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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Mother's Remedies, by T. J. Ritter
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Mother's Remedies
+       Over One Thousand Tried and Tested Remedies from Mothers
+       of the United States and Canada
+
+Author: T. J. Ritter
+
+Release Date: January 1, 2006 [EBook #17439]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOTHER'S REMEDIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Don Kostuch
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Notes]
+
+Some of the suggestions in this book may be helpful or at least have a
+placebo effect. Beware of the many recipes that include kerosene (coal
+oil), turpentine, ammonium  chloride, lead, lye (sodium hydroxide),
+strychnine, arsenic, mercury, creosote, sodium phosphate, opium, cocaine
+and other illegal, poisonous or corrosive items. Many recipes do not
+specify if it is to be taken internally or topically (on the skin). There
+is an extreme preoccupation with poultices (applied to the skin, 324
+references) and "keeping the bowels open" (1498 references, including
+related terms).
+
+I view this material as a window into the terror endured by mothers and
+family members when a child or adult took ill. The doctors available (if
+you could afford one) could offer little more than this book. The guilt of
+failing to cure the child was probably easier to endure than the
+helplessness of doing nothing.
+
+There are many recipes for foods I fondly remember eating as a child.
+
+Note the many recipes for a single serving that involve lengthy and
+labor-intensive preparation. Refrigeration was uncommon and the
+temperature of iceboxes was well above freezing, so food had to be
+consumed quickly.
+
+Many recipes use uncooked meat and eggs that can lead to several diseases.
+
+Obvious typographical errors have been corrected but contemporary spelling
+and usage are unchanged. Page headers are retained, but are moved to the
+beginning of the paragraph where the text is interrupted. Page numbers are
+shown in brackets [ ].
+
+The author claims the material is directed toward non-medical "family"
+members, but many passages are obviously copied from medical textbooks.
+The following glossary of unfamiliar (to me) terms is quite lengthy and
+does not include incomprehensible (to me) medical terms and many words and
+names I could not find in several reference books. The book's own 16 page
+dictionary is on page 893.
+
+I recommend the article on "hydrophobia" (page 241) as an interesting
+history of the Pasture treatment.
+
+Don Kostuch
+
+
+Transcriber's Dictionary
+
+These entries are absent or brief in the original dictionary on page 893.
+A short cooking dictionary is on page 831. Check there for items not found
+here.
+
+acetanilide   (also acetanilid)
+  White crystalline compound, C6H5NH(COCH3), formerly used to relieve pain
+  and reduce fever. It has been replaced because of toxicity.
+
+Aconite
+  Various, usually poisonous perennial herbs of the genus Aconitum, having
+  tuberous roots, palmately lobed leaves, blue or white flowers with large
+  hoodlike upper sepals, and an aggregate of follicles. The dried leaves
+  and roots of these plants yield a poisonous alkaloid that was formerly
+  used medicinally. Also called monkshood, wolfsbane.
+
+actinomycosis  (lumpy jaw)
+  Inflammatory disease of cattle, hogs, and sometimes humans, caused by
+  actinomyces; causes lumpy tumors of the mouth, neck, chest, and abdomen.
+
+Addison's disease
+  Caused by partial or total failure of adrenocortical function;
+  characterized by a bronze-like skin color and mucous membranes, anemia,
+  weakness, and low blood pressure.
+
+ad libitum
+  At the discretion of the performer. Giving license to alter or omit a
+  part.
+
+affusion
+  Pouring on of liquid, as in baptism.
+
+ague
+  Alternating periods of chills, fever, and sweating. Used in reference to
+  the fevers associated with malaria.
+
+aletris farinosa (Colicroot, star grass, blackroot,
+blazing star, and unicorn root )
+  Bitter American herb of the Bloodwort family, with small yellow or white
+  flowers in a long spike (Aletris farinosa and A. aurea).
+
+algid
+  Cold; chilly.
+
+alkanet
+  European perennial herb (Alkanna tinctoria) having cymes of blue flowers
+  and red roots. The red dye extracted from the root. Plants of the
+  Eurasian genus Anchusa, having blue or violet flowers grouped on
+  elongated cymes.
+
+allyl
+  Univalent, unsaturated organic radical C3H5.
+
+aloin
+  Bitter, yellow crystalline compound from aloe, used as a laxative.
+alum
+  Double sulfates of a trivalent metal such as aluminum, chromium, or iron
+  and a univalent metal such as potassium or sodium, especially aluminum
+  potassium sulfate, AlK(SO4)2 12H2O, widely used in industry as
+  clarifiers, hardeners, and purifiers and medicinally as topical
+  astringents and styptics.
+
+anemonin
+  Acrid poisonous compound containing two lactone groups; obtained from
+  plants of the genus Anemone and genus Ranunculus, containing the
+  buttercups.
+
+aneurysm (aneurism)
+  Localized, blood-filled dilatation of a blood vessel caused by disease
+  or weakening of the vessel wall.
+
+animadversion
+  Strong criticism. Critical or censorious remark:
+
+anise
+  Aromatic Mediterranean herb (Pimpinella anisum) in the parsley family,
+  cultivated for its seed-like fruits and the oil; used to flavor foods,
+  liqueurs, and candies.
+
+anodyne
+  Relieves pain.
+
+antipyrine (antipyrin, phenazone)
+  Analgesic and antipyretic (reduces fever) C11H12N2O formerly used, but
+  now largely replaced by less toxic drugs such as aspirin.
+
+antrum
+  Cavity or chamber, especially in a bone. Sinus in the bones of the upper
+  jaw, opening into the nasal cavity.
+
+apomorphine
+  Poisonous white crystalline alkaloid, C17H17NO2, derived from morphine
+  and used to induce vomiting.
+
+arnica
+  Perennial herbs of the genus Arnica. Tincture of the dried flower heads
+  of the European species A. montana, applied externally to relieve the
+  pain and inflammation of bruises and sprains.
+
+articular
+  Relating to joints: the articular surfaces of bones.
+
+asafetida (asafoetida)
+  Fetid (offensive odor) gum resin of Asian plants of the genus Ferula
+  (especially F. assafoetida, F. foetida, or F. narthex). It has a strong
+  odor and taste, and was formerly used as an antispasmodic and a general
+  prophylactic against disease.
+
+atresia
+  Absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular passage such as
+  the anus, intestine, or external ear canal. Degeneration and resorption
+  of one or more ovarian follicles before a state of maturity has been
+  reached.
+
+atropine
+  Poisonous, bitter, crystalline alkaloid, C17H23NO3, obtained from
+  belladonna and related plants. Used to dilate the pupils of the eyes and
+  as an antispasmodic.
+
+bainmarie
+  Large pan of hot water in which smaller pans may be placed to cook food
+  slowly or to keep food warm.
+
+barberry
+  Shrubs of the genus Berberis having small yellow flowers, and red,
+  orange, or blackish berries.
+
+baryta
+  A barium compounds, such as barium sulfate.
+
+baste
+  Sew loosely with large running stitches to hold together temporarily.
+
+batiste
+  Fine, plain-woven fabric made from various fibers and used especially
+  for clothing.
+
+bedizen
+  Ornament or dress in a showy or gaudy manner.
+
+belladonna (deadly nightshade)
+  Poisonous Eurasian perennial herb (Atropa belladonna) with solitary,
+  nodding, purplish-brown, bell-shaped flowers and glossy black berries.
+  An alkaloidal extract of this plant used in medicine.
+
+benne (sesame)
+  Tropical Asian plant (Sesamum indicum) bearing small flat seeds used as
+  food and as a source of oil.
+
+benzoin
+  Balsamic resin obtained from certain tropical Asian trees of the genus
+  Styrax and used in perfumery and medicine. Also called benjamin, gum
+  benjamin, gum benzoin. A white or yellowish crystalline compound, C14
+  H12 O2, derived from benzaldehyde.
+
+berberine
+  Bitter-tasting yellow alkaloid, C20H19NO5, from several plants such as
+  goldenseal. Used medically as an antipyretic and antibacterial agent.
