Government was represented by Se&ntilde;ores Conto, Atristain, and Cuevas.
+The commissioners of the respective countries met at Guadalupe
+Hidalgo, three miles from the City of Mexico. After many meetings,
+long conferences, and discussions, a treaty of peace, friendships, and
+limits between<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_258" id="Pg_258">{258}</a></span> Mexico and the United States was concluded and signed
+February 2, 1848.</p>
+
+<p>A synopsis of the treaty is given. Some of the articles are given in
+full, as the fifth, which secured to the United States the great State
+of California with its incalculable wealth in mineral and agriculture
+resources, and the territory of New Mexico, also rich in all that
+Nature can yield.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg"><i>Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, concluded February 2, 1848.
+Ratifications exchanged at Queretaro, May 30, 1848. Proclaimed July
+4, 1848</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The United States was represented by Nicholas P. Trist, and the
+Republic of Mexico was represented by Don Louis Gonzaga Cuevas, Don
+Bernardo Conto, and Don Miguel Atristain.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Article I.</span> There shall be firm and universal peace between
+the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, and between
+respective countries, territories, cities, towns, and people,
+without exception of places or persons.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art. II</span> provides that, immediately upon the signature to
+this treaty, commissioners shall be appointed by the commander in
+chief of the American forces and the Mexican Government for the
+provisional suspension of hostilities and the re-establishment of
+the political, administrative, and judicial branches so far as this
+shall be permitted by the circumstances of the case.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art. III.</span> Immediately upon the ratification of this treaty
+by the United States orders shall be issued to the commanders of the
+land and naval forces, requiring the latter (provided this treaty
+has been ratified by Mexico and ratifications exchanged) to
+immediately <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_259" id="Pg_259">{259}</a></span>desist from blockading any Mexican ports, and requiring
+the former (under the same conditions) to withdraw all troops of the
+United States then in the interior of the Mexican Republic to a
+distance from the seaport not exceeding thirty leagues&mdash;this to be
+done with the least possible delay; and to deliver up all
+customhouses at all ports occupied by the forces of the United
+States to persons authorized by the Mexican Government to receive
+it, with all bonds and evidences of debt for duties on importations
+and exportations. An exact account to be rendered of all duties on
+imports and exports, after the ratification of this treaty by
+Mexico, deducting only the cost of collection. The City of Mexico to
+be evacuated within one month after the orders there stipulated
+shall be received by the commander of said troops.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. IV. Immediately after the ratifications of the
+present treaty all castles, forts, territories, places, and
+possessions shall be definitely restored to Mexico; the final
+evacuation of the territory of Mexico shall be completed within
+three months, or sooner if possible, the Mexican Government engaging
+to use all means in its power to facilitate the same. All prisoners
+of war taken on sea or land to be restored, and all Mexicans held by
+savage tribes within the United States to be exacted from such
+tribes and restored to their country.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. V is given in full:</p>
+
+<p>"The boundary line between the two republics shall commence in the
+Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, opposite the mouth of the
+Rio Grande, otherwise called Rio Bravo del Norte, or opposite the
+mouth of its deepest branch, if it should have more <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_260" id="Pg_260">{260}</a></span>than one branch
+emptying directly into the sea; from thence up the middle of that
+river, following the deepest channel, where it has more than one, to
+the point where it strikes the southern boundary of New Mexico;
+thence westwardly along the southern boundary of New Mexico (which
+runs north of the town called Paso) to its western termination;
+thence northward along the western line of New Mexico until it
+intersects the first branch of the Rio Gila (or if it should not
+intersect any branch of that river, then to a point on said line
+nearest to said branch, and thence in a direct line to the same);
+thence down the middle of the said branch of said river until it
+empties into the Rio Colorado; thence across the Rio Colorado,
+following the division line between Upper and Lower California to
+the Pacific Ocean. The southern and western limits of New Mexico
+mentioned in this article are those laid down in the map entitled
+'<i>Map of the United Mexican States, as organized and defined by
+various acts of Congress of said republic, and constructed according
+to the best authorities. Revised edition. Published in New York, in
+1847, by J. Disturnell</i>'; of which map a copy is added to this
+treaty, bearing the signatures and seals of the undersigned
+plenipotentiaries. And in order to preclude all difficulty in
+tracing upon the ground limit separating Upper from Lower
+California, it is agreed that the said limit shall consist of a
+straight line drawn from the middle of the Rio Gila, where it unites
+with the Colorado, to a point on the coast of the Pacific Ocean
+distant one marine league due south of the southernmost point of the
+port of San Diego, according to the plan of said port made in 1782
+by Don Juan Pantoja, second sailing master of the Spanish <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_261" id="Pg_261">{261}</a></span>fleet,
+and published at Madrid in the year 1802, in the atlas to the voyage
+of said schooners Sutil and Mexicana; of which plan a copy is
+hereunto added, signed and sealed by the respective
+plenipotentiaries.</p>
+
+<p>"In order to designate the boundary line with due precision upon
+authoritative maps, and to establish upon the ground landmarks which
+shall show the limits of both republics, as described in the present
+article, the two governments shall each appoint a commissioner and
+surveyor, who, before the expiration of one year from the date of
+the exchange of ratifications of this treaty, shall meet at the port
+of San Diego and proceed to run and mark the said boundary in its
+whole course to the mouth of the Rio Bravo del Norte. They shall
+keep journals and make out plans of their operations; and the result
+agreed upon by them shall be deemed a part of this treaty, and shall
+have the same force and effect as if inserted therein. The two
+governments will amicably agree regarding what may be necessary to
+these persons, and also as to their respective escorts, should such
+be necessary.</p>
+
+<p>"The boundary line established by this article shall be religiously
+respected by each of the two republics, and no change shall ever be
+made therein, except by the express and free consent of both nations
+lawfully given by the General Government of each in conformity with
+its own constitution.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 6 gives citizens of the United States free navigation
+of the Gulf of California and the Rio Colorado below its confluence
+with the Gila.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 7. The Rio Gila and the part of the Rio Bravo del
+Norte are made free for the navigation of vessels of both countries
+without tax.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_262" id="Pg_262">{262}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 8. Mexicans to remain in the ceded territory if they
+choose to do so, or to remove at any time to the Mexican republic,
+retaining the property they possess in said territories, or
+disposing of the same and removing the same wherever they please.
+Those who remain in said territories may either retain the title and
+rights of Mexican citizens or acquire those of citizens of the
+United States; but they shall be under the obligation to make their
+election within one year from the date of the exchange of
+ratifications of this treaty; and those who shall remain in said
+territories after the expiration of that year, without having
+declared their intention to retain the character of Mexicans, shall
+be considered to have elected to become citizens of the United
+States. Property in those territories belonging to Mexicans shall be
+inviolably respected, and the present owners and their heirs and
+those who have acquired the same shall enjoy the same, as if it
+belonged to citizens of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 9. Mexicans who do not declare themselves citizens of
+Mexico shall be incorporated in and become citizens of the United
+States under such regulations as shall be provided by law.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 10 of the treaty was stricken out.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 11. The United States undertakes to deliver up, if
+possible, any Mexicans that may be captured by any of the savage
+tribes within the ceded territory; and to prevent purchasing any
+property from any Mexican while in capture by the Indians; nor to
+purchase any property of any kind stolen within Mexican territory by
+such Indians.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 12. In consideration of the extension acquired by the
+boundaries of the United States, as <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_263" id="Pg_263">{263}</a></span>defined by the fifth article of
+the present treaty, the Government of the United States engages to
+pay to that of the Mexican republic the sum of fifteen millions of
+dollars, and prescribes the manner and times of payment.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 13. The United States assumes the payment of all
+claims now due and those hereafter to become due by reason of claims
+already liquidated against Mexico under the treaties of April 11,
+1839, and January 30, 1843.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 14. The United States discharges Mexico from all
+claims of citizens of the United States against said republic.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 15 provides for the appointment of a board of
+commissioners to adjudicate all claims against Mexico, the United
+States assuming the payment of such as may be allowed; the Mexican
+Government agreeing to furnish such books, papers, etc., as may be
+deemed necessary as evidence.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 16. The right of both parties to fortify any point in
+its territory it may deem proper.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 17. The treaty of April 5, 1831, and its provisions
+not inconsistent with this treaty, revived.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 18. All supplies for troops of the United States
+shall be exempt from duties or charges of any kind; the United
+States engaging to prevent merchandise and goods from being landed,
+under cover of this article, not intended for the army.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 19. General provisions in regard to merchandise
+imported into Mexico during hostilities.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 20 provides what disposition shall be made of
+merchandise arriving in Mexico, if the customhouses shall be
+delivered up less than sixty days from the signatures to this
+treaty.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_264" id="Pg_264">{264}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 21. If disagreements should arise between the two
+countries, every effort will be made to adjust the same peaceably;
+and failing in that, the subject-matter of dispute shall be referred
+to arbitration.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Art</span>. 22 provides what shall be done with the citizens of
+either country residing in the other, should war unhappily break out
+between the two republics."</p></div>
+
+<p>The treaty was given to a trusty messenger, dispatched to Vera Cruz,
+and the general commanding at that point was ordered to forward it
+immediately by the swiftest steamer in the harbor. The general
+requested, in case the treaty was accepted and ratified, that he be
+instructed as early as practicable in regard to evacuating Mexico, and
+the disposition to be made of the wagons, artillery, and cavalry
+horses, and the points in the United States to which the troops should
+be ordered, and hoped the troops could leave Mexico before the return
+of the <i>vomito</i>, which would probably be in May.</p>
+
+<p>It had been rumored in the army for several weeks that General Scott
+was to be superseded in command, and he announced the fact in the
+following order:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters of the Army</span>,</p>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Mexico</span>, <i>February 18, 1848</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="noind">"<span class="smcap">General Orders No</span>. 59.</p>
+
+<p>"By instruction from the President of the United States just
+received, Major-General Scott turns over the command of the army to
+Major-General Butler, who will immediately enter upon duty
+accordingly. In taking leave of the troops he has so long had the
+command of in an arduous campaign, a small part of whose glory has
+been from position reflected on the senior officer, Major-General
+Scott is happy to be relieved <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_265" id="Pg_265">{265}</a></span>by a general of established merit and
+distinction in the service of his country.</p>
+
+<p>"By command of General Scott.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">H.L. Scott</span>,</p>
+<p class="right">"<i>Acting Assistant Adjutant General</i>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There was nothing for General Butler to do but wait the action of the
+United States on the treaty that had been forwarded, and then evacuate
+the Mexican territory. As has been seen, ratifications of the treaty
+were exchanged at Queretaro May 30, 1848, and proclaimed July 4, 1848.</p>
+
+<p>Although General Worth had served with General Scott as his aid, and
+the most friendly relations had heretofore existed between them,
+circumstances occurred in May and June, 1847, that caused an
+estrangement between them which was never healed. On June 16, 1847,
+General Worth issued a circular at Peublo of the following purport:
+"Intelligence has come to the headquarters of this division, in a form
+and from sources entitled to consideration, that food exhibited, and,
+in tempting form, for sale to the soldiers, is purposely prepared to
+cause sickness and ultimately death"; and he appealed to every soldier
+to forbear the procurement or use of such food, as ample rations were
+issued, and added: "Doubtless there are among those with whom we are
+situated many who will not hesitate, as is the habit of cowards, to
+poison those from whom they habitually fly in battle&mdash;a resource
+familiar in Spanish history, legitimately inherited and willingly
+practiced in Mexico."</p>
+
+<p>General Scott had animadverted upon the terms granted by Worth to the
+functionaries of the city of<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_266" id="Pg_266">{266}</a></span> Puebla, about May 15, 1847, and strongly
+censured the circular referred to. These reproofs induced General
+Worth to call for a court of inquiry, which was ordered to convene
+June 17, 1847, at 10 o'clock <span class="smcap">a.m</span>. The court met, and General
+Worth submitted a statement of the matters in which he deemed himself
+wronged by the general in chief, and to which he invited
+investigation. The court gave the matters before it careful
+consideration on the evidence adduced and the documents submitted, and
+pronounced their opinions. The court found nothing in the remarks of
+the general in chief in regard to General Worth's terms to the
+functionaries of Puebla to which he [Worth] could take exception;
+"that the terms or stipulations granted by Brevet Major-General Worth
+to the functionaries of the city of Puebla upon his entrance with his
+advance of the army on the 15th of May last were unnecessarily
+yielded, improvident, and in effect detrimental to the public
+service," and continues: "The court, as required, further declares its
+opinion that the 'circular' published by Brevet Major-General Worth to
+his division, dated Puebla, June 16, 1847, was highly improper and
+extremely objectionable in many respects, especially as it might tend,
+by exasperating the whole Mexican nation, to thwart the well-known
+pacific policy of the United States, and, in view of the high source
+from which it emanated, to disturb the friendly relations of our
+Government with Spain, or at least give occasion to that power to call
+for explanations or apologies. The barbarous offense against which
+that 'circular' warned the soldiers of the First Division, if it
+exists at all, equally affected the whole army. The information
+obtained by General<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_267" id="Pg_267">{267}</a></span> Worth, if worthy of notice, should therefore have
+been communicated to the general in chief, that he might have
+exercised his discretion on the means to be adopted for correcting the
+evil. With these views of the 'circular' alluded to the court is of
+the opinion that it called for the 'emphatic admonition' and rebuke of
+the general in chief."</p>
+
+<p>About two months after the occupation of the City of Mexico by the
+United States forces a mail arrived from the States. It was found that
+two letters written from the valley a few days after the battles of
+Contreras and Churubusco had been published in the newspapers. One of
+them, published in the New Orleans Delta, was known as the "Leonidas
+letter," and gave to General Pillow nearly all the credit for winning
+these important battles, and placed him on a plane of military genius
+far above the facts, as was understood by parties present. Among other
+things the letter said: "He [Pillow] evinced on this, as he had on
+other occasions, that masterly military genius and profound knowledge
+of the science of war which has astonished <i>the mere martinets of the
+profession</i>. His plan was very similar to that by which Napoleon
+effected the reduction of the fortress of Ulm, and General Scott was
+so perfectly well satisfied with it that he could not interfere with
+any part of it, but left it to the gallant projector to carry into
+glorious and successful execution."</p>
+
+<p>The "Tampico letter," as the other letter was called, is given in
+full:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Tacubaya, Mexico</span>, <i>August 27, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"The whole force which moved from Puebla, amounting to ten thousand,
+more or less, marched in<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_268" id="Pg_268">{268}</a></span> four columns on successive days, in the
+following order, viz.: Twiggs, Quitman, Worth, and Pillow. In
+approaching the City of Mexico by the main highway you go directly
+on to Penon, which is a strong position, exceedingly well fortified.
+Before leaving Puebla, it had been considered whether the main road
+can not be avoided and El Penon turned by passing around to the
+south and left of Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco. The engineer officers
+serving immediately at general headquarters had questioned a number
+of persons, including spies and agents sent expressly to examine the
+route, and the mass of testimony was entire to the boggy, mucky, and
+perfectly impracticable character for wagons and artillery of the
+road leading in that direction. It was therefore in contemplation to
+turn Penon by forcing Mexicalcinzo, although the ground was
+difficult and the batteries known to be numerous. This route, you
+will observe, is to the north and right of the lakes. The
+reconnoissances of the engineers were consequently directed to this
+end. In the meantime General Worth, whose division had been left at
+Chalco, while General Scott, with Twiggs, had gone to Ayotla, sent
+Colonel Duncan with a large party to examine the denounced route.</p>
+
+<p>"Colonel Duncan found it just the reverse of what it had been
+pronounced to be; it was firm, rocky, and quite practicable,
+requiring, to be sure, a little labor here and there. General Worth
+instantly sent Colonel Duncan with this information to General
+Scott, and urged the movement of the whole army to the left of Lake
+Chalco. The direct attack was abandoned, and on the morning the
+whole army was in motion."</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_269" id="Pg_269">{269}</a></span>Owing to a letter written by General Taylor to General Gaines, which
+was intended to be private and confidential, finding its way into the
+New York Morning Express, the Secretary of War issued the following:</p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">War Department, Washington</span>, <i>January 28, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"The President of the United States directs that paragraph 650 of
+the General Regulations of the Army, established the 1st of March,
+1825, and not included among those published January 25, 1841, be
+now published, and its observance, as a part of the general
+regulations, be strictly enjoined upon the army.</p>
+
+<p>"By order of the President.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">W.L. Marcy</span>, <i>Secretary of War</i>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following is the paragraph referred to and ordered to be
+"published":</p>
+
+<p>"Private letters or reports relative to military movements and
+operations are frequently mischievous in design, and always
+disgraceful to the army. They are therefore strictly forbidden, and
+any officer found guilty of making such report for publication,
+without special permission, or of placing the writing beyond his
+control, so that it finds its way to the press within one month after
+the termination of the campaign to which it relates, shall be
+dismissed from the service."</p>
+
+<p>Upon the appearance in print of the two letters referred to, the
+commanding general issued the following:<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_270" id="Pg_270">{270}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters of the Army,</span></p>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Mexico</span>, <i>November 12, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="noind">"<span class="smcap">General Orders</span> No. 349.</p>
+
+<p>"The attention of certain officers of this army is recalled to the
+foregoing&mdash;650th paragraph, 1,825 regulations&mdash;a regulation
+prohibiting officers of the army from detailing in private letters
+or reports the movements of the army, which the general in chief is
+resolved to enforce so far as it may be in his power. As yet but two
+echoes from home of the brilliant operations of our army in this
+basin have reached us&mdash;the first in a New Orleans and the second
+through a Tampico newspaper.</p>
+
+<p>"It requires not a little charity to believe that the principal
+heroes of the scandalous letters alluded to did not write them, or
+especially procure them to be written; and the intelligent can be at
+no loss in conjecturing the authors, chiefs, partisans, and pet
+familiars. To the honor of the service, the disease&mdash;pruriency of
+fame not earned&mdash;can not have seized upon half a dozen officers
+present, all of whom, it is believed, belonged to the same two
+coteries.</p>
+
+<p>"False credit may no doubt be attained at hand by such despicable
+self-puffings and malignant exclusion of others, but at the expense
+of the just esteem and consideration of all honorable officers who
+love their country, their profession, and the truth of history. The
+indignation of the great number of the latter class can not fail in
+the end to bring down the conceited and envious to their proper
+level."</p></div>
+
+<p>The day after the publication of the above General Orders General
+Worth forwarded to army headquarters a communication in which he
+said:<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_271" id="Pg_271">{271}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"I learn with much astonishment that the prevailing opinion in this
+army points the imputation of 'scandalous' contained in the third, and
+the invocation of the 'indignation of the great number' in the fourth
+paragraph of Orders No. 349, printed and issued yesterday, to myself
+as one of the officers alluded to. Although I can not suppose those
+opinions to be correctly formed, nevertheless, regarding the high
+source from which such imputations flow, so seriously affecting the
+qualities of a gentleman, the character and usefulness of him at whom
+they may be aimed, I feel it incumbent on me to ask, as I do now most
+respectfully, of the frankness and justice of the commander in chief,
+whether in any sense or degree he condescended to apply, or designed
+to have applied, the epithets contained in that order to myself, and
+consequently whether the general military opinion or sentiment in that
+matter has taken a right or intended direction. I trust I shall be
+pardoned for pressing with urgency an early reply to this
+communication."</p>
+
+<p>On the day General Worth addressed his communication to General Scott,
+Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel James Duncan wrote to the editor of the
+North American (a newspaper published in the City of Mexico in
+English), in which he avowed that the substance of the "Tampico
+letter" was communicated by him to a friend in Pittsburg from Tacubaya
+soon after the battles, and added: "The statements in the letter are
+known by very many officers of this army to be true, and I can not but
+think that the publication of the truth is less likely to do violence
+to individuals or to the service than the suppression of it." He
+states that justice to General<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_272" id="Pg_272">{272}</a></span> Worth, who was evidently one of the
+persons pointed at in Orders No. 349, requires him [Duncan] to state
+that he [General Worth] knew nothing of the writer's purpose in
+writing the letter in question; that General Worth never saw it, and
+did not know, directly or indirectly, even the purport of one line,
+word, or syllable of it until he saw it in print; that this letter was
+not inspired by General Worth, but that both the "Tampico letter"&mdash;or
+rather the private letter to his friend which formed the basis of that
+letter&mdash;and this were written on his own responsibility.</p>
+
+<p>On November 14, 1847, General Scott acknowledged General Worth's
+letter of the 13th, and said: "The General Order No. 349 was, as is
+pretty clearly expressed on its face, meant to apply to the letter
+signed 'Leonidas' in a New Orleans paper, and to the summary of two
+letters given in the Washington Union and copied into a Tampico paper,
+to the authors, aiders, and abettors of those letters, be they who
+they may."</p>
+
+<p>It may be well questioned if an officer has a right to demand of his
+superior in command whether or not certain expressions used in written
+orders apply to him. If one officer could claim this privilege another
+also could, until every officer in the command had interrogated the
+commanding officer as to the intention of words used in general
+orders. To comment upon and disapprove or censure the official acts of
+his subordinates is not only a privilege of the commanding general,
+but an obligation, for the maintenance of discipline and the <i>morale</i>
+of the army.</p>
+
+<p>But any officer aggrieved by any censure or disapproval may demand a
+court of inquiry, which General Worth did in a letter dated November
+14,<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_273" id="Pg_273">{273}</a></span> 1847, addressed to General Scott, in which he says: "I have the
+honor to receive your letter in reply, but not in answer to mine of
+yesterday, handed in this morning. The General Order is too clearly
+expressed on its face to admit of any doubt in regard to papers, and,
+in public military opinion, in regard to persons. The object of my
+letter, as I endeavored clearly to express, was to seek to know
+distinctly, and with a view to further measures to protect myself, if,
+as is supposed, I was one of the persons referred to. Regretting the
+necessity for intrusion, I am compelled again respectfully to solicit
+an answer to that question. I ask it as an act of simple justice,
+which it is hoped will not be denied."</p>
+
+<p>To this General Scott replied through his assistant adjutant general
+[H.L. Scott], November 14, 1847, "that he [General Scott] can not be
+more explicit than in his reply through me already given; that he has
+nothing to do with the suspicions of others, and has no positive
+information as to the authorship of the letters alluded to in General
+Orders No. 349. If he had valid information he would immediately
+prosecute the parties before a general court-martial."</p>
+
+<p>The correspondence on this subject was terminated by General Worth in
+the following letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center noind">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters First Division,</span></p>
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Mexico</span>, <i>November 14, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: It is due to official courtesy and propriety that I
+acknowledge your letter No. 2, in answer to mine of this date; and
+in doing so, and in closing this correspondence with the
+headquarters of the army, I beg permission to say, and with regret,
+that I have<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_274" id="Pg_274">{274}</a></span> received no satisfactory answer to the just and
+rightful inquiries which I have addressed to the general in chief;
+but inasmuch as I know myself to be deeply aggrieved and wronged, it
+only remains to go by appeal, as I shall do through the prescribed
+channels, to the constitutional commander in chief.</p>
+
+<p>"The general in chief is pleased to say through you that he has
+nothing to do with the suspicion of others, and that he has no
+positive information as to authorship, etc., granted. But has not
+the manner in which the general in chief has been pleased to treat
+the case established&mdash;whether designedly or not remains to be
+seen&mdash;an equivocal public sentiment on the subject? There are always
+enough of that peculiar pestilential species who exist upon the
+breath of authority to catch up the whisperings of fancy and infect
+a whole military community. I do not design to be stifled under the
+miasma of such, nor stricken down in my advanced age, without an
+effort to convince my friends that I scorn to wear 'honor not
+earned.'</p>
+
+<p>Your obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">W.J. Worth</span>, <i>Brevet Major General</i>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Following this, General Worth prepared the following communication,
+and sent it to army headquarters:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Headquarters First Division</span>, <i>November 16, 1847</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="noind">"<i>To the Honorable Secretary of War, Washington</i>:</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: From the arbitrary and illegal conduct, the malice
+and gross injustice, practiced by the general officer, commanding in
+chief, this army, Major-General Winfield Scott, I appeal (as is my
+right and privilege) to the constitutional commander in chief, the
+President of the United States. I accuse Major-General<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_275" id="Pg_275">{275}</a></span> Winfield
+Scott of having acted in a manner unbecoming an officer and a
+gentleman. He has availed himself of his position to publish by
+authority to the army which he commands, and of the influence of his
+station to give the highest effect to an order bearing date November
+12, 1847, and numbered 349&mdash;official printed copy
+herewith&mdash;calculated and designed to cast odium and disgrace upon
+Brevet Major-General Worth; to bring that general officer into
+disrepute with the army, to lessen, if not destroy, his just
+influence and proper authority with those officers over whom he is
+placed in command; that he has, without inquiry or investigation, in
+the said order published to the army and the world, falsely charged
+Brevet Major-General Worth with having written, or connived at the
+writing, a certain letter published in the United States, and to
+which he has been pleased to apply the epithet of 'scandalous,'
+'malignant,' etc.; that he has made these statements to the world,
+giving to them the sanction of his high authority and the influence
+of his position, while he has had no information as to the
+authorship of the letters in question; and when respectfully and
+properly addressed upon the subject by the undersigned appellant, he
+has declined to reply whether or not he intended to impute to Brevet
+Major-General Worth conduct which he had characterized as
+'scandalous,' 'malignant,' etc.; be pleased to refer to
+correspondence herewith marked from A to E. I do not urge present
+action on these accusations, because of their inconvenience to the
+service in withdrawing many officers from their duties, but I do
+humbly and respectfully invoke the President's examination into the
+case, and such notice thereof and protection from <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_276" id="Pg_276">{276}</a></span>arbitrary conduct
+of said Major-General Scott as he may deem suitable.</p>
+
+<p>"I have the honor to be, etc.,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"W.J. <span class="smcap">Worth</span>,</p>
+<p class="right">"<i>Brevet Major General, United States Army</i>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Upon receipt of the above communication at General Scott's
+headquarters, General Worth was placed under arrest and charged "with
+behaving with contempt and disrespect toward his commanding officer,"
+or words to that effect; and the specification to the charge was to
+the following effect: "Under pretext of appeal he charged his
+commanding officer to be actuated by malice toward him [Worth] and
+conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman."</p>
+
+<p>It must have been under a painful stress of duty that General Scott
+preferred charges against General Worth; they had been friends for
+over thirty years, and the latter had been aid-de-camp to the former.
+Worth was the first general officer ordered from General Taylor's army
+to report to General Scott on his arrival in Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>It was shown that General Pillow had given a written account of the
+battles of Contreras and Churubusco to the correspondent of a
+newspaper about August 25th, expressing a desire that it should go off
+with first impressions and form a part of the correspondent's letter.
+The general told the correspondent he had prepared it for him. The
+latter examined the paper submitted by the general, found it incorrect
+in many details, and did not send it as requested. When, however, the
+mail from New Orleans brought the newspaper with the "Leonidas
+letter," the correspondent compared the letter with the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_277" id="Pg_277">{277}</a></span>memorandum or
+statement given him by Pillow and pronounced them almost identical.</p>
+
+<p>The arrest of General Pillow was ordered. He was charged: 1. With a
+violation of a general regulation or standing order of the army. 2.
+With conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>The specification to the first charge was, that he [Pillow] wrote or
+caused to be written an account of military operations between the
+United States forces and those of the Republic of Mexico, August 19,
+1847, in and about Contreras and Churubusco, in which operations said
+Pillow bore a part, and which account was designed by said Pillow and
+in due time, over the signature of "Leonidas," partially printed and
+published in the New Orleans Delta of September 10, 1847, and
+reprinted entire in the Bulletin and the Daily Picayune of the 15th
+and 16th of the same month, all this pending the campaign between the
+forces before mentioned. There were eight different specifications to
+the second charge, and under the first there were eight different
+items or headings. The specifications cover eleven printed pages.
+Their substance and effect was that General Pillow's account was not
+correct in the very many particulars specified.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p>
+
+<p>Colonel Duncan was charged: 1. With violation of the 650th paragraph
+(revised), General Regulations of the Army; and the specification
+cited the "Tampico letter," which he confessed to have written. The
+second charge had relation solely to matters of fact set forth in the
+"Tampico letter."</p>
+
+<p>On January 13, 1848, the Secretary of War addressed <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_278" id="Pg_278">{278}</a></span>a communication
+to General Scott in which he said: "The President has determined to
+relieve you from further duty as commanding general in Mexico. You are
+therefore ordered by him to turn over the command of the army to
+Major-General Butler, or, in his absence, to the officer highest in
+rank with the column under you, together with all instructions you
+have received in relation to your operations and duties as general in
+chief command, and all records and papers properly belonging or
+appertaining to general headquarters.</p>
+
+<p>"Desirous to secure a full examination into all matters embraced in
+the several charges which you have presented against Major-General
+Pillow and Brevet Colonel Duncan, as well as the charges or grounds of
+complaint presented against you by Brevet Major-General Worth, and
+deeming your presence before the court of inquiry which has been
+organized to investigate these matters indispensably necessary for
+this purpose, you are directed by the President to attend the said
+court of inquiry wherever it may hold its sittings; and when your
+presence before or attendance upon the court shall no longer be
+required, and you are notified of that fact by the court, you will
+report in person at this department for further orders."</p>
+
+<p>General Scott while in Puebla had asked to be relieved from command of
+the army because of the want of sympathy and support of the home
+Government. He thought active operations would cease in November, and
+the passage through Vera Cruz would be safe by that date. The
+Secretary, in reply to this request of General Scott, said:</p>
+
+<p>"Regarding the inducement you have assigned <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_279" id="Pg_279">{279}</a></span>for begging to be
+recalled as deserving to have very little influence on the question,
+it will be decided by the President with exclusive reference to the
+public good. When that shall render it proper in his opinion to
+withdraw you from your present command, his determination to do so
+will be made known to you."</p>
+
+<p>And further:</p>
+
+<p>"The perusal of these communications by the President has forced upon
+his mind the painful conviction that there exists a state of things at
+the headquarters of the army which is exceedingly detrimental to the
+public service, and imperiously calls upon him to interfere in such a
+way as will, he sincerely hopes, arrest and put an end to the
+dissensions and feuds which there prevail.... The documents show that
+General Worth felt deeply aggrieved by your General Order No. 349....
+With this view of the import and object of the order, his attempt by
+all proper means to remove from himself the ignominy of these
+imputations can not be regarded as an exceptionable course on his
+part. If he was actually aggrieved in this matter, or believed himself
+to be so, he had an unquestionable right to have the subject brought
+to the consideration of his and your common superior&mdash;the President.
+He prepared charges against you, for his letter of November 16th to
+the Secretary of War can be viewed in no other character, and
+endeavored to send them through you, the only channel he could use
+without violating established regulations to his common superior....
+General Worth having preferred charges against General Scott before
+the latter preferred charges against him, both law and natural justice
+require that the order of events should be pursued in such cases. The
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_280" id="Pg_280">{280}</a></span>charges which he prefers against you should be first disposed of
+before proceedings can be instituted against him for malice in
+preferring charges, or for presenting such as he did know or believe
+to be well founded."</p>
+
+<p>The President was evidently laboring under a misapprehension in regard
+to the condition of affairs at the headquarters of the army.
+Everything was quiet, industry prevailed, and constant watchfulness
+for the comfort of the men of his command was being observed by the
+general in chief. The public interests under his charge received his
+constant care. No feuds were known to the army, and it was expected
+that if there was anything done by the President it would be to
+sustain the commanding general. At the time the order was issued
+relieving General Scott, both Generals Quitman and Shields were in
+Washington, but they were not consulted by the President or Secretary
+of War. General Quitman wrote from Washington to his aid, Lieutenant
+Christopher S. Lovell: "You are long since informed of the course the
+War Department has thought fit to pursue in relation to the
+difficulties between some of the generals. Though General Shields and
+myself were at Washington when the information came, we were not
+consulted."</p>
+
+<p>It was believed by a large number of persons both in and out of the
+army that considerations of public good had not in themselves caused
+the President to relieve General Scott from command of the army. It
+was well known that his political opinions were not in harmony with
+the Administration, while those of his successor were. There had been
+anything but that amenity which should exist between a <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_281" id="Pg_281">{281}</a></span>commissioner
+to negotiate a treaty of peace and the commanding general. General
+Scott did not think that Mr. Trist treated him with the consideration
+his position required&mdash;rejecting all overtures on the part of the
+general. General Scott ascribes Trist's conduct to sickness, which is
+throwing the mantle of charity over a series of slights amounting
+almost to insults, which a general less solicitous for the cause he
+was engaged in, and less regardful of his country's good, would have
+resented in a manner that would have produced a crisis detrimental to
+the interests of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott, commander in chief, being the accuser, and Pillow,
+Worth, and Duncan the defendants, the duty devolved upon the President
+to appoint the court, which he did, composed of Brigadier-General
+Nathan Towson, paymaster general, Brigadier-General Caleb Cushing, and
+Brevet Colonel William G. Belknap, with Captain S.C. Ridgely, judge
+advocate and recorder.</p>
+
+<p>The court organized and adjourned to the City of Mexico, where it met
+March 16, 1848, all the members present, the judge advocate and
+recorder. General Pillow was also in attendance. No objection being
+made to any member of the court, they were duly sworn. General Scott
+then read a paper, from which the following extracts are made:</p>
+
+<p>"Having, in the maintenance of what I deemed necessary discipline,
+drawn up charges and specifications against three officers then under
+my command, I transmitted the papers November 28, 1847, to the
+Secretary of War, with a request in each case that the President,
+under the act of May 29, 1830, would appoint a general court-martial
+for the trial of the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_282" id="Pg_282">{282}</a></span>same. This court of inquiry is the result. I am
+stricken down from high command; one of the arrested generals is
+pre-acquitted and rewarded, and of the other parties, the judge and
+his prisoners, the accuser and the accused, the innocent and the
+guilty, with that strange exception, all thrown before you to scramble
+for justice as we may.</p>
+
+<p>"In the case of Major-General Pillow I preferred two charges: the
+first with one specification, respecting a prohibited publication in
+the newspapers of the United States, and the second embracing a great
+number of specifications.</p>
+
+<p>"Considering, Mr. President, that I asked for a general court-martial
+to try and definitely determine cases specifically defined and set
+out, and that this preliminary court has no power beyond the mere
+collection of facts and giving an inoperative opinion thereon;
+considering that, if we now proceed, the whole labor must be gone over
+again at least by the parties and witnesses; considering that the
+court will be obliged to adjourn to the United States in order to have
+the least hope of obtaining the testimony of these important
+witnesses, now retired to civil life, and therefore not compellable to
+attend a military court even at home, or to testify before a
+commission duly appointed by such courts, and the parties will not be
+able to leave this country for home without peril of life. Considering
+that there is a near prospect of peace between the United States and
+Mexico, which may be consummated in time to enable this whole army to
+return home at once in safety; considering immediately, on such
+consummation, that Major-General Pillow would, by express terms of the
+law under which he holds <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_283" id="Pg_283">{283}</a></span>his commission, be out of the army, and
+therefore no longer amenable for his acts to any military tribunal;
+considering that, in preferring the charges against that officer, I
+was moved solely by the desire to preserve the discipline and honor of
+the army, not having even had the slightest personal quarrel or
+difficulty with him, and that the time had probably gone by for
+benefiting the service by a conviction and punishment&mdash;in view of
+these circumstances, I shall, Mr. President, decline prosecuting the
+charges and specifications against Major-General Pillow before this
+preliminary court, without its special orders, or further orders from
+the President of the United States."</p>
+
+<p>In total disregard of the charges preferred against General Worth by
+the commanding general, the President ordered him to be released from
+arrest and restored to his command. General Worth, considering that
+the President had done him "full and ample justice," withdrew his
+charges against General Scott; to which the latter said that he "felt
+strong in conscious rectitude, strong in all the means of defense,
+defied his accusers, and would not plead the letter withdrawing the
+accusations against him in bar of trial; that he challenged the writer
+of that letter to come forward and do his worst."</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Duncan having admitted that he had written the "Tampico
+letter," thus pleading guilty to violating the army regulations, and
+the President having ordered a court of inquiry and not a
+court-martial, General Scott declined to prosecute him before this
+court or a court-martial without express orders from the President.
+General Scott considered that it was not for him to attempt to uphold
+a <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_284" id="Pg_284">{284}</a></span>regulation which the President had revived and then disregarded.
+While Colonel Duncan no doubt believed all he had written to be true,
+the evidence of Colonel H.L. Scott, assistant adjutant general of the
+army, Colonel Hitchcock, and Captain Lee shows that the direct attack,
+or that by Mexicalcingo, was never decided upon.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott was informed that the court of inquiry would probably
+adjourn to await further orders from the Government. To prevent this
+delay, he [Scott] consented to prosecute the case of General Pillow.
+With a probability of peace and the disbanding of the army, it was
+almost certain that there never would be a trial by court-martial
+should such a court be recommended.</p>
+
+<p>On March 21st the investigation before the court of inquiry commenced
+in the City of Mexico and continued until April 21st, when the court,
+as General Scott had predicted, adjourned to the United States for the
+purpose of obtaining further testimony, and reassembled in Frederick,
+Md., May 29, 1848. General Pillow did not appear until June 5th, when
+General Scott was also present. The latter had been detained by
+sickness, and General Pillow had stopped in Tennessee to visit his
+family.</p>
+
+<p>On July 1st General Scott submitted the following paper to the court,
+and withdrew the charges against Colonel Duncan:</p>
+
+<p>"The reason given for withdrawing the first charge was, that the
+President seemed indisposed to enforce the revised paragraph 650,
+which he had ordered to be published, and enjoined all to obey and
+enforce.</p>
+
+<p>"In regard to the second charge and specification, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_285" id="Pg_285">{285}</a></span>relating to
+matters of fact set forth in the 'Tampico letter,' and which Colonel
+Duncan had acknowledged over his own signature he had written, General
+Scott, believing that Colonel Duncan had fallen undesignedly into
+erroneous statements of fact in the letter, sent an officer to ask him
+if he was not ignorant, at the time of writing the letter,</p>
+
+<p>"1. That before the army left Pueblo for the valley his [Scott's] bias
+and expectation were that the army would be obliged to reach the
+enemy's capital by the left or south around Lakes Chalco and
+Xochimilco.</p>
+
+<p>"2. That after his headquarters were established at Ayotla, August
+11th, he [Scott] had shown equal solicitude to get additional
+information of that route, as well as that of Penon or Mexicalcingo.</p>
+
+<p>"3. That besides sending from Ayotla, August 12th, oral instructions
+to Brevet Major-General Worth to push further inquiries from Chalco as
+to the character of the southernmost route around the two lakes, he
+[Scott] had sent written instructions to General Worth to the same
+effect from his quarters at Ayotla.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p>
+
+<p>"4. That while at Ayotla, from the 11th to the 15th of August, he
+[Scott] sent a Mexican from Ayotla, independent of General Worth, all
+around the village of Xochimilco to report to him [Scott] whether
+there had been any recent change in the<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_286" id="Pg_286">{286}</a></span> route, either in the matter
+of fortifications or from overflowing of the lakes.</p>
+
+<p>"5. That in the evening of the 13th he [Scott] had ordered Captain
+Mason, of the engineers, to report to General Worth the next morning,
+to be employed in reconnoitering that same southern route, in which
+service he had already been anticipated by the reconnoitering party
+under himself&mdash;Colonel Duncan."</p>
+
+<p>The officer was authorized to say that if Colonel Duncan would state
+that he was ignorant of these facts, he would withdraw and abandon,
+upon his word, the second charge and specification.</p>
+
+<p>To this Colonel Duncan replied that he "believed the facts therein
+('Tampico letter') set forth to be substantially true, and still
+believed so; had no desire to detract directly or indirectly from the
+merits of any officer, and no one could regret more than himself if he
+had done so. If the statements of General Scott were facts, he learned
+them for the first time, and was ignorant of them when he wrote the
+'Tampico letter.'" General Scott's reply was that "ample evidence,
+both oral and written, was at hand to substantiate his averments in
+respect to the route around Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco." He then
+withdrew the second charge against Colonel Duncan.</p>
+
+<p>Following is the opinion of the court of inquiry in General Pillow's
+case:</p>
+
+<p>"On reviewing the whole case, it will be seen that the points on which
+the conduct of General Pillow has been disapproved by the court are
+his claiming in certain passages of the paper No. 1" (the letter he
+gave Mr. Freuner, correspondent of the New Orleans Delta, and which
+had been pronounced a twin brother <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_287" id="Pg_287">{287}</a></span>to the "Leonidas letter"), "and in
+his official report of the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, a
+larger degree of participation in the merit of the movements
+appertaining to the battle of Contreras than is substantiated by the
+evidence, or he is entitled to, and also the language above quoted, in
+which that claim is referred to in the letter to General Scott.</p>
+
+<p>"But as the movements actually ordered by General Pillow at Contreras
+on the 19th were emphatically approved by General Scott at the time,
+and as the conduct of General Pillow in the brilliant series of
+military operations carried on to such triumphant issue by General
+Scott in the Valley of Mexico appears by the several official reports
+of the latter, and otherwise, to have been highly meritorious, from
+these and other considerations the court is of the opinion that no
+further proceedings against General Pillow in this case are called for
+by the interests of the public."</p>
+
+<p>On July 7, 1848, the President, through the Secretary of War, issued
+an order approving the findings of the court of inquiry, and adds:</p>
+
+<p>"The President, finding, on a careful review of the whole evidence,
+that there is nothing established to sustain the charge of 'a
+violation of the general regulation or standing order of the army,'
+nothing in the conduct of General Pillow, nor in his correspondence
+with the general in chief of the army, 'unbecoming an officer and a
+gentleman,' concurs with the court in their conclusion that 'no
+further proceedings against General Pillow in the case are called for
+by the interests of the public service,' and he accordingly directs
+that no further proceedings be had in the case."<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_288" id="Pg_288">{288}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As has been seen, General Scott had defied his enemies, whoever they
+were, to do their worst. The charges against him were withdrawn, and
+the court only investigated the charges against General Pillow, with
+the result as given above. The court was then dissolved. It is
+probably fortunate for all the parties against whom General Scott had
+brought charges that a peace had been consummated, after a campaign in
+which all participants from the highest in rank to the private had
+borne such a brilliant part.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 15%;' />
+
+<p>When General Scott arrived at Vera Cruz on his journey home he found
+several fast steamers in port, any one of which he could have taken
+passage in, but, with a consideration for the comfort of his men,
+which throughout his career he never failed to evince, he left them
+for the troops soon to embark, and taking a small sailing brig, loaded
+down with guns, mortars, and ordnance stores, started on his voyage to
+New York. On Sunday morning, May 20th, at daylight, the health officer
+boarded the brig, and the general landed and proceeded to Elizabeth,
+N.J., to join his family. He had the Mexican disease (diarrh&#339;a)
+upon him, and required rest and good nursing. He was not long
+permitted to enjoy his much-needed repose, for deputations from New
+York tendered him one of the most magnificent civic and military
+receptions ever extended to any hero in this country up to that time.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_289" id="Pg_289">{289}</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2">[B]</a></p><p>See Ex. Doc. No. 65, Thirtieth Congress, first session.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3">[C]</a></p><p>General Worth wrote to Colonel Duncan from Tacubaya,
+March 31, 1848: "General Scott evinced a disposition to gather
+information as respected this route (Chalco) on the 12th.... As I have
+said, General Scott directed me to send and examine the Chalco route,"
+etc.</p></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg">General Taylor nominated for the presidency&mdash;Thanks of Congress to
+Scott, and a gold medal voted&mdash;Movement to revive and confer upon
+Scott the brevet rank of lieutenant general&mdash;Scott's views as to the
+annexation of Canada&mdash;Candidate for President in 1852 and
+defeated&mdash;Scott's diplomatic mission to Canada in 1859&mdash;Mutterings of
+civil war&mdash;Letters and notes to President Buchanan&mdash;Arrives in
+Washington, December 12, 1861&mdash;Note to the Secretary of War&mdash;"Wayward
+sisters" letter&mdash;Events preceding inauguration of Mr.
+Lincoln&mdash;Preparation for the defense of Washington&mdash;Scott's
+loyalty&mdash;Battle of Bull Run&mdash;Scott and McClellan&mdash;Free navigation of
+the Mississippi River&mdash;Retirement of General Scott and affecting
+incidents connected therewith&mdash;Message of President Lincoln&mdash;McClellan
+on Scott&mdash;Mount Vernon&mdash;Scott sails for Europe&mdash;Anecdote of the day
+preceding the battle of Chippewa&mdash;The Confederate cruiser
+Nashville&mdash;Incident between Scott and Grant&mdash;Soldiers' Home&mdash;Last days
+of Scott&mdash;His opinion of noncombatants.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>General Taylor had been nominated by the Whigs as their candidate for
+President, and at the instance of General Scott he [Scott] was put in
+command of the Eastern Department and the former the Western
+Department. This was considered a compliment to General Taylor. March
+9, 1848, the following joint resolution, unanimously passed by
+Congress, was approved by the President:</p>
+
+<p>"1. That the thanks of Congress be and they are hereby presented to
+Winfield Scott, major general commanding in chief the army in Mexico,
+and <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_290" id="Pg_290">{290}</a></span>through him to the officers and men of the regular and volunteer
+corps under him, for their uniform gallantry and good conduct,
+conspicuously displayed at the siege and capture of the city of Vera
+Cruz and castle of San Juan de Ulloa, March 29, 1847; and in the
+successive battles of Cerro Gordo, April 18th; Contreras, San Antonio,
+and Churubusco, August 19th and 20th; and for the victories achieved
+in front of the City of Mexico, September 8th, 11th, 12th, and 13th,
+and the capture of the metropolis, September 14, 1847, in which the
+Mexican troops, greatly superior in numbers and with every advantage
+of position, were in every conflict signally defeated by the American
+arms.</p>
+
+<p>"2. That the President of the United States be and he is hereby
+requested to cause to be struck a gold medal with devices emblematical
+of the series of brilliant victories achieved by the army, and
+presented to Major-General Winfield Scott, as a testimony of the high
+sense entertained by Congress of his valor, skill, and judicious
+conduct in the memorable campaign of 1847.</p>
+
+<p>"3. That the President of the United States be requested to cause the
+foregoing resolutions to be communicated to Major-General Scott in
+such terms as he may deem best calculated to give effect to the
+objects thereof."</p>
+
+<p>On February 24, 1849, a joint resolution was offered in the United
+States Senate to confer upon General Scott the brevet rank of
+lieutenant general, which went only to its second reading, an
+objection being interposed to a third reading and passage of the
+resolution. On July 29, 1850, Mr. Jere Clemens, of Alabama, submitted
+a resolution instructing <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_291" id="Pg_291">{291}</a></span>the Committee on Military Affairs to inquire
+into the expediency of conferring by law the brevet rank of lieutenant
+general on Major-General Scott, "with such additional pay and
+allowances as might be deemed proper, in consideration of the
+distinguished services rendered to the republic by that officer during
+the late war with Mexico." The resolution was eight days after
+referred to the Committee on Military Affairs.</p>
+
+<p>On September 30, 1850, Senator Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi,
+Chairman of the Military Committee, reported a resolution requesting
+the President to refer to a board of officers, to be designated by
+him, the following questions:</p>
+
+<p>"Is it expedient or necessary to provide for additional grades of
+commissioned officers in the army of the United States; and, if so,
+what grades, in addition to the present organization, should be
+created?"</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Davis's opposition to conferring the brevet rank of lieutenant
+general upon General Scott was well known at the time. In pursuance of
+this request by the Senate, the following officers were appointed on
+the board: Generals Jesup, president, Wool, Gibson, Totten, Talcott,
+Hitchcock, and Colonel Crane. The unanimous report was:</p>
+
+<p>"Under the first inquiry referred to it, the board is of opinion that
+it is expedient to create by law for the army the additional grade of
+lieutenant general, and that when, in the opinion of the President and
+Senate, it shall be deemed proper to acknowledge eminent services of
+officers of the army, and in the mode already provided for in
+subordinate grades, it is expedient and proper that the grade of
+lieutenant general may be conferred by brevet."<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_292" id="Pg_292">{292}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Several efforts were subsequently made to pass joint resolutions
+similar in purport to those quoted and referred to, but it was not
+until 1852 that the joint resolution was passed creating the brevet
+rank of lieutenant general, and General Scott succeeded to that
+dignity in the army. The law did not in terms carry with it the pay
+and emoluments of the brevet rank, and Mr. Davis, who had become
+Secretary of War under President Pierce, referred the question to the
+Attorney-General, Mr. Caleb Cushing; but before that officer rendered
+an opinion Congress inserted a declaratory provision in the military
+appropriation bill, which, becoming a law, gave the pay proper and all
+that went with it to a veteran who had by his services well earned it.
+General Scott was thenceforward until he died the second officer of
+the American army (General Washington being the first) who held the
+office of lieutenant general.</p>
+
+<p>After the inauguration of General Taylor as President, General Scott,
+between whom and the President there was no very good feeling,
+continued his headquarters in New York; but when President Fillmore
+succeeded, in 1850, he removed to Washington, and continued to reside
+in the latter city until the accession of President Pierce, when, by
+General Scott's request, there was another change back to New York,
+where until 1861&mdash;with the exception of ten months of hard duty&mdash;he
+remained and maintained headquarters of the army.</p>
+
+<p>In 1849 there were evidences of discontent which almost assumed the
+attitude of threats in the Canadas growing out of political agitation,
+and General Scott was interrogated on the question of the advisability
+of annexation by John C. Hamilton, Esq., of New<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_293" id="Pg_293">{293}</a></span> York. General Scott
+replied from West Point, June 29, 1849, in which he expressed the
+opinion that the news from the British Parliament would increase the
+discontent of the Canadas, and that those discontents might in a few
+years lead to a separation of the Canadas, New Brunswick, etc., from
+England. He thought that, instead of those provinces forming
+themselves into an independent nation, they would seek a connection
+with our Union, and that thereby the interests of both sides would be
+promoted, the provinces coming into the Union on equal terms with the
+States. This would secure the free navigation of the St. Lawrence
+River, which would be of immense importance to at least one third of
+our population, and of great value to the remainder. Although opposed
+to incorporating with us any district densely populated with the
+<i>Mexican</i> race, he would be most happy to fraternize with our Northern
+and Northeastern neighbors.</p>
+
+<p>In 1852 General Scott became a candidate a second time for the
+presidency, having been nominated by the Whig Convention that met at
+Baltimore in June of that year, his competitors being Mr. Webster, and
+Mr. Fillmore, who succeeded President Taylor. William A. Graham, Mr.
+Fillmore's Secretary of the Navy, was put on the ticket for
+Vice-President. General Franklin Pierce and William R. King, a Senator
+from Alabama, were respectively put forward for President and
+Vice-President by the Democrats. The campaign was a heated one. The
+Democratic orators, however, on all occasions accorded to the Whig
+candidate that meed of praise for his gallantry as an army officer and
+commander to which his services to the country had entitled him, and
+accorded with the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_294" id="Pg_294">{294}</a></span>universal sentiment that his services to the
+country had been of inestimable benefit and shed ineffaceable luster
+on the American arms in the wars since 1800; but still, being in all
+essentials but a military man, it was contended he was not fit to be
+intrusted with the exalted office of President. These speakers had
+doubtless never read, or had forgotten, the orders published by
+General Scott upon his capturing the City of Mexico, which show a
+wonderful insight into civil as well as military command. It was left
+to the lower portion of the opposition to indulge in caricature, and
+garbled and distorted paragraphs in reports and published letters,
+such as a "hasty plate of soup" already mentioned, and his reference
+to "a fire in the rear," which had reference to the weak sympathy and
+support he had experienced from the Administration during the war with
+Mexico. The Democratic candidate was overwhelmingly elected, only four
+States&mdash;Massachusetts, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee&mdash;casting their
+votes for Scott. In his autobiography General Scott thanks God for his
+political defeats. It detracted none from his reputation that the
+people chose some one else for the chief Executive.</p>
+
+<p>The expedition set on foot in 1857 to bring the hostile Mormons to
+terms met with General Scott's censure, and he made no concealment of
+his belief that it was a scheme got up for the benefit of army
+contractors, whose peculations would involve the country in great
+expense. It is true the cost in hardship and privation to the army, as
+well as the money involved, was very great, but the results were very
+beneficial. During the late civil war the inhabitants of Utah had it
+in their power to greatly embarrass the Federal Government, but they
+did not, as a people, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_295" id="Pg_295">{295}</a></span>commit one disloyal act. At the time of the
+expedition they had put themselves in such defiance of the Federal
+Government that it was necessary that strong measures should be
+resorted to, and the result was as has been stated.</p>
+
+<p>In 1859 General Scott was again called upon to exercise his powers as
+a diplomat. Commissioners were at that time engaged in running the
+boundary line between the British possessions and the United States.
+Differences sprang up as to which of the two countries the San Juan
+Island in Puget Sound belonged to. This question should have been
+referred to the two Governments for amicable settlement. General
+Harvey, an impetuous officer then in command of the United States
+forces in that country, took forcible possession of the island,
+endangering the friendly relations between the two countries. The
+situation was critical, but President Buchanan requested General Scott
+to go to the scene of operations and settle the matter without
+conflict, if possible. The general had recently been crippled from a
+fall, but, suffering as he was, he sailed September 20, 1859, from New
+York in the Star of the West for Panama, and thence to his
+destination. The British governor was at Victoria. The few friendly
+notes that passed between General Scott and the governor restored the
+island to its former condition, the joint possession of both parties,
+and thus averting what might have led to great and serious
+complications.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing of particular public importance attracted the attention of the
+general until the mutterings of civil war gave utterance to sound.
+That he knew the feeling and determination of the Southern people
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_296" id="Pg_296">{296}</a></span>better than those in high authority is shown by his suggestions to
+prevent, if possible, the secession of the Southern States. He was a
+native of Virginia, and every effort was made by persuasion to induce
+him to link his fortunes with his State, but without avail. Even his
+old friends&mdash;the friends of his early youth and manhood, to say
+nothing of those of maturer years&mdash;brought to bear upon him every
+argument to swerve him, but to no purpose. He remained true to the
+Government he had served and that had honored him, and if his
+suggestion had been carried out, the war would not perhaps have
+attained the proportions it did.</p>
+
+<p>On October 29, 1860, General Scott addressed the following note to the
+President [Buchanan]: "The excitement that threatens secession is
+caused by the near approach of a Republican's election to the
+presidency. From a sense of propriety as a soldier, I have taken no
+part in the pending canvass, and, as always heretofore, mean to stay
+away from the polls. My sympathies, however, are with the Bell and
+Everett ticket. With Mr. Lincoln I have no communication whatever,
+direct or indirect, and have no recollection of ever having seen his
+person; but can not believe any unconstitutional violence or breach of
+law is to be apprehended from his administration of the Federal
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>"From a knowledge of our Southern population, it is my solemn
+conviction that there is some danger of an early act of secession,
+viz.: The seizure of some or all of the following posts: Forts Jackson
+and St. Philip, on the Mississippi below New Orleans, both without
+garrisons; Fort Morgan, below Mobile, without garrison; Forts Pickens
+and McKee, Pensacola<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_297" id="Pg_297">{297}</a></span> Harbor, with an insufficient garrison for one;
+Fort Pulaski, below Savannah, without a garrison; Forts Moultrie and
+Sumter, Charleston Harbor, the former with an insufficient garrison
+and the latter without any; and Fort Monroe, Hampton Roads, without a
+sufficient garrison. In my opinion, all these works should be
+immediately so garrisoned as to make any attempt to take any one of
+them by surprise or <i>coup de main</i> ridiculous.</p>
+
+<p>"With the army faithful to its allegiance and the navy probably
+equally so, and a Federal Executive for the next twelve months of
+firmness and moderation, which the whole country has a right to
+expect&mdash;<i>moderation</i> being an element of power not less than
+<i>firmness</i>&mdash;there is good reason to hope that the danger of secession
+may be made to pass away without one conflict of arms, one execution,
+or one arrest for treason. In the meantime it is suggested that
+exports might be left perfectly free, and, to avoid conflicts, all
+duties on imports be collected outside of the cities in forts or ships
+of war."</p>
+
+<p>Again, October 31st, the general suggested to the Secretary of War
+that a circular should be sent at once to such of those forts as had
+garrisons to be on the alert against surprises and sudden assaults;
+but no notice seems to have been taken of the judicious and wise
+suggestion.</p>
+
+<p>On December 12th General Scott arrived in Washington. He had been
+confined to his bed for a long time and was physically very much
+depleted. He again personally urged upon the Secretary of War the
+views expressed in his note from West Point of October 29th as to
+strengthening the forts in Charleston Harbor, Pensacola, Mobile, and
+the Mississippi<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_298" id="Pg_298">{298}</a></span> River below New Orleans. The Secretary did not concur
+in these views. Finally General Scott called on the President, on
+December 15th, in company with the Secretary, and urged upon the chief
+Executive the importance of re-enforcing the forts mentioned; but no
+action was taken. After the Secretary of War [Floyd] had resigned his
+position in the Cabinet he was given a reception in Richmond, which
+called out the remark from the Examiner, of that city, that if the
+plan invented by General Scott to stop secession had been carried out,
+and the arsenals and forts put in the condition he wanted them to be,
+"the Southern Confederacy would not now exist."</p>
+
+<p>On December 28th he wrote a note to the Secretary expressing the hope:
+1. That orders may not be given for the evacuation of Fort Sumter
+[this was after Major Anderson had withdrawn his forces from Fort
+Moultrie and concentrated at Sumter]. 2. That one hundred and fifty
+recruits may be instantly sent from Governor's Island to re-enforce
+that garrison, with ample supplies of ammunition and subsistence,
+including fresh vegetables, as potatoes, onions, turnips, etc. 3. That
+one or two armed vessels be sent to support the said fort. In the same
+communication he calls the Secretary's attention to Forts Jefferson
+(Tortugas) and Taylor (Key West). On December 30th he addressed the
+President and asked permission, "without reference to the War
+Department, and otherwise as secretly as possible, to send two hundred
+and fifty recruits from New York Harbor to re-enforce Fort Sumter,
+together with some extra muskets or rifles, ammunition, and
+subsistence," and asked that a sloop of war and cutter might be
+ordered for the same purpose as early as the next day. The <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_299" id="Pg_299">{299}</a></span>documents
+show that from General Scott's first note, referred to and quoted
+herein, down to the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln, he was persistent in
+his efforts to have the Southern forts, or as many of them as the
+means at hand would permit, re-enforced and garrisoned against
+surprise and capture; but little heed was paid to his importunities.</p>
+
+<p>On the day before the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln General Scott
+addressed William H. Seward, who, it was known, would become Secretary
+of State in Lincoln's Cabinet, what is called the "Wayward sisters"
+letter, and which is quoted in full:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <i>March 3, 1861</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: Hoping that in a day or two the new President
+will have happily passed through all personal dangers and find
+himself installed an honored successor of the great Washington, with
+you as the chief of his Cabinet, I beg leave to repeat in writing
+what I have before said to you orally, this supplement to my printed
+'Views' (dated in October last) on the highly disordered condition
+of our (so late) happy and glorious Union.</p>
+
+<p>"To meet the extraordinary exigencies of the times, it seems to me
+that I am guilty of no arrogance in limiting the President's field
+of selection to one of the four plans of procedure subjoined:</p>
+
+<p>"I. Throw off the old and assume the new designation, the Union
+party; adopt the conciliatory measures proposed by Mr. Crittenden or
+the Peace Convention, and my life upon it, we shall have no new case
+of secession; but, on the contrary, an early return of many, if not
+of all, the States which have already broken off from the Union.
+Without some<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_300" id="Pg_300">{300}</a></span> equally benign measure the remaining slaveholding
+States will probably join the Montgomery Confederacy in less than
+sixty days, when this city, being included in a foreign country,
+would require a permanent garrison of at least thirty-five thousand
+troops to protect the Government within it.</p>
+
+<p>"II. Collect the duties on foreign goods outside the ports of which
+the Government has lost the command, or close such ports by act of
+Congress and blockade them.</p>
+
+<p>"III. Conquer the seceded States by invading armies. No doubt this
+might be done in two or three years by a young and able general&mdash;a
+Wolfe, a Desaix, a Hoche&mdash;with three hundred thousand disciplined
+men, estimating a third for garrisons and the loss of a yet greater
+number by skirmishes, sieges, battles, and Southern fevers. The
+destruction of life and property on the other side would be
+frightful, however perfect the moral discipline of the invaders.</p>
+
+<p>"The conquest completed at the enormous waste of human life to the
+North and Northwest, with at least $250,000,000 added thereto, and
+<i>cui bono</i>? Fifteen devastated provinces! not to be brought into
+harmony with their conquerors, but to be held for generations by
+heavy garrisons at an expense quadruple the net duties or taxes,
+which it would be possible to extort from them, followed by a
+protector or emperor.</p>
+
+<p>"IV. Say to the seceded States: 'Wayward sisters, depart in peace.'</p>
+
+<p>"In haste, I remain very truly yours,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_301" id="Pg_301">{301}</a></span>The two months preceding the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln were fraught
+with great responsibility to General Scott. He had moved his
+headquarters to Washington, as he thought, temporarily; but from the
+threatening aspect of the political troubles it soon became apparent
+that his stay there would be, if not permanent, prolonged a greater
+length of time than was at first expected. As March 4th approached,
+rumors thick and fast filled the atmosphere of attempts to resist Mr.
+Lincoln's taking the oath. It was said that bodies of men were
+drilling in Maryland, Virginia, and even in the District of Columbia,
+for that purpose. There is no doubt men were being put through
+military exercise within a few miles of the capital, which was known
+at the War Department; but if the object was violence of any kind it
+never developed. Great apprehension was felt, and not without reason,
+for the general's daily mail contained letters&mdash;mostly anonymous, a
+few signed doubtless with fictitious names&mdash;threatening him and Mr.
+Lincoln with assassination if the latter should attempt to be
+inaugurated. Some idea of the difficulty may be gathered when it is
+known that the militia of the District was but poorly equipped either
+in officers or otherwise to cope successfully with the situation
+should an outbreak or invasion of armed men from Maryland or Virginia
+be attempted. The military force of the District showed large <i>on
+paper</i>, but the actual force consisted of two or three companies
+tolerably well drilled. In this emergency Captain (afterward
+Brigadier-General) Charles P. Stone, a graduate from West Point,
+offered his services, which were accepted, and about January 1, 1861,
+he was mustered into the United States service <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_302" id="Pg_302">{302}</a></span>as colonel and
+inspector general of the militia of the District of Columbia, and
+assigned to the command of the District, with authority to organize
+volunteers. Some members of the companies already in existence left
+the ranks, but Colonel Stone soon succeeded in organizing a small
+compact force with those that remained loyal, and a number of
+recruits, which did good service. In addition to these, a light
+battery, under Captain John B. Magruder, First Artillery; Captain
+(afterward General) William Farquhar, Barry's Battery of the Second
+Artillery; and a battery made up at West Point and commanded by
+Captain (afterward General) Charles Griffin, arrived. With these, some
+infantry ordered from distant points, and the District militia, which
+had been very much increased in numbers, General Scott had about three
+thousand men under his command for the defense of Washington, the
+preservation of order, and to guard the approaches to the city. It is
+but due to the citizens of Washington to state that, when trouble was
+apprehended and an intimation went out that there was a possibility of
+trouble, they came in great numbers to offer their services in defense
+of their city and the Government. Companies were organized, and
+persons in all positions and callings, from the highest in social life
+to the humblest resident, were not backward in asserting their
+allegiance and giving proof of it by entering the ranks. By marching
+and maneuvering the men on the streets frequently they made the
+impression that a greater force was present than really was.</p>
+
+<p>Many efforts were made to induce General Scott to resign, but he never
+once wavered in his devotion to the Union. On one occasion Judge
+Robertson, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_303" id="Pg_303">{303}</a></span>a small, thin, but venerable-looking man, who had filled
+the office of chancellor in Virginia and was a man of high character
+and standing, came to Washington with two other Virginia gentlemen to
+offer Scott the command of the Army of Virginia if he would abandon
+the United States service and go with his State. The general listened
+in silence as Robertson feelingly recalled the days when they were
+schoolboys together, and then spoke of the warm attachment
+Virginians always cherished for their State, and of their boasted
+allegiance to it above all other political ties. But when he began to
+unfold his offer of a commission, General Scott stopped him,
+exclaiming: "Friend Robertson, go no further. It is best that we part
+here before you compel me to resent a mortal insult!" It is needless
+to say that this ended the interview, and Judge Robertson and his
+companions departed, looking and doubtless feeling very much
+discomfited. No man stood higher in the esteem of the people of
+Virginia than Judge Robertson, and it is not probable that he and his
+friends would have taken it upon themselves to make the offer they did
+upon a contingency. If, however, they had any authority to act on the
+part of the Commonwealth of Virginia, no act of the Convention to that
+effect can be discovered.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, a Senator from Illinois and one of the
+unsuccessful candidates for the presidency in 1860, made a speech in
+Ohio early in 1861, in which, in alluding to a question that had been
+asked, or rather suggested, as to General Scott's loyalty to the
+Government, said: "Why, it is almost profanity to ask such a question.
+I saw him only last Saturday. He was at his desk, pen in hand,
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_304" id="Pg_304">{304}</a></span>writing his orders for the defense and safety of the American
+capital."</p>
+
+<p>On April 30, 1861, Alexander Henry, Horace Binney, William M.
+Meredith, a former Secretary of the Treasury, and others of
+Philadelphia, addressed a letter to General Scott, in which they said:
+"At a time like this, when Americans distinguished by the favor of
+their country, intrenched in power, and otherwise high in influence
+and station, civil and military, are renouncing their allegiance to
+the flag they have sworn to support, it is an inexpressible source of
+consolation and pride to us to know that the general in chief of the
+army remains like an impregnable fortress at the post of duty and
+glory, and that he will continue to the last to uphold that flag, and
+defend it, if necessary, with his sword, even if his native State
+should assail it."</p>
+
+<p>The Charleston (South Carolina) Mercury of April 22, 1861, contained
+the following statement: "A positive announcement was made at
+Montgomery, Ala." (then the capital of the Southern Confederacy),
+"that General Scott had resigned his position in the army of the
+United States and tendered his sword to his native State&mdash;Virginia. At
+Mobile one hundred guns were fired in honor of his resignation." This
+shows in some measure the high estimation in which General Scott's
+influence was held throughout the South.</p>
+
+<p>The ceremonies of the inauguration passed off without incident. There
+was no attempt to prevent it, or any show of violence. Apprehension
+was shown in every countenance. General Scott rode in front of the
+President's carriage with the company of Sappers and Miners from West
+Point, commanded by Captain<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_305" id="Pg_305">{305}</a></span> (afterward General) James Chatham Duane,
+of the engineers. During the ceremonies the general, in order to be
+more free in case of emergency, remained outside the Capitol square
+(which was at that time surrounded by a strong iron fence) with the
+batteries. The precautions thus taken were, like all of General
+Scott's plans, wise, and possibly saved the city from one of those
+scenes incident to the French Revolution, and, it may be, saved the
+country. At the conclusion of the ceremonies the march back to the
+White House was made, and Mr. Lincoln was President of the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>From long association in military and private life a warm personal
+friendship had existed between General Scott and General Robert E.
+Lee. At the outbreak of the war the latter, then a colonel in the
+army, was at his residence, Arlington, near Washington, in Virginia,
+on leave of absence. General Scott sent for him, and after an
+interview Lee tendered his resignation, which was accepted, and he
+entered the service of his own State as major general of State troops,
+and subsequently became commanding general of the armies of the
+Confederate States.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this, and when it was apparent that war would come, General
+Scott's first care was to provide for the safety of the city, the
+Capitol, and public buildings. He caused large quantities of army
+supplies, flour, provisions, etc., to be stored in the Capitol
+building, and quartered companies in the public buildings with stores
+and ammunition. A signal was agreed upon at sound of which the troops
+could assemble. These companies were all put under command of regular
+officers. There was a company of citizens from different States
+organized, and <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_306" id="Pg_306">{306}</a></span>quartered at night at the President's house, under
+command of General Cassius M. Clay, of Kentucky. By the action of the
+seceded States the war was commenced by firing on the steamer Star of
+the West, January 13, 1861, in an effort to re-enforce Fort Sumter,
+Charleston Harbor, and subsequently bombarding that fort April 12,
+1861. On April 15th the President issued his proclamation calling on
+the governors of the States for seventy-five thousand volunteers for
+three months. Troops soon began to assemble at the national capital.
+The first to arrive was the famous New York Seventh Regiment. There
+was also a Massachusetts and Rhode Island regiment present, when, on
+April 26th, General Orders No. 4 were issued from Headquarters of the
+army at Washington. It was as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"I. From the known assemblage near this city of numerous hostile
+bodies of troops, it is evident that an attack upon it may be soon
+expected. In such an event, to meet and repel the enemy, it is
+necessary that some plan of harmonious co-operation should be adopted
+on the part of all the forces, regular and volunteer, present for the
+defense of the capital&mdash;that is, for the defense of the Government,
+the peaceable inhabitants of the city, their property, the public
+buildings and public archives.</p>
+
+<p>"II. At the first moment of attack every regiment, battalion,
+squadron, and independent company will promptly assemble at its
+established rendezvous (in or out of the public buildings), ready for
+battle and wait for orders.</p>
+
+<p>"III. The pickets (or advance guards) will stand fast until driven in
+by overwhelming forces; but it is expected that those stationed to
+defend the bridges, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_307" id="Pg_307">{307}</a></span>having every advantage of position, will not give
+way till actually pushed by the bayonet. Such obstinacy on the part of
+pickets so stationed is absolutely necessary, to give time for the
+troops in the rear to assemble at their places of rendezvous.</p>
+
+<p>"IV. All advance guards and pickets driven in will fall back slowly,
+to delay the advance of the enemy as much as possible, before
+repairing to their proper rendezvous.</p>
+
+<p>"V. On the happening of an attack, the troops lodged in the public
+buildings and in the navy yard will remain for their defense
+respectively, unless specially ordered elsewhere, with the exception
+that the Seventh New York Regiment and Massachusetts regiment will
+march rapidly toward the President's Square for its defense; and the
+Rhode Island regiment (in the Department of the Interior), when full,
+will make a diversion by detachment, to assist in the defense of the
+General Post-Office Building, if necessary."</p>
+
+<p>From this time on General Scott, old and infirm, suffering from wounds
+received in early service and from accidents which befell him in
+maturer life, continued, from his bed or couch on which he was
+compelled often to recline, to direct the movements and disposition of
+the troops and provide for the defense of the city. The pressure for
+an onward movement of the army was such that it could not be
+withstood. Brigadier-General Irvin McDowell, who had served several
+years on General Scott's staff, was assigned to command the forward
+movement. He prepared his plans carefully, under the advice and
+direction of General Scott, which involved a possible battle. These
+plans were frequently gone over with General<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_308" id="Pg_308">{308}</a></span> Scott, and finally
+submitted to and approved by the President at the White House, his
+Cabinet, General Scott and staffs, and others, of whom General John C.
+Fremont was one. The result of the advance is well known. The Union
+troops were driven back in great disorder; confusion reigned in
+Washington, and grave apprehensions were felt as to the safety of the
+city if the Confederates should follow up their advantage. The battle
+of Bull Run was fought July 21, 1861. On the day following a telegram
+was sent to General George B. McClellan, then at Beverly, Virginia,
+directing him to turn over his command to General William S. Rosecrans
+and come to Washington. In the meantime, however, General Scott had
+taken measures to gather the straggling officers and men from the
+streets and place them in quarters, that discipline might be again
+asserted and maintained. Upon the arrival of McClellan the work of
+reorganizing the army was intrusted to him, and he was put in command
+of the Army of the Potomac. He was not General Scott's first choice
+for that command, the latter preferring General Henry W. Halleck, then
+on his way from California to Washington, for that responsible
+position. When McClellan took command he at once commenced making his
+reports directly to the Secretary of War, instead of through the
+lieutenant general. This was resented by the commander in chief, who,
+September 16, 1861, issued General Orders No. 17 by way of admonition,
+in which he said: "It is highly important that junior officers on duty
+be not permitted to correspond with the general in chief, or other
+commander, on current official business, except through intermediate
+commanders; and the same rule applies to correspondence <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_309" id="Pg_309">{309}</a></span>with the
+President direct, or with him through the Secretary of War, unless it
+be by special invitation or request of the President." This gentle
+reminder of his duty to his superior officer did not have the desired
+effect, and so, on October 4th, General Scott addressed a letter to
+Hon. Simon Cameron, wherein he quotes his General Orders No. 17, in
+which he says: "I hailed the arrival here of Major-General McClellan
+as an event of happy consequence to the country and to the army.
+Indeed, if I did not call for him, I heartily approved of the
+suggestion, and gave it the most cordial support. He, however, had
+hardly entered upon his new duties when, encouraged to communicate
+directly with the President and certain members of the Cabinet, he in
+a few days forgot that he had any intermediate commander, and has now
+long prided himself in treating me with uniform neglect, running into
+disobedience of orders of the smaller matters&mdash;neglects, though in
+themselves grave military offenses." He complains that General
+McClellan, with the General Orders No. 17 fresh in his mind, had
+addressed several orders to the President and Secretary of War over
+his [Scott's] head. On the same day of the issuance of General Orders
+No. 17 General Scott addressed a letter to McClellan directing that
+officer to report to the commanding general the position, state, and
+number of troops under him by divisions, brigades, and independent
+regiments or detachments, which general report should be followed by
+reports of new troops as they arrived, with all the material changes
+which might take place in the Army of the Potomac. Eighteen days had
+elapsed between his letter to McClellan and his communication to the
+Secretary of War, and no response <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_310" id="Pg_310">{310}</a></span>had been received. He says:
+"Perhaps he will say in respect to the latter that it has been
+difficult for him to procure the exact returns of divisions and
+brigades. But why not have given me the proximate returns, such as he
+so eagerly furnished the President and certain secretaries? Has, then,
+a senior no corrective power over a junior officer in case of such
+persistent neglect and disobedience?" He remarks that arrest and trial
+by court-martial would soon cure the evil, but feared a conflict of
+authority over the head of the army would be highly encouraging to the
+enemies and depressing to the friends of the Union, and concludes:
+"Hence my long forbearance; and continuing, though but nominally, on
+duty, I shall try to hold out till the arrival of Major-General
+Halleck, when, as his presence will give me increased confidence in
+the safety of the Union, and being, as I am, unable to ride in the
+saddle, or to walk, by reason of dropsy in my feet and legs and
+paralysis in the small of my back, I shall definitely retire from the
+command of the army." Thus the crippled, illustrious old hero asserted
+his power and authority to command the respect of his subordinates to
+the last. Owing, as has been seen, to his physical condition, it was
+not possible for General Scott to take active command of the army. In
+fact, but comparatively few of the army assembled here had ever seen
+him, and they only when they were passing in review.</p>
+
+<p>The defense of Washington and the organization of the army for that
+purpose and aggressive movements from that point did not alone command
+the attention of General Scott. He was solicitous about the free and
+uninterrupted navigation of the Mississippi River, and to prevent
+obstructions by the Confederates, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_311" id="Pg_311">{311}</a></span>or to remove any that might have
+been placed on shore or in the water, he addressed a confidential
+letter to General McClellan, then commanding in the West, dated May 3,
+1861, in which he informed that general that the Government was to
+call for twenty-five thousand additional regulars, and sixty thousand
+volunteers to serve for two years.</p>
+
+<p>An act of Congress approved March 3, 1861, provided:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Section</span> 15. "That any commissioned officer of the army, or of
+the marine corps, who shall have served as such for forty consecutive
+years, may, upon his own application to the President of the United
+States, be placed upon the list of retired officers, with the pay and
+allowances allowed by this act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Section</span> 16.... "<i>Provided</i>, That should the lieutenant
+general be retired under this act, it shall be without reduction in
+his current pay, subsistence, and allowances."</p>
+
+<p>On October 31, 1861, General Scott addressed Hon. Simon Cameron,
+Secretary of War, the following communication:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: For more than three years I have been unable, from a
+hurt, to mount a horse or to walk more than a few paces at a time,
+and that with much pain. Other and new infirmities&mdash;dropsy and
+vertigo&mdash;admonish me that repose of mind and body, with the
+appliances of surgery and medicine, are necessary to add a little
+more to a life already protracted much beyond the usual space of
+man. It is under such circumstances, made doubly painful by the
+unnatural and unjust rebellion now raging in the<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_312" id="Pg_312">{312}</a></span> Southern States of
+our lately prosperous and happy Union, that I am compelled to
+request that my name be placed on the list of army officers retired
+from active service. As this request is founded on an absolute
+right, granted by a recent act of Congress, I am at liberty to say
+that it is with deep regret that I withdraw myself in these
+momentous times from the orders of a President who has treated me
+with much distinguished kindness and courtesy, whom I know upon much
+personal intercourse to be patriotic, without sectional prejudices;
+to be highly conscientious in the performance of every duty, and of
+unrivaled activity and perseverance; and to you, Mr. Secretary, whom
+I now officially address for the last time, I beg to acknowledge my
+many obligations for the uniform high consideration I have received
+at your hands, and I have the honor to remain, sir, with the highest
+respect, etc."</p></div>
+
+<p>The following day, November 1st, a special meeting of the Cabinet was
+convened, and it was decided that the request, under the circumstances
+set forth in the letter, should be complied with. At four o'clock of
+that day the President and his Cabinet proceeded to the residence of
+General Scott. The scene is well described by General Edward Davis
+Townsend, a member of the general's staff, who was an eye-witness, and
+who says: "Being seated, the President read to the general the
+following order:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"'On the 1st day of November, <span class="smcap">a.d</span>. 1861, upon his own
+application to the President of the United States, Brevet
+Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott is ordered to be placed upon the
+list of retired officers<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_313" id="Pg_313">{313}</a></span> of the Army of the United States, without
+reduction in his current pay, subsistence, or allowance. The
+American people will hear with sadness and deep emotion that General
+Scott has withdrawn from the active control of the army, while the
+President and unanimous Cabinet express their own and the nation's
+sympathy in his personal affliction, and their profound sense of the
+important public services rendered by him to his country during his
+long and brilliant career, among which will be gratefully
+distinguished his faithful devotion to the Constitution, the Union,
+and the flag when assailed by parricidal rebellion.</p>
+
+<p class="sig">'<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span>.'</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"General Scott thereupon arose and addressed the Cabinet, who had also
+risen, as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"'President, this honor overwhelms me. It overpays all the services I
+have attempted to render my country. If I had any claims before, they
+are all obliterated by this expression of approval by the President,
+with the remaining support of the Cabinet. I know the President and
+his Cabinet well. I know that the country has placed its interests in
+this trying crisis in safe keeping. Their counsels are wise, their
+labors as untiring as they are loyal, and their course is the right
+one.</p>
+
+<p>"'President, you must excuse me. I am unable to stand longer to give
+utterance to the feelings of gratitude which oppress me. In my
+retirement I shall offer up my prayers to God for this Administration
+and for my country. I shall pray for it with confidence in its success
+over all enemies, and that speedily.'</p>
+
+<p>"The President then took leave of General Scott, <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_314" id="Pg_314">{314}</a></span>giving him his hand,
+and saying that he hoped soon to write him a private letter expressive
+of his gratitude and affection.... Each member of the Administration
+then gave his hand to the veteran and retired in profound silence."</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of War accompanied
+<ins class="correction" title="text reads 'Generel'">General</ins> Scott to New York the next morning. On the same day
+(November 1st) Secretary Cameron addressed the lieutenant general the
+following letter in response to the latter's of the day previous:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">General</span>: It was my duty to lay before the President your
+letter of yesterday, asking to be relieved on the recent act of
+Congress. In separating from you, I can not refrain from expressing
+my deep regret that your health, shattered by long service and
+repeated wounds received in your country's defense, should render it
+necessary for you to retire from your high position at this
+momentous period of our history. Although you are not to remain in
+active service, I yet hope that while I continue in charge of the
+department over which I now preside I shall at all times be
+permitted to avail myself of the benefits of your wise counsels and
+sage experience. It has been my good fortune to enjoy a personal
+acquaintance with you for over thirty years, and the pleasant
+relations of that long time have been greatly strengthened by your
+cordial and entire co-operation in all the great questions which
+have occupied the department and convulsed the country for the last
+six months. In parting from you I can only express the hope that a
+merciful Providence that has protected you amid so many<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_315" id="Pg_315">{315}</a></span> trials will
+improve your health and continue your life long after the people of
+the country shall have been restored to their former happiness and
+prosperity. I am, general, very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">"Your friend and servant."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In his first annual message to Congress, Mr. Lincoln deplores the
+physical necessity that compelled the retirement of Scott in the
+following language:</p>
+
+<p>"Since your last adjournment Lieutenant-General Scott has retired from
+the head of the army. During his long life the nation has not been
+unmindful of his merits; yet, in calling to mind how faithfully and
+ably and brilliantly he has served his country, from a time far back
+in our history, when few now living had been born, and thenceforward
+continually, I can not but think we are still his debtors. I submit,
+therefore, for your consideration what further mark of consideration
+is due to him and to ourselves as a grateful people."</p>
+
+<p>In virtue of this act and in pursuance of the foregoing request on
+November 1, 1861, the lieutenant general having been retired from
+active service, General Orders No. 94 announced that "the President is
+pleased to direct that Major-General George B. McClellan assume
+command of the Army of the United States." On assuming the important
+command to which he had been designated, General McClellan on the same
+day issued his General Orders No. 19, in which he gracefully and
+feelingly alludes to the retiring commander:</p>
+
+<p>"The army will unite with me in the feeling of regret that the weight
+of many years and the effect of increasing infirmities, contracted and
+intensified <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_316" id="Pg_316">{316}</a></span>in his country's service, should just now remove from our
+head the great soldier of our nation&mdash;the hero who in his youth raised
+high the reputation of his country on the fields of Canada, which he
+hallowed with his blood; who in more mature years proved to the world
+that American skill and valor could repeat, if not eclipse, the
+exploits of Cortez in the land of the Montezumas; whose life has been
+devoted to the service of his country; whose whole efforts have been
+directed to uphold our honor at the smallest sacrifice of life; a
+warrior who scorned the selfish glories of the battlefield when his
+great abilities as a statesman could be employed more profitably to
+his country; a citizen who in his declining years has given to the
+world the most shining instances of loyalty in disregarding all ties
+of birth and clinging to the cause of truth and honor&mdash;such has been
+the career, such the character, of <span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>, whom it
+has long been the delight of the nation to honor, both as a man and a
+soldier. While we regret his loss, there is one thing we can not
+regret&mdash;the bright example he has left for our emulation. Let us all
+hope and pray that his declining years may be passed in peace and
+happiness, and that they may be cheered by the success of the country
+and the cause he has fought for and loved so well. Beyond all that,
+let us do nothing that can cause him to blush for us; let no defeat of
+the army he has so long commanded embitter his last years, but let our
+victories illuminate the close of a life so grand." General Scott
+lived to see the fulfillment of this devout prayer in a restoration of
+the union of the States.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott held in great reverence the fame and memory of the
+Father of his Country, and was <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_317" id="Pg_317">{317}</a></span>desirous that Mount Vernon should be
+left undisturbed during the trouble arising from the civil war. A
+report was sent abroad that the bones of Washington had been removed.
+This report was wholly without foundation, but it created a great deal
+of excitement in both sections of the country. Through the efforts of
+the lady regent who resided there, an understanding was arrived at by
+which it should be regarded by both sides as neutral ground. The
+general, however, issued General Orders No. 13, July 31, 1861, from
+which is quoted: "Should the operations of the war take the United
+States troops in that direction, the general in chief does not doubt
+that each and every man will approach with due reverence and leave
+uninjured not only the tombs, but also the house, the groves, and
+walks which were so loved by the best and greatest of men." It is true
+that neither party ever invaded the sacred precincts where repose the
+remains of the illustrious Washington, but they were found when the
+war closed to be in as fair a state of preservation as was possible
+under the circumstances, and of partial suspension of husbandry. No
+act of vandalism was <ins class="correction" title="text reads 'attemped'">attempted</ins>.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall of 1861 Brigadier-General Charles P. Stone obtained
+permission from General Scott to take a brigade and make a
+demonstration along the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal toward
+Harper's Ferry in order to afford an outlet for the fine wheat that
+had been harvested about Leesburg, Virginia, to the large flouring
+mills at Georgetown, adjoining Washington. This led to the battle of
+Ball's Bluff, or Leesburg, October 21st, the death of Colonel Edward
+D. Baker, of the Seventy-first Pennsylvania Infantry, and at the time
+a senator in Congress from <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_318" id="Pg_318">{318}</a></span>the State of Oregon, and the subsequent
+arrest and close confinement of the unfortunate commander for several
+months without charges of any nature having been preferred against
+him.<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4">[D]</a></p><p>General Stone (1824-1887) was arrested by order of the
+Secretary of War and confined in Fort Lafayette, New York Harbor, from
+February 9 to August, 16, 1862. The general impression that it was
+done through the influence of Senator Sumner is denied by his
+biographer, Mr. Henry L. Pierce. <i>Vide</i> Life of Sumner, vol. iv, pp.
+67, 68: Boston, 1893. Generals Grant and Sherman both stated to the
+editor of this series, that it was an exceedingly arbitrary and unjust
+act.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>On November 9, 1861, General Scott sailed for Europe in the steamer
+Arago for Havre to join his wife, who was in Paris. Mr. Thurlow Weed,
+a thorough loyalist and prominent politician, was a passenger on the
+same ship. He and General Scott had been on terms of intimacy for over
+thirty years. During the passage over the general gave Mr. Weed the
+true version of how he came near being made a prisoner in 1814. After
+apologizing in advance for the question about to be put and receiving
+permission to propound it, Mr. Weed said: "General, did anything
+remarkable happen to you on the morning of the battle of Chippewa?"
+The general answered: "Yes, something did happen to me&mdash;something very
+remarkable. I will now for the third time in my life repeat the story:</p>
+
+<p>"The fourth day of July, 1814, was one of extreme heat. On that day my
+brigade skirmished with a British force commanded by General Riall
+from an early hour in the morning till late in the afternoon. We had
+driven the enemy down the river some twelve miles to Street's Creek,
+near Chippewa, where we encamped<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_319" id="Pg_319">{319}</a></span> for the night, our army occupying
+the west, while that of the enemy was encamped on the east side of the
+creek. After our tents had been pitched I noticed a flag borne by a
+man in a peasant's dress approaching my marquee. He brought a letter
+from a lady who occupied a large mansion on the opposite side of the
+creek, informing me that she was the wife of a member of Parliament
+who was then in Quebec; that her children, servants, and a young lady
+friend were alone with her in the house; that General Riall had placed
+a sentinel before her door; and that she ventured, with great doubts
+of the propriety of the request, to ask that I would place a sentinel
+upon the bridge to protect her against stragglers from our camp. I
+assured the messenger that the lady's request should be complied with.
+Early the next morning the same messenger, bearing a white flag,
+reappeared with a note from the same lady, thanking me for the
+protection she had enjoyed, adding that, in acknowledgment for my
+civilities, she begged that I would, with such members of my staff as
+I chose to bring with me, accept the hospitalities of her house at a
+breakfast which had been prepared with considerable attention and was
+quite ready. Acting upon an impulse which I never have been able to
+analyze or comprehend, I called my two aids, Lieutenants Worth and
+Watts, and returned with the messenger.</p>
+
+<p>"We met our hostess at the door, who ushered us into the dining room,
+where breakfast awaited us and where the young lady previously
+referred to was already seated by the coffee urn, our hostess asking
+to be excused for a few minutes, and the young lady immediately served
+our coffee. Before we had broken our fast, Lieutenant Watts rose from
+<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_320" id="Pg_320">{320}</a></span>the table to get his bandanna (that being before the days of
+napkins), which he had left in his cap on a side table by the window,
+glancing through which he saw Indians approaching the house on one
+side and redcoats approaching it on the other, with an evident purpose
+of surrounding it and us, and instantly exclaimed, 'General, we are
+betrayed!' Springing from the table and clearing the house, I saw our
+danger, and, remembering Lord Chesterfield had said, 'Whatever it is
+proper to do it is proper to do well,' and as we had to run and as my
+legs were longer than those of my companions, I soon outstripped them.
+As we made our escape we were fired at, but got across the bridge in
+safety."</p>
+
+<p>After the battle of Chippewa the mansion described, being the largest
+near by, was used as a hospital for the wounded officers of both
+armies. The general went there to visit his officers, whom he found on
+the second floor. On going there he met the hostess, who, by her
+flurried and embarrassed manner, impressed the general with the belief
+that she had endeavored to entrap him. But years after General Scott
+was inclined to give her the benefit of the doubt and think that the
+presence at the house of himself and staff was accidentally discovered
+by the Indians and British.</p>
+
+<p>The Arago touched at Southampton to discharge the English mail and
+passengers, and here an exciting incident occurred. When the anchor
+had been cast, a vessel steamed up, flying the Confederate colors,
+which proved to be the cruiser Nashville. All was astir on the Arago,
+as an attack was expected as soon as that vessel had cleared port and
+got into neutral waters. The general asked the captain <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_321" id="Pg_321">{321}</a></span>of the vessel
+what means of defense he had. It was found that thirty muskets and two
+cannon were available. The crew and those of the passengers who were
+fit for duty were formed upon the forward deck and the business of
+drilling was commenced, the general advising and in great measure
+directing the preparations for defense. It turned out, however, that
+the Nashville had put into Southampton for repairs, and the Arago
+proceeded on her voyage in safety. After remaining one day at Havre
+General Scott proceeded to Paris. The steamer that followed the Arago
+brought news of the "Trent affair." On November 8, 1861, Commodore
+Charles Wilkes, in command of the United States steamer San Jacinto,
+on his return from the coast of Africa, put into Havana. On the same
+day the British mail steamer Trent sailed from that port, having on
+board as passengers James M. Mason, of Virginia, and John Slidell, of
+Louisiana, Confederate plenipotentiaries to France and England. The
+San Jacinto overhauled the Trent in the Bahama Straits, brought her to
+by a shot across the bow, arrested and removed the Confederate
+commissioners and their secretaries from the mail steamer, and brought
+them to Fortress Monroe, where Commodore Wilkes awaited instructions
+from Washington. They were subsequently removed to Fort Warren, in
+Boston Harbor. The arrest and removal of these Confederate diplomats
+created great excitement in England, and for a time it was feared that
+hostilities between the countries would ensue. The affair was
+commented upon severely by the press, and the subjects of Her
+Britannic Majesty were at fever heat. Eight thousand British soldiers
+were immediately dispatched to Canada, and the shipyards <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_322" id="Pg_322">{322}</a></span>were put to
+their utmost capacity. When the news and the excitement reached the
+old hero, who had hoped that he would find some rest in Paris after
+his long and eventful career, he determined at once to return to his
+native country and be on the spot should his counsel and advice be
+needed. He took the same steamer that he had gone out on and returned
+home. The Trent affair was settled by surrendering the Confederate
+commissioners, and war was happily averted.</p>
+
+<p>During the years that followed, his advice was frequently sought by
+the President and others high in authority. It was at West Point that
+the general received the Prince of Wales when he visited this country,
+and at the same place the interview occurred between Scott and Grant
+when the former presented the latter a gift "from the oldest to the
+greatest general." In December, 1865, General Scott went to Key West,
+Fla., and remained there a portion of the winter. On returning, he
+spent a few weeks in New York city, and then went to West Point. It
+was then the incident mentioned took place between him and General
+Grant.</p>
+
+<p>As early as February 27, 1829, a report was made to Congress by the
+Committee on Military Affairs upon the subject of establishing an
+"army asylum fund," and letters were submitted from the major general
+commanding and other officers of the army expressive of their views on
+the subject. In February, 1840, General Robert Anderson (then a
+captain in the adjutant general's department) addressed a letter to
+Hon. John Reynolds, giving his views upon the benefits and advantages
+which would result from establishing such an institution, with
+suggestions <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_323" id="Pg_323">{323}</a></span>for a plan for one. This letter formed the basis of a
+report, January 7, 1841, by the Committee on Military Affairs,
+submitting a bill in which the measures suggested therein were
+embraced, and urging the necessary legislation as commending itself
+"by every attribute and motive of patriotism, benevolence, national
+gratitude, and economy." General Scott was deeply interested in the
+subject, and in 1844 gave it special prominence in his annual report,
+which led to a report as theretofore from the military committee. On
+March 5, 1846, a report was also made on a memorial of the officers of
+the army stationed at Fort Moultrie and the petition of officers of
+the Second United States Infantry, and later (on January 19, 1848)
+upon the memorial of the officers of the army then in Mexico. The
+committee in each case approved and recommended the passage of the
+bill reported January 7, 1841. The plan, however, did not assume
+practical shape until the transmission by General Scott of the draft
+for one hundred thousand dollars, a part of the tribute levied on the
+City of Mexico for the benefit of the army, requesting that it might
+be allowed to go to the credit of the asylum fund. He says in a letter
+dated November, 1849, referring to the same matter: "The draft was
+payable to me, and, in order to place the deposit beyond the control
+of any individual functionary whatever, I indorsed it. The Bank of
+America will place the within amount to the credit of the army asylum,
+subject to the order of Congress." This fund, together with a balance
+of eighteen thousand seven hundred and ninety-one dollars and nineteen
+cents remaining from the same levy, was subsequently appropriated to
+found the asylum. By the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_324" id="Pg_324">{324}</a></span>act those who are entitled to the benefits
+of the asylum were soldiers of twenty years' service and men, whether
+pensioners or not, who have been disabled by wounds or disease in the
+service in the line of duty. An honorable discharge is a preliminary
+requisite to admission. The inmates are all thus civilians. At first
+the general in chief, the generals commanding the Eastern and Western
+military divisions, the chiefs of the quartermaster's, commissary,
+pay, and medical departments, and the adjutant general of the army
+composed the board of commissioners <i>ex officio</i> to administer the
+affairs of the institution. An unexpended balance of fifty-four
+thousand three hundred and nineteen dollars and twenty-three cents was
+appropriated "for the benefit of discharged soldiers disabled by
+wounds." A perpetual revenue was provided from "stoppages and fines
+imposed by court-martial," "forfeitures on account of desertion," a
+certain portion of the hospital and post fund of each station, moneys
+belonging to the estates of deceased soldiers not claimed for three
+years; also a deduction of twenty-five cents per month with his
+consent from the pay of each enlisted man. The act of Congress of
+March 3, 1859, changed the provisions of the original act and reduced
+the number of commissioners to three&mdash;the commissary general of
+subsistence, the surgeon general, and the adjutant general of the
+army, substituted the name of "Soldiers' Home" for "Military Asylum,"
+and extended the benefits of the Home to the soldiers of the War of
+1812. The act of Congress of March 3, 1883, added the general in chief
+commanding the army, the quartermaster general, the judge advocate
+general, and the governor of the Home to the board <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_325" id="Pg_325">{325}</a></span>of commissioners;
+these officers, together with those already named, compose the board.
+By the same act pensioners who are inmates of the Home may assign
+their pension and have the same or any portion thereof paid to a wife,
+child, or parent if living; otherwise the pension is paid to the
+treasurer of the Home and held by him in trust for the pensioner, who
+may, while an inmate, draw upon it for necessary purposes, and receive
+whatever balance may remain upon his discharge.</p>
+
+<p>In 1851 temporary asylums were established at New Orleans, La.,
+Greenwoods Island, Miss., and Washington, D.C. The one at New Orleans
+continued about one year. A tract of land was purchased in Mississippi
+comprising one hundred and ten acres in 1853, and was occupied until
+1855. At this date the inmates were removed to a branch asylum near
+Harrodsburg, Mercer County, Ky. This latter asylum was discontinued in
+1858 under the act of March 3, 1857, and the inmates transferred to
+the Home near Washington, which was established in 1851-'52. This Home
+is situated about three miles due north of the Capitol of the nation.
+At first it comprised two hundred and fifty-six acres of land.
+Subsequent acquisitions by purchases have been added, so that now the
+grounds comprise five hundred acres and three quarters. The largest
+part of the grounds are woodland, a portion being cultivated for the
+benefit of the Home, and through it nearly ten miles of graded,
+macadamized roads have been constructed, winding through the groves of
+native and foreign selected trees. The park is open to the public at
+proper hours, and forms a favorite drive and walk for the residents of
+and visitors to<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_326" id="Pg_326">{326}</a></span> Washington. The principal building for the inmates is
+of white marble, the south part being called the Scott Building, after
+the founder of the institution, and the addition on the north is
+called the Sherman Building, after General W.T. Sherman. The old
+homestead building to the west of and not far from the Scott Building
+is called the Robert Anderson Building, in commemoration of the early
+advocacy of and interest in the establishment of the Home by that
+officer. This building was the home of the first inmates, and has
+frequently been used as the summer residence of the Presidents. It has
+been occupied by Presidents Buchanan, Lincoln, Hayes, and Arthur.
+There is a building to the east called the King Building, after
+Benjamin King, U.S.A., who was the surgeon in charge for thirteen
+years. Brick quarters were erected to the northeast of the Sherman
+Building in 1883, and, in honor of General Philip H. Sheridan, is
+named the Sheridan Building. There is a neat chapel built of red
+sandstone, which was completed in 1871, where religious services, both
+Protestant and Roman Catholic, are regularly held. The officers in
+immediate charge of the Home are a governor, a deputy governor, a
+secretary and treasurer, and a medical officer detailed from the army.
+The inmates who are not pensioned receive one dollar a month pocket
+money, and twenty-five cents a day for such labor as they are detailed
+for and willing to perform. Some beneficiaries who have families
+receive a small monthly stipend and reside elsewhere than at the Home.
+The whole number of permanent inmates admitted up to September 30,
+1892, was 8,086. The number on the rolls January 31, 1893, was 1,196;
+of these, 824 were present at <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_327" id="Pg_327">{327}</a></span>the Home, some receiving outside
+assistance, and some being absent on furlough.</p>
+
+<p>A heroic statue in bronze of Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott, by
+Launt Thompson, was erected in 1874 on the most commanding point of
+the grounds. Aside from the artistic finish of the statue, it is a
+wonderful likeness of the subject. There is also a perfectly designed
+hospital for the sick and an infirmary for the aged and helpless,
+which was completed in 1876. No grander or more lasting monument could
+be erected to perpetuate the memory of the illustrious general than
+the Soldiers' Home near Washington.</p>
+
+<p>General Scott, in his later years, was very impatient of
+contradiction, but when convinced that he was in error was always
+ready to acknowledge it. In a diary of Colonel (now General) James
+Grant Wilson, who was at that time aid-de-camp to General Banks,
+occurs the following:</p>
+
+<p>"On the morning of the 19th of February, 1864, I spent an hour with
+Scott at his quarters, Delmonico's, corner Fourteenth Street and Fifth
+Avenue. During our conversation he mentioned that he was engaged in
+writing his Memoirs, and that he experienced a great deal of annoyance
+from his difficulty in obtaining dates relating to events in the
+southwest. He expressed regret that Gayarre, whom he knew and had met
+before the war, had not published the third volume of the History of
+Louisiana, which he [Scott] knew was in manuscript. I remarked that I
+thought I had seen the work in three octavo volumes. 'No, you have not
+seen three volumes. There are only two published, and the first is a
+small 18mo volume,' was the old gentleman's answer.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_328" id="Pg_328">{328}</a></span> I further added
+that it was my impression that I had seen three, when the old soldier
+settled the matter by saying, 'Your impressions are entirely wrong,
+colonel.' An hour later I purchased the third volume at a Broadway
+bookseller's, and sent it to him with the following note:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="sig">"<span class="smcap">'Fifth Avenue Hotel</span>, <i>February 19, 1864</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">'My Dear General</span>: I have much pleasure in sending you the
+third volume of Gayarre's History of Louisiana, which I trust may
+contain the desired information. Should you wish to refer to the
+first volume of his work, you will find it at the Astor Library. It
+is an octavo volume of about five hundred pages, published by Harper
+&amp; Brothers, of this city. I have the honor to be, general, very
+truly yours,</p>
+
+<p class="sig">(Signed)         "'<span class="smcap">Jas Grant Wilson</span>,</p>
+<p class="right">"'<i>Col., A.D.C.</i></p>
+
+<p>"'<i>Lieutenant-General</i> <span class="smcap">Winfield Scott</span>.'</p></div>
+
+<p>"Called on Scott soon after my arrival from New Orleans (early in
+October, 1864), and had a very pleasant interview. Almost the first
+thing he said was thanking me most kindly for the third volume of
+Gayarre's History, and apologizing for his mistake. Told me his
+Memoirs were completed and in press; that he had closed them abruptly,
+as he was fearful that his end was near, during the early part of the
+summer&mdash;about June, I think he said."</p>
+
+<p>General Scott's health continuing bad, he was conveyed in a
+quartermaster's boat from New York to West Point by General Stewart
+Van Vliet, accompanied by several personal friends. He died at the
+West Point Hotel a few minutes after eleven <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_329" id="Pg_329">{329}</a></span>o'clock, May 29, 1866.
+The last words which he spoke were to his coachman: "Peter, take good
+care of my horse." He was buried, in accordance with his oft-expressed
+wish, in the West Point Cemetery; on June 1st, his remains being
+accompanied to the grave by some of the most illustrious men of the
+country, including General Grant and Admiral Farragut. The horse
+mentioned above was a splendid animal, seventeen hands high and finely
+formed. The last time that General Scott mounted him was in the latter
+part of 1859, which he did with the aid of a stepladder, for the
+purpose of having an equestrian portrait painted for the State of
+Virginia. The war coming on, the picture passed into possession of the
+Mercantile Library of New York.</p>
+
+<p>The author received a letter from the late Rutherford B. Hayes in
+January, 1892, in which he said: "On my Southern tour in 1877 I
+repeated two or three times something like this, purporting to be
+quoted from General Scott: 'When the war is over and peace restored,
+there will be no difficulty in restoring harmonious and friendly
+relations between the soldiers of the sections. The great trouble will
+be to restore and keep the peace between the non-belligerent
+combatants of the war.' I did not hear the remark of General Scott. My
+recollection is that I heard it from General Rosecrans." ...</p>
+
+<p>On submitting President Hayes's letter to General Rosecrans, he made
+the following statement: "I heard that story about General Scott from
+General Charles P. Stone. General Stone was on the staff of General
+Scott. At the beginning of the war, in the spring of 1861, he was
+directed to organize the militia of the District of Columbia, and was
+present <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_330" id="Pg_330">{330}</a></span>when the following occurred, as he told me personally.
+Shortly after the fall of Sumter and the President's call for troops,
+Secretaries Seward, Chase, and Cameron came to General Scott's
+residence in Washington one evening and found him at the dinner table.
+One of them said: 'General, our duties as members of the Cabinet make
+it very desirable for us to have some idea of what the probable range
+and course of the war will be, that we may guide ourselves
+accordingly. We have therefore come to you to get your judgment on the
+situation.' On the general's invitation, they sat down at his dinner
+table, and he went on to explain his idea of how the war would
+progress from year to year. While he was talking, Mr. Seward seemed to
+be somewhat impatient, and put in several little interruptions, but
+finally subsided and allowed General Scott to proceed. The general
+gave an outline of a war probably lasting from three and one half to
+four years, but resulting in favor of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>"On the general's announcement of his opinion that the Union would
+triumph, Mr. Seward, rubbing his hands, inquired, 'Well, general, then
+the troubles of the Federal Government will be at an end.' To which
+General Scott replied, 'No, gentlemen, for a long time thereafter it
+will require the exercise of the full powers of the Federal Government
+to restrain the fury of the noncombatants.'"</p>
+
+<p>To a young army officer he gave the following advice: "You are now
+beginning life; you are ignorant of society and of yourself. You
+appear to be industrious and studious enough to fit yourself for high
+exploits in your profession, and your next object should be to make
+yourself a perfect man of the <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_331" id="Pg_331">{331}</a></span>world. To do that you must carefully
+observe well-bred men. You must also learn to converse and to express
+your thoughts in proper language. You must make acquaintances among
+the best people, and take care always to be respectful to old persons
+and to ladies." General Scott was always extremely gallant and
+courteous to ladies and greatly enjoyed the society of intelligent and
+refined women. As stated in the early part of this work, General Scott
+had been an industrious student of the law, and the knowledge thus
+acquired was of great service to him throughout his eventful career.
+He was well read in the standard English authors&mdash;Shakespeare, Milton,
+Addison, Pope, Johnson, Goldsmith, Dryden, Hume, Gibbon, and the early
+English novelists. He was a constant reader of the best foreign and
+American periodicals and the leading newspapers of the day. He was of
+the opinion that wars would never cease, and therefore took little
+interest in peace societies.</p>
+
+<p>He held the opinion that the study of the higher mathematics had a
+tendency to lessen the ability to move armies in the field, yet
+expressed regret that he had not in his youth given more study to the
+subject. He was very fond of whist, but was quite irritated when he
+was beaten and generally had a ready excuse for his defeat. On one
+occasion he was playing a very close game, in the midst of which he
+left the table to expectorate in the fireplace. He lost the game and
+said to one of the party, "Young gentleman, do you know why I lost
+that game?" "No, sir," was the response. "It was because I got up to
+spit." Scott was also a good chess player.</p>
+
+<p>He used tobacco somewhat excessively until the close of the Mexican
+War, after which time he renounced <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_332" id="Pg_332">{332}</a></span>its use entirely. He was
+exceedingly vain of his accomplishments as a cook and specially prided
+himself on the knowledge of how to make good bread. He spent several
+days in instructing the cook at Cozzens' Hotel, West Point, in this
+art, and did not desist until the bread was made according to his
+standard. He had a great aversion to dining alone, and rather than do
+so would cheerfully pay for the meal of any pleasant friend whom he
+would invite to dine with him. General Scott openly professed himself
+a Christian and was a regular attendant at the services of the
+Episcopal Church. He was broad and liberal in his views and condemned
+no man who differed with him in religious opinion. He usually carried
+a large, stout, gold-headed cane, and after entering his pew would
+rest both hands on its head and bow his head, praying in silence. It
+was difficult for him to kneel on account of his size. He scrupulously
+joined with the greatest decorum and seriousness in all the services
+of the church, responding in a distinct, loud voice.</p>
+
+<p>He was impatient with persons who could not recollect or did not know
+of dates and events which were conspicuous in his life. He was asked
+at one time the date of the battle of Chippewa. He answered blandly,
+"July 5, 1814." Turning to a friend, he remarked, "There is fame for
+you." The same party inquired in what State he was born. He answered,
+"Virginia." "Ah," said the questioner, "I thought you were a native of
+Connecticut." This left him in a bad humor for the remainder of the
+evening. The editor of this series has said of him: "General Scott was
+a man of true courage&mdash;personally, morally, and religiously brave. He
+was in <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_333" id="Pg_333">{333}</a></span>manner, association, and feeling courtly and chivalrous. He
+was always equal to the danger&mdash;great on great occasions. His
+unswerving loyalty and patriotism were always conspicuous, and of such
+a lofty character that had circumstances rendered the sacrifice
+necessary he would have unhesitatingly followed the glorious example
+of the Swiss hero of Sempach, who gave his life to his country six
+hundred years ago.... He was too stately in his manners and too
+exacting in his discipline&mdash;that power which Carnot calls 'the glory
+of the soldier and the strength of armies.' A brief anecdote will
+illustrate the strictness of his discipline. While on duty he always
+required officers to be dressed according to their rank in the
+minutest particular. The general's headquarters in Mexico comprised
+two rooms, one opening into the other. In the rear room General Scott
+slept. One night after the general had retired a member of his staff
+wanted some water. The evening was warm and the hour late, being past
+midnight. The officer rose to go in his shirt sleeves. He was
+cautioned against the experiment as a dangerous one, for if Scott
+caught him in his quarters with his coat off he would punish him. The
+officer said he would risk it&mdash;that the general was asleep, and he
+would make no noise. He opened the door softly and went on tiptoe to
+the water pitcher. He had no time to drink before he heard the tinkle
+of the bell, and the sentinel outside the door entered. 'Take this man
+to the guardhouse,' was the brief order, and the coatless captain
+spent the night on a hard plank under guard."<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> He did not conceal
+his opinions of<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_334" id="Pg_334">{334}</a></span> men or measures, and hence he very often gave
+offense. It should be borne in mind that the public men of the age
+when General Scott came on the stage, both military and civil, were as
+a rule dignified, formal, and to some extent dogmatic. They held
+themselves with great dignity, and their magnetism was the result of
+their commanding abilities and high character, and they did not rely
+for popularity upon the methods of modern times.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5">[E]</a></p><p>Wilson's Sketches of Illustrious Soldiers: New York,
+1874.</p></div>
+
+
+<p>General Grant, in mentioning General Scott's Mexican campaign, says:
+"Both the strategy and tactics displayed by General Scott in the
+various engagements of August 20, 1847, were faultless, as I look upon
+them now after the lapse of so many years." And further: "General
+Scott enjoys the rare distinction of having held high and successful
+command in two wars, which were a full generation apart. In 1847 he
+commanded, in Mexico, the sons of those officers who aided in his
+brilliantly successful campaign against the British on the borders of
+Canada in 1814." Daniel Webster, in a speech delivered in the United
+States Senate February 20, 1848, said: "I understand, sir, that, there
+is a report from General Scott, a man who has performed the most
+brilliant campaign on recent military record, a man who has warred
+against the enemy, warred against the climate, warred against a
+thousand unpropitious circumstances, and has carried the flag of his
+country to the capital of the enemy&mdash;honorably, proudly, humanely&mdash;to
+his own permanent honor and the great military credit of his country.
+And where is he? At Pueblo&mdash;at Pueblo, undergoing an inquiry before
+his inferiors in rank, and other persons without military rank, while
+the high powers he <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_335" id="Pg_335">{335}</a></span>has exercised and executed with so much
+distinction are transferred to another&mdash;I do not say to one unworthy
+of them, but to one inferior in rank, station, and experience to
+himself." No more fitting close to this sketch of his life can be
+given than to quote the words of his friend, General Wilson: "He has
+bequeathed to his country a name pure and unspotted&mdash;a name than which
+the republic has few indeed that shine with a brighter luster, and a
+name that will go down to future generations with those of the
+greatest captains of the nineteenth century."<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_336" id="Pg_336">{336}</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 30%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_337" id="Pg_337">{337}</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2>INDEX.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<ul>
+<li>Abadie, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Aberdeen, Lord, British Minister, <a href="#Pg_151">151</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Abraham, negro, Indian interpreter, <a href="#Pg_74">74</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Adams, George, Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Adams, John Quincy, ex-President, <a href="#Pg_153">153</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Adams, the British vessel, captured, <a href="#Pg_13">13</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Allen, Captain, <a href="#Pg_17">17</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Alvarez, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_219">219</a>, <a href="#Pg_221">221</a>, <a href="#Pg_231">231</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Amatha, Charley, <a href="#Pg_79">79</a>.</li>
+
+<li>American forces surrender to General Sheaffe, <a href="#Pg_18">18</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ampudia, Pedro de, Mexican General, surrenders, <a href="#Pg_155">155</a>, <a href="#Pg_156">156</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Anaya, Don Pedro Maria, General, elected President of Mexico, <a href="#Pg_257">257</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Andrews, Timothy P., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_226">226</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Anderson, Robert, General, <a href="#Pg_135">135</a>, <a href="#Pg_322">322</a>, <a href="#Pg_326">326</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Anecdote of Colonel Scott and a Roman Catholic priest, <a href="#Pg_19">19</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Armistice violated; General Scott's letter to President of Mexican Republic, <a href="#Pg_218">218</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Arnold, Ripley A., Lieutenant, attacked by Indians, <a href="#Pg_115">115</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Arista, Mariano, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Arthur, President, <a href="#Pg_326">326</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Assiola, Indian Chief, <a href="#Pg_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Atkinson, T.P., letter from General Scott to, <a href="#Pg_153">153</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Atristain, Se&ntilde;or, <a href="#Pg_216">216</a>, <a href="#Pg_257">257</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Azapotzalco, the place of meeting of the commissioners, <a href="#Pg_216">216</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Baker, D.D., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Baker, Edward D., Colonel, killed at Ball's Bluff, <a href="#Pg_317">317</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bankhead, James, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_112">112</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Barcelona, the steamer, <a href="#Pg_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Barker, Captain, <a href="#Pg_16">16</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Barr, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Barragan, Pe&ntilde;a y, <a href="#Pg_221">221</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Barren, Major, <a href="#Pg_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Basinger, William E., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Battle on the Ouithlacoochee, <a href="#Pg_90">90</a>-<a href="#Pg_92">92</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Beall, Benjamin Lloyd, Major, <a href="#Pg_172">172</a>.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_338" id="Pg_338">{338}</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Beard, Joseph, Major, <a href="#Pg_95">95</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Beauregard, P.T., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_203">203</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Beckwith, J.C., letter to, from General Scott, <a href="#Pg_154">154</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Belknap, William G., <a href="#Pg_281">281</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Benton, Thomas H., <a href="#Pg_159">159</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Biddle, Richard, speech in Congress, <a href="#Pg_124">124</a>-<a href="#Pg_127">127</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Binney, Horace, letter to General Scott, <a href="#Pg_304">304</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Black Hawk War, the, <a href="#Pg_52">52</a>, <a href="#Pg_55">55</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Blockade of Southern ports, <a href="#Pg_296">296</a>, <a href="#Pg_297">297</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Board of Army Officers, <a href="#Pg_47">47</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Boerstler, Charles G., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_27">27</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bolton, Commodore, <a href="#Pg_97">97</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bones, George, Captain, <a href="#Pg_110">110</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Botts, Benjamin, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Boyd, John Parker, General, attack on Fort Niagara, <a href="#Pg_24">24</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Brady, Hugh, Major, <a href="#Pg_33">33</a>.</li>
+<li class="ind">sketch of, <a href="#Pg_39">39</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Brady, Thomas A., First-Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Brant, Indian, attacks Colonel Scott, <a href="#Pg_18">18</a>, <a href="#Pg_19">19</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bravo, D, Nicholas, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_225">225</a>, <a href="#Pg_227">227</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Brazos Santiago, <a href="#Pg_159">159</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Brisbane, Abbott H, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_112">112</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Brooks, Horace, Captain, <a href="#Pg_225">225</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Brown, Jacob, General, <a href="#Pg_27">27</a>, <a href="#Pg_38">38</a>-<a href="#Pg_40">40</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bryant, Thomas S., Captain, <a href="#Pg_96">96</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Buchanan, James, President, <a href="#Pg_296">296</a>, <a href="#Pg_326">326</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bull Run, <a href="#Pg_308">308</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Burlington Heights, <a href="#Pg_28">28</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Burnett, Ward B., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_209">209</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Burnham, Major, <a href="#Pg_185">185</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Burr, Aaron, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>-<a href="#Pg_8">8</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Burt, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Butler, Pierce M., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_112">112</a>, <a href="#Pg_115">115</a>, <a href="#Pg_209">209</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Butler, William O., General, <a href="#Pg_244">244</a>, <a href="#Pg_245">245</a>, <a href="#Pg_256">256</a>, <a href="#Pg_264">264</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Cadwallader, George, General, <a href="#Pg_193">193</a>, <a href="#Pg_206">206</a>, <a href="#Pg_209">209</a>, <a href="#Pg_210">210</a>, <a href="#Pg_221">221</a>, <a href="#Pg_226">226</a>, <a href="#Pg_249">249</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Caldwell, James N., Captain, <a href="#Pg_215">215</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Caldwell, Robert C., First-Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Caledonia, British brig, <a href="#Pg_13">13</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Calhoun, John C., <a href="#Pg_151">151</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Call, Richard Keith, General, <a href="#Pg_89">89</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cameron, Simon, <a href="#Pg_309">309</a>, <a href="#Pg_314">314</a>, <a href="#Pg_315">315</a>, <a href="#Pg_330">330</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Canada political agitation, <a href="#Pg_272">272</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cano, D, Juan, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_225">225</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Caroline, the steamboat, <a href="#Pg_145">145</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Casey, Silas, Captain, <a href="#Pg_207">207</a>, <a href="#Pg_226">226</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cass, Lewis, <a href="#Pg_59">59</a>, <a href="#Pg_66">66</a>, <a href="#Pg_67">67</a>, <a href="#Pg_76">76</a>, <a href="#Pg_77">77</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cerro Gortlo, the battle of, <a href="#Pg_176">176</a>, <a href="#Pg_190">190</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chandler, John, Colonel, attack on Fort George, <a href="#Pg_24">24</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chapultepec, battle of, <a href="#Pg_223">223</a>, <a href="#Pg_228">228</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Charleston, S.C., furnishes troops and supplies, <a href="#Pg_94">94</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chase, Secretary, <a href="#Pg_330">330</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chauncey, Isaac, Commodore, <a href="#Pg_24">24</a>, <a href="#Pg_28">28</a>.{339}<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_339" id="Pg_339">{339}</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Cherokee Indians, removal of, from Georgia, <a href="#Pg_129">129</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chesapeake, the, boarded by the Leopard, <a href="#Pg_6">6</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chesnut, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_95">95</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Childs, Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Pg_176">176</a>, <a href="#Pg_194">194</a>, <a href="#Pg_236">236</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chippewa, battle of, <a href="#Pg_32">32</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cholera among troops at Chicago, <a href="#Pg_56">56</a>, <a href="#Pg_57">57</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chrysler's Farm, engagement at, <a href="#Pg_29">29</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chrystie, John, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_14">14</a>, <a href="#Pg_17">17</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cincinnati, Society of the, <a href="#Pg_42">42</a>.</li>
+
+<li>City of Mexico, <a href="#Pg_195">195</a>, <a href="#Pg_228">228</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Civil war, beginning of, <a href="#Pg_295">295</a>, <a href="#Pg_296">296</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Clarke, Henry Francis, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_212">212</a>, <a href="#Pg_249">249</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Clay, Cassius M., <a href="#Pg_306">306</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Clay, Henry, <a href="#Pg_145">145</a>, <a href="#Pg_151">151</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Clinch, Duncan L., General, <a href="#Pg_82">82</a>, <a href="#Pg_88">88</a>, <a href="#Pg_93">93</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Clinton, Governor, <a href="#Pg_42">42</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Clifton, Captain, <a href="#Pg_112">112</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Coffin, Captain, <a href="#Pg_19">19</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Congress declares war against Great Britain, <a href="#Pg_13">13</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Congress votes a medal to General Scott, <a href="#Pg_42">42</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Conner, Commodore, <a href="#Pg_165">165</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Conto, Se&ntilde;or, <a href="#Pg_216">216</a>, <a href="#Pg_257">257</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cooper, Mark A., Major, <a href="#Pg_112">112</a>, <a href="#Pg_119">119</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Coto, Se&ntilde;or, <a href="#Pg_216">216</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Crane, Ichabod B., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_136">136</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Crawford, William H., <a href="#Pg_40">40</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cuevas, Se&ntilde;or, <a href="#Pg_257">257</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cummings, Arthur C., Captain, <a href="#Pg_215">215</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cunningham, Captain, <a href="#Pg_94">94</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cushing, Caleb, General, <a href="#Pg_281">281</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Dade, Francis Langhorne, Major, killed, <a href="#Pg_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dallas, Commodore, <a href="#Pg_97">97</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Davis, Edward, General, <a href="#Pg_312">312</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Davis, Jefferson, <a href="#Pg_291">291</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dearborn, Henry, General, <a href="#Pg_14">14</a>, <a href="#Pg_23">23</a>, <a href="#Pg_24">24</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dennis, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_29">29</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Devlin, John S., acting quartermaster, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dominguez commands Mexicans in American army, <a href="#Pg_237">237</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Douglas, Stephen A., <a href="#Pg_303">303</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Douglass, John M., Major, <a href="#Pg_112">112</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Drum, Simon H., Captain, <a href="#Pg_220">220</a>, <a href="#Pg_225">225</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Drummond, Lieutenant-General Sir Gordon, <a href="#Pg_34">34</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Duane, James Chatham, General, <a href="#Pg_305">305</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Duel between Burr and Hamilton, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dulaney, William, Major, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Duncan, James, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Pg_108">108</a>, <a href="#Pg_221">221</a>, <a href="#Pg_271">271</a>, <a href="#Pg_277">277</a>, <a href="#Pg_283">283</a>, <a href="#Pg_286">286</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Duval, William P., Governor, <a href="#Pg_82">82</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Eaton, J.H., Secretary of War, <a href="#Pg_49">49</a>, <a href="#Pg_50">50</a>, <a href="#Pg_76">76</a>, <a href="#Pg_82">82</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Edson, Alvin, Captain, <a href="#Pg_165">165</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Elliott, Lieutenant, plans destruction of British brigs, <a href="#Pg_13">13</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Eustis, Abram, Brigadier-General, <a href="#Pg_111">111</a>, <a href="#Pg_113">113</a>, <a href="#Pg_114">114</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Expedition of Aaron Burr, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>, <a href="#Pg_6">6</a>.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_340" id="Pg_340">{340}</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Fagan, John, Major, <a href="#Pg_75">75</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fanning, Alexander C.W., Major, <a href="#Pg_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Farquhar, William, Captain, <a href="#Pg_302">302</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Farragut, Admiral D.G., <a href="#Pg_329">329</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fenwick, John R., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_16">16</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Field, Thomas Y., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fillmore, Millard, President, <a href="#Pg_293">293</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Finances of Mexico, <a href="#Pg_239">239</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Finlay, Captain, <a href="#Pg_94">94</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Florida War, <a href="#Pg_72">72</a>, <a href="#Pg_87">87</a>, <a href="#Pg_97">97</a>-<a href="#Pg_99">99</a>, <a href="#Pg_112">112</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Florida, army of, <a href="#Pg_115">115</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Floyd, John B., <a href="#Pg_136">136</a>, <a href="#Pg_298">298</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Floyd, Robertson R., Captain, <a href="#Pg_96">96</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fort Brooke, the army concentrate there, <a href="#Pg_118">118</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fort Brown occupied by General Taylor, <a href="#Pg_154">154</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fort Erie surrenders, <a href="#Pg_30">30</a>.</li>
+<li class="ind">invested, <a href="#Pg_37">37</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fort George, attack on, <a href="#Pg_16">16</a>, <a href="#Pg_17">17</a>.</li>
+<li class="ind">storming of, <a href="#Pg_24">24</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fort Niagara, defeat of the British at, <a href="#Pg_26">26</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Foster, William Sewell, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Pg_102">102</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Frazer, William, Captain, <a href="#Pg_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Freeman, Norvell, Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fremont, John C., General, <a href="#Pg_308">308</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Frontera, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_207">207</a>, <a href="#Pg_208">208</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Gadsden, James, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_75">75</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gaines, Edmund, General, <a href="#Pg_48">48</a>, <a href="#Pg_103">103</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gaines, J.P., Major, <a href="#Pg_250">250</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gamboa, D, Manuel, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_225">225</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gardiner, George, <a href="#Pg_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gardner, Charles K., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_11">11</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gardner, Franklin, <a href="#Pg_175">175</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Garland, John, General, <a href="#Pg_220">220</a>, <a href="#Pg_221">221</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gatlin, John Slade, Dr., <a href="#Pg_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Georgia troops, <a href="#Pg_95">95</a>, <a href="#Pg_96">96</a>, <a href="#Pg_110">110</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gibson, Captain, <a href="#Pg_18">18</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Giles, William B., <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>-<a href="#Pg_7">7</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Goodwyn, Robert H., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_112">112</a>-<a href="#Pg_116">116</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Graham, Captain, <a href="#Pg_110">110</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Graham, William A., Secretary of the Navy, <a href="#Pg_293">293</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Grant, Ulysses S., General, <a href="#Pg_322">322</a>, <a href="#Pg_329">329</a>, <a href="#Pg_334">334</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Great Britain, war declared against, <a href="#Pg_11">11</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Greenway, James, Dr., <a href="#Pg_3">3</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Griffin, Charles, Captain, <a href="#Pg_302">302</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Guadalupe Hidalgo, text of treaty of, <a href="#Pg_257">257</a>, <a href="#Pg_264">264</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Hagner, Peter V., Captain, <a href="#Pg_225">225</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Halleck, Henry W., General, <a href="#Pg_308">308</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hamilton, Alexander, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hamilton, John C., <a href="#Pg_292">292</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hamilton, Schuyler, Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_250">250</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hampton, Wade, General, <a href="#Pg_7">7</a>, <a href="#Pg_9">9</a>-<a href="#Pg_12">12</a>, <a href="#Pg_28">28</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hardy, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Pg_6">6</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hargrave, James, <a href="#Pg_4">4</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harney, John, Governor, <a href="#Pg_142">142</a>-<a href="#Pg_144">144</a>.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_341" id="Pg_341">{341}</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Harney, William S., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_186">186</a>, <a href="#Pg_224">224</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harris, Captain, <a href="#Pg_33">33</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harris, Joseph W., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_83">83</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harrison, William Henry, General, <a href="#Pg_152">152</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Haskell, William T., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_166">166</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hayes, Rutherford B., President, <a href="#Pg_326">326</a>, <a href="#Pg_329">329</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Heileman, Julius Frederick, Major, <a href="#Pg_65">65</a>, <a href="#Pg_66">66</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Henderson, Charles A., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Henderson, Richard, Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Henry, Alexander, letter to General Scott, <a href="#Pg_304">304</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Henry, George, Captain, <a href="#Pg_115">115</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hernandez, John M., General, <a href="#Pg_96">96</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Herrera, General, <a href="#Pg_216">216</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hetzel, Abner R., Captain, <a href="#Pg_135">135</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hindman, Jacob, Major, <a href="#Pg_30">30</a>, <a href="#Pg_39">39</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hitchcock, Ethan A., Captain, <a href="#Pg_100">100</a>, <a href="#Pg_164">164</a>, <a href="#Pg_284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Holata, Amathla, <a href="#Pg_75">75</a>, <a href="#Pg_77">77</a>, <a href="#Pg_78">78</a>, <a href="#Pg_79">79</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hug&eacute;r, Benjamin, Captain, <a href="#Pg_220">220</a>, <a href="#Pg_224">224</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hull, William, General, <a href="#Pg_13">13</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hunt, Henry J., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_221">221</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Ingersoll, Charles J., <a href="#Pg_153">153</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Irish prisoners, <a href="#Pg_20">20</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Irving, Washington, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Izard, George, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_13">13</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Izard, James Farley, Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>, <a href="#Pg_102">102</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Jackson, Andrew, General, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>, <a href="#Pg_40">40</a>, <a href="#Pg_42">42</a>, <a href="#Pg_46">46</a>, <a href="#Pg_63">63</a>, <a href="#Pg_151">151</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jackson, Thomas J., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_226">226</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jacobs, Captain (Indian), attacks General Scott, <a href="#Pg_18">18</a>, <a href="#Pg_19">19</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jefferson, Thomas, President, <a href="#Pg_7">7</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jesup, Thomas S., General, <a href="#Pg_31">31</a>, <a href="#Pg_33">33</a>, <a href="#Pg_39">39</a>, <a href="#Pg_122">122</a>, <a href="#Pg_123">123</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Johnston, Joseph E., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_226">226</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Juarata, Padre, leader of guerrillas, <a href="#Pg_237">237</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Judd, Henry, Jr., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_172">172</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Kearney, Philip, Captain, <a href="#Pg_211">211</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Keayes, J.S., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ke-o-Kuck, Indian chief, <a href="#Pg_58">58</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ker, Croghan, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, <a href="#Pg_107">107</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ker, William H., Captain, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Keyes, Erastus D., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_135">135</a>.</li>
+
+<li>King, William R., <a href="#Pg_293">293</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kirby, Reynold M., Major, <a href="#Pg_94">94</a>, <a href="#Pg_115">115</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Lally, Folliot T., Major, <a href="#Pg_215">215</a>, <a href="#Pg_216">216</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Landero, Jos&eacute; Juan de, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_169">169</a>, <a href="#Pg_170">170</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lane, Joseph, General, <a href="#Pg_237">237</a>, <a href="#Pg_256">256</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lang, William, Captain, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lawson, Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Leavenworth, Henry, Major, <a href="#Pg_31">31</a>, <a href="#Pg_33">33</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lee, Robert E., Captain, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>,<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_342" id="Pg_342">{342}</a></span> 164, <a href="#Pg_175">175</a>, <a href="#Pg_203">203</a>, <a href="#Pg_208">208</a>, <a href="#Pg_223">223</a>, <a href="#Pg_225">225</a>, <a href="#Pg_284">284</a>, <a href="#Pg_305">305</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Leigh, Benjamin Watkins, <a href="#Pg_10">10</a>, <a href="#Pg_70">70</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lendrum, Thomas W., <a href="#Pg_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Leon, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_219">219</a>.</li>
+
+<li>"Leonidas letter," the, <a href="#Pg_267">267</a>, <a href="#Pg_287">287</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Leopard, British frigate, <a href="#Pg_6">6</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lewis, Morgan, General, <a href="#Pg_26">26</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lincoln, Abraham, President, <a href="#Pg_296">296</a>, <a href="#Pg_301">301</a>, <a href="#Pg_312">312</a>, <a href="#Pg_313">313</a>, <a href="#Pg_315">315</a>, <a href="#Pg_316">316</a>, <a href="#Pg_326">326</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lindsay, William, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_111">111</a>, <a href="#Pg_135">135</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lobas Island, <a href="#Pg_161">161</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Loring, William W., Major, <a href="#Pg_206">206</a>, <a href="#Pg_212">212</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Louisiana troops, <a href="#Pg_119">119</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lovell, Christopher H., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_280">280</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lundy's Lane, battle of, <a href="#Pg_34">34</a>-<a href="#Pg_36">36</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>McCauley, Charles G., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McClellan, George B., General, <a href="#Pg_178">178</a>, <a href="#Pg_206">206</a>, <a href="#Pg_308">308</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McClure, Brigadier-General, New York militia, <a href="#Pg_28">28</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McComb, Alexander, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_24">24</a>, <a href="#Pg_29">29</a>, <a href="#Pg_50">50</a>, <a href="#Pg_153">153</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McDonald, Adjutant, <a href="#Pg_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McDowell, Irwin, General, <a href="#Pg_307">307</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McDuffie, George, <a href="#Pg_61">61</a>-<a href="#Pg_63">63</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McFeely, George, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Pg_24">24</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McIntosh, James S., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_193">193</a>, <a href="#Pg_220">220</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McKenzie, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_226">226</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McLemore, Captain, <a href="#Pg_110">110</a>, <a href="#Pg_112">112</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McNeill, John, Jr., General, <a href="#Pg_31">31</a>, <a href="#Pg_33">33</a>, <a href="#Pg_39">39</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McRee, William, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_39">39</a>.</li>
+
+<li>McTavish, Carroll, <a href="#Pg_41">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mackall, William W., Major, <a href="#Pg_227">227</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Madison, James, President, <a href="#Pg_22">22</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Magee, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Magruder, John B., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_206">206</a>, <a href="#Pg_226">226</a>, <a href="#Pg_302">302</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Malone, Captain, <a href="#Pg_119">119</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mansfield, Mr., British Minister, <a href="#Pg_11">11</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Marcy, William L., <a href="#Pg_146">146</a>, <a href="#Pg_158">158</a>, <a href="#Pg_159">159</a>, <a href="#Pg_269">269</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Marks, George H., Captain, <a href="#Pg_113">113</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Marks, Samuel F., Captain, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Marshall, General, <a href="#Pg_245">245</a>-<a href="#Pg_248">248</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Marshall, John, Chief-Justice, <a href="#Pg_136">136</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Martin Luther, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mason, Captain, <a href="#Pg_286">286</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mason, Daniel, <a href="#Pg_3">3</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mason, James M., <a href="#Pg_321">321</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mason, Winfield, <a href="#Pg_3">3</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Massacre of General Thompson and others, <a href="#Pg_89">89</a>.</li>
+
+<li>May, James F., <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mayo, John, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_41">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mendoza, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_205">205</a>, <a href="#Pg_207">207</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mico, Indian chief, <a href="#Pg_78">78</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Miconopy, Indian chief, <a href="#Pg_78">78</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Miller, James, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_25">25</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mississippi River, free navigation of, <a href="#Pg_310">310</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Molino del Rey, battle of, <a href="#Pg_219">219</a>-<a href="#Pg_222">222</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Monroe, James, President, <a href="#Pg_22">22</a>.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_343" id="Pg_343">{343}</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Monterde, D, Mariano, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_225">225</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Morales, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_168">168</a>, <a href="#Pg_169">169</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Morgan, George W., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_208">208</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mormon expedition, <a href="#Pg_294">294</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Morris, Charles T., Captain, <a href="#Pg_207">207</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mount Vernon, <a href="#Pg_316">316</a>, <a href="#Pg_317">317</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mudge, Robert Richard, Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_88">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mullaney, James Robert, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Pg_16">16</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Nashville, Confederate steamer, <a href="#Pg_320">320</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Negroes engaged in Dade massacre, <a href="#Pg_111">111</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Nicholson, Augustus S., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Nicholson, John S., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Nueva de Villa Gutierrez, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_170">170</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Nullification in South Carolina, <a href="#Pg_61">61</a>-<a href="#Pg_64">64</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Ogilvie, James, Captain, <a href="#Pg_4">4</a>-<a href="#Pg_17">17</a>.</li>
+
+<li>O'Riley, commander of deserters, captured, <a href="#Pg_237">237</a>, <a href="#Pg_238">238</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Pachuca occupied, <a href="#Pg_248">248</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Packenham, Sir Richard, <a href="#Pg_151">151</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Paez, General, <a href="#Pg_48">48</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Page, Captain, <a href="#Pg_135">135</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Palo Alto, battle of, <a href="#Pg_155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Parish, Richard C., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_90">90</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Patterson, Robert, General, <a href="#Pg_245">245</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Payne, Matthew M., Major, <a href="#Pg_135">135</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Payne's Landing, treaty of, <a href="#Pg_74">74</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pe&ntilde;a y Pe&ntilde;a, <a href="#Pg_236">236</a>, <a href="#Pg_257">257</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Perez, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_208">208</a>-<a href="#Pg_219">219</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Perry, Matthew C., Commodore, <a href="#Pg_169">169</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Perry, Oliver Hazard, Captain, <a href="#Pg_14">14</a>, <a href="#Pg_24">24</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pierce, Franklin, General, <a href="#Pg_207">207</a>, <a href="#Pg_214">214</a>, <a href="#Pg_292">292</a>, <a href="#Pg_293">293</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pike, Zebulon, General, <a href="#Pg_24">24</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pillow, Gideon J., General, <a href="#Pg_170">170</a>, <a href="#Pg_176">176</a>, <a href="#Pg_193">193</a>, <a href="#Pg_211">211</a>, <a href="#Pg_224">224</a>, <a href="#Pg_226">226</a>, <a href="#Pg_276">276</a>, <a href="#Pg_281">281</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Plympton, Joseph, Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Pg_208">208</a>, <a href="#Pg_220">220</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Porter, Captain, <a href="#Pg_25">25</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Porter, Moses, General, <a href="#Pg_24">24</a>, <a href="#Pg_30">30</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Porter, W., Secretary to General Gaines, <a href="#Pg_108">108</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Prevost, Sir George, <a href="#Pg_26">26</a>, <a href="#Pg_27">27</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Puebla, occupation of, <a href="#Pg_197">197</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Putnam, Benjamin A., Major, <a href="#Pg_93">93</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Putnam, General, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Queenstown Heights, storming of, <a href="#Pg_15">15</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Quijano, Benito, Mexican commissioner, <a href="#Pg_214">214</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Quitman, John A., General, <a href="#Pg_172">172</a>, <a href="#Pg_204">204</a>, <a href="#Pg_206">206</a>, <a href="#Pg_224">224</a>, <a href="#Pg_226">226</a>, <a href="#Pg_228">228</a>, <a href="#Pg_280">280</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Randolph, John, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rangel, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_219">219</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rea, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_236">236</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Read, Leigh, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_90">90</a>, <a href="#Pg_113">113</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Resaca de la Palma, battle of, <a href="#Pg_155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ravenel, Captain, <a href="#Pg_94">94</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Reynolds, E, McD., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_344" id="Pg_344">{344}</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Reynolds, John G., Captain, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Riall, General, moves to Burlington Heights, <a href="#Pg_33">33</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rich, Jabez L., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ridgely, S.C., Captain, <a href="#Pg_281">281</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Riley, Bennet, General, <a href="#Pg_206">206</a>, <a href="#Pg_208">208</a>, <a href="#Pg_209">209</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ripley, Eleazer W., <a href="#Pg_39">39</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ripley, R.S., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_185">185</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Roach, Isaac, Jr., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_13">13</a>, <a href="#Pg_16">16</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Robertson, Judge, <a href="#Pg_302">302</a>, <a href="#Pg_303">303</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Robinson, David, Judge, <a href="#Pg_4">4</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Robinson, Edward B., Captain, <a href="#Pg_110">110</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Robles, Mexican Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Pg_170">170</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rogers, A.P., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_166">166</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rogers, Captain Louisiana volunteers, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rosecrans, William S., General, <a href="#Pg_308">308</a>, <a href="#Pg_329">329</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ruffin, Thomas, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Sacs and Fox Indians, treaty with, <a href="#Pg_58">58</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sackett's Harbor, landing of the British, <a href="#Pg_27">27</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sanders, William G., Captain, <a href="#Pg_107">107</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sands, Richard M., Major, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>San Jacinto, steamer, <a href="#Pg_321">321</a>.</li>
+
+<li>San Pablo, convent of, <a href="#Pg_212">212</a>.</li>
+
+<li>San Patricio Battalion, <a href="#Pg_237">237</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez, General, <a href="#Pg_156">156</a>, <a href="#Pg_173">173</a>, <a href="#Pg_175">175</a>, <a href="#Pg_190">190</a>, <a href="#Pg_206">206</a>, <a href="#Pg_209">209</a>, <a href="#Pg_225">225</a>, <a href="#Pg_230">230</a>, <a href="#Pg_231">231</a>, <a href="#Pg_236">236</a>, <a href="#Pg_256">256</a>, <a href="#Pg_257">257</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Scott, Ann, <a href="#Pg_3">3</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Scott, Camilla, <a href="#Pg_41">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Scott, Cornelia, <a href="#Pg_41">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Scott, Henry L., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_135">135</a>, <a href="#Pg_164">164</a>, <a href="#Pg_178">178</a>, <a href="#Pg_284">284</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Scott, James, death of, <a href="#Pg_1">1</a>, <a href="#Pg_2">2</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Scott, Winfield, birth and parentage, <a href="#Pg_1">1</a>; runs away from Sunday school,
+<a href="#Pg_2">2</a>; defends his teacher; at William and Mary College, <a href="#Pg_4">4</a>; enters on the
+practice of law; present at the trial of Aaron Burr, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>; attacks
+British camp at Lynn Haven Bay; goes to South Carolina to practice
+law; returns to Petersburg, Va., to practice law; joins Petersburg
+cavalry company, <a href="#Pg_6">6</a>; receives commission as Captain in the U.S, army;
+recruits his company and embarks for New Orleans, <a href="#Pg_7">7</a>; arrested and
+tried by court-martial for words spoken of General Wilkinson, <a href="#Pg_8">8</a>;
+tenders his resignation, <a href="#Pg_8">8</a>; finding of the court, <a href="#Pg_9">9</a>; letter to Lewis
+Edwards, <a href="#Pg_10">10</a>; rejoins the army at Baton Rouge, La.; embarks for
+Washington; vessel gets aground, <a href="#Pg_11">11</a>; appointed Colonel; visits the
+Secretary of War with General Hampton; an unpleasant incident, <a href="#Pg_12">12</a>; war
+with Great Britain; ordered to the Niagara frontier, <a href="#Pg_13">13</a>; volunteers to
+cross the Niagara; marches to Lewiston, <a href="#Pg_16">16</a>; the attack on Fort George,
+<a href="#Pg_17">17</a>; a flag of truce, <a href="#Pg_18">18</a>; a prisoner, and attacked by Indians; embarks
+for Boston, <a href="#Pg_19">19</a>; <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_345" id="Pg_345">{345}</a></span>addresses Irish prisoners; letter to Secretary of
+War, <a href="#Pg_20">20</a>; selects hostages in retaliation for Irish prisoners, <a href="#Pg_21">21</a>;
+returns to Washington, <a href="#Pg_22">22</a>; ordered to Philadelphia; appointed Adjutant
+General; promoted Colonel of his regiment; joins General Dearborn, and
+appointed chief of staff, <a href="#Pg_23">23</a>; assault on Fort George; Scott leads the
+advance, <a href="#Pg_24">24</a>; struck by a piece of timber and collar bone broken, <a href="#Pg_25">25</a>;
+anecdote of a British officer, <a href="#Pg_26">26</a>; resigns the office of Adjutant
+General, <a href="#Pg_27">27</a>; joins General Wilkinson, <a href="#Pg_28">28</a>; marches for Sackett's
+Harbor; appointed to command of a battalion; preparing new levies of
+troops, <a href="#Pg_29">29</a>; appointed Brigadier General; ordered to join General Jacob
+Brown; establishes camp of instruction at Sackett's Harbor; assigned
+to a new command; moves toward Chippewa, <a href="#Pg_30">30</a>; wins the battle of
+Chippewa; report of General Brown, <a href="#Pg_32">32</a>; moves to mouth of the Niagara,
+<a href="#Pg_33">33</a>; battle of Lundy's Lane, <a href="#Pg_34">34</a>, <a href="#Pg_35">35</a>; General Scott disabled, <a href="#Pg_37">37</a>-<a href="#Pg_39">39</a>; in
+command for defense of Philadelphia and Baltimore, <a href="#Pg_39">39</a>; reception at
+Princeton; declined to act as Secretary of War; ordered to Europe, <a href="#Pg_40">40</a>;
+receives attention in Europe; return home; headquarters in New York;
+married to Miss Mayo, of Richmond; names of his children, <a href="#Pg_41">41</a>; Congress
+passes resolutions complimenting him; present at the death of
+President Monroe; thanked by Legislatures of Virginia and New York;
+honorary member of the Society of the Cincinnati; order of General
+Jackson, <a href="#Pg_42">42</a>; letter of General Jackson to General Scott; his reply,
+<a href="#Pg_43">43</a>; letter to General Jackson, <a href="#Pg_44">44</a>; General Jackson's reply; Scott
+calls on General Jackson, <a href="#Pg_45">45</a>; tribute to General Jackson; his work on
+general regulations for the army, <a href="#Pg_46">46</a>; president of board of army and
+militia officers; publication of his work on infantry tactics; the
+temperance reform; his views on, <a href="#Pg_47">47</a>; controversy with General Gaines;
+tenders his resignation; not accepted, <a href="#Pg_48">48</a>; letter to Secretary of War;
+the Secretary's reply, <a href="#Pg_49">49</a>; assigned to command of Eastern Department;
+treaty with Sac Indians, <a href="#Pg_50">50</a>; ordered to Illinois; Asiatic cholera, <a href="#Pg_53">53</a>;
+letter to Governor Reynolds, <a href="#Pg_54">54</a>; newspaper extracts in regard to
+General Scott's action in the cholera epidemic, <a href="#Pg_55">55</a>-<a href="#Pg_57">57</a>; commissioner to
+treat with Indians; result of the treaty, <a href="#Pg_58">58</a>; <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_346" id="Pg_346">{346}</a></span>arrives in New
+York, and ordered to Washington; the tariff act of 1828 and excitement
+in South Carolina, <a href="#Pg_60">60</a>; ordered to South Carolina, <a href="#Pg_66">66</a>; letter of
+instruction from Secretary of War; arrival in Charleston, <a href="#Pg_66">66</a>, <a href="#Pg_67">67</a>;
+detained by accident, <a href="#Pg_68">68</a>; success of his mission, <a href="#Pg_71">71</a>; ordered to
+immediate command in Florida, <a href="#Pg_98">98</a>; disposition of troops, <a href="#Pg_110">110</a>-<a href="#Pg_112">112</a>;
+movement of troops, <a href="#Pg_114">114</a>; the army arrives at Tampa Bay, <a href="#Pg_117">117</a>; arrival
+at Fort Brooke, <a href="#Pg_118">118</a>; embarks on St, John's River, <a href="#Pg_120">120</a>; complaint
+against General Jesup; court of inquiry on Florida campaign, <a href="#Pg_122">122</a>;
+finding of the court; letter to Secretary of War, <a href="#Pg_123">123</a>; defense in
+Congress, <a href="#Pg_124">124</a>; tendered dinner in New York; declines, <a href="#Pg_127">127</a>; ordered to
+remove the Creek Indians, <a href="#Pg_129">129</a>; addresses to troops and Indians, <a href="#Pg_130">130</a>,
+<a href="#Pg_132">132</a>, <a href="#Pg_133">133</a>; the Indians move West, <a href="#Pg_135">135</a>; ordered to look after Canada
+insurgents, <a href="#Pg_139">139</a>; ordered to Maine, <a href="#Pg_140">140</a>; meets Governor Everett;
+proceeds to Portland, <a href="#Pg_141">141</a>; settlement of the troubles, <a href="#Pg_143">143</a>, <a href="#Pg_144">144</a>;
+uprising in Upper Canada; affair of the Caroline, <a href="#Pg_144">144</a>, <a href="#Pg_145">145</a>; ordered to
+the scene of the troubles; meets Governor Marcy, <a href="#Pg_146">146</a>; letter to
+commanding officer of British vessels, <a href="#Pg_147">147</a>; the affair settled, <a href="#Pg_147">147</a>,
+<a href="#Pg_148">148</a>; his name presented to Whig Convention as candidate for the
+presidency, <a href="#Pg_152">152</a>; effort in Congress to reduce his pay; letter to T.P.
+Atkinson on slavery, <a href="#Pg_153">153</a>; letter to peace convention, <a href="#Pg_154">154</a>; the War
+with Mexico; the "hasty plate of soup," <a href="#Pg_157">157</a>; his opinion of General
+Taylor; ordered to Mexico; goes <i>via</i> New Orleans, <a href="#Pg_158">158</a>; arrives at
+Brazos Santiago, <a href="#Pg_159">159</a>; fails to meet General Taylor, <a href="#Pg_161">161</a>; landing of
+the troops at Vera Cruz, <a href="#Pg_162">162</a>; investment and surrender of Vera Cruz,
+<a href="#Pg_164">164</a>-<a href="#Pg_170">170</a>; advances on Jalapa, <a href="#Pg_173">173</a>; Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Pg_178">178</a>, <a href="#Pg_179">179</a>, <a href="#Pg_187">187</a>;
+occupation of Puebla, <a href="#Pg_193">193</a>; movement toward the City of Mexico;
+criticism by the Duke of Wellington, <a href="#Pg_195">195</a>, <a href="#Pg_196">196</a>; address to Mexican
+people, <a href="#Pg_198">198</a>; movement on and capture of Padierna, <a href="#Pg_204">204</a>-<a href="#Pg_207">207</a>; Churubusco,
+<a href="#Pg_211">211</a>; arrival of Nicholas P, Trist, U.S, Commissioner, <a href="#Pg_213">213</a>; cessation
+of hostilities by armistice, <a href="#Pg_214">214</a>; the armistice ended, <a href="#Pg_218">218</a>; Molino del
+Rey, <a href="#Pg_219">219</a>-<a href="#Pg_222">222</a>; attack on and capture of Chapultepec, <a href="#Pg_226">226</a>, <a href="#Pg_227">227</a>;
+occupation of the capital; orders for government of the city, <a href="#Pg_229">229</a>;
+additional orders, <a href="#Pg_231">231</a>-<a href="#Pg_234">234</a>; orders for obtaining revenue in Mexico,
+<a href="#Pg_240">240</a>-<a href="#Pg_242">242</a>; <span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_347" id="Pg_347">{347}</a></span>letter to Secretary of War, <a href="#Pg_243">243</a>; his civil
+administration of Mexico, <a href="#Pg_246">246</a>, <a href="#Pg_247">247</a>; reports his total force, January
+6, 1848; ordered before a court of inquiry; relieved from command of
+the army, <a href="#Pg_248">248</a>; money levied on City of Mexico, <a href="#Pg_255">255</a>; turns over command
+of the army, <a href="#Pg_264">264</a>; General Orders No. 349, <a href="#Pg_270">270</a>; letter to General
+Worth, <a href="#Pg_272">272</a>; relieved from duty, <a href="#Pg_277">277</a>, <a href="#Pg_278">278</a>; reads a paper before the
+court of inquiry, <a href="#Pg_281">281</a>, <a href="#Pg_282">282</a>; submits paper to court of inquiry, <a href="#Pg_284">284</a>;
+embarks at Vera Cruz for home, <a href="#Pg_288">288</a>; receives thanks of Congress, <a href="#Pg_289">289</a>;
+discontent in Canada, <a href="#Pg_293">293</a>; candidate for the presidency (1852), <a href="#Pg_293">293</a>;
+on commission to settle boundary line with Great Britain, <a href="#Pg_295">295</a>; letter
+to President Buchanan, <a href="#Pg_296">296</a>, <a href="#Pg_297">297</a>; letter to Secretary of War, <a href="#Pg_297">297</a>, <a href="#Pg_298">298</a>;
+letter to Secretary of War, December 28; 1861, <a href="#Pg_298">298</a>; letter to
+Secretary Seward, March 3; 1861, <a href="#Pg_299">299</a>; firing of guns at Mobile on
+announcement that he had resigned, <a href="#Pg_304">304</a>; order of April 26; 1861, at
+Washington, D.C., <a href="#Pg_306">306</a>; issues General Orders No. 17; <a href="#Pg_308">308</a>; complains of
+General McClellan, <a href="#Pg_309">309</a>; request to be placed on retired list, <a href="#Pg_311">311</a>,
+<a href="#Pg_312">312</a>; addresses the President and Cabinet on his retirement, <a href="#Pg_313">313</a>; sails
+for Europe, November 9; 1861, <a href="#Pg_318">318</a>; army asylum fund, <a href="#Pg_323">323</a>; statue of,
+at Soldiers' Home, <a href="#Pg_327">327</a>; his death and last words, <a href="#Pg_329">329</a>; his
+acquaintance with English authors, <a href="#Pg_331">331</a>; advice to young army officer,
+<a href="#Pg_330">330</a>, <a href="#Pg_331">331</a>; anecdote of battle of Chippewa, <a href="#Pg_332">332</a>; vain of his
+accomplishments; regular attendant at the Episcopal Church, <a href="#Pg_332">332</a>; goes
+to West Point, <a href="#Pg_328">328</a>; his loyalty, his strict ideas of discipline;
+anecdote, <a href="#Pg_333">333</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sears, Henry B., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_215">215</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Secretary of War to General Gaines, <a href="#Pg_100">100</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Seminole council, <a href="#Pg_85">85</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Seward, Secretary, anecdote of General Scott, <a href="#Pg_330">330</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Shannon, Samuel, Captain, <a href="#Pg_102">102</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Shaw, H.B., Major, <a href="#Pg_135">135</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sheaffe, General Sir Roger Hale, <a href="#Pg_17">17</a>-<a href="#Pg_19">19</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Shelton, Joseph, General, <a href="#Pg_116">116</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sheridan, Philip H., General, <a href="#Pg_326">326</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sherman, William T., General, <a href="#Pg_326">326</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Shields, James, General, <a href="#Pg_176">176</a>, <a href="#Pg_207">207</a>, <a href="#Pg_209">209</a>, <a href="#Pg_280">280</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Shubrick, William B., Commodore, <a href="#Pg_238">238</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sibley, Henry H., Captain, <a href="#Pg_212">212</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Simms, John D., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_348" id="Pg_348">{348}</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Slidell, John, <a href="#Pg_321">321</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Small, William F., Captain, <a href="#Pg_236">236</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Smith, Charles F., Captain, <a href="#Pg_221">221</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Smith, Colonel, Louisiana volunteers, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>, <a href="#Pg_118">118</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Smith, Constantine, Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_89">89</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Smith, E, Kirby, Captain, <a href="#Pg_221">221</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Smith, Gustavus W., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_207">207</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Smith, Persifor F., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>, <a href="#Pg_112">112</a>, <a href="#Pg_206">206</a>, <a href="#Pg_208">208</a>, <a href="#Pg_209">209</a>, <a href="#Pg_211">211</a>, <a href="#Pg_214">214</a>, <a href="#Pg_227">227</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Smyth, Alexander, General, <a href="#Pg_14">14</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Soldiers' Home at Washington, <a href="#Pg_323">323</a>, <a href="#Pg_324">324</a>, <a href="#Pg_326">326</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Soto, Don Juan, Vera Cruz, <a href="#Pg_215">215</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Steptoe, Edward J., Captain, <a href="#Pg_223">223</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Stone, Charles P., General, <a href="#Pg_301">301</a>, <a href="#Pg_318">318</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Strahan, Captain, <a href="#Pg_17">17</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sumner, Edwin V., Major, <a href="#Pg_175">175</a>, <a href="#Pg_211">211</a>, <a href="#Pg_220">220</a>, <a href="#Pg_221">221</a>, <a href="#Pg_224">224</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sutherland, David J., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Swift, Joseph G., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_28">28</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Tampico letter, the, <a href="#Pg_267">267</a>, <a href="#Pg_268">268</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tariff of 1828 and trouble In South Carolina, <a href="#Pg_60">60</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Taylor, Francis, Captain, <a href="#Pg_135">135</a>, <a href="#Pg_223">223</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Taylor, Governor, Carolina, <a href="#Pg_61">61</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Taylor, Zachary, General, <a href="#Pg_154">154</a>, <a href="#Pg_289">289</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tazewell, Littleton W., <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Temperance reform, <a href="#Pg_47">47</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Terrett, George H., Captain, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Texas, causes which led to annexation, <a href="#Pg_149">149</a>, <a href="#Pg_154">154</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Thistle, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Thomas, James H., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_173">173</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Thompson, General, Indian agent, <a href="#Pg_79">79</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Thompson, Launt, <a href="#Pg_327">327</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Thurston, Charles Myron, Captain, <a href="#Pg_110">110</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Timrod, Captain, <a href="#Pg_94">94</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Totten, Joseph G., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_17">17</a>, <a href="#Pg_18">18</a>, <a href="#Pg_28">28</a>, <a href="#Pg_164">164</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Towson, Captain, ordered to report to St, Elliott, <a href="#Pg_13">13</a>, <a href="#Pg_16">16</a>, <a href="#Pg_33">33</a>, <a href="#Pg_37">37</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Towson, Nathan, General, <a href="#Pg_281">281</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Trent, affair of the, <a href="#Pg_321">321</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tripp, T.S., Captain, <a href="#Pg_115">115</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Trist, Nicholas P., commissioner, <a href="#Pg_213">213</a>, <a href="#Pg_216">216</a>, <a href="#Pg_257">257</a>, <a href="#Pg_281">281.</a></li>
+
+<li>Trousdale, William, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_226">226</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Truxton, Commodore, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tweedale, Marquis of, crosses the Chippewa, <a href="#Pg_30">30</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Twiggs, David E., General, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>, <a href="#Pg_173">173</a>, <a href="#Pg_176">176</a>, <a href="#Pg_193">193</a>, <a href="#Pg_200">200</a>, <a href="#Pg_220">220</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Twiggs, Levi, Major, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tyler, John, President, <a href="#Pg_152">152</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Upshur, Abel P., Secretary of State, <a href="#Pg_151">151</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Valencia, Mexican General, <a href="#Pg_204">204</a>, <a href="#Pg_211">211</a>, <a href="#Pg_248">248</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Van Buren, Martin, President, <a href="#Pg_145">145</a>.<span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_349" id="Pg_349">{349}</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Van Rensselaer, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_144">144</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Van Rensselaer, Solomon, General, <a href="#Pg_14">14</a>, <a href="#Pg_17">17</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Van Rensselaer, Stephen, General, <a href="#Pg_14">14</a>, <a href="#Pg_16">16</a>, <a href="#Pg_18">18</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Van Vliet, Stewart, General, <a href="#Pg_328">328</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Vera Cruz, <a href="#Pg_161">161</a>, <a href="#Pg_162">162</a>, <a href="#Pg_167">167</a>, <a href="#Pg_171">171</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Villamil, Mora y., General, <a href="#Pg_214">214</a>, <a href="#Pg_216">216</a>, <a href="#Pg_257">257</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Vincent, General, <a href="#Pg_27">27</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Vinton, John R., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_166">166</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Volunteer American officers paroled, <a href="#Pg_19">19</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Wadsworth, Decius, General, <a href="#Pg_15">15</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Walker, Robert J., <a href="#Pg_159">159</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Washington, George, General, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Watson, Samuel E., Lieutenant-Colonel, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>"Wayward Sisters" letter, <a href="#Pg_299">299</a>, <a href="#Pg_300">300</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Webb, Captain, U.S.N., <a href="#Pg_97">97</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Webster, Daniel, <a href="#Pg_293">293</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Weed, Thurlow, <a href="#Pg_318">318</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wellington, Duke of, <a href="#Pg_195">195</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Welsh, Henry, Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wheelock, Eleazer, General, <a href="#Pg_30">30</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wilkes, Charles, Commodore, <a href="#Pg_321">321</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wilkinson, James, General, <a href="#Pg_7">7</a>, <a href="#Pg_8">8</a>, <a href="#Pg_28">28</a>.</li>
+
+<li>William and Mary College, <a href="#Pg_4">4</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Williams, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, <a href="#Pg_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Williams, T., A.-D.-C., <a href="#Pg_250">250</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wilson, Henry, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_173">173</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wilson, James Grant, General, <a href="#Pg_327">327</a>, <a href="#Pg_328">328</a>, <a href="#Pg_335">335</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Winder, William Henry, General, <a href="#Pg_24">24</a>, <a href="#Pg_27">27</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Winfield, Elizabeth, <a href="#Pg_3">3</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Winfield, John, <a href="#Pg_3">3</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wirt, William, <a href="#Pg_5">5</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Withers, Jones M., <a href="#Pg_248">248</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wood, Major, <a href="#Pg_37">37</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wool, John E., Captain, <a href="#Pg_15">15</a>-<a href="#Pg_17">17</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Worth, W.J., General, <a href="#Pg_136">136</a>, <a href="#Pg_170">170</a>, <a href="#Pg_174">174</a>, <a href="#Pg_193">193</a>, <a href="#Pg_265">265</a><a href="#Pg_267">267</a>, <a href="#Pg_270">270</a>, <a href="#Pg_271">271</a>, <a href="#Pg_273">273</a>, <a href="#Pg_274">274</a>-<a href="#Pg_276">276</a>, <a href="#Pg_285">285</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wright, George, Major, <a href="#Pg_220">220</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wynkoop, Francis M., Colonel, <a href="#Pg_166">166</a>, <a href="#Pg_248">248</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Young, William L., Lieutenant, <a href="#Pg_253">253</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>Zacatepetl, Barreiro, Colonel, <a href="#Pg_205">205</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3 class="biggap">THE END.</h3>
+
+<hr style='width: 30%;' />
+
+<div class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_350" id="Pg_350">{350}</a></div>
+
+
+<h2>D. APPLETON &amp; CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.</h2>
+
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/376.png" height="300" alt="JOHN BACH MCMASTER." title="JOHN BACH MCMASTER." /><br/>
+<span class="caption">JOHN BACH MCMASTER.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="noind"><span class="fleft bfont"><i>H</i></span><i>ISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES</i>, from the Revolution to
+the Civil War. By <span class="smcap">John Bach Mcmaster</span>. To be completed in five
+volumes. Vols. I, II, and III now ready. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $2.50
+each.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of this narrative much is written of wars, conspiracies,
+and rebellions; of Presidents, of Congresses, of embassies, of
+treaties, of the ambition of political leaders, and of the rise of
+great parties in the nation. Yet the history of the people is the
+chief theme. At every stage of the splendid progress which separates
+the America of Washington and Adams from the America in which we live,
+it has been the author's purpose to describe the dress, the
+occupations, the amusements, the literary canons of the times; to note
+the changes of manners and morals; to trace the growth of that humane
+spirit which abolished punishment for debt, and reformed the
+discipline of prisons and of jails; to recount the manifold
+improvements which, in a thousand ways, have multiplied the
+conveniences of life and ministered to the happiness of our race; to
+describe the rise and progress of that long series of mechanical
+inventions and discoveries which is now the admiration of the world,
+and our just pride and boast; to tell how, under the benign influence
+of liberty and peace, there sprang up, in the course of a single
+century, a prosperity unparalleled in the annals of human affairs.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The pledge given by Mr. McMaster, that 'the history of the people
+shall be the chief theme,' is punctiliously and satisfactorily
+fulfilled. He carries out his promise in a complete, vivid, and
+delightful way. We should add that the literary execution of the
+work is worthy of the indefatigable industry and unceasing vigilance
+with which the stores of historical material have been accumulated,
+weighed, and sifted. The cardinal qualities of style, lucidity,
+animation, and energy, are everywhere present. Seldom indeed has a
+book in which matter of substantial value has been so happily united
+to attractiveness of form been offered by an American author to his
+fellow-citizens."&mdash;<i>New York Sun.</i></p>
+
+<p>"To recount the marvelous progress of the American people, to
+describe their life, their literature, their occupations, their
+amusements, is Mr. McMaster's object. His theme is an important one,
+and we congratulate him on his success. It has rarely been our
+province to notice a book with so many excellences and so few
+defects."&mdash;<i>New York Herald.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Mr. McMaster at once shows his grasp of the various themes and his
+special capacity as a historian of the people. His aim is high, but
+he hits the mark."&mdash;<i>New York Journal of Commerce.</i></p>
+
+<p>" ... The author's pages abound, too, with illustrations of the best
+kind of historical work, that of unearthing hidden sources of
+information and employing them, not after the modern style of
+historical writing, in a mere report, but with the true artistic
+method, in a well-digested narrative.... If Mr. McMaster finishes
+his work in the spirit and with the thoroughness and skill with
+which it has begun, it will take its place among the classics of
+American literature."&mdash;<i>Christian Union.</i></p></div>
+
+<h3>New York: D. APPLETON &amp; CO., 1, 3, &amp; 5 Bond Street.</h3>
+
+<hr style='width: 30%;' />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_351" id="Pg_351">{351}</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>D. APPLETON &amp; CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.</h2>
+
+<p class="noind"><span class="fleft bfont"><i>A</i></span><i>BRAHAM LINCOLN: The True Story of a Great Life</i>. By <span class="smcap">William H.
+Herndon</span> and <span class="smcap">Jesse W. Weik</span>. With numerous Illustrations.
+New and revised edition, with an introduction by <span class="smcap">Horace
+White</span>. In two volumes. 12mo. Cloth, $3.00.</p>
+
+<p>This is probably the most intimate life of Lincoln ever written. The
+book, by Lincoln's law-partner, William H. Herndon, and his friend
+Jesse W. Weik, shows us Lincoln the man. It is a true picture of his
+surroundings and influences and acts. It is not an attempt to
+construct a political history, with Lincoln often in the background,
+nor is it an effort to apotheosize the American who stands first in
+our history next to Washington. The writers knew Lincoln intimately.
+Their book is the result of unreserved association. There is no
+attempt to portray the man as other than he really was, and on this
+account their frank testimony must be accepted, and their biography
+must take permanent rank as the best and most illuminating study of
+Lincoln's character and personality. Their story, simply told,
+relieved by characteristic anecdotes, and vivid with local color, will
+be found a fascinating work.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"Truly, they who wish to know Lincoln as he really was must read the
+biography of him written by his friend and law-partner, W.H.
+Herndon. This book was imperatively needed to brush aside the rank
+growth of myth and legend which was threatening to hide the real
+lineaments of Lincoln from the eyes of posterity. On one pretext or
+another, but usually upon the plea that he was the central figure of
+a great historical picture, most of his self-appointed biographers
+have, by suppressing a part of the truth and magnifying or
+embellishing the rest, produced portraits which those of Lincoln's
+contemporaries who knew him best are scarcely able to recognize.
+There is, on the other hand, no doubt about the faithfulness of Mr.
+Herndon's delineation. The marks of unflinching veracity are patent
+in every line."&mdash;<i>New York Sun.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Among the books which ought most emphatically to have been written
+must be classed 'Herndon's Lincoln,'"&mdash;<i>Chicago Inter-Ocean.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The author has his own notion of what a biography should be, and it
+is simple enough. The story should tell all, plainly and even
+bluntly. Mr. Herndon is naturally a very direct writer, and he has
+been industrious in gathering material. Whether an incident happened
+before or behind the scenes, is all the same to him. He gives it
+without artifice or apology. He describes the life of his friend
+Lincoln just as he saw it."&mdash;<i>Cincinnati Commercial Gazette.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A remarkable piece of literary achievement&mdash;remarkable alike for
+its fidelity to facts, its fullness of details, its constructive
+skill, and its literary charm."&mdash;<i>New York Times.</i></p>
+
+<p>"It will always remain the authentic life of Abraham
+Lincoln,"&mdash;<i>Chicago Herald.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The book is a valuable depository of anecdotes, innumerable and
+characteristic. It has every claim to the proud coast of being the
+'true story of a great life.'"&mdash;<i>Philadelphia Ledger.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Will be accepted as the best biography yet written of the great
+President."&mdash;<i>Chicago Inter-Ocean.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Mr. White claims that, as a portraiture of the man Lincoln, Mr.
+Herndon's work 'will never be surpassed.' Certainly it has never
+been equaled yet, and this new edition is all that could be
+desired."&mdash;<i>New York Observer.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The three portraits of Lincoln are the best that exist; and not the
+least characteristic of these, the Lincoln of the Douglas debates,
+has never before been engraved.... Herndon's narrative gives, as
+nothing else is likely to give, the material from which we may form
+a true picture of the man from infancy to maturity,"&mdash;<i>The Nation.</i></p></div>
+
+<h3>New York: D. APPLETON &amp; CO., 1, 3, &amp; 5 Bond Street.</h3>
+
+<hr style='width: 30%;' />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_352" id="Pg_352">{352}</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>D. APPLETON &amp; CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.</h2>
+
+<p class="noind"><span class="fleft bfont"><i>A</i></span><i>PPLETONS' CYCLOP&AElig;DIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY</i>. Complete in six
+volumes, royal 8vo, containing about 800 pages each. With sixty-one
+fine steel portraits and some two thousand smaller vignette portraits
+and views of birthplaces, residences, statues, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Appletons' Cyclop&aelig;dia of American Biography</span>, edited by
+General <span class="smcap">James Grant Wilson</span>, President of the New York
+Genealogical and Biographical Society, and Professor <span class="smcap">John
+Fiske</span>, formerly of Harvard University, assisted by over two
+hundred special contributors, contains a biographical sketch of every
+person eminent in American civil and military history, in law and
+politics, in divinity, in literature and art, in science and in
+invention. Its plan embraces all the countries of North and South
+America, and includes distinguished persons born abroad, but related
+to American history. As events are always connected with persons, it
+affords a complete compendium of American history in every branch of
+human achievement. An exhaustive topical and analytical Index enables
+the reader to follow the history of any subject with great readiness.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"It is the most complete work that exists on the subject. The tone
+and guiding spirit of the book are certainly very fair, and show a
+mind bent on a discriminate, just, and proper treatment of its
+subject."&mdash;<i>From the</i> Hon. <span class="smcap">George Bancroft</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"The portraits are remarkably good. To anyone interested in
+<ins class="correction" title="text reads 'Amercan'">American</ins> history or literature, the Cyclop&aelig;dia will be
+indispensable."&mdash;<i>From the</i> Hon. <span class="smcap">James Russell Lowell</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"The selection of names seems to be liberal and just. The portraits,
+so far as I can judge, are faithful, and the biographies
+trustworthy."&mdash;<i>From</i> <span class="smcap">Noah Porter</span>, D.D., LL.D.,
+<i>ex-President of Yale College</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"A most valuable and interesting work."&mdash;<i>From the</i> Hon. <span class="smcap">Wm. E.
+Gladstone.</span></p>
+
+<p>"I have examined it with great interest and great gratification. It
+is a noble work, and does enviable credit to its editors and
+publishers."&mdash;<i>From the</i> Hon. <span class="smcap">Robert C. Winthrop.</span></p>
+
+<p>"I have carefully examined 'Appletons' Cyclop&aelig;dia of American
+Biography,' and do not hesitate to commend it to favor. It is
+admirably adapted to use in the family and the schools, and is so
+cheap as to come within the reach of all classes of readers and
+students."&mdash;<i>From</i> J.B. <span class="smcap">Foraker,</span> <i>ex-Governor of Ohio</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"This book of American biography has come to me with a most unusual
+charm. It sets before us the faces of great Americans, both men and
+women, and gives us a perspective view of their lives. Where so many
+noble and great have lived and wrought, one is encouraged to believe
+the soil from which they sprang, the air they breathed, and the sky
+over their heads, to be the best this world affords, and one says,
+'Thank God, I also am an American!' We have many books of biography,
+but I have seen none so ample, so clear-cut, and breathing so
+strongly the best spirit of our native land. No young man or woman
+can fail to find among these ample pages some model worthy of
+imitation."&mdash;<i>From</i> <span class="smcap">Frances E. Willard</span>, <i>President
+N.W.C.T.U.</i></p>
+
+<p>"I congratulate you on the beauty of the volume, and the
+thoroughness of the work."&mdash;<i>From</i> Bishop <span class="smcap">Phillips Brooks</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Every day's use of this admirable work confirms me in regard to its
+comprehensiveness and accuracy."&mdash;<i>From</i> <span class="smcap">Charles Dudley
+Warner</span>.</p></div>
+
+<p><i>Price, per volume, cloth or buckram, $5.00; sheep, $6.00; half calf
+or half morocco, $7.00. Sold only by subscription. Descriptive
+circular, with specimen pages, sent on application. Agents wanted for
+districts not yet assigned.</i></p>
+
+<h3>New York: D. APPLETON &amp; CO., 1, 3, &amp; 5 Bond Street.</h3>
+
+<hr style='width: 30%;' />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum noind"><a name="Pg_353" id="Pg_353">{353}</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>D. APPLETON &amp; CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.</h2>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/380-1.jpg" alt="COLONIAL COURT-HOUSE PHILADELPHIA, 1707." title="COLONIAL COURT-HOUSE PHILADELPHIA, 1707." /><br/>
+<span class="caption">COLONIAL COURT-HOUSE<br/> PHILADELPHIA, 1707.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>"This work marks an epoch in the history-writing of this
+country."&mdash;<i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch.</i></p>
+
+<p class="noind"><span class="fleft bfont"><i>T</i></span><i>HE HOUSEHOLD HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND ITS PEOPLE.</i> <span class="smcap">For
+Young Americans</span>. By <span class="smcap">Edward Eggleston</span>. Richly illustrated
+with 350 Drawings, 75 Maps, etc. Square 8vo. Cloth, $2.50.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>FROM THE PREFACE.</i></p>
+
+<p>The present work is meant, in the first instance, for the young&mdash;not
+alone for boys and girls, but for young men and women who have yet to
+make themselves familiar with the more important features of their
+country's history. By a book for the young is meant one in which the
+author studies to make his statements clear and explicit, in which
+curious and picturesque details are inserted, and in which the writer
+does not neglect such anecdotes as lend the charm of a human and
+personal interest to the broader facts of the nation's story. That
+history is often tiresome to the young is not so much the fault of
+history as of a false method of writing by which one contrives to
+relate events without sympathy or imagination, without narrative
+connection or animation. The attempt to master vague and general
+records of kiln-dried facts is certain to beget in the ordinary reader
+a repulsion from the study of history&mdash;one of the very most important
+of all studies for its widening influence on general culture.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<div class="figright">
+<img src="images/380-3.jpg" alt="INDIAN&#39;S TRAP." title="INDIAN&#39;S TRAP." /><br/>
+<span class="caption">INDIAN&#39;S TRAP.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Fills a decided gap which has existed for the past twenty years in
+American historical literature. The work is admirably planned and
+executed, and will at once take its place as a standard record of
+the life, growth, and development of the nation. It is profusely and
+beautifully illustrated."&mdash;<i>Boston Transcript.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft">
+<img src="images/380-2.jpg" alt="GENERAL PUTNAM." title="GENERAL PUTNAM." /><br/>
+<span class="caption">GENERAL PUTNAM.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>"The book in its new dress makes a much finer appearance than
+before, and will be welcomed by older readers as gladly as its
+predecessor was greeted by girls and boys. The lavish use the
+publishers have made of colored plates, woodcuts, and photographic
+reproductions, gives an unwonted piquancy to the printed page,
+catching the eye as surely as the text engages the mind."&mdash;<i>New York
+Critic.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The author writes history as a story. It can never be less than
+that. The book will enlist the interest of young people, enlighten
+their understanding, and by the glow of its statements fix the great
+events of the country firmly in the mind."&mdash;<i>San Francisco
+Bulletin.</i></p></div>
+
+<h3>New York: D. APPLETON &amp; CO., 1, 3, &amp; 5 Bond Street.</h3>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GENERAL SCOTT***</p>
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@@ -0,0 +1,11489 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, General Scott, by General Marcus J. Wright
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: General Scott
+
+
+Author: General Marcus J. Wright
+
+
+
+Release Date: January 1, 2006  [eBook #17444]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GENERAL SCOTT***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Pilar Somoza, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net /)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 17444-h.htm or 17444-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/4/4/17444/17444-h/17444-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/4/4/17444/17444-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+Great Commanders
+
+Edited by James Grant Wilson
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Winfield Scott]
+
+
+
+GENERAL SCOTT
+
+by
+
+GENERAL MARCUS J. WRIGHT
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York
+D. Appleton and Company
+1894
+Copyright, 1893,
+By D. Appleton and Company.