+
+bergamot
+  Small tree (Citrus aurantium subsp. bergamia) grown in southern Italy
+  for its sour citrus fruits. The rinds yield an aromatic oil (bergamot
+  oil) used in perfume.
+
+beri-beri
+  Deficiency of thiamine, endemic in eastern and southern Asia and
+  characterized by neurological symptoms, cardiovascular abnormalities,
+  and edema.
+
+Berserker
+  Ancient Norse warriors legendary for working themselves into a frenzy
+  before a battle and fighting with reckless savagery and insane fury.
+
+bijouterie
+  Collection of trinkets or jewelry; decorations.
+
+bilious
+  Relating to bile. Excess secretion of bile. Gastric distress caused by a
+  disorder of the liver or gallbladder. Resembling bile, especially in
+  color: a bilious green. Peevish disposition; ill-humored.
+
+bistort
+  Eurasian perennial herb (Polygonum bistorta) with cylindrical spikes of
+  pink flowers and a rhizome used as an astringent in folk medicine.
+
+blue flag
+  Several irises with blue or blue-violet flowers, especially Iris
+  versicolor of eastern North America.
+
+blue stone (blue vitriol, blue copperas, chalcanthite)
+  Hydrated blue crystalline form of copper sulfate.
+
+bobbinet
+  Machine-woven net fabric with hexagonal meshes.
+
+boil
+  Painful, circumscribed pus-filled inflammation of the skin and
+  subcutaneous tissue usually caused by a local staphylococcal infection.
+  Also called furuncle.
+
+bolster
+  Long narrow pillow or cushion.
+
+bombazine
+  Fine twilled fabric of silk and worsted or cotton, often dyed black for
+  mourning clothes.
+
+boracic acid (boric acid)
+  Water-soluble white or colorless crystalline compound, H3BO3, used as an
+  antiseptic and preservative.
+
+boutonniere
+  Flower or small bunch of flowers worn in a buttonhole.
+
+bryonia
+  Small genus of perennial old world tendril-bearing vines (family
+  Cucurbitaceae) having large leaves, small flowers, and red or black
+  fruit; Dried root of a bryony (Bryonia alba or B. dioica) used as a
+  cathartic.
+
+bubo (buboes)
+  An inflamed, tender swelling of a lymph node, especially in the area of
+  the armpit or groin, that is characteristic of bubonic plague and
+  syphilis.
+
+bubonic plague (black death)
+  Contagious, often fatal epidemic disease caused by the bacterium
+  Yersinia (syn. Pasteurella) pestis, transmitted from person to person or
+  by the bite of fleas from an infected rodent, especially a rat; produces
+  chills, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and the formation of buboes.
+
+buchu
+  South African shrubs of the genus Agathosma, especially A. betulina and
+  A. crenulata; the leaves are used as a mild diuretic and provide an
+  aromatic oil used for flavoring.
+
+burdock
+  Weedy, chiefly biennial plants of the genus Arctium.
+
+cachexia
+  Weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general debility
+  during a chronic disease.
+
+cajeput (paperbark)
+  Australian and southeast Asian tree (Melaleuca quinquenervia, M.
+  leucadendron) of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae); yields a pungent
+  medicinal oil; grown in Florida.
+
+calamine
+  White or colorless mineral, essentially Zn4Si2O7(OH)2.H2O
+  (hemimorphite).  Pink, odorless, tasteless powder of zinc oxide with a
+  small amount of ferric oxide, dissolved in mineral oils and used in skin
+  lotions.
+
+calcareous
+  Composed of calcium carbonate, calcium, or limestone; chalky.
+
+cale
+  Variety of cabbage in which the leaves do not form a head, being nearly
+  the wild form of the species; also called kail.
+
+calomel
+  Colorless, white or brown tasteless compound, Hg2Cl2, used as a
+  purgative and insecticide. Mercurous chloride.
+
+cambric
+  Finely woven white linen or cotton fabric.
+
+
+cantharis  (pl. cantharides) (also called Spanish fly)
+  Brilliant green blister beetle (Lytta vesicatoria or Cantharis
+  vesicatoria) of central and southern Europe. Toxic preparation of the
+  crushed, dried bodies of this beetle, formerly used as a
+  counter-irritant for skin blisters and as an aphrodisiac.
+
+capsicum
+  Topical American pepper plants, genus Capsicum, especially C. annuum and
+  C. frutescens.
+
+capsid (mirid bug, mirid)
+  Variety of leaf bug.
+
+carbolic acid (phenol)
+  Caustic, poisonous, white crystalline compound, C6H5OH, derived from
+  benzene and used in resins, plastics, and pharmaceuticals and in dilute
+  form as a disinfectant and antiseptic.
+
+carbuncle
+  A painful localized bacterial infection of the skin that usually has
+  several openings discharging pus.
+
+cardamom
+  Rhizomatous (horizontal, usually underground stem) Indian herb
+  (Elettaria cardamomum) having capsular fruits with aromatic seeds used
+  as a spice or condiment.  Plants of the related genus Amomum, used as a
+  substitute for cardamom.
+
+carminative
+  Inducing the expulsion of gas from the stomach and intestines.
+
+cascara (See Rhamnus purshiana)
+  A buckthorn native to northwest North America; the bark yields  cascara
+  sagrada.
+
+cassia
+  Tropical or subtropical trees, shrubs, or herbs of the genus Cassia in
+  the pea family, having yellow flowers, and long, flat or cylindrical
+  pods. Tropical Asian evergreen tree (Cinnamomum cassia) having aromatic
+  bark used as a substitute for cinnamon.
+
+Castile soap
+  Fine, hard, white, odorless soap made of olive oil and sodium hydroxide.
+
+castor oil
+  Colorless or pale yellowish oil extracted from the seeds of the
+  castor-oil plant, used as a laxative and skin softener.
+
+catarrh
+  Inflammation of mucous membranes, especially in the nose and throat.
+
+catechu (cutch, Acacia catechu, betel palm)
+  Spiny Asian tree with yellow flowers, and dark heartwood. A raw material
+  obtained from the heartwood of this plant, used in the preparation of
+  tannins and brown dyes.
+
+caudal
+  Near the tail or hind parts; posterior. Similar to a tail in form or
+  function.
+
+caustic potash (potassium hydroxide)
+  Caustic white solid, KOH, used as a bleach and in the manufacture of
+  soaps, dyes, alkaline batteries.
+
+cerate
+  Hard, unctuous, fat or wax-based solid, sometimes medicated, formerly
+  applied to the skin directly or on dressings.
+
+chambray
+  Fine lightweight fabric woven with white threads across a colored warp.
+
+chancel
+  Space around the altar of a church for the clergy and sometimes the
+  choir, often enclosed by a lattice or railing.
+
+chary
+  Cautious; wary; not giving or expending freely; sparing.
+
+chelidnium
+  Herbs of the poppy family (Papaveraceae) with brittle stems, yellowish
+  acrid juice, pinnately divided leaves, and small yellow flowers that
+  includes the celandine. Preparation of celandine (Chelidonium majus)
+  used formerly as a diuretic.
+
+Cheviot
+  Breed of sheep with short thick wool, originally raised in the Cheviot
+  Hills. Fabric of coarse twill weave, used for suits and overcoats,
+  originally made of  Cheviot wool.
+
+chicken pox
+  Caused by the varicella-zoster virus; indicated by skin eruptions,
+  slight fever, and malaise. Also called varicella.
+
+chilblain
+  Inflammation and itchy irritation of the hands, feet, or ears, caused by
+  moist cold.
+
+chloral hydrate
+  Colorless crystalline compound, CCl3CH(OH)2, used as a sedative and
+  hypnotic.
+
+chlorosis
+  Iron-deficiency anemia, primarily of young women, indicated by
+  greenish-yellow skin color.
+
+cholera infantum
+  Acute non-contagious intestinal disturbance of infants formerly common
+  in congested areas with high humidity and temperature.
+
+cholera morbus
+  Acute gastroenteritis occurring in summer and autumn exhibiting severe
+  cramps, diarrhea, and vomiting. No longer in scientific use.