+All rights reserved.
+
+
+
+
+The Great Commanders Series.
+Edited by General James Grant Wilson.
+
+
+   Admiral Farragut.
+   By Captain A.T. MAHAN, U.S.N.
+
+   General Taylor.
+   By General O.O. HOWARD, U.S.A.
+
+   General Jackson. By JAMES PARTON.
+
+   General Greene.
+   By Captain FRANCIS V. GREENE, U.S.A.
+
+   General J.E. Johnston.
+   By ROBERT M. HUGHES, of Virginia.
+
+   General Thomas.
+   By HENRY COPPER, LL.D.
+
+   General Scott.
+   By General MARCUS J. WRIGHT.
+
+
+   _IN PREPARATION_
+
+   General Washington.
+   By General BRADLEY T. JOHNSON.
+
+   General Sherman.
+   By General MANNING F. FORCE.
+
+   General Grant.
+   By General JAMES GRANT WILSON.
+
+   Admiral Porter.
+   By JAMES R. SOLEY, late Assist. Sec. of Navy.
+
+   General Lee.
+   By General FITZHUGH LEE.
+
+   General Hancock.
+   By General FRANCIS A. WALKER.
+
+   General Sheridan.
+   By General HENRY E. DAVIES.
+
+
+   Each, 12mo, cloth, with Portrait and Maps, $1.50.
+
+   New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 2 & 5 Bond St.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In the preparation of this volume the author has consulted and used
+with freedom the following-named works: History of the Mexican War, by
+General Cadmus M. Wilcox; Autobiography of General Scott; Life of
+General Scott, by Edward D. Mansfield; Life of General Scott, by David
+Hunter Strother; Life of General Scott, by J.T. Headley; History of
+the Mexican War, by John S. Jenkins; Anecdotes of the Civil War, by
+General E.D. Townsend; Sketches of Illustrious Soldiers, by General
+James Grant Wilson; Fifty Years' Observation of Men and Things, by
+General E.D. Keyes; Reminiscences of Thurlow Weed, and Historical
+Register of the United States Army, by F.B. Heitman.
+
+My thanks are due to Mr. David Fitzgerald, Librarian of the War
+Department; Mr. Andrew H. Allen, Librarian of the State Department;
+and Colonel John B. Brownlow, for many courtesies. I am specially
+indebted to Mr. John N. Oliver, of Washington city, for valuable
+assistance rendered me.
+
+                                                           M.J.W.
+
+WASHINGTON, _August, 1893_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+Parentage and birth of Scott--Precocity--Enters William and Mary
+College--Leaves college and commences the study of law with Judge
+Robinson--Attends the trial of Burr at Richmond--Impressment of
+American seamen and proclamation of President Jefferson--Joins
+the Petersburg troop--Leaves for Charleston--Returns to
+Petersburg--Appointed captain of artillery--Trial of General
+Wilkinson--Scott sends in his resignation, but withdraws it and
+returns to Natchez--Is court-martialed--On staff duty at New
+Orleans--Declaration of war with Great Britain--General Wade Hampton
+and the Secretary of War--Hull's surrender--Storming of
+Queenstown--March to Lewiston--Scott's appeal to the officers and
+soldiers--Indians fire on a flag of truce--Incident with a
+Caledonian priest--Letter in relation to Irish prisoners sent home
+to be tried for treason                                                1
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Scott ordered to Philadelphia--Appointed adjutant general with the
+rank of colonel--Becomes chief of staff to General Dearborn--Death
+of General Pike--Leads the advance on Fort Niagara--Anecdote
+of Scott and a British colonel--Commands the expedition to
+Burlington Heights--March for Sackett's Harbor--Meets a force at
+Cornwall--Retreat of Wilkinson--Scott appointed brigadier
+general--Attack on and surrender of Fort Erie--Battle of
+Chippewa--Lundy's Lane and wounding of Scott--Retreat                 23
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Is received and entertained by prominent civilians and military men
+in Europe--Marries Miss Mayo--Offspring--Thanks of Congress--Thanks
+of the Virginia Legislature voted, and also a sword--Controversy
+with General Andrew Jackson and correspondence--Prepares general
+regulations for the army and militia--Controversy with General
+Gaines and the War Department about rank--In command of the Eastern
+Division--War with the Sac and Fox Indians--Black Hawk--Cholera
+breaks out among the troops                                           41
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Troubles in South Carolina growing out of the tariff acts
+apprehended, and General Scott sent South--Action of the
+nullifiers--Instructions in case of an outbreak--Action of the South
+Carolina Legislature                                                  60
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Events that led to the war in Florida--Treaty of Camp Moultrie and its
+stipulations--Complaints of Indians and whites--Treaty of Payne's
+Landing--Objections of the Indians to complying with the latter
+treaty--Councils and talks with the Seminoles--Assiola--Murder
+of mail carrier Dalton--Murder of Charley Amanthla--Dade's
+massacre--Murder of General Thompson and others--General
+Clinch--Depredations by the Indians on the whites and by
+the latter on the Indians--Volunteers--Military departments
+of Gaines and Scott                                                   72
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Review of the army by General Gaines--Arrival of General Gaines at
+Fort King--Lieutenant Izard mortally wounded--Correspondence
+between General Gaines and Clinch--General Scott ordered to command
+in Florida--Disadvantages under which he labored--Preparations for
+movements--Commencement of hostilities against the Indians           103
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Scott prefers complaint against General Jesup--Court of inquiry
+ordered by the President--Scott fully exonerated by the
+court--Complaints of citizens--Difficulties of the campaign--Speech
+in Congress of Hon. Richard Biddle--Scott declines an invitation to
+a dinner in New York city--Resolutions of the subscribers--Scott is
+ordered to take charge of and remove the Cherokee Indians--Orders
+issued to troops and address to the Indians--Origin of the Cherokee
+Indian troubles--Collision threatened between Maine and
+New Brunswick, and Scott sent there--Correspondence with
+Lieutenant-Governor Harvey--Seizure of Navy Island by Van
+Rensselaer--Governor Marcy                                           122
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Annexation of Texas--Causes that led to annexation--Message of the
+President--General Scott's letters regarding William Henry
+Harrison--Efforts to reduce General Scott's pay--Letter to T.P.
+Atkinson on the slavery question--Battle of Palo Alto, and of Resaca
+de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena Vista--"The hasty plate of
+Soup"--Scott's opinion of General Taylor--Scott ordered to
+Mexico--Proposal to revive the grade of lieutenant general,
+and to appoint Thomas H. Benton--Scott reaches the Brazos
+Santiago--Confidential dispatch from Scott to Taylor--Co-operation
+of the navy--Letters to the Secretary of War as to places of
+rendezvous--Arrival and landing at Vera Cruz, and its investment,
+siege, and capture--Letter to foreign consuls--Terms of
+surrender--Orders of General Scott after the surrender               149
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+General Santa Anna arrives at Cerro Gordo--Engagement at
+Atalaya--General Orders No. 111--Reports from Jalapa--Report of
+engagement at Cerro Gordo--Occupation of Perote--Account of a
+Mexican historian--General Santa Anna's letter to General
+Arroya--Delay of the Government in sending re-enforcements--Danger
+of communications with Vera Cruz--Troops intended for Scott ordered
+to General Taylor--Colonel Childs appointed governor of
+Jalapa--Occupation of Puebla--Arrival of re-enforcements--Number of
+Scott's force                                                        175
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Movement toward the City of Mexico--The Duke of Wellington's
+comments--Movements of Santa Anna--A commission meets General Worth to
+treat for terms--Worth enters Puebla--Civil administration of the city
+not interfered with--Scott arrives at Puebla--Scott's address to the
+Mexicans after the battle of Cerro Gordo--Contreras--Reconnoissance
+of the _pedregal_--Defeat of the Mexicans at Contreras--Battle of
+Churubusco--Arrival of Nicholas P. Trist, commissioner--General Scott
+meets a deputation proposing an armistice--He addresses a
+communication to the head of the Mexican Government--Appointment of a
+commission to meet Mr. Trist--Major Lally--Meeting of Mr. Trist with
+the Mexican commissioners--Failure to agree--Armistice violated by the
+Mexicans and notice from General Scott--Santa Anna's insolent
+note--The latter calls a meeting of his principal officers--Molino del
+Rey--Chapultepec--Losses on both sides                               195
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+General Quitman's movements to San Antonio and Coyoacan--Movements of
+General Pillow--General reconnoissance by Scott--Chapultepec--Scott
+announces his line of attack--Surrender of the Mexican General
+Bravo--Preparations to move on the capital--Entry of General
+Scott into the City of Mexico--General Quitman made Military
+Governor--General Scott's orders--Movements of Santa Anna--General
+Lane--American and Mexican deserters--Orders as to collection of
+duties and civil government                                          223
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Scott's care for the welfare of his army--Account of the money
+levied on Mexico--Last note to the Secretary of War while commander
+in chief in Mexico--Army asylums--Treaty of peace--Scott turns over
+the army to General William O. Butler--Scott and Worth--Court of
+inquiry on Worth--The "Leonidas" and "Tampico" letters--Revised
+paragraph 650--Army regulations--General Worth demands a court of
+inquiry and prefers charges against Scott--Correspondence--General
+belief as to Scott's removal command--The trial--Return home of
+General Scott                                                        254
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+General Taylor nominated for the presidency--Thanks of Congress to
+Scott, and a gold medal voted--Movement to revive and confer upon
+Scott the brevet rank of lieutenant general--Scott's views as to the
+annexation of Canada--Candidate for President in 1852 and
+defeated--Scott's diplomatic mission to Canada in 1859--Mutterings
+of civil war--Letters and notes to President Buchanan--Arrives in
+Washington, December 12, 1861--Note to the Secretary of
+War--"Wayward sisters" letter--Events preceding inauguration of Mr.
+Lincoln--Preparation for the defense of Washington--Scott's
+loyalty--Battle of Bull Run--Scott and McClellan--Free navigation
+of the Mississippi River--Retirement of General Scott and
+affecting incidents connected therewith--Message of President
+Lincoln--McClellan on Scott--Mount Vernon--Scott sails for
+Europe--Anecdote of the day preceding the battle of Chippewa--The
+Confederate cruiser Nashville--Incident between Scott and
+Grant--Soldiers' Home--Last days of Scott--His opinion of
+noncombatants--General Wilson's tribute                              289
+
+
+INDEX                                                                337
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+                                                             FACING PAGE
+
+Portrait of Winfield Scott                                _Frontispiece_
+
+The Niagara Frontier                                                  12
+
+Battle of Chippewa                                                    32
+
+Siege of Vera Cruz                                                   170
+
+Route from Vera Cruz to Mexico                                       198
+
+Operations of the American Army in the Valley of Mexico              226
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL SCOTT.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+Parentage and birth of Scott--Precocity--Enters William and Mary
+College--Leaves college and commences the study of law with Judge
+Robinson--Attends the trial of Burr at Richmond--Impressment of
+American seamen and proclamation of President Jefferson--Joins
+the Petersburg troop--Leaves for Charleston--Returns to
+Petersburg--Appointed captain of artillery--Trial of General
+Wilkinson--Scott sends in his resignation, but withdraws it and
+returns to Natchez--Is court-martialed--On staff duty at New
+Orleans--Declaration of war with Great Britain--General Wade Hampton
+and the Secretary of War--Hull's surrender--Storming of
+Queenstown--March to Lewiston--Scott's appeal to the officers and
+soldiers--Indians fire on a flag of truce--Incident with a Caledonian
+priest--Letter in relation to Irish prisoners sent home to be tried
+for treason.
+
+
+Winfield Scott was born at Laurel Branch, the estate of his father,
+fourteen miles from Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Virginia, June 13,
+1786. His grandfather, James Scott, was a Scotchman of the Clan
+Buccleuch, and a follower of the Pretender to the throne of England,
+who, escaping from the defeat at Culloden, made his way to Virginia in
+1746, where he settled. William, the son of this James, married Ann
+Mason, a native of Dinwiddie County and a neighbor of the Scott
+family. Winfield Scott was the issue of this marriage. There were an
+elder brother and two daughters. James Scott died at an early age,
+when Winfield was but six years old. William, the father of Winfield,
+was a lieutenant and afterward captain in a Virginia company which
+served in the Revolutionary army. Eleven years after the father's
+death the mother died, leaving Winfield, at seventeen years old, to
+make his own way in the world.
+
+At the death of his father, Winfield, being but six years old, was
+left to the charge of his mother, to whom he was devotedly attached.
+It is a well-warranted tradition of the county in which the Scott
+family resided, that the mother of General Scott was a woman of
+superior mind and great force of character. In acknowledging the
+inspiration from the lessons of that admirable parent for whatever of
+success he achieved, he was not unlike Andrew Jackson and the majority
+of the great men of the world. He wrote of her in his mature age as
+follows: "And if, in my now protracted career, I have achieved
+anything worthy of being written, anything that my countrymen are
+likely to honor in the next century, it is from the lessons of that
+admirable parent that I derived the inspiration."
+
+In his seventh year he was ordered on a Sunday morning to get ready
+for church. Disobeying the order, he ran off and concealed himself,
+but was pursued, captured, and returned to his mother, who at once
+sent for a switch. The switch was a limb from a Lombardy poplar, and
+the precocious little truant, seeing this, quoted a verse from St.
+Matthew which was from a lesson he had but recently read to his
+mother. The quotation was as follows: "Every tree that bringeth not
+forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire." The quotation
+was so apt that the punishment was withheld, but the offender was not
+spared a very wholesome lesson.
+
+General Scott's mother, Ann, was the daughter of Daniel Mason and
+Elizabeth Winfield, his wife, who was the daughter of John Winfield, a
+man of high standing and large wealth. From his mother's family he
+acquired his baptismal name of Winfield. John Winfield survived his
+daughter, and dying intestate, in 1774, Winfield Mason acquired by
+descent as the eldest male heir (the law of primogeniture then being
+the law of Virginia) the whole of a landed estate and a portion of the
+personal property. The principal part of this large inheritance was
+devised to Winfield Scott, but, the devisee having married again and
+had issue, the will was abrogated. The wife of Winfield Mason was the
+daughter of Dr. James Greenway, a near neighbor. He was born in
+England, near the borders of Scotland, and inherited his father's
+trade, that of a weaver. He was ambitious and studious, and giving all
+of his spare time to study, he became familiar with the Greek, Latin,
+French, and Italian languages. After his immigration to Virginia he
+prepared himself for the practice of medicine, and soon acquired a
+large and lucrative practice. He devoted much of his time to botany,
+and left a _hortus siccus_ of forty folio volumes, in which he
+described the more interesting plants of Virginia and North Carolina.
+He was honored by memberships in several of the learned European
+societies, and was a correspondent of the celebrated Swedish
+naturalist Linnaeus. He acquired such a knowledge of music as enabled
+him to become teacher to his own children.
+
+James Hargrave, a Quaker, was one of young Scott's earliest teachers.
+He found his pupil to be a lad of easy excitement and greatly inclined
+to be belligerent. He tried very hard to tone him down and teach him
+to govern his temper. On one occasion young Scott, being in Petersburg
+and passing on a crowded street, found his Quaker teacher, who was a
+non-combatant, engaged in a dispute with a noted bully. Hargrave was
+the county surveyor, and this fellow charged him with running a false
+dividing line. When Scott heard the charge he felled the bully to the
+ground with one blow of his fist. He recovered and advanced on Scott,
+when Hargrave placed himself between them and received the blow
+intended for Scott; but the bully was again knocked to the ground by
+the strong arm of Scott. Many years afterward (in 1816) Scott met his
+Quaker friend and former teacher, who said to him: "Friend Winfield, I
+always told thee not to fight; but as thou wouldst fight, I am glad
+that thou wert not beaten."
+
+His next instructor was James Ogilvie, a Scotchman, who was a man of
+extraordinary endowments and culture. Scott spent a year under his
+tutelage at Richmond, and entered, in 1805, William and Mary College.
+Here he gave special attention to the study of civil and international
+law, besides chemistry, natural and experimental philosophy, and
+common law. At about the age of nineteen he left William and Mary
+College and entered the law office of Judge David Robinson in
+Petersburg as a student.
+
+Robinson had emigrated from Scotland to Virginia at the request of
+Scott's grandfather, who employed him as a private tutor in his
+family. There were two other students in Mr. Robinson's office with
+Scott--Thomas Ruffin and John F. May. Ruffin became Chief Justice of
+the Supreme Court of North Carolina, and May the leading lawyer in
+southern Virginia. After he had received his license to practice he
+rode the circuit, and was engaged in a number of causes. He was
+present at the celebrated trial of Aaron Burr for treason, and was
+greatly impressed with Luther Martin, John Wickham, Benjamin Botts,
+and William Wirt, the leading lawyers in the case. Here he also met
+Commodore Truxton, General Andrew Jackson, Washington Irving, John
+Randolph, Littleton W. Tazewell, William B. Giles, John Taylor of
+Caroline, and other distinguished persons.
+
+Aaron Burr was a native of Newark, N.J., and was the grandson of the
+celebrated Jonathan Edwards. He graduated at Princeton in September,
+1772, and studied law, but in 1775 joined the American army near
+Boston. Accompanied Colonel Benedict Arnold in the expedition to
+Quebec, and acquired such reputation that he was made a major;
+afterward joined General Washington's staff, and subsequently was an
+aid to General Putnam. Promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, he
+commanded a detachment which defeated the British at Hackensack, and
+distinguished himself at Monmouth. Burr became Vice-President on the
+election of Jefferson as President, and was involved in a quarrel with
+Alexander Hamilton, and killed him in a duel at Weehawken, N.J., July
+7, 1804. This affair was fatal to his future prospects. In 1805 he
+floated in a boat from Pittsburg to New Orleans. His purpose was
+supposed to be to collect an army and conquer Mexico and Texas, and
+establish a government of which he should be the head. He purchased a
+large tract of land on the Wachita River, and made other arrangements
+looking to the consummation of his object. Colonel Burr was arrested
+and tried for treason in Richmond in 1807, but was acquitted. He died
+on Staten Island, September 14, 1836.
+
+In May, 1807, the British frigate Leopard boarded the Chesapeake in
+Virginia waters and forcibly carried off some of her crew, who were
+claimed as British subjects. Mr. Jefferson, President of the United
+States, at once issued a proclamation prohibiting all British war
+vessels from entering our harbors. Great excitement was produced
+throughout the entire country. The day after the issuance of the
+President's proclamation the Petersburg (Va.) troop of cavalry
+tendered its services to the Government, and young Scott, riding
+twenty-five miles distant from Petersburg, enlisted as a member. He
+was placed in a detached camp near Lynn Haven Bay, opposite where the
+British squadron was at anchor. Sir Thomas Hardy was the ranking
+officer in command of several line of battle ships. Learning that an
+expedition from the squadron had gone out on an excursion, Scott, in
+charge of a small detachment, was sent to intercept them. He succeeded
+in capturing two midshipmen and six sailors, and brought them into
+camp. The capture was not approved by the authorities, and the
+prisoners were ordered to be released, and restored to Admiral Sir
+Thomas Hardy.
+
+The prospect of a war with Great Britain had abated, and the affair of
+the Chesapeake being in train of settlement, Scott left Virginia in
+October, 1807, and proceeded to Charleston, S.C., with a view of
+engaging in the practice of law. The law of that State required a
+residence of twelve months before admission to the bar. Scott went to
+Columbia, where the Legislature was in session, and applied for a
+special act permitting him to practice. The application failed for
+want of time. He then proceeded to Charleston, with a view of office
+practice until he could be qualified for the usual practice in the
+courts; but the prospect of war being again imminent, he went to
+Washington, and on the application and recommendation of Hon. William
+B. Giles, of Virginia, President Jefferson promised him a captain's
+commission in the event of hostilities. No act of war occurring, he
+returned in March, 1808, to Petersburg, and resumed the practice of
+law in that circuit; but his life as a lawyer came suddenly to a close
+in the succeeding month of May, when he received from the President
+his commission as captain of artillery. He recruited his company in
+Petersburg and Richmond, and embarked from Norfolk to New Orleans,
+February 4, 1809.
+
+It being thought that on the breaking out of hostilities the British
+would at once endeavor to invade Louisiana, a military force was sent
+to New Orleans under the command of General James Wilkinson. The
+discipline of the army became greatly impaired, and much sickness and
+many deaths occurred in this command. General Wilkinson was ordered to
+Washington for an investigation into his conduct as commanding
+officer, and General Wade Hampton succeeded to the command. The camp
+below New Orleans was broken up in June, 1809, and the troops were
+transferred to and encamped near Natchez.
+
+General Wilkinson was charged with complicity with Aaron Burr, and
+with being in the pay of the Spanish Government, and was tried by
+court-martial; and although he was acquitted, there were many persons
+who believed him guilty, and among these was Captain Scott, who was
+present, as heretofore mentioned, at the trial of Burr, and
+participated in the strong feeling which it produced throughout the
+country.
+
+The apparent lull in the war feeling having produced the impression
+that there would be no hostile movements, Captain Scott forwarded his
+resignation and sailed for Virginia, intending to re-engage in the
+practice of the law. Before his resignation had been accepted he
+received information that grave charges would be preferred against him
+should he return to the army at Natchez. This determined him to return
+at once to his post and meet the charges. Scott had openly given it as
+his opinion that General Wilkinson was equally guilty with Colonel
+Burr. Soon after his return he was arrested and tried by a
+court-martial at Washington, near Natchez, in January, 1810. The first
+charge was for "conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman," and
+the specification was "in withholding at sundry times men's money
+placed in his possession for their payment for the months of September
+and October." Another charge was "ungentlemanly and unofficerlike
+conduct," the specification being "In saying, between the 1st of
+December and the 1st of January, 1809-'10, at a public table in
+Washington, Mississippi Territory, that 'he never saw but two
+traitors--General Wilkinson and Burr--and that General Wilkinson was a
+liar and a scoundrel.'" This charge was based on the sixth article of
+war, which says: "Any officer who shall behave himself with contempt
+and disrespect toward his commanding officer shall be punished,
+according to the nature of the offense, by the judgment of a
+court-martial."
+
+Captain Scott's defense to this charge was that General Wilkinson was
+not, at the time the words were charged to have been spoken, his
+commanding officer, that place being filled by General Wade Hampton.
+General Scott, in his Memoirs, says that some of Wilkinson's partisans
+had heard him say in an excited conversation that he knew, soon after
+Burr's trial, from his friends Mr. Randolph and Mr. Tazewell and
+others, members of the grand jury, who found the bill of indictment
+against Burr, that nothing but the influence of Mr. Jefferson had
+saved Wilkinson from being included in the same indictment, and that
+he believed Wilkinson to have been equally a traitor with Burr. He
+admits that the expression of that belief was not only imprudent, but
+no doubt at that time blamable. But this was not the declaration on
+which he was to be tried. This was uttered in New Orleans, the
+headquarters of General Wilkinson. The utterance on which he was
+tried, as will be seen, was made in Washington, Mississippi Territory,
+when General Wade Hampton was his commanding officer.
+
+The finding of the Court on this charge was guilty, and that his
+conduct was unofficerlike. The facts in regard to the charge of
+retaining money belonging to the men of his command were, that prior
+to his departure for New Orleans he had recruited his company in
+Virginia, and, being remote from a paymaster or quartermaster, a sum
+of four hundred dollars was placed in his hands to be used in
+recruiting. Some of his vouchers were technically irregular, and at
+the time of his trial about fifty dollars was not covered by formal
+vouchers. This was the finding of the Court, but it expressly
+acquitted him of all fraudulent intentions. General Wilkinson nursed
+his wrath, and after the close of the war published an attack on
+General Scott. His own failure in the campaign of 1813, and especially
+his defeat at La Cale Mills, compared with Scott's brilliant campaign
+on the Niagara frontier in the following spring, may have induced this
+attack.
+
+Captain Scott returned to Virginia after the trial, and under the
+advice of his friend, the distinguished lawyer and statesman, Benjamin
+Watkins Leigh, he devoted himself to the study of military works and
+of English attack. During the time mentioned he wrote a letter to
+Lewis Edwards, Esq., at Washington City, of which he following is a
+copy:
+
+    "PETERSBURG, _June, 1811_.
+
+  "DEAR SIR: I believe we have very little village news to
+  give you, nor do I know what would please you in that way. Of
+  myself--that person who has so large a space in every man's own
+  imagination, and so small a one in the imagination of every other--I
+  can say but little; perhaps less would please you more. Since my
+  return to Virginia my time has been passed in easy transitions from
+  pleasure, to study, from study to pleasure; in my gayety forgetting
+  the student, in the student forgetting my gayety.[A] I have
+  generally been in the office of my friend Mr. Leigh, though not
+  unmindful of the studies connected with my present profession; but
+  you will easily conceive my military ardor has suffered abatement.
+  Indeed, it is my design, as soon as circumstances will permit, to
+  throw the feather out of my cap and resume it in my hand. Yet,
+  should war come at last, my enthusiasm will be rekindled, and then
+  who knows but that I may yet write my history with my sword?
+
+    "Yours truly,
+
+    "WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+
+[Footnote A: "If idle, be not solitary; if solitary, be not idle." An
+apothegm of Burton paraphrased by Johnson, "My Motto."]
+
+
+Scott rejoined the army at Baton Rouge, La., in 1811, and was soon
+appointed Judge Advocate on the trial of a colonel charged with gross
+negligence in discipline and administration. By dilatory pleas this
+officer had several times escaped justice, but on this trial he was
+found guilty and censured. In the winter of 1811-'12 Scott was
+frequently on staff duty with General Wade Hampton at New Orleans, and
+while there saw the first steam vessel that ever floated on the
+Mississippi.
+
+On May 20, 1812, Captain Scott embarked at New Orleans for Washington
+_via_ Baltimore, accompanying General Hampton and Lieutenant Charles
+K. Gardner. As the vessel on which they had taken passage entered near
+the Capes of Virginia it passed a British frigate lying off the bar.
+In a short time they met a Hampton pilot boat going out to sea. This
+was on June 29th, and this pilot boat bore dispatches to Mr.
+Mansfield, the British Minister at Washington, announcing that
+Congress had two days before declared war against Great Britain. The
+vessel bearing Captain Scott and his companions went aground about
+sixteen miles from Baltimore, and he and some others undertook the
+remainder of the journey on foot. At the end of the fourth mile they
+passed an enthusiastic militia meeting which had just received a copy
+of the declaration of war. Scott, having on a uniform, was made the
+hero of the occasion, and was chosen to read the declaration to the
+meeting. He was here offered a seat in a double gig to Baltimore, but
+the driver, who had become intoxicated, overturned the gig twice, when
+Scott took the reins and drove the latter part of the journey. On his
+arrival at Baltimore he received the pleasing intelligence that he had
+been appointed a lieutenant colonel in the United States army. He was
+then in his twenty-sixth year.
+
+He went with General Hampton to Washington, where the general asked
+him to accompany him on an official visit to the Secretary of War. An
+unpleasant correspondence had a short time previously occurred between
+the general and the secretary, yet he felt it his duty to make the
+call. On General Hampton's name being announced to the secretary the
+latter appeared at the door and extended his hand, while General
+Hampton simply bowed and crossed his hands behind him. A conversation
+on official matters was held, at first formal and cold, but gradually
+terminating in one of a friendly character. When General Hampton rose
+to leave he extended to the secretary both of his hands; but it was
+now the latter's turn, and he bowed and placed his hands behind him.
+General Hampton sent a challenge to mortal combat, but mutual friends
+settled the matter without bloodshed, by requiring that Hampton should
+on the next morning present himself at the secretary's door with both
+hands extended in the presence of the same persons who witnessed the
+former meeting. Colonel Scott was now ordered to Philadelphia to
+mobilize his regiment and organize a camp of instruction. On his own
+solicitation, he was soon afterward ordered to report to
+Brigadier-General Alexander Smyth, near Buffalo, N.Y.
+
+
+[Illustration: The
+NIAGARA FRONTIER]
+
+
+The Congress of the United States made formal declaration of war
+against Great Britain and its dependencies June 18, 1812. In the month
+previous General William Hull had been appointed to the command of the
+northwestern army, intended for the invasion of Canada. This army
+arrived on the Maumee River on May 30th, and marching northward
+subsequently crossed over at Detroit. High hopes were entertained of
+the success of this expedition, and the bitterest disappointment and
+chagrin were manifested throughout the country when it was learned
+that Hull had surrendered his entire command to the British General
+Brock on August 14th. The regiment to which Colonel Scott was assigned
+was the Second Artillery. Colonel George Izard and he arrived on the
+Niagara frontier with the companies of Nathan Towson and James Nelson
+Barker. He was posted at Black Rock for the protection of the navy
+yard there established.
+
+An expedition had been planned by Lieutenant Elliott, of the navy, for
+the capture or destruction of two armed British brigs which were lying
+under the guns of Fort Erie. On October 8th Colonel Scott detached
+Captain Towson and a portion of his company to report to Elliott. On
+the morning of the 9th the Adams was taken by Elliott and Lieutenant
+Isaac Roach, and the Caledonia was captured by Captain Towson. In
+passing down the river the Adams drifted into the British channel and
+ran aground under the British guns. The enemy endeavored to recapture
+her, but were successfully resisted by Colonel Scott. This was his
+first experience under fire, and he was complimented for his skill and
+gallantry. The Caledonia was afterward a part of Commodore Perry's
+fleet on Lake Erie. The Adams, having drifted aground, was burned to
+prevent recapture.
+
+The northwestern army at this time consisted of about ten thousand
+troops. General Henry Dearborn held command near Plattsburg and
+Greenbush, and was the commanding officer of all the forces on the
+northern frontier. A portion of his army was camped at Lewistown under
+the command of General Stephen Van Rensselaer, of New York. General
+Alexander Smyth was at Buffalo with some fifteen hundred regular
+troops. Besides these, there were small detachments at Ogdensburg,
+Sackett's Harbor, and Black Rock.
+
+General Van Rensselaer conceived the plan of making a bold and sudden
+move into Canada, with a view of capturing Jamestown, and there
+establishing winter quarters. The affair of the capture of the two
+English brigs with fifty men had roused great enthusiasm, and the
+country was anxious for some success of arms to alleviate the
+depression occasioned by Hull's surrender. General Van Rensselaer
+confided the immediate command of the expedition to his relative,
+Colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer, an officer of coolness and courage,
+who, with three hundred militia and three hundred regulars, under
+Colonel Chrystie, on October 13th began crossing the river.
+
+The troops were on the river bank ready to embark an hour before
+daylight, but from some mismanagement there was not a sufficient
+number of boats to transport the whole, and they were compelled to
+cross in detachments. Colonel Chrystie's boat was swept down the river
+by the current, and he was wounded. On a second attempt he succeeded
+in landing. With about a hundred men Colonel Van Rensselaer led them
+up the bank, and halted to await the arrival of the remainder. It was
+now daylight, and the little command was in full view of the enemy,
+who opened a deadly fire. Every commissioned officer was either killed
+or wounded. Finding that the river bank afforded but little
+protection, Colonel Van Rensselaer determined to storm the Queenstown
+heights. He had now received four wounds, and was compelled to
+relinquish the command to Captains Peter Ogilvie, Jr., and John Ellis
+Wool. In a very short time the fort was taken and the heights occupied
+by the Americans. The enemy took refuge in a stone house, from which
+they opened a destructive fire and made two unsuccessful attempts to
+recapture the lost ground. General Brock rallied his men and led them
+on, but while moving at the head of the Forty-ninth Grenadiers he fell
+mortally wounded. General Van Rensselaer recrossed the river and
+assumed command, but hastening back to urge forward re-enforcements,
+the command fell to General Decius Wadsworth, who, however, did not
+assume to control the movements. Two light batteries from the Canada
+shore played on the boats attempting to cross, and there was no
+artillery with which the Americans could resist.
+
+Colonel Scott had volunteered his services for the expedition, but
+they were declined, for the reason that arrangements had been made for
+detachments under Colonel John R. Fenwick and Lieutenant-Colonel James
+Robert Mullaney to sustain the assaulting columns. Permission was,
+however, given to Colonel Scott to march his regiment to Lewiston and
+act as circumstances might require.
+
+He arrived there at 4 A.M. on the 13th. Finding no boats to
+transport his command, he placed his guns on the American shore, under
+the direction of Captains Towson and Barker. Seeing that a small
+portion of the troops had crossed over, and knowing the peril of Van
+Rensselaer's little force, he took one piece of artillery into a boat,
+and, accompanied by his adjutant, Lieutenant Isaac Roach, Jr., he
+crossedt to the Canada shore. Wadsworth at once relinquished the
+command of the troops to him, and he soon animated every one with
+courage and resolution.
+
+Six feet five inches in height, clad in a new uniform, he became a
+conspicuous mark for the enemy. The re-enforcements which had now
+crossed over increased the force to about six hundred, of which more
+than half were regulars. These were placed under Colonel Scott's
+directions in the most commanding positions, where they awaited
+further re-enforcements. About this time a body of five hundred
+Indians joined the British troops. The British with their Indian
+allies moved forward to the assault, but were speedily driven back. A
+second time they moved forward, but with the same result. They kept up
+a desultory firing, during which a body of Indians moved suddenly out
+and surprised an outpost of militia. Scott, who was at this moment
+engaged in unspiking a gun, rushed to the front, and, rallying his
+men, sent the dusky warriors rapidly in retreat. The British general
+Sheaffe, who held the command at Fort George, having heard the firing,
+at once put his troops in motion and marched for the scene of the
+conflict. Sheaffe's command consisted of eight hundred and fifty men.
+These, added to the garrison which the Americans were attacking, was a
+formidable force to be met by three hundred men. In the meantime the
+American troops had refused to cross the river and were in a state of
+mutiny. No entreaties, orders, or threats of Van Rensselaer could
+avail to move them. But the three hundred brave fellows, with only one
+piece of artillery, stood their ground. General Van Rensselaer, from
+the American shore, sent word to Wadsworth to retreat. Colonels John
+Chrystie and Scott, of the regulars, and Captains James Mead, Strahan,
+and Allen, of the militia, and Captains Ogilvei, Wool, Joseph Gilbert,
+Totten, and McChesney, took council of their desperate situation.
+Colonel Scott told them that their condition was desperate, but that
+the stain of Hull's surrender must be wiped out. "Let us die," he
+said, "arms in hand. Our country demands the sacrifice. The example
+will not be lost. The blood of the slain will make heroes of the
+living. Those who follow will avenge our fall and our country's
+wrongs. Who dare to stand?" he exclaimed. A loud ringing shout "All!"
+came from the whole line.
+
+General Sheaffe did not move to immediate attack on his arrival. He
+marched his troops slowly the entire length of the American line, and
+then countermarched.
+
+As resistance was entirely hopeless, the order was given to retire.
+The whole line broke in disorder to the river, but there were no
+boats there to transport them. Two flags of truce were sent to the
+enemy, but the officer who bore them did not return. Colonel Scott
+then fixed a white handkerchief on the end of his sword, and,
+accompanied by Captains Totten and Gibson, passed under the river
+bluff and started to ascend the heights. They were met by Indians, who
+fired on them and rushed with tomahawks to assault them. A British
+officer happily arrived and conducted them to the quarters of General
+Sheaffe, and Colonel Scott made formal surrender of the whole force.
+The number surrendered, except some skulking militia who were
+discovered later, was two hundred and ninety-three. The American loss
+in killed, wounded, and captured was near one thousand men.
+
+General Van Rensselaer was so mortified at the conduct of the militia
+that he tendered his resignation. The British general Brock was next
+day buried under one of the bastions of Fort George, and Colonel
+Scott, then a prisoner, sent orders to have minute guns fired from
+Fort Niagara during the funeral ceremonies, which orders were carried
+out--an act of chivalry and courtesy which greatly impressed the
+British.
+
+The American officers who had been captured were lodged in a small inn
+at the village of Newark and divested of their arms, and a strong
+guard was posted at the door. Two Indians, Captain Jacobs and Brant,
+sent word that they wished to see the tall American, meaning Colonel
+Scott. The alleged object of their visit was to see if Scott had not
+been wounded, as he had been fired at several times at close range. On
+entering the room, Jacobs seized Scott by the arm and attempted to
+turn him around. Scott seized the Indian and threw him against the
+wall. Both then drew their knives, and advancing on the prisoner said,
+"We kill you now!" The sentinel at the door was not in view, and
+Scott, making a spring, seized a sword, which he quickly drew from the
+scabbard, and, placing his back against the wall in the narrow hall,
+defied his assailants. At this critical moment Captain Coffin, nephew
+of General Sheaffe and his aid-de-camp, entered the room and caught
+Jacobs by the throat and presented a cocked pistol to his breast. Both
+savages now turned on him, and Scott closed in to defend the captain.
+At this moment the guard entered, and arrested the two Indians and
+conducted them out of the room.
+
+The volunteer officers and men were paroled and sent home, while the
+regulars were embarked for Quebec. On the passage to Quebec a priest
+of a Caledonian settlement reproached Colonel Scott severely for being
+a traitor to George III. Respect for his profession brought out a mild
+reply. In 1827, General Scott being at Buffalo on board a Government
+steamer, the master of the vessel asked permission to bring into his
+cabin a bishop and two priests. The bishop was recognized as the same
+prelate who had acted so rudely. General Scott, however, heaped coals
+of fire on his head by treating him and his party with the greatest
+courtesy.
+
+After a cartel of exchange had been agreed upon, Colonel Scott and the
+other regulars, prisoners, were embarked on a vessel for Boston. As
+they were about to sail, Colonel Scott's attention was attracted by an
+unusual noise on deck. Proceeding from the cabin to the scene of the
+disturbance, he found a party of British officers in the act of
+separating from the other prisoners such as by confusion or brogue
+they judged to be Irishmen. The object was to refuse to parole them,
+and send them to England to be tried for high treason. Twenty-three
+had been selected and set apart for this purpose.
+
+Colonel Scott learned with indignation that this proceeding was under
+the direct orders of Sir George Prevost, the Governor General. He at
+once protested, and commanded the remaining men to be silent and
+answer no questions. This order was obeyed despite the threats of the
+British officers, and none others than the twenty-three were separated
+from their comrades. He then addressed the party selected, explaining
+the laws of allegiance, and assuring them that the United States
+Government would protect them by immediate retaliation, and, if
+necessary, by an order to give no quarter hereafter in battle. He was
+frequently interrupted by the British officers, but they failed to
+silence him. The Irishmen were put in irons, placed on board a
+frigate, and sent to England. After Colonel Scott landed in Boston he
+proceeded to Washington and was duly exchanged. He at once addressed a
+letter to the Secretary of War as follows:
+
+  "SIR: I think it my duty to lay before the Department that
+  on the arrival at Quebec of the American prisoners of war
+  surrendered at Queenstown they were mustered and examined by British
+  officers appointed to that duty, and every native-born of the United
+  Kingdom of Great-Britain and Ireland sequestered and sent on board a
+  ship of war then in the harbor. The vessel in a few days thereafter
+  sailed for England with these persons on board. Between fifteen and
+  twenty persons were thus taken from us, natives of Ireland, several
+  of whom were known by their platoon officers to be naturalized
+  citizens of the United States, and others to have been long
+  residents within the same. One in particular, whose name has escaped
+  me, besides having complied with all the conditions of our
+  naturalization laws, was represented by his officers to have left a
+  wife and five children, all of them born within the State of New
+  York.
+
+  "I distinctly understood, as well from the officers who came on
+  board the prison ship for the above purposes as from others with
+  whom I remonstrated on this subject, that it was the determination
+  of the British Government, as expressed through Sir George Prevost,
+  to punish every man whom it might subject to its power found in arms
+  against the British king contrary to his native allegiance. I have
+  the honor to be, sir,
+
+                    "Your most obedient servant,
+
+                                       "WINFIELD SCOTT,
+
+                        "_Lieutenant Colonel, Second U.S. Artillery_."
+
+This report was forwarded by the Secretary of War to both houses of
+Congress, and the immediate result was that Congress, on March 3,
+1813, passed an act of retaliation. In May, 1813, at the battle of
+Fort George, a number of prisoners were captured. Colonel Scott, being
+then chief of staff, selected twenty-three to be confined and held as
+hostages. He was careful, however, to entirely exclude Irishmen from
+the number. Eventually the twenty-three men sent to England were
+released, and Scott took great interest in securing their arrearages
+of pay and patents for their land bounties.
+
+The doctrine of perpetual allegiance had always been maintained by the
+British Government, and examples were numerous of the arrest or
+detention of prisoners claimed as British subjects. After this act of
+Colonel Scott no other prisoners were set apart by the British to be
+tried for treason.
+
+These transactions gave rise to discussion of the question throughout
+the country and in both houses of Congress. President Madison, and Mr.
+Monroe as Secretary of State, took strong ground against the British
+claim. While subsequent treaties were silent on the question, the
+right is no longer asserted by Great Britain, and has been recognized
+by treaty. Colonel Scott then returned to Washington.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+Scott ordered to Philadelphia--Appointed adjutant general with the
+rank of colonel--Becomes chief of staff to General Dearborn--Death
+of General Pike--Leads the advance on Fort Niagara--Anecdote of
+Scott and a British colonel--Commands the expedition to
+Burlington Heights--March for Sackett's Harbor--Meets a force at
+Cornwall--Retreat of Wilkinson--Scott appointed brigadier
+general--Attack on and surrender of Fort Erie--Battle of
+Chippewa--Lundy's Lane and wounding of Scott--Retreat of the army to
+Black Rock--Fort Erie--Visits Europe.
+
+
+From Washington Colonel Scott was ordered to Philadelphia to take
+command of another battalion of his regiment. In March, 1813, he was
+appointed adjutant general with the rank of colonel, and about the
+same time promoted to the colonelcy of his regiment. Notwithstanding
+his command of the regiment, he continued to perform staff duties. At
+this time General Dearborn was in command of the American forces at
+Fort Niagara, consisting of about five thousand men. In May, Colonel
+Scott, with his regiment, joined General Dearborn, and Scott became
+chief of staff. He first organized the service among all the staff
+departments, several of which were entirely new, and others disused in
+the United States since the Revolutionary War. On the British side of
+the Niagara was Fort George, situated on a peninsula and occupied by
+British troops. Just previous to Colonel Scott's arrival at Niagara
+an expedition was landed from the squadron of Commodore Chauncey,
+commanded by General Zebulon Montgomery Pike, for the capture of York,
+the capital of Upper Canada. The assault was successful, and the place
+was taken with a large number of prisoners and valuable stores.
+General Pike was killed by the explosion of a magazine. Animated by
+the success of General Pike's expedition, General Dearborn determined
+to make an assault on Fort George, having the co-operation of
+Commodore Chauncey and his naval force. Arrangements were made for an
+attack on May 20th. Colonel Scott asked permission to join the
+expedition in command of his own regiment, which was granted.
+
+The fleet weighed anchor at three o'clock in the morning, and by four
+the troops were all aboard. The place of embarkation was three miles
+east of Fort Niagara, and was made in six divisions of boats. Colonel
+Scott led the advance guard, at his special request, composed of his
+own regiment and a smaller one under Lieutenant-Colonel George
+McFeely. He was followed by General Moses Porter having the field
+train, then the brigades of Generals John Parker Boyd, William Henry
+Winder, and John Chandler, with the reserve under the able Colonel
+Alexander Macomb.
+
+Commodore Isaac Chauncey had directed the anchorage of his schooners
+close to the shore in order to protect the troops in landing, and to
+open fire at any point on the shore where the enemy were suspected to
+be. Lieutenant Oliver Hazard Perry joined Commodore Chauncey on the
+evening of the 25th, and volunteered his services in assisting in the
+debarkation of the troops. This service required the greatest
+coolness and skill, as the wind was blowing strong and the current
+running rapidly; the vessels were difficult to manage, especially as
+they were under almost constant fire of the British guns. Perry
+accompanied Scott through the surf, and rendered valuable service. He
+it was who as Commodore Perry soon after became known to the world as
+the hero of Lake Erie.
+
+The landing was effected on the British shore at nine o'clock in the
+morning a short distance from the village of Newark, now known as
+Niagara. The line of battle was promptly formed under cover of a bank
+ranging from six to twelve feet in height. The line of the enemy was
+formed at the top of the bank, consisting of about fifteen hundred
+men. The first attempt to ascend was unsuccessful. Scott, in
+attempting to scale the bank, received a severe fall, but recovering
+himself and rallying his forces, he advanced up the bank and was met
+by the enemy's bayonets. The British fell back and reformed under
+cover of a ravine, but a vigorous assault of less than half an hour
+put them in a complete rout. These forces were assisted by Porter's
+artillery and Boyd with a portion of his command, who had landed soon
+after the advance forces. The enemy were pursued to the village, where
+the Americans were re-enforced by the command of Colonel James Miller.
+It was learned from some prisoners that the British garrison was about
+to abandon Fort George and preparing to blow up the works. Two
+companies were dispatched toward the fort, but on nearing it one of
+the magazines exploded, and a piece of timber striking Colonel Scott,
+threw him from his horse, resulting in a broken collar bone.
+Recovering himself, he caused the gate to be forced, entered the fort,
+and with his own hands pulled down the British flag. The fort had
+suffered great damage from the artillery fire directed against it from
+the opposite shore. The enemy were pursued for five miles, when an
+order from General Morgan Lewis recalled Scott when he was in the
+midst of the stragglers from the British forces. The American loss was
+seventeen killed and forty-five wounded, and that of the British
+ninety killed, one hundred and sixty wounded, and over one hundred
+prisoners.
+
+It will be remembered that about a year before Colonel Scott was for a
+short time a prisoner at Queenstown. Dining one evening with General
+Sheaffe and several other British officers, one of them asked him if
+he had ever seen the falls of Niagara. He replied, "Yes, from the
+American side." To this the officer replied, "You must have the glory
+of a successful fight before you can view the cataract in all its
+grandeur." Scott replied, "If it be your purpose to insult me, sir,
+honor should have prompted you first to return my sword." General
+Sheaffe rebuked the officer, and the matter ended.
+
+This same colonel was severely wounded and captured at Fort George.
+Colonel Scott showed him every attention and had his wants promptly
+supplied. On visiting him one day the British officer said to him: "I
+have long owed you an apology, sir. You have overwhelmed me with
+kindness. You now, sir, at your leisure, can view the falls in all
+their glory."
+
+Within two days, after the capture of Fort George a body of some nine
+hundred British troops under command of Sir George Prevost, Governor
+General of Canada, landed at Sackett's Harbor, New York, for the
+purpose of destroying the stores and a vessel there on the stocks.
+General Jacob Brown, who subsequently came to the command of the
+United States army, hastily gathered a body of militia, attacked and
+drove the enemy back to their vessels, and saved the stores. On June
+6th, General Winder, with about eight hundred men, had been
+re-enforced at Stoney Creek by a small force under General Chandler.
+They were in pursuit of the British forces who had escaped from Fort
+George under command of General Vincent. He determined not to await
+the attack of the Americans, but to attack himself. He moved out at
+night and attacked the center of the American line, which he succeeded
+in breaking, and captured both Generals Winder and Chandler; but the
+enemy was at last driven back, and a council of war decided on a
+retreat. Coming close on this disaster, Colonel Charles G. Boerstler,
+with a command of six hundred men, had been sent forward to capture
+the Stone House, seventeen miles from Fort George. The British force
+was much larger than Boerstler's, and on June 24th he was completely
+surrounded and forced to surrender. For some three months the main
+body of the army had remained inactive. Colonel Scott during the
+happening of the occurrences just related had been engaged in foraging
+expeditions for the supply of the army. These expeditions also
+resulted in combats between the opposing forces, in all of which Scott
+was successful. In July, 1813, he resigned the office of adjutant
+general and was assigned to the command of twenty companies, or what
+was known as a double regiment.
+
+Burlington Heights, on Lake Ontario, was supposed to be the depot of
+military stores for the British, and in September an expedition was
+fitted out under Scott's command to capture it; but no stores being
+found there, he marched toward York, now called Toronto, where a large
+quantity of stores were taken and the barracks and storehouses burned.
+General Wilkinson being now in command of the army, a campaign was
+inaugurated for the capture of Kingston and Montreal. Kingston was an
+important port, and Montreal the chief commercial town of Lower
+Canada.
+
+Wilkinson was ordered to concentrate at Sackett's Harbor early in
+October. General Wade Hampton was ordered to join him from northern
+New York. Wilkinson embarked on October 2d, and Scott was left in
+command of Fort George with some eight hundred regulars and part of a
+regiment of militia under Colonel Joseph Gardner Swift. Under
+directions of Captain Totten, of the engineers, work was rapidly
+advanced in placing the fort in tenable condition; but the work was
+not completed before October 9th, when, to Scott's surprise, the enemy
+near him moved down toward Wilkinson. As authorized by his orders,
+Colonel Scott turned the command of the fort over to Brigadier-General
+McLure, of the New York militia. It was arranged that Scott was to
+join Wilkinson, and that vessels for his transportation should be sent
+up to the mouth of the Genesee River.
+
+On his arrival there he received information that Commodore Chauncey,
+commanding the fleet, had been detained by the protest of General
+Wilkinson against his leaving him, even for a few days. Scott was
+then compelled to undertake the long march for Sackett's Harbor by way
+of Rochester, Canandaigua, and Utica. The march was accomplished under
+many difficulties and with much suffering, as it rained almost
+incessantly, and the roads were in the worst of conditions. On his
+arrival in advance of his troops, he was appointed to the command of a
+battalion under Colonel Macomb. Being in command of the advance of the
+army in the descent of the St. Lawrence, he was not present at the
+engagement at Chrysler's Farm on November 11th. At that time, in
+conjunction with Colonel Dennis, he was forcing a passage near
+Cornwall, under fire of a British force, which he routed, and captured
+many prisoners.
+
+The day before the occurrence of the affair just mentioned he landed
+at Fort Matilda, commanding a narrow place on the river, where he
+gained possession of the fort. The expedition which was announced for
+the conquest of Canada was, on November 12th, abandoned by its leader
+and projector, General Wilkinson, who commanded a retreat. This
+occurred when Scott was fifteen miles in advance of Chrysler's Field,
+there being no body of British troops between him and Montreal, and
+the garrison at the latter place had only four hundred marines and two
+hundred sailors.
+
+Wilkinson's defense for his failure was that General Hampton had
+refused to join him at St. Regis for fear of lack of provisions and
+forage.
+
+After the events just related, Colonel Scott was engaged in preparing
+the new levies of troops for the field and arranging for supplies and
+transportation for the next campaign.
+
+On March 9, 1814, he was appointed to the rank of brigadier general,
+and ordered to join General Jacob Brown, commanding general of the
+United States army, then moving toward the Niagara frontier. On the
+24th General Brown marched to Sackett's Harbor, where Scott
+established a camp of instruction. On assembling of the army at
+Buffalo, Scott was assigned to the command of the Ninth, Eleventh, and
+Twenty-fifth Regiments of infantry, with a part of the Twenty-second
+Regiment and Captain Towson's company of artillery. In addition to
+this command there were at this time at Buffalo the commands of
+Generals Porter and Eleazer Wheelock Ripley. The whole force was
+placed in camp under General Scott's immediate direction. In the
+latter part of June General Brown returned to Buffalo, and on the
+morning of July 3d Scott's brigade with the artillery of Major Jacobs
+Hindman, crossed the river and landed below Fort Erie, while Ripley's
+brigade landed a short distance above. Fort Erie was invested,
+attacked, and soon surrendered, and on the morning of the 4th Scott's
+brigade moved in advance in the direction of Chippewa. He was engaged
+for a distance of sixteen miles in a running fight with the British
+forces under the Marquis of Tweedale. Toward night the Marquis of
+Tweedale crossed the Chippewa River and joined the main army under
+General Sir Phineas Riall. Scott then took position on a creek some
+two miles from Chippewa. On the east was the Niagara River and the
+road to Chippewa, while an the west was a heavy wood. Between the wood
+and the river were two streams--the Chippewa and Street's Creek.
+General Riall, the British commander, was posted behind the Chippewa,
+flanked on one side with a blockhouse and a heavy battery on the
+other.
+
+Both of these streams were bridged on the road to Chippewa, the one
+over Street's Creek being nearest to Scott, while that over the
+Chippewa was nearest to Riall. On the morning of the 5th General Brown
+had determined to make the attack, but the enemy, anticipating it,
+made the first forward movement, and there were a number of
+skirmishes. General Porter, whose command consisted of volunteers,
+militia, and friendly Indians, first engaged the British and drove
+them back through the woods. General Riall at this moment was seen
+advancing with the main body of his army, and the retreating troops
+rallied, attacking Porter furiously, and, despite his own coolness and
+gallantry, his troops gave way and fled. This was about four o'clock,
+and General Brown, being with Porter, saw the advance of the British
+force, and meeting General Scott, said to him, "The enemy is
+advancing." General Brown then moved to the rear and ordered the
+advance of Ripley's brigade. The British army was composed of the One
+Hundredth Regiment, under the Marquis of Tweedale, the First Royal
+Scots, under Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon, a portion of the Eighth or
+King's Regiment, a detachment of the Royal Artillery, a detachment of
+the Royal Nineteenth Light Dragoons, and some Canadian militia and
+Indians. These were supported by a heavy battery of nine guns. Scott
+crossed the bridge under fire of this battery, losing a number of men.
+After crossing, the commands of Majors Henry Leavenworth and John
+McNeil, Jr., formed line in front opposite the center and left of the
+enemy. Major Thomas Sidney Jesup moved to the left and advanced to
+attack the enemy's right. Towson's battery was on the right, on the
+Chippewa road. Seeing that the British lines outflanked him, Scott
+ordered the movement of Jesup to the left. The battle now opened,
+Jesup holding in check the right wing of the enemy, his position in
+the wood concealing him from view. General Scott had now advanced to
+within eighty paces of the enemy, and ordering the left flank of
+McNeil's battalion formed on the right so that it was oblique to the
+enemy's charge and flanking him on the right. Scott called to McNeil's
+command, which had no recruits in it: "The enemy say we are good at
+long shot, but can not stand the cold iron. I call upon the Eleventh
+to give the lie to that slander. Charge!" The charge was made at once,
+supported by a corresponding charge of Leavenworth and a flank fire
+from Towson's battery. The British broke, and fled in great confusion.
+
+In the meantime Major Jesup, commanding on the left, ordered his men
+to advance, which they did, driving the enemy into his intrenchments
+across the Chippewa. The British forces engaged were about twenty-one
+hundred men, and that of the Americans nineteen hundred. The British
+lost in killed, one hundred and thirty-eight; wounded, three hundred
+and nineteen; and missing, forty-six. The American loss was sixty
+killed, two hundred and forty-eight wounded, and nineteen missing.
+General Brown in his official report says: "Brigadier General Scott is
+entitled to the highest praise our country can bestow; to him more
+than to any other man am I indebted for the victory of July 5th. His
+brigade covered itself with glory. Every officer and every man of the
+Ninth, Twenty-second, Eleventh, and Twenty-fifth Regiments did his
+duty with a zeal and energy worthy of the American character." Two
+days after the battle of Chippewa General Scott forced a passage
+across the Chippewa, driving the enemy.
+
+
+[Illustration: NOTE.--The accompanying map indicates the
+movements of the troops in the battle of Chippewa. A H show the
+position of Majors McNeil and Leavenworth when they made the final
+charge. _a_, _a_, _a_, the point to which General Porter drove the
+British and Indians. _b_, Street's barn.]
+
+
+A fort called Messasauga was built after the campaign of 1813 by the
+British as a defense to Fort George, and being re-enforced by General
+Riall, he moved to Burlington Heights on Lake Ontario. It was General
+Brown's intention to capture these forts before beginning further or
+more extended operations. With this purpose, he ordered some heavy
+guns from Sackett's Harbor; but Commodore Chauncey being sick, and the
+enemy having a superior fleet on the lake, the attack on these forts
+was abandoned. General Brown then made a feint by moving up the
+Niagara and recrossing the Chippewa, with a view to draw the enemy
+down and to enable him to obtain supplies from Fort Schlosser. Failing
+in this, it was his purpose to send General Scott by the road from
+Queenstown and thus force Riall to battle.
+
+On the afternoon of the 25th General Brown received a note from a
+militia officer who occupied some posts on the American side of the
+Niagara, that a thousand British troops had crossed from Queenstown to
+Lewiston, a few miles below the Chippewa. It was thought that the
+object of this movement was to capture the American magazines at
+Schlosser and cut off supplies from Buffalo. General Brown having
+determined to threaten the forts at the mouth of the Niagara, General
+Scott's command was put in motion for this purpose. It consisted of
+four battalions under Colonel Hugh Brady, and the commands of Majors
+Jesup, Leavenworth, and McNeil, Captain Towson's artillery, and
+Captain Harris's detachment of cavalry, the whole force aggregating
+thirteen hundred men. After a march of two miles some mounted British
+officers were discovered on a reconnoitering expedition, their forces
+being a short distance off and hidden from view.
+
+General Scott's orders were to march on the forts, as information had
+been received that Riall had divided his forces, sending a thousand of
+them across the river. He, however, determined to move forward and
+give battle. Dispatching Adjutant-General Jones to General Brown with
+information that the enemy was in his front, he moved on, and was
+astonished to see drawn up in line of battle on Lundy's Lane a larger
+force than he had fought at Chippewa; but he determined to give battle
+and rely upon re-enforcements being rapidly sent to him. Lieutenant
+Richard Douglass was now dispatched to inform General Brown of the
+situation. On the night of the 23d Lieutenant-General Sir Gordon
+Drummond had arrived at the mouth of the river with re-enforcements.
+This was not known to General Brown. Riall had marched down the road
+which Scott was to have taken on the 26th, coming by Queenstown, and
+had not sent any troops across the Niagara. His re-enforcements were
+coming up rapidly. The battle opened late in the afternoon. The
+British line, eighteen hundred strong, posted on a ridge in Lundy's
+Lane running at right angles with the river, was in front of Scott.
+The left of this line was on a road parallel to the river, with a
+space grown up with small timber, extending some two hundred yards. He
+ordered Major Jesup and Colonel Brady to take advantage of this and
+turn the enemy's left from the concealed position which the brushwood
+afforded. The other infantry forces had been placed in line with
+detachments of cavalry on both sides and held as reserves. The
+British, outflanking Scott on the left, made a movement to attack in
+flank and fear. This was repelled by Major McNeil with heavy loss.
+Jesup had succeeded in his movement, while Brady, Leavenworth, and
+Towson were engaged in the front. Jesup had captured General Riall and
+a number of other officers far in his front, and then resumed his
+line. At nine o'clock the British right was driven back from its
+assault on Scott's flank, and his left was turned and cut off. The
+center posted on the ridge held its place, supported by nine pieces of
+artillery. Another battalion of British troops was on its way as a
+re-enforcement, and but a short distance away, when General Brown
+arrived on the field, in advance of the reserve. He thus describes in
+his report what occurred from the time of his arrival:
+
+"Apprehending that these corps were much exhausted, and knowing that
+they had suffered severely, I determined to interpose a new line with
+the advancing troops, and thus disengage General Scott and hold his
+brigade in reserve. Orders were accordingly given to General Ripley.
+The enemy's artillery at this moment occupied a hill which gave him
+great advantage and was the key to the whole position. It was
+supported by a line of infantry. To secure the victory it was
+necessary to carry this with artillery and seize the height.
+
+"The duty was assigned to Colonel Miller. He advanced steadily and
+gallantly to his object, and carried the height and the cannon.
+General Ripley brought up the Twenty-third (which had faltered) to
+his support, and the enemy disappeared from before them. The enemy,
+rallying his forces, and, as is believed, having received
+re-enforcements, now attempted to drive us from our position and
+regain his artillery. Our line was unshaken and the enemy repulsed.
+Two other attempts having the same object had the same issue. General
+Scott was again engaged in repelling the former of these, and the last
+I saw of him on the field of battle he was near the head of his column
+and giving to its march a direction that would have placed him on the
+enemy's right.... Having been for some time wounded and being a good
+deal exhausted by loss of blood, it became my wish to devolve the
+command on General Scott and retire from the field; but on inquiry I
+had the misfortune to learn that he was disabled by wounds. I
+therefore kept my post, and had the satisfaction to see the enemy's
+last effort repulsed."
+
+General Brown said to General Miller, when he saw that to win the
+battle the artillery on the ridge must be captured, "Sir, can you take
+that battery?" He replied, "I will try, sir," and at once moved
+forward, conducted by Scott, who was familiar with the ground, and
+with his gallant command drove the enemy from its stronghold and
+captured the guns.
+
+General Scott, though severely wounded, was not disabled at the time
+mentioned in General Brown's report. Having two horses killed under
+him, he was at this time on foot, but was finally prostrated by his
+two wounds--one in the side, the other in the shoulder. The American
+loss was one hundred and seventy-one killed, five hundred and
+seventy-two wounded, and one hundred and seventeen prisoners; that of
+the British was eighty-four killed, five hundred and fifty-nine
+wounded, and two hundred and thirty-five prisoners.
+
+Generals Brown and Scott both being disabled, General Ripley was sent
+to bring off the wounded and dead. The captured artillery, owing to
+want of horses and harness, was left on the field. The army now fell
+back to Chippewa and fortified the place.
+
+It being learned that General Drummond was advancing on Chippewa with
+a large force, the place was evacuated and the army retreated to the
+ferry near Black Rock. A division was ordered to remain at Fort Erie
+and repair the fort, and Brigadier-General Gaines was, by General
+Brown's orders, placed in command of the army.
+
+Very soon the British General Drummond appeared in front of Fort Erie
+and commenced a regular investment. Cannonading was begun on August
+13th and continued at intervals, and on the 15th a heavy British
+column assaulted Towson's battery, which was stationed at the
+northwest angle of the fort. The assault was repelled by Captain
+Towson with the aid of Major Wood, commanding the Twenty-fifth
+Regiment. The western angle was then attacked, with a like result. The
+British eventually succeeded in obtaining possession of the exterior
+bastion of the old fort. Just at this time a number of cartridges in a
+building near by exploded, killing many of the British and expelling
+them from the fort. The losses in these affairs were: British--killed,
+fifty-seven; wounded, three hundred and nine; missing, five hundred
+and thirty-nine. American--killed, seventeen; wounded, fifty-six;
+missing, eleven.
+
+General Brown resumed command on September 2d, and determined to
+attempt to relieve the siege by a sortie on the enemy's works. The
+investment had now lasted fifty days, and the British during that time
+had erected two batteries and were engaged on a third. The force was
+divided into three brigades, two of which were encamped out of range
+of the American cannon. At half past 2 P.M. on the 17th the
+American troops marched out and the action began. In less than half an
+hour the Americans had captured two of the batteries and two
+blockhouses. Very soon a third battery was abandoned, the cannon
+spiked and dismounted. General Drummond retired on the night of the
+21st, and took post in his intrenchments behind the Chippewa. The
+British losses in this investment were, in killed, wounded, and
+prisoners, nearly a thousand, while the American loss was five hundred
+and eleven. Early in November the American army took up winter
+quarters in Buffalo, and this brought to a close the war on the
+Niagara.
+
+The following statement of the losses on either side in this memorable
+campaign is interesting:
+
+--------------------------------------+---------------+---------------
+                                      | British loss. | American loss.
+--------------------------------------+---------------+---------------
+Battle of Chippewa, July 5, 1814      |      507      |      328
+Battle of Niagara, July 25, 1814      |      878      |      860
+Battle of Fort Erie, August 15, 1814  |      905      |       84
+Sortie from Fort Erie, Sept. 17, 1814 |      800      |      511
+                                      +---------------+---------------
+       Total                          |    3,090      |    1,783
+--------------------------------------+---------------+---------------
+
+General Jacob Brown, the commander of this army, became General in
+Chief of the United States army March 10, 1821. He died September 24,
+1828. General Brown was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, May 9,
+1775. He was secretary to Alexander Hamilton, where he acquired
+military information and experience, and in 1809 was made a colonel
+of militia. In 1810 he was promoted brigadier general, and two years
+afterward was assigned to the command of the frontier from Oswego to
+Lake St. Francis. In July, 1813, he was appointed a brigadier general
+in the United States army and placed in command of the Army of Niagara
+with the rank of major general. His subsequent career is briefly
+mentioned in this work. He received the thanks of Congress, November
+3, 1814, and a gold medal, now in possession of his son, General N.W.
+Brown, of Washington City.
+
+General Eleazer W. Ripley became a brevet major general, and resigned
+in May, 1820. He was a member of the House of Representatives of the
+United States Congress (the Twenty-fourth) from Louisiana, and died
+March 2, 1839. Hugh Brady became a brigadier general by brevet.
+William McRee resigned as colonel in March, 1819; was afterward
+surveyor general of Missouri, and died in 1832. Thomas S. Jesup became
+quartermaster general of the army with rank of brevet major general.
+Henry Leavenworth died a brigadier general by brevet, July 21, 1834.
+John McNeil resigned as brigadier general by brevet; was afterward
+surveyor of customs at Boston. Jacob Hindman died a colonel, February
+17, 1827. Roger Jones was adjutant general of the army, and brigadier
+general by brevet.
+
+General Scott's wounds were so severe and painful that it was a long
+time before he was fit for duty. In September, 1814, Philadelphia and
+Baltimore were so threatened by the enemy that General Scott took
+nominal command for the defense of those cities. Everywhere on his
+route he received the highest evidences of the love and esteem of the
+people. At Princeton, N.J., he had a distinguished reception, and had
+conferred on him by the college the degree of Master of Arts. From
+Princeton he proceeded to Baltimore, and on October 16, 1814, assumed
+command of the Tenth Military District, with headquarters at
+Washington.
+
+The treaty of peace was signed December 24, 1814, and ratified by the
+Senate, February 17, 1815. He was tendered the appointment of
+Secretary of War, but declined on the ground that he was too young.
+When his recommendations for colonel and brigadier general were
+presented to the President he expressed in both instances the fear
+that he was too young. It was in allusion to this that he gave this
+reason. He was then requested to act as Secretary until the arrival of
+William H. Crawford, at that period Minister to France, and who had
+been appointed Secretary of War. He declined this also, in deference
+to Generals Jacob Brown and Andrew Jackson. He was engaged for some
+time in reducing the army to a peace establishment, which being
+completed he was ordered to Europe for professional purposes. He was
+also intrusted with certain important and delicate diplomatic
+functions relating to the designs of Great Britain on the island of
+Cuba, and the revolutionary struggles between certain Spanish
+provinces in America.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+Is received and entertained by prominent civilians and military men in
+Europe--Marries Miss Mayo--Offspring--Thanks of Congress--Thanks of
+the Virginia Legislature voted, and also a sword--Controversy with
+General Andrew Jackson and correspondence--Prepares general
+regulations for the army and militia--Controversy with General Gaines
+and the War Department about rank--In command of the Eastern
+Division--War with the Sac and Fox Indians--Black Hawk--Cholera breaks
+out among the troops.
+
+
+General Scott received great attention from prominent military men in
+Europe. He was also treated with much respect by men of letters and
+science. On his return home, in 1816, he was assigned to the command
+of the seaboard, and established his headquarters in the city of New
+York. On March 11, 1817, he was married to Miss Maria D. Mayo, of
+Richmond, Va., daughter of Colonel John Mayo. She was a lady of many
+accomplishments and a belle in Virginia society. The issue of this
+marriage who lived to maturity were Virginia, who died unmarried;
+Cornelia who was married to Colonel Henry L. Scott, General Scott's
+adjutant general for many years, and who, dying, left one son,
+Winfield Scott, now a resident of Richmond, Va.; Camilla, who married
+Gould Hoyt, of New York, and died leaving children; Ella, who married
+Carroll McTavish, and has several daughters. She is now (1893) a
+resident of Baltimore. Mrs. Scott died June 10, 1862. Two sons and
+two daughters died before reaching maturity. Mrs. Scott's remains were
+buried by the side of her illustrious husband at West Point.
+
+In November, 1813, Congress passed a joint resolution complimenting
+General Scott for his skill and gallantry in the battles of Chippewa
+and Niagara and for his uniform good conduct throughout the war, and
+directed the striking and presentation to him of a gold medal. This
+was presented to him in a speech of great feeling and high compliment
+at the Executive Mansion in the presence of the members of the Cabinet
+and many other distinguished persons. On July 4, 1831, General Scott
+watched the last moments and closed the eyes of President Monroe in
+New York city. In February, 1816, the Legislature of Virginia passed a
+resolution unanimously returning thanks to General Scott for his
+services to his country, and also voted him a sword. This was followed
+by like action by the Legislature of New York. In 1815 he was elected
+an honorary member of the Society of the Cincinnati.
+
+In April, 1817, General Andrew Jackson issued from Nashville, Tenn.,
+an order reciting that "the commanding general considers it due to the
+principles of subordination which might and must exist in an army to
+prohibit the obedience of any order emanating from the Department of
+War to officers of the division who have reported and been assigned to
+duty, unless coming through him as the proper organ of communication."
+At a dinner party in New York soon after the publication of this order
+Governor Clinton desired to know General Scott's opinion of it. He
+expressed views in opposition to General Jackson, and added that its
+tendency was mutinous. An anonymous writer published the details of
+this conversation in a New York paper called the Columbian, and a copy
+of it reached General Jackson, who wrote General Scott as follows:
+
+
+                              "HEADQUARTERS DIVISION OF THE SOUTH,
+
+                                  "NASHVILLE, _September 17, 1817_.
+
+  "SIR: With that candor due the character you have sustained
+  as a soldier and a man of honor, and with the fairness of the
+  latter, I address you. Inclosed is a copy of an anonymous letter
+  postmarked New York, August 14, 1817, together with a publication
+  taken from the Columbian, which accompanied the letter. I have not
+  permitted myself for a moment to believe that the conduct ascribed
+  to you is correct. Candor, however, induces me to lay them before
+  you, that you may have it in your power to say how far they be
+  incorrectly stated. If my order has been the subject of your
+  animadversions, it is believed you will at once admit it, and the
+  extent to which you may have gone.
+
+  "I am, sir, respectfully,
+
+                "Your most obedient servant,
+
+                                  "ANDREW JACKSON.
+
+    "_General_ W. SCOTT, _U.S. Army_."
+
+General Scott replied to this letter denying the authorship of the
+article, and said: " ... I gave it as my opinion that that paper was,
+as it respected the future, mutinous in its character and tendency,
+and as it respected the past, a reprimand of the commander in chief,
+the President of the United States; for although the latter be not
+expressly named, it is a principle well understood that the War
+Department, without at least his supposed sanction, can not give a
+valid command to an ensign.... Even if I belonged to your division I
+should not hesitate to repeat to you all that I have said at any time
+on this subject if a proper occasion offered; and what is more, I
+should expect your approbation, as in my humble judgment refutation is
+impossible."
+
+General Jackson replied to this in a very angry manner, and intimating
+that General Scott might, if he chose, call him to the field. Scott
+replied, and declined to write the challenge, "as his ambition was not
+that of Erostratus," intimating that he ruined his only chance of
+acquiring distinction by killing a defender of his country.
+
+For years afterward Scott heard reports that General Jackson had made
+threats of personal chastisement whenever they should meet. In 1823,
+soon after General Jackson took his seat in the United States Senate,
+Scott made frequent visits there, and was entitled to the floor.
+Wearied at last with this state of things, he addressed General
+Jackson as follows:
+
+                                     "WASHINGTON, _December 11, 1823_.
+
+  "SIR: One portion of the American community has long
+  attributed to you the most distinguished magnanimity, and the other
+  portion the greatest desperation in your resentments.
+
+  "Am I to conclude that both are in error? I allude to circumstances
+  which have transpired between us and which need not here be
+  repeated, and to the fact that I have now been six days in your
+  immediate vicinity without having attracted your notice. As this is
+  the first time in my life that I have been within a hundred miles of
+  you, and as it is barely possible that you may be ignorant of my
+  presence, I beg leave to state that I shall not leave the district
+  before the morning of the 14th inst.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, sir,
+
+                   "Your most obedient servant,
+
+                                     "WINFIELD SCOTT.
+
+    "_The Hon._ GENERAL A. JACKSON, _Senator, etc._"
+
+The following answer was promptly returned:
+
+                                  "MRS. O'NEIL'S, _December 11, 1823_.
+
+  "SIR: Your letter of to-day has been received. Whether the
+  world is correct or in error as regards my 'magnanimity' is for the
+  world to decide. I am satisfied of one fact: that when you shall
+  know me better you will not be disposed to harbor the opinion that
+  anything like desperation in resentment attaches to me.
+
+  "Your letter is ambiguous, but, concluding from occurrences
+  heretofore that it was written with friendly views, I take the
+  liberty of saying to you that whenever you shall feel disposed to
+  meet me on friendly terms, that disposition will not be met by any
+  other than a corresponding feeling on my part.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, sir,
+
+                  "Your most obedient servant,
+
+                                     "ANDREW JACKSON.
+
+    "_General_ W. SCOTT."
+
+General Scott was gratified at the reply, and called at once on
+General Jackson, who received him kindly and graciously, and the next
+day he departed for the West. In mentioning these facts General Scott
+adds that "it is painful to reflect that so amicable a settlement only
+meant with one of the parties a postponement of revenge to a more
+convenient season."
+
+This remark is in allusion to Scott's recall from the Indian War in
+1836. General Jackson died the 8th of June, 1845, General Scott being
+then at West Point. He was president of the Board of Examiners, which
+was in session when the news was received. He at once arose, and,
+addressing the board of visitors and academic staff, said:
+"Ex-President Jackson died at the Hermitage on the 8th inst. The
+information is not official, but sufficiently authentic to prompt the
+step I am about to take. An event of much moment to the nation has
+occurred. A great man has fallen. General Jackson is dead--a great
+general, and a great patriot who had filled the highest political
+stations in the gift of his countrymen. He is dead. This is not the
+place, nor am I the individual, to pronounce a fit eulogy on the
+illustrious deceased. National honors will doubtless be prescribed by
+the President of the United States; but in the meantime, and in
+harmony with the feelings of all who hear me, and particularly with
+those of the authorities of this institution, I deem it proper to
+suspend the examination of the cadets for the day, and to await the
+orders of the Executive of the United States on the subject."
+
+General Scott in his early training had studied the science of war,
+using the works of the greatest and best-known authors. He was in his
+early life a close student, and when he entered the army was, better
+equipped, in the knowledge of the standard authors on the science of
+war than most men in the army. In 1821 he prepared a work entitled
+General Regulations for the Army, or Military Institutes. This was
+the first book published in the United States which could be accepted
+as a manual for both the regular troops of the army and the militia.
+He had formerly, in 1814-'15, been president of a board of army
+officers which compiled a system of infantry tactics, a copy of the
+system which he had used in the camp of instruction at Buffalo in
+1814. This was revised by another board, of which he was president,
+and was published in 1825.
+
+In 1826 a board of army and militia officers was convened by order of
+the Secretary of War, of which he was made president, for the purpose
+of reporting a plan for the organization and instruction of the
+militia of the United States, a system of tactics for the artillery, a
+system of cavalry tactics, and a system of infantry and rifle tactics.
+The reports on the plan for the organization and instruction of the
+militia and that on the system of infantry and rifle tactics were
+written wholly by General Scott, and adopted by the board. Under a
+resolution of Congress in 1835 there was published a new edition of
+infantry tactics prepared by him.
+
+General Scott was one of the pioneers in what is known as the
+temperance reform, and preceded Dr. Lyman Beecher in his celebrated
+discourses on this subject. In December, 1821, General Scott published
+his "Scheme for restricting the use of ardent spirits in the United
+States." It was first published in the National Gazette. He did not
+take ground for total abstinence, but against the use ardent of
+spirits, brandy, rum, and whisky. He was also a member of the society
+formed in New York in 1821 "for the prevention of pauperism, vice, and
+immorality."
+
+General Scott, in 1823, took great interest in having the sons of
+General Paez, of Colombia, South America, admitted as students at the
+military academy at West Point, which drew from General Paez letters
+of thanks to General Scott and President Monroe.
+
+A very serious controversy arose in 1828 between General Scott and
+General Edmund Pendleton Gaines on a question of rank. General Macomb
+had been appointed by President Adams major general of the United
+States army. There was at that time but one major general, and Scott
+held the rank of brevet major general, with an older date than
+Macomb's appointment, and he addressed a memorial to Congress claiming
+his superiority in rank to Macomb. He argued that from the beginning
+of the Revolutionary War down to the time of his appointment brevet
+rank was uniformly held to give rank and command, except only in the
+body of a regiment, etc.; that there existed in law or in fact no
+higher title or grade in the army than that of major general, there
+being no such thing as a commander in chief, except the President.
+That he [Scott] held a commission as major general, July 25, 1814, of
+older date than that of either Generals Macomb or Gaines. Congress did
+not pass an act, however, sustaining his claim, and the result was a
+construction by the authorities that a brevet appointment did not
+confer additional rank.
+
+General Scott, on this decision of Congress, tendered his resignation,
+which was not accepted. When he was informed that the President and
+others high in authority sustained the action of Congress, he
+addressed a letter to Mr. Eaton, the Secretary of War, as follows:
+
+                                       "NEW YORK, _November 10, 1829_.
+
+  "SIR: I have seen the President's order of the 13th of
+  August last, which gives a construction of the sixty-first and
+  sixty-second articles of war relative to rank or command.
+
+  "Humbly protesting that this order deprives me of rights guaranteed
+  by these articles, and the uniform practice of the army under them,
+  from the commencement of the Government down to the year 1828, when
+  the new construction was first adopted against me, in obedience to
+  the universal advice of my friends, who deem it incumbent on me to
+  sacrifice my own connections and feelings to what may, by an apt
+  error, be considered the repeated decision of the civil authority of
+  my country, I have brought myself to make that sacrifice, and
+  therefore withdraw the tender of my resignation now on file in your
+  department.
+
+  "I also ask leave to surrender the remainder of the furlough the
+  department was kind enough to extend to me in April last, and to
+  report myself for duty.                       WINFIELD SCOTT.
+
+    "_The Hon._ J.H. EATON, _Secretary of War_."
+
+To this the Secretary of War replied:
+
+                                 "WAR DEPARTMENT, _November 13, 1829_.
+
+  "SIR: Your letter of the 10th instant is received, and I
+  take pleasure in saying to you that it affords the department much
+  satisfaction to perceive the conclusion to which you have arrived as
+  to your brevet rights. None will do you the injustice to suppose
+  that the opinions declared by you upon this subject are not the
+  result of reflections and convictions; but since the constituted
+  authorities of the Government have, with the best feelings
+  entertained, come to conclusions adverse to your own, no other
+  opinion was cherished or was hoped for but that, on your return to
+  the United States, you would adopt the course your letter indicates,
+  and with good feelings resume those duties of which she has so long
+  had the benefit. Agreeably to your request, the furlough heretofore
+  granted you is revoked from and after the 20th instant. You will
+  accordingly report to the commanding general, Alexander Macomb, for
+  duty.                                         J.H. EATON.
+
+    "_To Major-General_ WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+General Scott, on reporting to General Macomb, was assigned to the
+command of the Eastern Department, while General Gaines was assigned
+to the Western. From the assignment of General Scott to the command of
+the Eastern Department, for a period of nearly three years, his duties
+were those of an ordinary department commander, with no incidents
+necessary to be ingrafted into his biography.
+
+A treaty had been made by the United States Government in 1804 with
+the chiefs of the Sac Indians, in which their lands east of the
+Mississippi were ceded to the Government, but with the reservation
+that so long as they belonged to the Government of the United States
+the Indians should have the privilege of occupying and hunting on
+them. The Sacs and Foxes were contiguous and friendly tribes, and
+their principal village was on a peninsula between the Rock River and
+the Mississippi. Their principal chief was known as Black Hawk. The
+United States Government in its treaty acquiring the title to these
+Indian lands made a guarantee that the Indians should be free from
+intrusion from any white settlers.
+
+Their lands were very fertile, and soon white men in large numbers
+began to encroach on them, and no adequate steps were taken by the
+Government to protect the Indians in their treaty rights. In 1829 the
+Government ordered a public sale of lands which included a part of the
+Sac village. It was purchased by an Indian trader. This greatly
+disturbed the Chief Black Hawk, but he was assured that if the lands
+purchased by this agent had not actually been sold to the Government
+that the sale would be canceled and the Indian occupants allowed to
+remain. Nothing more was done in the matter until in the spring of
+1831, when the corn planted by a number of Indians was plowed up by
+white settlers, and many annoying trespasses made by the whites upon
+the Indian occupants. The Chief Black Hawk then announced to the white
+settlers in the village that they must remove. This resulted in a
+memorial from some of the white settlers, in May, 1831, to the
+Governor of Illinois, stating that the Indians were committing
+depredations on them. The Governor called out seven hundred militia to
+remove a band of the Sac Indians, and so notified General Gaines.
+General Gaines, on May 29th, replied to the Governor that he had
+ordered six companies of troops from Jefferson City to Rock Island,
+and four other companies from Prairie du Chien, to assist the
+Governor's militia in repelling the Indians. When the United States
+troops reached Fort Armstrong a conference was held with some of the
+Indian chiefs, but with no practical results. On receiving this
+information General Gaines called on the Governor of Illinois for
+additional forces, and on June 25th Governor Reynolds and General
+Joseph Duncan arrived at Rock River with sixteen hundred mounted
+militia. The Indians from the Sac village, being informed of this
+movement, deserted their homes with their wives and children and
+crossed the Mississippi. The next morning General Gaines occupied the
+Sac village without opposition.
+
+A treaty was then made (June 30th) by General Gaines and Governor
+Reynolds with the Sacs, by which the Indians agreed to take up their
+abode west of the Mississippi River. In April, 1832, Chief Black Hawk
+and his tribe recrossed the Mississippi, in violation of the treaty
+previously made, for the purpose of joining the Winnebagoes and making
+a crop of corn and beans.
+
+General Henry Atkinson at this time was in command of Fort Armstrong.
+He notified Black Hawk that he must recross the river or be driven
+back. The Indians refused to obey the order. Black Hawk endeavored to
+enlist some of the Northwestern tribes to join him, but failing to
+gain their assent, resolved to recross the Mississippi. He was
+encamped with his tribe at a place which the Indians called
+Kish-wa-cokee.
+
+Some of the Illinois mounted militia were at Dixon's Ferry, on Rock
+River, not far from the Indian encampment. Major Stillman, commanding
+some three hundred volunteers, moved from Dixon's Ferry to Sycamore
+Creek on a scouting expedition. Black Hawk, being apprised of their
+approach, sent three of his young Indians bearing a white flag to meet
+them. One of these young Indians was captured and killed. Another
+party of five Indians, following the flag-of-truce bearers to assist
+in pacific negotiations, were met by the whites and two of them
+killed. The Illinois militia moved on and crossed Sycamore Creek.
+Black Hawk, who was exasperated at the killing of his men whom he had
+sent under flag of truce, advanced with his warriors on May 14th, met
+the Illinois militia, engaged and defeated them, and forced them to
+recross the creek.
+
+This success greatly encouraged the Indians, but created great alarm
+and excitement with the white people of Illinois. Many small battles
+took place after this between the whites and Indians, and the war was
+brought to a close by the delivery of Black Hawk to the Indian agent,
+General Street, August 27th, by two of his followers who betrayed him.
+This war created necessarily great excitement and alarm in Illinois.
+It was the general expectation that the Winnebagoes and Pottawattomies
+would sympathize with Black Hawk, and the result would be a general
+Indian war. At this juncture General Scott was ordered to proceed to
+Illinois and take command of the forces to bring the Indians into
+subjugation. In July, acting under this order, he left Buffalo with
+about one thousand troops, destined for Chicago. The general and his
+staff, with about two hundred and twenty men, embarked on the
+steamboat Sheldon Thompson, and on July 8th it was announced that
+several of the soldiers were attacked with Asiatic cholera. The vessel
+arrived at the village of Chicago on the 10th with eighty sick men on
+board, one officer and fifty-one soldiers having died during the
+passage.
+
+The fate of the troops who were embarked in other vessels was even
+worse than those on the Thompson. Of the one thousand men who left
+Buffalo only about four hundred survived. General Scott gave every
+attention to the sick, exposing himself without fear day and night in
+seeing to the wants of his men. Leaving Colonel Abram Eustis in
+command, he proceeded to join General Atkinson at Prairie du Chien,
+which he reached on the 3d of August. The engagement called the Battle
+of Bad Axe had been fought before his arrival. He was here again
+confronted with the plague of cholera, which had broken out in
+Atkinson's command at Rock Island, and he devoted himself to the care
+of the sick and the consolation of the dying.
+
+In this connection an extract from the Richmond Enquirer of August 7,
+1832, will be of interest:
+
+  "LOUISVILLE, _July 27, 1832_.--The following is the latest
+  official intelligence from Chicago. We are indebted to a commercial
+  friend for it.--_Advertiser._
+
+                                     "'HEADQUARTERS NORTHWESTERN ARMY,
+
+                                        "'CHICAGO, _July 15, 1832_.
+
+  "'SIR: To prevent or to correct the exaggerations of rumor
+  in respect to the existence of cholera at this place, I address
+  myself to your Excellency. Four steamers were engaged at Buffalo to
+  transport United States troops and supplies to Chicago.
+
+  "'In the headmost of these boats, the Sheldon Thompson, I, with my
+  staff and four companies, a part of Colonel Eustis's command,
+  arrived here on the 8th. All on board were in high health and
+  spirits, but the next morning six cases of undoubted cholera
+  presented themselves. The disease rapidly spread itself for the
+  next three days. About one hundred and twenty persons have been
+  affected.
+
+  "'Under a late act of Congress six companies of rangers are to be
+  raised and marched to this place. General Dodge, of Michigan, is
+  appointed major of the battalion, and I have seen the names of the
+  captains, but I do not know where to address them. I am afraid that
+  the report from this place in respect to cholera may seriously
+  retard the raising of this force.
+
+  "'I wish, therefore, that your Excellency would give publicity to
+  the measures I have adopted to prevent the spread of the disease,
+  and of my determination not to allow any junction or communication
+  between uninfected and infected troops.
+
+  "'The war is not at an end, and may not be brought to a close for
+  some time. The rangers may reach the theatre of operations in time
+  to give the final blow. As they approach this place I shall take
+  care of their health and general wants.
+
+  "'I write in great haste, and may not have time to cause my letter
+  to be copied. It will be put in some post office to be forthwith
+  forwarded. I have the honor to be
+
+    "'Your Excellency's most obedient servant,
+
+                                        "'WINFIELD SCOTT.
+
+    "'_His Excellency_, GOVERNOR REYNOLDS.'"
+
+
+_From the Richmond Enquirer, October 12, 1832._
+
+"In laying the following article before our readers, our own personal
+feelings, as well as a just sense of gratitude to a meritorious
+officer, prompts us to add that we have known Winfield Scott long and
+have known him intimately, and that the conduct here attributed to
+him is precisely such as we should have expected, from his ardent
+patriotism, his humane disposition, and his distinguished
+intelligence."
+
+_From the Illinois Galenian, September 12, 1832._
+
+"GENERAL SCOTT.--Perhaps on no former occasion has a more
+arduous and responsible duty been confided to any officer of our
+Government than that with which this gentleman has been clothed, in
+prosecuting to final issue the savage war upon our borders. And we
+hesitate not to say that in our estimation a better selection could
+not have been made.
+
+"It might suffice, in justification of this assertion, to instance the
+promptitude of his movements to the scene of action, the ease with
+which he overcame space, and the facility with which he surmounted all
+obstacles opposed to the accomplishment of his object.
+
+"But he had an enemy to encounter far more terrible than Black Hawk
+and his adherents--an enemy that bid defiance to military prowess and
+baffled all the skill of the tactician.
+
+"That loathsome epidemic, the direful scourge of the Eastern
+hemisphere, the cholera, invaded his camp. Here was a new foe that had
+never yet been conquered. Victim after victim fell under its ravages.
+The general might have retired to some healthy clime, where he would
+have been freed from this pestilence, but not while his officers and
+men were falling around him; humanity prompted him to remain and
+succor a distressed army. During our stay at Rock Island the cholera
+commenced its work of death; and seeing the general almost every day,
+we had frequent opportunities of witnessing his untiring perseverance
+in and constant personal attention to all those duties appertaining to
+his official station, the calls of humanity, and the best interests of
+the country.
+
+"On the arrival of the companies from Chicago (among whom the cholera
+had been severe) they were stationed on an island in Rock River,
+several miles from the fort, and all communication prohibited by
+special order. Some of his aids, on their way to Rock Island, having
+violated this order (without knowing it was given), were immediately
+ordered back to Rock River, while the general was left alone to
+perform all their respective duties. When a soldier was attacked with
+cholera he was the first to render assistance by the application of
+friction to the extremities in order to attract the fluids from the
+large internal vessels to the surface of the body. At the bake-house
+we found him one day giving instructions how to make the most
+wholesome bread, and on the next day we beheld one of his bakers
+consigned to the tomb. And if we follow him on, we next find him
+instructing those employed in the culinary art, so cautious is he
+about everything that his men eat and drink. And in order to insure
+temperance among the soldiers, he issued an order requiring every man
+found drunk to dig a grave.
+
+"In his orders he was bound to be severe, and in their enforcement he
+was equally rigid. His whole soul seemed to be devoted to the benefit
+of his army.
+
+"On one occasion he observed that his own honor, the duty he owed his
+country and his fellow-men, required his personal attention at his
+post, and also the severity of his orders. And if, in attending to
+his duties, he should be so unfortunate as to lose his life, the army
+could get along as well without him, but he could not get along
+without an army. Thus, with Roman firmness and a disinterested
+devotion of life to his country, has he remained at his post of duty.
+Such conduct deserves the highest praise, and we feel confident that
+it will be awarded by a grateful and virtuous community."
+
+The cholera having subsided by the middle of September, negotiations
+were opened with the various Indian tribes at Rock Island. General
+Scott and Governor Reynolds were the commissioners on the part of the
+United States to make treaties with the Sacs, Foxes, Winnebagoes,
+Sioux, and Menomonees. The leading man among the Indians was
+Ke-o-Kuck, a Sac chief, who was of commanding appearance, eloquent in
+speech, and a brave warrior. He was not, however, a hereditary chief,
+and for this reason his tribe deposed him; but on General Scott's
+request he was again replaced as chief. General Scott conducted the
+negotiations in the way of speech-making at the request of his
+associate, Governor Reynolds. The speeches of Scott and those of the
+Indian chiefs were taken down by Captain Richard Bache, of the army,
+and are to be found in the archives of the War Department at
+Washington.
+
+The result of the treaties was the cession to the United States by the
+Sacs and Foxes of about six million acres of land, the greater part of
+which is now included in the State of Iowa; and the United States gave
+in consideration of this cession a reservation of nearly four hundred
+square miles, on the Iowa River, to Ke-o-Kuck and his band, and agreed
+to pay the Indians an annuity of twenty thousand dollars per annum
+for thirty years to pay the debts of the tribe, and to employ a
+blacksmith and a gunsmith for them. The treaty also provided for ample
+space for hunting, and planting-grounds for the Indians and their
+posterity. A similar treaty was made with the other Indians. General
+Scott, on his return to Washington, was complimented by General Cass,
+the Secretary of War, "upon the fortunate consummation of his arduous
+duties," and he expressed his entire approbation of the whole course
+of his proceedings during a series of difficulties requiring higher
+moral courage than the operations of an active campaign under ordinary
+circumstances.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Troubles in South Carolina growing out of the tariff acts apprehended,
+and General Scott sent South--Action of the nullifiers--Instructions
+in case of an outbreak--Action of the South Carolina Legislature.
+
+
+On the conclusion of the treaties with the Indian tribes, mentioned in
+the preceding chapter, General Scott went to New York, where he
+arrived in October, 1832. A few days after his arrival he received an
+order to proceed to Washington.
+
+The passage of the tariff act of 1828 had produced great excitement in
+several of the Southern States, but especially in South Carolina. By
+this act the duties on foreign goods imported into this country were
+raised much higher than by any previous tariff. It was passed for the
+protection of American manufactures, of which at that time none were
+in the South, but all, or nearly all, in the New England States.
+
+The cotton planters of South Carolina opposed and resisted it on the
+ground that it was not only in violation of the Constitution of the
+United States, but injurious to their interests, and in the interest
+of other States as opposed to theirs. They argued, as it is now
+argued, that a tariff is a tax, and that this tariff discriminated in
+favor of certain portions of the country as against other portions,
+and that therefore it unquestionably violated the fundamental law of
+the land.
+
+This tariff act was passed on May 15, 1828, and on the 12th of June
+following the citizens of Colleton District, South Carolina, met at
+the courthouse in Walterborough and adopted an address to the people.
+Among other things this address stated: "For it is not enough that
+imposts laid for protection of domestic manufactures are oppressive,
+and transfer in their operation millions of our property to Northern
+capitalists. If we have given our bond, let them take our blood. Those
+who resist these imposts must deem them unconstitutional, and the
+principle is abandoned by the payment of one cent--as much as ten
+millions." The address assumed "open resistance to the laws of the
+Union."
+
+Governor Taylor was asked to convene the Legislature. He declined to
+take action on the request of the Colleton meeting, on the ground that
+"the time of great public excitement is not a time propitious for cool
+deliberation or wise determination."
+
+George McDuffie, a member of the House of Representatives in Congress
+from South Carolina, and a man of high character and great ability,
+was the leading spirit in the opposition to this tariff and resistance
+to its enforcement. At a dinner in Columbia, S.C., he recommended that
+the State fix a tax on Northern manufactured goods, and proposed as a
+toast "Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute." In the
+district of St. Helena, S.C., a public meeting was held at which this
+resolution was adopted:
+
+"_Resolved_, That, differing from those of our fellow-citizens who
+look to home production, or more consumption of the fabrics of the
+tariff States as a relief from our present burdens, we perceive in
+these expedients rather an ill-judged wasting of the public energy and
+diversion of the public mind than an adequate remedy for the true
+evil, the usurping of Congress, which (since that body will never
+construe down its own powers) can be checked, in our opinion, only by
+the action of States opposed to such usurpation."
+
+The reference to "expedients, rather an ill-judged wasting of the
+public energy," was to the action of certain meetings in South
+Carolina where it was resolved to wear only their own manufactures,
+and abstain wholly from those made north of the Potomac. The
+supporters of nullification defended themselves on constitutional
+grounds and on the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions of 1798. Congress
+revised the tariff in May, 1832, modifying some of the duties imposed
+by the act of 1828. In October, 1832, the Legislature of South
+Carolina passed an act providing for the calling of a convention of
+the people of the State.
+
+The object of the convention was "to take into consideration the
+several acts of the Congress of the United States imposing duties on
+foreign imports, for the protection of domestic manufactures or for
+other unauthorized objects; to determine on the character thereof, and
+to devise the means of redress."
+
+The convention authorized under this act assembled on November 19,
+1832. An ordinance was passed to provide for arresting the operations
+of certain acts of Congress of the United States, purporting to be
+taxes laying duties and imposts on the importation of foreign
+commodities. On its final passage the word "arresting" was stricken
+out and the word "nullifying" substituted in its place.
+
+The substance of this ordinance was to interdict the action of the
+courts, and to require all officers to take an oath to obey the
+ordinance and the laws passed to give it effect. It also declared that
+the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832 were null, void, and not binding on
+the State, its officers or citizens. It further declared it to be
+unlawful for any of the constituted authorities of the State or of the
+United States to enforce the payment of the duties imposed by the act
+within the limits of the State of South Carolina. Other provisions
+were that no case of law or equity decided in South Carolina, in which
+was involved the question of the validity of the ordinance of the
+South Carolina convention, or any act of its Legislature to give it
+effect, should be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States,
+or be regarded if appealed; and that, if the General Government should
+employ force to carry these acts into effect, or endeavor to coerce
+the State by closing its ports, South Carolina would consider the
+Union dissolved, and would proceed to organize a separate government.
+A union convention was called in South Carolina to endeavor to
+suppress the movement inaugurated by the ordinance of the recent
+convention.
+
+The States of Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia--the first through its
+Governor, Gayle, and the latter by resolutions of their
+Legislatures--took strong anti-nullification grounds. On December 10th
+President Andrew Jackson issued his famous proclamation exhorting all
+persons to obey the laws, and denouncing the South Carolina ordinance.
+He said in this proclamation: "I consider, then, the power to annul a
+law of the United States, assumed by one State, incompatible with the
+existence of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the
+Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every
+principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object
+for which it was formed."
+
+"This, then, is the position in which we stand. A small majority of
+the citizens of one State in the Union have elected delegates to a
+State convention. That convention has ordained that all the revenue
+laws of the United States must be repealed, or that they are no longer
+a member of the Union. The Governor of that State has recommended to
+the Legislature the raising of an army to carry the secession into
+effect, and that he may be empowered to give clearance to vessels in
+the name of the State. No act of violent opposition to the laws has
+yet been committed, but such a state of things is hourly apprehended;
+and it is the intent of this instrument to proclaim not only that the
+duty imposed on me by the Constitution--'to take care that the laws be
+faithfully executed'--shall be performed to the extent of the powers
+already vested in me by law, or of such other as the wisdom of
+Congress shall devise and intrust to me for that purpose, but to warn
+the citizens of South Carolina, who have been deluded into an
+opposition to the laws, of the danger they will incur by obedience to
+the illegal and disorganizing ordinance of the convention; to exhort
+those who have refused to support it to persevere in their
+determination to uphold the Constitution and laws of their country,
+and to point out to all the perilous situation into which the good
+people of that State have been led; and that the course they are
+urged to pursue is one of ruin and disgrace to the very State whose
+rights they affect to support."
+
+This proclamation, of which the foregoing are extracts, was signed on
+December 10, 1832. The ordinance adopted by the convention of South
+Carolina was passed November 24th; and the Legislature of South
+Carolina, which had formulated laws necessary to carry out the
+ordinance, adjourned on December 21st.
+
+President Jackson, in anticipation of the troubles likely to arise,
+had, as early as October 29th, directed General Macomb to issue an
+order to Major Heileman, commanding the United States troops at
+Charleston, stating that "it is deemed necessary that the officers in
+the harbor of Charleston should be advised of the possibility of
+attempts being made to surprise, seize, and occupy the forts committed
+to them. You are therefore especially charged to use your utmost
+vigilance in counteracting such attempts. You will call personally on
+the commanders of Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie, and instruct them
+to be vigilant to prevent surprise in the night or day on the part of
+any set of people whatever who may approach the forts with a view to
+seize and occupy them. You will warn the said officers that such an
+event is apprehended, and that they will be held responsible for the
+defense, to the last extremity, of the forts and garrisons under their
+respective commands, against any assault, and also against intrigue
+and surprise.
+
+"The attempt to surprise the forts and garrisons, it is expected, will
+be made by the militia, and it must be guarded against by constant
+vigilance, and repulsed at every hazard. These instructions you will
+be careful not to show to any persons other than the commanding
+officers of Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie."
+
+Two companies of artillery were ordered to Fort Moultrie on November
+7th, and on the 12th General Macomb directed Major Julius Frederick
+Heileman that a building called "The Citadel," in Charleston, and
+which was the property of the State of South Carolina, should, with
+its State arms, be delivered up if demanded by the State authorities.
+He was further instructed to act in this matter with the greatest
+courtesy; but should he be attacked, he must make a stubborn defense.
+
+This was the state of affairs in South Carolina at the time stated. On
+November 18th, President Jackson, after a conference with General
+Scott, ordered him on a confidential or secret order to Charleston.
+The order was, of course, issued from the War Department by direction
+of the President, and the main points of it are as follows:
+
+  " ... The possibility of such a measure furnishes sufficient reason
+  for guarding against it, and the President is therefore anxious that
+  the situation and means of defense of these fortifications should be
+  inspected by an officer of experience, who could also estimate and
+  provide for any dangers to which they may be exposed. He has full
+  confidence in your judgment and discretion, and it is his wish that
+  you repair immediately to Charleston and examine everything
+  connected with the fortifications. You are at liberty to take such
+  measures either by strengthening these defenses or by re-enforcing
+  these garrisons with troops drawn from any other posts, as you may
+  think prudence and a just precaution require.
+
+  "Your duty will be one of great importance and of great delicacy.
+  You will consult fully and freely with the collector of the port of
+  Charleston, and you will take no step, except what relates to the
+  immediate defense and security of the posts, without their order and
+  concurrence. The execution of the laws will be enforced through the
+  civil authority and by the method pointed out by the acts of
+  Congress. Should, unfortunately, a crisis arise when the ordinary
+  power in the hands of the civil officers shall not be sufficient for
+  this purpose, the President shall determine the course to be taken
+  and the measures adopted. Till, therefore, you are otherwise
+  instructed, you will act in obedience to the legal requisitions of
+  the proper civil officers of the United States.
+
+  "I will thank you to communicate to me freely and confidentially
+  upon every topic upon which you may deem it important for the
+  Government to receive information.
+
+  "Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
+
+                                               "LEWIS CASS."
+
+General Scott, acting in obedience to these orders, arrived in
+Charleston November 28th, two days after the passage of the ordinance.
+He found, on his arrival and after conferring with many of the leading
+people, that the sentiment in regard to the action of the convention
+was divided, there seeming to be as many persons in opposition as
+those who favored it.
+
+His arrival created no special notice, as he had been in the habit of
+visiting Charleston about this time of year in discharge of his
+duties as inspector. It should be added to what has been said in
+regard to his conference with President Jackson before leaving
+Washington, that the President announced to him in the most emphatic
+terms that "the Union must and shall be preserved." On asking General
+Scott for any suggestions he had to make, the general told the
+President that Fort Moultrie, Castle Pinckney, and the arsenal at
+Augusta should be strongly garrisoned. He also advised that a number
+of troops, sloops of war, and revenue cutters would be needed at
+Charleston to enforce the collection of duties on foreign
+importations. The President said to him: "Proceed at once and execute
+those views. You have my _carte blanche_ in respect to troops; the
+vessels shall be there, and written instructions will follow you."
+
+The President at this interview invited General Scott to remain and
+take supper with him. He declined, on the ground that he desired to
+call on his friend ex-President Adams before leaving. To this
+President Jackson replied, "That's right; never forget a friend."
+
+On his journey he met with an accident and sprained his ankle. This
+turned out a fortunate thing, for it enabled him to delay so as to
+spend needed time in Charleston, Savannah, and Augusta without
+exciting any suspicion of the real object of his visit. Had it been
+known that he was there to make preparations for defense and to
+strengthen the garrisons, it would have excited the populace who
+sustained the action of the convention, and might have resulted in
+open hostilities. He visited Fort Moultrie and Castle Pinckney, and
+gave oral confidential orders to enlarge and strengthen both places.
+Orders were also sent for re-enforcements in single companies, which
+excited no alarm. These important matters being accomplished, he went
+to Savannah and posed as a sick man, for the reason that an early
+return to Fort Moultrie might have excited alarm. In the latter part
+of January he returned by sea to Fort Moultrie, but his presence there
+was unknown to all outside of the fort.
+
+In the meantime the leaders of nullification had, at a large meeting,
+agreed that no attempt to execute the ordinance should be undertaken
+before the adjournment of Congress on March 3d following. The
+Legislature of South Carolina, at its meeting in December, had passed
+laws for the raising of troops and providing money for the purchase of
+arms and ammunition, and many organizations of volunteers had been
+formed wearing the palmetto cockade and buttons. A very decided and
+unexpected rebuff was given by the Court of Appeals of South Carolina,
+which decided, in the case of State _vs._ Hunt (2 Hills, S.C.
+Reports), that the ordinance which required the citizens of South
+Carolina to take a test oath of exclusive allegiance to the State was
+unconstitutional. It is a curious piece of history that the palmetto
+buttons worn by the volunteer nullifiers were manufactured in
+Connecticut.
+
+There was in Charleston, as in other parts of the State, a very large
+number of Unionists. Both parties in Charleston held frequent
+meetings, and it was with great difficulty that riots or encounters
+between the two were prevented.
+
+The officers of the army and navy at and near Charleston during these
+perilous times showed great prudence. Their first public display was
+the celebration of Washington's birthday; but the most intense
+nullifier could raise no objection to this. During these exciting
+times a fire broke out in the city of Charleston, and General Scott,
+being one of the first to observe it, called for volunteers and went
+to the scene, and, with the assistance of the naval volunteers and men
+of the army, succeeded in extinguishing the fire. This act of General
+Scott, seconded by army and navy men, had much to do with quieting the
+intense political excitement in Charleston.
+
+In the latter part of January, 1833, the General Assembly of Virginia
+passed a resolution asking Congress to modify the tariff, and also to
+appoint a commissioner to South Carolina and endeavor to conciliate
+that State. The commissioner appointed was Benjamin Watkins Leigh. On
+his request, Mr. James Hamilton, president of the South Carolina
+convention, called it to assemble, when it rescinded the ordinance,
+the troops which had been called were disbanded, and the whole State
+and country were happily relieved of an impending internecine war.
+Congress had passed the compromise act, and the United States troops
+and vessels which had been sent to Charleston were withdrawn, and
+peace and quiet again dawned on the lately excited city.
+
+Mr. Leigh, the Commissioner of Virginia to South Carolina, says of
+General Scott's part of that historic period: ... "General Scott had a
+large acquaintance with the people of Charleston; he was their friend;
+but his situation was such that many of the people--the great majority
+of them--looked upon him as a public enemy.... He thought, as I
+thought, that the first drop of blood shed in civil war--in civil war
+between the United States and one of the States--would prove an
+immedicable wound, which would end in a change of our institutions. He
+was resolved, if possible, to prevent a resort to arms, and nothing
+could have been more judicious than his conduct. Far from being prone
+to take offense, he kept his temper under the strictest guard, and was
+most careful to avoid giving occasion for offense; yet he held himself
+ready to act if it should become necessary, and he let it be known
+that he strictly understood the situation. He sought the society of
+the leading nullifiers, and was in their company as much as they would
+let him be, but he took care never to say a word to them on the
+subject of political differences; he treated them as friends. From the
+beginning to the end his conduct was as conciliatory as it was firm
+and sincere, evincing that he knew his duty and was resolved to
+perform it, and yet his principal object and purpose was peace. He was
+perfectly successful, when the least imprudence might have resulted in
+a serious collision."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+Events that led to the war in Florida--Treaty of Camp Moultrie and its
+stipulations--Complaints of Indians and whites--Treaty of Payne's
+Landing--Objections of the Indians to complying with the latter
+treaty--Councils and talks with the Seminoles--Assiola--Murder
+of mail carrier Dalton--Murder of Charley Amathla--Dade's
+massacre--Murder of General Thompson and others--General
+Clinch--Depredations by the Indians on the whites and by the
+latter on the Indians--Volunteers--Military departments of Gaines
+and Scott.
+
+
+It is proper to give as brief a _resume_ as the subject will permit of
+the events that led to the outbreak of hostilities in Florida.
+
+General Jackson, when Governor of Florida in 1821, urged upon the
+Government the necessity of adopting measures to send back to their
+own reservations the large number of Creek Indians who had left their
+nation and settled with other tribes in Florida. He argued that this
+was an encroachment by the Creeks, and that an increase of Indians in
+this territory would lead to unhappy results. Colonel Joseph M. White,
+the delegate from the territory of Florida, fully concurred with
+General Jackson in this view, and so informed the Secretary of War.
+
+The Government, disregarding these wise suggestions, entered into a
+treaty with the Florida Indians, September 18, 1823, at Camp Moultrie,
+stipulating for their continued residence in the territory for twenty
+years. They were by this treaty established in the heart of the
+country, and their claims to the lands acknowledged and guaranteed.
+The treaty provided, among other things, that the Seminole Indians
+should relinquish all their claim to lands in Florida except a tract
+estimated to contain some five millions of acres, within the limits of
+which they agreed to abide.
+
+The Government of the United States agreed to pay to the Indians two
+thousand dollars to aid them in removal to the new reservation, to
+furnish them with certain articles of husbandry and stock to the
+amount of six thousand dollars, to furnish them with corn, meat, and
+salt for one year, to pay them forty-five hundred dollars for their
+improvements on their surrendered lands, to allow them one thousand
+dollars per annum for a blacksmith and one thousand dollars per annum
+for a school fund, and these last two allowances to extend during the
+term of the treaty. Complaints were made by the whites, and counter
+complaints by the Indians, of depredations, but the preponderance of
+testimony is that the whites were the principal aggressors. These
+Indians were slave-holders, having a number of negroes held in
+slavery by the same tenure that slaves were held by the whites in
+Florida. The whites commenced and carried on a systematic and
+continued robbery of the slaves and cattle belonging to the Indians,
+sending them to Mobile for sale. A protest was made by the inhabitants
+of ten of the Seminole towns, complaining in substance that the white
+people had carried all their cattle off; that the white men first
+commenced to steal from them; that within three years six Indians had
+been killed by the whites, admitting that the Indians had taken
+satisfaction, but were not even on that score by three.
+
+Complaints from whites of Indian depredations and counter complaints
+from the Indians became so frequent that the President determined to
+endeavor to make a new treaty, abrogating that of Camp Moultrie. For
+this purpose Colonel James Gadsden, of Florida, was appointed a
+commissioner to carry out this purpose. The Indians, by invitation,
+assembled at Payne's Landing, on the Ocklawaha River, on May 8, 1832.
+The points agreed upon were that the Seminole Indians relinquish their
+claim to the tract of land reserved for them by the second article of
+the Camp Moultrie treaty, containing four million thirty-two thousand
+six hundred and forty acres, and to remove west of the Mississippi
+River and there become a constituent part of the Creeks.
+
+The United States engaged to pay the Seminoles fifteen thousand four
+hundred dollars as a consideration for the improvements on the lands
+which they abandoned, and a further sum of two hundred dollars each to
+two negroes, Abraham and Cudjoe, each Indian to be furnished with a
+blanket and homespun frock, and a sufficient quantity of corn, meat,
+and salt for one year's support after arriving in the new reservation.
+Two blacksmiths, at one thousand dollars a year, were agreed to be
+furnished for a period of ten years, and an annuity of three thousand
+dollars for fifteen years to be paid after their arrival in the West;
+which sum, together with the four thousand dollars stipulated for in
+the Camp Moultrie treaty, making seven thousand dollars per annum, was
+to be paid to the Creek nation with their annuities.
+
+In order to relieve the Seminoles from vexatious demands on them for
+their slaves and other property, the United States stipulated to have
+the matter investigated, and to liquidate such as were satisfactory,
+provided the amount did not exceed seven thousand dollars. This treaty
+was executed on May 9, 1832, and signed by Holata Amathla and fourteen
+other chiefs. Seven of the chiefs were deputed to visit and explore
+the new country, accompanied by their interpreter and by Major John
+Fagan, formerly Indian agent in Florida. The delegation reported their
+approval of the country, and the ratification on the part of the
+Indians was made by seven of the chiefs at Fort Gibson, La.
+
+This ratification by the seven chiefs was in excess of their
+authority, as they were only authorized to examine the country and
+report the result of their mission to a general council of the nation,
+which was to be convened on their return.
+
+Colonel Gadsden, the commissioner on the part of the United States,
+addressed a letter to the Secretary of War, in which he said: "There
+is a condition prefixed to the agreement without assenting to which
+the Florida Indians most positively refused to negotiate for their
+removal west of the Mississippi. Even with the condition annexed,
+there was a reluctance, which with some difficulty was overcome, on
+the part of the Indians to bind themselves by any stipulations before
+a knowledge of the facts and circumstances would enable them to judge
+of the advantages or disadvantages of the disposition the Government
+of the United States wished to make of them. They were finally
+induced, however, to assent to the agreement....
+
+"The payment for property alleged to have been plundered was the
+subject most pressed by the Indians, and in yielding to their wishes
+on this head a limitation has been fixed in a sum which I think,
+however, will probably cover all demands which can be satisfactorily
+proved. Many of the claims are for negroes said to have been enticed
+away from their owners during the protracted Indian disturbances, of
+which Florida has been for years the theater. The Indians allege that
+the depredations were mutual, that they have suffered in the same
+degree, and that most of the property claimed was taken as reprisal
+for property of equal value lost by them. They could not, therefore,
+yield to the justice of restitution solely on their part, and probably
+there was no better mode of terminating the difficulty than by that
+provided for in the treaty now concluded. The final ratification of
+the treaty will depend upon the opinion of the seven chiefs selected
+to explore the country west of the Mississippi River. If that
+corresponds to the description given, or is equal to the expectations
+formed of it, there will be no difficulty on the part of the
+Seminoles. If the Creeks, however, raise any objections, this will be
+a sufficient pretext on the part of some of the Seminole deputation to
+oppose the execution of the whole arrangement for removal."
+
+On March 8, 1835, the Hon. John H. Eaton addressed a letter to Lewis
+Cass, Secretary of War, raising the question whether the treaty of
+Payne's Landing was valid, it not having been ratified until 1834. To
+this the Secretary replied that, the question had been referred to the
+Attorney General, and that he had decided that the obligation of the
+treaty was not affected by the delay, but that the Indians might be
+required to move in the years 1835-'37.
+
+The Indian agent called a meeting of the Indians, who assembled in
+council on October 23, 1834. The agent stated that he had convened
+them by order of the President, who said that he had complied with all
+the promises made to them, and that they must prepare to move by the
+beginning of cold weather. He further stated that he had a proposition
+to them from the Creeks, and exhibited a map of the country allotted
+to them west of the Mississippi.
+
+The proposition from the Creeks was that the Seminoles, instead of
+settling in the country allotted to them, in a separate body, settle
+promiscuously among the Creeks. The agent stated in regard to this
+last proposition: "It is left, as it should be, entirely optional with
+you, and no persons but yourselves have any right to say you shall or
+shall not accede to the proposition." Other questions were submitted,
+such as the disposition of their cattle, whether they preferred to
+march by land or go by water, and the manner in which they desired the
+annuity paid them. The Indians then retired for a private council, and
+on their return Holata Amathla said: "My brothers, we have now heard
+the talk that our father at Washington has sent us. He says that we
+made a treaty at Payne's Landing, and we have no excuse now for not
+doing what we promised; we must be honest. Let us go, my brothers, and
+talk it over, and don't let us act like fools."
+
+At four o'clock in the afternoon of the same day the Indians met in
+private council and were addressed by Assiola, in which he opposed
+emigrating from Florida to the Creek country, denouncing the Creeks
+as bad Indians. He also denounced the agent for advising them to
+remove "from the lands which we live on--our homes and the graves of
+our fathers." He announced that when the Great Spirit told him to go
+he would go. But he said the Great Spirit had told him not to go. He
+also threatened the white people with his rifle, for he still had
+that, and some powder and lead. He also said that if any of the
+Indians wanted to go West they would not be permitted to do so.
+Assiola was followed by Holata Amathla, who strongly urged his
+brothers to abide by the treaty of Payne's Landing, and advised them
+to "act honest and do as our great father at Washington tells us."
+Jumper, the sense-keeper, also urged a compliance with the last-named
+treaty, because if they did not comply the white men would make them.
+Chief Arpincki proposed that Holata Amathla be selected to represent
+to the agent the objections of the nation to removal. This was
+declined by Holata Amathla, and Jumper was selected in his stead to
+speak the sentiments of the people on the next day.
+
+On October 24, 1834, the Indians again met in council. The agent asked
+them if they were ready to reply to the proposals made to them. Holata
+Mico and Miconopy made short talks. When Jumper rose he complained
+that a treaty had been made or rather forced on the Indians at Payne's
+Landing before the twenty years provided in the Camp Moultrie treaty
+had expired. He was one of the chiefs who had gone to look at the new
+lands and liked them, but did not like the neighbors they would have,
+and spoke of these latter Pawnees as savages and horse thieves. He
+told the agent that his talk always seemed good, but that the Indians
+did not want to go West. Holata Amathla, who was also one of the
+chiefs who went West, objected to his people removing there for
+substantially the same reason as Jumper. Charley Amathla said that
+seven years of the time stipulated in the Camp Moultrie treaty
+remained unexpired. He did not say that he would not go, but did not
+think he would give an answer until the expiration of the seven years.
+He also complained that the distance to the West was so great that
+many would die on the way. In these talks the chiefs spoke well of the
+agent. The latter, in reply, said: "I have no answer to make to what
+you have said to me to-day. My talk to you yesterday must and will
+stand, and you must abide by it." He then repeated the question he had
+previously submitted, and told them to deliberate further, and let him
+know when they were ready to meet him. Another meeting was held on
+October 25, 1834. The agent told them he was ready to receive their
+answers. The speakers on the part of the Indians said their people
+still refused to comply with the treaty of Payne's Landing and leave
+their native country. They thought the agent was mad with them.
+General Thompson, the agent, told them he was not mad, but was their
+friend; that what they said was not an answer to his questions, and
+added, "Your father, the President, will compel you to go." He argued
+that the treaty of Payne's Landing had been duly signed. This was
+denied by Miconopy, when the general told him he lied, and that by the
+terms of the treaty the decision of the delegation sent out to view
+the country was binding on the Seminoles, and they were compelled
+under its provisions to move. He told them that the Payne's Landing
+treaty abrogated that made at Camp Moultrie. Replying to Charley
+Amathla's assertion that the last treaty had been forced upon them, he
+said: "You say that the white people forced you into the treaty of
+Payne's Landing. If you were so cowardly as to be forced by anybody to
+do what you ought not to do, you are unfit to be chiefs, and your
+people ought to hurl you from your stations." He explained to them the
+white people's Government; that the Indians living among white people
+might be charged with all kinds of offenses under the law, and would
+not be permitted to testify themselves; that the Cherokees, Creeks,
+Choctaws, and Chickasaws who live in the States were moving beyond the
+Mississippi River, because they could not live under the white
+people's laws, and the Seminoles were a small handful compared to
+their number; that when the jurisdiction of the State government was
+extended over them the Indian laws and customs would have to be
+abolished; and told them it was this view of the subject that had
+induced the President to settle them beyond Florida; and told them
+further that the land to which they were to go should be theirs "while
+grass grows and water runs," It was for this reason the treaty had
+been made with them at Payne's Landing, and for the same reason they
+would be compelled to keep it and comply with their bargain. His
+speech was a long one, reiterating, elaborating, and emphasizing the
+determination of the Government to make them move, whether they
+desired to or not. During this speech the agent was interrupted by
+Assiola, who urged Miconopy to be firm, and to assure the agent that
+he did not care whether any more annuity was paid or not. The agent
+closed by hoping that mature reflection would make them act like
+honest men, and not compel him to report them to their father, the
+President, "as faithless to your engagements." The Indians then,
+through Assiola and Miconopy, announced positively and emphatically
+that their answer had been made, and that they did not intend to move.
+The agent told them that he was satisfied now that they were willfully
+and entirely dishonest in regard to their engagements with the
+President, and regretted that he had to so report them. He told them
+the talk he had given them must and should stand, and directed them to
+retire and prepare their stocks to receive their annuity on the
+following day.
+
+It will be remembered that by the treaty of Payne's Landing it was
+stipulated that seven chiefs should be sent to examine the lands to
+which it was proposed to remove the Seminoles. They were to report its
+general aspect and fertility to the nation, but were not invested with
+power to ratify the treaty. That was the province of the nation in
+general council. Jumper, as stated in these pages, was one of the
+chiefs selected for the purpose of examining and reporting upon the
+new country. General Thompson, the agent, had told the chiefs in
+council that "no person has a right to say to you, You shall go, or
+that you shall accede to the proposition made to you by the Creeks;
+but it is left, as it should be, entirely optional with you." This is
+in singular contrast to the words heretofore quoted from the agent,
+and altogether different from his assurance to one of the chiefs: "The
+President, backed by the Secretary of War" (the Indian Bureau was
+then under the jurisdiction of the War Department) "and the whole
+Congress, never should compel me to act so dishonorably as to violate
+the treaty [of Camp Moultrie] made with your people. If such a thing
+were required of me I would spurn the President's commission and
+retire to the bosom of my family." General Thompson reported to the
+authorities at Washington what had taken place, as just related, and
+stated that, in view of the circumstances, no doubt remained that the
+Indians intended to resist the execution of the treaty of Payne's
+Landing. After giving a full statement of the situation, he felt it
+his "imperious duty" to urge the necessity of a strong re-enforcement
+at Fort King, and the station of a strong force at Tampa Bay, as early
+as possible. "An imposing force, thus marshaled to coerce the
+refractory people, would have the effect to crush the hopes of the
+chiefs and those who had been tampering with them into a proper
+respect for the Government, afford protection to the neighboring white
+settlements, and supersede the necessity of Holata Amathla and his
+followers fleeing the country." At this time the force at the two
+posts mentioned was two hundred and thirty-five men. General Thompson,
+sustained by Governor William P. Duval, continued to urge upon the
+Government, an increase of the military force. The latter, in a letter
+to the Secretary of War, informed that official that even with a
+respectable military force stationed at Fort Brooke and Tampa Bay the
+agent and superintendents would have much difficulty in carrying the
+treaty of Payne's Landing into effect. The necessity for additional
+military force was urged by Generals Clinch and Eaton and Lieutenant
+Joseph W. Harris, the disbursing agent. These representations went
+unheeded. In the whole of Florida there were but two hundred and fifty
+men of the United States army, while more than three thousand were
+stationed at other convenient points totally inactive.
+
+When the time came for the removal of the Big Swamp Indians they were
+so notified. But having been previously informed that they would be
+expected to go, they did nothing in the way of planting crops, and
+were destitute of food. Corn was distributed by the agents to the most
+needy. It was concluded to make another effort to secure their
+peaceful removal, and on April 22, 1835, several hundred of them
+assembled in council. After the council was opened General Thompson
+explained to them the treaty of Payne's Landing, and read a letter
+from President Jackson, in which he besought them as his children, to
+whom he had always acted honestly and kind, to comply with the treaty
+and go to the lands selected for them, telling them they must go; that
+they had sold all their land and did not have a piece "as big as a
+blanket to sit upon," and had no right to stay. The letter concluded:
+"If you listen to the voice of friendship and truth, you will go
+quietly and voluntarily; but should you listen to the bad birds that
+are always flying about you, and refuse to remove, I have then
+directed the commanding officer to remove you by force. This will be
+done. I pray the Great Spirit, therefore, to incline you to do what is
+right." After the letter had been read through and interpreted, Jumper
+rose and opposed the treaty, but deprecated force. Miconopy and others
+sustained Jumper's views _as to the treaty_, but were silent on the
+question of forcible resistance. General Clinch then addressed them,
+and told them the time of expostulation had passed, that persuasion
+had been exhausted, and wound up by telling them "it was the question
+now whether they would go of their own accord or go by force." On the
+next morning the chiefs and warriors sent word to the agent that they
+wanted to talk to him. On assembling, Miconopy was absent. Jumper, the
+spokesman, announced that he stood firm, but the veteran chief Fueta
+Susta Hajo (Black Dirt) spoke passionately and eloquently in favor of
+the execution of the treaty. After he had concluded, General Thompson
+placed on the table a paper, dated April 23, 1835, which pledged the
+Seminole tribe to voluntarily acknowledge the treaty at Payne's
+Landing on May 9, 1832, and the treaty concluded at Fort Gibson on
+March 28, 1833 (the one signed by the seven chiefs who had gone to
+visit the country to which the Seminoles were to remove), and freely
+submitting and assenting to said treaties in all their provisions.
+This paper received the signatures of eight principal chiefs, among
+them Fueta Susta Hajo and eight subchiefs. Five of the principal
+chiefs, Jumper among them, stood aloof and would not sign. Miconopy,
+who was absent, sent word by Jumper that he would not abide by the
+treaty. Upon this the agent said he would no longer regard Miconopy as
+a chief, and said his name should be stricken from the council of the
+nation. This action on the part of the agent was arbitrary and wholly
+unauthorized, and was severely censured by General Cass, Secretary of
+War.
+
+On August 11th the mail carrier Dalton was met by a party of Micosukee
+Indians six miles from Fort Brooke and killed. The body was found a
+few days afterward, and General Clinch immediately sent a demand for
+the surrender of the murderers, but they eluded capture by seeking
+refuge in the "Old red sticks" in the neighborhood of Ouithlacoochee.
+This murder, it was claimed, was in retaliation for the killing of an
+Indian in the previous June.
+
+On August 19, 1835, at the request of Holata Amathla and twenty-five
+others, a council of the Seminoles was convened. At the request of the
+other chiefs Holata Amathla opened the council, saying they had come
+to talk about matters of great interest. He referred to the treaty of
+Payne's Landing, the visit to the West of the seven chiefs, and the
+promises that had been made; stated that the Seminoles wanted their
+separate agent, and paid a high compliment to General Thompson, who,
+he said, had always told them the truth. The speech was forwarded to
+Washington, but no notice was taken of it. This nonaction on the part
+of the authorities at Washington served to intensify the distrust and
+suspicions of the Indians as to the good faith of the Government, and
+caused many of those who had expressed a willingness to move to join
+the ranks of those who objected to doing so. Hostilities soon
+commenced. The Long Swamp and Big Swamp Indians commenced pillaging.
+Three of them were caught and subjected to exceedingly cruel treatment
+by the white settlers. Many outrages were perpetrated on both sides.
+The Indians were notified to bring in all their cattle, ponies, and
+hogs to be turned over to a United States agent and appraised, the
+owners to be paid on their arrival across the Mississippi. Six of the
+principal chiefs and some others surrendered their stock. The sale,
+however, was indefinitely postponed. The Big Swamp Indians resolved
+to retain possession of the country, and condemned to death all those
+Indians who should oppose their views. This caused many of the
+friendly Indians to take refuge in the United States forts. About four
+hundred and fifty fled to Fort Brooke, and on November 9th they
+encamped on the opposite side of Hillsboro River. The hostile Indians,
+fearing that the secrets of their councils had become known, made
+every effort to win over to their side those who were disposed to
+comply with the treaty. Assiola and about four hundred warriors went
+to the house of Charley Amathla and demanded that he pledge himself to
+oppose removal. He declined, saying he would sacrifice his life before
+he would violate the pledge he had given his great father. Assiola
+attempted to shoot Charley, but was prevented by Abraham, the
+interpreter. Assiola left, but soon returned with a small party to the
+house and murdered him in cold blood. A number of the murdered man's
+followers at once made their escape to Fort King, while others joined
+the hostile party. Charley Amathla was regarded as a brave, resolute,
+and upright man. He had saved the life of Assiola, and his murder was
+an act of horrible ingratitude. The Indians now abandoned their homes
+and took refuge in the impenetrable swamps.
+
+At this time the entire military force in Florida amounted to four
+hundred and eighty-nine officers and men, and were distributed as
+follows: At St. Augustine, one company, fifty-three men; at Fort
+Brooke, on Hillsboro Bay, three companies, one hundred and fifty-three
+men; at Fort King, six companies, three hundred and fifty-three men.
+The Seminoles were located in the peninsula of Florida, a region of
+fens, swamps, and creeks almost inapproachable. They claimed that the
+Government had not carried out in good faith the treaties made with
+them. Their great leader and chief was Assiola, sometimes called
+Powell, and improperly spelled Osceola, whose father was a white man
+and his mother a woman of the Creek Indian tribe. Among most of the
+tribes of Southern Indians the children took rank from the mother. He
+was recognized among the Indians as a Creek. He did not inherit the
+title or place of a chief, but won it by his native ability, cruelty,
+and courage. In his early days he was insolent in his manners, and
+kept apart from the society of his people.
+
+When General Alexander Ramsay Thompson was agent of the United States
+for these Indians, on one occasion Assiola appeared before him and
+announced that the lands claimed by the Government belonged to the
+Indians; that the Indians could take care of themselves, and did not
+need General Thompson's services. He was arrested and placed in
+confinement, and after being imprisoned some time expressed regret,
+signed the treaty, and was released. Subsequently he rendered valuable
+service in arresting criminals, and regained the confidence of the
+whites. This confidence, however, was of short duration.
+
+War having been declared in the name of the Florida Indians, a
+detachment of volunteers with some regulars, under General Duncan L.
+Clinch, moved to the Ouithlacoochee, the Indian encampment. Three days
+before the event which will be described as occurring at
+Ouithlacoochee, Major Francis Langhorne Dade, with a small command,
+had moved from Fort Brooke to relieve the post of Fort King. Major
+Dade and his command had marched sixty-five miles in five days,
+intrenching themselves each night in their encampment. On the sixth
+night they were attacked by Indians and negro allies, and out of one
+hundred and twelve all were slain except three. The officers killed
+were Major Francis Langhorne Dade, Captain George Washington Gardiner,
+Captain William Frazier, Lieutenants William E. Basinger, J.L. Keayes,
+Robert Richard Mudge, Richard Henderson, and Dr. John Slade Gatlin.
+Total killed, officers and men, one hundred and seven; escaped, three.
+A handsome monument has been erected to their memory at West Point.
+Returning to General Duncan L. Clinch's advance on Ouithlacoochee,
+here he was attacked by Assiola and his followers after he had crossed
+the river; but the general succeeded in repelling the attack and
+driving the Indians. While the battle resulting in the massacre of
+Major Dade and his command was being fought, the death of Thompson and
+others was effected within a few hundred yards of Fort King, on
+February 28th. All of the troops except Thomas W. Lendrum's company of
+the Third Artillery, about forty strong, had been withdrawn on the
+26th, to re-enforce General Clinch at Lang Syne plantation, with a
+view to his striking a blow at the families of the Indians supposed to
+be concealed in the swamps and hammocks of the Ouithlacoochee River,
+with the hope of drawing the Indian warriors out and bringing on a
+general engagement. All those attached to the fort or agency were
+directed not to pass beyond the picketing. Thompson slept inside the
+defenses and passed the greater part of the day at the agency, about
+one hundred yards beyond the works. The sutler, Rogers, had moved his
+goods into the fort, but was in the habit of taking his meals at his
+residence, six hundred yards away in the skirt of a hammock to the
+southwest of the fort.
+
+On the day of the massacre Lieutenant Constantine Smith, of the Second
+Artillery, had dined with General Thompson, and after dinner the two
+went out for a walk. They had proceeded about three hundred yards
+beyond the agency office when they were fired upon by a party of
+Indians who were concealed in the hammock on the border of which the
+sutler's house stood. The reports of the rifles, and the war-whoop
+repeated, were heard within a brief time, other volleys more remote
+were fired, when the smoke of the firing was seen at the fort. Captain
+Lendrum at once called out his men, who were at that time engaged in
+strengthening the pickets. He was not aware of the absence from the
+fort of General Thompson and Lieutenant Smith; he supposed the firing
+was a ruse to draw him out and cut him off from the fort. Very soon
+several whites and negroes came in and informed him that Mr. Rogers,
+his clerks, and themselves had been surprised at dinner, and the three
+former had fallen into the hands of the Indians. A small command was
+at once dispatched to succor and pursue, but the butchery had been as
+brief as it was complete, and a last war-whoop had been given as a
+signal for retreat. The bodies of General Thompson, Lieutenant Smith,
+and Mr. Kitzler were soon found and brought in; those of the others
+were not found until the following morning. General Thompson's body
+had fourteen bullets in it and a deep knife-wound in the left breast.
+Lieutenant Smith and Mr. Kitzler had each received two bullets in the
+head. The bodies of Rogers the sutler and Robert Suggs were
+shockingly mangled, the skulls of each being broken, and all save
+Suggs were scalped. The party was led by Assiola, and consisted of
+fifty or sixty Micosukees. Two other Indians were in the party attired
+as chiefs, but were not recognized. This information comes from an old
+negro woman who was in the house and who concealed herself so as to
+elude the Indians, and made her escape to the fort after the massacre.
+
+Information of the butchery was at once dispatched to General Clinch.
+General Richard Keith Call, with Colonels Richard C. Parish and Leigh
+Read, having arrived on the 29th with about five hundred volunteers
+from the adjoining counties, who had previously been ordered to scour
+the country on the right and left flank, joined the United States
+troops, numbering about two hundred under General Clinch. Orders were
+issued for a forward movement at sunrise on December 29th. They
+arrived near the Ouithlacoochee on the 30th, and threw up breastworks
+around their encampment. On arriving at the river next morning it was
+found too deep to be forded. No Indians being in sight, one of the men
+swam the river and brought over a canoe. As only seven men could be
+taken over at a time, the work of crossing the troops was slow and
+tedious. General Clinch and Colonels Samuel Parkhill and Read crossed
+over, and, in conjunction with General Call, began the construction of
+rafts on which the baggage and stores could be crossed over. The
+regulars were all over by twelve o'clock, and Major Alexander C.W.
+Fanning marched them into an open field surrounded on all sides either
+by a thick swamp or hammock, and there formed them into line,
+awaiting the crossing of the volunteers. When about fifty of the
+volunteers had crossed, and the officers were engaged in
+superintending the construction of the rafts, an alarm was given that
+the Indians were upon them. General Call at once put his men in line,
+and the Indians opened fire, but the volunteers poured a heavy volley
+into the hammock, which silenced the fire of the Indians for a time;
+but they soon collected their forces and opened a galling fire on the
+regulars. General Clinch ordered a charge, which was gallantly led by
+Major Fanning, but the Indians maintained their ground. A second
+charge was more successful, driving the Indians some distance back.
+The chiefs made every effort to rally them, but without success.
+
+During the battle General Call, Colonel John Warren, and Major James
+G. Cooper, with a number of volunteers, crossed the river at imminent
+peril, and the two latter immediately engaged and fought with the most
+determined bravery. General Call had formed the volunteers that last
+crossed into two parallel lines, placing one above and the other below
+the crossing place, for the purpose of protecting the troops on the
+other side and those who were recrossing with the dead and wounded. He
+therefore did not reach the field until the enemy were repulsed,
+though his services were eminently useful in directing the crossing.
+Clinch at this time was not advised of the disaster to Major Dade's
+command.
+
+The term of service of the volunteers having expired, General Clinch
+marched them, on January 2d, to Fort Drane and disbanded them. In this
+last-named engagement the regulars and volunteers, numbering, all
+told, two hundred and twenty-seven men--under the able leadership of
+Clinch, Major Campbell Graham, Major Fanning, Colonel John Warren,
+General Richard K. Call, Cooper, and Lieutenant George Read--succeeded
+in defeating over seven hundred Indians who had chosen their ground
+and were protected by the swamps and hammocks. The volunteer officers,
+to whom great credit was due, were Major (afterward Brigadier General)
+Leigh Read, whose horse was shot under him, Colonel John Warren,
+Colonel Parkhill (of Richmond, Va.), Colonel William J. Mills, Major
+Cooper, Captain Martin Scott, and Captain William J. Bailey. The
+services of General Call and Majors Gamble and Wellford were of great
+value. General Clinch makes mention of Major J.S. Little his
+aid-de-camp, Captains Gustavus S. Drane, Charles Mellon, and Gates,
+Lieutenants George Henry Talcott, Erastus A. Capron, John Graham,
+William Seaton Maitland, and Horace Brooks, of the United States army,
+and Colonel McIntosh, Lieutenants Youman, Stewart, Nathaniel W.
+Hunter, Cuthbert, and Adjutant Joseph A. Phillips, of the Florida
+volunteers, of the officers of the medical staff. Special mention was
+made of Drs. Richard Weightman, Hamilton, Philip G. Randolph, and
+Brandon. The returns of the killed and wounded were as follows:
+
+REGULARS.
+Killed, 2 artificers and 2 privates                               4
+Wounded, 1 captain and 2 lieutenants                          3
+Two sergeants and 4 corporals                                 6
+Private soldiers                                             43
+                                                             --
+                                                             52
+VOLUNTEERS.
+Wounded, Colonel Warren, Major Cooper, and Lieutenant Youman  3
+Private soldiers                                              4
+                                                             --
+                                                              7  59 = 63
+
+Previous to and immediately after this engagement the Indians divided
+themselves into small parties for the purpose of devastating the
+country. They made their appearance simultaneously in the southern
+part of the peninsula as far north as Picolata and from the extreme
+east below St. Augustine to the west, carrying off everything that was
+useful to them and destroying the remainder. At New River, on the
+southeast side of the peninsula, they murdered the wife, children, and
+teacher in the family of Mr. Cooley, carrying off provisions and
+horses, and setting fire to the house on their departure.
+
+The settlements in that neighborhood were abandoned, the inhabitants
+taking refuge near the lighthouse on Cape Florida; but they had been
+there only a short time when, the Indians making their appearance,
+they were compelled to seek shelter and protection elsewhere.
+
+The ruthless destruction of property and of lives on the east side of
+the peninsula was heartrending. Their principal ravages, however, were
+on the east side from St. Augustine to the south. Major Benjamin A.
+Putnam, with a small detachment of men, marched into this country with
+a view to drive the Indians away. He was met by an overpowering number
+of the savages, and forced to retreat. In fact, no part of the State
+seemed to be free from these murderous savages.
+
+General Clinch made requisitions on the Governors of Georgia, South
+Carolina, and Alabama to aid the Floridians in their unequal warfare
+with the savages. It was felt by the citizens of Florida that the
+Government at Washington showed great apathy, if not real
+indifference, to their condition. A meeting was called in Charleston,
+S.C., early in January, for the purpose of aiding the people of
+Florida with men and means, but General Eustis informed the meeting
+that General Clinch had sufficient force and supplies under his
+command to subdue any number of Indians and negroes that could be
+brought to oppose him. On January 12th, intelligence having been
+received from General Clinch asking for six hundred men, the committee
+conferred with General Eustis and requested him to send a company of
+United States troops with arms and ammunition for the defense of St.
+Augustine. This was granted, and the citizens of Charleston chartered
+a steamboat and placed on board one thousand bushels of corn, one
+hundred barrels of flour, thirty barrels of beef, twenty barrels of
+pork, and ten tierces of rice. On January 20th another meeting was
+called to raise volunteers for Florida. The banks of Charleston
+subscribed twenty-five thousand dollars as a loan to the Government.
+The committee dispatched a schooner, loaded with corn, rice, bread,
+beef, pork, and military and hospital stores, and sent a physician to
+attend the sick.
+
+Four companies of volunteers were put in motion on the 27th for St.
+Augustine--viz., the Washington Light Infantry, Captain Ravenel;
+Washington Volunteers, Captain Finley; German Fusileers, Captain
+Timrod; and Hamburgh Volunteers, Captain Cunningham. These volunteer
+companies arrived at St. Augustine on January 30th, and were at once
+sent out to scour the country for hostile Indians; they were, however,
+relieved from duty on February 12th, on the arrival of the South
+Carolina militia and United States troops under Major Reynold Marvin
+Kirby. These troops were placed on the same duty as their
+predecessors, but there was no engagement with the hostile Indians
+until the latter part of March. An instance of the chivalric spirit of
+the South Carolina volunteers is worthy of mention. On requisition of
+the Governor for three companies to be furnished for Florida, Colonel
+Chesnut, of Camden, called out his regiment. After telling them what
+was wanted, he requested those who desired to volunteer in defense of
+their suffering neighbors to step forward. The whole regiment marched
+forward and tendered their services. At the same time four thousand
+dollars were contributed for their equipment.
+
+On receipt of the intelligence of the Dade massacre in Savannah, a
+company of Georgia volunteers at once embarked for Picolata. A meeting
+of the Richmond Blues and Richmond Hussars, of Augusta, was called for
+the purpose of rendering aid. The city council appropriated the
+necessary funds to supply arms and ammunition. The ladies of Augusta
+volunteered to make the uniforms, and in less than a week these
+volunteers were on their way to Picolata. These companies were
+composed of the _elite_ of the city. Supplies of all kinds were sent
+by Mayor Joseph Beard to Fort Drane and the posts on the St. John's,
+which were poorly equipped with ordnance and quartermaster's stores.
+He also sent a six-pounder cannon with necessary equipments of grape,
+canister, and round shot, ten thousand rounds of musket ball and
+buckshot cartridges, and a general supply of needful articles. Further
+supplies were drawn on their arrival at Picolata.
+
+This action of Quartermaster Beard was most fortunate, as it was found
+that the military posts, by the neglect of the War Department or its
+subalterns, had been reduced to such an extremity that in case of
+attack they must necessarily have been shorn of the means of defense,
+and would have fallen into the hands of the enemy. Nothing but the
+timely arrival of supplies saved these posts from destruction.
+
+There were no means of transportation at Picolata, and the
+quartermaster procured horses at Jacksonville for the purpose of
+forwarding one of the six-pounders to Fort Drane. Four of the horses
+on arrival were found unfit for service, but, fortunately, General
+John M. Hernandez was able to furnish ten chicken carts, and the
+quartermaster was authorized to make impressments for transportation.
+The Richmond Blues, one hundred and twelve strong, with the Camden and
+Glynn mounted volunteers, numbering twenty-seven, and the Darien
+Infantry of about thirty, under command of Captains Robertson, R.
+Floyd, and Thomas S. Bryant respectively, took up line of march as an
+escort to the two six-pounders, ordnance stores, twenty-five wagons
+and carts laden with provisions, and passed through the heart of the
+enemy's country, arriving on February 15th, without obstruction, at
+the garrison of Fort Drane.
+
+Supplies under the same escort were at once forwarded to Fort King.
+Subsequently the following-named companies of Georgia volunteers
+arrived in Florida: The Hancock Blues, Captain A.S. Brown; State
+Fencibles, Captain J.A. Merriwether; Macon Volunteers, Captain Isaac
+Seymour; Morgan Guards, Captain N.G. Foster; Monroe Musketeers,
+Captain John Cureton; Washington Cavalry, Captain C.J. Malone; Baldwin
+Cavalry, Captain W.F. Scott. Major Ross, with several companies of
+mounted men from Georgia, arrived later, but owing to the advanced
+season, much to their disappointment, did not enter the field.
+
+Going back to January 15th, General Edmund Pendleton Gaines, who was
+on a tour of inspection through the Western Department, first heard of
+the troubles in Florida, and at once called on the Governor of
+Louisiana and requested him to hold in readiness a body of volunteers
+for service in subduing the Seminole Indians.
+
+He also wrote to the adjutant general at Washington, urging that no
+time be lost in succoring the troops in Florida, and saying, from his
+knowledge of the Seminole character, that at least four thousand men
+would be required to subdue them, protected and aided by a strong
+naval force.
+
+At that time the United States was divided into two military
+departments by a line drawn from the southern part of Florida to the
+northwestern extremity of Lake Superior. The Eastern Department was
+under the command of General Winfield Scott, and the Western under
+that of General Gaines, and by reference to a map it will be seen that
+the line passed directly through the theater of hostilities in
+Florida. The meeting of these two distinguished generals was purely
+accidental. General Scott was in Washington when the news was received
+of General Clinch's engagement with the Seminoles. After dispatching
+his letter to the adjutant general, General Gaines proceeded to
+Pensacola for the purpose of getting the co-operation of the naval
+forces at that station. He found, however, that Commodores Dallas and
+Bolton and Captain Webb had received orders to direct their attention
+to the inlets of Florida, whence they had sailed. He received here the
+most alarming intelligence of the state of affairs in Florida. He
+proceeded to Mobile on January 18th, and there learned that Fort
+Brooke was invested by the Indians and the garrison in great danger of
+being cut off and slaughtered. He at once sent an express to General
+Clinch, supposed to be at Fort King, stating that he would arrive at
+Fort Brooke about February 8th with seven hundred men, and requested
+General Clinch to take the field and march southward and form a
+junction with him at Fort Brooke.
+
+As the crisis demanded immediate action, and General Scott being
+present to receive the instructions of the Government in person, he
+was charged with the direction of the campaign without regard to
+department boundaries. General Gaines had left his headquarters at
+Memphis, Tenn., on a tour of inspection through his department, and it
+was very uncertain when or where the orders and instructions of the
+Government would reach him; and as the immediate services of an
+officer of high rank of mind and discreet judgment were required to
+maintain the neutrality of the United States during the war between
+the Texans and Mexicans, General Gaines was selected for that
+important duty. However, the official dispatches did not reach General
+Gaines until he had already taken the field in Florida and marched
+from Fort Brooke to Fort King, within ninety-five miles of where
+General Scott had established his headquarters.
+
+In pursuance of this plan, Lieutenant-Colonel David E. Twiggs was
+ordered to receive into service the eight companies of volunteers
+requested of the Governor of Louisiana, adding them to the command of
+such regular troops as might be in the vicinity of New Orleans, all
+to be held in readiness for a movement to Tampa Bay. The troops were
+mustered into service on February 3d. General Gaines having arrived in
+New Orleans on January 27th, chartered three steamers to convey the
+troops and stores. The Legislature of Louisiana had appropriated
+eighty-five thousand dollars for the equipment of her volunteers, and
+on February 4th the chartered steamers, with the Louisiana volunteers
+and one company of regulars, were under way, and on the same day
+another steamer, with Colonel Twiggs and Companies B, E, G, H, I, and
+K of the regulars, left New Orleans. The vessels arrived safely at
+Hillsboro Bay, four miles distant from the garrison, on February 8th,
+9th, and 10th, and the troops were immediately disembarked and camped
+just outside of the fort.
+
+The fort was a triangular work formed by pickets with blockhouses at
+the apex, the base resting on the bay and flanked on the west by
+Hillsboro River. It was found that there were at the fort about two
+hundred regular troops, composed of Companies A, B, C, and H of the
+Second Artillery, and Company A of the Fourth Infantry, with Majors
+Francis S. Belton, Richard Augustus Zantzinger, and John Mountford,
+Lieutenants John Breckenridge Grayson, Samuel McKenzie, John Charles
+Casey, Thomas C. Legate, Edwin Wright Morgan, Augustus Porter Allen,
+and Benjamin Alvord, and Surgeons Henry Lee Heiskell and Reynolds.
+Major Belton was the commanding officer of the post.
+
+General Gaines, having received instructions at Pensacola from the
+Secretary of War to repair and take charge of the forces which were
+assembling on the Mexican frontier, announced the fact to Colonel
+Twiggs; but the troops, on hearing this, manifested great
+dissatisfaction, and insisted that as they had volunteered to go under
+the command of General Gaines, he in good faith should be their
+leader. Following is the text of the letter of the Secretary of War to
+General Gaines:
+
+                      "WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, _January 23, 1835_.
+
+  "SIR: I am instructed by the President to request that you
+  will repair to some proper position near the western frontier of the
+  State of Louisiana, and there assume the personal command of all the
+  troops of the United States which are or may be employed in any part
+  of the region adjoining the Mexican boundary.
+
+  "It is not the intention of this order to change at all the
+  relations between yourself and the military departments under your
+  command, to require your personal presence at a point where public
+  considerations demand the exercise of great discretion and
+  prudence...."
+
+The pressure not only from the troops in the field but from outside
+sources was so great that General Gaines felt it his duty to enter the
+field. Besides, that was thought a propitious time to begin active
+operations, as the day before the arrival of the Louisiana troops the
+friendly Indians had engaged the hostiles in a battle about four miles
+from Fort Brooke. Although at this date, as before mentioned, General
+Scott in Washington had been ordered to assume command in Florida,
+General Gaines was entirely ignorant of such order.
+
+Orders were accordingly issued assigning officers to their respective
+duties. Captain Ethan A. Hitchcock, First Infantry, was announced
+Assistant Inspector General of the Department, and Lieutenant James
+Farley Izard, of the Dragoons, to be Acting Brigade Major. The
+artillery and infantry of the United States army, together with the
+Louisiana volunteer forces under Adjutant-General Persifor F. Smith,
+were to constitute "the light brigade." (Here is an instance of a
+staff officer being assigned to command troops.) The whole force to be
+under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel David E. Twiggs, Fourth
+Infantry.
+
+The Louisiana volunteers were divided into two battalions, the first
+composed of the companies of Captains Burt, Lee, Williams, Rogers, and
+Thistle, under Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Lawson, Surgeon. (Here is
+another case of a staff officer and surgeon ordered to the command of
+troops.) The second battalion was composed of the companies of
+Captains Samuel F. Marks, William H. Ker, Magee, Smith, Abadie, and
+Barr, under Major Marks, the regiment to be commanded by Colonel
+Persifor F. Smith. Orders for marching were issued on the 13th, the
+troops to be supplied with forty rounds of ammunition and ten days'
+rations, five of which were to be carried in haversacks. During the
+Florida campaign the only articles drawn by the private volunteer
+soldiers were bread or flour, pork or beef, while only a few drew
+salt, sugar, and coffee. Major Richard M. Sands, of the Fourth
+Infantry, and Captain Barr's company of volunteers, amounting in all
+to one hundred and sixty men, were detailed for the protection of the
+fort, under command of Major Sands.
+
+The army marched in three columns, equidistant one hundred yards, with
+a strong advance and rear guard. The center column was composed of
+one company of volunteers as advance guard, under command of Brigade
+Major Izard. Seven companies of United States artillery and infantry,
+under command of Lieutenant-Colonel William Sewell Foster; the baggage
+train, led by Captain Samuel Shannon; six companies of Louisiana
+volunteers as rear guard, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Lawson.
+Right column: Four companies of artillery acting as light infantry,
+under command of Major Belton. Left column: Four companies of
+Louisiana volunteers, under command of Major Marks. The entire command
+consisted of nine hundred and eighty effective men, exclusive of the
+detachment under Major Sands, which, added to the force, would make it
+eleven hundred and forty men.
+
+The Quartermaster's Department at the post was in a very bad
+condition, destitute of nearly everything that was necessary for the
+comfort of the troops. There was great scarcity of ordnance stores,
+but, happily, an abundant supply of subsistence stores.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Review of the army by General Gaines--Arrival of General Gaines at
+Fort King--Lieutenant Izard mortally wounded--Correspondence between
+General Gaines and Clinch--General Scott ordered to command in
+Florida--Disadvantages under which he labored--Preparations for
+movements--Commencement of hostilities against the Indians.
+
+
+General Gaines reviewed the army on February 13th, and, accompanied by
+seventy-seven friendly Indians, took up line of march toward the
+Alafia River, to which point he learned that the hostile Indians had
+gone. The march was made under many difficulties, the horses of the
+baggage train breaking down and necessitating the loss of valuable
+articles of camp equipage. Near dark they encamped six miles from Fort
+Brooke. The next day they arrived at Warren, on the Alafia River,
+eighteen miles from the fort, and received two days' rations, which
+General Gaines had ordered sent around from Fort Brooke by water.
+Discovering no traces of Indians, he directed the march toward the
+grounds where Major Dade and his party were massacred. The boats
+having arrived at Fort Brooke with the sick and disabled and all
+superfluous baggage, the army moved in the direction of a deserted
+Indian village, passing the ruins of many fine plantations, and struck
+the military road near the Hillsboro River.
+
+On the 17th they arrived at the river and halted. On the 18th, after
+burning two deserted Indian villages near the Big Ouithlacoochee
+River, the friendly Indians accompanying the expedition requested
+permission to return to Fort Brooke. General Gaines assured them that
+there was no danger to be apprehended; that he only required them to
+act as scouts and guides, and that they were not expected to go into
+battle.
+
+The Ouithlacoochee was forded on the 19th, and that night a breastwork
+was thrown up on the ground which had been occupied by the ill-fated
+party of Major Dade. At daybreak of the 20th they resumed their march,
+and buried on their way the remains of Major Dade and Captain Frazier
+and eight other officers, and ninety-eight noncommissioned officers
+and privates.
+
+It now became a question of importance whether to continue the march
+to Fort King, which post was thought to be besieged by the enemy, or
+to return to Fort Brooke. To Fort Brooke it was sixty-five miles, and
+to Fort King forty miles north. A large number of the volunteers were
+destitute of provisions. It would require five days to reach Fort
+Brooke, and but two to reach Fort King.
+
+It having been reported at Fort Brooke that Fort King was assailed by
+the Indians and in danger of being cut off, and this opinion being
+strengthened by the noncompliance of General Clinch with the request
+of General Gaines to co-operate with him, it became General Gaines's
+duty to ascertain the cause. A large number of General Gaines's troops
+were in a destitute condition, and the senior assistant quartermaster,
+Captain Shannon, had a letter from the Quartermaster General at
+Washington, dated January 19th, which stated that large supplies of
+provisions had been ordered from New York to Fort King. With these
+facts before him, General Gaines determined to move to Fort King,
+where he could ascertain the position of the enemy and at the same
+time strengthen the garrison.
+
+The army under General Gaines arrived at Fort King on February 22d.
+Finding the post poorly supplied with subsistence, he dispatched
+Lieutenant-Colonel Foster, with an escort of the Fourth Infantry, to
+proceed to Fort Drane, twenty-two miles distant, where General Clinch
+was stationed with four companies of artillery and one of infantry and
+two companies of volunteers, and endeavored to get a supply of
+provisions. The detachment returned on the 24th with seven days'
+supplies. Here for the first time General Gaines was informed that
+General Scott was in command in Florida, and that he was then at
+Picolata organizing forces and gathering supplies.
+
+General Gaines then determined that he could not remain at Fort King,
+as supplies were being exhausted as fast as they came in, and that to
+remain there would necessarily embarrass the operations of General
+Scott. It was also evident that the enemy would not be found by
+retracing his march to Fort Brooke, but that by moving by the battle
+ground of General Clinch, even should he not succeed in meeting the
+enemy, the mere presence of a large force would perhaps tend to
+concentrate him, and thus give security to the frontier and enable the
+inhabitants to give attention to planting their crops. Besides, he
+would find supplies at Fort Brooke, and on his arrival the command of
+Colonel Lindsay would be strengthened.
+
+The army, being provided with two days' rations, moved out on the
+27th, and arriving at the river, a halt was called, the baggage train
+being under protection of the rear guard, while General Gaines, with
+the main column and artillery, moved forward for the purpose of making
+a reconnoissance preparatory to crossing. Finding the river too deep
+to ford at the point reached, General Gaines and Colonel Smith made an
+attempt to cross about two hundred and fifty yards higher up. Reaching
+a small island in the middle of the river, a sharp fire was opened
+upon them, accompanied by the Indian war-whoop.
+
+The troops returned the fire, and the field piece under Lieutenant
+Grayson was brought into action, which quickly silenced the war-whoop.
+The engagement lasted about three quarters of an hour, during which
+one volunteer was killed and seven wounded. General Clinch's old
+breastwork was enlarged and occupied by the troops during the night.
+
+On the morning of the 28th the line was again formed, and after a
+circuitous march the army arrived at the crossing place. James Farley
+Izard, a first lieutenant of dragoons, being on leave of absence,
+volunteered his services to General Gaines, was assigned to duty as
+brigade major, and was about forming the guard when the sharp crack of
+a rifle and the war-whoop gave notice of the presence of the enemy.
+His horse had received a bullet in his neck. When he dismounted he
+proceeded to the bank of the river, when a ball from the enemy entered
+his left eye. He said to the men, "Keep your positions and lie close."
+He died in a few days from the effect of the wound. A desultory fight
+was kept up from nine in the morning until one o'clock in the
+afternoon, when the enemy withdrew. The troops threw up breastworks,
+inside of which they encamped for the night. Captain William G.
+Sanders, commanding the friendly Indians, was severely wounded.
+Captain Armstrong, of the United States transport schooner Motto, was
+wounded, and a soldier of Captain Croghan Ker's company of Louisiana
+volunteers was killed. General Gaines sent an express to General
+Clinch asking his co-operation by crossing the river eight or ten
+miles above and coming down on the enemy's rear. He notified General
+Clinch that he would not move from his position until he heard from
+him, and requested to be furnished with needed subsistence. The
+dispatch arrived on the following morning, and General Clinch sent it
+forward to General Scott at Picolata.
+
+On the 29th, orders were issued for one third of the command to remain
+on duty inside of the encampment, while another third was engaged in
+strengthening the defenses. A detachment of two hundred Louisiana
+volunteers under command of Captain Thistle, an expert marksman, was
+detailed for the erection of a blockhouse near the river, while others
+were engaged in preparing canoes and rafts. Everything was quiet until
+ten o'clock, when a fire was opened by the Indians on the working
+parties and on three sides of the camp. The Indians were concealed in
+the palmettoes, about two hundred yards distant. They set fire to the
+grass and palmettoes, but a sudden shift of the wind carried the fire
+in their direction. The firing lasted about two hours, when the
+Indians retired. Captain Thistle and party returned to camp without
+having sustained any loss. The firing was renewed by the Indians about
+four o'clock in the afternoon, but soon subsided. The loss in General
+Gaines's camp was one noncommissioned officer of artillery killed, and
+thirty-two officers, noncommissioned officers, and privates wounded.
+General Gaines received a painful wound in the mouth. Lieutenant James
+Duncan, Second Artillery, Mr. W. Potter, secretary to General Gaines,
+and Lieutenant Ephraim Smith, of the Louisiana volunteers, were
+wounded.
+
+General Gaines now sent another dispatch by some friendly Indians to
+General Clinch asking him to march his forces direct to Camp Izard
+instead of crossing above. He also asked for some mounted men and one
+or two field pieces with a sufficient supply of ammunition. General
+Gaines regarded this as a most favorable opportunity to attack the
+Indians while they were concentrated, and he thought that with such
+re-enforcements as he asked, and a supply of provisions, he could end
+the war in ten days. He had notified General Clinch, on February 28th,
+that he would make no sortie nor would he move from his position until
+he heard from General Clinch. In his second letter to General Clinch
+he wrote: "Being fully satisfied that I am in the neighborhood of the
+principal body of Indians, and that they are now concentrated, I must
+suggest to you the expediency of an immediate co-operation with the
+forces under your command. I have only to repeat my determination not
+to move from my position or make a sortie until I hear from you, as it
+would only tend to disperse the enemy, and we should then have
+difficulty in finding them."
+
+If General Gaines had made an attack he would certainly have lost one
+or two hundred men. He had no transportation to convey the wounded,
+and was short of supplies, as his whole train consisted of one wagon
+and two carts. Had he made an attack and routed the enemy, he had no
+means of following them, and his victory would have been barren of
+results. The Indians made another attack on March 1st, and renewed it
+on the next day. These attacks were repeated daily until the 5th, when
+they sent forward their interpreter, who wanted to know if Colonel
+Twiggs was in command, and saying they did not want to continue the
+war, but to shake hands and be friends. He was told to come at nine
+o'clock the next morning with a white flag. On Sunday morning, March
+6th, Assiola and Colonel Hago, with others, appeared for a talk. Major
+Barron, Captain Marks, and others met them. They said they wanted to
+stop fighting; that they had taken up arms against the whites because
+they had been badly treated; that the whites had killed many of their
+men; that they would stop the war if the whites were withdrawn, and
+would not cross the river.
+
+Major Barron replied that he would communicate what they said to
+General Gaines. Jumper asked if Colonel Twiggs was in camp. He was
+answered in the affirmative, but was told that General Gaines was in
+command. General Gaines directed Captain Hitchcock, of his staff,
+accompanied by Captain Marks, Dr. Harrall, and others, to confer with
+Jumper. On meeting Jumper he expressed a desire to see General Gaines,
+and said they would like to consult their governor, Miconopy, who was
+then some distance off. The Indians insisted on seeing General Gaines,
+and they were informed that he was ready to meet Miconopy, their
+governor. Nothing definite having been settled, they retired. At a
+subsequent meeting the Seminoles agreed to give up their arms and
+cease hostilities, and meet the commissioners again for a general
+treaty.
+
+In the meantime General Gaines was re-enforced by Georgia troops,
+under command of Captains Edward B. Robinson and Bones, the Florida
+mounted militia, under command of Captain McLemore, and some regulars,
+under Captains Charles Myron Thruston and Graham, the whole under the
+command of General Clinch. They also brought beef cattle and other
+much-needed supplies. The Indians appeared again with a white flag and
+asked to confer with General Gaines, but were told that they must
+bring their governor, Miconopy, with whom General Gaines would confer.
+
+General Gaines now turned over the command of the army to General
+Clinch, and on Thursday, the 10th, the army moved in the direction of
+Fort Drane. General Gaines left for Tallahassee and Mobile, and was
+the recipient of great attention by the citizens of those places.
+
+Such was the situation when, on January 20, 1836, General Scott was
+ordered to take command of the army in Florida, which had been
+increased to twelve hundred regulars, besides volunteers, by the time
+he arrived there. He left Washington the day after receiving his
+orders and arrived at Picolata, on the St. John's River, and on
+February 22d issued orders forming the army into three divisions. The
+troops on the west bank of the St. John's River were placed under
+command of General Clinch, and constituted the right wing of the
+army. Those on the east bank of the St. John's River, under
+Brigadier-General Abram Eustis, constituted the left wing, and those
+at Tampa Bay, under Colonel William Lindsay, constituted the center.
+General Scott had been authorized to ask for volunteers from the
+States of Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, and the Territory of
+Florida. Among other instructions given the general was the following:
+In consequence of representations from Florida that measures would
+probably be taken to transmit the slaves captured by the Indians to
+the Havana, orders were given the navy to prevent such proceedings,
+and General Scott was directed "to allow no pacification with the
+Indians while a slave belonging to a white man remained in their
+possession." There were a great many negroes among the Indians. In the
+band that massacred Major Dade and his command there were sixty-three
+of them mounted in one company. The negroes and Indians of mixed
+African and Indian blood were the most cruel members of the tribe.
+
+Re-enforcements of militia were soon added to the army. The great
+disadvantages under which Scott labored necessarily delayed his
+movements until a late period. He found the quartermaster's department
+very deficient, and had the greatest difficulty in transporting
+supplies to Fort Drane. His supplies of ordnance were very limited,
+and the greater part of those on hand were unfit for use. To penetrate
+a country like Florida, filled with swamps, morasses, and almost
+impenetrable hammocks, required much preparation and labor. There was
+no chain of posts or settlements through the country, and the army was
+compelled to carry a heavy load of provisions and ordnance. To
+increase the difficulties, heavy rains had fallen which made the roads
+almost impassable. General Scott arrived at Fort Drane on March 13,
+1836, with a very small force. Believing the enemy to be concentrated
+at or near the forks of Ouithlacoochee River, he adopted the following
+plan of operations:
+
+The Florida army to constitute three divisions, to be known as the
+right, center, and left wings; the center being composed of Alabama
+volunteers, three companies of Louisiana volunteers, and two companies
+of United States artillery, amounting to twelve hundred and fifty men,
+to be commanded by Colonel William Lindsay. To move from Fort Brooke
+and take position at or near Chicuchatty, on March 25th. Signal
+guns to be fired each day thereafter at 9 A.M. to announce
+position. The right wing, composed of a battalion of Augusta
+volunteers under Acting Major Robertson; a battalion of Georgia
+volunteers under Major Mark A. Cooper; Major John M. Douglass, Georgia
+Cavalry; eleven companies of Louisiana volunteers, under Colonel
+Persifor F. Smith; Florida Rangers, under Major McLemore; the
+regulars, under Colonel James Bankhead; and Captain Clifton Wharton's
+company of Dragoons--in all amounting to about two thousand men, to be
+commanded by General Clinch. This wing to move from Fort Drane and be
+in position near Camp Izard, on the Ouithlacoochee River, between
+March 26th and 28th. Signal guns to be fired at 11 A.M. The
+left wing, composed of the South Carolina volunteers, under Colonel
+Abbott H. Brisbane; mounted volunteers, under Colonels Goodwyn and
+Butler--amounting to about fourteen hundred men--to be commanded by
+General Abram Eustis. This wing to move from Volusia and take position
+at or near Pilaklakaha on March 27th. Signal guns to be fired at ten
+o'clock each day.
+
+Each wing to be composed of three columns, a center protected by a
+strong van and rear guard. The baggage train to be placed in the rear
+of the main column. The center and left wings, on assuming their
+respective positions, will fire signal guns, which will be responded
+to by the right wing. The right wing will then move up the cove or
+great swamp of the Ouithlacoochee in a southeast direction and drive
+the Indians south, while the center will advance to the north and the
+left to the west, by which united movement the Indians will be
+surrounded and left no avenue of escape. The operations of the army
+will be supported by the naval forces under Commodore Alfred J.
+Dallas, protecting the western coast of the peninsula, to cut off
+retreat and supplies.
+
+Colonel Lindsay, commanding the center wing, arrived at Fort Brooke
+with eight companies of Alabama volunteers on March 6th, where he
+found a battalion of Florida troops, commanded by Major Read, and on
+the 10th was joined by one company of Louisiana volunteers, under
+command of Captain George H. Marks.
+
+On the 12th he discovered fires to the southeast, and it was soon
+reported that a large body of Indians was encamped a few miles
+distant. Colonel Lindsay directed Major Leigh Read with his battalion
+to make a reconnoissance in the direction of the Indians. Major Read
+moved during the night, and coming upon the Indians at daylight,
+surprised them and put them to flight with a loss of three killed and
+six taken prisoners. He also secured a quantity of camp equipage and
+some beef cattle.
+
+Colonel Lindsay, not hearing from headquarters, determined to proceed
+as far as Hillsboro River and erect a stockade so as to place his
+supplies nearer to the scene of operations. This object having been
+effected, he left Major Read in charge of the fort, which he had named
+Fort Alabama, and returned to Fort Brooke on the 21st. During his
+absence dispatches were received from General Scott announcing the
+plan of campaign, and requesting Colonel Lindsay to be in position at
+Chicuchatty on March 25th. Major Read having been relieved, the line
+of march was taken up. The column being fired on by the Indians and
+several soldiers killed and wounded, Colonel Lindsay ordered a charge,
+which was executed by Captains Benham and Blount, commanding Alabama
+volunteers, and the Indians were driven from their covert into a pine
+woods.
+
+On March 28th, three days after the time mentioned in the orders, this
+command was in position at Camp Broadnax, near Chicuchatty, in
+pursuance of General Scott's orders. The country over which they had
+marched was hilly, and in many places there were dense forests which
+retarded their movements, though the late period at which Colonel
+Lindsay received his orders would have prevented his arrival at the
+time specified in them. No censure can be attributed to General Scott
+for the delay, as it was impossible under the circumstances for him to
+have matured his plans earlier.
+
+General Eustis, commanding the left wing, arrived at St. Augustine on
+February 15th, and at once established a chain of posts at intervals
+of from ten to twenty miles, extending along the Atlantic coast as
+far south as the Mosquito Inlet, in order to drive off the bands of
+depredators and to give protection to the plantations. Colonel
+Goodwyn's mounted South Carolina volunteers having arrived on March
+9th, the several detachments of the left wing, with the exception of
+Colonel Pierce M. Butler's battalion and two companies of artillery
+under Major Reynold M. Kirby, were put in motion for Volusia, where
+they arrived on March 21st after encountering great difficulties,
+being compelled to cut the road nearly the whole distance. On the 22d
+they began crossing the St. John's River. When the vanguard,
+consisting of two companies under Captains Adams and T.S. Tripp, had
+reached the opposite shore they were attacked by about fifty Indians
+who were concealed in a hammock. Being re-enforced by George Henry and
+Hibler's companies, they charged the enemy and drove him. Two
+companies of mounted men were crossed above with a view of cutting off
+the retreat of the Indians, but they were too late. The loss in this
+battle was three killed and nine wounded. On the 24th, Lieutenant
+Ripley A. Arnold, with twenty-seven mounted men, was sent in quest of
+Colonel Butler and his command, who had not joined the main command,
+he having marched in the direction of New Smyrna. This detachment fell
+in with a party of twelve or fifteen Indians who gave battle. Two of
+the Indians were killed, and Lieutenant Arnold, having his horse shot,
+ordered a retreat, for which he was severely censured. The whole force
+of General Eustis's command being now concentrated on the west side of
+the St. John's River, opposite to Volusia, orders were issued to
+distribute thirteen days' rations, and the line of march to be taken
+up for Pilaklakaha, leaving the sick and wounded with two companies of
+Colonel Brisbane's regiment at Volusia, under command of Major William
+Gates, United States army. The roads being bad, they were unable to
+march more than seven miles in two days. On the 29th they reached the
+Ocklawaha, and, constructing a bridge, crossed over after sundown and
+discovered fires on the margin of Lake Eustis, which they supposed to
+be signals of the Indians. Colonel Butler, with a small command,
+accompanied by General Joseph Shelton, who was serving as a private
+soldier, moved in the direction of the fires and discovered four
+Indians, who at once retreated. One of these Indians, Chief Yaha Hayo,
+was killed, while the others made their escape. On the 30th Colonel
+Goodwyn was sent forward to reconnoiter, and when near Pilaklakaha was
+attacked by Indians, having three men and several horses wounded.
+Colonel Robert H. Goodwyn was soon re-enforced by General Eustis, and
+a battle ensued lasting nearly an hour. The Indians were driven into
+the swamp. On March 31st an express was sent to Scott for information
+and for the purpose of obtaining forage. A signal gun was fired on the
+following morning after their arrival, but not answered.