+
+chorea
+  Nervous disorders marked by involuntary, jerky movements, especially of
+  the arms, legs, and face.
+
+Chrysarobin
+  Bitter, yellow substance in Goa powder (from the wood of a Brazilian
+  tree Vataireopsis araroba), and yielding chrysophanic acid; formerly
+  called chrysphanic acid.
+
+cinchona (Jesuit's bark, Peruvian bark)
+  Trees and shrubs of the genus Cinchona, native chiefly to the Andes and
+  cultivated for bark that yields the medicinal alkaloids quinine and
+  quinidine, which are used to treat malaria. Dried bark of these plants.
+
+Cinnamyl
+  Hypothetical radical, (C6H5.C2H2)2C, of cinnamic compounds. Formerly,
+  cinnamule.
+
+clonic
+  The nature of clonus--contraction and relaxation of muscle.
+
+cocculus
+  Poisonous bean-shaped berry of a woody vine (Anamirta cocculus) of the
+  East Indies that yields picrotoxin.
+
+cochineal
+  Red dye made of the dried and pulverized bodies of female cochineal
+  insects.
+
+coddle
+  Cook in water below the boiling point: coddle eggs. Treat indulgently;
+  baby; pamper.
+
+codling (codlin)
+  Greenish elongated English apple used for cooking. Small unripe apple.
+
+Cohosh (baneberry, herb Christopher)
+  Plant of the genus Actaea having acrid poisonous berries; especially
+  blue cohosh, black cohosh.
+
+colchicum
+  Various bulbous plants of the genus Colchicum, such as the autumn
+  crocus. The dried ripe seeds or corms (short thick solid food-storing
+  underground stem) of the autumn crocus which yield colchicine.
+
+collodion
+  Highly flammable, colorless or yellowish syrupy solution of pyroxylin,
+  ether, and alcohol, used as an adhesive to close small wounds and hold
+  surgical dressings, in topical medications, and for making photographic
+  plates.
+
+colocynth  (bitter apple)
+  Old World vine (Citrullus colocynthis) bearing yellowish, green-mottled
+  fruits the size of small lemons. The pulp of the fruit is a strong
+  laxative.
+
+colombo (calumba)
+  Root of an African plant (Jatrorrhiza palmata, family Menispermaceae)
+  containing  columbin; it is used as a tonic called calumba root or
+  colombo root.
+
+colostrum  (foremilk)
+  Thin yellowish fluid secreted by the mammary glands at birth, rich in
+  antibodies and minerals. It precedes the production of true milk.
+
+coltsfoot (galax)
+  Eurasian herb (Tussilago farfara), naturalized in parts of North America
+  with dandelion-like flower heads. Dried leaves or flower heads of this
+  plant have been long used in herbal medicine to treat coughs.
+
+consomme
+  Clear soup or bouillion boiled down so as to be very rich.
+
+contretemps
+  Unforeseen disruption of the normal course of things; inopportune
+  occurrence.
+
+copaiba
+  Transparent, often yellowish, viscous oleoresin from South American
+  trees of the genus Copaifera in the pea family, used in varnishes and as
+  a fixative in perfume.
+
+copperas (ferrous sulfate)
+  Greenish crystalline compound, FeSO4.7H2O, used as a pigment,
+  fertilizer, and feed additive, in sewage and water treatment, and in the
+  treatment of iron deficiency.
+
+corrosive sublimate
+  Mercuric chloride.
+
+costal
+  Relating to or near a rib.
+
+costive
+  Constipated
+
+cranesbill  (geranium, storksbill)
+  Plants of the genus Geranium, with pink or purplish flowers.  Various
+  plants of the genus Pelargonium, native chiefly to southern Africa and
+  widely cultivated for their rounded and showy clusters of red, pink, or
+  white flowers.
+
+cream of tartar
+  Potassium bitartrate. White, acid, crystalline solid or powder,
+  KHC4H4O6, used in baking powder, in the tinning of metals, and as a
+  laxative.
+
+Creasote (creosote)
+  Colorless to yellowish oily liquid containing phenols and creosols,
+  obtained by the destructive distillation of wood tar, especially from
+  beech, and formerly used as an expectorant in treating chronic
+  bronchitis. Also used as a wood preservative and disinfectant. May cause
+  severe neurological disturbances if inhaled.
+
+crepe de Chine
+  Silk crepe used for dresses and blouses.
+
+cretonne
+  Heavy unglazed cotton, linen, or rayon fabric, colorfully printed and
+  used for draperies and slipcovers.
+
+croton oil
+  Brownish-yellow, foul-smelling oil from the seeds of a tropical Asian
+  shrub or small tree (Croton tiglium); formerly used as a drastic
+  purgative and counterirritant. Its use was discontinued because of its
+  toxicity.
+
+croup
+  Condition of the larynx, especially in infants and children, causing
+  respiratory difficulty and a hoarse, brassy cough.
+
+Culver's root
+  Perennial herb (Veronicastrum virginicum) native to eastern North
+  America; the root was formerly used as a cathartic and an emetic.
+
+cupping
+  Therapeutic procedure, no longer in use; an evacuated glass cup is
+  applied to the skin to draw blood to the surface.
+
+Cuprum
+  Copper.
+
+Curacao
+  Flavored with sour orange peel. Popular island resort in the Netherlands
+  Antilles.
+
+cystitis
+  Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
+
+damask
+  Rich patterned fabric of cotton, linen, silk, or wool. Fine, twilled
+  table linen.
+
+deadly night-shade (bittersweet, bittersweet nightshade, climbing
+nightshade, poisonous nightshade, woody nightshade, Solanum dulcamara)
+  Perennial Eurasian herb with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining
+  black berries; extensively grown in United States; roots and leaves
+  yield atropine (belladonna, Atropa belladonna).
+
+decollete
+  Cut low at the neckline. Wearing a garment that is low-cut or strapless.
+
+demi-monde
+  Class of women kept by wealthy lovers or protectors; prostitutes; group
+  whose respectability is dubious or whose success is marginal.
+
+demulcent
+  Soothing, usually mucilaginous or oily substance, such as glycerin or
+  lanolin, used to relieve pain of irritated mucous membranes.
+
+diathesis
+  Hereditary predisposition to disease, allergy, or other disorder.
+
+digitalis
+  Plant of the genus Digitalis, including foxgloves. Drug prepared from
+  the seeds and dried leaves used as a cardiac stimulant.
+
+dilatory
+  Delay or postpone.
+
+discomfit
+  Make uneasy or perplexed; disconcert; embarrass; thwart the plans of;
+  frustrate.
+
+dry cupping
+  See cupping.
+
+dysmenorrhea
+  Painful menstruation.
+
+effusion
+  Seeping of serous, purulent, or bloody fluid into a body cavity or
+  tissue. The effused fluid.
+
+eiderdown (eider down)
+  Down of the eider duck, used to stuff quilts and pillows. Quilt stuffed
+  with the down of the eider duck.
+
+empyema
+  Pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural cavity.
+
+ennui
+  Listlessness, dissatisfaction, lack of interest; boredom:
+
+Epsom salts
+  Hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO4.7H2O, used as a cathartic and to
+  reduce inflammation.
+
+ergot
+  Fungus (Claviceps purpurea) infecting cereal plants; forms compact black
+  masses of branching filaments that replace many of the grains of the
+  host plant. Disease caused by such a fungus. The dried sclerotia of
+  ergot obtained from rye is a source of several medicinal alkaloids and
+  lysergic acid.
+
+erigeron
+  Genus of composite herbs having flower heads resembling asters. Formerly
+  used as a diuretic and as a hemostatic in uterine hemorrhage
+
+erysipelas
+  Acute skin disease caused by hemolytic streptococcus; marked by
+  localized inflammation and fever. Also called Saint Anthony's fire.
+
+eschar
+  Dry scab or slough formed on the skin caused by a burn or by the action
+  of a corrosive or caustic substance.
+
+eucaine
+  A crystalline substance, C15H21NO2, used as a local anesthetic,
+  substituting for cocaine, in veterinary medicine.