+
+The right wing having assembled at Fort Drane, General Scott ordered
+General Clinch to put his troops in motion on March 25th and take
+position on the Ouithlacoochee; but a heavy rain prevented the
+movement until the morning of March 26th. General Clinch sent forward
+two flatboats drawn on wagons to await the arrival of the troops at
+the river. The movement was begun by Major Douglass with his mounted
+Georgians. The order of march was in three columns: the center, with
+the baggage train, headed by General Clinch, the right consisting of
+the Louisiana volunteers, under command of Colonel Persifor F. Smith,
+joined the line at Camp Smith, and the left, commanded by Colonel
+Bankhert, joined by Lieutenant Colonel William S. Foster's battalion
+of United States troops at Camp Twiggs, General Scott and staff with
+an escort of dragoons taking position in the center. Colonel Gadsden
+was appointed quartermaster general for Florida, and acting inspector
+general. When nine miles from Fort Drane information reached the army
+that some volunteers left in charge of a broken-down team had been
+attacked by the Indians and one man killed. On March 28th the column
+reached the Ouithlacoochee and encamped near Fort Izard. The river
+bank was occupied by sharpshooters and two pieces of artillery to
+protect the crossing. Foster Blodget, of the Richmond Blues of
+Augusta, Ga., swam the river and attached a rope to a tree on the
+opposite shore and planted the flag of his command. The whole command
+was passed over, but the rear division was fired upon by the Indians,
+who were quickly repulsed by the six-pounders. On the morning of March
+30th a party of Indians was encountered, charged upon, and routed, and
+the same party were next day met and driven into the swamp. The column
+proceeded on its march and arrived at Tampa Bay on April 5th. They
+here learned that Colonel Lindsay had preceded them one day, being
+obliged to return for necessary subsistence.
+
+It will be remembered that the center, being under Colonel Lindsay,
+took position at Camp Broadnax, near Chicuchatty, on March 28th. They
+were fired on by the Indians, but succeeded in driving them off. As
+his supplies had run short and the original plan of the campaign had
+been defeated, Colonel Lindsay returned with his command to Fort
+Brooke, arriving there April 4th. When Colonel Lindsay reached Fort
+Alabama, near the Hillsboro River, he learned that the post had been
+attacked on the morning of March 27th by three or four hundred
+Indians, who surrounded the breastwork and continued the attack for
+two hours, when they were repulsed with a loss of fifteen. The
+garrison lost one man killed and two wounded. General Eustis, for the
+same reasons which moved Colonel Lindsay, marched on April 2d from
+Pilaklakaha and encamped about sixteen miles from Fort Brooke,
+reporting to General Scott.
+
+The whole army being now concentrated at or near Fort Brooke, the plan
+for a new campaign was discussed. They had found but small parties of
+the Indians in the cove or swamp region, and it was thought that they
+had gone to the southern part of the Florida peninsula and concealed
+themselves in the Everglades.
+
+General Scott ordered Colonel Smith, of the Louisiana volunteers, to
+proceed by water to Charlotte Harbor and move north, while Colonel
+Goodwyn, with the South Carolina mounted men, was ordered to the lake
+at the head of Pease's Creek for the purpose of driving the Indians
+down. Having destroyed a large unoccupied Indian village on the left
+bank of that stream, and finding no Indians, the command returned to
+Hillsboro River and joined the left wing.
+
+The Louisiana troops left Fort Brooke on April 10th and arrived at
+Pease's Creek on the 17th. They moved forward at once, but the weather
+was oppressive and the men were broken down by previous marches; many
+of them being destitute of shoes and other clothing, it was found
+necessary to return to camp. Out of over seven hundred Louisiana
+troops who had volunteered in January and entered the field the
+beginning of the next month, but one hundred and thirty were now left
+fit for duty. With these, however, and a small detachment of marines
+from the United States vessels in that vicinity, Colonel Smith
+determined to proceed. He embarked with one half of his command in
+canoes, the others proceeding by land. Meeting no Indians, he returned
+to Fort Brooke on April 27th, when the Louisiana troops were ordered
+to New Orleans to be mustered out of service. Colonel Smith proceeded
+to St. Mark's and reported to General Scott.
+
+The right wing having remained at Tampa Bay from April 5th to the
+13th, General Scott issued orders to General Clinch to move toward
+Fort Drane, and, after relieving Major Cooper, to co-operate with
+Colonel Lindsay, who had left Fort Brooke about the same time, for the
+purpose of penetrating the cove in a different direction from that
+pursued by the right wing on its march to Tampa, and to penetrate the
+forks of the Ouithlacoochee.
+
+While Colonel Lindsay was engaged in constructing a defensive work on
+the military road near Big Ouithlacoochee, General Clinch encamped
+near Fort Cooper and dispatched some cavalry under Captain Malone to
+relieve the garrison, with instructions that should he meet the enemy,
+he was to advise General Clinch at once. When about three miles
+distant from the main body the Indians opened fire and at once
+retreated. The hammock was penetrated and searched, but no Indians
+were found.
+
+Major Cooper was attacked by a large body of Indians and besieged for
+thirteen days. His loss was one man killed and twenty wounded. The
+Indians not having been found in any large numbers, the two wings
+separated, the center returning to Fort Brooke and the right to Fort
+King, where they arrived April 25th.
+
+After the arrival of Colonel Goodwyn's mounted regiment, the left
+wing, accompanied by General Scott, took up line of march on the 18th
+for Volusia. A small party of Indians was encountered, but they fled
+and secreted themselves in a hammock. General Eustis's command arrived
+at Volusia on the evening of the 25th, and on the 28th all the
+volunteers from South Carolina marched to St. Augustine and were
+mustered out. On the arrival of Colonel Lindsay at Fort Brooke he was
+directed by General Scott to relieve the garrison at Fort Alabama, and
+disband the Alabama volunteers, leaving only regulars there.
+
+They were attacked by the Indians with a loss of four killed and
+nineteen wounded. General Scott, accompanied by Colonel Gadsden,
+Captain Augustus Canfield, and Lieutenant Johnson, with a detachment
+of seventeen men, embarked in a steamboat at Volusia for the purpose
+of penetrating by the St. John's River the south part of the peninsula
+and selecting a site nearer to the seat of war as a depot for
+supplies. They proceeded to the head of Lake Monroe, but the boat was
+unable to pass the bar and they were compelled to return.
+
+In his report of April 30th General Scott says: "To end this war, I
+am now persuaded that not less than three thousand troops are
+indispensable--two thousand four hundred infantry and six hundred
+horse, the country to be occupied and scoured requiring that number."
+He further recommended that two or three steamers with a light draught
+of water, and fifty or sixty barges capable of carrying from ten to
+fifteen men each, be employed, but did not ask for the control of the
+operations he recommended, saying it was an honor he would neither
+solicit nor decline.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Scott prefers complaint against General Jesup--Court of inquiry
+ordered by the President--Scott fully exonerated by the
+court--Complaints of citizens--Difficulties of the campaign--Speech in
+Congress of Hon. Richard Biddle--Scott declines an invitation to a
+dinner in New York city--Resolutions of the subscribers--Scott is
+ordered to take charge of and remove the Cherokee Indians--Orders
+issued to troops and address to the Indians--Origin of the Cherokee
+Indian troubles--Collision threatened between Maine and New Brunswick,
+and Scott sent there--Correspondence with Lieutenant-Governor
+Harvey--Seizure of Navy Island by Van Rensselaer--Governor Marcy.
+
+
+General Scott had, a short time previous to the events just narrated,
+complained to the War Department of disobedience of orders on the part
+of General Jesup, who had written a letter to the Globe newspaper in
+Washington charging that Scott's conduct had been destructive of the
+best interests of the country. Mr. Francis P. Blair, the editor to
+whom the letter was addressed, showed it to President Jackson, who
+indorsed on it an order to the Secretary of War to recall General
+Scott to Washington, and that an inquiry be held as to his delay in
+prosecuting the Creek War and the failure of the Florida campaign. On
+Scott's arrival in Washington he asked for a court of inquiry, which
+was ordered on October 3d, composed of Major-General Alexander Macomb
+and Brigadier-Generals Henry Atkinson and Hugh Brady, with Colonel
+Cooper, General Macomb's aid-de-camp, as judge advocate. The court
+assembled at Frederick, Md., and was delayed some time by the absence
+of witnesses. General Scott addressed the court in his own defense.
+
+The finding was unanimous that the plan of the Seminole campaign was
+well devised, and prosecuted with energy, steadiness, and ability; and
+as to the Creek campaign, the court decided that the plan of the
+campaign as adopted by General Scott was well calculated to lead to
+successful results, and that it was prosecuted by him, as far as
+practicable, with zeal and ability until he was recalled from the
+command. This was not only a full vindication, but a compliment to him
+expressed in the broadest sense.
+
+He now addressed a letter to Secretary of War Joel R. Poinsett, asking
+the immediate direction of affairs in Florida, as this was a part of
+the geographical division to which he had been assigned, and a large
+number of the troops of his command had been ordered there; and that
+he was senior in rank to General Jesup, then commanding there. The
+members of Congress from his native State made a unanimous appeal to
+the Secretary of War seconding his application, but the application
+was denied.
+
+Some citizens of Florida made complaints of the nonsuccess of the
+army, and severely censured General Scott. In fact, complaints of this
+nature were made against every officer who commanded in Florida,
+except General Zachary Taylor. It has been seen that the court of
+inquiry fully vindicated General Scott's course in the management of
+the war in Florida. The campaign, however, vindicated itself.
+Considering the scarcity of all the means at hand, it is remarkable
+how much was accomplished with so little loss of life.
+
+When General Scott undertook this campaign Florida was a _terra
+incognita_. The greater part of it had scarcely been visited by the
+whites, and very little was known of the settlements of the Seminoles.
+They were known by their approaches to the white settlements, and when
+the war broke out by their plunders and devastations. It was not known
+where their hiding places were, and this could only be determined by
+pursuing them. At the time of General Scott's assignment to the
+command all the information tended to locating them on the waters of
+the Ouithlacoochee and the St. John's Rivers; and accordingly against
+this portion of the country the movement of the army was directed.
+
+It was not only the want of ordnance, clothing, and subsistence, but
+the geographical peculiarity of Florida--with its marshes, thickets,
+hammocks, everglades, and impenetrable swamps--that made this campaign
+almost fruitless, and which for years baffled all efforts of the
+Government to subdue this small but brave and desperate tribe of
+Indians.
+
+In Congress General Scott's campaign in Florida was defended by some
+of the ablest men in the country. Richard Biddle, of Pennsylvania, in
+1837, when the House of Representatives was engaged in a debate on
+appropriations for carrying on the war in Florida, said: "It would be
+recollected by all that after the war in Florida had assumed a
+formidable aspect Major-General Scott was called to the command. An
+officer of his rank and standing was not likely to seek a service in
+which, amid infinite toil and vexation, there would be no opportunity
+for the display of military talent on a scale at all commensurate with
+that in which his past fame had been acquired. Yet he entered on it
+with the alacrity, zeal, and devotion to duty by which he had ever
+been distinguished....
+
+"When the late General Brown, writing from the field of Chippewa, said
+that General Scott merited the highest praises which a grateful
+country could bestow, was there a single bosom throughout the wide
+republic that did not respond to the sentiment? I, for one at least,
+can never forget the thrill of enthusiasm, boy as I then was, which
+mingled with my own devout thankfulness to God that the cloud which
+seemed to have settled on our arms was at length dispelled. On that
+plain it was established that Americans could be trained to meet and
+to beat in the open field, without breastworks, the regulars of
+Britain....
+
+"Sir, the result of that day was due not merely to the gallantry of
+General Scott upon the field. It must in part be ascribed to the
+patient, anxious, and indefatigable drudgery, the consummate skill as
+a tactician, with which he labored night and day, at the camp near
+Buffalo, to prepare his brigade for the career on which it was about
+to enter. After a brief interval he again led that brigade to the
+glorious victory of Bridgewater. He bears now upon his body the wounds
+of that day. It had ever been the characteristic of this officer to
+seek the post of danger--not to have it thrust upon him. In the years
+preceding that to which I have specially referred--in 1812 and
+1813--the eminent services he rendered were in the positions which
+properly belonged to others, but into which he was led by
+irrepressible ardor and jealousy of honor.
+
+"Since the peace with Great Britain the talents of General Scott have
+ever been at the command of his country. His pen and his sword have
+alike been put in requisition to meet the varied exigencies of the
+service. When the difficulties with the Western Indians swelled into
+importance, General Scott was dispatched to the scene of hostility.
+There rose up before him then, in the ravages of a frightful
+pestilence, a form of danger infinitely more appalling than the perils
+of the field. How he bore himself in this emergency, how faithfully he
+became the nurse and the physician of those from whom terror and
+loathing had driven all other aid, can not be forgotten by a just and
+grateful country....
+
+"Mr. Chairman, I believe that a signal atonement to General Scott will
+one day be extorted from the justice of the House. We owe it to him;
+but we owe it still more to the country. What officer can feel secure
+in the face of that great example of triumphant injustice? Who can
+place before himself the anticipation of establishing higher claims
+upon the gratitude of the country than General Scott? Yet he was
+sacrificed. His past services went for nothing. Sir, you may raise new
+regiments and issue new commissions, but you can not without such
+atonement restore the high moral tone which befits the depositories of
+the national honor. I fondly wish that the highest and lowest in the
+country's service might be taught to regard this House as the jealous
+guardian of his rights, against caprice, or fanaticism, or outrage
+from whatever quarter. I would have him know that in running up the
+national flag at the very moment our daily labors commence, we do not
+go through an idle form. On whatever distant service he may be
+sent--whether urging his way amid tumbling icebergs toward the pole,
+or fainting in the unwholesome heat of Florida--I would enable him as
+he looks up to that flag to gather hope and strength. It should impart
+to him a proud feeling of confidence and security. He should know that
+the same emblem of majesty and justice floats over the council of the
+nation, and that in its untarnished luster we have all a common
+interest and a common sympathy. Then, sir, and not before, will you
+have an army or a navy worthy to sustain and to perpetuate the glory
+of former days."
+
+Soon after the decision of the court of inquiry exonerating him from
+blame or censure General Scott was tendered a public dinner in New
+York from leading members of both political parties. He accepted the
+invitation, but it was subsequently postponed until about the middle
+of May, and before that time it was altogether declined, for reasons
+expressed in a note of which a copy follows:
+
+  "GENTLEMEN: Early last month I accepted the invitation to a
+  public dinner which you and other friends did me the honor to tender
+  me. In a few days the embarrassments of this great emporium became
+  such that I begged the compliment might be indefinitely postponed.
+  You, however, were so kind as to hold me to my engagement, and to
+  appoint a day for the meeting, which is now near at hand. In the
+  meantime the difficulties in the commercial world have gone on
+  augmenting, and many of my friends, here and elsewhere, have been
+  whelmed under the general calamity of the times. Feeling deeply for
+  the losses and anxieties of all, no public honor could now be
+  enjoyed by me. I must therefore, under the circumstances, positively
+  but most respectfully withdraw my acceptance of your invitation.
+
+  "I have the honor to remain, gentlemen, with the greatest esteem,
+  your friend and servant,
+
+                                                "WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+The subscribers to the dinner, on receipt of General Scott's letter,
+called a meeting, Cornelius W. Lawrence in the chair, and unanimously
+adopted the resolutions which follow:
+
+"_Resolved_, That in the decision of General Scott to withdraw, for
+the reasons assigned, his acceptance of the public dinner designed to
+testify to him our high appreciation both of his private and public
+character, we find new evidence of his sympathy with all that regards
+the public welfare, and of his habitual oblivion of self where the
+feelings and interests of others are concerned.
+
+"_Resolved_, That we rejoice with the joy of friends in the result, so
+honorable to General Scott, of the recent court of inquiry instituted
+to investigate his military conduct as commander in chief in Alabama
+and Florida, and that the President of the United States (Mr. Van
+Buren), in approving its proceedings, acted in gratifying unison with
+the general sentiments of the nation."
+
+General Scott also received invitations from Richmond, Va., and
+Elizabeth, N.J., both of which places had been his former homes.
+
+The Florida War was brought to a close by the defeat of the Indians by
+Colonel Zachary Taylor, in the decisive battle of Okechobee, for
+which he received the brevet of Brigadier General, and in 1838 was
+appointed to the chief command in Florida. Taylor was succeeded by
+Brigadier-General Armistead, and in 1842 General Worth succeeded to
+the command and made a treaty with Sam Jones and Billy Bowlegs,
+allowing them to remain and possess a large tract of land.
+
+In the spring of 1836 General Scott was ordered to take charge of and
+superintend the removal of the Cherokee Indians to the reservation
+which had been set apart for them by treaty west of the Mississippi
+River. Great opposition to removal was expected from the Indians, and
+much fear felt by the inhabitants contiguous to their settlements.
+General Scott, however, by his kindness and generosity, won the
+confidence of the Indians, and was not compelled to resort to any act
+of violence. Twenty-four thousand five hundred and ninety-four were
+removed, two hundred and thirty-six having lost their lives on the
+steamboat Monmouth. Only seven hundred and forty-four remained east of
+the Mississippi River. The Cherokees occupied territory in the States
+of Georgia, North Carolina, Alabama, and Tennessee. Many of their
+leaders were well educated and were men of ability, and some of them
+were wealthy, owning fine farms and negro slaves. General Scott in his
+Memoirs says: "The North Carolinians and Tennesseeans were kindly
+disposed toward their red brethren. The Alabamians much less so. The
+great difficulty was with the Georgians (more than half the army),
+between whom and the Cherokees there had been feuds and wars for many
+generations. The reciprocal hatred of the two races was probably never
+surpassed. Almost every Georgian on leaving home, as well as after
+arrival at New Echota--the center of the most populous district of the
+Indian Territory--vowed never to return without having killed at least
+one Indian."
+
+General Scott arrived at the Cherokee agency, a small village on the
+Hiawassee River in Tennessee, in the early part of May, 1838. He
+published and circulated two addresses--one to the troops and the
+other to the Indians--but had them circulated together.
+
+Following is the address to the troops:
+
+                      "HEADQUARTERS, EASTERN DIVISION,
+
+                                     "CHEROKEE AGENCY, _May 17, 1838_.
+
+  "Considering the number and temper of the mass to be removed,
+  together with the extent and fastnesses of the country occupied, it
+  will readily occur that simple indiscretions, acts of harshness, and
+  cruelty on the part of our troops may lead, step by step, to delays,
+  to impatience, and exasperation, and in the end to a general war and
+  carnage--a result in the case of these particular Indians, utterly
+  abhorrent to the generous sympathies of the whole American people.
+  Every possible kindness compatible with the necessity of removal
+  must therefore be shown by the troops; and if in the ranks a
+  despicable individual should be found capable of inflicting a wanton
+  injury or insult on any Cherokee man, woman, or child, it is hereby
+  made the special duty of the nearest good officer or man instantly
+  to interpose, and to seize and consign the guilty wretch to the
+  severest penalty of the laws. The major general is fully persuaded
+  that this injunction will not be neglected by the brave men under
+  his command, who can not be otherwise than jealous of their own
+  honor and that of their country.
+
+  "By early and persevering acts of kindness and humanity, it is
+  impossible to doubt that the Indians will soon be induced to confide
+  in the army, and, instead of fleeing to the mountains and forests,
+  flock to us for food and clothing. If, however, through false
+  apprehensions, individuals or a party here and there should seek to
+  hide themselves, they must be pursued and invited to surrender, but
+  not fired upon, unless they should make a stand to resist. Even in
+  such cases mild remedies may sometimes better succeed than violence;
+  and it can not be doubted, if we get possession of the women and
+  children first, or first capture the men, that in either case the
+  outstanding members of the same families will readily come in on the
+  assurance of forgiveness and kind treatment.
+
+  "Every captured man, as well as those who surrender themselves, must
+  be disarmed, with the assurance that their weapons will be carefully
+  preserved and restored at or beyond the Mississippi. In either case
+  the men will be guarded and escorted, except it may be where their
+  women and children are safely secured as hostages; but in general,
+  families in our possession will not be separated, unless it be to
+  send men as runners to invite others to come in.
+
+  "It may happen that Indians will be found too sick, in the opinion
+  of the nearest surgeon, to be removed to one of the depots indicated
+  above. In every such case one or more of the family or the friends
+  of the sick person will be left in attendance, with ample
+  subsistence and remedies, and the remainder of the family removed
+  by the troops. Infants, superannuated persons, lunatics, and women
+  in helpless condition, will all, in the removal, require peculiar
+  attention, which the brave and humane will seek to adapt to the
+  necessities of the several cases."
+
+Following is the address to the Indians:
+
+  "_Major-General Scott, of the United States Army, sends to the
+  Cherokee people remaining in North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and
+  Alabama this_
+
+                               "ADDRESS.
+
+  "CHEROKEES: The President of the United States has sent me
+  with a powerful army to cause you, in obedience of the treaty of
+  1835, to join that part of your people who are already established
+  in prosperity on the other side of the Mississippi. Unhappily, the
+  two years which were allowed for the purpose you have suffered to
+  pass away without following and without making any preparation to
+  follow, and now, or by the time that this solemn address shall reach
+  your distant settlements, the emigration must be commenced in haste,
+  but, I hope, without disorder. I have no power by granting a further
+  delay to correct the error that you have committed. The full moon of
+  May is already on the wane, and before another shall have passed
+  away every Cherokee man, woman, and child in those States must be in
+  motion to join their brethren in the far West.
+
+  "My friends, this is no sudden determination on the part of the
+  President, whom you and I must now obey. By the treaty the
+  emigration was to have been completed on or before the 23d of this
+  month, and the President has constantly kept you warned during the
+  two years allowed, through all his officers and agents in this
+  country, that the treaty would be enforced.
+
+  "I am come to carry out that determination. My troops already occupy
+  many positions in the country that you are to abandon, and thousands
+  and thousands are approaching from every quarter to render
+  assistance and escape alike hopeless. All those troops, regular and
+  militia, are your friends. Receive them, and confide in them as
+  such. Obey them when they tell you that you can remain no longer in
+  this country. Soldiers are as kind-hearted as brave, and the desire
+  of every one of us is to execute our painful duty in mercy. We are
+  commanded by the President to act toward you in that spirit, and
+  such is also the wish of the whole people of America.
+
+  "Chiefs, headmen, and warriors, will you then by resistance compel
+  us to resort to arms? God forbid! Or will you by flight seek to hide
+  yourselves in mountains and forests, and thus oblige us to hunt you
+  down? Remember, that in pursuit it may be impossible to avoid
+  conflicts. The blood of the white man or the blood of the red man
+  may be spilt, and if spilt, however accidentally, if may be
+  impossible for the discreet and humane among you or among us to
+  prevent a general war and carnage. Think of this, my Cherokee
+  brethren! I am an old warrior, and have been present at many a scene
+  of slaughter; but spare me, I beseech you, the horror of witnessing
+  the destruction of the Cherokees.
+
+  "Do not, I invite you, even wait for the close approach of the
+  troops; but make such preparations for emigration as you can, and
+  hasten to this place, to Ross's Landing, or to Gunter's Landing,
+  where you will be received in kindness by officers selected for the
+  purpose. You will find food for all, and clothing for the destitute,
+  at either of those places, and thence at your ease and in comfort be
+  transported to your new homes according to the terms of the treaty.
+
+  "This is the address of a warrior to warriors. May his entreaties be
+  kindly received, and may the God of both prosper the Americans and
+  Cherokees, and preserve them long in peace and friendship with each
+  other.                                         WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+There was some delay in bringing in the mountain Indians of North
+Carolina, but the Indians of Tennessee and Alabama were readily
+collected for emigration. General Scott remained with the Georgians,
+and followed up his printed addresses by suggestions which proved to
+be invaluable.
+
+In a short time the Indians, excepting a few parties, were collected
+at the place of rendezvous. The camp selected was twelve miles in
+length, with a breadth of four miles. It was well shaded by large
+forest trees, and had a large number of springs furnishing an
+abundance of the best of water.
+
+The sick were placed in hospitals, and attended by good physicians and
+furnished with everything necessary for their comfort. General Scott
+rode through the camps daily, and saw that every attention was given
+to the Indians which they required, and he made inquiries and gave
+special attention to the care of the sick and to the women and
+children. At length he placed the matter of the emigration of the
+Indians in the hands of the Cherokee authorities, having won the
+entire confidence and regard of the Indians, and he ordered all of the
+volunteers to their homes, except one company which he retained as a
+police force, and one regiment of regulars which it was thought
+necessary to retain to meet any unforeseen contingencies that might
+arise. Two other regular regiments were ordered off, one to Florida
+and the other to the Canada frontier. The company of volunteers
+retained was from Tennessee, and of it General Scott said: "The
+company of volunteers (Tennesseeans) were a body of respectable
+citizens, and under their judicious commander, Captain Robertson, of
+great value as a police force." The Cherokees were at this time
+receiving large sums of money from the Government in the way of
+damages and indemnities, and a number of gamblers and confidence men
+sought to enter their camps. They were, however, kept out by the
+vigilance of the Tennessee company.
+
+In October the movement west began. General Scott accompanied them to
+the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. General Scott gives
+credit for services and aid rendered him to his acting inspector
+general, Major Matthew Mountjoy Payne; Captain Robert Anderson, acting
+adjutant general (later the commander of Fort Sumter, and a brigadier
+general); Lieutenant Erastus Darwin Keyes, aid-de-camp, afterward
+major general, United States volunteers; Lieutenant Francis Taylor,
+commissary; Captains Page and Abner Reviere Hetzel, quartermasters;
+Lieutenant Henry L. Scott, Fourth Infantry, then aid-de-camp and
+inspector general; Major H.B. Shaw, aid-de-camp, Tennessee volunteers;
+Colonel William Lindsay, Second Artillery; Colonel William S. Foster,
+Fourth Infantry; and Colonel Ichabod Bennett Crane, First Artillery.
+Generals Worth and Floyd rendered important service in this campaign,
+and their names should not be omitted.
+
+It may be necessary, for a better understanding of the Cherokee Indian
+difficulties, to add something more to what has been written. The
+chief troubles which had arisen were in Georgia, and many
+complications arose between the Indians and the whites. In a case
+decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, the opinion being
+rendered by Chief-Justice John Marshall, the status of these Indians
+was thus defined: "Their relation is that of a nation claiming and
+receiving the protection of one more powerful; not that of individuals
+abandoning their national character and submitting as subjects to the
+laws of a master."
+
+Regarding the acts of Congress to regulate trade with the Indians the
+Chief Justice said: "All these acts, and especially that of 1802,
+which is still in force, manifestly consider the several Indian
+nations as distinct political communities, having territorial
+boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive, and having a
+right to all the lands within those boundaries, which is not only
+acknowledged but guaranteed by the United States." By one of the
+treaties made by the United States Government with this tribe of
+Indians, it was enacted and agreed that "the United States solemnly
+guarantee to the Cherokee nation all their lands not hereby ceded,"
+and, "that the Cherokee nation may be led to a greater degree of
+civilization, and to become herdsmen and cultivators, instead of
+remaining in a state of hunting, the United States will from time to
+time furnish gratuitously the said nation with useful instruments of
+husbandry." Acting under this treaty, a greater portion of the
+Cherokees had become both cultivators and herdsmen, and rivaled their
+white neighbors in both.
+
+The trouble which arose in Georgia was from the fact that she claimed
+the right to extend her criminal jurisdiction over these Indians, and
+that the United States was bound to extinguish the Indian titles
+within her borders. This claim of Georgia, persistently pressed,
+caused the United States Government in 1802 to agree to purchase the
+Indian lands, and remove them to some other territory. The Indians
+resisted this action on the faith of treaties. Eventually a treaty was
+made with a portion of the Cherokees by which they were to relinquish
+their lands and accept lands across the Mississippi River. Many of the
+Indians resisted and never ratified this treaty, yet the Government
+insisted upon carrying out the treaty. General Scott received his
+orders on April 10, 1838, and first established his headquarters at a
+small village called Calhoun, on the Hiawassee River, in East
+Tennessee. Colonel Lindsay, an officer of merit and who enjoyed the
+full confidence of General Scott, was in immediate command of that
+territory, had established posts in many of the settlements, and had
+arranged to have the mountain passes well guarded.
+
+Referring to these matters, the National Intelligencer of September
+27, 1838, said: "The manner in which this gallant officer [Scott] has
+acquitted himself within the last year upon the Canada frontier, and
+lately among the Cherokees, has excited the universal admiration and
+gratitude of the whole nation. Owing to his great popularity in the
+North, his thorough knowledge of the laws of his own country, as well
+as of those which govern nations, united to his discretion, his great
+tact and experience, he has saved the country from a ruinous war with
+Great Britain. And by his masterly skill and energy among the
+Cherokees, united to his noble generosity and humanity, he has not
+only effected what everybody supposed could not be done without the
+most heartrending scenes of butchery and bloodshed, but he has
+effected it by obtaining the esteem and confidence of the poor
+Cherokees themselves. They look upon him as a benefactor and friend,
+and one who has saved them from entire destruction. All the Cherokees
+were collected for emigration without bloodshed or violence, and all
+would have been on their way to the West before the middle of July,
+had not humanity induced General Scott to stop the movement until the
+1st of September. Three thousand had been sent off in the first half
+of June by the superintendent, before the general took upon himself
+the responsibility of stopping the emigration, from feelings which
+must do everlasting honor to his heart. An approval of his course had
+been sent on by the War Department, before his report giving
+information that he had stopped the emigration had reached the seat of
+Government. In the early part of January last the President had asked
+Congress for enlarged powers, to enable him to maintain our neutral
+obligations to England--that is, to tranquilize the Canadian
+frontiers. Before the bill passed Congress, General Scott had finished
+the work and effected all its objects. These, too, he effected by
+flying from one end of the frontier to the other in the dead of
+winter, and during the severest and coldest period of it. He returns
+to Washington, and is immediately ordered to the Cherokee nation, to
+take charge of the very difficult and hazardous task to his own fame
+of removing those savages from their native land. Some of his best
+friends regretted most sincerely that he had been ordered on this
+service, and, knowing the disposition of the world to cavil and
+complain without cause, had great apprehension that he would lose a
+portion of the popularity he had acquired by his distinguished success
+on the Canadian frontier. But behold the manner in which this last
+work has been performed! There is so much of noble generosity of
+character about Scott, independent of his skill and bravery as a
+soldier, that his life has really been one of romantic beauty and
+interest."
+
+It was General Scott's intention to accompany the Indian emigration
+farther west, but receiving information that the Canadian insurgents
+were making renewed attempts on the Canadas, he was directed to
+proceed at once to that frontier.
+
+Passing through the States of Kentucky and Ohio, accompanied by
+Captain Robert Anderson, he called upon their respective governors and
+arranged for the calling out of volunteers should they be needed, and
+also gave proper instructions to the United States marshals and
+district attorneys for such duties as they might be called upon to
+perform. He passed on rapidly to Cleveland, Sandusky, and Detroit, and
+met great assemblages of excited citizens, and, by his appeals and
+reasoning with them, prevailed upon them to desist from any acts in
+violation of the neutrality with Great Britain. Pending these
+important services, he learned of the trouble which had arisen between
+the State of Maine and the British colony or province of New
+Brunswick, and at once made haste for Washington. On his arrival at
+the capital, after reporting to the President, he was called before
+the committees on foreign affairs of both Houses of Congress, before
+whom he urged and succeeded in securing the passage of two bills--one
+authorizing the President to call out the militia for six months and
+to accept the service of fifty thousand volunteers, and the other to
+place to his credit ten millions of dollars. On taking leave of the
+President he said to him: "Mr. President, if you want war, I need only
+look on in silence. The Maine people will make it for you fast and hot
+enough. I know them. But if peace be your wish, I can give no
+assurance of success. The difficulties in its way will be formidable."
+The President replied, "Peace with honor"; and the general, who fully
+reciprocated the President's feeling, took his leave, accompanied by
+Captain Robert Anderson and Lieutenant E.D. Keyes, his aid-de-camp. He
+left with general instructions, but in certain events he was to act on
+his own judgment without restriction. Arriving in Boston, he met
+Governor Edward Everett, and arranged for calling out the militia and
+accepting volunteers if needed.
+
+Governor Everett introduced him to his executive council with the
+following address: "General, I take great pleasure in introducing you
+to the members of the Executive Council of Massachusetts. I need not
+say that you are already known to them by reputation. They are
+familiar with your fame as it is recorded in some of the arduous and
+honorable fields of the country's struggles. We rejoice in meeting you
+on this occasion. Charged as you are with a most momentous mission by
+the President of the United States, we are sure you are intrusted
+with a duty most grateful to your feelings--that of averting an appeal
+to arms. We place unlimited reliance on your spirit, energy, and
+discretion. Should you unhappily fail in your efforts, under the
+instructions of the President, to restore harmony, we know that you
+are equally prepared for a still more responsible duty. Should that
+unhappy event occur, I beg you to depend on the firm support of
+Massachusetts." He was then given a reception by the Legislature, and
+received on its behalf by Robert C. Winthrop.
+
+From Boston he proceeded at once to Portland, where he found the
+people greatly excited, and demanding the immediate seizure and
+occupation of the disputed territory. At the capital, Augusta, where
+he next proceeded, he found the same excitement with the same demands.
+The Legislature was in session, and a large majority of its members
+were for war. The strip of disputed land was valuable chiefly for ship
+timber. Some British subjects had entered the territory and cut some
+of the timber, and the Governor of Maine sent an agent with a posse to
+drive them off. The British seized and imprisoned the agent, and much
+angry correspondence followed between the authorities of both sides.
+
+General Scott soon determined that the only mode of settlement was to
+prohibit or have an agreement on both sides to leave the territory
+unoccupied by either party until the matters in dispute could be
+arranged between the governments of the United States and Great
+Britain, taking the matter out of the jurisdiction of the State of
+Maine and the province of New Brunswick. Previous to Scott's arrival
+in Maine the Legislature of that State had passed an act placing
+eight hundred thousand dollars at the disposal of the Governor and
+authorizing the calling out of eight thousand troops. Some of these
+troops had been organized and moved near the disputed territory, and
+others were held ready to move when ordered. British troops, both
+regulars and militia, had also been moved forward. Everything
+indicated a war. On February 27, 1839, President Van Buren had sent a
+message to Congress transmitting various documents received from the
+Governor of Maine, and a copy of a memorandum signed by the Secretary
+of State of the United States and the British Minister to the United
+States, which, it was hoped, would prevent a collision of arms. Mr.
+H.B. Fox, the British Minister, had acted without specific authority
+from his Government, and the memorandum therefore had only the force
+of a recommendation. All correspondence had for some time ceased
+between the governors of Maine and New Brunswick.
+
+The Governor of New Brunswick, John Harvey, had been an adjutant
+general of one of the armies of Canada in the campaign of 1813, and
+was well known to General Scott. Scott, it will be remembered, was an
+adjutant general in this campaign, and he and Colonel Harvey had
+frequent correspondence, and it was so conducted as to create a
+feeling of respect on both sides. At one time in the campaign
+mentioned, when Scott was on a reconnoitering expedition, his party
+came upon Harvey, and a gun in the hands of a soldier near Scott was
+leveled on him. Scott caught the gun, and said, "Hold! he is our
+prisoner," but Colonel Harvey made a rapid turn and escaped.
+
+On General Scott's arrival in Maine he had with him a private letter
+from Sir John Harvey, the Colonel Harvey just mentioned, then Governor
+General of New Brunswick. It is proper to mention here, as additional
+reason for good feeling between General Scott and Sir John Harvey,
+that at one time in the War of 1813 an American soldier under Scott's
+command had come into possession of the uniform coat of a British
+staff officer, and in one of the pockets was found the miniature of a
+young lady. The portmanteau from which the coat and miniature were
+taken was marked "Lieutenant-Colonel Harvey." Scott purchased these
+articles from the soldier and sent them to Colonel Harvey. The picture
+was that of his young bride, then in England.
+
+Governor Fairfield, of Maine, had on March 12th sent a message to the
+Legislature objecting to the terms of the memorandum, but recommending
+that, when fully satisfied that the Lieutenant Governor of New
+Brunswick had abandoned all idea of occupying the disputed territory
+with a military force, or of attempting the expulsion of citizens of
+Maine, he [the Governor] be authorized to withdraw the military force,
+leaving the land agent with a posse of armed or unarmed men, as the
+case might require, sufficient to drive out or arrest trespassers. The
+Legislature on March 20th passed resolutions in accordance with these
+recommendations. The message of the Governor of Maine and the
+resolutions of the Legislature required the lieutenant governor to
+make the advance.
+
+General Scott, after the action of the Legislature above mentioned,
+sent a reply to Harvey's private letter, which he had held unanswered
+so long. This elicited a friendly reply, and other letters of the
+same character quickly followed on either side. A line of couriers
+was established between them to facilitate correspondence. Governor
+Harvey took the first step, and made the concessions which were
+necessary to appease the authorities of Maine, but the Governor did
+not feel authorized to withdraw the troops from the disputed territory
+unless authorized by the Legislature. General Scott mingled freely
+with members of the Legislature, urging pacific measures, and on March
+20th resolutions were passed; and Scott having his memorandum with Sir
+John Harvey with all concessions to restore tranquillity, the Governor
+of Maine added his approval, and the question was transferred to the
+authorities of the United States and Great Britain, which resulted in
+a satisfactory settlement to both nations of this unhappy affair.
+
+An uprising, confined chiefly to the French inhabitants of Upper
+Canada, occurred in 1837, in which they demanded a separation from the
+British Government, and they enlisted many sympathizers among citizens
+of the United States, especially among those living on the Canadian
+boundary. Organizations of sympathizers with the Canadians were
+secretly formed by American citizens to such an extent that the
+President of the United States issued a proclamation enjoining its
+citizens to observe neutrality. This did not quiet the excitement, but
+rather tended to increase it. Matters were brought to a crisis by the
+action of a certain Van Rensselaer, who had been dismissed from the
+Military Academy at West Point, and who styled himself "Colonel" Van
+Rensselaer. He organized a party of Americans reckless like himself,
+and took forcible possession of a small British island opposite to
+Fort Schlosser, on the American side, and known as Navy Island. This
+island was a short distance above the falls of Niagara. Young Van
+Rensselaer engaged a small steamboat called the Caroline to ferry
+parties from Navy Island, which he occupied, to Schlosser on the
+American shore.
+
+The first night on which the Caroline began her voyages the British
+fitted out an expedition to capture her. Instead of making a descent
+on Navy Island within British territory, they boarded the steamer at
+Schlosser, on the American side, and thus violated our territory. The
+boat at the time of this invasion was filled with people, many of whom
+were there for idle curiosity, including a number of boys. In the
+_melee_ of capture one American citizen was killed and several others
+wounded. They cut the boat from its moorings, set it on fire, and it
+drifted down the cataract. It was reported and generally believed that
+when the vessel went over the cataract it had a small number of
+wounded Americans on board.
+
+The publication of this affair created the greatest excitement from
+one end of the country to the other. This occurred on December 29,
+1837, but the news did not reach Washington until January 4th. On the
+evening of that day General Scott was to dine with President Van Buren
+and a number of other distinguished gentlemen. The entire party had
+arrived, but the President failed to appear. After a time he came in
+and spoke inaudibly to Henry Clay, one of the guests, and then said to
+General Scott: "Blood has been shed; you must go with all speed to the
+Niagara frontier. The Secretary of War is now engaged in making out
+your instructions." General Scott left at once, and passing through
+Albany, met William L. Marcy, the Governor of New York, who with his
+adjutant general (McDonald) accompanied him to the scene of the
+troubles. The United States troops at this time were all either in
+Florida or on the Western frontiers. General Scott, in passing through
+New York, had ordered some small detachments of army recruits to
+follow him. Governor Marcy was with him ready to answer his
+requisitions for militia, and he had the aid of the officers
+commanding on Lake Erie and the Detroit frontier and on the Niagara,
+Lake Ontario, and St. Lawrence. All United States marshals and other
+civil officers of the Government were ordered to support and aid him.
+He passed from one place to another, going where his services could be
+needed, exhorting the people to observe the neutrality proclamation of
+the President; and where he found them obstinate and determined, he
+notified them in terms which could not be mistaken that any attempt to
+violate this proclamation would be met by resistance from the
+Government, which would promptly overpower them.
+
+Pending these troubles, a steamer called the Barcelona was taken from
+the harbor of Buffalo in January, 1838, and passed down the river,
+with a view to aid the insurgents on Navy Island. Scott, on learning
+of this, sent an agent who made terms to employ the Barcelona for the
+service of the Government. The vessel then proceeded back to Buffalo,
+where it was intended to use her on Lake Erie; but the Canadian
+authorities had determined to destroy her. As the vessel passed near
+Grand Island, within the jurisdiction of the United States, some
+armed British schooners had taken position, aided by land batteries,
+to open fire on her. This was on January 16th. General Scott and
+Governor Marcy stood on the river bank watching events. Batteries on
+the American side were put in preparation to return the fire of the
+British.
+
+The day before the event just mentioned, Scott had written and
+dispatched a note "To the Commanding Officer of the Armed British
+Vessels in the Niagara":
+
+          "HEADQUARTERS, EASTERN DIVISION, U.S. ARMY,
+
+                      "TWO MILES BELOW BLACK ROCK, _January 15, 1838_.
+
+  "SIR: With his Excellency, Governor Marcy, of New York, who
+  has troops at hand, we are here to enforce the neutrality of the
+  United States and to protect our own soil or waters from violation.
+  The proper civil officers are also present to arrest, if
+  practicable, the leaders of the expedition on foot against Upper
+  Canada. Under these circumstances, it gives me pain to perceive the
+  armed vessels mentioned, anchored in our waters, with the probable
+  intention to fire upon that expedition moving in the same waters.
+  Unless the expedition should first attack--in which case we shall
+  interfere--we shall be obliged to consider a discharge of shot or
+  shell from or into our waters, from the armed schooners of her
+  Majesty, as an act seriously compromising the neutrality of the two
+  nations. I hope, therefore, that no such unpleasant incident may
+  occur.
+
+  "I have the honor to remain, etc.
+
+                                                "WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+The next morning, January 16th, the same information was given by
+General Scott to a British officer who called on him at his quarters.
+The Barcelona moved up the river, and Scott had his cannon pointed and
+his matches in readiness for firing. Scott stood on the highest point
+in full uniform and in view of the other shore. The vessel passed up
+unmolested, and doubtless by this act of Scott a war was averted.
+
+In the meantime Van Rensselaer with his adherents had evacuated Navy
+Island and landed some miles below, where they were arrested by
+General Scott's orders. Thus ended a disturbance which might have
+resulted in war, and it can not be gainsaid that its peaceful
+settlement was due to the wisdom, firmness, and prudence of General
+Scott.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Annexation of Texas--Causes that led to annexation--Message of the
+President--General Scott's letters regarding William Henry
+Harrison--Efforts to reduce General Scott's pay--Letter to T.P.
+Atkinson on the slavery question--Battle of Palo Alto, and of Resaca
+de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena Vista--"The hasty plate of
+soup"--Scott's opinion of General Taylor--Scott ordered to
+Mexico--Proposal to revive the grade of lieutenant general,
+and to appoint Thomas H. Benton--Scott reaches the Brazos
+Santiago--Confidential dispatch from Scott to Taylor--Co-operation of
+the navy--Letters to the Secretary of War as to places of
+rendezvous--Arrival and landing at Vera Cruz, and its investment,
+siege, and capture--Letter to foreign consuls--Terms of
+surrender--Orders of General Scott after the surrender.
+
+
+The Congress of the United States, on February 27, 1845, passed joint
+resolutions providing for the annexation of Texas, and they were
+approved by President Tyler on the 1st of March. A convention was
+called by President Jones, of Texas, to meet on the 4th of the
+succeeding July, to consider the matter of annexation to the United
+States. The convention ratified the proposal, and prepared a
+constitution for Texas as a State in the American Union. The question
+of annexation was submitted to a vote of the people of Texas and
+ratified by a large majority. On December 29th following, a joint
+resolution of the Congress of the United States was passed, which
+declared Texas admitted as a State into the Union.
+
+It may be interesting to take a retrospective view of the causes, or
+rather the means, by which this important measure was brought about.
+
+In the winter of 1842-'43 there appeared in a newspaper published at
+Baltimore a letter of Mr. Thomas W. Gilmer, a member of Congress from
+Virginia, urging the annexation of Texas. He argued among other things
+that the British Government had designs on Texas; that it proposed a
+political and military domination of the country, with a view to the
+abolition of slavery. At this time Texas and Mexico were at war. It
+was at once charged by the opponents of the scheme of annexation that
+Mr. Gilmer, who was known as the close political friend of Mr. John C.
+Calhoun, was simply acting as the mouthpiece of the latter. It will
+be remembered by those who are conversant with the proceedings of
+Congress that Mr. Calhoun, in the Senate in 1836, had offered some
+resolutions looking to the annexation of Texas. Mr. Webster, who was
+known as opposed to the measure, was the only member of President
+Harrison's Cabinet who remained with President Tyler. He resigned his
+portfolio as Secretary of State, and was succeeded by Mr. Hugh S.
+Legare, of South Carolina, who, dying very soon after his appointment,
+was succeeded by Mr. Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia. Both of the latter
+named were known friends of the annexation scheme. There appeared not
+long after the publication of the Gilmer letter, in the Richmond
+Enquirer, a letter from General Andrew Jackson to Mr. Brown, in reply
+to a letter of Mr. Brown, in which he indorsed a copy of Mr. Gilmer's
+letter and asking General Jackson's views on the subject. General
+Jackson's reply was a thorough and hearty approval of the proposed
+immediate annexation of Texas. General Jackson's letter was dated from
+the Hermitage, his residence near Nashville, Tenn., March 12, 1843.
+The letter of General Jackson produced a profound effect throughout
+the country. Although out of office, old, and in the retirement of
+private life, he exercised more influence than any man living in the
+United States.
+
+Mr. Calhoun succeeded Mr. Upshur as Secretary of State, and he was
+known as a friend of annexation. Mr. Van Buren, replying to a letter
+from Mr. William T. Hammett, a representative in Congress from
+Mississippi, announced his opposition to the immediate annexation of
+Texas, because it would produce a war with Mexico. He expressed
+himself in favor of the measure when it could be done peaceably and
+honorably. Mr. Clay announced his opposition to the measure. In
+December, 1843, the British Premier, Lord Aberdeen, in a dispatch to
+Sir Richard Packenham, British Minister at Washington, denied that
+Great Britain had any design on Texas, but announced (which was
+superfluous, and not germane to the charge which he felt called upon
+to deny) that "Great Britain desires and is constantly exerting
+herself to procure the general abolition of slavery throughout the
+world." This provoked a correspondence between Mr. Calhoun and the
+British Minister. In his annual message to Congress at the
+commencement of the session of 1843-'44 the President expressed
+himself very strongly in regard to war being waged by Mexico against
+Texas. The proposed treaty for annexation was rejected by the Senate
+June 8, 1844, by a vote of thirty-five to sixteen. Mr. Benton
+presented a plan for the peaceful acquisition of Texas, but the Senate
+refused to adopt it.
+
+President Tyler in his last message again referred to the war between
+Mexico and Texas, and said: "I repeat now what I then said, that after
+eight years of feeble and ineffectual efforts to recover Texas, it was
+time that the war should have ceased."
+
+When the convention of the Whig party met at Harrisburg, Pa., December
+4, 1839, to nominate a candidate for the presidency, General Scott's
+name was presented. He had addressed a number of letters to members of
+the convention urging that, if there appeared any prospect of success,
+Mr. Clay should be selected, and if not, that the choice should fall
+on General William Henry Harrison. The total number of votes in the
+convention was two hundred and fifty-four. Of these, General Scott
+received the votes of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Vermont, and
+Michigan--in all, sixty-two. The States which had voted for General
+Scott gave their votes eventually to General Harrison, who received
+the nomination. General Scott said of General Harrison, "But the
+nomination and success of General Harrison," if his life had been
+spared some four years longer, would have been no detriment to the
+country. With excellent intentions and objects, and the good sense to
+appoint able counselors, the country would not have been retarded in
+its prosperity nor disgraced by corruption in high places. No one can,
+of course, be held responsible for sudden deaths among men. A single
+month in office ended President Harrison's life, when the plaint of
+Burke occurred to all, "What shadows we are, what shadows we pursue!"
+In June, 1841, Major-General Macomb having died, General Scott was
+called to take up his residence in Washington as general in chief of
+the army. Among his first orders was one which put a stop to arbitrary
+and illegal punishments in the army.
+
+An effort was made in the House of Representatives of the next
+Congress in 1844 to reduce his pay, but being resisted by Charles J.
+Ingersoll, of Philadelphia, and ex-President John Quincy Adams, it was
+voted down by a large majority. Mr. Adams, in the course of his
+remarks in opposition to the resolution, said that he "felt bound to
+declare that he did think it a very ill reward for the great and
+eminent services of General Scott during a period of thirty odd years,
+in which there were some as gallant exploits as our history could
+show, and in which he had not spared to shed his blood, as well as for
+more recent services of great importance in time of peace--services of
+great difficulty and great delicacy--now to turn him adrift at his
+advanced age.... That he could not for a moment harbor in his heart
+the thought that General Scott, if he had received from the Government
+thousands of dollars more than he had, would have received one dollar
+which he did not richly deserve at the hands of his country."
+
+On February 9, 1843, he wrote from Washington to T.P. Atkinson, of
+Danville, Va., in reply to a letter from that gentleman, asking his
+opinions on the question of slavery. Mr. Atkinson was the son of an
+old friend of General Scott, and the letter was written to him as a
+probable candidate for the presidency. He took the position in this
+letter that Congress had no power under the Constitution to interfere
+with or legislate on the question of slavery within the States. He
+argued that it was the duty of Congress, however, to receive, refer,
+and report upon petitions which might be presented to it on the
+question of slavery, as on all other questions. He did not blame
+masters for not liberating their slaves, as he thought it would
+benefit neither the masters nor the slaves. He, however, held it to be
+the duty of slave owners to employ all means not incompatible with the
+safety of both master and slave to meliorate slavery even to
+extermination. He held that, with the consent of owners or payment of
+just compensation, Congress might legislate in the District of
+Columbia, although it would be dangerous to contiguous States.
+
+He also, in March, 1845, in reply to a letter from J.C. Beckwith,
+corresponding secretary of a peace convention, wrote that he always
+maintained the moral right to wage a just and necessary war.
+
+In March, 1845, as stated, Congress passed a joint resolution for the
+annexation of the republic of Texas, and in July of that year
+Brigadier-General Zachary Taylor, then commanding the first department
+of the United States army in the Southwest, was ordered to Texas. He
+embarked at New Orleans with fifteen hundred troops, and in August
+established his camp at Corpus Christi. Re-enforcements were
+dispatched to him rapidly, and in November his command amounted to
+about four thousand men.
+
+On March 8, 1846, General Taylor, under orders from Washington, moved
+his army toward the Rio Grande, and on the 28th of that month encamped
+on that river opposite the Mexican city of Matamoros. He here erected
+a fort called Fort Brown, which commanded the city of Matamoros. The
+Mexican troops near Matamoros were at the same time busily engaged in
+fortifying the city. General Pedro de Ampudia, who commanded the
+Mexican forces at Matamoros, on April 12, 1846, addressed General
+Taylor a note requiring that within twenty-four hours he should retire
+from his position at Fort Brown and march beyond the Neuces, stating
+that the governments of Mexico and the United States were engaged in
+negotiations regarding the annexation of Texas, and that a failure or
+refusal of General Taylor to comply with this demand would be regarded
+by his Government as a declaration of war on the part of the United
+States. General Taylor replied in substance that he was there with his
+army under orders of his Government, that he declined to retire beyond
+the Neuces, and that he stood ready to repel any attack which might be
+made upon him. Soon after this correspondence General Mariano Arista
+was placed in the command formerly held by General Ampudia, and in
+May, with an army of six thousand men, he crossed the Rio Grande and
+attacked General Taylor at Palo Alto, and was signally defeated.
+General Arista retreated on the next day to Resaca de la Palma, where
+he was again defeated and his army routed, and he retired across the
+Rio Grande. General Taylor was now promoted to the rank of major
+general, and on May 18th took possession of Matamoros without
+opposition.
+
+On September 9th he arrived at Monterey with about six thousand seven
+hundred men, chiefly volunteers. General Ampudia held the command here
+with ten thousand regular Mexican troops. General Taylor assaulted his
+position on September 19th, and after five days of almost continual
+fighting General Ampudia surrendered. General Taylor then transferred
+his headquarters to Monterey, but guarded the city of Saltillo with a
+strong force. He was about making an advance on San Luis Potosi, when
+a large portion of his force was ordered to join General Scott at Vera
+Cruz.
+
+Concentrating his forces, some five thousand in number, he learned
+that General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was concentrating a force of
+twenty thousand men at San Luis Potosi, with a view to attack him. On
+February 21, 1847, he took position at a mountain pass called Buena
+Vista, a few miles from Saltillo, where, being attacked the next day
+by the Mexican army under General Santa Anna, he defeated them, and
+Santa Anna retreated to San Luis Potosi. This brief statement of the
+magnificent and almost unprecedented campaign of General Taylor is
+necessary to understand the part taken by General Scott in the war
+with Mexico.
+
+General Scott was notified early in May, 1846, that he might be
+ordered to assume the command on the Mexican frontier. He expressed
+his disinclination to this duty, because it was, as he expressed it,
+"harsh and unusual for a senior, without re-enforcements, to supersede
+a meritorious junior, and that he doubted whether that was the right
+season, or the Rio Grande the right basis, for offensive operations
+against Mexico," and suggested a plan to conquer a peace, which he
+afterward planned and executed. Political reasons to some extent
+delayed action in sending General Scott to Mexico, and his views on
+the proper campaign in Mexico were not approved by President Polk.
+General Scott thought that unless his plan met the full approval and
+support of the Government, it might result disastrously, and
+expressed the sentiment, which became afterward a byword, that
+"soldiers had a far greater dread of a fire upon the rear than of the
+most formidable enemy in the front." The President declined to order
+him to the command.
+
+Pending these affairs, the Secretary of War one day called at General
+Scott's office and found that he was absent. General Scott, on
+returning, learning that the secretary had called, wrote him a note in
+explanation of his absence, saying that "he had only stepped out for
+the moment to take a hasty plate of soup." This was also made a
+byword, and was used with a view to injure General Scott, or rather to
+ridicule him by his political opponents when he was a candidate of the
+Whig party for President in 1852. The successes of General Taylor had
+endeared him to the whole country, and his praises were in every one's
+mouth. Congress passed a resolution of thanks, with a promise to
+present him with a sword in recognition of his services. General Scott
+wrote to the Kentucky senators, to Hon. Jefferson Davis, and others in
+Congress, suggesting that instead of a sword the higher honor of a
+gold medal should be voted him, and this suggestion was adopted.
+General Scott made an indorsement on the resolution of Congress voting
+this medal, recommending that it be made in the highest style of art.
+About this time he was called upon by some Whig members of Congress to
+inquire if General Taylor was a Whig, and if he would not be a proper
+person for the Whigs to nominate as their candidate for the
+presidency.
+
+General Scott spoke of him to these inquirers as a man who had the
+true basis of a great character--pure, uncorrupted morals combined
+with indomitable courage. Kind-hearted, sincere, and hospitable in a
+plain way, he had no vice but prejudice, many friends, and no enemies.
+He also related an anecdote showing General Taylor's unscrupulous
+honesty and high sense of honor.
+
+General Scott made repeated requests during the summer and autumn of
+1846 to be ordered to Mexico. On November 23d he received the
+following order:
+
+                     "WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, _November 23, 1846_.
+
+  "SIR: The President several days since communicated in
+  person to you his orders to repair to Mexico to take command of the
+  forces there assembled, and particularly to organize and set on foot
+  an expedition to operate on the Gulf coast, if, on arriving at the
+  theater of action, you shall deem it to be practicable. It is not
+  proposed to control your operations by definite and positive
+  instructions, but you are left to prosecute them as your judgment,
+  under a full view of all the circumstances, shall dictate. The work
+  is before you, and the means provided or to be provided for
+  accomplishing it are committed to you, in the full confidence that
+  you will use them to the best advantage.
+
+  "The objects which it is desirable to obtain have been indicated,
+  and it is hoped that you will have the requisite force to accomplish
+  them. Of this you must be the judge when preparations are made and
+  the time for action arrived. Very respectfully,
+
+    "Your obedient servant,
+
+                       "W.L. MARCY, _Secretary of War_.
+
+    "_General_ WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+General Scott was impressed with the belief that Mr. Marcy, the
+Secretary of War, and Hon. Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi, the
+Secretary of the Treasury, had the fullest confidence in his ability,
+and favored giving him the substantial direction of the war. He was
+also impressed with the kindness and confidence extended to him by
+President Polk, but on his arrival in New Orleans he was shown a
+letter from Alexander Barrow, then a Senator in Congress from
+Louisiana and a personal friend of General Scott, informing him that
+the President had asked that the grade of lieutenant general be
+established in the army, and that on the passage of such an act by
+Congress it was the intention of the President to confer this rank,
+and consequently the command of the army, upon Thomas H. Benton, then
+a Senator from Missouri. This was a great shock to General Scott, and
+he attributed it to political motives. He reasoned this way: "Scott is
+a Whig; therefore the Democracy is not bound to observe good faith
+with him. His successes may be turned to the prejudice of the
+Democratic party. We must, however, profit by his military experience,
+and if successful, by force of patronage and other helps, continue to
+crown Benton with the victory, and thus triumph both in the field and
+at the polls."
+
+He reached the Brazos Santiago, near the mouth of the Rio Grande, in
+Christmas week, and proceeded from there to Camargo, where he expected
+to meet General Taylor, but, by some mismanagement or delay, his
+notification to General Taylor did not reach the latter.
+
+A confidential dispatch from General Scott to General Taylor was
+opened, read, and freely discussed at headquarters at Monterey. A
+duplicate was sent forward, but the party in charge of it was killed
+at Villa Gran and the dispatch delivered to General Santa Anna. Taylor
+had made a movement toward Tampico, and hence did not receive the
+first dispatch delivered at Tampico. In the later dispatch General
+Scott had written him that he might have his choice of two
+armies--either remain as the commander of Northern Mexico, or
+accompany General Scott in command of a division toward the City of
+Mexico, with every assurance in either case of confidence and support.
+
+General Scott anticipated the difficulty of timely concentration of
+forces off the Brazos large enough to give hope of success. He thought
+it necessary to have fifteen thousand troops, of which five thousand
+were to be regulars, and to have the co-operation of the navy. The
+time named for the concentration was the middle of January, so that
+the army might reach Vera Cruz by February 1st. He had requested the
+advice of General Taylor on these matters and all others in regard to
+the proposed campaign. He had intimated, in a letter of November 15th,
+that it would be necessary to withdraw a large number of troops from
+General Taylor, and thus reduce him to the defensive, while he thought
+it absolutely necessary for success that General Taylor should have a
+force sufficient to act offensively in the direction of San Luis
+Potosi. In addition to the volunteers and regulars at Tampico and
+those moving there, he desired that Worth's division of regulars,
+Duncan and Taylor's field batteries, a thousand mounted men, and all
+the volunteer infantry that could be spared be sent to General Taylor,
+only retaining a force sufficient to hold Monterey and protect his
+communications to Point Isabel. From New Orleans General Scott had
+written the Secretary of War that he approved of the rendezvous at
+Pensacola rather than at Brazos for the ordnance and ordnance stores.
+He also urged that volunteers be forwarded rapidly to Brazos.
+Subsequently he wrote the Secretary of War asking that ships with
+troops and supplies be ordered to Lobos Island. He addressed a letter
+to General George M. Brooke, commanding at New Orleans, giving
+detailed orders of what he required of him. He also wrote to Commodore
+Conner, and made suggestions about joint operations.
+
+Failing to meet General Taylor, as he hoped and endeavored to do, with
+a view of a full and free conference, he felt compelled to issue
+orders detaching from the army of the Rio Grande such regular troops
+as were deemed necessary to lead the volunteers for the capture of
+Vera Cruz and the move on the capital, leaving General Taylor with a
+force sufficient to maintain himself at Monterey. He intended, had he
+seen General Taylor, to advise him to contract his line to the Rio
+Grande. General Taylor, supported by the authorities in Washington,
+favored the movement on the City of Mexico from Monterey and _via_ San
+Luis Potosi, but General Scott had already formulated and determined
+on the movement which he made with such brilliant success. Orders were
+accordingly issued from Camargo, January 3, 1847, for the movement of
+troops from Monterey, and General Scott returned to Brazos Santiago.
+The embarkation for Vera Cruz was delayed by the non-arrival of the
+troops from Monterey and want of transportation. The Lobos Islands was
+selected as the place of rendezvous. This point is one hundred and
+twenty miles from Vera Cruz. When the greater part of the troops had
+arrived, they sailed past Vera Cruz and anchored, on March 7th, at
+Anton Lizardo, from which point it was determined to make the
+necessary reconnoissances.
+
+General Scott was at this time ignorant of the movement of General
+Santa Anna toward Monterey, and expected, on landing or attempting to
+land, to be met by a formidable force of the enemy. On March 9th, the
+weather proving good, the fleet, consisting of some eighty vessels,
+including transports, moved up the coast with the naval steamers and
+five gunboats. General Scott was on board of the Massachusetts, and as
+she moved up, the troops from the decks of the vessels cheered him
+with great enthusiasm. The anchorage was made outside the range of the
+enemy's guns. General Scott had provided sixty-seven surf boats, and
+in these and some cutters fifty-five hundred men--the boats being
+steered by sailors furnished by Commodore David Conner--passed the
+Massachusetts and repeated their cheers to the commanding general. The
+whole force was landed at half past five in the afternoon, without the
+loss of a man or a boat and without serious opposition from the enemy.
+The remainder of the force was soon landed, amounting in all to
+something less than twelve thousand men.
+
+The following appeared in the New Orleans Bulletin of March 27, 1847:
+"The landing of the American army at Vera Cruz has been accomplished
+in a manner that reflects the highest credit on all concerned; and the
+regularity, precision, and promptness with which it was effected has
+probably never been surpassed, if it has been equaled, in modern
+warfare. The removal of a large body of troops from numerous
+transports into boats in an open sea, their subsequent disembarkation
+on the sea beach, on an enemy's coast, through a surf, with all their
+arms and accouterments, without a single error or accident, requires
+great exertion, skill, and sound judgment.
+
+"The French expedition against Algiers in 1830 was said to be the most
+complete armament in every respect that ever left Europe; it had been
+prepared with labor, attention, experience, and nothing had been
+omitted to insure success, and particularly in the means and
+facilities for landing the troops. This disembarkation took place in a
+wide bay, which was more favorable than an open beach directly on the
+ocean, and (as in the present instance) without any resistance on the
+part of the enemy; yet only nine thousand men were landed the first
+day, and from thirty to forty lives were lost by accidents or
+upsetting of boats; whereas on the present occasion twelve thousand
+men were landed in one day, without, so far as we have heard, the
+slightest accident or loss of life."
+
+Both the city and the castle of San Juan de Ulloa were strongly
+garrisoned and well provisioned. It was General Santa Anna's opinion
+that the garrison at Vera Cruz and the castle could successfully
+resist a siege until the annual breaking out of the yellow fever, upon
+which he depended to cause the withdrawal of the American troops;
+hence he devoted himself to the collection of troops to advance on
+General Taylor. General Scott says: "The walls and forts of Vera Cruz
+in 1847 were in good condition. Subsequent to its capture by the
+French, under Admiral Baudin and the Prince de Joinville, in 1838,
+the castle had been greatly extended, almost rebuilt, and its armament
+about doubled. Besides, the French were allowed to reconnoiter the
+city and castle and choose their positions of attack without the least
+resistance, the Mexicans deprecating the war with that nation, and
+hence ordered not to fire the first gun. Of that injunction the French
+were aware. When we approached, in 1847, the castle had the capacity
+to sink the entire American navy." Soon after the landing was
+effected, General Scott, accompanied by Colonel Joseph G. Totten and
+other officers of his staff, reconnoitered the land side of the city,
+the reconnoissance of the water front having been previously made.
+
+The city was now completely invested, and all communication with the
+interior cut off. A complete blockade had been established by
+Commodore Conner. Several officers applied to General Scott for the
+privilege of leading storming parties. They were thanked, but no
+orders were given. In a meeting with his staff--Colonel Totten, chief
+engineer; Lieutenant-Colonel Ethan A. Hitchcock, acting inspector
+general; Captain Robert E. Lee, engineer; and Lieutenant Henry L.
+Scott, acting adjutant general--General Scott spoke as follows: "We,
+of course, gentlemen, must take the city and castle before the return
+of the _vomito_--if not by head-work, by the slow scientific process
+of storming, and then escape by pushing the conquest into the healthy
+interior. I am strongly inclined to attempt the former, unless you can
+convince me that the other is preferable. Since our thorough
+reconnaissance, I think the suggestion practicable with a very
+moderate loss on our part. The second method would no doubt be
+equally successful, but with the cost of an immense slaughter to both
+sides, including noncombatants, Mexican men, women, and children,
+because assaults must be made in the dark, and the assailants dare not
+lose time in taking and guarding prisoners without incurring the
+certainty of becoming captives themselves, till all the strongholds of
+the place are occupied. The horrors of such slaughter as that, with
+the usual terrible accompaniment, are most revolting. Besides these
+objections, it is necessary to take into account the probable loss of
+some two thousand, perhaps three thousand, of our best men in an
+assault, and I have received but half the number promised me. How,
+then, could we hope to penetrate in the interior?... For these
+reasons," I added, quoting literally, "although I know our countrymen
+will hardly acknowledge a victory unaccompanied by a long butcher's
+bill (report of dead and wounded), I am strongly inclined--policy
+concurring with humanity--to forego their loud applause and 'aves
+vehement' and take the city with the least possible loss of life...."
+
+General Scott's views were fully concurred in by Colonel Totten and
+others of his staff, and orders were issued for digging the trenches
+and the establishment of batteries. Very soon all outposts and
+sentries of the enemy were driven in. General Scott had warned the
+foreign consuls in the city of his proposed attack and had furnished
+them safe conducts out of the city, but they had not taken advantage
+of it. The marines of Commodore Conner's squadron, at his request,
+were now allowed to join the army, and, under command of Captain Alvin
+Edson, they were attached to the Third Artillery.
+
+On the morning of the 10th the guns from the castle opened fire, but
+did very little damage. General Robert Patterson now joined Worth on
+his left, and extended the line of investment. Small parties of
+Mexicans were in sight in a valley, and a detachment under command of
+Colonel Cenovio approached the American camp and opened fire. The only
+damage done was the wounding of one soldier. General Gideon J. Pillow,
+with a part of his command and a six-pounder, opened fire on a large
+stone building occupied by the enemy and known as the magazine. They
+were soon driven off, and General Pillow advanced and attacked a small
+force in his front, driving them and occupying the magazine.
+
+Colonels William T. Haskell's and Francis M. Wynkoop's regiments of
+Tennessee and Pennsylvania volunteers were moved on a small force on
+the road to Medelin, which retired, and two companies--one of
+artillery under command of Captain John R. Vinton, and one of infantry
+under command of Lieutenant A.P. Rogers--seized a point known as the
+limekiln, where it was proposed to plant a battery. General Twiggs
+moved on the 11th to extend the line of investment, which was now
+complete. General Scott then addressed a letter to the commanding
+officer of the city as follows:
+
+    "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
+                CAMP WASHINGTON, BEFORE VERA CRUZ,
+                                                   "_March, 23, 1847_.
+
+  "The undersigned, Major-General Scott, general in chief of the
+  armies of the United States of America, in addition to the close
+  blockade of the coast and port of Vera Cruz previously established
+  by the squadrons under Commodore Conner, of the navy of said
+  States, having more fully invested the said city with an
+  overwhelming army, so as to render it impossible that it should
+  receive from without succor or re-enforcements of any kind, and
+  having caused to be established batteries competent to the speedy
+  destruction of said city, he, the undersigned, deems it due to the
+  courtesies of war in like cases, as well as to the rights of
+  humanity, to summon his Excellency the governor or commander in
+  chief of the city of Vera Cruz to surrender the same to the army of
+  the United States of America, present before the place. The
+  undersigned, anxious to spare the beautiful city of Vera Cruz from
+  the imminent hazard of demolition, its gallant defenders from a
+  useless effusion of blood, and its peaceful inhabitants--women and
+  children inclusive--from the inevitable horrors of a triumphant
+  assault, addresses this summons to the intelligence, the gallantry,
+  the patriotism, no less than the humanity, of his Excellency the
+  governor and commander in chief of Vera Cruz. The undersigned is not
+  accurately informed whether both the city and the castle of San Juan
+  de Ulloa be under the command of his Excellency, or whether each
+  place has its own independent commander; but the undersigned, moved
+  by the considerations adverted to above, may be willing to stipulate
+  that if the city should by capitulation be garrisoned by a part of
+  his troops no missile shall be fired from within the city or from
+  its bastions or walls upon the castle, unless the castle should
+  previously fire upon the city. The undersigned has the honor to
+  tender his distinguished opponent, his Excellency the general and
+  commander in chief of Vera Cruz, the assurance of the high respect
+  and consideration of the undersigned,             WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+To which he received the following reply:
+
+                            "GOD AND LIBERTY!"
+
+                                       "VERA CRUZ, _March 22, 1847_.
+
+  "TO MAJOR-GENERAL SCOTT: The undersigned, commanding
+  general of the free and sovereign State of Vera Cruz, has informed
+  himself of the contents of the note which Major-General Scott,
+  general in chief of the forces of the United States, has addressed
+  to him under date of to-day, demanding the surrender of this place
+  and castle of San Juan de Ulloa, and in answer has to say that the
+  above-named fortress as well as the city depends on his authority;
+  and it being his principal duty, in order to prove worthy of the
+  confidence placed in him by the Government of the nation, to defend
+  both points at all cost, to which he counts upon necessary elements,
+  and will make it good to the last, therefore his Excellency can
+  commence his operations of war in a manner which he may consider
+  most advantageous. The undersigned has the honor to return to the
+  general in chief of the forces of the United States the
+  demonstrations of esteem he may be pleased to honor him with.
+
+                                                     "JUAN MORALES."
+
+The city was garrisoned by a force of three thousand three hundred and
+sixty officers and men, and the castle had a force of one thousand and
+thirty, making a total of four thousand three hundred and ninety. It
+was certainly a brave determination of the Mexicans with this force to
+resist the formidable foe who had invested them and were ready to
+attack.
+
+On March 22d, at 4.15 P.M., the mortar batteries opened fire,
+and from that time the firing was continued without ceasing until the
+23d, when it was suspended for a few hours. The fire was returned from
+the batteries. Fire was also opened on the city from the vessels.
+Heavy guns having arrived, preparations were made for getting them
+ashore, but it was prevented by a heavy norther. The norther having
+subsided on the 23d, six heavy guns and a detachment from the navy
+were landed. On Commodore Matthew C. Perry's request a place in the
+trenches was assigned to the navy. On the 24th, Colonel Persifor F.
+Smith moved out to a small stream called the San Pedro and attacked
+and drove off a force of the enemy.
+
+On the night of the 24th General Scott received a communication,
+signed by the British, French, Spanish, and Prussian consuls in Vera
+Cruz, asking time to permit the neutrals and women and children to
+withdraw from the city; to which he replied that up to the 23d the
+communication between the neutrals in Vera Cruz and the neutral ships
+of war lying off Sacrificios was left open to allow them an exit, and
+that he had given notice to the consuls. He therefore declined to
+grant the request unless it was made by the governor and commander in
+chief of Vera Cruz, accompanied with a proposition to surrender. On
+the 25th, the six heavy guns, the navy battery, and all the mortars
+opened fire. General Scott had determined that, if no proposition for
+surrender was made by the 26th, he would assault the works.
+
+The command of the city having been turned over by General Morales to
+General Landero, the latter, on the 26th, addressed General Scott as
+follows:
+
+  "I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency the exposition
+  which has this moment been made to me by the senores consuls of
+  England, France, Spain, and Prussia, in which they solicit that
+  hostilities may be suspended while the innocent families in this
+  place who are suffering the ravages of war be enabled to leave the
+  city, which solicitude claims my support; and considering it in
+  accordance with the rights of afflicted humanity, I have not
+  hesitated to invite your Excellency to enter into an honorable
+  accommodation with the garrison, in which case you will please name
+  three commissioners who may meet at some intermediate point to treat
+  with those of this place upon the terms of the accommodation. With
+  this motive I renew to your Excellency my attentive consideration.
+
+  "God reward your Excellency, etc., etc., etc. (on account of the
+  sickness of the commanding general).
+
+                                              "JOSE JUAN DE LANDERO."
+
+General Scott notified General Landero that he had appointed Brevet
+Major-General Worth, of the regular army, Major-General Pillow, of the
+volunteers, and Colonel Totten, chief of the engineer corps of the
+army, commissioners on his part to meet a like number to be appointed
+by General Landero. The latter announced the appointment on his part
+of Colonels Herrera, Gutierrez de Villa Nueva, and Lieutenant-Colonel
+Robles. The commissioners met at the Punta de Hornos, and on the 27th
+agreed upon terms.
+
+
+[Illustration: Siege of
+VERA CRUZ]
+
+
+The terms of capitulation were in substance that the Mexican troops
+should march out of the city with the honors of war, should stack
+their arms and be paroled; that their colors, when lowered, should be
+saluted. Absolute protection was guaranteed to persons and property in
+the city. No private building was to be taken or used by the United
+States forces without previous arrangement and fair compensation. A
+Mexican historian says: "The sacrifice was consummated, but the
+soldiers of Vera Cruz received the honor due to their valor and
+misfortunes--the respect of the conqueror. Not even a look was given
+them by the enemy's soldiers which could be interpreted into an
+insult." Five thousand prisoners and four hundred guns were captured,
+and with a loss of only sixty-seven killed and wounded.
+
+There is scarcely anything in history equal to this achievement of
+General Scott. Throughout the siege he shared all the dangers and
+hardships of his troops. He examined in person, aided by his very able
+staff officers, every detail of works of defense, and gave orders for
+the firing of the batteries.
+
+One day during the siege General Scott was walking the trenches where
+a heavy fire of the enemy was directed. Seeing some of the soldiers
+standing up, General Scott ordered them not to expose themselves.
+"But, General," said one, "you are exposing yourself." "Oh!" said he,
+"generals nowadays can be made out of anybody, but men can not be
+had." The point of this reply is easy to understand. General Worth was
+appointed commandant and governor of Vera Cruz, with instructions to
+establish and enforce police regulations, but not to interfere with
+the functions of the civil magistrates in affairs between Mexicans.
+
+He was authorized and instructed, after conferring with Commodore
+Perry, to establish a tariff of duties on articles imported, to be
+applied to the necessities of the sick and wounded of the army and
+navy and indigent inhabitants of the city of Vera Cruz; this to
+continue in force until instructions were received from Washington.
+General Worth, on assuming command, immediately issued an order to the
+alcalde as follows:
+
+"Arms in possession of citizens to be given into the alcalde's
+possession and to be reported to headquarters. Drinking saloons to be
+closed, and not to be reopened hereafter except under special
+permission. Mexican laws as between Mexicans to be enforced, and
+justice administered by regular Mexican tribunals. Cases arising
+between American citizens of the army, or authorized followers of the
+same, will be investigated by military commissions."
+
+To cover all cases arising by the military occupation of the country,
+General Scott had issued at Tampico his Martial-Law Order No. 40, and
+republished it at Vera Cruz. General Worth gave permission to the
+residents of the city to leave and enter the city freely between
+daylight and sunset. No duties were imposed on any of the necessaries
+of life.
+
+On March 30th a combined military and naval expedition was organized
+to move to Alvarado, Commodore Perry in command of the naval
+contingent. The army detachment, under General John A. Quitman,
+consisted of the Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina infantry, and a
+squadron of the Second Dragoons under command of Major Benjamin Lloyd
+Beall, and a section of the Third Artillery under Lieutenant Henry
+Bethel Judd.
+
+The object of this expedition was to conciliate the inhabitants, and
+for the purchase of horses, mules, and cattle. Commodore Perry landed
+there on the 1st of April, followed by the arrival of General Quitman
+very soon afterward. Many citizens fled on the approach of the troops,
+and the town was surrendered to the American forces. Twenty-two cannon
+and some ammunition were captured, and five hundred horses secured by
+purchase. The troops returned to Vera Cruz, April 6th. A similar
+expedition for like purposes was undertaken by General Harvey, April
+2d, for Antigua. A lieutenant and eight soldiers were captured, and
+some horses and cattle purchased. On April 3d, Brevet Colonel Henry
+Wilson, with the First United States Infantry and two companies of
+volunteers, was assigned to the command of Vera Cruz and the castle of
+San Juan de Ulloa.
+
+Orders were now issued for an advance of the army on Jalapa, General
+David E. Twiggs, with the Second Division of regulars, to lead the
+movement on the 8th, two brigades of volunteers to follow. On the 9th
+Patterson's division moved, but, for want of transportation, Quitman's
+brigade, Colonel James H. Thomas, Tennessee mounted regiment, Worth's
+division, and the siege train were left at Vera Cruz. General Twiggs
+was notified by General Scott that he had information that General
+Santa Anna had arrived at Jalapa with six thousand troops, though he
+[General Scott] regarded the numbers as exaggerated. General Twiggs,
+on receipt of General Scott's notice, replied that the Mexicans would
+doubtless endeavor to hold the pass of Cerro Gordo between the
+National Bridge and Jalapa. Through Mexican sources he had information
+rating Santa Anna's force at from two thousand to thirteen thousand,
+and that he expected to arrive on the evening of the 11th at Plan del
+Rio, the point where the Mexican advance was posted.
+
+General Scott had received information that Generals Patterson and
+Twiggs had met a strong force of the enemy at Plan del Rio. Worth's
+division was ordered forward, and Quitman directed to follow in
+twenty-four hours. General Scott himself now moved out under a cavalry
+escort.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+General Santa Anna arrives at Cerro Gordo--Engagement at
+Atalay--General Orders No. 111--Reports from Jalapa--Report of
+engagement at Cerro Gordo--Occupation of Perote--Account of a Mexican
+historian--General Santa Anna's letter to General Arroya--Delay of the
+Government in sending re-enforcements--Danger of communications with
+Vera Cruz--Troops intended for Scott ordered to General
+Taylor--Colonel Childs appointed governor of Jalapa--Occupation of
+Puebla--Arrival of re-enforcements--Number of Scott's force.
+
+
+General Santa Anna had arrived at Cerro Gordo on April 9th. General
+Scott, on his arrival, ordered (on the morning of the 11th)
+reconnoissances to be made on the Mexican left by Captain Robert E.
+Lee, which were resumed on the 16th. These reconnoissances determined
+the order of attack, which was to make a demonstration with the
+commands of Generals Pillow and Shields on the Mexican right, and
+press the mass of the army on their right. This movement being
+successful, the enemy's communications would be cut off. In the
+meantime the Mexicans were busily engaged in greatly strengthening
+their positions.
+
+General Scott had not intended to attack the enemy in the absence of
+Worth's division, which had not yet arrived. A movement of Lieutenant
+Franklin Gardner, re-enforced later by the mounted rifles under Major
+Edwin Vose Sumner and a battalion of the First Artillery under
+Lieutenant-Colonel Childs, to occupy a position near the base of the
+Atalaya, provoked a sharp conflict. General Santa Anna, being at the
+front, ordered re-enforcements. Colonel Thomas Childs withdrew, having
+advanced under a misapprehension. The American loss was ninety-seven,
+killed and wounded. General Scott returned to Plan del Rio and issued
+the following order:
+
+                     "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
+
+                                      "PLAN DEL RIO, _April 17, 1847_.
+
+  "GENERAL ORDERS NO. 111.
+
+  "The enemy's whole line of intrenchments and batteries will be
+  attacked in front, and at the same time turned, early in the day
+  to-morrow, probably before ten o'clock A.M. The second (Twiggs's)
+  division of regulars is already advanced within easy turning
+  distance toward the enemy's line. That division has instructions to
+  move forward before daylight to-morrow and take up position across
+  the national road, in the enemy's rear, so as to cut off a retreat
+  toward Jalapa. It may be re-enforced to-day, if unexpectedly
+  attacked in force, by regiments--one or two--taken from Shields's
+  brigade of volunteers. If not, the two volunteer regiments will
+  march for that purpose at daylight to-morrow morning under
+  Brigadier-General Shields, who will report to Brigadier-General
+  Twiggs in getting up with him, or to the general in chief if he be
+  in advance. The remaining regiments of that volunteer brigade will
+  receive instructions in the course of this day. The first division
+  of regulars (Worth's) will follow the movement against the enemy's
+  left at sunrise to-morrow morning. As already arranged,
+  Brigadier-General Pillow's brigade will march at six o'clock
+  to-morrow morning along the route he has carefully reconnoitered,
+  and stand ready, as soon as he hears the report of arms on our
+  right, or sooner, if circumstances should favor him, to pierce the
+  enemy's line of batteries at such point--the nearer the river the
+  better--as he may select. Once in the rear of that line, he will
+  turn to the right or left, or both, and attack the batteries in
+  reverse; or, if abandoned, he will pursue the enemy with vigor until
+  further orders. Wall's field battery and cavalry will be held in
+  reserve on the national road, a little out of view and range of the
+  enemy's batteries. They will take up that position at nine o'clock
+  in the morning. The enemy's batteries being carried or abandoned,
+  all our divisions and corps will pursue with vigor. This pursuit may
+  be continued many miles toward Jalapa until stopped by darkness or
+  fortified positions; consequently the body of the army will not
+  return to this encampment, but be followed to-morrow afternoon, or
+  early the next morning, by the baggage trains of the several corps.
+  For this purpose the feeble men of each corps will be left to guard
+  its camp and effects, and to load up the latter in the wagons of the
+  corps. A commander of the present encampment will be designated in
+  the course of this day.
+
+  "As soon as it shall be known that the enemy's works have been
+  carried, or that the general pursuit has been commenced, one wagon
+  for each regiment and battery and one for the cavalry will follow
+  the movement, to receive, under the direction of medical officers,
+  the wounded and disabled, who will be brought back to this place for
+  treatment in general hospital. The surgeon general will organize
+  this important service, and designate that hospital, as well as the
+  medical officers to be left at it.
+
+  "Every man who marches out to attack or pursue the enemy will take
+  the usual allowance of ammunition and subsistence for at least two
+  days.
+
+  "By command of Major-General Scott.
+
+                          "H.L. SCOTT, _Acting Adjutant General_".
+
+The engineer train and troops under Lieutenant George Brinton
+McClellan having arrived, additional batteries were placed in
+position. General Santa Anna, believing that the Americans would
+attack his right, made his dispositions accordingly. Following are
+General Scott's reports of the battle made to the Secretary of War:
+
+              "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, PLAN DEL RIO,
+
+                        "FIFTY MILES FROM VERA CRUZ, _April 19, 1847_.
+
+  "SIR: The plan of the attack, sketched in General Orders
+  No. 111 herewith, was finely executed by this gallant army before
+  two o'clock P.M. yesterday. We are quite embarrassed with
+  the results of victory--prisoners of war, heavy ordnance, field
+  batteries, small arms, and accouterments. About three thousand men
+  laid down their arms, with the usual proportion of field and company
+  officers, besides five generals, several of them of great
+  distinction--Pinson Jarrero, La Vega, Noryuga, and Obando. A sixth
+  general, Vasque, was killed in defending the battery (tower) in the
+  rear of the line of defense, the capture of which gave us those
+  glorious results.
+
+  "Our loss, though comparatively small in number, has been serious.
+  Brigadier-General Shields, a commander of activity, zeal, and
+  talent, is, I fear, if not dead, mortally wounded. He is some five
+  miles from me at this moment. The field of operations covers many
+  miles, broken by mountains and deep chasms, and I have not a report
+  as yet from any division or brigade. Twiggs's division, followed by
+  Shields's (now Colonel Baker's) brigade, are now near Jalapa, and
+  Worth's division is _en route_ thither, all pursuing with good
+  results, as I learn, that part of the Mexican army--perhaps six or
+  seven thousand men--that fled before our right had carried the
+  tower, and gained the Jalapa road. Pillow's brigade alone is near me
+  at this depot of wounded, sick, and prisoners, and I have time only
+  to give from him the names of First-Lieutenant F.B. Nelson and
+  Second-Lieutenant C.G. Gill, both of the Second Tennessee Foot
+  (Haskell's regiment), among the killed, and in the brigade one
+  hundred and six of all ranks killed or wounded. Among the latter the
+  gallant brigadier general himself has a smart wound in his arm, but
+  not disabled; and Major R. Farqueson, Second Tennessee, H.F. Murray,
+  second lieutenant, G.T. Southerland, first lieutenant, W.P. Hale,
+  adjutant, all of the same regiment, severely, and First-Lieutenant
+  W. Yearwood mortally wounded. And I know, from personal observation
+  on the ground, that First-Lieutenant Ewell, of the Rifles, if not
+  now dead, was mortally wounded in entering, sword in hand, the
+  intrenchments around the captured tower. Second-Lieutenant Derby,
+  Topographical Engineers, I saw also at the same place, severely
+  wounded, and Captain Patten, Second United States Infantry, lost his
+  right hand. Major Sumner, Second United States Dragoons, was
+  slightly wounded the day before, and Captain Johnson, Topographical
+  Engineers (now lieutenant colonel of infantry), was very severely
+  wounded in reconnoitering some days earlier. I must not omit to add
+  that Captain Mason and Second-Lieutenant Davis, both of the Rifles,
+  were among the very severely wounded in storming the same tower. I
+  estimate our total loss in killed and wounded may be about two
+  hundred and fifty, and that of the enemy three hundred and fifty. In
+  the pursuit toward Jalapa (twenty-five miles hence) I learn we have
+  added much to the enemy's loss in prisoners, killed, and wounded. In
+  fact, I suppose this retreating army to be nearly disorganized, and
+  hence my haste to follow in an hour or two to profit by events. In
+  this hurried and imperfect report I must not omit to say that
+  Brigadier-General Twiggs, in passing the mountain range beyond Cerro
+  Gordo crowned with the tower, detached from his division, as I
+  suggested the day before, a strong force to carry that height which
+  commanded the Jalapa road at the foot, and could not fail, if
+  carried, to cut off the whole or any part of the enemy's forces from
+  a retreat in any direction. A portion of the First Artillery under
+  the often-distinguished Brevet-Colonel Childs, the Third Infantry
+  under Captain Alexander, the Seventh Infantry under
+  Lieutenant-Colonel Plympton, and the Rifles under Major Loring, all
+  under the temporary command of Colonel Harvey, Second Dragoons,
+  during the confinement to his bed of Brevet Brigadier-General P.F.