+
+eucalyptol  (cineole)
+  Colorless oily liquid, C10H18O, from eucalyptus; used in
+  pharmaceuticals, flavoring, and perfumery.
+
+eucalyptus
+  Trees of the genus Eucalyptus, native to Australia; they have aromatic
+  leaves that yield an oil used medicinally.
+
+farcy (see glanders)
+  Chronic form of glanders that affects the skin and superficial lymph
+  vessels.
+
+febrile
+  ferverish
+
+felon
+  Painful purulent infection at the end of a finger or toe in the area
+  surrounding the nail. Also called whitlow.
+
+ferrocyanate
+  Salt of ferrocyanic acid; a ferrocyanide.
+
+fistula
+  An abnormal duct or passage resulting from injury, disease, or other
+  disorder that connects an abscess, cavity, or hollow organ to the body
+  surface or to another hollow organ.
+
+flounce
+  Strip of decorative, gathered or pleated material attached by one edge,
+  as on a garment or curtain.
+
+fondant
+  Sweet creamy sugar paste used in candies and icings. Candy containing
+  this paste.
+
+fontanelles
+  The soft membranous gaps between the incompletely formed cranial bones
+  of a fetus or an infant. Also called soft spot.
+
+formaldehyde
+  Colorless gaseous compound, HCHO, used to manufacture resins,
+  fertilizers, dyes, and embalming fluids and in aqueous solution as a
+  preservative and disinfectant.
+
+formalin
+  Aqueous solution of formaldehyde that is 37 percent by weight.
+
+fossa
+  A small depression, as in a bone.
+
+foulard
+  Lightweight twill or plain-woven fabric of silk or silk and cotton,
+  often having a small printed design. Necktie or scarf, made of this
+  fabric.
+
+Fowler's solution
+  Solution of arsenite of potassium in water; named for Fowler, an English
+  physician who brought it into use.
+
+frock coat
+  Man's dress coat or suit coat with knee-length skirts.
+
+fuller's earth
+  Highly adsorbent (attaches to other substances without any chemical
+  action) clay-like substance consisting of hydrated aluminum silicates;
+  used  in talcum powders.
+
+fly blister
+  Blister caused by the vesicating (blistering) body fluid of certain
+  beetles.
+
+fusiform
+  Tapered at each end; spindle-shaped.
+
+galatea
+  Durable, often striped cotton fabric used in making clothing.
+
+galax (beetleweed, coltsfoot, wandflower)
+  Stemless evergreen perennial plant (Galax urceolata) of the eastern US,
+  with a rosette of glossy, heart-shaped leaves and small white flowers in
+  spike-like clusters.
+
+gallic acid
+  Colorless crystalline compound, C7H6O5, derived from tannin used as a
+  tanning agent, ink dye, in photography, and paper manufacturing.
+
+gamboge
+  Brownish or orange resin from trees of the genus Garcinia of
+  south-central Asia and yielding a golden-yellow pigment.
+
+gaucherie
+  Awkward or tactless act, manner, or expression.
+
+gelsemium
+  Genus of climbing plants. The yellow (false) jasmine (Gelsemium
+  sempervirens) is a native of the Southern United States; the root is
+  used for malarial fevers.
+
+gentian
+  Plants of the genus Gentiana, having showy, variously colored flowers.
+  The dried rhizome and roots of a yellow-flowered European gentian, G.
+  lutea, used as a tonic.
+
+germander
+  Aromatic plants of the genus Teucrium, with purplish or reddish flowers.
+
+gingham
+  Yarn-dyed cotton fabric woven in stripes, checks, plaids, or solid
+  colors.
+
+glace
+  Smooth, glazed or glossy surface, such as certain silks or leathers.
+  Coated with a sugar glaze; candied.
+
+glairy
+  Slimy consistency, like egg white; cough producing glairy sputum.
+
+glanders
+  Contagious, usually fatal disease of horses, caused by the bacterium
+  Pseudomonas mallei; causes swollen lymph nodes, nasal discharge, and
+  ulcers of the respiratory tract and skin. Communicable to other mammals,
+  including humans.
+
+glaubers salts
+  (Na2SO4.10H2O); colorless salt used as a cathartic.
+
+gleet
+  Inflammation of the urethra caused by chronic gonorrhea with a discharge
+  of mucus and pus; the discharge that is characteristic of this
+  inflammation.
+
+Glonoin
+  Dilute solution of nitroglycerin used as a neurotic.
+
+glycerite
+  Preparation made by mixing or dissolving a substance in glycerin.
+
+glycyrrhiza
+  Widely distributed perennial herbs of the family Leguminosae  that
+  include licorice. Dried root of a licorice of the genus Glycyrrhiza (G.
+  glabra); used to mask unpleasant flavors in drugs or to give a pleasant
+  taste to confections called licorice.
+
+goiter (goitre)
+  Enlargement of the thyroid gland; often results from insufficient intake
+  of iodine.
+
+golden seal
+  See hydrastis.
+
+groats
+  Hulled, usually crushed grain, especially oats.
+
+grosgrain
+  Closely woven silk or rayon fabric with narrow horizontal ribs. Ribbon
+  made of this fabric.
+
+gruel
+ Thin porridge (usually oatmeal or cornmeal). See page 574.
+
+guaiacum  (guaiac )
+  Tree of the genus Guaiacum; a lignum vitae. Greenish-brown resin from
+  this tree, used medicinally and in varnishes.
+
+gustatory
+  Concerning the sense of taste.
+
+haematuria
+  Blood in the urine.
+
+hamamelis
+  Genus of shrubs or small trees (family Hamamelidaceae), including the
+  witch hazels. Dried leaves of a witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) of
+  the eastern U.S. used formerly as a tonic and sedative.
+
+hartshorn
+  Antler of a hart, formerly used as a source of ammonia and in smelling
+  salts.  Ammonium carbonate.
+
+hellebore
+  Plants of the genus Helleborus, native to Eurasia, most of which are
+  poisonous. Plants of the genus Veratrum, especially V. viride of North
+  America, yielding a toxic alkaloid used medicinally.
+
+henbane  (black henbane, insane root)
+  Poisonous Eurasian plant (Hyoscyamus niger) having an unpleasant odor,
+  sticky leaves, and funnel-shaped greenish-yellow flowers. It is a source
+  hyoscyamus, hyoscamine and scopolamine.
+
+henna
+  Tree or shrub (Lawsonia inermis) of the Middle East, having fragrant
+  white or reddish flowers. Reddish-orange dyestuff prepared from the
+  dried and ground leaves of this plant, used as a cosmetic dye and for
+  coloring leather and fabrics. To dye (hair, for example) with henna.
+
+Hepar
+  Liver of sulphur; a substance of a liver-brown color, sometimes used in
+  medicine. Fformed by fusing sulphur with carbonates of the alkalies
+  (esp. potassium), and consists essentially of alkaline sulphides. Called
+  also hepar sulphuris. A substance resembling hepar; in homeopathy,
+  calcium sulphide, called also hepar sulphuris calcareum.
+
+hepatica  (liverleaf)
+  Woodland plants of the genus Hepatica, especially H. americana of
+  eastern North America, having three-lobed leaves and white or lavender
+  flowers.
+
+Herpes Zoster
+  Varicella-zoster virus:  A herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and
+  shingles. Causes an acute viral infection--inflammation of the sensory
+  ganglia of spinal or cranial nerves and the eruption of vesicles along
+  the affected nerve path. It usually strikes only one side of the body
+  and is often accompanied by severe neuralgia.
+
+Honduras Bark
+  Dried bark of a tropical American tree (Picramnia antidesma) formerly
+  used in the treatment of syphilis and skin diseases.
+
+Hunyadi (Hunyady )
+  Hungarian noble family, partly of Romanian origin. The first recorded
+  member of the family was Serbe, who settled in Hunyad county in
+  Transylvania from Wallachia.
+
+hydrastis
+  Genus of herbs (family Ranunculaceae) with palmately lobed leaves and
+  small greenish flowers and including the goldenseal (H. canadensis). The
+  dried rhizome and roots of the goldenseal formerly used in pharmacy as a
+  bitter tonic and antiseptic called also goldenseal.
+
+hydragogue
+  Cathartics that aid in the removal of edematous fluids and promote the
+  discharge of  fluid from the bowels.
+
+hydrophobia (rabies)
+  Viral disease of the nervous system of warm-blooded animals. Transmitted
+  by a rhabdovirus (genus Lyssavirus)  in infected saliva of a rabid
+  animal. Causes increased salivation, abnormal behavior, and paralysis
+  and death when untreated
+
+hypophosphite
+  Salt of hypophosphorous acid.
+
+hyoscine (scopolamine)
+  An alkaloid, C17H21NO4, from plants such as henbane; used as a mydriatic
+  (dilatate the pupils) and sedative, and to treat nausea and motion
+  sickness.
+
+hyoscyamus
+  Poisonous Eurasian herbs of the family Solanaceae that have simple
+  leaves, irregular flowers, and include the henbane (H. niger). Dried
+  leaves of the henbane containing the alkaloids hyoscyamine and
+  scopolamine, used as an antispasmodic and sedative.
+
+ichthyol
+  Oily substance prepared by the dry distillation of a bituminous mineral
+  containing fossil fishes. Used as a remedy for some skin diseases.
+
+ignatia
+  Dried ripe seeds of the Saint-Ignatius's-bean used like nux vomica.
+
+impetigo
+  Contagious bacterial skin infection, usually of children, indicated by
+  the eruption of superficial pustules with thick yellow crusts, commonly
+  on the face.
+
+incommode
+  Cause inconvenience; disturb.
+
+inspissate
+  Undergo thickening or cause to thicken, as by boiling or evaporation;
+  condense.
+
+intercostal
+  Relating to or near a rib.
+
+iodoform
+  Yellowish crystalline compound, CHI3, used as an antiseptic.
+
+ipecac
+  Tropical American shrub (Cephaelis ipecacuanha) that yields emetine.
+  Medicinal preparation made from this shrub used to induce vomiting.
+
+Iris Florentina (Florentine iris, orris, Iris germanica
+florentina, Iris florentina)
+  German iris having large white flowers and a fragrant rhizome.
+
+Irish moss (carrageen)
+  Edible North Atlantic seaweed (Chondrus crispus) that yields a
+  mucilaginous substance used medicinally and in preparing jellies.
+
+iritis
+    Inflammation of the iris of the eye.
+
+jalap
+  Eastern Mexican vine (Ipomoea purga) with tuberous roots that are dried,
+  powdered, and used as a cathartic.
+
+jocose
+  Given to joking; merry; humorous.
+
+kamala
+  Asian tree (Mallotus philippinensis) that bears a hairy capsular fruit;
+  vermifugal powder is obtained from the capsules of this tree.
+
+kino
+  Reddish resin from several Old World trees of the genera Eucalyptus,
+  Pterocarpus, and Butea and from tropical American trees of the genera
+  Coccoloba and Dipteryx.
+
+kumiss (koumiss)
+  Fermented milk of a mare or camel, used as a beverage in western and
+  central Asia.
+
+La Grippe
+  Influenza.
+
+lancinating
+  Sensation of cutting, piercing, or stabbing.
+
+lard
+  White solid or semisolid rendered fat of a hog.
+
+laudanum
+  Tincture of opium, formerly used as a drug.
+
+leukemia (leucemia, leukaemia, leucaemia)
+  Disease in humans and other warm-blooded animals involving the
+  blood-forming organs; causes an abnormal increase in the number of white
+  blood cells in the tissues  with or without a corresponding increase in
+  the circulating blood.
+
+lime (calcium oxide)
+  White, caustic, lumpy powder, CaO, used as a refractory, as a flux, in
+  manufacturing steel and paper, in glassmaking, in waste treatment, in
+  insecticides, and as an industrial alkali.
+
+  Slaked lime is calcium hydroxide, a soft white powder, Ca(OH)2, used in
+  making mortar, cements, calcium salts, paints, hard rubber products, and
+  petrochemicals.
+
+litmus
+  Coloring material from lichens that turns red in acid solutions and blue
+  in alkaline solutions.
+
+Liveforever (orpine, orpin, livelong, Sedum telephium)
+  Perennial northern temperate plant with toothed leaves and heads of
+  small purplish-white flowers.
+
+lobelia
+  See Herb Department, page 428.
+
+lochia
+  Normal uterine discharge of blood, tissue, and mucus from the vagina
+  after childbirth.
+
+lupus
+  Systemic lupus erythematosus. Chronic skin conditions characterized by
+  ulcerative lesions that spread over the body. No longer in scientific
+  use.
+
+lupulin
+  Minute yellowish-brown hairs in the strobili of the hop plant, formerly
+  used in medicine as a sedative.
+
+
+lycopodium
+  Plant of the genus Lycopodium, including club mosses. The yellowish
+  powdery spores of certain club mosses, especially Lycopodium clavatum,
+  are used in fireworks and as a coating for pills.
+
+madras
+  Cotton or silk cloth of fine texture, usually with a plaid, striped, or
+  checked pattern. Large handkerchief of madras cloth.
+
+malines
+  Thin, stiff net woven in a hexagonal pattern, used in dressmaking.
+
+mandrake  (may-apple)
+  Southern European plant (Mandragora officinarum) having greenish-yellow
+  flowers and a branched root. This plant was once believed to have
+  magical powers because its root resembles the human body. The root
+  contains the poisonous alkaloid hyoscyamine. Also called mandragora. See
+  podophyllin.
+
+marseille
+  Heavy cotton fabric with a raised pattern of stripes or figures.
+
+meatus
+  Body opening or passage, such as the opening of the ear or the urethra.
+
+menorrhagia
+  Unusually heavy or extended menstrual flow.
+
+menstruum
+  Solvent used to extract compounds from plant and animal tissues and
+  preparing drugs.
+
+messaline
+  Lightweight, soft, shiny silk cloth with a twilled or satin weave.
+
+mezereon
+  Poisonous Eurasian ornamental shrub (Daphne mezereum) with fragrant
+  lilac-purple flowers and small scarlet fruit. The dried bark of this
+  plant was used externally as a vesicant (blistering agent) and
+  internally for arthritis.
+
+miliary
+  Appearance of millet seeds. Small skin lesions with the appearance of
+  millet seeds.
+
+mullein
+  Eurasian plants of the genus Verbascum, especially V. thapsus. Also
+  called flannel leaf, velvet plant.
+
+muriate
+  Chloride; compound of chlorine with another element or radical;
+  especially, a salt or ester of hydrochloric acid called.
+
+myrrh
+  Aromatic gum resin from trees and shrubs of the genus Commiphora of
+  India, Arabia, and eastern Africa, used in perfume and incense.
+
+methyl salicylate
+  Liquid ester C8H8O3 obtained from the leaves of wintergreen (Gaultheria
+  procumbens) or the bark of a birch (Betula lenta); now made
+  synthetically, and used as a flavoring and a counterirritant.
+
+motherwort
+  Eurasian plants of the genus Leonurus, especially L. cardiaca, a weed
+  having clusters of small purple or pink flowers.
+
+mugwort
+  Aromatic plants of the genus Artemisia, especially A. vulgaris, native
+  to Eurasia; used as a condiment.
+
+mustard plaster (sinapism)
+  Medicinal plaster made with a paste-like mixture of powdered black
+  mustard, flour, and water, used as a counterirritant.
+
+nephritis
+  Various acute or chronic inflammations of the kidneys, such as Bright's
+  disease.
+
+naphthalene (naphthaline, tar camphor)
+  White crystalline compound, C10H8, derived from coal tar or petroleum
+  and used in manufacturing dyes, moth repellents, and explosives and as a
+  solvent.
+
+nebulize
+   To convert a liquid to a fine spray; atomize.
+   To treat with a medicated spray.
+
+nainsook
+  Soft lightweight muslin used for babies.
+
+Neroli
+  An essential oil made by distilling the flowers of the orange; it is
+  used in perfume.
+
+nitre (niter,  saltpeter)
+  Potassium nitrate, KNO3, used in making gunpowder.