+  Smith, composed that detachment. The style of execution, which I had
+  the pleasure to witness, was most brilliant and decisive. The
+  brigade ascended the long and difficult slope of Cerro Gordo,
+  without shelter and under the tremendous fire of artillery and
+  musketry, with the utmost steadiness, reached the breastworks,
+  drove the enemy from them, planted the colors of the First
+  Artillery, Third and Seventh Infantry, the enemy's flag still
+  flying, and after some minutes of sharp firing finished the conquest
+  with the bayonet. It is a most pleasing duty to say that the highest
+  praise is due to Harvey, Childs, Plympton, Loring, Alexander, their
+  gallant officers and men, for this brilliant service, independent of
+  the great results which soon followed.
+
+  "Worth's division of regulars coming up at this time, he detached
+  Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel C.F. Smith with his light battalion to
+  support the assault, but not in time. The general, reaching the
+  tower a few minutes before me and observing a white flag displayed
+  from the nearest portion of the enemy's lines toward the batteries
+  below, sent out Colonels Harvey and Childs to hold a parley. The
+  surrender followed in an hour or two.
+
+  "Major-General Patterson left a sick-bed to share in the dangers and
+  fatigues of the day, and after the surrender went forward to command
+  the advanced forces toward Jalapa. Brigadier-General Pillow and his
+  brigade twice assaulted with great daring the enemy's lines of
+  batteries on our left; and, though without success, they contributed
+  much to distract and dismay their immediate opponents.
+
+  "President Santa Anna, with Generals Canalizo and Ampudia, and some
+  six or eight thousand men, escaped toward Jalapa just before Cerro
+  Gordo was carried and before Twiggs's division could reach the
+  national road above. I have determined to parole the
+  prisoners--officers and men--as I have not the means of feeding them
+  here beyond to-day, and can not afford to detach a heavy body of
+  horse and foot, with wagons, to accompany them to Vera Cruz. Our
+  baggage train, though increasing, is not yet half large enough to
+  give an assured progress to this army. Besides, a greater number of
+  prisoners would probably escape from the escort in the long and deep
+  sandy road, with subsistence, ten to one, than we shall find again
+  out of the same body of men in ranks opposed to us. Not one of the
+  Vera Cruz prisoners is believed to have been in the lines at Cerro
+  Gordo. Some six of the officers highest in rank refused to give
+  their paroles, except to go to Vera Cruz, and hence, perhaps, to the
+  United States.
+
+  "The small arms and their accouterments being of no value to our
+  army here or at home, I have ordered them to be destroyed, for we
+  have not the means of transporting them. I am also somewhat
+  embarrassed with the many pieces of artillery--all bronze--which we
+  have captured. It would take a brigade and half the mules of this
+  army to transport them fifty miles. A field battery I shall take for
+  service for the army, but the heavy metal must be collected and left
+  here for the present. We have our own siege train and the proper
+  carriages with us.
+
+  "Being occupied with the prisoners and all the details of a forward
+  movement, besides looking to the supplies which are to follow from
+  Vera Cruz, I have time to add no more, intending to be at Jalapa
+  early to-morrow. We shall not probably meet with serious opposition
+  this side of Perote, certainly not unless delayed by the want of the
+  means of transportation.
+
+  "I have the honor to remain, sir, with high respect, your most
+  obedient servant,
+
+                                                      "WINFIELD SCOTT.
+
+  "P.S.--I invite attention to the accompanying letters to President
+  Santa Anna, taken in his carriage yesterday; also to his
+  proclamation issued on hearing that we had captured Vera Cruz, etc.,
+  in which he says: 'If the enemy advance one step more, the national
+  independence will be buried in the abyss of the past.' We have taken
+  that step.
+
+                                                                 "W.S.
+
+  "I make a second postscript, to say that there is some hope, I am
+  happy to learn, that General Shields may survive his wounds. One of
+  the principal motives for paroling the prisoners of war is to
+  diminish the resistance of other garrisons in our march.
+
+
+                  "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, JALAPA, _April 23, 1847_.
+
+  "SIR: In forwarding the reports of commanders which detail
+  the operations of their several corps against the Mexican lines at
+  Cerro Gordo, I shall present, in continuation of my former report,
+  but an outline of the affair; and while adopting heartily their
+  commendations of the ardor and efficiency of individuals, I shall
+  mention by name only those who figure prominently, or, from
+  position, could not be included in those subreports. The field
+  sketch herewith indicates the position of the two armies. The
+  _tierra caliente_, or low level, terminates at Plan del Rio, the
+  site of the American camp, from which the road ascends immediately
+  in a long circle among the lofty hills, whose commanding points had
+  all been fortified and garrisoned by the enemy. His right,
+  intrenched, rested on a precipice overhanging an impassable ravine
+  that forms the bed of the stream; and his intrenchments extended
+  continuously to the road, in which was placed a formidable battery.
+  On the other side the lofty and difficult heights of Cerro Gordo
+  commanded the approaches in all directions. The main body of the
+  Mexican army was encamped on level ground, with a battery of five
+  pieces, half a mile in rear of that height toward Jalapa. Resolving,
+  if possible, to turn the enemy's left and attack in rear while
+  menacing or engaging his front, I caused daily reconnoissances to be
+  pushed, with the view of finding a route for a force to debouch on
+  the Jalapa road and cut off retreat. The reconnoissance, begun by
+  Lieutenant Beauregard, was continued by Captain Lee, engineers, and
+  a road made along difficult slopes and over chasms out of the
+  enemy's view; though reached by his fire when discovered, until,
+  arriving at the Mexican lines, further reconnoissance became
+  impossible without action. The desired point of debouchure, the
+  Jalapa road, was not therefore reached, though believed to be within
+  easy distance; and to gain that point it now became necessary to
+  carry the heights of Cerro Gordo. The disposition in my plan of
+  battle--General Orders No. 111, heretofore inclosed--were
+  accordingly made. Twiggs's division, re-enforced by Shields's
+  brigade of volunteers, was thrown into position on the 17th, and was
+  of necessity drawn into action in taking up the ground for its
+  bivouac, and the opposing height for our heavy battery. It will be
+  seen that many of our officers and men were killed or wounded in
+  this sharp combat, handsomely commenced by a company of the Seventh
+  Infantry under Brevet First-Lieutenant Gardner, who is highly
+  praised by all his commanders for signal services. Colonel Harvey,
+  coming up with the Rifle Regiment and First Artillery (also parts of
+  his brigade), brushed away the enemy and occupied the height, on
+  which, in the night, was placed a battery of one twenty-four pounder
+  and two twenty-four-pound howitzers, under the supervision of
+  Captain Lee, engineers, and Lieutenant Hagner, ordnance. These guns
+  opened next morning, and were served with effect by Captain Steptoe
+  and Lieutenant Brown, Third Artillery, Lieutenant Hagner (ordnance),
+  and Lieutenant Seymore, First Artillery. The same night, with
+  extreme toil and difficulty, under the superintendence of Lieutenant
+  Tower, engineer, and Lieutenant Laidley, ordnance, an eight-inch
+  howitzer was put in position across the river and opposite to the
+  enemy's right battery. A detachment of four companies under Major
+  Burnham, New York volunteers, performed this creditable service,
+  which enabled Lieutenant Ripley, Second Artillery, in charge of the
+  piece, to open a timely fire in that quarter.
+
+  "Early on the 18th the columns moved to the general attack, and our
+  success was speedy and decisive. Pillow's brigade assaulting the
+  right of the intrenchments, although compelled to retire, had the
+  effect I have heretofore stated. Twiggs's division, storming the
+  strong and vital point of Cerro Gordo, pierced the center, gained
+  command of all the intrenchments, and cut them off from support. As
+  our infantry (Colonel Riley's brigade) pushed on against the main
+  body of the enemy, the guns of their own fort were rapidly turned to
+  play on that force (under the immediate command of General Santa
+  Anna), who fled in confusion. Shields's brigade, bravely assaulting
+  the left, carried the rear battery (five guns) on the Jalapa road
+  and aided materially in completing the rout of the enemy. The part
+  taken by the remainder of our forces held in reserve to support and
+  pursue has already been noticed. The moment the fate of the day was
+  decided, the cavalry and Taylor's and Wall's field batteries were
+  pushed on toward Jalapa in advance of the pursuing columns of
+  infantry. Twiggs's division and the brigade of Shields (now under
+  Colonel Baker) and Major-General Patterson were sent to take command
+  of them. In the hot pursuit many Mexicans were captured or slain
+  before our men and horses were exhausted by the heat and distance.
+
+  "The rout proved to have been complete, the retreating army, except
+  a small body of cavalry, being dispersed and utterly disorganized.
+  The immediate consequences have been our possession of this
+  important city, the abandonment of the works and artillery at La
+  Hoya, the next formidable pass between Vera Cruz and the capital,
+  and the prompt occupation by Worth's division of the fortress of
+  Perote (second only to San Juan de Ulloa), with its extensive
+  armament of sixty-six guns and mortars and its large supply of
+  material. To General Worth's report, annexed, I refer for details.
+
+  "I have heretofore endeavored to do justice to the skill and courage
+  with which the heights of Cerro Gordo were attacked, naming the
+  regiments most distinguished, and their-commanders, under the lead
+  of Colonel Harney. Lieutenant G.W. Smith led the engineer company as
+  part of the storming force, and is noticed with distinction. The
+  reports of this assault make favorable mention of many in which I
+  can well concur, having, witnessed the daring advance and perfect
+  steadiness of the whole. Besides those already named, Lieutenant
+  Brooks, Third Infantry, Lieutenant Macdonald, Second Dragoons,
+  Lieutenant Vandorn, Seventh Infantry (all acting staff officers),
+  Captain Magruder, First Artillery, and Lieutenant Gardner, Seventh
+  Infantry, seem to have won special praise. Colonel Riley's brigade
+  and Talcott's rocket and howitzer battery were engaged in and about
+  the heights and bore an active part. The brigade so gallantly led by
+  General Shields, and after his fall by Colonel Baker, deserves high
+  commendation for its fine behavior and success. Colonels Foreman,
+  Burnett, and Major Harris commanded the regiments. Lieutenant
+  Hammond, Third Artillery, and Lieutenant Davis, Illinois volunteers,
+  constituted the brigade staff. These operations, hid from my view by
+  intervening hills, were not fully known when my first report was
+  hastily written. Brigadier-General Twiggs, who was in immediate
+  command of all advanced forces, has earned high credit by his
+  judgment, skill, and energy. The conduct of Colonels Campbell,
+  Haskell, and Wynkoop, commanding the regiments of Pillow's brigade,
+  is reported in terms of strong approbation by Major-General
+  Patterson. I recommend for a commission Quartermaster-Sergeant
+  Henry, of the Seventh Infantry (already known to the army for
+  intrepidity on former occasions), who hauled down the national
+  standard of the Mexican fort. In expressing my indebtedness for able
+  assistance--to Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock, acting inspector
+  general; to Majors Smith and Turnbull, and respective chiefs of
+  engineers and topographical engineers; to their assistant
+  lieutenants, Lieutenants Mason, Beauregard, Stevens, Tower, G.W.
+  Smith, McClellan, engineers, and Lieutenants Derby and Hardcastle,
+  topographical engineers; to Captain Allen, chief quartermaster, and
+  Lieutenant Blair, chief commissary, and to Lieutenants Hagner and
+  Laidley, ordnance, all actively employed--I am compelled to make
+  special mention of the services of Captain R.E. Lee, engineers. This
+  officer greatly distinguished himself at the siege of Vera Cruz, was
+  again indefatigable during these operations, in reconnoissance as
+  daring as laborious, and of the utmost value. Nor was he less
+  conspicuous in planting batteries and in conducting columns to their
+  stations under the heavy fire of the enemy. My personal
+  staff--Lieutenants Scott, Williams, and Lay, and Major Van Buren,
+  who volunteered for the occasion--gave me zealous and efficient
+  assistance. Our whole force present in action and in reserve was
+  eight thousand five hundred. The enemy is estimated at twelve
+  thousand or more. About three thousand prisoners, four or five
+  thousand stands of arms, and forty-three pieces of artillery are
+  taken. By the accompanying return I regret to find our loss more
+  severe than at first supposed, amounting in the two days to
+  thirty-three officers and three hundred and ninety-eight men--in
+  all, four hundred and thirty-one, of whom sixty-three were killed.
+  The enemy's loss is computed to be from one thousand to one thousand
+  two hundred. I am happy in communicating strong hopes of the
+  recovery of the gallant General Shields, who is so much improved as
+  to have been brought to this place.
+
+  "Appended to this report are the following papers:
+
+  "(A) General return by name of killed and wounded.
+
+  "(B) Copies of report of Lieutenant-Colonel Hitchcock, acting
+  inspector general (of prisoners taken), and accompanying papers.
+
+  "(C) Report of Brigadier-General Twiggs, and subreports.
+
+  "(D) Report of Major-General Patterson and report of brigade
+  commanders.
+
+  "(E) Copy of report of Brigadier-General Worth announcing the
+  occupation by his division of the castle and town of Perote without
+  opposition, with an inventory of ordnance there found.
+
+  "I have the honor to remain, sir, with high respect, your most
+  obedient servant,
+
+                                                     "WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+A Mexican historian gives the following account of the close of the
+battle: "General Santa Anna, accompanied by some of his adjutants, was
+passing along the road to the left of the battery, when the enemy's
+column, now out of the woods, appeared on his line of retreat and
+fired upon him, forcing him back. The carriage in which he had left
+Jalapa was riddled with shot, the mules killed and taken by the enemy,
+as well as a wagon containing sixteen thousand dollars received the
+day before for the pay of the soldiers. Every tie of command and
+obedience now being broken among our troops, safety alone being the
+object, and all being involved in a frightful whirl, they rushed
+desperately to the narrow pass of the defile that descended to the
+Plan del Rio, where the general in chief had preceded, with the chiefs
+and officers accompanying him. Horrid indeed was the descent by that
+narrow and rocky path, where thousands rushed, disputing the passage,
+with desperation, and leaving a track of blood upon the road. All
+classes being confounded, military distinction and respect were lost;
+and badges of rank became marks of sarcasm that were only meted out
+according to their grade and humiliation. The enemy, now masters of
+our camp, turned their guns upon the fugitives, thus augmenting the
+terror of the multitude that crowded through the defile and pressed
+forward every instant by a new impulse, which increased the confusion
+and disgrace of the ill-fated day."
+
+General Scott reports the strength of his army at Cerro Gordo at eight
+thousand five hundred, the killed and wounded four hundred and
+thirty-one, of which thirty-three were officers and three hundred and
+ninety-eight enlisted men. His estimate of the Mexican force was
+twelve thousand. The prisoners captured were about three thousand, and
+the killed and wounded between one thousand and twelve hundred.
+Forty-three cannon and three thousand five hundred small arms were
+captured. On the morning of the 22d the army moved to and occupied the
+town and castle of Perote without resistance.
+
+General Santa Anna now retired to Orizaba, where he was met by many
+distinguished citizens. He addressed a letter to the _ad interim_
+President, General Arroya, as follows:
+
+                                           "ORIZABA, _April 22, 1847_.
+
+  "MY ESTEEMED FRIEND: The dispatch which I have forwarded to
+  the Minister of War will already have informed you of the events
+  which occurred on the 18th inst. The enemy made an extraordinary
+  effort to force the pass, and, exasperated by the repulse he had
+  experienced the day before, and because he knew his ruin was
+  inevitable unless he succeeded, attacked me with his entire army,
+  which was not less than twelve thousand men. He put everything on
+  the hazard of the die, and the cast was favorable to him. I do not
+  regard the cause of the nation as hopeless, if it will defend its
+  honor and independence as circumstances may require. I presume you
+  have taken all proper measures for the public safety, and first of
+  all for that of the capital. I shall be able to aid it very soon if
+  it will defend itself. At present I have with me five hundred men
+  and four guns, and there is no doubt but I shall collect in a few
+  days a force equal to that I rallied at Cerro Gordo. I only require
+  that you send me some money through the medium of bills of exchange,
+  as I find it impossible to raise a dollar. We must, my friend, not
+  give up ourselves as lost, and, before God, you shall see that I
+  will make no treaty with the enemy which will dishonor us or put us
+  in worse condition. Write to me when convenient, and reckon always
+  on the poor services of your most affectionate friend, who wishes
+  you every happiness.                         A.L. DE SANTA ANNA."
+
+The prisoners were all paroled, and the sick and wounded sent to
+Jalapa, where they were comfortably provided for.
+
+General Scott was impatient at the delay of the Government in sending
+him re-enforcements. He feared that his communications with Vera Cruz
+might be cut off. The time of enlistment of the twelve months'
+volunteers would soon expire, and he desired to discharge them in time
+to leave the coast before the prevalence of the yellow fever.
+
+He received information on April 27th that some one to two thousand
+recruits of the ten regiments recently provided for by Congress had
+been ordered to Brazos, and that every effort would be made to
+re-enforce General Taylor. The Secretary of War had ordered troops
+originally designed for General Scott to the relief of General Taylor,
+without notice to General Scott.
+
+On May 4, 1847, he issued an order to the volunteer troops whose term
+of enlistment was about to expire, complimenting them for their
+services, but announcing his intention to discharge them. He then
+addressed the Secretary of War, saying: "To part with so large and so
+respectable a portion of the army in the middle of a country which,
+though broken in its power, is not yet disposed to sue for peace; to
+provide for the return home of seven regiments from this interior
+position at a time when I find it difficult to provide transportation
+and supplies for the operating forces which remain, and all this
+without any prospect of succor or re-enforcements in perhaps the next
+seven months, beyond some three hundred army recruits, presents
+novelties utterly unknown to an invading army before. With the
+addition of ten or twelve thousand new levies in April and May, asked
+for, and until very recently expected, or even with the addition of
+two or three thousand new troops destined for this army, but suddenly,
+by the orders of the War Department, directed to the Rio Grande
+frontier, I might, notwithstanding the unavoidable discharge of the
+old volunteers--seven regiments and two independent companies--advance
+with confidence upon the enemy's capital. I shall nevertheless
+advance, but whether beyond Puebla will depend upon intervening
+information and reflection."
+
+The army, having received supplies of medicines, ammunition, clothing,
+salt, etc., made preparations to move. Colonel Childs was appointed
+governor of Jalapa, and a sufficient garrison left with him. General
+Twiggs was ordered to march to Perote. General Worth had occupied
+Perote on April 22d. The army then occupied Puebla, where during their
+prolonged stay the troops were daily drilled, but were given
+permission to visit the ancient city of Cholula and the adjacent
+country. This city in the time of Cortez had a population of one
+hundred and fifty thousand, but was now a hamlet containing a small
+population and the ruins of its ancient glory. General Scott relates
+that while in this region, "coming up with a brigade marching at ease,
+all intoxicated with the fine air and scenery, he was, as usual,
+received with hearty and protracted cheers. The group of officers who
+surrounded him differed widely in the objects of their admiration,
+some preferring this or that snow-capped mountain, others the city,
+and several the pyramid of Cholula that was now opening upon the view.
+An appeal from all was made to the general in chief. He promptly and
+emphatically replied, 'I differ from you all. My greatest delight is
+in this fine body of troops, without whom we can never sleep in the
+halls of the Montezumas, or in our own homes.'"
+
+The first re-enforcements to arrive were eight hundred men, under
+Lieutenant-Colonel James Simmons McIntosh, escorting a train. They
+were delayed by an attack of the enemy near Jalapa, but, being joined
+by Brigadier-General George Cadwallader with a portion of his brigade
+and a field battery, the enemy was soon driven. Major-General Gideon
+J. Pillow arrived next with a thousand men, and on August 6th
+Brigadier-General Franklin Pierce joined with two thousand five
+hundred men.
+
+General Scott felt compelled, on account of his reduced numbers, to
+order the garrison, under Colonel Childs at Jalapa, to join him. His
+force now was (including late re-enforcements) about fourteen thousand
+men, including two thousand five hundred sick in hospitals, and six
+hundred convalescents too feeble for duty. These convalescents and the
+same number of effective troops were left as a garrison under Colonel
+Childs, who was appointed commandant of the city of Puebla. This
+necessitated the almost total abandonment of the protection of his
+lines to his base at Vera Cruz, and communications to his Government.
+As Scott expressed it, "we had to throw away the scabbard and to
+advance with the naked blade in hand."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Movement toward the City of Mexico--The Duke of Wellington's
+comments--Movements of Santa Anna--A commission meets General Worth to
+treat for terms--Worth enters Puebla--Civil administration of the city
+not interfered with--Scott arrives at Puebla--Scott's address to the
+Mexicans after the battle of Cerro Gordo--Contreras--Reconnoissance of
+the _pedregal_--Defeat of the Mexicans at Contreras--Battle of
+Churubusco--Arrival of Nicholas P. Trist, commissioner--General Scott
+meets a deputation proposing an armistice--He addresses a
+communication to the head of the Mexican Government--Appointment of a
+commission to meet Mr. Trist--Major Lally--Meeting of Mr. Trist with
+the Mexican commissioners--Failure to agree--Armistice violated by the
+Mexicans and notice from General Scott--Santa Anna's insolent
+note--The latter calls a meeting of his principal officers--Molino del
+Rey--Chapultepecec--Losses on both sides.
+
+
+The army began its movement from Puebla toward the City of Mexico on
+August 6, 1847. Twiggs's division was in the advance, General William
+Selby Harney's cavalry leading and the siege train bringing up the
+rear. The other three divisions followed successively on the 8th, 9th,
+and 10th. No division was at any time more than seven or eight miles
+from support. It was expected that the army of Santa Anna would be met
+at Rio Frio, and hence General Scott's great caution in his movement
+to keep his divisions in supporting distance.
+
+The Duke of Wellington was so interested in this march of the army
+from Vera Cruz to the Mexican capital that he caused its movements to
+be marked on a map daily, as information was received. Admiring its
+triumphs up to the basin of Mexico, he now said: "Scott is lost. He
+has been carried away by successes. He can't take the city, and he
+can't fall back upon his base."
+
+General Santa Anna, finding himself without money and with but a small
+following of troops at Orizaba, marched by way of Aculcingo and
+Amasoque to Puebla. In the meantime he was using all efforts to gather
+re-enforcements for his army. There was but one day's interval between
+the troops of General Worth and the Mexican brigades of Leonard Perez
+and the cavalry under General Alcorta, the whole of which was
+commanded by General Santa Anna when he passed Amasoque. Finding that
+he could not successfully defend Puebla, the Mexican general withdrew
+to San Martin and Amasoque. Soon afterward he moved on the road toward
+the City of Mexico.
+
+Two or three miles from Puebla a commission met General Worth to treat
+for terms. A halt of a few hours was made, when the march was resumed,
+and the American forces without opposition marched into the Grand
+Plaza between the palace of the Governor and the cathedral.
+
+A Mexican historian thus describes the first appearance and occupation
+of Puebla by the American troops: "The singular appearance of some of
+the soldiers, their trains, their artillery, their large horses, all
+attracted the curiosity of the multitude, and at the corners and
+squares an immense crowd surrounded the new conquerors. The
+latter--extremely fatigued, confiding in the mutual guarantees
+stipulated by the Ayuntamientimo and General Worth, or perhaps
+despising a people who easily permitted the occupation of their
+territory--stacked arms in the plaza while waiting for quarters, while
+some wandered into neighboring streets to drink pulque and embrace the
+leperos, with whom they seemed old acquaintances. [The leperos were
+the vagabonds of the city and country.] There is no doubt that more
+than ten thousand persons occupied the plazas and corners. One cry,
+one effort, the spirit of one determined man would have sufficed; and
+if once this multitude had pressed in on the enemy, they would have
+inevitably perished. Nothing was done. General Worth took quarters in
+the Governor's palace, east of the Grand Plaza, and upon its flagstaff
+hoisted the Stars and Stripes."
+
+General Worth took possession of Puebla on May 15th, and, acting under
+orders of General Scott, he issued orders which gave assurance to the
+inhabitants that they would not be disturbed either in person or
+property, and that they could continue without molestation their
+ordinary business. The markets were kept open, and no officer or
+soldier was permitted to take anything without paying the regular
+market price.
+
+The civil administration of the city was not interfered with. The
+police of the city was continued under the regulations of the city
+government. The churches, of which there were a large number, were
+opened, and continued their usual functions, and the attendance was
+largely augmented by the American officers and men. In fact, the city,
+except for the presence of the United States troops, was in all other
+respects governed and conducted as before its occupation.
+
+General Scott left Jalapa on May 23d for Puebla. He arrived there on
+the 28th, and was met and escorted into the city by a number of
+officers. Along the streets of the city through which he passed the
+balconies were filled with Mexican ladies and the avenues crowded with
+men. The populace cheered him heartily and escorted him to the palace.
+The soldiers, volunteers and regulars, gave him the heartiest welcome,
+showing that he had the respect and confidence of the army, and the
+demonstrations of the Mexicans evidenced that they regarded him as a
+humane and Christian conqueror.
+
+In this connection it is well to produce the address of General Scott
+to the Mexican people after the battle of Cerro Gordo:
+
+
+[Illustration: Route From
+VERA CRUZ TO MEXICO]
+
+
+  "MEXICANS! The late events of the war and the measures
+  adopted in consequence by our Government make it my duty to address
+  you, in order to lay before you truths of which you are ignorant,
+  because they have been criminally concealed from you. I do not ask
+  you to believe me simply on my word--though he who has not been
+  found false has a claim to be believed--but to judge for yourselves
+  of these truths from facts within the view and scrutiny of you all.
+  Whatever may have been the origin of this war, which the United
+  States was forced to undertake by insurmountable causes, we regard
+  it as an evil. War is ever such to both belligerents, and the reason
+  and justice of the case, if not known on both sides, are in dispute
+  and claimed by each. You have proof of this truth as well as we, for
+  in Mexico, as in the United States, there have existed and do exist
+  two opposite parties, one desiring peace and the other war.
+  Governments have, however, sacred duties to perform from which they
+  can not swerve; and these duties frequently impose, from national
+  considerations, a silence and reserve that displeases at all times
+  the majority of those who, from views purely personal or private,
+  are formed in opposition, to which Governments can pay little
+  attention, expecting the nation to repose in them the confidence due
+  to a magistracy of its own selection--considerations of high policy
+  and of continental American interests precipitated even in spite of
+  circumspection of the Cabinet at Washington. This Cabinet, ardently
+  desiring to terminate all differences with Mexico, spared no effort
+  compatible with honor and dignity. It cherished the most flattering
+  hopes of attaining this end by frank explanations and reasonings
+  addressed to the judgment and prudence of the virtuous and patriotic
+  government of General Herrera. An unexpected misfortune dispelled
+  these hopes and closed every avenue of an honorable adjustment. Your
+  new Government disregarded your national interests, as well as those
+  of continental America, and yielded, moreover, to foreign influences
+  the most opposed to these interests, the most fatal to the future of
+  Mexican liberty and of that republican system which the United
+  States holds it a duty to preserve and protect. Duty, honor, and
+  dignity placed us under the necessity of not losing a season of
+  which the monarchical party was fast taking advantage. As not a
+  moment was to be lost, we acted with a promptness and decision
+  suited to the urgency of the case, in order to avoid a complication
+  of interests which might render our relations more difficult and
+  involved. Again, in the course of civil war, the Government of
+  General Paredes was overthrown. We could not but look upon this as a
+  fortunate event, believing that any other administration
+  representing Mexico would be less deluded, more patriotic, and more
+  prudent, looking to the common good, weighing probabilities,
+  strength, resources, and, above all, the general opinion as to the
+  inevitable results of a national war. We were deceived, and perhaps
+  you Mexicans were also deceived, in judging of the real intentions
+  of General Santa Anna when you recalled and when your Government
+  permitted him to return. Under this state of things the Mexican
+  nation has seen the results lamented by all, and by us most
+  sincerely, for we appreciate as is due the valor and noble decision
+  of those unfortunate men who go to battle ill-conducted, worse cared
+  for, and almost always enforced by violence, deceit, or perfidy. We
+  are witnesses, and we shall not be taxed with partiality as a party
+  interested when we lament with surprise that the heroic behavior of
+  the garrison at Vera Cruz in its valiant defense has been aspersed
+  by the general who has just been routed and put to shameful flight
+  at Buena Vista by a force far inferior to his own. The same general
+  rewarded the insurgents of the capital, promoters of civil war, and
+  heaped outrage upon those who had just acquired for themselves
+  singular distinction by a resistance beyond expectation and of
+  admirable decision. Finally, the bloody events of Cerro Gordo have
+  plainly shown the Mexican nation what it may reasonably expect if it
+  is no longer blind to its real situation--a situation to which it
+  has been brought by some of its generals whom it has most
+  distinguished and in whom it has most confidence. The hardest heart
+  would have been moved to grief in contemplating any battlefield in
+  Mexico a moment after the last struggle. Those generals whom the
+  nation has paid without service rendered for so many years, have, in
+  the day of need, with some honorable exceptions, but served to
+  injure her by their bad example or unskillfulness. The dead and
+  wounded on those battlefields received no marks of military
+  distinction, sharing alike the sad fate which has been the same from
+  Palo Alto to Cerro Gordo; the dead remained unburied and the wounded
+  abandoned to the clemency and charity of the victor. Soldiers who go
+  to battle knowing they have such reward to look for deserve to be
+  classed with the most heroic, for they are stimulated by no hope of
+  glory, nor remembrance, nor a sigh, nor even a grave! Again,
+  contemplate, honorable Mexicans, the lot of peaceful and industrious
+  citizens in all classes of your country. The possessions of the
+  Church menaced and presented as an allurement to revolution and
+  anarchy; the fortunes of rich proprietors pointed out for plunder of
+  armed ruffians; and merchants and the mechanic, the husbandman and
+  the manufacturer, burdened with contributions, excises, monopolies,
+  duties on consumption, surrounded by officers and collectors of
+  these odious internal customs; the man of letters and the
+  legislator, the freeman of knowledge who dares to speak, persecuted
+  without trial by some faction or by the very rulers who abuse their
+  power; and criminals unpunished are set at liberty, as were those of
+  Perote. What, then, Mexicans, is the liberty of which you boast? I
+  do not believe that Mexicans at the present day want the courage to
+  confess errors which do not dishonor them, or to adopt a system of
+  true liberty--one of peace and union with their brethren and
+  neighbors of the North. Neither can I believe the Mexicans ignorant
+  of the infamy of the calumnies put forth by the press in order to
+  excite hostility against us. No, public spirit can not be created or
+  animated by falsehood. We have not profaned your temples, nor abused
+  your women, nor seized your property, as they could have you
+  believe. We say it with pride, and we confirm it by an appeal to
+  your bishops and the curates of Tampico, Tuzpan, Matamoros,
+  Monterey, Vera Cruz, and Jalapa; to all clergy, civil authorities,
+  and inhabitants of all places we have occupied. We adore the same
+  God, and a large portion of our army, as well as of the people of
+  the United States, are Catholics, like yourselves. We punish crime
+  wherever we find it, and reward merit and virtue. The army of the
+  United States respects, and will ever respect, private property of
+  every class, and the property of the Mexican Church. Woe to him who
+  does not where we are! Mexicans, the past is beyond remedy, but the
+  future may yet be controlled. I have repeatedly declared to you that
+  the Government and the people of the United States desire peace,
+  desire your sincere friendship. Abandon, then, state prejudices;
+  cease to be the sport of private ambition, and conduct yourselves
+  like a great American nation. Abandon at once these old colonial
+  habits, and learn to be truly free, truly republican. You may then
+  soon attain prosperity and happiness, of which you possess all the
+  elements; _but remember that you are Americans_, and that your
+  happiness is not to come from Europe. I desire, in conclusion, to
+  say to you with equal frankness that, were it necessary, an army of
+  one hundred thousand Americans would soon be among you, and that the
+  United States, if forced to terminate by arms their differences with
+  you, would not do it in an uncertain or precarious, or, still less,
+  in a dishonorable manner. It would be an insult to the intelligent
+  people of their country to doubt their knowledge of your power. The
+  system of forming guerrilla parties to annoy us will, I assure you,
+  produce only evil to this country and none to our army, which knows
+  how to protect itself and how to proceed against such cut-throats;
+  and if, so far from calming resentments and passion, you try to
+  irritate, you will but force upon us the hard necessity of
+  retaliation. In that event, you can not blame us for the
+  consequences which will fall upon yourselves. I shall march with
+  this army upon Puebla and Mexico. I do not conceal this from you.
+  From those capitals I may again address you. We desire peace,
+  friendship, and union; it is for you to choose whether you prefer
+  continued hostilities. In either case, be assured, I will keep my
+  word.                                            WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+Worth's division, now preceded by Harney's cavalry, moved from San
+Augustin on the main road toward the City of Mexico. These were
+followed by the other divisions of the army. On this route was
+situated the _pedregal_, which is a field of volcanic rock of very
+uneven surface. It is between the roads leading to the capital from
+San Augustin and Padierna. A reconnoissance of the _pedregal_ was made
+by Lieutenants Robert E. Lee and Pierre G.T. Beauregard, who reported
+that there was a passage for wagons of only a mile, and the remainder
+might be crossed by infantry, carefully picking the way. The enemy
+were in position beyond the _pedregal_ with considerable artillery.
+
+General Scott, on the night of the 18th, ordered a movement in the
+direction of Padierna. Worth was ordered to cover San Antonio, Quitman
+to hold San Augustin, and Pillow to march over the _pedregal_, while
+Twiggs was to cover and support Pillow's movement. On the morning of
+this movement the Mexican General Blanco was ordered to construct
+batteries, and General Mejia to take position on the Pelon Cuauhtitlan
+to command the expected movements of the American army. General Santa
+Anna wrote from San Antonio through the Minister of War to General
+Valencia, at San Angel: "The general in chief directs me to say to
+your Excellency that the enemy having now [August 18th, 3
+P.M.] taken up a position on our left in front of San Antonio
+with a part of his forces, it is clear that to-morrow at the latest he
+will undertake the attack of this fortification, although it appears
+there is a movement going on at the same time on our right. His
+Excellency therefore directs you at daylight to-morrow morning to fall
+back with your forces to Coyoacan, and send forward your artillery to
+the fort and the _tete-de-pont_ at Churubusco."
+
+General Valencia declined to obey this order, giving his reason as
+follows: "I should like much to be able to obey this order, but, in
+view of present circumstances, my conscience as a military man and my
+patriotism will not permit me. I believe the national cause will be
+lost if I should abandon these positions and the road leading from San
+Augustin through Padierna to these points. To me it is as clear as
+the light of day that the enemy will undertake his attack, if not
+to-morrow, the day after, and that he desires to make two attacks at
+the same time, the one true and the other false, and that, should he
+find at the commencement of his movements one of the points of attack
+abandoned, as this, for instance, he will pass by this route with all
+his forces, and thus be enabled to assail our flank and turn our rear;
+or, if he prefer it, he may pass on without obstruction to the City of
+Mexico."
+
+General Valencia, however, ordered a thorough reconnoissance by
+General Mendoza, an engineer officer, who reported "that Padierna was
+absolutely indefensible, and that it was believed best to retire for
+reasons expressed in his note." General Valencia ordered Colonel
+Barreiro to Zacatepetl to watch and report the movements of the enemy.
+He further ordered Colonel Mendoza to occupy with his regiment the
+edge of the _pedregal_, having in his front a detachment of infantry
+under Captain Solos, and beyond him a detachment of cavalry. To the
+left of Padierna was posted the corps of San Luis Potosi, to the right
+the brigade of Lieutenant-Colonel Cabrera, and on the ridge were the
+batteries and brigade of General Mejia. The supporting line were three
+battalions. The reserve at Anzaldo, a mixed company of infantry and
+cavalry, was the command of General Solos, supported on the right by
+two regiments of infantry.
+
+Pillow's and Twiggs's divisions were observed by Colonel Barreiro to
+be moving over the mountain of Zacatepetl and the _pedregal_. On an
+open ridge commanding the _pedregal_ General Valencia had planted
+guns which commanded the _pedregal_ in the direction of San Augustin.
+On the morning of August 19th General Santa Anna ordered two
+battalions to move from Churubusco to San Antonio, Pillow's division
+of the American army having moved out from San Augustin on the road to
+Padierna, which was to be covered by Twiggs's division. Twiggs moved,
+following Quitman, and passed beyond San Augustin. General Alvarez
+closed on his rear. A working party of five hundred men under engineer
+officers was detailed from Pillow's division to make the road to
+Padierna practicable for artillery. While work was progressing on this
+road General Scott notified General Pillow that Valencia was placing
+heavy guns in position, and ordered that the work be pushed forward as
+rapidly as possible. Before the road was finished half the distance
+Twiggs's division passed Pillow's command, and its advance was fired
+upon by the Mexicans. General Persifor F. Smith ordered the mounted
+rifle regiment under Major William Wing Loring, aided by a section of
+Magruder's battery, to drive in the Mexican pickets. Lieutenant George
+B. McClellan placed the artillery in position, but before it was ready
+for action it received a fire from the guns on the elevated ridge
+beyond Padierna. The remainder of Smith's brigade and the other
+section of Lieutenant John Bankhead Magruder's battery were ordered
+forward, and the Mexicans were driven back. General Bennet Riley's
+brigade was ordered to the right, and to pass over the _pedregal_ and
+take possession in the enemy's rear. General Cadwallader's brigade was
+ordered to support Riley's movement. General Scott, perceiving that
+re-enforcements were approaching Valencia from the City of Mexico,
+ordered a regiment of General Franklin Pierce's brigade to move
+forward and occupy San Geronimo, and General James Shields with two
+regiments (New York, and Palmetto, South Carolina) was ordered forward
+as a support. General Persifor F. Smith now moved to the front across
+the _pedregal_, having left detachments as supports to the artillery
+of Magruder and Callender, which were ordered to open fire on the
+beginning of General Smith's movement. This movement of General
+Persifor F. Smith was led and conducted by Lieutenant Gustavus W.
+Smith. When this force reached the village or town of San Geronimo a
+large force of the enemy came in sight. Pierce's brigade was at once
+ordered to the front, and was met by a heavy fire. General Pierce
+having been disabled, Colonel Robert Ransom, of the Ninth Infantry,
+was in command of the forces, which were conducted by Lieutenant Isaac
+Ingles Stevens, and moved to the right and front of Magruder's
+battery. Ransom, uniting with the detachment left by General Smith,
+took possession of Padierna, driving the Mexican General Mendoza.
+Riley's command was the first to pass the _pedregal_, when it occupied
+the road on the opposite side with Captain Simon Henry Drum's company
+of the Fourth Artillery. A detachment of Mexican lancers escorting a
+train was encountered and captured.
+
+Riley's command continued its advance, when a company of Mexican
+lancers was met and repulsed by Captain Silas Casey's company. A
+mounted force, under the Mexican General Frontera, consisting of two
+regiments, was met and repulsed by the Second Infantry under Captain
+Charles T. Morris and the Seventh Infantry under Lieutenant-Colonel
+Joseph Plympton. General Frontera was killed while leading a charge.
+Riley now withdrew to San Geronimo, which he found occupied by
+Cadwallader's and Smith's brigades, and a regiment of Pierce's brigade
+under command of Colonel George Washington Morgan. When General
+Valencia's advanced forces were driven in by Twiggs's division on the
+_pedregal_, Valencia announced (August 19th, 2 P.M.) to
+General Santa Anna at San Antonio that the enemy were approaching
+Padierna, the artillery had opened fire, and the battle had begun.
+General Santa Anna at once, on receipt of this information, sent an
+officer to Coyoacan with orders to General Perez to move at once to
+Padierna, and himself with two regiments and five pieces of artillery
+proceeded to join him. He arrived at Coyoacan just at the time when
+the command of Perez was moving, and he ordered it to move rapidly.
+
+On the evening of August 19th General P.F. Smith was in San Geronimo
+with three brigades of infantry, but without cavalry or artillery. His
+communications with the main army were cut off except through the
+_pedregal_. He determined to attack, however, the next morning at
+daylight, carry the enemy's works, and establish his communications
+with the main army. His disposition of troops was as follows for the
+night: Cadwallader's command in the outer edge of the village of San
+Geronimo, Riley's brigade parallel to it, the Rifles on the right, and
+the Third Infantry in the churchyard. In the night Captain R.E. Lee
+arrived, bearing a letter from General Scott asking to be informed of
+affairs beyond the _pedregal_. The information sought for was given,
+and Captain Lee was requested to inform General Scott of General
+Smith's intention to attack Valencia next morning, and asking that a
+diversion be made on Valencia's front. General Shields arrived at
+midnight, and was left to hold the village and cut off the enemy's
+retreat. In the meantime Colonel Ransom abandoned Padierna, which was
+soon afterward occupied by General Valencia's forces, but not without
+stout resistance by the small detachment left there.
+
+At nightfall General Santa Anna fell back to San Angel, but failed
+to give notice of the movement to General Valencia. Mexican
+history states that at 9 P.M. Ramero and Del Rio arrived at
+Valencia's headquarters and delivered an order from Santa Anna to
+Valencia to retire. General Solos, however, who was present, denies
+this, saying that the order was qualified by one to spike the guns,
+destroy the ammunition, and saving only what could be safely
+transported. General Valencia declined to obey the order. At 2.30
+P.M. of August 20th Smith's troops moved to reach Valencia's
+rear. Riley's brigade and Cadwallader's followed this movement.
+General Shields with the New York regiment of Colonel Ward B. Burnett
+and the South Carolina regiment under Colonel Pierce M. Butler
+remained at the village, to intercept and cut off the enemy's retreat
+and to prevent re-enforcements from reaching the Mexicans.
+
+The night was intensely dark, and the streets of the village were very
+narrow, cut into gullies and very muddy. A heavy rain was pouring
+down, and the march was made under difficulties and necessarily slow.
+General Smith's position was on an eminence about one thousand yards
+from the enemy's works, from which point he made the attack. Riley
+moved up the ravine to a slope leading to a high point of the ridge
+and attacked the enemy some eight hundred yards distant. Cadwallader
+followed Riley, and the Mounted Rifles and Engineer Company moved to a
+position in rear of the force confronting Riley. The Third Infantry
+and First Artillery were held in reserve. The attack was made as
+ordered by General Smith, and the enemy fled, pursued by Riley, the
+Mounted Rifles, and Engineers.
+
+The Third Infantry and First Artillery, held in reserve, were attacked
+by a force of cavalry, which was driven off, and Valencia was
+completely routed. General Shields, who held the village, seized the
+main road and cut off retreat in that direction. The enemy fled in the
+greatest confusion. The battle of Contreras was one of the most
+brilliant victories of the war. It opened the road to the City of
+Mexico. Seven hundred of the enemy were killed, eight hundred and
+thirteen prisoners were captured, including eighty-eight officers, of
+whom four were generals; many standards, twenty-two pieces of brass
+cannon, a large number of stands of small arms, seven hundred pack
+mules, many horses, and large quantities of ordnance stores were added
+to the outfit of the American army.
+
+General Scott had planned to open up the way for the march of his army
+to the City of Mexico by the way of Padierna. Knowing or believing
+that a stubborn defense would be made by the Mexicans, he had ordered
+General Worth to march from San Antonio on the morning of August 20th,
+with Garland's brigade, by way of San Augustin to Padierna, to be
+followed by General Quitman, who was ordered to leave a cavalry force
+to hold San Antonio. But General Persifor F. Smith had won the battle
+before these troops arrived.
+
+A sufficient guard having been left with the prisoners, General
+Persifor F. Smith was ordered with his brigade, the Mounted Rifles and
+Engineers, in pursuit of the fleeing enemy. They were attacked at San
+Angel, but the attacking party were soon driven off. General Pillow
+joined these forces at San Angel, and General Scott came up with them
+at Coyoacan, where he had ordered the army to halt.
+
+From this point in the direction of the capital, Churubusco was one
+mile; two miles to the southeast was San Antonio. Churubusco is about
+six miles south of the City of Mexico, on a river of the same name,
+and on the road from San Angel and San Antonio from San Augustin.
+General Scott on his arrival ordered Captain Lee, with Captain Phil
+Kearney's company of the First Dragoons and a company of the Mounted
+Rifles, to make a reconnoissance. In the meantime Pillow and
+Cadwallader were to attack San Antonio in the rear, General Worth
+assailing it in front. A reconnoissance having been made of the
+convent of San Pablo, in the town of Churubusco, a brigade from
+Twiggs's division, a part of Smith's brigade, Riley's brigade, and
+Taylor's battery were ordered to attack. After the defeat of General
+Valencia at Contreras, General Worth returned with Garland's brigade
+in front of San Antonio. His orders were to attack as soon as Pillow
+and Twiggs, moving from Contreras, approached in the rear. Worth
+ordered Clarke's brigade to move over the _pedregal_ and turn the
+right flank of the fortifications at San Antonio and cut the enemy's
+line of communication. Henry Francis Clarke's brigade was attacked on
+its march, but dispersed the attacking force, and soon encountered the
+rear of the Mexicans from San Antonio and engaged them. Pillow with
+Cadwallader's brigade, joined Worth in pursuit of the fleeing Mexican
+troops and both attacked the _tete-de-pont_ in their front. Riley's
+brigade having been ordered forward, General Scott ordered Pierce's
+brigade to move by the road leading north from Coyoacan across the
+Churubusco River by a bridge, turn to the right, and seize the
+causeway in the rear of the _tete-de-pont_. General Scott, learning
+that General Shields, in the rear of the Mexican lines, was in danger
+of being cut off and captured, ordered Major E.V. Sumner with the
+Mounted Rifles under Major W.W. Loring, and the Second Dragoons under
+Captain Henry Hastings Sibley, to his support. The attack of the
+Americans being persistently pressed on all sides, the Mexicans gave
+way and made a precipitous retreat, pursued by the victorious
+Americans.
+
+There remained yet to be captured the convent of San Pablo. This
+building, having very thick walls, was impervious to the attack of
+field pieces. It was defended by a well-constructed bastion, with
+flooded ditches, and guns placed in the embrasure. The attack was made
+by the First Artillery, followed by the Third Infantry. During the
+attack the enemy made several sallies from the convent, which were
+repulsed. The troops in the convent consisted of the Independencia and
+Bravo battalions, about six hundred and fifty each, with the necessary
+cannoneers for six guns, and in the _tete-de-pont_ cannoneers for five
+guns, the San Patricio companies, and the battalion of Tlapa. Along
+the Rio Churubusco, on the north side, was the brigade of General
+Perez, some twenty-five hundred strong. The Mexicans made a brave and
+gallant defense, but were compelled to succumb. The battles of
+Contreras and Churubusco were fought on the same day, and were really
+one battle. In both actions the American loss was one hundred and
+thirty-nine killed and nine hundred and twenty-six wounded. The
+Mexican loss was near four thousand killed and wounded, with the loss
+of three hundred prisoners, thirty-seven cannon, and a large number of
+small arms with ammunition.
+
+General Scott could easily have occupied the Mexican capital on the
+same day, but meanwhile Mr. Nicholas P. Trist had arrived from
+Washington with instructions from the President to endeavor to make a
+treaty of peace, and both he and General Scott thought it best to
+await the turn of events looking to that end. On the next morning,
+August 27, 1847, General Scott set out on the San Antonio road, and
+was met near Churubusco by a deputation bearing a white flag from the
+Mexican Government, proposing an armistice of thirty hours for burying
+the dead and collecting the wounded, which he at once rejected. The
+deputation accompanying the flag consisted of Senores Basadre, Mora y
+Villamil and Aranjos, who had been sent by Pacheco, Minister of
+Foreign Affairs. General Santa Anna expressed great dissatisfaction at
+the action of the Minister, on which he resigned. General Scott
+addressed a communication to the head of the Mexican Government and
+general in chief, in which he said that too much blood had already
+been spilled, and suggested that it was time the differences between
+the two republics should be settled. He mentioned (what was known to
+the Mexican authorities) that a commissioner on the part of the United
+States, clothed with full power to that end, was with his army. He
+expressed his willingness on reasonable terms to agree to a short
+armistice. While he proposed to wait until the next morning for a
+reply, he announced his intention "in the meantime to seize and occupy
+such positions outside of the capital as I may deem necessary to the
+shelter and comfort of this army."
+
+The Mexican authorities, through Alcorta, Secretary of War and of the
+Navy, named two brigadier generals of the Mexican army, Mora y
+Villamil and Benito Quijano, to act as commissioners.
+
+General Scott appointed as commissioners Major General John
+A. Quitman, Brigadier-General Franklin Pierce, and Brevet
+Brigadier-General Persifor F. Smith. The convention concluded its work
+on the 24th of August. It was agreed that hostilities should cease at
+once within thirty leagues of the Mexican capital. No work of a
+military character was to be done, and any re-enforcements or
+munitions of war except that now on its way to either army was to be
+stopped at a distance of twenty-eight leagues from the capital. The
+American army was not to obstruct the passage from the surrounding
+country into the capital of the ordinary supplies of food necessary
+for the subsistence of the Mexican army and the inhabitants within the
+city, nor were the Mexican authorities to obstruct the passage of
+supplies of subsistence from the city or country necessary for the
+supply of the American army. The armistice was to continue pending
+negotiations or until the commander of either army should give notice
+to the other of its cessation; and forty-eight hours after such
+notice General Worth, on the night of the 21st, moved his division to
+Tacubaya, where he was preceded by General Scott, and established his
+headquarters in the Bishop's Palace. General Quitman remained at San
+Augustin, to which point General Shields returned with his command.
+General Twiggs was at San Angel, and General Pillow at Mexcoac.
+
+Previous to the occurrences just narrated, Major Folliot Thornton
+Lally had on August 6th marched with a force of about one thousand men
+from Vera Cruz. He was joined _en route_ by a company of mounted
+Georgia volunteers, one of Louisiana mounted men, and two
+six-pounders, under command of Lieutenant Henry B. Sears, of the
+Second Artillery. General Don Juan Soto, Governor of the State of Vera
+Cruz, organized a force between one thousand and two thousand strong,
+a part of which were paroled prisoners, with the purpose of attacking
+Major Lally and capturing his wagon train, which was supposed to carry
+a large amount of silver coin. An attack was made by this force on
+Major Lally at the pass of Ovejas, the engagement lasting an hour and
+a half. Captains James Nelson Caldwell, of the Voltigeurs, and Arthur
+C. Cummings, Eleventh Infantry, were severely wounded. Nine enlisted
+men were wounded, one mortally. The Mexican loss is not known. On
+August 12th the command reached Puente Nacional and found the Mexicans
+in considerable force, strongly barricaded. An artillery fire was
+opened on them and they were driven back. The American loss in this
+affair was sixty killed and wounded. On approaching the battlefield of
+Cerro Gordo they were again attacked, and sustained a loss of one
+killed and eight wounded. Several other attacks of a similar
+character were made, but without success. Major Lally, with his troops
+and wagon train, arrived at Jalapa thirteen days out from Vera Cruz,
+when without interruption five days would have been sufficient for the
+march. Mr. Trist notified the Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs,
+August 25th, of the object of his mission, and requested a meeting. He
+was advised that commissioners would meet him on the 27th at
+Azapotzalco, which was between the two armies. General Santa Anna,
+after appointing several persons who declined, named General Herrera,
+Senor Conto, General Mora y Villamil, Senor Atristain, and Secretary
+Miguel Arroyo. On the morning of the 27th, before the meeting of the
+commissioners, a train of wagons sent into the city to obtain supplies
+for the American army was met by a mob, stoned and driven away.
+Subsequently an apology was offered for this gross infraction of the
+armistice, and the wagons returned and secured their stores.
+
+On meeting the commissioners, Mr. Trist exhibited his powers, which
+were ample, but that of the Mexicans was simply confined to hearing
+propositions from Mr. Trist. Mr. Trist objected to this limitation,
+but was assured that when it became necessary to sign the treaty they
+would exhibit full powers. The American commissioners presented the
+project of a treaty the leading feature of which related to the
+boundary line between the two countries. It was also a part of the
+project that Mexico was to concede to the United States the right of
+transport across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec free from tolls. These and
+all else asked by Mr. Trist were refused. The Mexican commissioners
+asked for further instructions from their Government, which were
+given--that they should neither exceed nor modify the former
+instructions given them. They asked to be relieved, as these
+instructions placed them in an embarrassing position. A council of
+ministers was called, and their former instructions were changed so as
+to authorize them "to approximate to them as much as possible,
+agreeing to some modifications which the circumstances of the country
+may exact, as well as to things of minor importance which may arise
+during the discussion."
+
+On September 1st, when the third meeting was held, the Mexican
+commissioners exhibited plenary powers. No agreement being reached, it
+was proposed to extend the armistice for forty-five days. But on
+September 5th the Mexican commissioners were informed that the
+Government would not consent to the extension or to the cession of New
+Mexico, which Mr. Trist had insisted on. The Mexican commissioners
+then submitted a counter project on the 6th, which in effect refused
+all of the more important concessions asked by the United States. With
+this the diplomatic conferences terminated. General Scott at once
+called a conference with his general officers. He stated to them the
+bad faith of the enemy, who commenced the work of repair on their
+fortifications. He recited the incident of the mobbing of teamsters.
+He closed by saying: "I have therefore called you to headquarters to
+advise upon the propriety of dissolving the armistice, or [after a
+pause] to inform you that I have dissolved it, and to read to you my
+letter to General Santa Anna notifying him of the fact." Looking for
+the letter, he said, "I have torn it up." He at once wrote a note and
+dispatched it to General Santa Anna, as follows:
+
+          "HEADQUARTERS, ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
+
+                              "TACUBAYA, _September 6, 1847_.
+
+  "_To his Excellency the President and General in Chief of the
+  Mexican Republic._
+
+  "SIR: The seventh article, as also the twelfth, that
+  stipulates _that trade_ shall _remain unmolested_--of the armistice
+  or military convention which I had the honor to ratify and to
+  exchange with your Excellency the 24th ultimo--has been repeatedly
+  violated, beginning soon after date, on the part of Mexico; and I
+  now have good reasons to believe that within the last forty-eight
+  hours, if not earlier, the third article of that convention has been
+  equally violated by the same party. These direct breaches of faith
+  give to this army the most perfect right to resume hostilities
+  against Mexico, without any notice whatever; but, to allow time for
+  possible apology or reparation, I now give formal notice that,
+  unless full satisfaction on these allegations should be received by
+  me by 12 o'clock meridian to-morrow, I shall consider the said
+  armistice at an end from and after that hour.
+
+  "I have the honor to be your Excellency's most obedient servant,
+
+                                                     "WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+General Santa Anna replied in an insolent note, denying General
+Scott's charges and making counter charges.
+
+Many newspapers throughout the United States criticised General Scott
+in the severest terms for being duped by General Santa Anna into an
+armistice which the latter only desired to recruit his army. There is
+the strongest evidence--that of Mr. Trist and the Mexican
+commissioners--that Santa Anna was really desirous to make peace. The
+manifesto which he issued to the nation is itself sufficient proof on
+this score; and certainly it reflects the highest credit on General
+Scott, that when he was at the very gates of the capital, which he
+could have entered in a few hours, he was willing to spare not only
+the lives of his own gallant army, but those of the enemy. Santa Anna
+now called a meeting of the principal officers and governmental
+civilians to meet him in the palace, and it was agreed to continue
+resistance.
+
+A force was at once sent out under cover of the guns of Chapultepec to
+strengthen the position and resist the advance of the Americans. At
+this point was a number of very large buildings known as Molino del
+Rey, which had formerly been used for the manufacture of ordnance
+stores. Chapultepec was a strong, well-fortified and well-armed fort.
+Molino del Rey was occupied by a brigade of the National Guards, under
+General Leon. These were re-enforced on the morning of the 7th by a
+brigade under General Rangel. The Casta Mata, a large storehouse
+surrounded by a wide ditch and inclosed by a bastioned fort, was
+occupied by the brigade of General Perez, and between these two
+positions was posted General Ramirez's brigade with six pieces of
+artillery. In the rear occupying some woods were the reserves.
+
+The Mexican cavalry, about two thousand strong, under command of
+General Alvarez, was two miles west from Chapultepec on the right of
+the line. After a thorough reconnoissance by the American engineer,
+General Scott on the afternoon of the 7th issued the necessary orders
+for massing and disposing his army. The general depot was established
+at Mexcoac. One brigade of Twiggs's division under Colonel Plympton
+was ordered to move and threaten the city by way of the Nino Perdido
+road, moving at 6 P.M. Quitman marched from San Augustin on
+the 8th to Coyoacan. Pillow was to advance with one brigade and take
+command of the advanced position which was held by Twiggs's division
+and a part of his own, while Cadwallader was to join Worth. At Molino
+del Rey was supposed to be a cannon foundry, and it was thought by
+General Scott that a large quantity of powder was stored there.
+General Worth was ordered to make the attack, carry the enemy's lines,
+and destroy the ordnance works and return to his former position. To
+carry out this order General Worth directed General John Garland's
+brigade to be posted on the right with two pieces of Simon H. Drum's
+battery, so as to prevent re-enforcements from Chapultepec, and to be
+in position to support, if necessary, the assaulting forces; the guns
+of Captain Benjamin Huger to be placed on the eminence to Garland's
+right and rear; a storming party of some five hundred picked men under
+Brevet Major George Wright, Eighth Infantry, to take post near and to
+the right of Huger's battering guns, to attack the battery in the
+center of the enemy's lines; Clarke's brigade under Colonel James S.
+McIntosh and Captain James Duncan's battery opposite the enemy's right
+to support the assaulting column; Cadwallader to be held in reserve;
+and Major Edwin V. Sumner with his cavalry to be posted on the extreme
+left. Some changes were made in the disposition of the Mexican forces.
+Early on the morning of the 8th Huger with two 24-pounders opened
+fire, and the assaulting column under Major Wright advanced under a
+heavy fire of grapeshot from the Mexican center and left. Undismayed,
+they pushed forward now under fire of musketry, captured a battery,
+and turned it upon the enemy, who fled in confusion. They were soon
+re-enforced, and rallied and reopened fire not only from their lines
+but from the housetops and walls. The storming party was driven back,
+but Duncan's battery opening fire at this time checked the Mexican
+advance. The light battalion of Colonel Charles F. Smith, now under
+command of Captain Edmund Kirby Smith, Fifth Infantry, moved forward,
+supported by a part of Cadwallader's brigade, and this was followed by
+a forward movement of Garland's brigade and Drum's battery. This
+movement was irresistible, and the Mexicans fell back, bravely
+contesting every inch of ground. Pending the fire of Duncan's battery,
+one section of the battery, under Lieutenant Henry J. Hunt, opened
+fire on the enemy's lines between the Casta Mata and Molino del Rey.
+McIntosh fought in close quarters, and charged and drove the enemy in
+his front, but received three wounds, one of which proved mortal.
+General Alvarez, commanding the Mexican cavalry, was held in check by
+the voltigeur regiment under command of Major E.V. Sumner, and
+Duncan's battery. The fight was continued obstinately and bravely by
+the Mexicans from the roofs of houses. The main force of the enemy,
+having been driven toward Chapultepec, were rallied by General Pena Y.
+Barragan, and made an advance. Captain Drum was ordered forward, and
+with a captured six-pounder cleared the road. The battle lasted for
+more than two hours and was hotly contested by the Mexicans. Those
+who escaped death or capture retreated to Chapultepec, leaving General
+Worth in full possession of their lines. Worth's loss was one hundred
+and sixteen killed and six hundred and seventy-one wounded, a total of
+seven hundred and eighty-seven. His estimate of the Mexican strength
+was fourteen thousand.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+General Quitman's movements to San Antonio and Coyoacan--Movements of
+General Pillow--General reconnoissance by Scott--Chapultepec--Scott
+announces his line of attack--Surrender of the Mexican General
+Bravo--Preparations to move on the capital--Entry of General
+Scott into the City of Mexico--General Quitman made Military
+Governor--General Scott's orders--Movements of Santa Anna--General
+Lane--American and Mexican deserters--Orders as to collection of
+duties and civil government.
+
+
+General Quitman, who, it will be remembered, was to march from San
+Augustin to Coyoacan on the 8th, having heard firing in the direction
+of Tacubaya, moved, early on September 8th, to San Antonio, and from
+thence on to Coyoacan. A reconnoissance was made in the afternoon by
+General Pillow as far as the town of Piedad and the Nino Perdido
+roads, one of which leads to the Belen gate of the city and the other
+through a gate of the same name. These roads run parallel to each
+other, about three fourths of a mile apart. On the 9th, General Scott,
+accompanied by Captain R.E. Lee, made an examination of the works near
+the San Antonio gate, where they discovered Mexican soldiers busily at
+work. On the 9th Riley took position to the right of Piedad, and was
+joined on the 11th by Smith's brigade and Francis Taylor's and Edward
+James Steptoe's batteries.
+
+An advanced post of the enemy was evacuated on the approach of the
+Americans on the night of the 9th and occupied; this force was
+strengthened by both infantry and artillery, and a bridge was thrown
+over a ditch in front of it for the passage of cannon. Colonel Harvey,
+on the night of the 10th, occupied Mexcoac with the Second Dragoons
+for the purpose of protecting the hospitals and stores there. General
+Scott called a meeting of his general officers and informed them of
+his plan of attack. He had determined to attack either the San Antonio
+Garita or Chapultepec and the western gates. After hearing the
+opinions of his officers, who differed on the place of attack, General
+Scott determined to make the movement on Chapultepec and the western
+gate, and he so announced.
+
+A reconnoissance was made on the morning of the 11th, with a view to
+the location of the batteries. The locations selected by Captain
+Huger, who was sent for the purpose, were adopted. The division of
+Quitman was ordered to unite with Pillow near Piedad in the evening,
+and after nightfall both divisions were to move to Tacubaya. Twiggs
+was ordered to remain in front of the southern gates and divert the
+enemy's attention.
+
+Major Sumner with seven companies was to march at daylight and join
+Pillow. Chapultepec is a natural fortification, rising one hundred and
+fifty feet above the valley. A large building, the Military School, is
+on its summit, and it is bounded on the west by the Molino del Rey.
+The grounds are surrounded by a thick wall some fifteen feet in
+height. It is situated two miles from the Belen gate, and was regarded
+as the key to the city. The officer in command was General D.
+Nicholas Bravo, an officer of skill, distinction, and courage. Second
+in command was General D. Mariano Monterde. The chief of engineers was
+D. Juan Cano, and D. Manuel Gamboa commandant of artillery. Generals
+Noriega and Perez were afterward attached to the command. The orders
+of the 11th to Quitman and Pillow were to march to Tacubaya, where
+they awaited further orders.
+
+The attack was begun by the batteries of Drum and Peter Valentine
+Hagner, and the fire proved to be well directed. The guns at the
+castle answered promptly and kept up a vigorous cannonade. When there
+was some cessation of firing from the castle, Captain Lee, under
+direction of General Scott, using the wall of the aqueduct as a
+parapet, placed two pieces of artillery under Captain Horace Brooks,
+which opened fire. Steptoe's battery kept up a continuous firing.
+Santa Anna, who was deceived at the point of attack, on hearing the
+guns of Steptoe, moved at once to Candelaria and San Antonio Garita,
+where he expected the attack. At noon he repaired to Chapultepec, and,
+taking charge of a battalion, moved to re-enforce a work which was
+being attacked. The Americans opened fire on this force and compelled
+it to withdraw. General Bravo, expecting an assault, asked for
+re-enforcements, which General Santa Anna promised should be furnished
+in time. In the meantime the Governor of the State of Mexico had
+arrived with seven hundred men, having reached a point near Tacubaya
+on the 11th, and his arrival greatly increased the Mexicans' hopes.
+Not being joined by cavalry as he expected, the Governor remained
+inactive on the 11th, 12th, and 13th. Quitman's division, with United
+States Marines and a company of New York volunteers, remained in the
+rear near the Tacubaya road during the 12th.
+
+It was now determined by General Scott to resume the bombardment early
+next morning, and to attack with the columns under Quitman and Pillow.
+In aid of this a storming party was detailed from Worth's division of
+ten officers and two hundred and sixty men, under command of Captain
+Samuel McKenzie, Second Artillery, and a like detail from Twiggs's
+division under Captain Silas Casey, Second Infantry, in support of
+Pillow's movement, and General P.F. Smith's brigade of Twiggs's
+division was ordered to the support of Quitman. The bombardment was
+renewed early on the morning of the 13th. Four companies of the
+voltigeur regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph E. Johnston, were
+instructed, on the cessation of firing, to move rapidly under cover of
+the wall and enter the inclosure at its opening. Four companies under
+Colonel Timothy P. Andrews were ordered to unite with Johnston, deploy
+as skirmishers, and drive the enemy from his shelter. McKenzie was
+ordered to move in the rear of Johnston, with orders to follow the
+latter through the breach and advance rapidly and carry the main work
+by assault. A force of men carrying scaling ladders were placed with
+Johnston. Colonel William Trousdale, with the Eleventh and Fourteenth
+Regiments, and one section of Magruder's battery, under command of
+Lieutenant Thomas Jonathan Jackson, was placed in position in the road
+leading on the left of Chapultepec to the city, and ordered to advance
+and prevent an advance of the enemy in that direction. General
+Cadwallader was directed by General Pillow to execute the orders.
+General Smith's brigade had orders to move on the right of the column
+of attack and cut off the retreat of the enemy in that direction.
+General Scott now notified the commanding officers of the attacking
+forces to be ready to move when the signal was given. The troops moved
+forward promptly at the signal, and after a brave and desperate
+struggle its gallant defender, General Bravo, surrendered. With the
+exception of Riley's brigade, Steptoe's battery, and the garrison at
+Mexcoac, all of the American army were engaged. General Scott's forces
+engaged amounted to about seven thousand five hundred men. The Mexican
+authorities state that eight hundred men were in Chapultepec. The
+brigades of Rangel and Pena were stationed near. The Mexicans engaged
+did not probably exceed four thousand men.
+
+
+[Illustration: OPERATIONS OF THE AMERICAN ARMY
+IN THE
+VALLEY OF MEXICO
+in August and September
+1847.]
+
+
+Among the prisoners captured were Generals Monterde, Saldana, and
+Norriega, the former superintendent of the military school, and forty
+of his pupils. On the commencement of the engagement these youths
+deserted their schoolrooms, and, arming themselves, joined in the
+defense of Chapultepec and fought with great bravery.
+
+Preparations were now made for an advance and the capture of the
+capital. The pursuit of the retreating enemy was followed on two roads
+leading to the city, and there was considerable desultory fighting. At
+1 o'clock A.M. on the 14th a deputation of citizens arrived at General
+Worth's headquarters, who were sent by him, under charge of Major
+William W. Mackall, to General Scott's headquarters. They reported
+that General Santa Anna had fled from the city, leaving it with the
+civil authorities, and they came to ask favorable terms of surrender.
+General Scott declined to make any terms with them, telling them that
+the city had practically been in his possession from the day before;
+that he would levy a moderate tax, and would be governed by no terms
+except his own and such only as the honor and dignity of the United
+States would require. Early on the morning of the 14th a white flag
+was displayed at the Garita de Belen, and General Quitman was
+requested to take possession, as the city had been evacuated by the
+Mexican army. Leaving a guard at the Belen gate, General Quitman
+marched his command and took possession of the citadel. Leaving the
+Second Pennsylvania Regiment at the citadel, he marched to the Grand
+Plaza, followed by Steptoe's battery. The Marine Battalion was placed
+in the National Palace, and the American flag was hoisted from its
+summit. Lieutenant G.T. Beauregard was dispatched to notify General
+Scott. About eight o'clock the general in chief, accompanied by his
+staff, with an escort of cavalry, all in full dress, passed through
+the northwestern angle into the Grand Plaza. The line of soldiers
+presented arms, lowered colors, and gave the drum beat. General Scott
+uncovered in acknowledgment of the salute, dismounted, and passed into
+the _porte-cochere_ of the palace, followed by Generals Quitman and
+Smith and officers of the staff. He said, "Gentlemen, we must not be
+too elated with our success." Then turning, he said: "Let me present
+to you the Civil and Military Governor of the City of Mexico,
+Major-General John A. Quitman. I appoint him at this instant. He has
+earned the distinction, and he shall have it." The general then
+ascended the stairway and at once wrote General Order No. 284, as
+follows:
+
+                       "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
+
+                                        "MEXICO, _September 14, 1847_.
+
+  "1. Under the favor of God, the valor of this army, after many
+  glorious victories, has hoisted the colors of our country in the
+  capital of Mexico and on the palace of its Government.
+
+  "2. But the war is not yet ended. The Mexican army and Government
+  have fled, only to watch an opportunity to turn upon us with
+  vengeance. We must, then, be upon our guard.
+
+  "3. Companies and regiments will be kept together, and all stand on
+  the alert. Our safety is in military discipline.
+
+  "4. Let there be no drunkenness, no disorders, no straggling.
+  Stragglers will be in great danger of assassination, and marauders
+  shall be punished by courts-martial.
+
+  "5. All the rules so honorably observed by this glorious army in
+  Puebla must be observed here. The honor of the army and the honor of
+  our country call for the best behavior on the part of all. To win
+  the approbation of their country, the valiant must be sober,
+  orderly, and merciful. His noble brethren in arms will not be deaf
+  to this hearty appeal from their commander and friend.
+
+  "6. Major-General Quitman is appointed Civil and Military Governor
+  of Mexico.
+
+  "By command of Major-General Scott.
+
+                                           "H.L. SCOTT,
+
+                          "_Acting Assistant Adjutant General_."
+
+Firing having been heard in the street, General Scott said to an
+officer: "Will you have the kindness to go and say to our volunteer
+friends that it is unsoldierlike, bad manners, and dangerous to
+discharge arms in a city, and to say to their officers that it must
+not occur again. None of us desire, I am sure, to hear more musketry."
+When the officer returned he informed the general that it was not the
+volunteers, but Mexicans, who were firing from the roofs of houses.
+Orders were at once issued to place soldiers in the steeples of
+churches and on the roofs of houses as sharpshooters, to sweep the
+streets with artillery if necessary, and to break open and enter all
+houses from which the troops were fired upon. The prompt execution of
+this order soon had the effect of putting a stop to the firing and
+restoring order in the city.
+
+The retreating Mexican infantry on its arrival at Guadalupe received
+orders from General Santa Anna to move to Tlalnepantla. One of the
+Mexican battalions having discharged its guns without orders and the
+sound being heard, Santa Anna, believing it to have proceeded from the
+American army, gave orders to countermarch. On learning the truth, the
+order was countermanded and the march resumed. General Herrera was
+then ordered with artillery and infantry to march to Queretaro, while
+Santa Anna would move on Puebla and surprise and capture the small
+garrison left there by General Scott.
+
+General Santa Anna, learning of the street firing in the city,
+supposed that the Mexicans had rallied and were contesting the
+possession of the capital by the Americans. He received this
+information from Prospero Terez, one of the leaders of the mob, who
+urged him to return. He at once dispatched a staff officer to General
+Herrera, ordering his return, and took up the line of march for the
+capital. Learning on his approach that the Mexicans under Alvarez in
+their attempt on the city were unsuccessful, he revoked his order to
+Herrera and ordered him to proceed to Queretaro. Very soon he again
+sent orders to countermarch and move to the capital. Again he ordered
+Herrera to move on Queretaro, when he marched to Guadalupe and issued
+a call for a junta to meet on the 16th.
+
+From General Scott's report we learn that the loss in his army in the
+various engagements around and in the City of Mexico amounted to two
+thousand seven hundred and three. The whole force engaged in the
+capture of the capital was less than six thousand. The Mexicans admit
+that their force for the defense of the capital was about twenty
+thousand, with one hundred and four cannon. The Mexican army
+encountered by General Scott on his move to the capital was not less
+than thirty thousand. In nearly if not quite all of the engagements
+they were intrenched, and occupied their own chosen positions. Of
+these, the American army killed or wounded not less than seven
+thousand officers and men, captured three thousand seven hundred and
+thirty prisoners, more than twenty colors and standards, seventy-five
+pieces of ordnance, besides fifty-seven wall pieces, twenty thousand
+stand of small arms, and a large quantity of ammunition.
+
+Following are orders issued by General Scott after the occupation of
+the capital:
+
+          "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, NATIONAL PALACE OF MEXICO,
+                                         "_September 16, 1847_.
+
+  "GENERAL ORDERS NO. 286.
+
+  "The general in chief calls upon his brethren in arms to return,
+  both in private and public worship, thanks and gratitude to God for
+  the signal triumph which they have recently achieved for their
+  country. Beginning with August 10th and ending the 14th inst., this
+  army has gallantly fought its way through the fields and forts of
+  Contreras, San Antonio, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and
+  the gates of San Cosme and Tacubaya, into the capital of Mexico.
+  When the very limited number who have performed these brilliant
+  deeds shall have become known, the world will be astonished and our
+  own countrymen filled with joy and admiration. But all is not yet
+  done. The enemy, though scattered and dismayed, has still many
+  fragments of his late army hovering about us, and, aided by an
+  exasperated population, he may again unite in treble our numbers and
+  fall upon us to advantage if we rest inactive in the security of
+  past victories. Compactness, vigilance, and discipline are therefore
+  our only securities. Let every good officer and man look to these
+  cautions and enjoin them on all others.
+
+  "By command of Major-General Scott.
+
+                                                    "H.L. SCOTT,
+
+                           "_Acting Assistant Adjutant General_."
+
+
+          "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, NATIONAL PALACE OF MEXICO,
+
+                                         "_September 17, 1847_.
+
+  "GENERAL ORDERS NO. 287.
+
+  "The general in chief republishes, with important additions, his
+  General Order No. 20, of February 19, 1847, declaring martial law to
+  govern all who may be concerned. There are nineteen paragraphs in
+  the order. (See Ex. Doc. No. 1, Thirtieth Congress, first session,
+  Senate.) The last seven will be copied.
+
+  "13. The administration of justice, both in civil and criminal
+  matters, through the ordinary courts of the country, shall nowhere
+  and in no degree be interrupted by any officer or soldier of the
+  American forces except, first, in case where an officer or soldier,
+  agent, servant, or follower of the army may be a party; and second,
+  in political cases--that is, prosecutions against other individuals
+  on the allegation that they have given friendly information, aid, or
+  assistance to the American forces.
+
+  "14. For the care and safety of both parties in all cities and towns
+  occupied by the American army, a Mexican police shall be established
+  and duly harmonized with the military police of said forces.
+
+  "15. This splendid capital, its churches and religious worship, its
+  convents and monasteries, its inhabitants and property, are,
+  moreover, placed under the special safeguard of the faith and honor
+  of the American army.
+
+  "16. In consideration of the foregoing protection, a contribution of
+  one hundred and fifty thousand dollars is imposed on this capital,
+  to be paid in four weekly installments of thirty-seven thousand five
+  hundred dollars each, beginning on Monday next, the 20th inst., and
+  terminating on Monday, October 11th.
+
+  "17. The Ayuntamiento, or corporate authority of the city, is
+  specially charged with the collection and payment of the several
+  installments.
+
+  "18. Of the whole contribution to be paid over to this army, twenty
+  thousand dollars shall be appropriated to the purchase of extra
+  comforts for the wounded and sick in hospital, ninety thousand
+  dollars to the purchase of blankets and shoes for gratuitous
+  distribution among the rank and file of the army, and forty
+  thousand dollars reserved for other necessary military purposes.
+
+  "19. This order shall be read at the head of every company of the
+  United States forces serving in Mexico, and translated into Spanish
+  for the information of the Mexicans.
+
+  "By command of Major-General Scott.
+
+                                                    "H.L. SCOTT,
+
+                           "_Acting Assistant Adjutant General_."
+
+
+          "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY, NATIONAL PALACE OF MEXICO,
+
+                                         "_September 18, 1847_.
+
+  "GENERAL ORDERS NO. 289.
+
+  "1. The army by degrees, and beginning as soon as practicable, will
+  be distributed and quartered over the city as follows:
+
+  "2. The first division (Worth's) in or near the direct route from
+  the San Cosme toward the cathedral and extending a little beyond the
+  east end of the Alameda. This division will keep a competent guard
+  with two guns of medium caliber at that gate.
+
+  "3. The second division (Twiggs's) about the Grand Plaza and
+  extending toward the gate of San Lazaro, or the Penon, at which it
+  will keep a guard and two pieces of artillery, as above.
+
+  "4. The third division (Pillow's) on or near the direct route from
+  the gate of Peralvillo, or Guadalupe, toward the cathedral, but not
+  south of the convent of San Domingo, and will keep a guard of two
+  pieces of artillery at that gate.
+
+  "5. The volunteer division (Quitman's) on or near the direct route
+  from the gate of San Antonio toward the cathedral, but not north of
+  the Hospital of Jesus, and will keep a guard with two pieces of
+  artillery, as above, at that gate.
+
+  "6. The brigade of cavalry (Colonel Harney's) will be quartered in
+  the cavalry barracks near the National Palace (marked on the plan of
+  the city small m). This brigade will furnish daily a detachment of a
+  corporal and six men to the respective gates of division, to serve
+  as couriers between the gates and the commanders of the respective
+  divisions, and for no other purposes.
+
+  "7. No private house shall be occupied by any corps or officers
+  until all suitable public buildings within the above ranges shall be
+  first fully occupied, and all officers attached to troops shall be
+  quartered with or near their troops.
+
+  "8. No rent shall be paid by the United States for any buildings
+  occupied by troops or officers without a special direction from
+  general headquarters; nor shall any private house be occupied or
+  quartered without the free consent of the owner or orders from
+  general headquarters. No deviations from these injunctions will be
+  tolerated.
+
+  "9. The collection of customs or duties at the several gates of the
+  city by the civil authorities of the same will be continued as
+  heretofore until modified by the Civil and Military Governor,
+  Major-General Quitman, according to the views of the general in
+  chief; but supplies belonging to the quartermaster and commissary
+  departments will at once be exempted from all duties.
+
+  "By command of Major-General Scott.
+
+                                                      "H.L. SCOTT,
+
+                             "_Acting Assistant Adjutant General_."
+
+The effect of the strict enforcement of these admirable orders was to
+bring the American army under a discipline which won for them the
+confidence of the people of the city, and to revive and restore trade,
+open up the churches, and, as near as could be done under the
+circumstances, to place matters in the city _in statu quo ante
+bellum_. At the meeting of the junta called by General Santa Anna he
+tendered his resignation as President of the Republic and of the
+command of the army. Under the Constitution of Mexico the office
+devolved upon Manuel de la Pena y Pena, who at once assumed it, and
+Santa Anna set out with a view to the capture of Puebla and the
+occupation of the road leading to the coast.
+
+Instead of marching on Puebla, Santa Anna turned his forces toward
+Queretaro, but in a few days countermarched. After two or three
+maneuvers of this kind, he finally invested Puebla with about fifteen
+hundred cavalry and four field pieces. He summoned Colonel Childs, who
+was in command, to surrender on the score of humanity. Santa Anna
+represented his force at eight thousand men, and threatened assault.
+Colonel Childs declined to surrender, and made preparations to resist
+the assault by strengthening his position. The threatened assault was
+not made. On October 1st Santa Anna raised the siege of Puebla and
+marched toward El Pinal to intercept a train of wagons with supplies
+and re-enforcements, leaving General Rea with sufficient force to
+continue operations against the Americans. The Americans were so
+annoyed by continuous firing from the housetops that Captain William
+F. Small, First Pennsylvania Infantry, was ordered to dig through the
+walls of the houses until he had gained a point which would command a
+barricade that had been thrown up by the Mexicans. The enemy was
+driven off, leaving seventeen dead on the ground; the barricade was
+then burned. Hostile parties were constantly annoying the garrison,
+until two companies of the First Pennsylvania regiment were sent out
+and dispersed them. Many skirmishes took place, which invariably
+resulted disastrously to the enemy.
+
+General Joseph Lane's efforts to exterminate the roving bands of
+_guerillos_ and _rancheros_ involved great rapidity of movement, and
+he had officers and men under his command eminently fit for such
+service. One of the most pestiferous of the _guerillo_ leaders was a
+Catholic priest called Padre Juarata. He seemed to be everywhere at
+once, and notwithstanding his party was frequently met by the
+Americans, sometimes surrounded and always beaten, yet the Padre
+adroitly managed to get out of every trap and escape. Being a priest,
+he was always ready and willing to administer the last rites of the
+Church to friend or foe.
+
+While the army was at Puebla, General Scott organized a company of
+Mexicans under command of one Dominguez, which was regularly mustered
+into the service of the United States. A battalion of deserters from
+the American army, known as the San Patricio Battalion, composed
+almost wholly of Europeans, was organized under the command of one
+O'Riley. These two commands met in battle in the convent of
+Churubusco, and fought each other with great desperation. The Mexicans
+under Dominguez entered Churubusco with the American army, and met the
+execration of their countrymen, who denounced them as traitors. The
+American deserters (the San Patricio Battalion) were captured at
+Churubusco, tried by court-martial, and all but sixteen sentenced to
+death and executed. Some were pardoned, and O'Riley, their leader, was
+branded with the letter D on his cheek and released. This clemency was
+shown him because he deserted before hostilities commenced.
+
+The number of American troops engaged at Churubusco on August 19th and
+20th was four thousand five hundred. The entire force engaged at
+Churubusco was about seven thousand four hundred. General Scott's
+estimate of the Mexican force on August 20th, including Contreras,
+Churubusco, and the road between San Antonio and Churubusco, the
+Portales, and the road to the Capitol, was thirty-two thousand.
+
+In these battles three thousand prisoners were captured, including
+eight general officers and two hundred and five other officers. The
+killed and wounded amounted to over four thousand. Thirty pieces of
+cannon were taken. The loss to the American army was one hundred and
+thirty-nine officers, including sixteen killed, and one thousand and
+fifty-three enlisted men; sixty officers and eight hundred and
+seventy-six men wounded.
+
+Commodore William B. Shubrick having captured Mazatlan and Guaymas,
+General Scott wrote him, December 2, 1847: "I have been waiting here
+for two and a half months to learn the views of the Government at
+home, or at least for re-enforcements, before undertaking any new and
+distant operations. The forces I have under my orders in the whole of
+this republic, except the troops immediately under Major-General
+Taylor, only give me means of holding Tampico, Vera Cruz, Puebla,
+Chapultepec, and this capital."
+
+General Scott had made a careful study of the statistics of Mexican
+finances, and previous to ordering the occupation of several important
+districts near the capital, to be followed by a like disposition in
+more remote departments, issued General Orders No. 376, December 15,
+1847:
+
+"(1) This army is about to spread itself over and to occupy the
+Republic of Mexico until the latter shall sue for peace on terms
+acceptable to the Government of the United States. (2) On the
+occupation of the principal point or points in any State the payment
+to the Federal Government of this republic of all taxes or dues of
+whatever manner or kind heretofore, say in 1844, payable or collected
+by that Government, is absolutely prohibited, as all such taxes, dues,
+etc., will be demanded of the proper civil authorities for the support
+of the army of occupation. (3) The State and Federal districts being
+already so occupied, as well as the States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and
+Tamaulipas, the usual taxes or dues heretofore contributed by the same
+to the Federal Government will be considered as due and payable to
+this army from the beginning of the present month, and will early be
+demanded of the civil authorities of said States and districts under
+rules and penalties which shall be duly announced and enforced. (4)
+Other States of this republic, as the Californias, New Mexico,
+Chihuahua, Coahuila, New Leon, etc., already occupied by the forces of
+the United States, though not under the immediate orders of the
+general in chief, will conform to the prescriptions of this order,
+except in such State or States where a different system has been
+adopted with the sanction of the Government at Washington. (5) The
+internal taxes or dues referred to are: 1, District taxes; 2, Dues on
+the production of gold and silver; 3, Melting and assaying duties; 4,
+The tobacco rent; 5, Rent of stamped paper; 6, The rent on the
+manufacture of playing cards; and, 7, The rent of post offices. (6)
+The rent of national lotteries is abolished, lotteries being hereby
+prohibited. (7) Import and export duties at ports of the republic will
+remain as fixed by the Government of the United States, except that
+the exportation of gold and silver in bars or ingot--_plata y oro en
+pasta_--is prohibited until the further instructions of the Government
+on the subjects. (8) All imported articles, goods, or commodities
+which have once paid or given sufficient security for the payment of
+duties to the United States at any port of entry of the republic shall
+not again be burdened with any tax or duty in any port of this
+republic occupied by the forces of the United States. (9) The levying
+of duties on the transit of animals, goods, or commodities, whether of
+foreign or domestic growth, from one State of this republic to
+another, or on entering or leaving the gate of any city within the
+republic, will, from and after the beginning of the ensuing year, be
+prohibited, as far as the United States forces may have power to
+enforce the prohibition. Other and equitable means, to a moderate
+extent, must be resorted to by the several State and city authorities
+for the necessary support of their respective governments. (10) The
+tobacco, playing cards, and stamped paper rents will be placed for
+three, six, or twelve months under the contract with the highest
+bidders respectively, for the several States, the State and Federal
+district of Mexico being considered one. Accordingly, offers or bids
+for those rents within each State, or any of them, are invited. They
+will be sent in as early as possible, sealed, to the headquarters of
+departments, except for the Federal District and State of Mexico. For
+this latter the offers or bids will be addressed to the general in
+chief. (11) Further details for the execution of the foregoing system
+of government and revenue will soon be given in general orders."