+
+nux vomica
+  Tree (Strychnos nux-vomica) native to southeast Asia, having poisonous
+  seeds that are the source of the medicinal alkaloids strychnine and
+  brucine.
+
+ocher (ochre)
+  Yellow, brown, or red mineral oxides of iron used as pigments.
+
+oil of vitriol
+  Sulfuric acid; highly corrosive, dense, oily liquid, H2SO4, colorless to
+  dark brown depending on its purity and used to manufacture a wide
+  variety of chemicals and materials including fertilizers, paints,
+  detergents, and explosives.
+
+omentum
+  Folds of the peritoneum (membrane lining the abdominal cavity) that
+  connect the stomach with other abdominal organs.
+
+ophthalmia neonatorum (infantile purulent conjunctivitis)
+  Various forms of conjunctivitis in newborns, usually contracted during
+  birth from passage through the infected birth canal of the mother.
+
+orchitis
+  Inflammation of the testes, often the result of mumps or other
+  infection, trauma, or metastasis.
+
+organdy (organdie)
+  Stiff transparent fabric of cotton or silk, used for trim, curtains, and
+  light apparel.
+
+Origanum
+  Marjoram. Genus of mint-like plants (Origanum). The sweet marjoram (O.
+  Majorana) is aromatic and fragrant, and used in cooking. The wild
+  marjoram of Europe and America (O. vulgare) is less fragrant.
+
+orris
+  Several species of iris with a fragrant rootstock, especially Iris
+  germanica, used in perfumes and cosmetics.
+
+panada
+  Paste or gruel of bread crumbs, toast, or flour combined with milk,
+  stock, or water; used for soups or thickening sauces.
+
+Paralysis Agitans (Parkinson's disease, shaking palsy)
+  Progressive nervous disease causing destruction of brain cells that
+  produce dopamine, muscular tremor, slowing of movement, partial facial
+  paralysis, peculiarity of gait and posture, and weakness.
+
+paregoric
+  A camphorated tincture of opium, taken internally for the relief of
+  diarrhea and intestinal pain
+
+Paris green
+  Poisonous emerald-green powder, C4H6As6Cu4O16, used as a pigment,
+  insecticide, and wood preservative.
+
+pedicle (pedicel)
+  Small stalk or stalk-like structure, especially one supporting or
+  connecting an organ or other body part. Slender foot-like part, as at
+  the base of a tumor.
+
+pell mell
+  Jumbled, confused manner; helter-skelter; frantic disorderly haste;
+  headlong:
+
+pemphigus
+  Several acute or chronic skin diseases characterized by groups of
+  itching blisters.
+
+pennyroyal
+  Eurasian mint (Mentha pulegium) with small lilac-blue flowers that yield
+  an aromatic oil. Aromatic plant (Hedeoma pulegioides) of eastern North
+  America, having purple-blue flowers that yields an oil used as an insect
+  repellent
+
+peptonize
+  Convert protein into a peptone (water-soluble protein derivative
+  produced by partial hydrolysis of a protein by an acid or enzyme ).
+  Dissolve (food) by means of a proteolytic enzyme.
+
+pernicious anemia (Addison's anemia, malignant anemia.)
+  Severe anemia in older adults, caused by failure absorb vitamin B12;
+  causes abnormally large red blood cells, gastrointestinal disturbances,
+  and lesions of the spinal cord.
+
+pharyngitis
+  Inflammation of the pharynx.
+
+phenacetine (phenacetin)
+  White, crystalline compound, C10H13O2N, used as an antipyretic.
+
+phlox
+  North American plants of the genus Phlox, having opposite leaves and
+  flowers.
+
+phytolacca decandra (Scoke, Poke, Pokeweed)
+  Tall coarse perennial American herb with small white flowers followed by
+  blackish-red berries on long drooping racemes; young fleshy stems are
+  edible; berries and root are poisonous.
+
+picric acid
+  Poisonous, yellow crystalline solid, C6H2(NO2)3OH, used in explosives,
+  dyes, and antiseptics.
+
+piece de resistance
+  Outstanding accomplishment. Principal dish of a meal.
+
+pilocarpus
+  Small tropical American shrubs (family Rutaceae) with small greenish
+  flowers.
+
+pilocarpine muriate
+  3-ethyl-4-[(3-methylimidazol-4-yl)methyl]oxolan-2-one hydrochloride
+  C11H17ClN2O2
+
+pique
+  Vexation caused by a perceived slight or indignity; feeling of wounded
+  pride.
+
+pleurodynia
+  Paroxysmal pain and soreness of the muscles between the ribs.  Epidemic
+  disease caused by a coxsackievirus, causing pain in the lower chest and
+  fever, headache, and malaise.
+
+podophyllin
+  Bitter-tasting resin from the dried root of the may apple; used as a
+  cathartic.
+
+pokeweed (pokeberry, pokeroot.)
+  Tall North American plant (Phytolacca americana) with small white
+  flowers, blackish-red berries, and a poisonous root.
+
+prickly ash
+  Deciduous or evergreen shrubs or trees of the genus Zanthoxylum.
+
+probang
+  Long, slender, flexible rod with a tuft or sponge at the end; used to
+  remove objects from or apply medication to the larynx or esophagus.
+
+proteid  (obsolete term)
+  Protein.
+
+proud flesh
+  Swollen flesh that surrounds a healing wound, caused by excessive
+  granulation (Small, fleshy, bead-like protuberances--new capillaries--on
+  the surface of a wound that is healing).
+
+pruritus
+  Severe itching, often of undamaged skin.
+
+Prunus Virginiana (Chokecherry)
+  Astringent fruit of a species of wild cherry; the bush or tree which
+  bears such fruit.
+
+pterygium
+  Abnormal mass of tissue on the conjunctiva of the inner corner of the
+  eye that obstructs vision by covering the cornea.
+
+pulsatilla
+  Dried medicinal herb from a pasqueflower (especially Anemone pulsatilla)
+  formerly used to treat amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea.
+
+punctilio
+  Fine point of etiquette. Precise observance of formalities.
+
+purpura
+  Hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes having the appearance of
+  purplish spots or patches.
+
+pyemia
+  Septicemia (blood poisoning) caused by pyogenic (producing pus)
+  microorganisms in the blood, often resulting in the formation of
+  multiple abscesses.
+
+pyrogallic Acid
+  White, toxic crystalline phenol, C6H3(OH)3, used as a photographic
+  developer and to treat certain skin diseases.
+
+quassia
+  Tropical American shrub (Quassia amara) with bright scarlet flowers. A
+  bitter substance from its wood is used in medicine and as an
+  insecticide.
+
+Queen of the meadow (Meadowsweet)
+  European herbaceous plant (Spiraea Ulmaria). North American shrubs
+  (Spiraea alba or S. latifolia) having umbel-shaped clusters of white
+  flowers.  Perennial herbs of the genus Filipendula in the rose family.
+
+quinine
+  Bitter, colorless, powder or crystalline alkaloid, C20H24N2O2-3H2O,
+  derived from cinchona barks and used to treat malaria.
+
+quince
+  Western Asian shrub or tree (Cydonia oblonga) with white flowers and
+  hard apple-like fruit.
+
+quinsy
+  Acute inflammation of the tonsils and surrounding tissue, often leading
+  to an abscess.
+
+rabies
+  see hydrophobia
+
+ranunculus bulbosus
+  Perennial Old World buttercup with yellow flowers in late spring to
+  early summer.
+
+red precipitate
+  Mercuric oxide (HgO) a heavy red crystalline powder formed by heating
+  mercuric nitrate, or by heating mercury in the air.
+
+repousse
+  Ornamented with patterns in relief made by pressing or hammering on the
+  reverse side;
+
+resorcinol (resorcin)
+  White crystalline compound, C6H4(OH)2, used to treat certain skin
+  diseases and in dyes, resin adhesives, and pharmaceuticals.
+
+Rhamnus Purshiana (Cascara buckthorn )
+  Buckthorn of the Pacific coast of the United States, which yields
+  cascara sagrada.
+
+rhatany
+  Dried root of South American shrubs (Krameria lappacea or K. argentea)
+  used as an astringent and in toothpaste and mouthwash.
+
+rheumatic fever
+  Acute inflammatory disease occurring after an infection from group A
+  streptococci,  marked by fever and joint pain. Associated with
+  polyarthritis, Sydenham's chorea, and endocarditis; frequently causes
+  scarring of the heart valves.
+
+rheumatism
+  Painful disorder of the joints or muscles or connective tissues. Chronic
+  auto-immune disease with inflammation of the joints and marked
+  deformities.
+
+rhus
+  Genus of vines and shrubs including poison ivy, poison oak, and poison
+  sumac.
+
+rickets (rachitis)
+  Childhood disease caused by a lack of vitamin D or calcium and from
+  insufficient exposure to sunlight, characterized by defective bone
+  growth.
+
+Rochelle salts
+  Potassium sodium tartrate; colorless efflorescent crystalline compound,
+  KNaC4H4O6.4H2O, used in making mirrors, in electronics, and as a
+  laxative
+
+ruche
+  Ruffle or pleat of lace, muslin, or other fine fabric used to trim
+  women's garments.
+
+rumex Crispus (chrysophanic acid)
+  Yellow crystalline substance found in the root of yellow dock (Rumex
+  crispus).
+
+rush
+  Stiff marsh plants of the genus Juncus, having pliant hollow or pithy
+  stems and small flowers with scale-like perianths (outer envelope of a
+  flower,).
+
+sago
+  Powdery starch from the trunks of sago palms; used in Asia as a food
+  thickener and textile stiffener.
+
+sal-ammoniac
+  ammonium chloride; white crystalline volatile salt NH4Cl, used in dry
+  cells and as an expectorant called.
+
+saleratus
+  Sodium or potassium bicarbonate used as a leavening agent; baking soda.
+
+salicylate
+  Salt or ester of salicylic acid.
+
+salicylic acid
+  White crystalline acid, C6H4(OH)(COOH), used to make aspirin and to
+  treat skin conditions such as eczema.
+
+salol
+  White crystalline powder, C13H10O3, derived from salicylic acid and used
+  in plastics, suntan oils, analgesics and antipyretics. Was a trademark.
+
+saltpetre (potassium nitrate, saltpeter, niter, nitre)
+  (KNO3) used especially as a fertilizer, explosive and a diuretic.
+
+salt rheum
+  Popular name in the United States, for skin eruptions, such as eczema.
+  Eczema; inflammatory skin disease, indicated by redness and itching,
+  eruption of small vesicles, and discharge of a watery exudation, which
+  often dries up, leaving the skin covered with crusts;--called also
+  tetter, and milk crust.
+
+sanguinaria
+  Rhizome (horizontal, underground stem)  and roots of the bloodroot
+  (Sanguinaria canadensis) used formerly as an expectorant and emetic.
+
+sedulous
+  Persevering and constant in effort or application; assiduous.
+
+senna
+  Plants of the genus Cassia, having showy, nearly regular, usually yellow
+  flowers. Dried leaves of Cassia angustifolia or C. acutifolia, used as a
+  cathartic.
+
+santonin
+  Colorless crystalline compound, C15H18O3, wormwood, especially
+  santonica; used to expel or destroy parasitic intestinal worms.
+
+sarsaparilla
+  Tropical American plants, genus Smilax, with fragrant roots used as a
+  flavoring. Dried roots of any of these plants. Sweet soft drink flavored
+  with these roots.
+
+savin
+  Evergreen Eurasian shrub (Juniperus sabina) with brownish-blue
+  seed-bearing cones and young shoots that yield an oil formerly used
+  medicinally.
+
+scrofula  (struma)
+  A form of tuberculosis affecting the lymph nodes, especially of the
+  neck. Common in children. Spread by unpasteurized milk from infected
+  cows.
+
+scurf
+  Scaly or shredded dry skin, such as dandruff.
+
+scurvy
+  Disease caused by deficiency of vitamin C (citrus fruit; oranges,
+  limes,..); causes spongy and bleeding gums, bleeding under the skin, and
+  extreme weakness.
+
+Seidlitz
+  A village in Bohemia (also Sedlitz). Seidlitz powders, effervescing
+  salts, consisting of  forty grains of sodium bicarbonate, two drachms of
+  Rochell salt (tartrate of potassium and sodium) and thirty-five grains
+  of tartaric acid. The powders are mixed in water, and drunk while
+  effervescing, as a mild cathartic; the result resembles the natural
+  water of Seidlitz. Also Rochelle powders.
+
+senega
+  Dried root of seneca snakeroot containing an irritating saponin and was
+  formerly used as an expectorant
+
+sesquioxide
+  Oxide containing three atoms of oxygen with two atoms (or radicals) of
+  some other substance; thus, alumina, Al2O3 is a sesquioxide.
+
+shirr
+  Cook (unshelled eggs) by baking until set.
+
+sinapism.
+  See mustard plaster.
+
+sitz bath
+  Bathtub shaped like a chair, used to bathe only the hips and buttocks.
+
+slaked lime
+  See lime
+
+sling
+  Drink consisting of brandy, whiskey, or gin, sweetened and usually
+  lemon-flavored.
+
+smallpox
+  Contagious febrile (feverish) disease characterized by skin eruption
+  with pustules, sloughing, and scar formation. It is caused by a poxvirus
+  (genus Orthopoxvirus) that is believed to exist now only in lab
+  cultures.
+
+smilax (catbrier, greenbrier)
+  Slender vine (Asparagus asparagoides) with glossy foliage, greenish
+  flowers, heart-shaped leaves, and bluish to black berries; popular as a
+  floral decoration.
+
+Socotrine
+  Pertaining to Socotra, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the east coast
+  of Africa.
+
+sordes
+  Dark brown or blackish crust-like deposits on the lips, teeth, and gums
+  of a person with dehydration resulting from a chronic debilitating
+  disease.
+
+spermaceti
+  White, waxy substance from the head of the sperm whale used for making
+  candles, ointments, and cosmetics.
+
+spematorrhea (spermatorrhoea)
+  Involuntary discharge of semen without orgasm
+
+spigelia (pinkroot )
+  Genus of American herbs (family Loganiaceae) related to the nux vomica
+  and used as anthelmintics (expel or destroy parasitic intestinal worms).
+
+sprue
+  Chronic, chiefly tropical disease characterized by diarrhea, emaciation,
+  and anemia, caused by defective absorption of nutrients from the
+  intestinal tract.
+
+squill  (sea onion)
+  Bulbous Eurasian and African plants of the genus Scilla, having narrow
+  leaves and bell-shaped blue, white, or pink flowers. The dried inner
+  scales of the bulbs used as rat poison and formerly as a cardiac
+  stimulant, expectorant, and diuretic.
+
+stephanotis
+  Woody climbing plants of the genus Stephanotis, especially S. floribunda
+  of Madagascar, cultivated for its showy fragrant white flowers.
+
+staphisagria (stavesacre)
+  Eurasian plant of the genus Delphinium (D. staphisagria). Ripe seeds of
+  the stavesacre contain delphinine, are violently emetic and carthartic,
+  and have been used to kill head lice called also staphisagria
+
+steppage
+  Peculiar gait seen in neuritis of the peroneal nerve and in tabes
+  dorsalis; high stepping to allow the drooping foot and toes to clear the
+  ground.
+
+stertorous
+  Harsh snoring or gasping sound.
+
+stevia
+  Plant of the genus Stevia or  Piqueria, having white or purplish
+  flowers.
+
+stiletto
+  Small dagger with a slender, tapering blade. Small, sharp-pointed
+  instrument used for making eyelet holes in needlework.
+
+stillingia
+  Genus of widely distributed herbs and shrubs (family Euphorbiaceae). The
+  dried root of a plant of the genus Stillingia (S. sylvatica) was
+  formerly used as a diuretic, and laxative.
+
+stomachic
+  Relating to the stomach; gastric. Beneficial to digestion. An agent that
+  strengthens  the stomach.