+
+General Scott forwarded the above order to Washington, together with a
+memoir of the precious metals, showing that he had carefully studied
+and had thorough knowledge of the subject. In his letter forwarding
+the order he said:
+
+"The Government of the United States proposes that their forces shall
+occupy the Mexican Republic, and raise in said country the means to
+meet the expenses of occupation. To obtain this object, it appears
+convenient that said resources should be raised so as to interfere as
+little as possible with the existing interests of foreign as well as
+of native residents; for if any measure calculated to involve the ruin
+of a part or the whole of said interests was taken, there is little or
+no doubt that the results would be as injurious to the interest of the
+United States as to those of this country, for the destiny of both
+interests in the case of occupation is linked together. It appears
+that this recommendation, besides being fully justified by a sound
+policy, will also be the means of facilitating the organization of a
+financial system, and ultimately lead to increase of revenue.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"The tariff given by the United States for the Mexican ports occupied
+allows the free exportation of gold and silver either in bars or
+coined. Although it has been done, perhaps, with a liberal view, it
+would seem that the measure was taken to hostilize the Mexican
+Government, preventing thus any advance from being made to said
+Government on future export duties on silver or gold, and depriving it
+of that resource. However, who would benefit by the free export of
+gold or silver? It is well known that nothing finds its level,
+respecting prices, as soon as the precious metals, and therefore as
+soon as the exportation should be carried into effect there would have
+been exchange on England, France, and the United States, a difference
+equivalent to the duties taken off on the precious metals. The free
+exportation would apparently have been advantageous to none but the
+miners; apparently is the word, for it is evident that the higher
+prices obtained by them at first would have gradually come down until
+they were on a level with those obtained in Europe, and ultimately
+would have become lower than they are to-day, for it is not to be
+doubted that the free exportation of bars partially or totally
+occasioning the ruin of the mints, coined specie would have
+disappeared from circulation, and that miners would have been for the
+sale of their product entirely at the mercy of the speculators, while,
+the exportation being prohibited, the mints are obliged to pay to them
+at any time a fixed price for their gold and silver which can not be
+altered.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"The exportation of gold and silver in bars has been prohibited in
+this country by all the tariffs that have existed either under the
+Spanish or Mexican Government; and though licenses of exportation to a
+small amount have now and then been granted, the prohibition has been
+the rule and the exportation has been the exception, until the Mexican
+Government, having rented all their mines but two to foreign
+companies, has taken the solemn engagement not to give any more
+licenses of exportation. As it may easily be supposed, the engagement
+of giving no more licenses of exportation has been the principal basis
+on which the companies have relied to make their contracts, and the
+principal inducement for them to advance the rent as they have done.
+It is not known what policy will be adopted by the United States
+respecting neutral interests in Mexico in case the country should be
+occupied by their armies, but too high an opinion is entertained of
+the justice of their Government to admit for a moment the possibility
+of such interests being sacrificed or ruined when no direct benefit
+could be derived from such a measure for the United States, and when,
+on the contrary, it might be injurious to them, as may be explained."
+
+On December 17th he again wrote to the Secretary calling his attention
+to General Orders No. 376, the seventh paragraph of which contained
+the duties on exported bars of gold and silver, which had been made
+free by order of the United States Government. Since the publication
+of the order he had seen a slip cut from a Vera Cruz paper of the
+17th, from the Department to him on the subject, which said: "I have
+taken great pains to obtain correct information in respect to the
+production and exportation of the precious metals in and from this
+country. The Mexican policy has been uniform against the exportation
+of bars and ingots, though, from want or cupidity, special licenses
+have been given in violation of that sound policy and in gross
+violation of the rights purchased by the renters of the mints. This
+army is also interested in some prohibition, for if we permit the
+exportation of bars and ingots there will be but little domestic
+coinage, our drafts would soon be under par, and the Mexicans, from
+want of sufficient circulating medium, be less able to pay the
+contributions which we propose to levy upon them through their civil
+authorities."
+
+General Scott, knowing the President's great desire to have the war
+terminated, embraced every opportunity to keep him advised as to the
+prospects, more or less remote, of peace, and wrote, December 14th,
+that he "had received no communication from the Mexican Government,
+and did not expect any before the Congress and President had been
+installed, about March 10th. It is believed that both will be inclined
+to peace." Congress, however, did not meet until May.
+
+General William O. Butler arrived at the capital December 18th with
+thirty-six hundred men, and the train dispatched November 1st, under
+Colonel Harney, returned, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph
+E. Johnston, of the voltigeurs, with thirteen hundred men in addition
+to the escort that accompanied it on the trip down. These
+re-enforcements, with those that recently arrived, made a total of
+eight or nine thousand for duty.
+
+General Scott was anxious to occupy the mining districts of San Luis
+and Zacatecas, maintain communication with the capital, and open one
+with Tampico, and for that purpose needed two columns of five thousand
+men each, and to garrison the State capitals within reach of the two
+columns. It was represented that great embarrassment would result
+from the movement on Zacatecas, as that column would have to march
+through Queretaro to reach its destination. It was represented that it
+would cause the dispersion of the Mexican Government and make its
+assembling at any other point doubtful. The Department, however,
+directed the double movement to be made when the re-enforcements known
+to have left Vera Cruz would arrive, unless in the meantime otherwise
+instructed.
+
+The commanding general was greatly disappointed when the first train
+returned from Vera Cruz without bringing a jacket, blanket, or a pair
+of shoes for the army. That small depot had been exhausted by the
+troops of Patterson, Butler, and Marshall, who were fresh from home,
+or the Brazos, and others that arrived without clothing since June;
+and on December 25th he wrote of his great disappointments, and stated
+that this want might delay distant expeditions for many weeks, as some
+of the new volunteers were in want of essential articles of wear. He
+called attention to the fact that requisitions for clothing made by
+the regular regiments over a year previous had not been sent, or at
+any rate had not reached the regiments. No general ever paid more
+attention or displayed greater interest in the comfort of his men than
+General Scott. The quartermaster's and commissary departments were his
+never-ceasing care, and he gave constant personal attention to both.
+
+On the matter of assessments he says: "You perceive I do not propose
+to seize the ordinary State or city revenue, as that, in my judgment,
+would be to make war on civilization, as no community can escape
+absolute anarchy without civil government. I shall take care, however,
+to see that the means collected within any particular State or city
+for that purpose are moderate and reasonable."
+
+Order No. 395 was issued December 31st, specifying the States by name
+and the several sums they would be annually taxed. The duties paid at
+the gates of the cities, and in passing from one State to another, as
+well as the tobacco monopoly and lotteries, were abolished. Governors
+and members of the Legislature of the different States, and all
+collecting officers then in commission and charged with the collection
+of Federal duties of any, were held individually responsible in their
+persons and property for the collection and payment of the assessment.
+The order, which was a long one and carefully prepared, gave many
+details. The last two paragraphs say: "The American troops, in
+spreading themselves over this republic, will take care to observe the
+strictest discipline and morals in respect to the persons and property
+of the country, purchasing and paying for all necessaries and comforts
+they may require, and treating the unoffending inhabitants with
+forbearance and kindness. The higher honor of the country, as well as
+the particular honor of the army, must and shall be maintained against
+the few miscreants in our ranks. The laws of war will also be strictly
+observed toward all Mexicans who respect those laws. For the treatment
+of those atrocious bands of _guerillos_ and armed _rancheros_, General
+Order No. 392 of the 12th instant will be rigidly enforced."
+
+To prevent frauds in the payment of dues as assessed, General Orders
+No. 8, of January 9, 1848, were issued. The orders referred to and
+quoted in part show that General Scott was eminently qualified to
+fulfill a position in civil as well as military life. The orders he
+promulgated were laws to the Mexicans, and show that his
+administration of the civil affairs of the conquered country was wise,
+merciful, and judicious. It was here that General Scott's early legal
+training manifested itself. These orders had anticipated the message
+of the President which reached him on the 14th in a communication from
+the War Department, and in which the President's views were given in
+regard to the future prosecution of the war. He was urged to endeavor
+to lessen expenses by compelling Mexico to contribute, and see the
+necessity of making a peace honorable alike to both countries. Says
+the Secretary: "Our object being to obtain acceptable terms, which it
+is apprehended can not be speedily obtained without making the enemy
+feel he is to bear a considerable part of the burden of war.
+
+"Should there not be at this time a government in Mexico of sufficient
+stability to make peace, or should the authority which there exists be
+adverse to it, and yet a large and influential portion of the people
+be really disposed to put an end to hostilities, it is desirable to
+know what prospect there is that the latter could, with countenance
+and protection of our arms, organize a government willing to make
+peace and sustain relations of peace with us. It is presumed that your
+opportunities of knowing the disposition of the people of Mexico will
+enable you to furnish your Government with correct information on the
+subject, and the President desires to be furnished with your views."
+
+On January 6, 1848, General Scott reported to the Department that his
+total force in the Valley of Mexico was fourteen thousand nine hundred
+and sixty-four, with only eleven thousand one hundred and sixty-two
+fit for duty, measles prevailing mainly among the volunteers. Half of
+General Marshall's force at Jalapa was sick, and he reported, December
+22d, that he had sent his wagons back to Vera Cruz for medicines and
+other supplies. Pachuca was occupied without opposition by Colonel
+Jones M. Withers, Ninth Infantry, and General Cadwallader marched,
+December 22d, for Lerma and Toluca, the latter the State capital and
+thirty-eight miles from the City of Mexico.
+
+On January 13th General Scott reported the unsuccessful efforts of
+Colonel Wynkoop's First Pennsylvania Volunteers to capture the Padre
+Jaruata, but the same colonel, learning of General Valencia's
+whereabouts, made a night march, surprised and captured him and a
+colonel of his staff. Colonel Jack Hays made efforts to capture
+Jaruata, but also failed. He had an engagement with the band, killing
+and wounding many of them.
+
+On January 12, 1848, a letter was dispatched by the Secretary of War
+to General Scott informing him that he had been relieved from the
+command of the army by order of the President of the United States,
+and was to be brought before a court of inquiry to be convened in the
+Castle of Perote, Mexico, on the 18th of February.
+
+On February 2, 1848, General Scott acknowledged receipt of the
+Secretary's letters of November 8th and 17th and December 14th. The
+system of finance--prohibiting the export duties on coins and the
+prohibition of export in bars, inaugurated by the general--differed
+materially from the instructions in the Secretary's letter of November
+17th, and the general hoped, for the reasons suggested in his letter
+of December 17th, that the President would consent to adopt his views
+in respect to the precious metals. He informed the Secretary that the
+ayuntamiento of the capital had charged itself with the payment on
+account of the Federal district of four hundred thousand dollars of
+the six hundred and sixty-eight thousand three hundred and thirty-two
+dollars imposed per year on the State of Mexico; that General
+Cadwallader would soon begin to collect through the ayuntamiento of
+Toluca a large part of the remainder. Colonel Clarke, of the Sixth
+Infantry, had been ordered into the Cuernavaca Valley, forty-three
+miles south, with a force amply sufficient to enforce a thorough
+collection.
+
+General Scott says: "The _war of masses_ ended with the capture of the
+enemy's capital; the _war of detail_, including the occupation of the
+country and the collection of revenue, requires a large additional
+force, as before suggested." Referring to the fact that he had learned
+it was thought in Washington that "he had thirty thousand men under
+his command, while in truth, including the forces at Tampico, Vera
+Cruz, on the line from that port, and in the valley and vicinity, he
+had a total of twenty-four thousand eight hundred and sixteen; the
+sick, necessary, and indispensable garrisons deducted would leave an
+available force for distant service of only four thousand five
+hundred, and he did not know of the approach of any considerable
+re-enforcements. Seven thousand he deemed a minimum number with which
+the important line from Durango through Zacatecas and San Luis to
+Tampico could be opened and maintained. Many of the volunteers were
+sick with measles, mumps, and erysipelas, common among all classes of
+soldiers."
+
+A treaty of peace had been agreed upon and signed and was to be
+forwarded at once. Referring to the fact, he says: "In about forty
+days I may receive an acknowledgment of this report, and by that time,
+if the treaty of peace be not accepted, I hope to be sufficiently
+re-enforced to open the commercial line between Zacatecas and Tampico.
+The occupation of Queretaro, Guanajuato, and Guadalajara would be the
+next in importance, and some of the ports of the Pacific third.
+Meanwhile the collection of internal revenue dues on the precious
+metals and direct assessments shall be continued."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The following is the organization of the army in its march from Puebla
+to the City of Mexico:
+
+                         GENERAL STAFF.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Assistant Inspector General.
+Captain Henry Lee Scott, Acting Adjutant General.
+First-Lieutenant T. Williams, Aid-de-camp.
+Brevet First-Lieutenant George William Lay, Aid-de-camp.
+Second-Lieutenant Schuyler Hamilton, Aid-de-camp.
+Major J.P. Gaines, Volunteer Aid-de-camp.
+
+                         ENGINEER CORPS.
+
+Major John Lind Smith, Chief; Captain Robert Edward Lee;
+Lieutenants Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, Isaac I. Stevens,
+Zealous Bates Tower, Gustavus Woodson Smith, George B. McClellan,
+John Gray Foster.
+
+                       ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.
+
+Captain Benjamin Huger, Chief, with siege train.
+First-Lieutenant Peter Valentine Hugner.
+Second-Lieutenant George Thom.
+Brevet Second-Lieutenant E.L.F. Hardcastle.
+
+                    QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT.
+
+Captains James R. Irwin, Chief; Abraham C. Myers, Robert
+Allen, Henry Constantine Wayne, Justus McKinstry, George W.F.
+Wood, J. Daniels, O'Hara, Samuel McGowan.
+
+                      SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT.
+
+Captain John Breckinridge Grayson, Chief.
+Captain Thomas P. Randle.
+
+                         PAY DEPARTMENT.
+
+Major Edmund Kirby, Chief.
+ "    Abraham Van Buren.
+ "    Albert Gallatin Bennett.
+
+                       MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
+
+Surgeon-General Thomas Lawson; Surgeons Benjamin Franklin Harney,
+Richard Smith Satterlee, Charles Stuart Tripler, Burton Randall, James
+Meck Cuyler; Assistant Surgeons Alexander F. Suter, Josiah Simpson,
+David Camben De Leon, Henry H. Steiner, James Simons, Joseph K. Barnes,
+Levi H. Holden, Charles Carter Keeney, James Frazier Head, John Fox
+Hammond, Josephus M. Steiner, Charles P. Deyerle, Ebenezer Swift.
+Surgeons J.M. Tyler, volunteer; McMillan, volunteer; Courtney J. Clark,
+volunteer; W.B. Halstead, volunteer. Assistant Surgeons R. Hagan,
+volunteer; H.L. Wheaton, volunteer. Surgeons R. Ritchie, First
+Volunteers; J. Barry, First Volunteers; Edwards, First Volunteers; L.W.
+Jordan, First Volunteers; R. McSherry, First Volunteers; Roberts, First
+Volunteers.
+
+                             CORPS.
+
+                    Colonel Harney's Brigade.
+
+Detachment of First Light Dragoons, Captain James Kearny.
+Detachment of Second Light Dragoons, Major Edwin Vose Sumner.
+Detachment of Third Light Dragoons under Major Andrew Thomas McReynolds.
+
+
+        I. BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL WORTH'S DIVISION.
+
+                1. Colonel John Garland's Brigade.
+
+Second Regiment of Artillery, serving as infantry.
+Third     "     "     "          "          "
+Fourth    "     "   Infantry.
+Duncan's Field Battery.
+
+                2. Colonel Andrew Clark's Brigade.
+
+Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Regiments of Infantry.
+A Light Battery.
+
+
+        II. BREVET MAJOR-GENERAL TWIGGS'S DIVISION.
+
+                1. Brevet Brigadier-General Persifor F. Smith's Brigade.
+
+Rifle Regiment.
+First Regiment of Artillery, serving as infantry.
+Third Regiment of Infantry.
+Taylor's Light Battery.
+
+                2. Colonel Bennet Riley's Brigade.
+
+Fourth Regiment of Artillery, serving as infantry.
+First Regiment of Infantry.
+Seventh Regiment of Infantry.
+
+
+        III. MAJOR-GENERAL GIDEON J. PILLOW'S DIVISION.
+
+                1. Brigadier-General G. Cadwallader's Brigade.
+
+Voltigeurs.
+Eleventh and Fourteenth Infantry.
+A Light Battery.
+
+                2. Brigadier-General Franklin Pierce's Brigade.
+
+Ninth, Twelfth, and Fifteenth Infantry.
+
+
+        IV. MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN A. QUITMAN'S DIVISION.
+
+                1. Brigadier-General Shields's Brigade.
+
+New York Volunteers.
+South Carolina Volunteers.
+
+                2. Lieutenant-Colonel Watson's Brigade.
+
+A detachment of Second Pennsylvania Volunteers.
+A detachment of United States Marines.
+
+
+_List of Officers of the Battalion of Marines under Command of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Watson._
+
+Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel E. Watson, Major Levi Twiggs, Major
+William Dulany.
+
+_Staff._--First Lieutenant and Adjutant D.D. Baker, First Lieutenant
+and Acting Quartermaster John S. Devlin.
+
+_Captains._--John G. Reynolds, George H. Terrett, and William Lang.
+
+_First Lieutenants._--Jabez C. Rich, Robert C. Caldwell, William L.
+Young, Thomas A. Brady, John D. Simms, and Daniel J. Sutherland.
+
+_Second Lieutenants._--George Adams, E. McD. Reynolds, Thomas Y.
+Field, Charles G. McCawley, Freeman Norvell, Charles A. Henderson,
+John S. Nicholson, Augustus S. Nicholson, and Henry Welsh.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+Scott's care for the welfare of his army--Account of the money levied
+on Mexico--Last note to the Secretary of War while commander in chief
+in Mexico--Army asylums--Treaty of peace--Scott turns over the army to
+General William O. Butler--Scott and Worth--Court of inquiry on
+Worth--The "Leonidas" and "Tampico" letters--Revised paragraph
+650--Army regulations--General Worth demands a court of inquiry and
+prefers charges against Scott--Correspondence--General belief as to
+Scott's removal command--The trial--Return home of General Scott.
+
+
+As an army commander General Scott had frequent occasion to use money
+for which vouchers or even ordinary receipts could not be taken and
+the nature of the service could not be specified; he styled them
+"secret disbursements." In a letter to the War Department of February
+6, 1848, he stated that he "had made no report of such disbursements
+since leaving Jalapa, (1) because of the uncertainty of our
+communications with Vera Cruz, and (2) the necessity of certain
+explanations which, on account of others, ought not to be reduced to
+writing," and added, "I have never tempted the honor or patriotism of
+any man, but have held it as lawful in morals as in war to purchase
+valuable information or services voluntarily tendered me."
+
+He charged himself with the money he received in Washington for
+"secret disbursements," the one hundred and fifty thousand dollars
+levied upon the City of Mexico for the immediate benefit of the army,
+and of the captured tobacco taken from the Mexican Government, with
+other small sums, all of which were accounted for. He then charged
+himself with sixty-three thousand seven hundred and forty-five dollars
+and fifty-seven cents expended in the purchase of blankets and shoes
+distributed gratuitously to enlisted men, for ten thousand dollars
+extra supplies for the hospitals, ten dollars each to every crippled
+man discharged or furloughed, some sixty thousand dollars for secret
+services, including the native spy company of Dominguez, whose pay
+commenced in July, and which he did not wish to bring into account
+with the Treasury. There remained a balance of one hundred thousand
+dollars, a draft for which he inclosed, saying: "I hope you will allow
+the draft to go to the credit of the army asylum, and make the subject
+known in the way you may deem best to the military committees of
+Congress. The sum is, in small part, the price of American blood so
+gallantly shed in this vicinity; and considering that the army
+receives no prize money, I repeat the hope that its proposed
+destination may be approved and carried into effect.... The remainder
+of the money in my hands, as well as that expended, I shall be ready
+to account for at the proper time and in the proper manner, merely
+offering this imperfect report to explain, in the meantime, the
+character of the one hundred thousand dollars draft."
+
+On February 9, 1848, General Scott addressed what seems to have been
+his last note to the War Department as commander in chief of the army
+of Mexico. It is brief. He adverted to the fact of his not receiving
+any communication from the War Department or adjutant general's
+office, and says: "But slips from newspapers and letters from
+Washington have come to interested parties here, representing, I
+learn, that the President has determined to place me before a court
+for daring to enforce necessary discipline in this army against
+certain of its high officers. I make only a passing comment upon these
+unofficial announcements, learning with pleasure, through the same
+sources, that I am to be superseded by Major-General William O.
+Butler." The admirable recommendation in regard to the draft was
+adopted and carried out, and the money applied to the purchase of
+asylums for soldiers.
+
+There was not any general engagement of the armies after the capture
+of the City of Mexico. General Lane, always vigilant, kept his force
+in constant motion, pursuing, engaging, when possible, and dispersing
+the numerous predatory bands that infested his flanks and rear.
+
+The first efforts to agree upon a treaty of peace failed. Active
+operations were resumed, and so weakened Mexico that she was left no
+alternative but to make "peace such as her powerful and successful
+enemy might dictate." By the Constitution of Mexico the office of
+President in case of a vacancy devolved upon the president of the
+Supreme Court provisionally; but there was no president of the Supreme
+Court in September, 1847, the last incumbent having died, and no
+successor having been elected when Santa Anna resigned. Congress,
+whose duty it was to elect this officer, could only be convened by
+proclamation of the President, but, as is seen, there was no
+President. In this unfortunate state of affairs, the most influential
+of the _Moderado_ party, with the hope of preventing anarchy, then
+greatly threatened, if it had not already raised its head, and
+conclude terms of peace, prevailed upon Pena y Pena, an able and
+enlightened jurist, statesman, and patriot, and senior judge of the
+Supreme Court, to assume the provisional presidency. He was recognized
+by the State authorities, and pledges were given that they would
+uphold and defend it against all intriguers opposed to peace, through
+the non-existence of a government competent to make it. It was known
+that Pena was not averse to peace.
+
+Mr. Nicholas P. Trist, the commissioner on the part of the United
+States, upon the formation of the new Government, made propositions
+for a conference of representatives. Owing to the fact that the
+Mexican Congress had to be called together to elect a President _ad
+interim_ to serve until January 8, 1848, the overtures of Mr. Trist
+could not be entertained. By a combination between the Puro party and
+the adherents of Santa Anna and other factions, the _Moderado_ party
+came very near being defeated, but the latter were successful and
+elected General Don Pedro Maria Anaya _ad interim_ President; and Pena
+y Pena and General Mora y Villamil, both in favor of peace, were made
+respectively Minister of Foreign Relations and Minister of War.
+
+Negotiations were now again formally undertaken. The Mexican
+Government was represented by Senores Conto, Atristain, and Cuevas.
+The commissioners of the respective countries met at Guadalupe
+Hidalgo, three miles from the City of Mexico. After many meetings,
+long conferences, and discussions, a treaty of peace, friendships, and
+limits between Mexico and the United States was concluded and signed
+February 2, 1848.
+
+A synopsis of the treaty is given. Some of the articles are given in
+full, as the fifth, which secured to the United States the great State
+of California with its incalculable wealth in mineral and agriculture
+resources, and the territory of New Mexico, also rich in all that
+Nature can yield.
+
+  _Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, concluded February 2, 1848.
+  Ratifications exchanged at Queretaro, May 30, 1848. Proclaimed July
+  4, 1848_.
+
+  The United States was represented by Nicholas P. Trist, and the
+  Republic of Mexico was represented by Don Louis Gonzaga Cuevas, Don
+  Bernardo Conto, and Don Miguel Atristain.
+
+  "ARTICLE I. There shall be firm and universal peace between
+  the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, and between
+  respective countries, territories, cities, towns, and people,
+  without exception of places or persons.
+
+  "ART. II provides that, immediately upon the signature to
+  this treaty, commissioners shall be appointed by the commander in
+  chief of the American forces and the Mexican Government for the
+  provisional suspension of hostilities and the re-establishment of
+  the political, administrative, and judicial branches so far as this
+  shall be permitted by the circumstances of the case.
+
+  "ART. III. Immediately upon the ratification of this treaty
+  by the United States orders shall be issued to the commanders of the
+  land and naval forces, requiring the latter (provided this treaty
+  has been ratified by Mexico and ratifications exchanged) to
+  immediately desist from blockading any Mexican ports, and requiring
+  the former (under the same conditions) to withdraw all troops of the
+  United States then in the interior of the Mexican Republic to a
+  distance from the seaport not exceeding thirty leagues--this to be
+  done with the least possible delay; and to deliver up all
+  customhouses at all ports occupied by the forces of the United
+  States to persons authorized by the Mexican Government to receive
+  it, with all bonds and evidences of debt for duties on importations
+  and exportations. An exact account to be rendered of all duties on
+  imports and exports, after the ratification of this treaty by
+  Mexico, deducting only the cost of collection. The City of Mexico to
+  be evacuated within one month after the orders there stipulated
+  shall be received by the commander of said troops.
+
+  "ART. IV. Immediately after the ratifications of the
+  present treaty all castles, forts, territories, places, and
+  possessions shall be definitely restored to Mexico; the final
+  evacuation of the territory of Mexico shall be completed within
+  three months, or sooner if possible, the Mexican Government engaging
+  to use all means in its power to facilitate the same. All prisoners
+  of war taken on sea or land to be restored, and all Mexicans held by
+  savage tribes within the United States to be exacted from such
+  tribes and restored to their country.
+
+  "ART. V is given in full:
+
+  "The boundary line between the two republics shall commence in the
+  Gulf of Mexico, three leagues from land, opposite the mouth of the
+  Rio Grande, otherwise called Rio Bravo del Norte, or opposite the
+  mouth of its deepest branch, if it should have more than one branch
+  emptying directly into the sea; from thence up the middle of that
+  river, following the deepest channel, where it has more than one, to
+  the point where it strikes the southern boundary of New Mexico;
+  thence westwardly along the southern boundary of New Mexico (which
+  runs north of the town called Paso) to its western termination;
+  thence northward along the western line of New Mexico until it
+  intersects the first branch of the Rio Gila (or if it should not
+  intersect any branch of that river, then to a point on said line
+  nearest to said branch, and thence in a direct line to the same);
+  thence down the middle of the said branch of said river until it
+  empties into the Rio Colorado; thence across the Rio Colorado,
+  following the division line between Upper and Lower California to
+  the Pacific Ocean. The southern and western limits of New Mexico
+  mentioned in this article are those laid down in the map entitled
+  '_Map of the United Mexican States, as organized and defined by
+  various acts of Congress of said republic, and constructed according
+  to the best authorities. Revised edition. Published in New York, in
+  1847, by J. Disturnell_'; of which map a copy is added to this
+  treaty, bearing the signatures and seals of the undersigned
+  plenipotentiaries. And in order to preclude all difficulty in
+  tracing upon the ground limit separating Upper from Lower
+  California, it is agreed that the said limit shall consist of a
+  straight line drawn from the middle of the Rio Gila, where it unites
+  with the Colorado, to a point on the coast of the Pacific Ocean
+  distant one marine league due south of the southernmost point of the
+  port of San Diego, according to the plan of said port made in 1782
+  by Don Juan Pantoja, second sailing master of the Spanish fleet,
+  and published at Madrid in the year 1802, in the atlas to the voyage
+  of said schooners Sutil and Mexicana; of which plan a copy is
+  hereunto added, signed and sealed by the respective
+  plenipotentiaries.
+
+  "In order to designate the boundary line with due precision upon
+  authoritative maps, and to establish upon the ground landmarks which
+  shall show the limits of both republics, as described in the present
+  article, the two governments shall each appoint a commissioner and
+  surveyor, who, before the expiration of one year from the date of
+  the exchange of ratifications of this treaty, shall meet at the port
+  of San Diego and proceed to run and mark the said boundary in its
+  whole course to the mouth of the Rio Bravo del Norte. They shall
+  keep journals and make out plans of their operations; and the result
+  agreed upon by them shall be deemed a part of this treaty, and shall
+  have the same force and effect as if inserted therein. The two
+  governments will amicably agree regarding what may be necessary to
+  these persons, and also as to their respective escorts, should such
+  be necessary.
+
+  "The boundary line established by this article shall be religiously
+  respected by each of the two republics, and no change shall ever be
+  made therein, except by the express and free consent of both nations
+  lawfully given by the General Government of each in conformity with
+  its own constitution.
+
+  "ART. 6 gives citizens of the United States free navigation
+  of the Gulf of California and the Rio Colorado below its confluence
+  with the Gila.
+
+  "ART. 7. The Rio Gila and the part of the Rio Bravo del
+  Norte are made free for the navigation of vessels of both countries
+  without tax.
+
+  "ART. 8. Mexicans to remain in the ceded territory if they
+  choose to do so, or to remove at any time to the Mexican republic,
+  retaining the property they possess in said territories, or
+  disposing of the same and removing the same wherever they please.
+  Those who remain in said territories may either retain the title and
+  rights of Mexican citizens or acquire those of citizens of the
+  United States; but they shall be under the obligation to make their
+  election within one year from the date of the exchange of
+  ratifications of this treaty; and those who shall remain in said
+  territories after the expiration of that year, without having
+  declared their intention to retain the character of Mexicans, shall
+  be considered to have elected to become citizens of the United
+  States. Property in those territories belonging to Mexicans shall be
+  inviolably respected, and the present owners and their heirs and
+  those who have acquired the same shall enjoy the same, as if it
+  belonged to citizens of the United States.
+
+  "ART. 9. Mexicans who do not declare themselves citizens of
+  Mexico shall be incorporated in and become citizens of the United
+  States under such regulations as shall be provided by law.
+
+  "ART. 10 of the treaty was stricken out.
+
+  "ART. 11. The United States undertakes to deliver up, if
+  possible, any Mexicans that may be captured by any of the savage
+  tribes within the ceded territory; and to prevent purchasing any
+  property from any Mexican while in capture by the Indians; nor to
+  purchase any property of any kind stolen within Mexican territory by
+  such Indians.
+
+  "ART. 12. In consideration of the extension acquired by the
+  boundaries of the United States, as defined by the fifth article of
+  the present treaty, the Government of the United States engages to
+  pay to that of the Mexican republic the sum of fifteen millions of
+  dollars, and prescribes the manner and times of payment.
+
+  "ART. 13. The United States assumes the payment of all
+  claims now due and those hereafter to become due by reason of claims
+  already liquidated against Mexico under the treaties of April 11,
+  1839, and January 30, 1843.
+
+  "ART. 14. The United States discharges Mexico from all
+  claims of citizens of the United States against said republic.
+
+  "ART. 15 provides for the appointment of a board of
+  commissioners to adjudicate all claims against Mexico, the United
+  States assuming the payment of such as may be allowed; the Mexican
+  Government agreeing to furnish such books, papers, etc., as may be
+  deemed necessary as evidence.
+
+  "ART. 16. The right of both parties to fortify any point in
+  its territory it may deem proper.
+
+  "ART. 17. The treaty of April 5, 1831, and its provisions
+  not inconsistent with this treaty, revived.
+
+  "ART. 18. All supplies for troops of the United States
+  shall be exempt from duties or charges of any kind; the United
+  States engaging to prevent merchandise and goods from being landed,
+  under cover of this article, not intended for the army.
+
+  "ART. 19. General provisions in regard to merchandise
+  imported into Mexico during hostilities.
+
+  "ART. 20 provides what disposition shall be made of
+  merchandise arriving in Mexico, if the customhouses shall be
+  delivered up less than sixty days from the signatures to this
+  treaty.
+
+  "ART. 21. If disagreements should arise between the two
+  countries, every effort will be made to adjust the same peaceably;
+  and failing in that, the subject-matter of dispute shall be referred
+  to arbitration.
+
+  "ART. 22 provides what shall be done with the citizens of
+  either country residing in the other, should war unhappily break out
+  between the two republics."
+
+The treaty was given to a trusty messenger, dispatched to Vera Cruz,
+and the general commanding at that point was ordered to forward it
+immediately by the swiftest steamer in the harbor. The general
+requested, in case the treaty was accepted and ratified, that he be
+instructed as early as practicable in regard to evacuating Mexico, and
+the disposition to be made of the wagons, artillery, and cavalry
+horses, and the points in the United States to which the troops should
+be ordered, and hoped the troops could leave Mexico before the return
+of the _vomito_, which would probably be in May.
+
+It had been rumored in the army for several weeks that General Scott
+was to be superseded in command, and he announced the fact in the
+following order:
+
+                             "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
+
+                                         "MEXICO, _February 18, 1848_.
+
+  "GENERAL ORDERS NO. 59.
+
+  "By instruction from the President of the United States just
+  received, Major-General Scott turns over the command of the army to
+  Major-General Butler, who will immediately enter upon duty
+  accordingly. In taking leave of the troops he has so long had the
+  command of in an arduous campaign, a small part of whose glory has
+  been from position reflected on the senior officer, Major-General
+  Scott is happy to be relieved by a general of established merit and
+  distinction in the service of his country.
+
+  "By command of General Scott.
+
+                                                   "H.L. SCOTT,
+
+                                "_Acting Assistant Adjutant General_."
+
+There was nothing for General Butler to do but wait the action of the
+United States on the treaty that had been forwarded, and then evacuate
+the Mexican territory. As has been seen, ratifications of the treaty
+were exchanged at Queretaro May 30, 1848, and proclaimed July 4, 1848.
+
+Although General Worth had served with General Scott as his aid, and
+the most friendly relations had heretofore existed between them,
+circumstances occurred in May and June, 1847, that caused an
+estrangement between them which was never healed. On June 16, 1847,
+General Worth issued a circular at Peublo of the following purport:
+"Intelligence has come to the headquarters of this division, in a form
+and from sources entitled to consideration, that food exhibited, and,
+in tempting form, for sale to the soldiers, is purposely prepared to
+cause sickness and ultimately death"; and he appealed to every soldier
+to forbear the procurement or use of such food, as ample rations were
+issued, and added: "Doubtless there are among those with whom we are
+situated many who will not hesitate, as is the habit of cowards, to
+poison those from whom they habitually fly in battle--a resource
+familiar in Spanish history, legitimately inherited and willingly
+practiced in Mexico."
+
+General Scott had animadverted upon the terms granted by Worth to the
+functionaries of the city of Puebla, about May 15, 1847, and strongly
+censured the circular referred to. These reproofs induced General
+Worth to call for a court of inquiry, which was ordered to convene
+June 17, 1847, at 10 o'clock A.M. The court met, and General
+Worth submitted a statement of the matters in which he deemed himself
+wronged by the general in chief, and to which he invited
+investigation. The court gave the matters before it careful
+consideration on the evidence adduced and the documents submitted, and
+pronounced their opinions. The court found nothing in the remarks of
+the general in chief in regard to General Worth's terms to the
+functionaries of Puebla to which he [Worth] could take exception;
+"that the terms or stipulations granted by Brevet Major-General Worth
+to the functionaries of the city of Puebla upon his entrance with his
+advance of the army on the 15th of May last were unnecessarily
+yielded, improvident, and in effect detrimental to the public
+service," and continues: "The court, as required, further declares its
+opinion that the 'circular' published by Brevet Major-General Worth to
+his division, dated Puebla, June 16, 1847, was highly improper and
+extremely objectionable in many respects, especially as it might tend,
+by exasperating the whole Mexican nation, to thwart the well-known
+pacific policy of the United States, and, in view of the high source
+from which it emanated, to disturb the friendly relations of our
+Government with Spain, or at least give occasion to that power to call
+for explanations or apologies. The barbarous offense against which
+that 'circular' warned the soldiers of the First Division, if it
+exists at all, equally affected the whole army. The information
+obtained by General Worth, if worthy of notice, should therefore have
+been communicated to the general in chief, that he might have
+exercised his discretion on the means to be adopted for correcting the
+evil. With these views of the 'circular' alluded to the court is of
+the opinion that it called for the 'emphatic admonition' and rebuke of
+the general in chief."
+
+About two months after the occupation of the City of Mexico by the
+United States forces a mail arrived from the States. It was found that
+two letters written from the valley a few days after the battles of
+Contreras and Churubusco had been published in the newspapers. One of
+them, published in the New Orleans Delta, was known as the "Leonidas
+letter," and gave to General Pillow nearly all the credit for winning
+these important battles, and placed him on a plane of military genius
+far above the facts, as was understood by parties present. Among other
+things the letter said: "He [Pillow] evinced on this, as he had on
+other occasions, that masterly military genius and profound knowledge
+of the science of war which has astonished _the mere martinets of the
+profession_. His plan was very similar to that by which Napoleon
+effected the reduction of the fortress of Ulm, and General Scott was
+so perfectly well satisfied with it that he could not interfere with
+any part of it, but left it to the gallant projector to carry into
+glorious and successful execution."
+
+The "Tampico letter," as the other letter was called, is given in
+full:
+
+                                 "TACUBAYA, MEXICO, _August 27, 1847_.
+
+  "The whole force which moved from Puebla, amounting to ten thousand,
+  more or less, marched in four columns on successive days, in the
+  following order, viz.: Twiggs, Quitman, Worth, and Pillow. In
+  approaching the City of Mexico by the main highway you go directly
+  on to Penon, which is a strong position, exceedingly well fortified.
+  Before leaving Puebla, it had been considered whether the main road
+  can not be avoided and El Penon turned by passing around to the
+  south and left of Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco. The engineer officers
+  serving immediately at general headquarters had questioned a number
+  of persons, including spies and agents sent expressly to examine the
+  route, and the mass of testimony was entire to the boggy, mucky, and
+  perfectly impracticable character for wagons and artillery of the
+  road leading in that direction. It was therefore in contemplation to
+  turn Penon by forcing Mexicalcinzo, although the ground was
+  difficult and the batteries known to be numerous. This route, you
+  will observe, is to the north and right of the lakes. The
+  reconnoissances of the engineers were consequently directed to this
+  end. In the meantime General Worth, whose division had been left at
+  Chalco, while General Scott, with Twiggs, had gone to Ayotla, sent
+  Colonel Duncan with a large party to examine the denounced route.
+
+  "Colonel Duncan found it just the reverse of what it had been
+  pronounced to be; it was firm, rocky, and quite practicable,
+  requiring, to be sure, a little labor here and there. General Worth
+  instantly sent Colonel Duncan with this information to General
+  Scott, and urged the movement of the whole army to the left of Lake
+  Chalco. The direct attack was abandoned, and on the morning the
+  whole army was in motion."
+
+Owing to a letter written by General Taylor to General Gaines, which
+was intended to be private and confidential, finding its way into the
+New York Morning Express, the Secretary of War issued the following:
+
+
+                     "WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, _January 28, 1847_.
+
+  "The President of the United States directs that paragraph 650 of
+  the General Regulations of the Army, established the 1st of March,
+  1825, and not included among those published January 25, 1841, be
+  now published, and its observance, as a part of the general
+  regulations, be strictly enjoined upon the army.
+
+  "By order of the President.
+
+                                    "W.L. MARCY, _Secretary of War_."
+
+The following is the paragraph referred to and ordered to be
+"published":
+
+"Private letters or reports relative to military movements and
+operations are frequently mischievous in design, and always
+disgraceful to the army. They are therefore strictly forbidden, and
+any officer found guilty of making such report for publication,
+without special permission, or of placing the writing beyond his
+control, so that it finds its way to the press within one month after
+the termination of the campaign to which it relates, shall be
+dismissed from the service."
+
+Upon the appearance in print of the two letters referred to, the
+commanding general issued the following:
+
+                              "HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY,
+
+                                         "MEXICO, _November 12, 1847_.
+
+  "GENERAL ORDERS No. 349.
+
+  "The attention of certain officers of this army is recalled to the
+  foregoing--650th paragraph, 1,825 regulations--a regulation
+  prohibiting officers of the army from detailing in private letters
+  or reports the movements of the army, which the general in chief is
+  resolved to enforce so far as it may be in his power. As yet but two
+  echoes from home of the brilliant operations of our army in this
+  basin have reached us--the first in a New Orleans and the second
+  through a Tampico newspaper.
+
+  "It requires not a little charity to believe that the principal
+  heroes of the scandalous letters alluded to did not write them, or
+  especially procure them to be written; and the intelligent can be at
+  no loss in conjecturing the authors, chiefs, partisans, and pet
+  familiars. To the honor of the service, the disease--pruriency of
+  fame not earned--can not have seized upon half a dozen officers
+  present, all of whom, it is believed, belonged to the same two
+  coteries.
+
+  "False credit may no doubt be attained at hand by such despicable
+  self-puffings and malignant exclusion of others, but at the expense
+  of the just esteem and consideration of all honorable officers who
+  love their country, their profession, and the truth of history. The
+  indignation of the great number of the latter class can not fail in
+  the end to bring down the conceited and envious to their proper
+  level."
+
+The day after the publication of the above General Orders General
+Worth forwarded to army headquarters a communication in which he
+said:
+
+"I learn with much astonishment that the prevailing opinion in this
+army points the imputation of 'scandalous' contained in the third, and
+the invocation of the 'indignation of the great number' in the fourth
+paragraph of Orders No. 349, printed and issued yesterday, to myself
+as one of the officers alluded to. Although I can not suppose those
+opinions to be correctly formed, nevertheless, regarding the high
+source from which such imputations flow, so seriously affecting the
+qualities of a gentleman, the character and usefulness of him at whom
+they may be aimed, I feel it incumbent on me to ask, as I do now most
+respectfully, of the frankness and justice of the commander in chief,
+whether in any sense or degree he condescended to apply, or designed
+to have applied, the epithets contained in that order to myself, and
+consequently whether the general military opinion or sentiment in that
+matter has taken a right or intended direction. I trust I shall be
+pardoned for pressing with urgency an early reply to this
+communication."
+
+On the day General Worth addressed his communication to General Scott,
+Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel James Duncan wrote to the editor of the
+North American (a newspaper published in the City of Mexico in
+English), in which he avowed that the substance of the "Tampico
+letter" was communicated by him to a friend in Pittsburg from Tacubaya
+soon after the battles, and added: "The statements in the letter are
+known by very many officers of this army to be true, and I can not but
+think that the publication of the truth is less likely to do violence
+to individuals or to the service than the suppression of it." He
+states that justice to General Worth, who was evidently one of the
+persons pointed at in Orders No. 349, requires him [Duncan] to state
+that he [General Worth] knew nothing of the writer's purpose in
+writing the letter in question; that General Worth never saw it, and
+did not know, directly or indirectly, even the purport of one line,
+word, or syllable of it until he saw it in print; that this letter was
+not inspired by General Worth, but that both the "Tampico letter"--or
+rather the private letter to his friend which formed the basis of that
+letter--and this were written on his own responsibility.
+
+On November 14, 1847, General Scott acknowledged General Worth's
+letter of the 13th, and said: "The General Order No. 349 was, as is
+pretty clearly expressed on its face, meant to apply to the letter
+signed 'Leonidas' in a New Orleans paper, and to the summary of two
+letters given in the Washington Union and copied into a Tampico paper,
+to the authors, aiders, and abettors of those letters, be they who
+they may."
+
+It may be well questioned if an officer has a right to demand of his
+superior in command whether or not certain expressions used in written
+orders apply to him. If one officer could claim this privilege another
+also could, until every officer in the command had interrogated the
+commanding officer as to the intention of words used in general
+orders. To comment upon and disapprove or censure the official acts of
+his subordinates is not only a privilege of the commanding general,
+but an obligation, for the maintenance of discipline and the _morale_
+of the army.
+
+But any officer aggrieved by any censure or disapproval may demand a
+court of inquiry, which General Worth did in a letter dated November
+14, 1847, addressed to General Scott, in which he says: "I have the
+honor to receive your letter in reply, but not in answer to mine of
+yesterday, handed in this morning. The General Order is too clearly
+expressed on its face to admit of any doubt in regard to papers, and,
+in public military opinion, in regard to persons. The object of my
+letter, as I endeavored clearly to express, was to seek to know
+distinctly, and with a view to further measures to protect myself, if,
+as is supposed, I was one of the persons referred to. Regretting the
+necessity for intrusion, I am compelled again respectfully to solicit
+an answer to that question. I ask it as an act of simple justice,
+which it is hoped will not be denied."
+
+To this General Scott replied through his assistant adjutant general
+[H.L. Scott], November 14, 1847, "that he [General Scott] can not be
+more explicit than in his reply through me already given; that he has
+nothing to do with the suspicions of others, and has no positive
+information as to the authorship of the letters alluded to in General
+Orders No. 349. If he had valid information he would immediately
+prosecute the parties before a general court-martial."
+
+The correspondence on this subject was terminated by General Worth in
+the following letter:
+
+                            "HEADQUARTERS FIRST DIVISION,
+
+                                         "MEXICO, _November 14, 1847_.
+
+  "SIR: It is due to official courtesy and propriety that I
+  acknowledge your letter No. 2, in answer to mine of this date; and
+  in doing so, and in closing this correspondence with the
+  headquarters of the army, I beg permission to say, and with regret,
+  that I have received no satisfactory answer to the just and
+  rightful inquiries which I have addressed to the general in chief;
+  but inasmuch as I know myself to be deeply aggrieved and wronged, it
+  only remains to go by appeal, as I shall do through the prescribed
+  channels, to the constitutional commander in chief.
+
+  "The general in chief is pleased to say through you that he has
+  nothing to do with the suspicion of others, and that he has no
+  positive information as to authorship, etc., granted. But has not
+  the manner in which the general in chief has been pleased to treat
+  the case established--whether designedly or not remains to be
+  seen--an equivocal public sentiment on the subject? There are always
+  enough of that peculiar pestilential species who exist upon the
+  breath of authority to catch up the whisperings of fancy and infect
+  a whole military community. I do not design to be stifled under the
+  miasma of such, nor stricken down in my advanced age, without an
+  effort to convince my friends that I scorn to wear 'honor not
+  earned.'        Your obedient servant,
+
+                                 "W.J. WORTH, _Brevet Major General_."
+
+Following this, General Worth prepared the following communication,
+and sent it to army headquarters:
+
+                    "HEADQUARTERS FIRST DIVISION, _November 16, 1847_.
+
+  "_To the Honorable Secretary of War, Washington_:
+
+  "SIR: From the arbitrary and illegal conduct, the malice
+  and gross injustice, practiced by the general officer, commanding in
+  chief, this army, Major-General Winfield Scott, I appeal (as is my
+  right and privilege) to the constitutional commander in chief, the
+  President of the United States. I accuse Major-General Winfield
+  Scott of having acted in a manner unbecoming an officer and a
+  gentleman. He has availed himself of his position to publish by
+  authority to the army which he commands, and of the influence of his
+  station to give the highest effect to an order bearing date November
+  12, 1847, and numbered 349--official printed copy
+  herewith--calculated and designed to cast odium and disgrace upon
+  Brevet Major-General Worth; to bring that general officer into
+  disrepute with the army, to lessen, if not destroy, his just
+  influence and proper authority with those officers over whom he is
+  placed in command; that he has, without inquiry or investigation, in
+  the said order published to the army and the world, falsely charged
+  Brevet Major-General Worth with having written, or connived at the
+  writing, a certain letter published in the United States, and to
+  which he has been pleased to apply the epithet of 'scandalous,'
+  'malignant,' etc.; that he has made these statements to the world,
+  giving to them the sanction of his high authority and the influence
+  of his position, while he has had no information as to the
+  authorship of the letters in question; and when respectfully and
+  properly addressed upon the subject by the undersigned appellant, he
+  has declined to reply whether or not he intended to impute to Brevet
+  Major-General Worth conduct which he had characterized as
+  'scandalous,' 'malignant,' etc.; be pleased to refer to
+  correspondence herewith marked from A to E. I do not urge present
+  action on these accusations, because of their inconvenience to the
+  service in withdrawing many officers from their duties, but I do
+  humbly and respectfully invoke the President's examination into the
+  case, and such notice thereof and protection from arbitrary conduct
+  of said Major-General Scott as he may deem suitable.
+
+  "I have the honor to be, etc.,
+
+                                                  "W.J. WORTH,
+
+                         "_Brevet Major General, United States Army_."
+
+Upon receipt of the above communication at General Scott's
+headquarters, General Worth was placed under arrest and charged "with
+behaving with contempt and disrespect toward his commanding officer,"
+or words to that effect; and the specification to the charge was to
+the following effect: "Under pretext of appeal he charged his
+commanding officer to be actuated by malice toward him [Worth] and
+conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman."
+
+It must have been under a painful stress of duty that General Scott
+preferred charges against General Worth; they had been friends for
+over thirty years, and the latter had been aid-de-camp to the former.
+Worth was the first general officer ordered from General Taylor's army
+to report to General Scott on his arrival in Mexico.
+
+It was shown that General Pillow had given a written account of the
+battles of Contreras and Churubusco to the correspondent of a
+newspaper about August 25th, expressing a desire that it should go off
+with first impressions and form a part of the correspondent's letter.
+The general told the correspondent he had prepared it for him. The
+latter examined the paper submitted by the general, found it incorrect
+in many details, and did not send it as requested. When, however, the
+mail from New Orleans brought the newspaper with the "Leonidas
+letter," the correspondent compared the letter with the memorandum or
+statement given him by Pillow and pronounced them almost identical.
+
+The arrest of General Pillow was ordered. He was charged: 1. With a
+violation of a general regulation or standing order of the army. 2.
+With conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman.
+
+The specification to the first charge was, that he [Pillow] wrote or
+caused to be written an account of military operations between the
+United States forces and those of the Republic of Mexico, August 19,
+1847, in and about Contreras and Churubusco, in which operations said
+Pillow bore a part, and which account was designed by said Pillow and
+in due time, over the signature of "Leonidas," partially printed and
+published in the New Orleans Delta of September 10, 1847, and
+reprinted entire in the Bulletin and the Daily Picayune of the 15th
+and 16th of the same month, all this pending the campaign between the
+forces before mentioned. There were eight different specifications to
+the second charge, and under the first there were eight different
+items or headings. The specifications cover eleven printed pages.
+Their substance and effect was that General Pillow's account was not
+correct in the very many particulars specified.[B]
+
+Colonel Duncan was charged: 1. With violation of the 650th paragraph
+(revised), General Regulations of the Army; and the specification
+cited the "Tampico letter," which he confessed to have written. The
+second charge had relation solely to matters of fact set forth in the
+"Tampico letter."
+
+On January 13, 1848, the Secretary of War addressed a communication
+to General Scott in which he said: "The President has determined to
+relieve you from further duty as commanding general in Mexico. You are
+therefore ordered by him to turn over the command of the army to
+Major-General Butler, or, in his absence, to the officer highest in
+rank with the column under you, together with all instructions you
+have received in relation to your operations and duties as general in
+chief command, and all records and papers properly belonging or
+appertaining to general headquarters.
+
+
+[Footnote B: See Ex. Doc. No. 65, Thirtieth Congress, first session.]
+
+
+"Desirous to secure a full examination into all matters embraced in
+the several charges which you have presented against Major-General
+Pillow and Brevet Colonel Duncan, as well as the charges or grounds of
+complaint presented against you by Brevet Major-General Worth, and
+deeming your presence before the court of inquiry which has been
+organized to investigate these matters indispensably necessary for
+this purpose, you are directed by the President to attend the said
+court of inquiry wherever it may hold its sittings; and when your
+presence before or attendance upon the court shall no longer be
+required, and you are notified of that fact by the court, you will
+report in person at this department for further orders."
+
+General Scott while in Puebla had asked to be relieved from command of
+the army because of the want of sympathy and support of the home
+Government. He thought active operations would cease in November, and
+the passage through Vera Cruz would be safe by that date. The
+Secretary, in reply to this request of General Scott, said:
+
+"Regarding the inducement you have assigned for begging to be
+recalled as deserving to have very little influence on the question,
+it will be decided by the President with exclusive reference to the
+public good. When that shall render it proper in his opinion to
+withdraw you from your present command, his determination to do so
+will be made known to you."
+
+And further:
+
+"The perusal of these communications by the President has forced upon
+his mind the painful conviction that there exists a state of things at
+the headquarters of the army which is exceedingly detrimental to the
+public service, and imperiously calls upon him to interfere in such a
+way as will, he sincerely hopes, arrest and put an end to the
+dissensions and feuds which there prevail.... The documents show that
+General Worth felt deeply aggrieved by your General Order No. 349....
+With this view of the import and object of the order, his attempt by
+all proper means to remove from himself the ignominy of these
+imputations can not be regarded as an exceptionable course on his
+part. If he was actually aggrieved in this matter, or believed himself
+to be so, he had an unquestionable right to have the subject brought
+to the consideration of his and your common superior--the President.
+He prepared charges against you, for his letter of November 16th to
+the Secretary of War can be viewed in no other character, and
+endeavored to send them through you, the only channel he could use
+without violating established regulations to his common superior....
+General Worth having preferred charges against General Scott before
+the latter preferred charges against him, both law and natural justice
+require that the order of events should be pursued in such cases. The
+charges which he prefers against you should be first disposed of
+before proceedings can be instituted against him for malice in
+preferring charges, or for presenting such as he did know or believe
+to be well founded."
+
+The President was evidently laboring under a misapprehension in regard
+to the condition of affairs at the headquarters of the army.
+Everything was quiet, industry prevailed, and constant watchfulness
+for the comfort of the men of his command was being observed by the
+general in chief. The public interests under his charge received his
+constant care. No feuds were known to the army, and it was expected
+that if there was anything done by the President it would be to
+sustain the commanding general. At the time the order was issued
+relieving General Scott, both Generals Quitman and Shields were in
+Washington, but they were not consulted by the President or Secretary
+of War. General Quitman wrote from Washington to his aid, Lieutenant
+Christopher S. Lovell: "You are long since informed of the course the
+War Department has thought fit to pursue in relation to the
+difficulties between some of the generals. Though General Shields and
+myself were at Washington when the information came, we were not
+consulted."
+
+It was believed by a large number of persons both in and out of the
+army that considerations of public good had not in themselves caused
+the President to relieve General Scott from command of the army. It
+was well known that his political opinions were not in harmony with
+the Administration, while those of his successor were. There had been
+anything but that amenity which should exist between a commissioner
+to negotiate a treaty of peace and the commanding general. General
+Scott did not think that Mr. Trist treated him with the consideration
+his position required--rejecting all overtures on the part of the
+general. General Scott ascribes Trist's conduct to sickness, which is
+throwing the mantle of charity over a series of slights amounting
+almost to insults, which a general less solicitous for the cause he
+was engaged in, and less regardful of his country's good, would have
+resented in a manner that would have produced a crisis detrimental to
+the interests of the Government.
+
+General Scott, commander in chief, being the accuser, and Pillow,
+Worth, and Duncan the defendants, the duty devolved upon the President
+to appoint the court, which he did, composed of Brigadier-General
+Nathan Towson, paymaster general, Brigadier-General Caleb Cushing, and
+Brevet Colonel William G. Belknap, with Captain S.C. Ridgely, judge
+advocate and recorder.
+
+The court organized and adjourned to the City of Mexico, where it met
+March 16, 1848, all the members present, the judge advocate and
+recorder. General Pillow was also in attendance. No objection being
+made to any member of the court, they were duly sworn. General Scott
+then read a paper, from which the following extracts are made:
+
+"Having, in the maintenance of what I deemed necessary discipline,
+drawn up charges and specifications against three officers then under
+my command, I transmitted the papers November 28, 1847, to the
+Secretary of War, with a request in each case that the President,
+under the act of May 29, 1830, would appoint a general court-martial
+for the trial of the same. This court of inquiry is the result. I am
+stricken down from high command; one of the arrested generals is
+pre-acquitted and rewarded, and of the other parties, the judge and
+his prisoners, the accuser and the accused, the innocent and the
+guilty, with that strange exception, all thrown before you to scramble
+for justice as we may.
+
+"In the case of Major-General Pillow I preferred two charges: the
+first with one specification, respecting a prohibited publication in
+the newspapers of the United States, and the second embracing a great
+number of specifications.
+
+"Considering, Mr. President, that I asked for a general court-martial
+to try and definitely determine cases specifically defined and set
+out, and that this preliminary court has no power beyond the mere
+collection of facts and giving an inoperative opinion thereon;
+considering that, if we now proceed, the whole labor must be gone over
+again at least by the parties and witnesses; considering that the
+court will be obliged to adjourn to the United States in order to have
+the least hope of obtaining the testimony of these important
+witnesses, now retired to civil life, and therefore not compellable to
+attend a military court even at home, or to testify before a
+commission duly appointed by such courts, and the parties will not be
+able to leave this country for home without peril of life. Considering
+that there is a near prospect of peace between the United States and
+Mexico, which may be consummated in time to enable this whole army to
+return home at once in safety; considering immediately, on such
+consummation, that Major-General Pillow would, by express terms of the
+law under which he holds his commission, be out of the army, and
+therefore no longer amenable for his acts to any military tribunal;
+considering that, in preferring the charges against that officer, I
+was moved solely by the desire to preserve the discipline and honor of
+the army, not having even had the slightest personal quarrel or
+difficulty with him, and that the time had probably gone by for
+benefiting the service by a conviction and punishment--in view of
+these circumstances, I shall, Mr. President, decline prosecuting the
+charges and specifications against Major-General Pillow before this
+preliminary court, without its special orders, or further orders from
+the President of the United States."
+
+In total disregard of the charges preferred against General Worth by
+the commanding general, the President ordered him to be released from
+arrest and restored to his command. General Worth, considering that
+the President had done him "full and ample justice," withdrew his
+charges against General Scott; to which the latter said that he "felt
+strong in conscious rectitude, strong in all the means of defense,
+defied his accusers, and would not plead the letter withdrawing the
+accusations against him in bar of trial; that he challenged the writer
+of that letter to come forward and do his worst."
+
+Colonel Duncan having admitted that he had written the "Tampico
+letter," thus pleading guilty to violating the army regulations, and
+the President having ordered a court of inquiry and not a
+court-martial, General Scott declined to prosecute him before this
+court or a court-martial without express orders from the President.
+General Scott considered that it was not for him to attempt to uphold
+a regulation which the President had revived and then disregarded.
+While Colonel Duncan no doubt believed all he had written to be true,
+the evidence of Colonel H.L. Scott, assistant adjutant general of the
+army, Colonel Hitchcock, and Captain Lee shows that the direct attack,
+or that by Mexicalcingo, was never decided upon.
+
+General Scott was informed that the court of inquiry would probably
+adjourn to await further orders from the Government. To prevent this
+delay, he [Scott] consented to prosecute the case of General Pillow.
+With a probability of peace and the disbanding of the army, it was
+almost certain that there never would be a trial by court-martial
+should such a court be recommended.
+
+On March 21st the investigation before the court of inquiry commenced
+in the City of Mexico and continued until April 21st, when the court,
+as General Scott had predicted, adjourned to the United States for the
+purpose of obtaining further testimony, and reassembled in Frederick,
+Md., May 29, 1848. General Pillow did not appear until June 5th, when
+General Scott was also present. The latter had been detained by
+sickness, and General Pillow had stopped in Tennessee to visit his
+family.
+
+On July 1st General Scott submitted the following paper to the court,
+and withdrew the charges against Colonel Duncan:
+
+"The reason given for withdrawing the first charge was, that the
+President seemed indisposed to enforce the revised paragraph 650,
+which he had ordered to be published, and enjoined all to obey and
+enforce.
+
+"In regard to the second charge and specification, relating to
+matters of fact set forth in the 'Tampico letter,' and which Colonel
+Duncan had acknowledged over his own signature he had written, General
+Scott, believing that Colonel Duncan had fallen undesignedly into
+erroneous statements of fact in the letter, sent an officer to ask him
+if he was not ignorant, at the time of writing the letter,
+
+"1. That before the army left Pueblo for the valley his [Scott's] bias
+and expectation were that the army would be obliged to reach the
+enemy's capital by the left or south around Lakes Chalco and
+Xochimilco.
+
+"2. That after his headquarters were established at Ayotla, August
+11th, he [Scott] had shown equal solicitude to get additional
+information of that route, as well as that of Penon or Mexicalcingo.
+
+"3. That besides sending from Ayotla, August 12th, oral instructions
+to Brevet Major-General Worth to push further inquiries from Chalco as
+to the character of the southernmost route around the two lakes, he
+[Scott] had sent written instructions to General Worth to the same
+effect from his quarters at Ayotla.[C]
+
+
+[Footnote C: General Worth wrote to Colonel Duncan from Tacubaya,
+March 31, 1848: "General Scott evinced a disposition to gather
+information as respected this route (Chalco) on the 12th.... As I have
+said, General Scott directed me to send and examine the Chalco route,"
+etc.]
+
+
+"4. That while at Ayotla, from the 11th to the 15th of August, he
+[Scott] sent a Mexican from Ayotla, independent of General Worth, all
+around the village of Xochimilco to report to him [Scott] whether
+there had been any recent change in the route, either in the matter
+of fortifications or from overflowing of the lakes.
+
+"5. That in the evening of the 13th he [Scott] had ordered Captain
+Mason, of the engineers, to report to General Worth the next morning,
+to be employed in reconnoitering that same southern route, in which
+service he had already been anticipated by the reconnoitering party
+under himself--Colonel Duncan."
+
+The officer was authorized to say that if Colonel Duncan would state
+that he was ignorant of these facts, he would withdraw and abandon,
+upon his word, the second charge and specification.
+
+To this Colonel Duncan replied that he "believed the facts therein
+('Tampico letter') set forth to be substantially true, and still
+believed so; had no desire to detract directly or indirectly from the
+merits of any officer, and no one could regret more than himself if he
+had done so. If the statements of General Scott were facts, he learned
+them for the first time, and was ignorant of them when he wrote the
+'Tampico letter.'" General Scott's reply was that "ample evidence,
+both oral and written, was at hand to substantiate his averments in
+respect to the route around Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco." He then
+withdrew the second charge against Colonel Duncan.
+
+Following is the opinion of the court of inquiry in General Pillow's
+case:
+
+"On reviewing the whole case, it will be seen that the points on which
+the conduct of General Pillow has been disapproved by the court are
+his claiming in certain passages of the paper No. 1" (the letter he
+gave Mr. Freuner, correspondent of the New Orleans Delta, and which
+had been pronounced a twin brother to the "Leonidas letter"), "and in
+his official report of the battles of Contreras and Churubusco, a
+larger degree of participation in the merit of the movements
+appertaining to the battle of Contreras than is substantiated by the
+evidence, or he is entitled to, and also the language above quoted, in
+which that claim is referred to in the letter to General Scott.
+
+"But as the movements actually ordered by General Pillow at Contreras
+on the 19th were emphatically approved by General Scott at the time,
+and as the conduct of General Pillow in the brilliant series of
+military operations carried on to such triumphant issue by General
+Scott in the Valley of Mexico appears by the several official reports
+of the latter, and otherwise, to have been highly meritorious, from
+these and other considerations the court is of the opinion that no
+further proceedings against General Pillow in this case are called for
+by the interests of the public."
+
+On July 7, 1848, the President, through the Secretary of War, issued
+an order approving the findings of the court of inquiry, and adds:
+
+"The President, finding, on a careful review of the whole evidence,
+that there is nothing established to sustain the charge of 'a
+violation of the general regulation or standing order of the army,'
+nothing in the conduct of General Pillow, nor in his correspondence
+with the general in chief of the army, 'unbecoming an officer and a
+gentleman,' concurs with the court in their conclusion that 'no
+further proceedings against General Pillow in the case are called for
+by the interests of the public service,' and he accordingly directs
+that no further proceedings be had in the case."
+
+As has been seen, General Scott had defied his enemies, whoever they
+were, to do their worst. The charges against him were withdrawn, and
+the court only investigated the charges against General Pillow, with
+the result as given above. The court was then dissolved. It is
+probably fortunate for all the parties against whom General Scott had
+brought charges that a peace had been consummated, after a campaign in
+which all participants from the highest in rank to the private had
+borne such a brilliant part.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When General Scott arrived at Vera Cruz on his journey home he found
+several fast steamers in port, any one of which he could have taken
+passage in, but, with a consideration for the comfort of his men,
+which throughout his career he never failed to evince, he left them
+for the troops soon to embark, and taking a small sailing brig, loaded
+down with guns, mortars, and ordnance stores, started on his voyage to
+New York. On Sunday morning, May 20th, at daylight, the health officer
+boarded the brig, and the general landed and proceeded to Elizabeth,
+N.J., to join his family. He had the Mexican disease (diarrhoea)
+upon him, and required rest and good nursing. He was not long
+permitted to enjoy his much-needed repose, for deputations from New
+York tendered him one of the most magnificent civic and military
+receptions ever extended to any hero in this country up to that time.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+General Taylor nominated for the presidency--Thanks of Congress to
+Scott, and a gold medal voted--Movement to revive and confer upon
+Scott the brevet rank of lieutenant general--Scott's views as to the
+annexation of Canada--Candidate for President in 1852 and
+defeated--Scott's diplomatic mission to Canada in 1859--Mutterings of
+civil war--Letters and notes to President Buchanan--Arrives
+in Washington, December 12, 1861--Note to the Secretary of
+War--"Wayward sisters" letter--Events preceding inauguration of Mr.
+Lincoln--Preparation for the defense of Washington--Scott's
+loyalty--Battle of Bull Run--Scott and McClellan--Free navigation of
+the Mississippi River--Retirement of General Scott and affecting
+incidents connected therewith--Message of President Lincoln--McClellan
+on Scott--Mount Vernon--Scott sails for Europe--Anecdote of the day
+preceding the battle of Chippewa--The Confederate cruiser
+Nashville--Incident between Scott and Grant--Soldiers' Home--Last days
+of Scott--His opinion of noncombatants.
+
+
+General Taylor had been nominated by the Whigs as their candidate for
+President, and at the instance of General Scott he [Scott] was put in
+command of the Eastern Department and the former the Western
+Department. This was considered a compliment to General Taylor. March
+9, 1848, the following joint resolution, unanimously passed by
+Congress, was approved by the President:
+
+"1. That the thanks of Congress be and they are hereby presented to
+Winfield Scott, major general commanding in chief the army in Mexico,
+and through him to the officers and men of the regular and volunteer
+corps under him, for their uniform gallantry and good conduct,
+conspicuously displayed at the siege and capture of the city of Vera
+Cruz and castle of San Juan de Ulloa, March 29, 1847; and in the
+successive battles of Cerro Gordo, April 18th; Contreras, San Antonio,
+and Churubusco, August 19th and 20th; and for the victories achieved
+in front of the City of Mexico, September 8th, 11th, 12th, and 13th,
+and the capture of the metropolis, September 14, 1847, in which the
+Mexican troops, greatly superior in numbers and with every advantage
+of position, were in every conflict signally defeated by the American
+arms.
+
+"2. That the President of the United States be and he is hereby
+requested to cause to be struck a gold medal with devices emblematical
+of the series of brilliant victories achieved by the army, and
+presented to Major-General Winfield Scott, as a testimony of the high
+sense entertained by Congress of his valor, skill, and judicious
+conduct in the memorable campaign of 1847.
+
+"3. That the President of the United States be requested to cause the
+foregoing resolutions to be communicated to Major-General Scott in
+such terms as he may deem best calculated to give effect to the
+objects thereof."
+
+On February 24, 1849, a joint resolution was offered in the United
+States Senate to confer upon General Scott the brevet rank of
+lieutenant general, which went only to its second reading, an
+objection being interposed to a third reading and passage of the
+resolution. On July 29, 1850, Mr. Jere Clemens, of Alabama, submitted
+a resolution instructing the Committee on Military Affairs to inquire
+into the expediency of conferring by law the brevet rank of lieutenant
+general on Major-General Scott, "with such additional pay and
+allowances as might be deemed proper, in consideration of the
+distinguished services rendered to the republic by that officer during
+the late war with Mexico." The resolution was eight days after
+referred to the Committee on Military Affairs.
+
+On September 30, 1850, Senator Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi,
+Chairman of the Military Committee, reported a resolution requesting
+the President to refer to a board of officers, to be designated by
+him, the following questions:
+
+"Is it expedient or necessary to provide for additional grades of
+commissioned officers in the army of the United States; and, if so,
+what grades, in addition to the present organization, should be
+created?"
+
+Mr. Davis's opposition to conferring the brevet rank of lieutenant
+general upon General Scott was well known at the time. In pursuance of
+this request by the Senate, the following officers were appointed on
+the board: Generals Jesup, president, Wool, Gibson, Totten, Talcott,
+Hitchcock, and Colonel Crane. The unanimous report was:
+
+"Under the first inquiry referred to it, the board is of opinion that
+it is expedient to create by law for the army the additional grade of
+lieutenant general, and that when, in the opinion of the President and
+Senate, it shall be deemed proper to acknowledge eminent services of
+officers of the army, and in the mode already provided for in
+subordinate grades, it is expedient and proper that the grade of
+lieutenant general may be conferred by brevet."
+
+Several efforts were subsequently made to pass joint resolutions
+similar in purport to those quoted and referred to, but it was not
+until 1852 that the joint resolution was passed creating the brevet
+rank of lieutenant general, and General Scott succeeded to that
+dignity in the army. The law did not in terms carry with it the pay
+and emoluments of the brevet rank, and Mr. Davis, who had become
+Secretary of War under President Pierce, referred the question to the
+Attorney-General, Mr. Caleb Cushing; but before that officer rendered
+an opinion Congress inserted a declaratory provision in the military
+appropriation bill, which, becoming a law, gave the pay proper and all
+that went with it to a veteran who had by his services well earned it.
+General Scott was thenceforward until he died the second officer of
+the American army (General Washington being the first) who held the
+office of lieutenant general.
+
+After the inauguration of General Taylor as President, General Scott,
+between whom and the President there was no very good feeling,
+continued his headquarters in New York; but when President Fillmore
+succeeded, in 1850, he removed to Washington, and continued to reside
+in the latter city until the accession of President Pierce, when, by
+General Scott's request, there was another change back to New York,
+where until 1861--with the exception of ten months of hard duty--he
+remained and maintained headquarters of the army.
+
+In 1849 there were evidences of discontent which almost assumed the
+attitude of threats in the Canadas growing out of political agitation,
+and General Scott was interrogated on the question of the advisability
+of annexation by John C. Hamilton, Esq., of New York. General Scott
+replied from West Point, June 29, 1849, in which he expressed the
+opinion that the news from the British Parliament would increase the
+discontent of the Canadas, and that those discontents might in a few
+years lead to a separation of the Canadas, New Brunswick, etc., from
+England. He thought that, instead of those provinces forming
+themselves into an independent nation, they would seek a connection
+with our Union, and that thereby the interests of both sides would be
+promoted, the provinces coming into the Union on equal terms with the
+States. This would secure the free navigation of the St. Lawrence
+River, which would be of immense importance to at least one third of
+our population, and of great value to the remainder. Although opposed
+to incorporating with us any district densely populated with the
+_Mexican_ race, he would be most happy to fraternize with our Northern
+and Northeastern neighbors.
+
+In 1852 General Scott became a candidate a second time for the
+presidency, having been nominated by the Whig Convention that met at
+Baltimore in June of that year, his competitors being Mr. Webster, and
+Mr. Fillmore, who succeeded President Taylor. William A. Graham, Mr.
+Fillmore's Secretary of the Navy, was put on the ticket for
+Vice-President. General Franklin Pierce and William R. King, a Senator
+from Alabama, were respectively put forward for President and
+Vice-President by the Democrats. The campaign was a heated one. The
+Democratic orators, however, on all occasions accorded to the Whig
+candidate that meed of praise for his gallantry as an army officer and
+commander to which his services to the country had entitled him, and
+accorded with the universal sentiment that his services to the
+country had been of inestimable benefit and shed ineffaceable luster
+on the American arms in the wars since 1800; but still, being in all
+essentials but a military man, it was contended he was not fit to be
+intrusted with the exalted office of President. These speakers had
+doubtless never read, or had forgotten, the orders published by
+General Scott upon his capturing the City of Mexico, which show a
+wonderful insight into civil as well as military command. It was left
+to the lower portion of the opposition to indulge in caricature, and
+garbled and distorted paragraphs in reports and published letters,
+such as a "hasty plate of soup" already mentioned, and his reference
+to "a fire in the rear," which had reference to the weak sympathy and
+support he had experienced from the Administration during the war with
+Mexico. The Democratic candidate was overwhelmingly elected, only four
+States--Massachusetts, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee--casting their
+votes for Scott. In his autobiography General Scott thanks God for his
+political defeats. It detracted none from his reputation that the
+people chose some one else for the chief Executive.
+
+The expedition set on foot in 1857 to bring the hostile Mormons to
+terms met with General Scott's censure, and he made no concealment of
+his belief that it was a scheme got up for the benefit of army
+contractors, whose peculations would involve the country in great
+expense. It is true the cost in hardship and privation to the army, as
+well as the money involved, was very great, but the results were very
+beneficial. During the late civil war the inhabitants of Utah had it
+in their power to greatly embarrass the Federal Government, but they
+did not, as a people, commit one disloyal act. At the time of the
+expedition they had put themselves in such defiance of the Federal
+Government that it was necessary that strong measures should be
+resorted to, and the result was as has been stated.
+
+In 1859 General Scott was again called upon to exercise his powers as
+a diplomat. Commissioners were at that time engaged in running the
+boundary line between the British possessions and the United States.
+Differences sprang up as to which of the two countries the San Juan
+Island in Puget Sound belonged to. This question should have been
+referred to the two Governments for amicable settlement. General
+Harvey, an impetuous officer then in command of the United States
+forces in that country, took forcible possession of the island,
+endangering the friendly relations between the two countries. The
+situation was critical, but President Buchanan requested General Scott
+to go to the scene of operations and settle the matter without
+conflict, if possible. The general had recently been crippled from a
+fall, but, suffering as he was, he sailed September 20, 1859, from New
+York in the Star of the West for Panama, and thence to his
+destination. The British governor was at Victoria. The few friendly
+notes that passed between General Scott and the governor restored the
+island to its former condition, the joint possession of both parties,
+and thus averting what might have led to great and serious
+complications.
+
+Nothing of particular public importance attracted the attention of the
+general until the mutterings of civil war gave utterance to sound.
+That he knew the feeling and determination of the Southern people
+better than those in high authority is shown by his suggestions to
+prevent, if possible, the secession of the Southern States. He was a
+native of Virginia, and every effort was made by persuasion to induce
+him to link his fortunes with his State, but without avail. Even his
+old friends--the friends of his early youth and manhood, to say
+nothing of those of maturer years--brought to bear upon him every
+argument to swerve him, but to no purpose. He remained true to the
+Government he had served and that had honored him, and if his
+suggestion had been carried out, the war would not perhaps have
+attained the proportions it did.
+
+On October 29, 1860, General Scott addressed the following note to the
+President [Buchanan]: "The excitement that threatens secession is
+caused by the near approach of a Republican's election to the
+presidency. From a sense of propriety as a soldier, I have taken no
+part in the pending canvass, and, as always heretofore, mean to stay
+away from the polls. My sympathies, however, are with the Bell and
+Everett ticket. With Mr. Lincoln I have no communication whatever,
+direct or indirect, and have no recollection of ever having seen his
+person; but can not believe any unconstitutional violence or breach of
+law is to be apprehended from his administration of the Federal
+Government.
+
+"From a knowledge of our Southern population, it is my solemn
+conviction that there is some danger of an early act of secession,
+viz.: The seizure of some or all of the following posts: Forts Jackson
+and St. Philip, on the Mississippi below New Orleans, both without
+garrisons; Fort Morgan, below Mobile, without garrison; Forts Pickens
+and McKee, Pensacola Harbor, with an insufficient garrison for one;
+Fort Pulaski, below Savannah, without a garrison; Forts Moultrie and
+Sumter, Charleston Harbor, the former with an insufficient garrison
+and the latter without any; and Fort Monroe, Hampton Roads, without a
+sufficient garrison. In my opinion, all these works should be
+immediately so garrisoned as to make any attempt to take any one of
+them by surprise or _coup de main_ ridiculous.
+
+"With the army faithful to its allegiance and the navy probably
+equally so, and a Federal Executive for the next twelve months of
+firmness and moderation, which the whole country has a right to
+expect--_moderation_ being an element of power not less than
+_firmness_--there is good reason to hope that the danger of secession
+may be made to pass away without one conflict of arms, one execution,
+or one arrest for treason. In the meantime it is suggested that
+exports might be left perfectly free, and, to avoid conflicts, all
+duties on imports be collected outside of the cities in forts or ships
+of war."
+
+Again, October 31st, the general suggested to the Secretary of War
+that a circular should be sent at once to such of those forts as had
+garrisons to be on the alert against surprises and sudden assaults;
+but no notice seems to have been taken of the judicious and wise
+suggestion.
+
+On December 12th General Scott arrived in Washington. He had been
+confined to his bed for a long time and was physically very much
+depleted. He again personally urged upon the Secretary of War the
+views expressed in his note from West Point of October 29th as to
+strengthening the forts in Charleston Harbor, Pensacola, Mobile, and
+the Mississippi River below New Orleans. The Secretary did not concur
+in these views. Finally General Scott called on the President, on
+December 15th, in company with the Secretary, and urged upon the chief
+Executive the importance of re-enforcing the forts mentioned; but no
+action was taken. After the Secretary of War [Floyd] had resigned his
+position in the Cabinet he was given a reception in Richmond, which
+called out the remark from the Examiner, of that city, that if the
+plan invented by General Scott to stop secession had been carried out,
+and the arsenals and forts put in the condition he wanted them to be,
+"the Southern Confederacy would not now exist."
+
+On December 28th he wrote a note to the Secretary expressing the hope:
+1. That orders may not be given for the evacuation of Fort Sumter
+[this was after Major Anderson had withdrawn his forces from Fort
+Moultrie and concentrated at Sumter]. 2. That one hundred and fifty
+recruits may be instantly sent from Governor's Island to re-enforce
+that garrison, with ample supplies of ammunition and subsistence,
+including fresh vegetables, as potatoes, onions, turnips, etc. 3. That
+one or two armed vessels be sent to support the said fort. In the same
+communication he calls the Secretary's attention to Forts Jefferson
+(Tortugas) and Taylor (Key West). On December 30th he addressed the
+President and asked permission, "without reference to the War
+Department, and otherwise as secretly as possible, to send two hundred
+and fifty recruits from New York Harbor to re-enforce Fort Sumter,
+together with some extra muskets or rifles, ammunition, and
+subsistence," and asked that a sloop of war and cutter might be
+ordered for the same purpose as early as the next day. The documents
+show that from General Scott's first note, referred to and quoted
+herein, down to the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln, he was persistent in
+his efforts to have the Southern forts, or as many of them as the
+means at hand would permit, re-enforced and garrisoned against
+surprise and capture; but little heed was paid to his importunities.
+
+On the day before the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln General Scott
+addressed William H. Seward, who, it was known, would become Secretary
+of State in Lincoln's Cabinet, what is called the "Wayward sisters"
+letter, and which is quoted in full:
+
+                                         "WASHINGTON, _March 3, 1861_.
+
+  "DEAR SIR: Hoping that in a day or two the new President
+  will have happily passed through all personal dangers and find
+  himself installed an honored successor of the great Washington, with
+  you as the chief of his Cabinet, I beg leave to repeat in writing
+  what I have before said to you orally, this supplement to my printed
+  'Views' (dated in October last) on the highly disordered condition
+  of our (so late) happy and glorious Union.
+
+  "To meet the extraordinary exigencies of the times, it seems to me
+  that I am guilty of no arrogance in limiting the President's field
+  of selection to one of the four plans of procedure subjoined:
+
+  "I. Throw off the old and assume the new designation, the Union
+  party; adopt the conciliatory measures proposed by Mr. Crittenden or
+  the Peace Convention, and my life upon it, we shall have no new case
+  of secession; but, on the contrary, an early return of many, if not
+  of all, the States which have already broken off from the Union.
+  Without some equally benign measure the remaining slaveholding
+  States will probably join the Montgomery Confederacy in less than
+  sixty days, when this city, being included in a foreign country,
+  would require a permanent garrison of at least thirty-five thousand
+  troops to protect the Government within it.
+
+  "II. Collect the duties on foreign goods outside the ports of which
+  the Government has lost the command, or close such ports by act of
+  Congress and blockade them.
+
+  "III. Conquer the seceded States by invading armies. No doubt this
+  might be done in two or three years by a young and able general--a
+  Wolfe, a Desaix, a Hoche--with three hundred thousand disciplined
+  men, estimating a third for garrisons and the loss of a yet greater
+  number by skirmishes, sieges, battles, and Southern fevers. The
+  destruction of life and property on the other side would be
+  frightful, however perfect the moral discipline of the invaders.
+
+  "The conquest completed at the enormous waste of human life to the
+  North and Northwest, with at least $250,000,000 added thereto, and
+  _cui bono_? Fifteen devastated provinces! not to be brought into
+  harmony with their conquerors, but to be held for generations by
+  heavy garrisons at an expense quadruple the net duties or taxes,
+  which it would be possible to extort from them, followed by a
+  protector or emperor.
+
+  "IV. Say to the seceded States: 'Wayward sisters, depart in peace.'
+
+  "In haste, I remain very truly yours,
+
+                                                "WINFIELD SCOTT."
+
+The two months preceding the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln were fraught
+with great responsibility to General Scott. He had moved his
+headquarters to Washington, as he thought, temporarily; but from the
+threatening aspect of the political troubles it soon became apparent
+that his stay there would be, if not permanent, prolonged a greater
+length of time than was at first expected. As March 4th approached,
+rumors thick and fast filled the atmosphere of attempts to resist Mr.
+Lincoln's taking the oath. It was said that bodies of men were
+drilling in Maryland, Virginia, and even in the District of Columbia,
+for that purpose. There is no doubt men were being put through
+military exercise within a few miles of the capital, which was known
+at the War Department; but if the object was violence of any kind it
+never developed. Great apprehension was felt, and not without reason,
+for the general's daily mail contained letters--mostly anonymous, a
+few signed doubtless with fictitious names--threatening him and Mr.
+Lincoln with assassination if the latter should attempt to be
+inaugurated. Some idea of the difficulty may be gathered when it is
+known that the militia of the District was but poorly equipped either
+in officers or otherwise to cope successfully with the situation
+should an outbreak or invasion of armed men from Maryland or Virginia
+be attempted. The military force of the District showed large _on
+paper_, but the actual force consisted of two or three companies
+tolerably well drilled. In this emergency Captain (afterward
+Brigadier-General) Charles P. Stone, a graduate from West Point,
+offered his services, which were accepted, and about January 1, 1861,
+he was mustered into the United States service as colonel and
+inspector general of the militia of the District of Columbia, and
+assigned to the command of the District, with authority to organize
+volunteers. Some members of the companies already in existence left
+the ranks, but Colonel Stone soon succeeded in organizing a small
+compact force with those that remained loyal, and a number of
+recruits, which did good service. In addition to these, a light
+battery, under Captain John B. Magruder, First Artillery; Captain
+(afterward General) William Farquhar, Barry's Battery of the Second
+Artillery; and a battery made up at West Point and commanded by
+Captain (afterward General) Charles Griffin, arrived. With these, some
+infantry ordered from distant points, and the District militia, which
+had been very much increased in numbers, General Scott had about three
+thousand men under his command for the defense of Washington, the
+preservation of order, and to guard the approaches to the city. It is
+but due to the citizens of Washington to state that, when trouble was
+apprehended and an intimation went out that there was a possibility of
+trouble, they came in great numbers to offer their services in defense
+of their city and the Government. Companies were organized, and
+persons in all positions and callings, from the highest in social life
+to the humblest resident, were not backward in asserting their
+allegiance and giving proof of it by entering the ranks. By marching
+and maneuvering the men on the streets frequently they made the
+impression that a greater force was present than really was.
+
+Many efforts were made to induce General Scott to resign, but he never
+once wavered in his devotion to the Union. On one occasion Judge
+Robertson, a small, thin, but venerable-looking man, who had filled
+the office of chancellor in Virginia and was a man of high character
+and standing, came to Washington with two other Virginia gentlemen to
+offer Scott the command of the Army of Virginia if he would abandon
+the United States service and go with his State. The general listened
+in silence as Robertson feelingly recalled the days when they were
+schoolboys together, and then spoke of the warm attachment
+Virginians always cherished for their State, and of their boasted
+allegiance to it above all other political ties. But when he began to
+unfold his offer of a commission, General Scott stopped him,
+exclaiming: "Friend Robertson, go no further. It is best that we part
+here before you compel me to resent a mortal insult!" It is needless
+to say that this ended the interview, and Judge Robertson and his
+companions departed, looking and doubtless feeling very much
+discomfited. No man stood higher in the esteem of the people of
+Virginia than Judge Robertson, and it is not probable that he and his
+friends would have taken it upon themselves to make the offer they did
+upon a contingency. If, however, they had any authority to act on the
+part of the Commonwealth of Virginia, no act of the Convention to that
+effect can be discovered.
+
+Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, a Senator from Illinois and one of the
+unsuccessful candidates for the presidency in 1860, made a speech in
+Ohio early in 1861, in which, in alluding to a question that had been
+asked, or rather suggested, as to General Scott's loyalty to the
+Government, said: "Why, it is almost profanity to ask such a question.
+I saw him only last Saturday. He was at his desk, pen in hand,
+writing his orders for the defense and safety of the American
+capital."
+
+On April 30, 1861, Alexander Henry, Horace Binney, William M.
+Meredith, a former Secretary of the Treasury, and others of
+Philadelphia, addressed a letter to General Scott, in which they said:
+"At a time like this, when Americans distinguished by the favor of
+their country, intrenched in power, and otherwise high in influence
+and station, civil and military, are renouncing their allegiance to
+the flag they have sworn to support, it is an inexpressible source of
+consolation and pride to us to know that the general in chief of the
+army remains like an impregnable fortress at the post of duty and
+glory, and that he will continue to the last to uphold that flag, and
+defend it, if necessary, with his sword, even if his native State
+should assail it."
+
+The Charleston (South Carolina) Mercury of April 22, 1861, contained
+the following statement: "A positive announcement was made at
+Montgomery, Ala." (then the capital of the Southern Confederacy),
+"that General Scott had resigned his position in the army of the
+United States and tendered his sword to his native State--Virginia. At
+Mobile one hundred guns were fired in honor of his resignation." This
+shows in some measure the high estimation in which General Scott's
+influence was held throughout the South.
+
+The ceremonies of the inauguration passed off without incident. There
+was no attempt to prevent it, or any show of violence. Apprehension
+was shown in every countenance. General Scott rode in front of the
+President's carriage with the company of Sappers and Miners from West
+Point, commanded by Captain (afterward General) James Chatham Duane,
+of the engineers. During the ceremonies the general, in order to be
+more free in case of emergency, remained outside the Capitol square
+(which was at that time surrounded by a strong iron fence) with the
+batteries. The precautions thus taken were, like all of General
+Scott's plans, wise, and possibly saved the city from one of those
+scenes incident to the French Revolution, and, it may be, saved the
+country. At the conclusion of the ceremonies the march back to the
+White House was made, and Mr. Lincoln was President of the United
+States.
+
+From long association in military and private life a warm personal
+friendship had existed between General Scott and General Robert E.
+Lee. At the outbreak of the war the latter, then a colonel in the
+army, was at his residence, Arlington, near Washington, in Virginia,
+on leave of absence. General Scott sent for him, and after an
+interview Lee tendered his resignation, which was accepted, and he
+entered the service of his own State as major general of State troops,
+and subsequently became commanding general of the armies of the
+Confederate States.
+
+Soon after this, and when it was apparent that war would come, General
+Scott's first care was to provide for the safety of the city, the
+Capitol, and public buildings. He caused large quantities of army
+supplies, flour, provisions, etc., to be stored in the Capitol
+building, and quartered companies in the public buildings with stores
+and ammunition. A signal was agreed upon at sound of which the troops
+could assemble. These companies were all put under command of regular
+officers. There was a company of citizens from different States
+organized, and quartered at night at the President's house, under
+command of General Cassius M. Clay, of Kentucky. By the action of the
+seceded States the war was commenced by firing on the steamer Star of
+the West, January 13, 1861, in an effort to re-enforce Fort Sumter,
+Charleston Harbor, and subsequently bombarding that fort April 12,
+1861. On April 15th the President issued his proclamation calling on
+the governors of the States for seventy-five thousand volunteers for
+three months. Troops soon began to assemble at the national capital.
+The first to arrive was the famous New York Seventh Regiment. There
+was also a Massachusetts and Rhode Island regiment present, when, on
+April 26th, General Orders No. 4 were issued from Headquarters of the
+army at Washington. It was as follows:
+
+"I. From the known assemblage near this city of numerous hostile
+bodies of troops, it is evident that an attack upon it may be soon
+expected. In such an event, to meet and repel the enemy, it is
+necessary that some plan of harmonious co-operation should be adopted
+on the part of all the forces, regular and volunteer, present for the
+defense of the capital--that is, for the defense of the Government,
+the peaceable inhabitants of the city, their property, the public
+buildings and public archives.
+
+"II. At the first moment of attack every regiment, battalion,
+squadron, and independent company will promptly assemble at its
+established rendezvous (in or out of the public buildings), ready for
+battle and wait for orders.
+
+"III. The pickets (or advance guards) will stand fast until driven in
+by overwhelming forces; but it is expected that those stationed to
+defend the bridges, having every advantage of position, will not give
+way till actually pushed by the bayonet. Such obstinacy on the part of
+pickets so stationed is absolutely necessary, to give time for the
+troops in the rear to assemble at their places of rendezvous.
+
+"IV. All advance guards and pickets driven in will fall back slowly,
+to delay the advance of the enemy as much as possible, before
+repairing to their proper rendezvous.
+
+"V. On the happening of an attack, the troops lodged in the public
+buildings and in the navy yard will remain for their defense
+respectively, unless specially ordered elsewhere, with the exception
+that the Seventh New York Regiment and Massachusetts regiment will
+march rapidly toward the President's Square for its defense; and the
+Rhode Island regiment (in the Department of the Interior), when full,
+will make a diversion by detachment, to assist in the defense of the
+General Post-Office Building, if necessary."
+
+From this time on General Scott, old and infirm, suffering from wounds
+received in early service and from accidents which befell him in
+maturer life, continued, from his bed or couch on which he was
+compelled often to recline, to direct the movements and disposition of
+the troops and provide for the defense of the city. The pressure for
+an onward movement of the army was such that it could not be
+withstood. Brigadier-General Irvin McDowell, who had served several
+years on General Scott's staff, was assigned to command the forward
+movement. He prepared his plans carefully, under the advice and
+direction of General Scott, which involved a possible battle. These
+plans were frequently gone over with General Scott, and finally
+submitted to and approved by the President at the White House, his
+Cabinet, General Scott and staffs, and others, of whom General John C.
+Fremont was one. The result of the advance is well known. The Union
+troops were driven back in great disorder; confusion reigned in
+Washington, and grave apprehensions were felt as to the safety of the
+city if the Confederates should follow up their advantage. The battle
+of Bull Run was fought July 21, 1861. On the day following a telegram
+was sent to General George B. McClellan, then at Beverly, Virginia,
+directing him to turn over his command to General William S. Rosecrans
+and come to Washington. In the meantime, however, General Scott had
+taken measures to gather the straggling officers and men from the
+streets and place them in quarters, that discipline might be again
+asserted and maintained. Upon the arrival of McClellan the work of
+reorganizing the army was intrusted to him, and he was put in command
+of the Army of the Potomac. He was not General Scott's first choice
+for that command, the latter preferring General Henry W. Halleck, then
+on his way from California to Washington, for that responsible
+position. When McClellan took command he at once commenced making his
+reports directly to the Secretary of War, instead of through the
+lieutenant general. This was resented by the commander in chief, who,
+September 16, 1861, issued General Orders No. 17 by way of admonition,
+in which he said: "It is highly important that junior officers on duty
+be not permitted to correspond with the general in chief, or other
+commander, on current official business, except through intermediate
+commanders; and the same rule applies to correspondence with the
+President direct, or with him through the Secretary of War, unless it
+be by special invitation or request of the President." This gentle
+reminder of his duty to his superior officer did not have the desired
+effect, and so, on October 4th, General Scott addressed a letter to
+Hon. Simon Cameron, wherein he quotes his General Orders No. 17, in
+which he says: "I hailed the arrival here of Major-General McClellan
+as an event of happy consequence to the country and to the army.
+Indeed, if I did not call for him, I heartily approved of the
+suggestion, and gave it the most cordial support. He, however, had
+hardly entered upon his new duties when, encouraged to communicate
+directly with the President and certain members of the Cabinet, he in
+a few days forgot that he had any intermediate commander, and has now
+long prided himself in treating me with uniform neglect, running into
+disobedience of orders of the smaller matters--neglects, though in
+themselves grave military offenses." He complains that General
+McClellan, with the General Orders No. 17 fresh in his mind, had
+addressed several orders to the President and Secretary of War over
+his [Scott's] head. On the same day of the issuance of General Orders
+No. 17 General Scott addressed a letter to McClellan directing that
+officer to report to the commanding general the position, state, and
+number of troops under him by divisions, brigades, and independent
+regiments or detachments, which general report should be followed by
+reports of new troops as they arrived, with all the material changes
+which might take place in the Army of the Potomac. Eighteen days had
+elapsed between his letter to McClellan and his communication to the
+Secretary of War, and no response had been received. He says:
+"Perhaps he will say in respect to the latter that it has been
+difficult for him to procure the exact returns of divisions and
+brigades. But why not have given me the proximate returns, such as he
+so eagerly furnished the President and certain secretaries? Has, then,
+a senior no corrective power over a junior officer in case of such
+persistent neglect and disobedience?" He remarks that arrest and trial
+by court-martial would soon cure the evil, but feared a conflict of
+authority over the head of the army would be highly encouraging to the
+enemies and depressing to the friends of the Union, and concludes:
+"Hence my long forbearance; and continuing, though but nominally, on
+duty, I shall try to hold out till the arrival of Major-General
+Halleck, when, as his presence will give me increased confidence in
+the safety of the Union, and being, as I am, unable to ride in the
+saddle, or to walk, by reason of dropsy in my feet and legs and
+paralysis in the small of my back, I shall definitely retire from the
+command of the army." Thus the crippled, illustrious old hero asserted
+his power and authority to command the respect of his subordinates to
+the last. Owing, as has been seen, to his physical condition, it was
+not possible for General Scott to take active command of the army. In
+fact, but comparatively few of the army assembled here had ever seen
+him, and they only when they were passing in review.
+
+The defense of Washington and the organization of the army for that
+purpose and aggressive movements from that point did not alone command
+the attention of General Scott. He was solicitous about the free and
+uninterrupted navigation of the Mississippi River, and to prevent
+obstructions by the Confederates, or to remove any that might have
+been placed on shore or in the water, he addressed a confidential
+letter to General McClellan, then commanding in the West, dated May 3,
+1861, in which he informed that general that the Government was to
+call for twenty-five thousand additional regulars, and sixty thousand
+volunteers to serve for two years.
+
+An act of Congress approved March 3, 1861, provided:
+
+SECTION 15. "That any commissioned officer of the army, or of
+the marine corps, who shall have served as such for forty consecutive
+years, may, upon his own application to the President of the United
+States, be placed upon the list of retired officers, with the pay and
+allowances allowed by this act.
+
+SECTION 16.... "_Provided_, That should the lieutenant
+general be retired under this act, it shall be without reduction in
+his current pay, subsistence, and allowances."
+
+On October 31, 1861, General Scott addressed Hon. Simon Cameron,
+Secretary of War, the following communication:
+
+  "SIR: For more than three years I have been unable, from a
+  hurt, to mount a horse or to walk more than a few paces at a time,
+  and that with much pain. Other and new infirmities--dropsy and
+  vertigo--admonish me that repose of mind and body, with the
+  appliances of surgery and medicine, are necessary to add a little
+  more to a life already protracted much beyond the usual space of
+  man. It is under such circumstances, made doubly painful by the
+  unnatural and unjust rebellion now raging in the Southern States of
+  our lately prosperous and happy Union, that I am compelled to
+  request that my name be placed on the list of army officers retired
+  from active service. As this request is founded on an absolute
+  right, granted by a recent act of Congress, I am at liberty to say
+  that it is with deep regret that I withdraw myself in these
+  momentous times from the orders of a President who has treated me
+  with much distinguished kindness and courtesy, whom I know upon much
+  personal intercourse to be patriotic, without sectional prejudices;
+  to be highly conscientious in the performance of every duty, and of
+  unrivaled activity and perseverance; and to you, Mr. Secretary, whom
+  I now officially address for the last time, I beg to acknowledge my
+  many obligations for the uniform high consideration I have received
+  at your hands, and I have the honor to remain, sir, with the highest
+  respect, etc."
+
+The following day, November 1st, a special meeting of the Cabinet was
+convened, and it was decided that the request, under the circumstances
+set forth in the letter, should be complied with. At four o'clock of
+that day the President and his Cabinet proceeded to the residence of
+General Scott. The scene is well described by General Edward Davis
+Townsend, a member of the general's staff, who was an eye-witness, and
+who says: "Being seated, the President read to the general the
+following order:
+
+  "'On the 1st day of November, A.D. 1861, upon his own
+  application to the President of the United States, Brevet
+  Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott is ordered to be placed upon the
+  list of retired officers of the Army of the United States, without
+  reduction in his current pay, subsistence, or allowance. The
+  American people will hear with sadness and deep emotion that General
+  Scott has withdrawn from the active control of the army, while the
+  President and unanimous Cabinet express their own and the nation's
+  sympathy in his personal affliction, and their profound sense of the
+  important public services rendered by him to his country during his
+  long and brilliant career, among which will be gratefully
+  distinguished his faithful devotion to the Constitution, the Union,
+  and the flag when assailed by parricidal rebellion.
+
+                                                    "ABRAHAM LINCOLN.'
+
+"General Scott thereupon arose and addressed the Cabinet, who had also
+risen, as follows:
+
+"'President, this honor overwhelms me. It overpays all the services I
+have attempted to render my country. If I had any claims before, they
+are all obliterated by this expression of approval by the President,
+with the remaining support of the Cabinet. I know the President and
+his Cabinet well. I know that the country has placed its interests in
+this trying crisis in safe keeping. Their counsels are wise, their
+labors as untiring as they are loyal, and their course is the right
+one.
+
+"'President, you must excuse me. I am unable to stand longer to give
+utterance to the feelings of gratitude which oppress me. In my
+retirement I shall offer up my prayers to God for this Administration
+and for my country. I shall pray for it with confidence in its success
+over all enemies, and that speedily.'
+
+"The President then took leave of General Scott, giving him his hand,
+and saying that he hoped soon to write him a private letter expressive
+of his gratitude and affection.... Each member of the Administration
+then gave his hand to the veteran and retired in profound silence."
+
+The Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of War accompanied
+General Scott to New York the next morning. On the same day (November
+1st) Secretary Cameron addressed the lieutenant general the following
+letter in response to the latter's of the day previous:
+
+  "GENERAL: It was my duty to lay before the President your
+  letter of yesterday, asking to be relieved on the recent act of
+  Congress. In separating from you, I can not refrain from expressing
+  my deep regret that your health, shattered by long service and
+  repeated wounds received in your country's defense, should render it
+  necessary for you to retire from your high position at this
+  momentous period of our history. Although you are not to remain in
+  active service, I yet hope that while I continue in charge of the
+  department over which I now preside I shall at all times be
+  permitted to avail myself of the benefits of your wise counsels and
+  sage experience. It has been my good fortune to enjoy a personal
+  acquaintance with you for over thirty years, and the pleasant
+  relations of that long time have been greatly strengthened by your
+  cordial and entire co-operation in all the great questions which
+  have occupied the department and convulsed the country for the last
+  six months. In parting from you I can only express the hope that a
+  merciful Providence that has protected you amid so many trials will
+  improve your health and continue your life long after the people of
+  the country shall have been restored to their former happiness and
+  prosperity. I am, general, very sincerely,
+
+                                            "Your friend and servant."
+
+In his first annual message to Congress, Mr. Lincoln deplores the
+physical necessity that compelled the retirement of Scott in the
+following language:
+
+"Since your last adjournment Lieutenant-General Scott has retired from
+the head of the army. During his long life the nation has not been
+unmindful of his merits; yet, in calling to mind how faithfully and
+ably and brilliantly he has served his country, from a time far back
+in our history, when few now living had been born, and thenceforward
+continually, I can not but think we are still his debtors. I submit,
+therefore, for your consideration what further mark of consideration
+is due to him and to ourselves as a grateful people."
+
+In virtue of this act and in pursuance of the foregoing request on
+November 1, 1861, the lieutenant general having been retired from
+active service, General Orders No. 94 announced that "the President is
+pleased to direct that Major-General George B. McClellan assume
+command of the Army of the United States." On assuming the important
+command to which he had been designated, General McClellan on the same
+day issued his General Orders No. 19, in which he gracefully and
+feelingly alludes to the retiring commander:
+
+"The army will unite with me in the feeling of regret that the weight
+of many years and the effect of increasing infirmities, contracted and
+intensified in his country's service, should just now remove from our
+head the great soldier of our nation--the hero who in his youth raised
+high the reputation of his country on the fields of Canada, which he
+hallowed with his blood; who in more mature years proved to the world
+that American skill and valor could repeat, if not eclipse, the
+exploits of Cortez in the land of the Montezumas; whose life has been
+devoted to the service of his country; whose whole efforts have been
+directed to uphold our honor at the smallest sacrifice of life; a
+warrior who scorned the selfish glories of the battlefield when his
+great abilities as a statesman could be employed more profitably to
+his country; a citizen who in his declining years has given to the
+world the most shining instances of loyalty in disregarding all ties
+of birth and clinging to the cause of truth and honor--such has been
+the career, such the character, of WINFIELD SCOTT, whom it
+has long been the delight of the nation to honor, both as a man and a
+soldier. While we regret his loss, there is one thing we can not
+regret--the bright example he has left for our emulation. Let us all
+hope and pray that his declining years may be passed in peace and
+happiness, and that they may be cheered by the success of the country
+and the cause he has fought for and loved so well. Beyond all that,
+let us do nothing that can cause him to blush for us; let no defeat of
+the army he has so long commanded embitter his last years, but let our
+victories illuminate the close of a life so grand." General Scott
+lived to see the fulfillment of this devout prayer in a restoration of
+the union of the States.
+
+General Scott held in great reverence the fame and memory of the
+Father of his Country, and was desirous that Mount Vernon should be
+left undisturbed during the trouble arising from the civil war. A
+report was sent abroad that the bones of Washington had been removed.
+This report was wholly without foundation, but it created a great deal
+of excitement in both sections of the country. Through the efforts of
+the lady regent who resided there, an understanding was arrived at by
+which it should be regarded by both sides as neutral ground. The
+general, however, issued General Orders No. 13, July 31, 1861, from
+which is quoted: "Should the operations of the war take the United
+States troops in that direction, the general in chief does not doubt
+that each and every man will approach with due reverence and leave
+uninjured not only the tombs, but also the house, the groves, and
+walks which were so loved by the best and greatest of men." It is true
+that neither party ever invaded the sacred precincts where repose the
+remains of the illustrious Washington, but they were found when the
+war closed to be in as fair a state of preservation as was possible
+under the circumstances, and of partial suspension of husbandry. No
+act of vandalism was attempted.
+
+In the fall of 1861 Brigadier-General Charles P. Stone obtained
+permission from General Scott to take a brigade and make a
+demonstration along the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal toward
+Harper's Ferry in order to afford an outlet for the fine wheat that
+had been harvested about Leesburg, Virginia, to the large flouring
+mills at Georgetown, adjoining Washington. This led to the battle of
+Ball's Bluff, or Leesburg, October 21st, the death of Colonel Edward
+D. Baker, of the Seventy-first Pennsylvania Infantry, and at the time
+a senator in Congress from the State of Oregon, and the subsequent
+arrest and close confinement of the unfortunate commander for several
+months without charges of any nature having been preferred against
+him.[D]
+
+
+[Footnote D: General Stone (1824-1887) was arrested by order of the
+Secretary of War and confined in Fort Lafayette, New York Harbor, from
+February 9 to August, 16, 1862. The general impression that it was
+done through the influence of Senator Sumner is denied by his
+biographer, Mr. Henry L. Pierce. _Vide_ Life of Sumner, vol. iv, pp.
+67, 68: Boston, 1893. Generals Grant and Sherman both stated to the
+editor of this series, that it was an exceedingly arbitrary and unjust
+act.]
+
+
+On November 9, 1861, General Scott sailed for Europe in the steamer
+Arago for Havre to join his wife, who was in Paris. Mr. Thurlow Weed,
+a thorough loyalist and prominent politician, was a passenger on the
+same ship. He and General Scott had been on terms of intimacy for over
+thirty years. During the passage over the general gave Mr. Weed the
+true version of how he came near being made a prisoner in 1814. After
+apologizing in advance for the question about to be put and receiving
+permission to propound it, Mr. Weed said: "General, did anything
+remarkable happen to you on the morning of the battle of Chippewa?"
+The general answered: "Yes, something did happen to me--something very
+remarkable. I will now for the third time in my life repeat the story:
+
+"The fourth day of July, 1814, was one of extreme heat. On that day my
+brigade skirmished with a British force commanded by General Riall
+from an early hour in the morning till late in the afternoon. We had
+driven the enemy down the river some twelve miles to Street's Creek,
+near Chippewa, where we encamped for the night, our army occupying
+the west, while that of the enemy was encamped on the east side of the
+creek. After our tents had been pitched I noticed a flag borne by a
+man in a peasant's dress approaching my marquee. He brought a letter
+from a lady who occupied a large mansion on the opposite side of the
+creek, informing me that she was the wife of a member of Parliament
+who was then in Quebec; that her children, servants, and a young lady
+friend were alone with her in the house; that General Riall had placed
+a sentinel before her door; and that she ventured, with great doubts
+of the propriety of the request, to ask that I would place a sentinel
+upon the bridge to protect her against stragglers from our camp. I
+assured the messenger that the lady's request should be complied with.
+Early the next morning the same messenger, bearing a white flag,
+reappeared with a note from the same lady, thanking me for the
+protection she had enjoyed, adding that, in acknowledgment for my
+civilities, she begged that I would, with such members of my staff as
+I chose to bring with me, accept the hospitalities of her house at a
+breakfast which had been prepared with considerable attention and was
+quite ready. Acting upon an impulse which I never have been able to
+analyze or comprehend, I called my two aids, Lieutenants Worth and
+Watts, and returned with the messenger.
+
+"We met our hostess at the door, who ushered us into the dining room,
+where breakfast awaited us and where the young lady previously
+referred to was already seated by the coffee urn, our hostess asking
+to be excused for a few minutes, and the young lady immediately served
+our coffee. Before we had broken our fast, Lieutenant Watts rose from
+the table to get his bandanna (that being before the days of
+napkins), which he had left in his cap on a side table by the window,
+glancing through which he saw Indians approaching the house on one
+side and redcoats approaching it on the other, with an evident purpose
+of surrounding it and us, and instantly exclaimed, 'General, we are
+betrayed!' Springing from the table and clearing the house, I saw our
+danger, and, remembering Lord Chesterfield had said, 'Whatever it is
+proper to do it is proper to do well,' and as we had to run and as my
+legs were longer than those of my companions, I soon outstripped them.
+As we made our escape we were fired at, but got across the bridge in
+safety."
+
+After the battle of Chippewa the mansion described, being the largest
+near by, was used as a hospital for the wounded officers of both
+armies. The general went there to visit his officers, whom he found on
+the second floor. On going there he met the hostess, who, by her
+flurried and embarrassed manner, impressed the general with the belief
+that she had endeavored to entrap him. But years after General Scott
+was inclined to give her the benefit of the doubt and think that the
+presence at the house of himself and staff was accidentally discovered
+by the Indians and British.
+
+The Arago touched at Southampton to discharge the English mail and
+passengers, and here an exciting incident occurred. When the anchor
+had been cast, a vessel steamed up, flying the Confederate colors,
+which proved to be the cruiser Nashville. All was astir on the Arago,
+as an attack was expected as soon as that vessel had cleared port and
+got into neutral waters. The general asked the captain of the vessel
+what means of defense he had. It was found that thirty muskets and two
+cannon were available. The crew and those of the passengers who were
+fit for duty were formed upon the forward deck and the business of
+drilling was commenced, the general advising and in great measure
+directing the preparations for defense. It turned out, however, that
+the Nashville had put into Southampton for repairs, and the Arago
+proceeded on her voyage in safety. After remaining one day at Havre
+General Scott proceeded to Paris. The steamer that followed the Arago
+brought news of the "Trent affair." On November 8, 1861, Commodore
+Charles Wilkes, in command of the United States steamer San Jacinto,
+on his return from the coast of Africa, put into Havana. On the same
+day the British mail steamer Trent sailed from that port, having on
+board as passengers James M. Mason, of Virginia, and John Slidell, of
+Louisiana, Confederate plenipotentiaries to France and England. The
+San Jacinto overhauled the Trent in the Bahama Straits, brought her to
+by a shot across the bow, arrested and removed the Confederate
+commissioners and their secretaries from the mail steamer, and brought
+them to Fortress Monroe, where Commodore Wilkes awaited instructions
+from Washington. They were subsequently removed to Fort Warren, in
+Boston Harbor. The arrest and removal of these Confederate diplomats
+created great excitement in England, and for a time it was feared that
+hostilities between the countries would ensue. The affair was
+commented upon severely by the press, and the subjects of Her
+Britannic Majesty were at fever heat. Eight thousand British soldiers
+were immediately dispatched to Canada, and the shipyards were put to
+their utmost capacity. When the news and the excitement reached the
+old hero, who had hoped that he would find some rest in Paris after
+his long and eventful career, he determined at once to return to his
+native country and be on the spot should his counsel and advice be
+needed. He took the same steamer that he had gone out on and returned
+home. The Trent affair was settled by surrendering the Confederate
+commissioners, and war was happily averted.
+
+During the years that followed, his advice was frequently sought by
+the President and others high in authority. It was at West Point that
+the general received the Prince of Wales when he visited this country,
+and at the same place the interview occurred between Scott and Grant
+when the former presented the latter a gift "from the oldest to the
+greatest general." In December, 1865, General Scott went to Key West,
+Fla., and remained there a portion of the winter. On returning, he
+spent a few weeks in New York city, and then went to West Point. It
+was then the incident mentioned took place between him and General
+Grant.
+
+As early as February 27, 1829, a report was made to Congress by the
+Committee on Military Affairs upon the subject of establishing an
+"army asylum fund," and letters were submitted from the major general
+commanding and other officers of the army expressive of their views on
+the subject. In February, 1840, General Robert Anderson (then a
+captain in the adjutant general's department) addressed a letter to
+Hon. John Reynolds, giving his views upon the benefits and advantages
+which would result from establishing such an institution, with
+suggestions for a plan for one. This letter formed the basis of a
+report, January 7, 1841, by the Committee on Military Affairs,
+submitting a bill in which the measures suggested therein were
+embraced, and urging the necessary legislation as commending itself
+"by every attribute and motive of patriotism, benevolence, national
+gratitude, and economy." General Scott was deeply interested in the
+subject, and in 1844 gave it special prominence in his annual report,
+which led to a report as theretofore from the military committee. On
+March 5, 1846, a report was also made on a memorial of the officers of
+the army stationed at Fort Moultrie and the petition of officers of
+the Second United States Infantry, and later (on January 19, 1848)
+upon the memorial of the officers of the army then in Mexico. The
+committee in each case approved and recommended the passage of the
+bill reported January 7, 1841. The plan, however, did not assume
+practical shape until the transmission by General Scott of the draft
+for one hundred thousand dollars, a part of the tribute levied on the
+City of Mexico for the benefit of the army, requesting that it might
+be allowed to go to the credit of the asylum fund. He says in a letter
+dated November, 1849, referring to the same matter: "The draft was
+payable to me, and, in order to place the deposit beyond the control
+of any individual functionary whatever, I indorsed it. The Bank of
+America will place the within amount to the credit of the army asylum,
+subject to the order of Congress." This fund, together with a balance
+of eighteen thousand seven hundred and ninety-one dollars and nineteen
+cents remaining from the same levy, was subsequently appropriated to
+found the asylum. By the act those who are entitled to the benefits
+of the asylum were soldiers of twenty years' service and men, whether
+pensioners or not, who have been disabled by wounds or disease in the
+service in the line of duty. An honorable discharge is a preliminary
+requisite to admission. The inmates are all thus civilians. At first
+the general in chief, the generals commanding the Eastern and Western
+military divisions, the chiefs of the quartermaster's, commissary,
+pay, and medical departments, and the adjutant general of the army
+composed the board of commissioners _ex officio_ to administer the
+affairs of the institution. An unexpended balance of fifty-four
+thousand three hundred and nineteen dollars and twenty-three cents was
+appropriated "for the benefit of discharged soldiers disabled by
+wounds." A perpetual revenue was provided from "stoppages and fines
+imposed by court-martial," "forfeitures on account of desertion," a
+certain portion of the hospital and post fund of each station, moneys
+belonging to the estates of deceased soldiers not claimed for three
+years; also a deduction of twenty-five cents per month with his
+consent from the pay of each enlisted man. The act of Congress of
+March 3, 1859, changed the provisions of the original act and reduced
+the number of commissioners to three--the commissary general of
+subsistence, the surgeon general, and the adjutant general of the
+army, substituted the name of "Soldiers' Home" for "Military Asylum,"
+and extended the benefits of the Home to the soldiers of the War of
+1812. The act of Congress of March 3, 1883, added the general in chief
+commanding the army, the quartermaster general, the judge advocate
+general, and the governor of the Home to the board of commissioners;
+these officers, together with those already named, compose the board.
+By the same act pensioners who are inmates of the Home may assign
+their pension and have the same or any portion thereof paid to a wife,
+child, or parent if living; otherwise the pension is paid to the
+treasurer of the Home and held by him in trust for the pensioner, who
+may, while an inmate, draw upon it for necessary purposes, and receive
+whatever balance may remain upon his discharge.
+
+In 1851 temporary asylums were established at New Orleans, La.,
+Greenwoods Island, Miss., and Washington, D.C. The one at New Orleans
+continued about one year. A tract of land was purchased in Mississippi
+comprising one hundred and ten acres in 1853, and was occupied until
+1855. At this date the inmates were removed to a branch asylum near
+Harrodsburg, Mercer County, Ky. This latter asylum was discontinued in
+1858 under the act of March 3, 1857, and the inmates transferred to
+the Home near Washington, which was established in 1851-'52. This Home
+is situated about three miles due north of the Capitol of the nation.
+At first it comprised two hundred and fifty-six acres of land.
+Subsequent acquisitions by purchases have been added, so that now the
+grounds comprise five hundred acres and three quarters. The largest
+part of the grounds are woodland, a portion being cultivated for the
+benefit of the Home, and through it nearly ten miles of graded,
+macadamized roads have been constructed, winding through the groves of
+native and foreign selected trees. The park is open to the public at
+proper hours, and forms a favorite drive and walk for the residents of
+and visitors to Washington. The principal building for the inmates is
+of white marble, the south part being called the Scott Building, after
+the founder of the institution, and the addition on the north is
+called the Sherman Building, after General W.T. Sherman. The old
+homestead building to the west of and not far from the Scott Building
+is called the Robert Anderson Building, in commemoration of the early
+advocacy of and interest in the establishment of the Home by that
+officer. This building was the home of the first inmates, and has
+frequently been used as the summer residence of the Presidents. It has
+been occupied by Presidents Buchanan, Lincoln, Hayes, and Arthur.
+There is a building to the east called the King Building, after
+Benjamin King, U.S.A., who was the surgeon in charge for thirteen
+years. Brick quarters were erected to the northeast of the Sherman
+Building in 1883, and, in honor of General Philip H. Sheridan, is
+named the Sheridan Building. There is a neat chapel built of red
+sandstone, which was completed in 1871, where religious services, both
+Protestant and Roman Catholic, are regularly held. The officers in
+immediate charge of the Home are a governor, a deputy governor, a
+secretary and treasurer, and a medical officer detailed from the army.
+The inmates who are not pensioned receive one dollar a month pocket
+money, and twenty-five cents a day for such labor as they are detailed
+for and willing to perform. Some beneficiaries who have families
+receive a small monthly stipend and reside elsewhere than at the Home.
+The whole number of permanent inmates admitted up to September 30,
+1892, was 8,086. The number on the rolls January 31, 1893, was 1,196;
+of these, 824 were present at the Home, some receiving outside
+assistance, and some being absent on furlough.
+
+A heroic statue in bronze of Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott, by
+Launt Thompson, was erected in 1874 on the most commanding point of
+the grounds. Aside from the artistic finish of the statue, it is a
+wonderful likeness of the subject. There is also a perfectly designed
+hospital for the sick and an infirmary for the aged and helpless,
+which was completed in 1876. No grander or more lasting monument could
+be erected to perpetuate the memory of the illustrious general than
+the Soldiers' Home near Washington.
+
+General Scott, in his later years, was very impatient of
+contradiction, but when convinced that he was in error was always
+ready to acknowledge it. In a diary of Colonel (now General) James
+Grant Wilson, who was at that time aid-de-camp to General Banks,
+occurs the following:
+
+"On the morning of the 19th of February, 1864, I spent an hour with
+Scott at his quarters, Delmonico's, corner Fourteenth Street and Fifth
+Avenue. During our conversation he mentioned that he was engaged in
+writing his Memoirs, and that he experienced a great deal of annoyance
+from his difficulty in obtaining dates relating to events in the
+southwest. He expressed regret that Gayarre, whom he knew and had met
+before the war, had not published the third volume of the History of
+Louisiana, which he [Scott] knew was in manuscript. I remarked that I
+thought I had seen the work in three octavo volumes. 'No, you have not
+seen three volumes. There are only two published, and the first is a
+small 18mo volume,' was the old gentleman's answer. I further added
+that it was my impression that I had seen three, when the old soldier
+settled the matter by saying, 'Your impressions are entirely wrong,
+colonel.' An hour later I purchased the third volume at a Broadway
+bookseller's, and sent it to him with the following note:
+
+                            "'FIFTH AVENUE HOTEL, _February 19, 1864_.
+
+  "'MY DEAR GENERAL: I have much pleasure in sending you the
+  third volume of Gayarre's History of Louisiana, which I trust may
+  contain the desired information. Should you wish to refer to the
+  first volume of his work, you will find it at the Astor Library. It
+  is an octavo volume of about five hundred pages, published by Harper
+  & Brothers, of this city. I have the honor to be, general, very
+  truly yours,
+
+                              (Signed)         "'JAS GRANT WILSON,
+
+                                                       "'_Col., A.D.C._
+
+    "'_Lieutenant-General_ WINFIELD SCOTT.'
+
+"Called on Scott soon after my arrival from New Orleans (early in
+October, 1864), and had a very pleasant interview. Almost the first
+thing he said was thanking me most kindly for the third volume of
+Gayarre's History, and apologizing for his mistake. Told me his
+Memoirs were completed and in press; that he had closed them abruptly,
+as he was fearful that his end was near, during the early part of the
+summer--about June, I think he said."
+
+General Scott's health continuing bad, he was conveyed in a
+quartermaster's boat from New York to West Point by General Stewart
+Van Vliet, accompanied by several personal friends. He died at the
+West Point Hotel a few minutes after eleven o'clock, May 29, 1866.
+The last words which he spoke were to his coachman: "Peter, take good
+care of my horse." He was buried, in accordance with his oft-expressed
+wish, in the West Point Cemetery; on June 1st, his remains being
+accompanied to the grave by some of the most illustrious men of the
+country, including General Grant and Admiral Farragut. The horse
+mentioned above was a splendid animal, seventeen hands high and finely
+formed. The last time that General Scott mounted him was in the latter
+part of 1859, which he did with the aid of a stepladder, for the
+purpose of having an equestrian portrait painted for the State of
+Virginia. The war coming on, the picture passed into possession of the
+Mercantile Library of New York.
+
+The author received a letter from the late Rutherford B. Hayes in
+January, 1892, in which he said: "On my Southern tour in 1877 I
+repeated two or three times something like this, purporting to be
+quoted from General Scott: 'When the war is over and peace restored,
+there will be no difficulty in restoring harmonious and friendly
+relations between the soldiers of the sections. The great trouble will
+be to restore and keep the peace between the non-belligerent
+combatants of the war.' I did not hear the remark of General Scott. My
+recollection is that I heard it from General Rosecrans." ...
+
+On submitting President Hayes's letter to General Rosecrans, he made
+the following statement: "I heard that story about General Scott from
+General Charles P. Stone. General Stone was on the staff of General
+Scott. At the beginning of the war, in the spring of 1861, he was
+directed to organize the militia of the District of Columbia, and was
+present when the following occurred, as he told me personally.
+Shortly after the fall of Sumter and the President's call for troops,
+Secretaries Seward, Chase, and Cameron came to General Scott's
+residence in Washington one evening and found him at the dinner table.
+One of them said: 'General, our duties as members of the Cabinet make
+it very desirable for us to have some idea of what the probable range
+and course of the war will be, that we may guide ourselves
+accordingly. We have therefore come to you to get your judgment on the
+situation.' On the general's invitation, they sat down at his dinner
+table, and he went on to explain his idea of how the war would
+progress from year to year. While he was talking, Mr. Seward seemed to
+be somewhat impatient, and put in several little interruptions, but
+finally subsided and allowed General Scott to proceed. The general
+gave an outline of a war probably lasting from three and one half to
+four years, but resulting in favor of the Union.
+
+"On the general's announcement of his opinion that the Union would
+triumph, Mr. Seward, rubbing his hands, inquired, 'Well, general, then
+the troubles of the Federal Government will be at an end.' To which
+General Scott replied, 'No, gentlemen, for a long time thereafter it
+will require the exercise of the full powers of the Federal Government
+to restrain the fury of the noncombatants.'"
+
+To a young army officer he gave the following advice: "You are now
+beginning life; you are ignorant of society and of yourself. You
+appear to be industrious and studious enough to fit yourself for high
+exploits in your profession, and your next object should be to make
+yourself a perfect man of the world. To do that you must carefully
+observe well-bred men. You must also learn to converse and to express
+your thoughts in proper language. You must make acquaintances among
+the best people, and take care always to be respectful to old persons
+and to ladies." General Scott was always extremely gallant and
+courteous to ladies and greatly enjoyed the society of intelligent and
+refined women. As stated in the early part of this work, General Scott
+had been an industrious student of the law, and the knowledge thus
+acquired was of great service to him throughout his eventful career.
+He was well read in the standard English authors--Shakespeare, Milton,
+Addison, Pope, Johnson, Goldsmith, Dryden, Hume, Gibbon, and the early
+English novelists. He was a constant reader of the best foreign and
+American periodicals and the leading newspapers of the day. He was of
+the opinion that wars would never cease, and therefore took little
+interest in peace societies.
+
+He held the opinion that the study of the higher mathematics had a
+tendency to lessen the ability to move armies in the field, yet
+expressed regret that he had not in his youth given more study to the
+subject. He was very fond of whist, but was quite irritated when he
+was beaten and generally had a ready excuse for his defeat. On one
+occasion he was playing a very close game, in the midst of which he
+left the table to expectorate in the fireplace. He lost the game and
+said to one of the party, "Young gentleman, do you know why I lost
+that game?" "No, sir," was the response. "It was because I got up to
+spit." Scott was also a good chess player.
+
+He used tobacco somewhat excessively until the close of the Mexican
+War, after which time he renounced its use entirely. He was
+exceedingly vain of his accomplishments as a cook and specially prided
+himself on the knowledge of how to make good bread. He spent several
+days in instructing the cook at Cozzens' Hotel, West Point, in this
+art, and did not desist until the bread was made according to his
+standard. He had a great aversion to dining alone, and rather than do
+so would cheerfully pay for the meal of any pleasant friend whom he
+would invite to dine with him. General Scott openly professed himself
+a Christian and was a regular attendant at the services of the
+Episcopal Church. He was broad and liberal in his views and condemned
+no man who differed with him in religious opinion. He usually carried
+a large, stout, gold-headed cane, and after entering his pew would
+rest both hands on its head and bow his head, praying in silence. It
+was difficult for him to kneel on account of his size. He scrupulously
+joined with the greatest decorum and seriousness in all the services
+of the church, responding in a distinct, loud voice.
+
+He was impatient with persons who could not recollect or did not know
+of dates and events which were conspicuous in his life. He was asked
+at one time the date of the battle of Chippewa. He answered blandly,
+"July 5, 1814." Turning to a friend, he remarked, "There is fame for
+you." The same party inquired in what State he was born. He answered,
+"Virginia." "Ah," said the questioner, "I thought you were a native of
+Connecticut." This left him in a bad humor for the remainder of the
+evening. The editor of this series has said of him: "General Scott was
+a man of true courage--personally, morally, and religiously brave. He
+was in manner, association, and feeling courtly and chivalrous. He
+was always equal to the danger--great on great occasions. His
+unswerving loyalty and patriotism were always conspicuous, and of such
+a lofty character that had circumstances rendered the sacrifice
+necessary he would have unhesitatingly followed the glorious example
+of the Swiss hero of Sempach, who gave his life to his country six
+hundred years ago.... He was too stately in his manners and too
+exacting in his discipline--that power which Carnot calls 'the glory
+of the soldier and the strength of armies.' A brief anecdote will
+illustrate the strictness of his discipline. While on duty he always
+required officers to be dressed according to their rank in the
+minutest particular. The general's headquarters in Mexico comprised
+two rooms, one opening into the other. In the rear room General Scott
+slept. One night after the general had retired a member of his staff
+wanted some water. The evening was warm and the hour late, being past
+midnight. The officer rose to go in his shirt sleeves. He was
+cautioned against the experiment as a dangerous one, for if Scott
+caught him in his quarters with his coat off he would punish him. The
+officer said he would risk it--that the general was asleep, and he
+would make no noise. He opened the door softly and went on tiptoe to
+the water pitcher. He had no time to drink before he heard the tinkle
+of the bell, and the sentinel outside the door entered. 'Take this man
+to the guardhouse,' was the brief order, and the coatless captain
+spent the night on a hard plank under guard."[E] He did not conceal
+his opinions of men or measures, and hence he very often gave
+offense. It should be borne in mind that the public men of the age
+when General Scott came on the stage, both military and civil, were as
+a rule dignified, formal, and to some extent dogmatic. They held
+themselves with great dignity, and their magnetism was the result of
+their commanding abilities and high character, and they did not rely
+for popularity upon the methods of modern times.
+
+
+[Footnote E: Wilson's Sketches of Illustrious Soldiers: New York,
+1874.]
+
+
+General Grant, in mentioning General Scott's Mexican campaign, says:
+"Both the strategy and tactics displayed by General Scott in the
+various engagements of August 20, 1847, were faultless, as I look upon
+them now after the lapse of so many years." And further: "General
+Scott enjoys the rare distinction of having held high and successful
+command in two wars, which were a full generation apart. In 1847 he
+commanded, in Mexico, the sons of those officers who aided in his
+brilliantly successful campaign against the British on the borders of
+Canada in 1814." Daniel Webster, in a speech delivered in the United
+States Senate February 20, 1848, said: "I understand, sir, that, there
+is a report from General Scott, a man who has performed the most
+brilliant campaign on recent military record, a man who has warred
+against the enemy, warred against the climate, warred against a
+thousand unpropitious circumstances, and has carried the flag of his
+country to the capital of the enemy--honorably, proudly, humanely--to
+his own permanent honor and the great military credit of his country.
+And where is he? At Pueblo--at Pueblo, undergoing an inquiry before
+his inferiors in rank, and other persons without military rank, while
+the high powers he has exercised and executed with so much
+distinction are transferred to another--I do not say to one unworthy
+of them, but to one inferior in rank, station, and experience to
+himself." No more fitting close to this sketch of his life can be
+given than to quote the words of his friend, General Wilson: "He has
+bequeathed to his country a name pure and unspotted--a name than which
+the republic has few indeed that shine with a brighter luster, and a
+name that will go down to future generations with those of the
+greatest captains of the nineteenth century."
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+Abadie, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Aberdeen, Lord, British Minister, 151.
+
+Abraham, negro, Indian interpreter, 74.
+
+Adams, George, Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Adams, John Quincy, ex-President, 153.
+
+Adams, the British vessel, captured, 13.
+
+Allen, Captain, 17.
+
+Alvarez, Mexican General, 219, 221, 231.
+
+Amatha, Charley, 79.
+
+American forces surrender to General Sheaffe, 18.
+
+Ampudia, Pedro de, Mexican General, surrenders, 155, 156.
+
+Anaya, Don Pedro Maria, General, elected President of Mexico, 257.
+
+Andrews, Timothy P., Colonel, 226.
+
+Anderson, Robert, General, 135, 322, 326.
+
+Anecdote of Colonel Scott and a Roman Catholic priest, 19.
+
+Armistice violated; General Scott's letter to President of Mexican
+  Republic, 218.
+
+Arnold, Ripley A., Lieutenant, attacked by Indians, 115.
+
+Arista, Mariano, Mexican General, 155.
+
+Arthur, President, 326.
+
+Assiola, Indian Chief, 88.
+
+Atkinson, T.P., letter from General Scott to, 153.
+
+Atristain, Senor, 216, 257.
+
+Azapotzalco, the place of meeting of the commissioners, 216.
+
+
+Baker, D.D., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Baker, Edward D., Colonel, killed at Ball's Bluff, 317.
+
+Bankhead, James, Colonel, 112.
+
+Barcelona, the steamer, 146.
+
+Barker, Captain, 16.
+
+Barr, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Barragan, Pena y, 221.
+
+Barren, Major, 109.
+
+Basinger, William E., Lieutenant, 88.
+
+Battle on the Ouithlacoochee, 90-92.
+
+Beall, Benjamin Lloyd, Major, 172.
+
+Beard, Joseph, Major, 95.
+
+Beauregard, P.T., Lieutenant, 203.
+
+Beckwith, J.C., letter to, from General Scott, 154.
+
+Belknap, William G., 281.
+
+Benton, Thomas H., 159.
+
+Biddle, Richard, speech in Congress, 124-127.
+
+Binney, Horace, letter to General Scott, 304.
+
+Black Hawk War, the, 52, 55.
+
+Blockade of Southern ports, 296, 297.
+
+Board of Army Officers, 47.
+
+Boerstler, Charles G., Colonel, 27.
+
+Bolton, Commodore, 97.
+
+Bones, George, Captain, 110.
+
+Botts, Benjamin, 5.
+
+Boyd, John Parker, General, attack on Fort Niagara, 24.
+
+Brady, Hugh, Major, 33;
+  sketch of, 39.
+
+Brady, Thomas A., First-Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Brant, Indian, attacks Colonel Scott, 18, 19.
+
+Bravo, D. Nicholas, Mexican General, 225, 227.
+
+Brazos Santiago, 159.
+
+Brisbane, Abbott H, Colonel, 112.
+
+Brooks, Horace, Captain, 225.
+
+Brown, Jacob, General, 27, 38-40.
+
+Bryant, Thomas S., Captain, 96.
+
+Buchanan, James, President, 296, 326.
+
+Bull Run, 308.
+
+Burlington Heights, 28.
+
+Burnett, Ward B., Colonel, 209.
+
+Burnham, Major, 185.
+
+Burr, Aaron, 5-8.
+
+Burt, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Butler, Pierce M., Colonel, 112, 115, 209.
+
+Butler, William O., General, 244, 245, 256, 264.
+
+
+Cadwallader, George, General, 193, 206, 209, 210, 221, 226, 249.
+
+Caldwell, James N., Captain, 215.
+
+Caldwell, Robert C., First-Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Caledonia, British brig, 13.
+
+Calhoun, John C., 151.
+
+Call, Richard Keith, General, 89.
+
+Cameron, Simon, 309, 314, 315, 330.
+
+Canada political agitation, 272.
+
+Cano, D. Juan, Mexican General, 225.
+
+Caroline, the steamboat, 145.
+
+Casey, Silas, Captain, 207, 226.
+
+Cass, Lewis, 59, 66, 67, 76, 77.
+
+Cerro Gortlo, the battle of, 176, 190.
+
+Chandler, John, Colonel, attack on Fort George, 24.
+
+Chapultepec, battle of, 223, 228.
+
+Charleston, S.C., furnishes troops and supplies, 94.
+
+Chase, Secretary, 330.
+
+Chauncey, Isaac, Commodore, 24, 28.
+
+Cherokee Indians, removal of, from Georgia, 129.
+
+Chesapeake, the, boarded by the Leopard, 6.
+
+Chesnut, Colonel, 95.
+
+Childs, Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel, 176, 194, 236.
+
+Chippewa, battle of, 32.
+
+Cholera among troops at Chicago, 56, 57.
+
+Chrysler's Farm, engagement at, 29.
+
+Chrystie, John, Colonel, 14, 17.
+
+Cincinnati, Society of the, 42.
+
+City of Mexico, 195, 228.
+
+Civil war, beginning of, 295, 296.
+
+Clarke, Henry Francis, Colonel, 212, 249.
+
+Clay, Cassius M., 306.
+
+Clay, Henry, 145, 151.
+
+Clinch, Duncan L., General, 82, 88, 93.
+
+Clinton, Governor, 42.
+
+Clifton, Captain, 112.
+
+Coffin, Captain, 19.
+
+Congress declares war against Great Britain, 13.
+
+Congress votes a medal to General Scott, 42.
+
+Conner, Commodore, 165.
+
+Conto, Senor, 216, 257.
+
+Cooper, Mark A., Major, 112, 119.
+
+Coto, Senor, 216.
+
+Crane, Ichabod B., Colonel, 136.
+
+Crawford, William H., 40.
+
+Cuevas, Senor, 257.
+
+Cummings, Arthur C., Captain, 215.
+
+Cunningham, Captain, 94.
+
+Cushing, Caleb, General, 281.
+
+
+Dade, Francis Langhorne, Major, killed, 88.
+
+Dallas, Commodore, 97.
+
+Davis, Edward, General, 312.
+
+Davis, Jefferson, 291.
+
+Dearborn, Henry, General, 14, 23, 24.
+
+Dennis, Colonel, 29.
+
+Devlin, John S., acting quartermaster, 253.
+
+Dominguez commands Mexicans in American army, 237.
+
+Douglas, Stephen A., 303.
+
+Douglass, John M., Major, 112.
+
+Drum, Simon H., Captain, 220, 225.
+
+Drummond, Lieutenant-General Sir Gordon, 34.
+
+Duane, James Chatham, General, 305.
+
+Duel between Burr and Hamilton, 5.
+
+Dulaney, William, Major, 253.
+
+Duncan, James, Lieutenant-Colonel, 108, 221, 271, 277, 283, 286.
+
+Duval, William P., Governor, 82.
+
+
+Eaton, J.H., Secretary of War, 49, 50, 76, 82.
+
+Edson, Alvin, Captain, 165.
+
+Elliott, Lieutenant, plans destruction of British brigs, 13.
+
+Eustis, Abram, Brigadier-General, 111, 113, 114.
+
+Expedition of Aaron Burr, 5, 6.
+
+
+Fagan, John, Major, 75.
+
+Fanning, Alexander C.W., Major, 88.
+
+Farquhar, William, Captain, 302.
+
+Farragut, Admiral D.G., 329.
+
+Fenwick, John R., Colonel, 16.
+
+Field, Thomas Y., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Fillmore, Millard, President, 293.
+
+Finances of Mexico, 239.
+
+Finlay, Captain, 94.
+
+Florida War, 72, 87, 97-99, 112.
+
+Florida, army of, 115.
+
+Floyd, John B., 136, 298.
+
+Floyd, Robertson R., Captain, 96.
+
+Fort Brooke, the army concentrate there, 118.
+
+Fort Brown occupied by General Taylor, 154.
+
+Fort Erie surrenders, 30;
+  invested, 37.
+
+Fort George, attack on, 16, 17;
+  storming of, 24.
+
+Fort Niagara, defeat of the British at, 26.
+
+Foster, William Sewell, Lieutenant-Colonel, 102.
+
+Frazer, William, Captain, 88.
+
+Freeman, Norvell, Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Fremont, John C., General, 308.
+
+Frontera, Mexican General, 207, 208.
+
+
+Gadsden, James, Colonel, 75.
+
+Gaines, Edmund, General, 48, 103.
+
+Gaines, J.P., Major, 250.
+
+Gamboa, D. Manuel, Mexican General, 225.
+
+Gardiner, George, 88.
+
+Gardner, Charles K., Lieutenant, 11.
+
+Gardner, Franklin, 175.
+
+Garland, John, General, 220, 221.
+
+Gatlin, John Slade, Dr., 88.
+
+Georgia troops, 95, 96, 110.
+
+Gibson, Captain, 18.
+
+Giles, William B., 5-7.
+
+Goodwyn, Robert H., Colonel, 112-116.
+
+Graham, Captain, 110.
+
+Graham, William A., Secretary of the Navy, 293.
+
+Grant, Ulysses S., General, 322, 329, 334.
+
+Great Britain, war declared against, 11.
+
+Greenway, James, Dr., 3.
+
+Griffin, Charles, Captain, 302.
+
+Guadalupe Hidalgo, text of treaty of, 257, 264.
+
+
+Hagner, Peter V., Captain, 225.
+
+Halleck, Henry W., General, 308.
+
+Hamilton, Alexander, 5.
+
+Hamilton, John C., 292.
+
+Hamilton, Schuyler, Lieutenant, 250.
+
+Hampton, Wade, General, 7, 9-12, 28.
+
+Hardy, Sir Thomas, 6.
+
+Hargrave, James, 4.
+
+Harney, John, Governor, 142-144.
+
+Harney, William S., Colonel, 186, 224.
+
+Harris, Captain, 33.
+
+Harris, Joseph W., Lieutenant, 83.
+
+Harrison, William Henry, General, 152.
+
+Haskell, William T., Colonel, 166.
+
+Hayes, Rutherford B., President, 326, 329.
+
+Heileman, Julius Frederick, Major, 65, 66.
+
+Henderson, Charles A., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Henderson, Richard, Lieutenant, 88.
+
+Henry, Alexander, letter to General Scott, 304.
+
+Henry, George, Captain, 115.
+
+Hernandez, John M., General, 96.
+
+Herrera, General, 216.
+
+Hetzel, Abner R., Captain, 135.
+
+Hindman, Jacob, Major, 30, 39.
+
+Hitchcock, Ethan A., Captain, 100, 164, 284.
+
+Holata, Amathla, 75, 77, 78, 79.
+
+Huger, Benjamin, Captain, 220, 224.
+
+Hull, William, General, 13.
+
+Hunt, Henry J., Lieutenant, 221.
+
+
+Ingersoll, Charles J., 153.
+
+Irish prisoners, 20.
+
+Irving, Washington, 5.
+
+Izard, George, Colonel, 13.
+
+Izard, James Farley, Lieutenant, 101, 102.
+
+
+Jackson, Andrew, General, 5, 40, 42, 46, 63, 151.
+
+Jackson, Thomas J., Lieutenant, 226.
+
+Jacobs, Captain (Indian), attacks General Scott, 18, 19.
+
+Jefferson, Thomas, President, 7.
+
+Jesup, Thomas S., General, 31, 33, 39, 122, 123.
+
+Johnston, Joseph E., Colonel, 226.
+
+Juarata, Padre, leader of guerrillas, 237.
+
+Judd, Henry, Jr., Lieutenant, 172.
+
+
+Kearney, Philip, Captain, 211.
+
+Keayes, J.S., Lieutenant, 88.
+
+Ke-o-Kuck, Indian chief, 58.
+
+Ker, Croghan, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 107.
+
+Ker, William H., Captain, 101.
+
+Keyes, Erastus D., Lieutenant, 135.
+
+King, William R., 293.
+
+Kirby, Reynold M., Major, 94, 115.
+
+
+Lally, Folliot T., Major, 215, 216.
+
+Landero, Jose Juan de, Mexican General, 169, 170.
+
+Lane, Joseph, General, 237, 256.
+
+Lang, William, Captain, 253.
+
+Lawson, Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel, 101.
+
+Leavenworth, Henry, Major, 31, 33
+
+Lee, Robert E., Captain, 101, 164, 175, 203, 208, 223, 225, 284, 305.
+
+Leigh, Benjamin Watkins, 10, 70.
+
+Lendrum, Thomas W., 88.
+
+Leon, Mexican General, 219.
+
+"Leonidas letter," the, 267, 287.
+
+Leopard, British frigate, 6.
+
+Lewis, Morgan, General, 26.
+
+Lincoln, Abraham, President, 296, 301, 312, 313, 315, 316, 326.
+
+Lindsay, William, Colonel, 111, 135.
+
+Lobas Island, 161.
+
+Loring, William W., Major, 206, 212.
+
+Louisiana troops, 119.
+
+Lovell, Christopher H., Lieutenant, 280.
+
+Lundy's Lane, battle of, 34-36.
+
+
+McCauley, Charles G., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+McClellan, George B., General, 178, 206, 308.
+
+McClure, Brigadier-General, New York militia, 28.
+
+McComb, Alexander, Colonel, 24, 29, 50, 153.
+
+McDonald, Adjutant, 146.
+
+McDowell, Irwin, General, 307.
+
+McDuffie, George, 61-63.
+
+McFeely, George, Lieutenant-Colonel, 24.
+
+McIntosh, James S., Colonel, 193, 220.
+
+McKenzie, Colonel, 226.
+
+McLemore, Captain, 110, 112.
+
+McNeill, John, Jr., General, 31, 33, 39.
+
+McRee, William, Colonel, 39.
+
+McTavish, Carroll, 41.
+
+Mackall, William W., Major, 227.
+
+Madison, James, President, 22.
+
+Magee, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Magruder, John B., Lieutenant, 206, 226, 302.
+
+Malone, Captain, 119.
+
+Mansfield, Mr., British Minister, 11.
+
+Marcy, William L., 146, 158, 159, 269.
+
+Marks, George H., Captain, 113.
+
+Marks, Samuel F., Captain, 101.
+
+Marshall, General, 245-248.
+
+Marshall, John, Chief-Justice, 136.
+
+Martin Luther, 5.
+
+Mason, Captain, 286.
+
+Mason, Daniel, 3.
+
+Mason, James M., 321.
+
+Mason, Winfield, 3.
+
+Massacre of General Thompson and others, 89.
+
+May, James F., 5.
+
+Mayo, John, Colonel, 41.
+
+Mendoza, Mexican General, 205, 207.
+
+Mico, Indian chief, 78.
+
+Miconopy, Indian chief, 78.
+
+Miller, James, Colonel, 25.
+
+Mississippi River, free navigation of, 310.
+
+Molino del Rey, battle of, 219-222.
+
+Monroe, James, President, 22.
+
+Monterde, D. Mariano, Mexican General, 225.
+
+Morales, Mexican General, 168, 169.
+
+Morgan, George W., Colonel, 208.
+
+Mormon expedition, 294.
+
+Morris, Charles T., Captain, 207.
+
+Mount Vernon, 316, 317.
+
+Mudge, Robert Richard, Lieutenant, 88.
+
+Mullaney, James Robert, Lieutenant-Colonel, 16.
+
+
+Nashville, Confederate steamer, 320.
+
+Negroes engaged in Dade massacre, 111.
+
+Nicholson, Augustus S., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Nicholson, John S., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Nueva de Villa Gutierrez, Colonel, 170.
+
+Nullification in South Carolina, 61-64.
+
+
+Ogilvie, James, Captain, 4-17.
+
+O'Riley, commander of deserters, captured, 237, 238.
+
+
+Pachuca occupied, 248.
+
+Packenham, Sir Richard, 151.
+
+Paez, General, 48.
+
+Page, Captain, 135.
+
+Palo Alto, battle of, 155.
+
+Parish, Richard C., Colonel, 90.
+
+Patterson, Robert, General, 245.
+
+Payne, Matthew M., Major, 135.
+
+Payne's Landing, treaty of, 74.
+
+Pena y Pena, 236, 257.
+
+Perez, Mexican General, 208-219.
+
+Perry, Matthew C., Commodore, 169.
+
+Perry, Oliver Hazard, Captain, 14, 24.
+
+Pierce, Franklin, General, 207, 214, 292, 293.
+
+Pike, Zebulon, General, 24.
+
+Pillow, Gideon J., General, 170, 176, 193, 211, 224, 226, 276, 281.
+
+Plympton, Joseph, Lieutenant-Colonel, 208, 220.
+
+Porter, Captain, 25.
+
+Porter, Moses, General, 24, 30.
+
+Porter, W., Secretary to General Gaines, 108.
+
+Prevost, Sir George, 26, 27.
+
+Puebla, occupation of, 197.
+
+Putnam, Benjamin A., Major, 93.
+
+Putnam, General, 5.
+
+
+Queenstown Heights, storming of, 15.
+
+Quijano, Benito, Mexican commissioner, 214.
+
+Quitman, John A., General, 172, 204, 206, 224, 226, 228, 280.
+
+
+Randolph, John, 5.
+
+Rangel, Mexican General, 219.
+
+Rea, Mexican General, 236.
+
+Read, Leigh, Colonel, 90, 113.
+
+Resaca de la Palma, battle of, 155.
+
+Ravenel, Captain, 94.
+
+Reynolds, E. McD., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Reynolds, John G., Captain, 253.
+
+Riall, General, moves to Burlington Heights, 33.
+
+Rich, Jabez L., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Ridgely, S.C., Captain, 281.
+
+Riley, Bennet, General, 206, 208, 209.
+
+Ripley, Eleazer W., 39.
+
+Ripley, R.S., Lieutenant, 185.
+
+Roach, Isaac, Jr., Lieutenant, 13, 16.
+
+Robertson, Judge, 302, 303.
+
+Robinson, David, Judge, 4.
+
+Robinson, Edward B., Captain, 110.
+
+Robles, Mexican Lieutenant-Colonel, 170.
+
+Rogers, A.P., Lieutenant, 166.
+
+Rogers, Captain Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Rosecrans, William S., General, 308, 329.
+
+Ruffin, Thomas, 5.
+
+
+Sacs and Fox Indians, treaty with, 58.
+
+Sackett's Harbor, landing of the British, 27.
+
+Sanders, William G., Captain, 107.
+
+Sands, Richard M., Major, 101.
+
+San Jacinto, steamer, 321.
+
+San Pablo, convent of, 212.
+
+San Patricio Battalion, 237.
+
+Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez, General, 156, 173, 175, 190, 206, 209, 225,
+  230, 231, 236, 256, 257.
+
+Scott, Ann, 3.
+
+Scott, Camilla, 41.
+
+Scott, Cornelia, 41.
+
+Scott, Henry L., Colonel, 135, 164, 178, 284.
+
+Scott, James, death of, 1, 2.
+
+Scott, Winfield, birth and parentage, 1; runs away from Sunday
+  school, 2; defends his teacher; at William and Mary College, 4;
+  enters on the practice of law; present at the trial of Aaron Burr,
+  5; attacks British camp at Lynn Haven Bay; goes to South Carolina to
+  practice law; returns to Petersburg, Va., to practice law; joins
+  Petersburg cavalry company, 6; receives commission as Captain in the
+  U.S. army; recruits his company and embarks for New Orleans, 7;
+  arrested and tried by court-martial for words spoken of General
+  Wilkinson, 8; tenders his resignation, 8; finding of the court, 9;
+  letter to Lewis Edwards, 10; rejoins the army at Baton Rouge, La.;
+  embarks for Washington; vessel gets aground, 11; appointed Colonel;
+  visits the Secretary of War with General Hampton; an unpleasant
+  incident, 12; war with Great Britain; ordered to the Niagara
+  frontier, 13; volunteers to cross the Niagara; marches to Lewiston,
+  16; the attack on Fort George, 17; a flag of truce, 18; a prisoner,
+  and attacked by Indians; embarks for Boston, 19; addresses Irish
+  prisoners; letter to Secretary of War, 20; selects hostages in
+  retaliation for Irish prisoners, 21; returns to Washington, 22;
+  ordered to Philadelphia; appointed Adjutant General; promoted
+  Colonel of his regiment; joins General Dearborn, and appointed chief
+  of staff, 23; assault on Fort George; Scott leads the advance, 24;
+  struck by a piece of timber and collar bone broken, 25; anecdote of
+  a British officer, 26; resigns the office of Adjutant General, 27;
+  joins General Wilkinson, 28; marches for Sackett's Harbor; appointed
+  to command of a battalion; preparing new levies of troops, 29;
+  appointed Brigadier General; ordered to join General Jacob Brown;
+  establishes camp of instruction at Sackett's Harbor; assigned to a
+  new command; moves toward Chippewa, 30; wins the battle of Chippewa;
+  report of General Brown, 32; moves to mouth of the Niagara, 33;
+  battle of Lundy's Lane, 34, 35; General Scott disabled, 37-39; in
+  command for defense of Philadelphia and Baltimore, 39; reception at
+  Princeton; declined to act as Secretary of War; ordered to Europe,
+  40; receives attention in Europe; return home; headquarters in New
+  York; married to Miss Mayo, of Richmond; names of his children, 41;
+  Congress passes resolutions complimenting him; present at the death
+  of President Monroe; thanked by Legislatures of Virginia and New
+  York; honorary member of the Society of the Cincinnati; order of
+  General Jackson, 42; letter of General Jackson to General Scott; his
+  reply, 43; letter to General Jackson, 44; General Jackson's reply;
+  Scott calls on General Jackson, 45; tribute to General Jackson; his
+  work on general regulations for the army, 46; president of board of
+  army and militia officers; publication of his work on infantry
+  tactics; the temperance reform; his views on, 47; controversy with
+  General Gaines; tenders his resignation; not accepted, 48; letter to
+  Secretary of War; the Secretary's reply, 49; assigned to command of
+  Eastern Department; treaty with Sac Indians, 50; ordered to
+  Illinois; Asiatic cholera, 53; letter to Governor Reynolds, 54;
+  newspaper extracts in regard to General Scott's action in the
+  cholera epidemic, 55-57; commissioner to treat with Indians; result
+  of the treaty, 58; arrives in New York, and ordered to Washington;
+  the tariff act of 1828 and excitement in South Carolina, 60; ordered
+  to South Carolina, 66; letter of instruction from Secretary of War;
+  arrival in Charleston, 66, 67; detained by accident, 68; success of
+  his mission, 71; ordered to immediate command in Florida, 98;
+  disposition of troops, 110-112; movement of troops, 114; the army
+  arrives at Tampa Bay, 117; arrival at Fort Brooke, 118; embarks on
+  St. John's River, 120; complaint against General Jesup; court of
+  inquiry on Florida campaign, 122; finding of the court; letter to
+  Secretary of War, 123; defense in Congress, 124; tendered dinner in
+  New York; declines, 127; ordered to remove the Creek Indians, 129;
+  addresses to troops and Indians, 130, 132, 133; the Indians move
+  West, 135; ordered to look after Canada insurgents, 139; ordered to
+  Maine, 140; meets Governor Everett; proceeds to Portland, 141;
+  settlement of the troubles, 143, 144; uprising in Upper Canada;
+  affair of the Caroline, 144, 145; ordered to the scene of the
+  troubles; meets Governor Marcy, 146; letter to commanding officer of
+  British vessels, 147; the affair settled, 147, 148; his name
+  presented to Whig Convention as candidate for the presidency, 152;
+  effort in Congress to reduce his pay; letter to T.P. Atkinson on
+  slavery, 153; letter to peace convention, 154; the War with Mexico;
+  the "hasty plate of soup," 157; his opinion of General Taylor;
+  ordered to Mexico; goes _via_ New Orleans, 158; arrives at Brazos
+  Santiago, 159; fails to meet General Taylor, 161; landing of the
+  troops at Vera Cruz, 162; investment and surrender of Vera Cruz,
+  164-170; advances on Jalapa, 173; Cerro Gordo, 178, 179, 187;
+  occupation of Puebla, 193; movement toward the City of Mexico;
+  criticism by the Duke of Wellington, 195, 196; address to Mexican
+  people, 198; movement on and capture of Padierna, 204-207;
+  Churubusco, 211; arrival of Nicholas P. Trist, U.S. Commissioner,
+  213; cessation of hostilities by armistice, 214; the armistice
+  ended, 218; Molino del Rey, 219-222; attack on and capture of
+  Chapultepec, 226, 227; occupation of the capital; orders for
+  government of the city, 229; additional orders, 231-234; orders for
+  obtaining revenue in Mexico, 240-242; letter to Secretary of War,
+  243; his civil administration of Mexico, 246, 247; reports his total
+  force, January 6, 1848; ordered before a court of inquiry; relieved
+  from command of the army, 248; money levied on City of Mexico, 255;
+  turns over command of the army, 264; General Orders No. 349, 270;
+  letter to General Worth, 272; relieved from duty, 277, 278; reads a
+  paper before the court of inquiry, 281, 282; submits paper to court
+  of inquiry, 284; embarks at Vera Cruz for home, 288; receives thanks
+  of Congress, 289; discontent in Canada, 293; candidate for the
+  presidency (1852), 293; on commission to settle boundary line with
+  Great Britain, 295; letter to President Buchanan, 296, 297; letter
+  to Secretary of War, 297, 298; letter to Secretary of War, December
+  28, 1861, 298; letter to Secretary Seward, March 3, 1861, 299;
+  firing of guns at Mobile on announcement that he had resigned, 304;
+  order of April 26, 1861, at Washington, D.C., 306; issues General
+  Orders No. 17, 308; complains of General McClellan, 309; request to
+  be placed on retired list, 311, 312; addresses the President and
+  Cabinet on his retirement, 313; sails for Europe, November 9, 1861,
+  318; army asylum fund, 323; statue of, at Soldiers' Home, 327; his
+  death and last words, 329; his acquaintance with English authors,
+  331; advice to young army officer, 330, 331; anecdote of battle of
+  Chippewa, 332; vain of his accomplishments; regular attendant at the
+  Episcopal Church, 332; goes to West Point, 328; his loyalty, his
+  strict ideas of discipline; anecdote, 333.
+
+Sears, Henry B., Lieutenant, 215.
+
+Secretary of War to General Gaines, 100.
+
+Seminole council, 85.
+
+Seward, Secretary, anecdote of General Scott, 330.
+
+Shannon, Samuel, Captain, 102.
+
+Shaw, H.B., Major, 135.
+
+Sheaffe, General Sir Roger Hale, 17-19.
+
+Shelton, Joseph, General, 116.
+
+Sheridan, Philip H., General, 326.
+
+Sherman, William T., General, 326.
+
+Shields, James, General, 176, 207, 209, 280.
+
+Shubrick, William B., Commodore, 238.
+
+Sibley, Henry H., Captain, 212.
+
+Simms, John D., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Slidell, John, 321.
+
+Small, William F., Captain, 236.
+
+Smith, Charles F., Captain, 221.
+
+Smith, Colonel, Louisiana volunteers, 101, 118.
+
+Smith, Constantine, Lieutenant, 89.
+
+Smith, E. Kirby, Captain, 221.
+
+Smith, Gustavus W., Lieutenant, 207.
+
+Smith, Persifor F., Colonel, 101, 112, 206, 208, 209, 211, 214, 227.
+
+Smyth, Alexander, General, 14.
+
+Soldiers' Home at Washington, 323, 324, 326.
+
+Soto, Don Juan, Vera Cruz, 215.
+
+Steptoe, Edward J., Captain, 223.
+
+Stone, Charles P., General, 301, 318.
+
+Strahan, Captain, 17.
+
+Sumner, Edwin V., Major, 175, 211, 220, 221, 224.
+
+Sutherland, David J., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Swift, Joseph G., Colonel, 28.
+
+
+Tampico letter, the, 267, 268.
+
+Tariff of 1828 and trouble In South Carolina, 60.
+
+Taylor, Francis, Captain, 135, 223.
+
+Taylor, Governor, Carolina, 61.
+
+Taylor, Zachary, General, 154, 289.
+
+Tazewell, Littleton W., 5.
+
+Temperance reform, 47.
+
+Terrett, George H., Captain, 253.
+
+Texas, causes which led to annexation, 149, 154.
+
+Thistle, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Thomas, James H., Colonel, 173.
+
+Thompson, General, Indian agent, 79.
+
+Thompson, Launt, 327.
+
+Thurston, Charles Myron, Captain, 110.
+
+Timrod, Captain, 94.
+
+Totten, Joseph G., Colonel, 17, 18, 28, 164.
+
+Towson, Captain, ordered to report to St. Elliott, 13, 16, 33, 37.
+
+Towson, Nathan, General, 281.
+
+Trent, affair of the, 321.
+
+Tripp, T.S., Captain, 115.
+
+Trist, Nicholas P., commissioner, 213, 216, 257, 281.
+
+Trousdale, William, Colonel, 226.
+
+Truxton, Commodore, 5.
+
+Tweedale, Marquis of, crosses the Chippewa, 30.
+
+Twiggs, David E., General, 101, 173, 176, 193, 200, 220.
+
+Twiggs, Levi, Major, 253.
+
+Tyler, John, President, 152.
+
+
+Upshur, Abel P., Secretary of State, 151.
+
+
+Valencia, Mexican General, 204, 211, 248.
+
+Van Buren, Martin, President, 145.
+
+Van Rensselaer, Colonel, 144.
+
+Van Rensselaer, Solomon, General, 14, 17.
+
+Van Rensselaer, Stephen, General, 14, 16, 18.
+
+Van Vliet, Stewart, General, 328.
+
+Vera Cruz, 161, 162, 167, 171.
+
+Villamil, Mora y., General, 214, 216, 257.
+
+Vincent, General, 27.
+
+Vinton, John R., Colonel, 166.
+
+Volunteer American officers paroled, 19.
+
+
+Wadsworth, Decius, General, 15.
+
+Walker, Robert J., 159.
+
+Washington, George, General, 5.
+
+Watson, Samuel E., Lieutenant-Colonel, 253.
+
+"Wayward Sisters" letter, 299, 300.
+
+Webb, Captain, U.S.N., 97.
+
+Webster, Daniel, 293.
+
+Weed, Thurlow, 318.
+
+Wellington, Duke of, 195.
+
+Welsh, Henry, Lieutenant, 253.
+
+Wheelock, Eleazer, General, 30.
+
+Wilkes, Charles, Commodore, 321.
+
+Wilkinson, James, General, 7, 8, 28.
+
+William and Mary College, 4.
+
+Williams, Captain, Louisiana volunteers, 101.
+
+Williams, T., A.-D.-C., 250.
+
+Wilson, Henry, Colonel, 173.
+
+Wilson, James Grant, General, 327, 328, 335.
+
+Winder, William Henry, General, 24, 27.
+
+Winfield, Elizabeth, 3.
+
+Winfield, John, 3.
+
+Wirt, William, 5.
+
+Withers, Jones M., 248.
+
+Wood, Major, 37.
+
+Wool, John E., Captain, 15-17.
+
+Worth, W.J., General, 136, 170, 174, 193, 265-267, 270, 271, 273,
+  274-276, 285.
+
+Wright, George, Major, 220.
+
+Wynkoop, Francis M., Colonel, 166, 248.
+
+
+Young, William L., Lieutenant, 253.
+
+
+Zacatepetl, Barreiro, Colonel, 205.
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
+
+
+D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES_, from the Revolution to
+the Civil War. By JOHN BACH MCMASTER. To be completed in five
+volumes. Vols. I, II, and III now ready. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $2.50
+each.
+
+
+[Illustration: JOHN BACH MCMASTER.]
+
+
+In the course of this narrative much is written of wars, conspiracies,
+and rebellions; of Presidents, of Congresses, of embassies, of
+treaties, of the ambition of political leaders, and of the rise of
+great parties in the nation. Yet the history of the people is the
+chief theme. At every stage of the splendid progress which separates
+the America of Washington and Adams from the America in which we live,
+it has been the author's purpose to describe the dress, the
+occupations, the amusements, the literary canons of the times; to note
+the changes of manners and morals; to trace the growth of that humane
+spirit which abolished punishment for debt, and reformed the
+discipline of prisons and of jails; to recount the manifold
+improvements which, in a thousand ways, have multiplied the
+conveniences of life and ministered to the happiness of our race; to
+describe the rise and progress of that long series of mechanical
+inventions and discoveries which is now the admiration of the world,
+and our just pride and boast; to tell how, under the benign influence
+of liberty and peace, there sprang up, in the course of a single
+century, a prosperity unparalleled in the annals of human affairs.
+
+  "The pledge given by Mr. McMaster, that 'the history of the people
+  shall be the chief theme,' is punctiliously and satisfactorily
+  fulfilled. He carries out his promise in a complete, vivid, and
+  delightful way. We should add that the literary execution of the
+  work is worthy of the indefatigable industry and unceasing vigilance
+  with which the stores of historical material have been accumulated,
+  weighed, and sifted. The cardinal qualities of style, lucidity,
+  animation, and energy, are everywhere present. Seldom indeed has a
+  book in which matter of substantial value has been so happily united
+  to attractiveness of form been offered by an American author to his
+  fellow-citizens."--_New York Sun._
+
+  "To recount the marvelous progress of the American people, to
+  describe their life, their literature, their occupations, their
+  amusements, is Mr. McMaster's object. His theme is an important one,
+  and we congratulate him on his success. It has rarely been our
+  province to notice a book with so many excellences and so few
+  defects."--_New York Herald._
+
+  "Mr. McMaster at once shows his grasp of the various themes and his
+  special capacity as a historian of the people. His aim is high, but
+  he hits the mark."--_New York Journal of Commerce._
+
+  " ... The author's pages abound, too, with illustrations of the best
+  kind of historical work, that of unearthing hidden sources of
+  information and employing them, not after the modern style of
+  historical writing, in a mere report, but with the true artistic
+  method, in a well-digested narrative.... If Mr. McMaster finishes
+  his work in the spirit and with the thoroughness and skill with
+  which it has begun, it will take its place among the classics of
+  American literature."--_Christian Union._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.
+
+
+
+
+_ABRAHAM LINCOLN: The True Story of a Great Life_. By WILLIAM H.
+HERNDON and JESSE W. WEIK. With numerous Illustrations. New and
+revised edition, with an introduction by HORACE WHITE. In two volumes.
+12mo. Cloth, $3.00.
+
+This is probably the most intimate life of Lincoln ever written. The
+book, by Lincoln's law-partner, William H. Herndon, and his friend
+Jesse W. Weik, shows us Lincoln the man. It is a true picture of his
+surroundings and influences and acts. It is not an attempt to
+construct a political history, with Lincoln often in the background,
+nor is it an effort to apotheosize the American who stands first in
+our history next to Washington. The writers knew Lincoln intimately.
+Their book is the result of unreserved association. There is no
+attempt to portray the man as other than he really was, and on this
+account their frank testimony must be accepted, and their biography
+must take permanent rank as the best and most illuminating study of
+Lincoln's character and personality. Their story, simply told,
+relieved by characteristic anecdotes, and vivid with local color, will
+be found a fascinating work.
+
+  "Truly, they who wish to know Lincoln as he really was must read the
+  biography of him written by his friend and law-partner, W.H.
+  Herndon. This book was imperatively needed to brush aside the rank
+  growth of myth and legend which was threatening to hide the real
+  lineaments of Lincoln from the eyes of posterity. On one pretext or
+  another, but usually upon the plea that he was the central figure of
+  a great historical picture, most of his self-appointed biographers
+  have, by suppressing a part of the truth and magnifying or
+  embellishing the rest, produced portraits which those of Lincoln's
+  contemporaries who knew him best are scarcely able to recognize.
+  There is, on the other hand, no doubt about the faithfulness of Mr.
+  Herndon's delineation. The marks of unflinching veracity are patent
+  in every line."--_New York Sun._
+
+  "Among the books which ought most emphatically to have been written
+  must be classed 'Herndon's Lincoln,'"--_Chicago Inter-Ocean._
+
+  "The author has his own notion of what a biography should be, and it
+  is simple enough. The story should tell all, plainly and even
+  bluntly. Mr. Herndon is naturally a very direct writer, and he has
+  been industrious in gathering material. Whether an incident happened
+  before or behind the scenes, is all the same to him. He gives it
+  without artifice or apology. He describes the life of his friend
+  Lincoln just as he saw it."--_Cincinnati Commercial Gazette._
+
+  "A remarkable piece of literary achievement--remarkable alike for
+  its fidelity to facts, its fullness of details, its constructive
+  skill, and its literary charm."--_New York Times._
+
+  "It will always remain the authentic life of Abraham
+  Lincoln,"--_Chicago Herald._
+
+  "The book is a valuable depository of anecdotes, innumerable and
+  characteristic. It has every claim to the proud coast of being the
+  'true story of a great life.'"--_Philadelphia Ledger._
+
+  "Will be accepted as the best biography yet written of the great
+  President."--_Chicago Inter-Ocean._
+
+  "Mr. White claims that, as a portraiture of the man Lincoln, Mr.
+  Herndon's work 'will never be surpassed.' Certainly it has never
+  been equaled yet, and this new edition is all that could be
+  desired."--_New York Observer._
+
+  "The three portraits of Lincoln are the best that exist; and not the
+  least characteristic of these, the Lincoln of the Douglas debates,
+  has never before been engraved.... Herndon's narrative gives, as
+  nothing else is likely to give, the material from which we may form
+  a true picture of the man from infancy to maturity,"--_The Nation._
+
+
+
+
+_APPLETONS' CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY_. Complete in six
+volumes, royal 8vo, containing about 800 pages each. With sixty-one
+fine steel portraits and some two thousand smaller vignette portraits
+and views of birthplaces, residences, statues, etc.
+
+APPLETONS' CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY, edited by General JAMES
+GRANT WILSON, President of the New York Genealogical and Biographical
+Society, and Professor JOHN FISKE, formerly of Harvard University,
+assisted by over two hundred special contributors, contains a
+biographical sketch of every person eminent in American civil and
+military history, in law and politics, in divinity, in literature and
+art, in science and in invention. Its plan embraces all the countries
+of North and South America, and includes distinguished persons born
+abroad, but related to American history. As events are always
+connected with persons, it affords a complete compendium of American
+history in every branch of human achievement. An exhaustive topical
+and analytical Index enables the reader to follow the history of any
+subject with great readiness.
+
+  "It is the most complete work that exists on the subject. The tone
+  and guiding spirit of the book are certainly very fair, and show a
+  mind bent on a discriminate, just, and proper treatment of its
+  subject."--_From the_ Hon. GEORGE BANCROFT.
+
+  "The portraits are remarkably good. To anyone interested in
+  American history or literature, the Cyclopaedia will be
+  indispensable."--_From the_ Hon. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL.
+
+  "The selection of names seems to be liberal and just. The portraits,
+  so far as I can judge, are faithful, and the biographies
+  trustworthy."--_From_ NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D.,
+  _ex-President of Yale College_.
+
+  "A most valuable and interesting work."--_From the_ Hon. WM. E.
+  GLADSTONE.
+
+  "I have examined it with great interest and great gratification. It
+  is a noble work, and does enviable credit to its editors and
+  publishers."--_From the_ Hon. ROBERT C. WINTHROP.
+
+  "I have carefully examined 'Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American
+  Biography,' and do not hesitate to commend it to favor. It is
+  admirably adapted to use in the family and the schools, and is so
+  cheap as to come within the reach of all classes of readers and
+  students."--_From_ J.B. FORAKER, _ex-Governor of Ohio_.
+
+  "This book of American biography has come to me with a most unusual
+  charm. It sets before us the faces of great Americans, both men and
+  women, and gives us a perspective view of their lives. Where so many
+  noble and great have lived and wrought, one is encouraged to believe
+  the soil from which they sprang, the air they breathed, and the sky
+  over their heads, to be the best this world affords, and one says,
+  'Thank God, I also am an American!' We have many books of biography,
+  but I have seen none so ample, so clear-cut, and breathing so
+  strongly the best spirit of our native land. No young man or woman
+  can fail to find among these ample pages some model worthy of
+  imitation."--_From_ FRANCES E. WILLARD, _President
+  N.W.C.T.U._
+
+  "I congratulate you on the beauty of the volume, and the
+  thoroughness of the work."--_From_ Bishop PHILLIPS BROOKS.
+
+  "Every day's use of this admirable work confirms me in regard to its
+  comprehensiveness and accuracy."--_From_ CHARLES DUDLEY
+  WARNER.
+
+_Price, per volume, cloth or buckram, $5.00; sheep, $6.00; half calf
+or half morocco, $7.00. Sold only by subscription. Descriptive
+circular, with specimen pages, sent on application. Agents wanted for
+districts not yet assigned._
+
+
+
+
+"This work marks an epoch in the history-writing of this
+country."--_St. Louis Post-Dispatch._
+
+
+[Illustration: COLONIAL COURT-HOUSE PHILADELPHIA, 1707.]
+
+
+_THE HOUSEHOLD HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND ITS PEOPLE._ FOR YOUNG
+AMERICANS. By EDWARD EGGLESTON. Richly illustrated with 350 Drawings,
+75 Maps, etc. Square 8vo. Cloth, $2.50.
+
+
+_FROM THE PREFACE._
+
+The present work is meant, in the first instance, for the young--not
+alone for boys and girls, but for young men and women who have yet to
+make themselves familiar with the more important features of their
+country's history. By a book for the young is meant one in which the
+author studies to make his statements clear and explicit, in which
+curious and picturesque details are inserted, and in which the writer
+does not neglect such anecdotes as lend the charm of a human and
+personal interest to the broader facts of the nation's story. That
+history is often tiresome to the young is not so much the fault of
+history as of a false method of writing by which one contrives to
+relate events without sympathy or imagination, without narrative
+connection or animation. The attempt to master vague and general
+records of kiln-dried facts is certain to beget in the ordinary reader
+a repulsion from the study of history--one of the very most important
+of all studies for its widening influence on general culture.
+
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN'S TRAP.]
+
+
+  "Fills a decided gap which has existed for the past twenty years in
+  American historical literature. The work is admirably planned and
+  executed, and will at once take its place as a standard record of
+  the life, growth, and development of the nation. It is profusely and
+  beautifully illustrated."--_Boston Transcript._
+
+  "The book in its new dress makes a much finer appearance than
+  before, and will be welcomed by older readers as gladly as its
+  predecessor was greeted by girls and boys. The lavish use the
+  publishers have made of colored plates, woodcuts, and photographic
+  reproductions, gives an unwonted piquancy to the printed page,
+  catching the eye as surely as the text engages the mind."--_New York
+  Critic._
+
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL PUTNAM.]
+
+
+  "The author writes history as a story. It can never be less than
+  that. The book will enlist the interest of young people, enlighten
+  their understanding, and by the glow of its statements fix the great
+  events of the country firmly in the mind."--_San Francisco
+  Bulletin._
+
+
+
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