+
+strychnine
+  Extremely poisonous white crystalline alkaloid, C21H22O2N2, derived from
+  nux vomica and related plants, used to poison rodents and topically in
+  medicine as a stimulant for the central nervous system.
+
+stupe
+  Hot, wet, medicated cloth used as a compress.
+
+St. Vitus' Dance
+  See chorea
+
+stye (hordeolum)
+  Inflamed swelling of a sebaceous gland at the margin of an eyelid.
+
+
+suety
+  Consisting of, or resembling, suet (hard fatty tissues around the
+  kidneys of cattle and sheep, used in cooking and for making tallow.)
+
+sugar of lead
+  lead acetate, a poisonous white crystalline compound, Pb(C2H3O2)2.3H2O,
+  used in hair dyes, waterproofing compounds, and varnishes.
+
+sumbul
+  Root of a plant of the genus Ferula (F. sumbul);  formerly a tonic and
+  antispasmodic.
+
+Summer complaint (summer diarrhea)
+  Diarrhea of children that in hot weather; often caused by ingestion of
+  food contaminated by microorganisms.
+
+Sulphonal
+  Produced by combining mercaptan and acetone; employed as a hypnotic.
+
+sulphuric ether
+  Ethyl ether; formerly called Naphtha vitrioli (naphtha of vitriol).
+
+sumac (sumach)
+  Shrubs or small trees of the genus Rhus, having compound leaves,
+  clusters of small greenish flowers, and usually red, hairy fruit. Some
+  species, such as the poison ivy and poison oak, cause an acute itching
+  rash on contact.
+
+suppuration
+  Formation or discharge of pus. Also called pyesis, pyopoiesis, pyosis.
+
+suprarenal
+  Located above the kidney; a suprarenal part, especially an adrenal
+  gland.
+
+sweet william
+  Annual, biennial, or perennial herb (Dianthus barbatus), native to
+  Eurasia, widely cultivated as an ornamental for its flat-topped dense
+  clusters of varicolored flowers.
+
+synechia
+  Adhesions between the iris and the lens or cornea caused by trauma or
+  eye surgery or as a complication of glaucoma or cataracts; may cause
+  blindness
+
+terebenthene
+  Oil of turpentine.
+
+terebinth
+  Mediterranean tree (Pistacia terebinthus), a source of tanning material
+  and turpentine.
+
+tetter
+  Skin diseases (eczema, psoriasis, herpes) that cause eruptions and
+  itching.
+
+thrall
+  Slave or serf, who is held in bondage. One intellectually or morally
+  enslaved.
+
+thrush
+  A contagious childhood disease caused by a fungus, Candida albicans.
+  Causes  small whitish eruptions on the mouth, throat, and tongue, and
+  usually accompanied by fever, colic, and diarrhea.
+
+thuja (arborvitae)
+  A North American or east Asian evergreen tree or shrub of the genus
+  Thuja, having flattened branchlets with opposite, scale-like leaves and
+  small cones; used as ornamentals and timber. A similar plant of the
+  genus Platycladus or Thujopsis.
+
+thymol
+  White, crystalline, aromatic compound, C10H14O, derived from thyme oil
+  and other oils or made synthetically and used as an antiseptic, a
+  fungicide, and a preservative.
+
+tolu (balsam of tolu, tolu balsam)
+  Aromatic yellowish brown balsam from the tolu balsam tree used in cough
+  syrups.
+
+tormentil (Potentilla erecta)
+  Plant of northern Europe found in clearings and meadows. The root has
+  been used to stop bleeding, for food in times of need and to dye leather
+  red.
+
+torpid
+  Lacking the power of motion or feeling.
+
+tragacanth
+  Thorny shrubs of the genus Astragalus, especially A. gummifer, of the
+  Middle East, yielding a gum used in pharmacy, adhesives, and textile
+  printing.
+
+trephine
+  Surgical instrument with circular edges, used to cut out disks of bone
+  from the skull.
+
+trillium   (birthroot, wake-robin)
+  Plants of genus Trillium, of North America, the Himalaya Mountains, and
+  eastern Asia, having a cluster of three leaves and a variously colored,
+  three-petaled flower.
+
+trional
+  Contains three ethyls. Similar to sulphonal, used as a hypnotic.
+
+turbinated
+  Shaped like a top. A small curved bone in the lateral wall of the nasal
+  passage.
+
+tulle
+  Fine, starched net of silk, rayon, or nylon, used for veils, tutus, or
+  gowns.
+
+turmeric (tumeric)
+  East Indian perennial herb (Curcuma longa) of the ginger family
+  (Zingiberaceae) used as a coloring agent, a condiment, or a stimulant.
+  Yellow to reddish brown dyestuff obtained from turmeric.
+
+typhus (prison fever, ship fever, typhus fever.)
+  Infectious diseases caused by rickettsia bacteria, especially those
+  transmitted by fleas, lice, or mites. Symptoms are severe headache,
+  sustained high fever, depression, delirium, and the eruption of red
+  rashes on the skin.
+
+ulster
+  Loose, long overcoat made of  rugged fabric.
+
+umbrage
+  Offense; resentment. Affording shade. Vague or indistinct indication; a
+  hint.
+
+Uva Ursi
+  Common bearberry; a procumbent (trailing along the ground but not
+  rooting) evergreen shrub 10-30 cm high with red berries.
+
+Valerianate (Valerianic)
+  One of three metameric acids; the typical one (called also inactive
+  valeric acid), C4H9CO2H, is from valerian root and other sources; it is
+  a corrosive, oily liquid, with a strong acid taste, and the odor of old
+  cheese.
+
+valvular
+  Resembling or functioning as a valve. Relating to a valve, especially of
+  the heart.
+
+varioloid
+  Mild form of smallpox occurring in people previously vaccinated or who
+  previously had the disease.
+
+vegetable marrow
+  Squash plants with elongated fruit and smooth dark green skin and
+  whitish flesh.
+
+veratrum
+  Poisonous alkaloid from the root hellebore (Veratrum) and from sabadilla
+  seeds. Used externally to treat neuralgia and rheumatism.
+
+verdigris
+  Blue or green powder, basic cupric acetate used as a paint pigment and
+  fungicide. A green patina of copper sulfate or copper chloride on
+  copper, brass, and bronze exposed to air or seawater.
+
+vermifuge
+  Medicine that expels intestinal worms.
+
+vervain (verbena)
+  New World plants of the genus Verbena, especially those with showy
+  spikes of variously colored flowers.
+
+Vichy water
+  Sparkling mineral water from springs at Vichy, France or water similar
+  to it.
+
+vis-a-vis
+  One that is face to face with or opposite to another.
+
+vitiate
+  Reduce the value; impair the quality; corrupt morally; debase; make
+  ineffective; invalidate.
+
+voile
+  Light, plain-weave, sheer fabric of cotton, rayon, silk, or wool used
+  for dresses and curtains.
+
+wahoo
+  Shrubby North American tree of the genus Euonymus (E. atropurpureus)
+  having a root bark with cathartic properties.
+
+Waldorf salad
+  Diced raw apples, celery, and walnuts mixed with mayonnaise.
+
+wen
+  Harmless cyst, usually on the scalp or face, containing the fatty
+  secretion of a sebaceous gland.
+
+whortleberry
+  Two deciduous shrubs, Vaccinium myrtillus, of Eurasia, or V. corymbosum,
+  of eastern North America, having edible blackish berries.
+
+wontedness
+  Being accustomed.
+
+yarrow
+  Plants of the genus Achillea, especially A. millefolium, native to
+  Eurasia. Also called achillea, milfoil.
+
+yellow fever (yellow jack)
+  Infectious tropical disease caused by an arbovirus transmitted by
+  mosquitoes of the genera Aedes, especially A. aegypti, and Haemagogus;
+  it causes high fever, jaundice, and gastrointestinal hemorrhaging.
+
+yerba reuma
+  A low California undershrub (Frankenia grandifolia).
+
+Zingiber
+  Tropical Asiatic and Polynesian perennial plants: ginger.
+
+zwieback
+  Sweetened bread baked as a loaf and then sliced and toasted.
+
+
+
+The following table is copied from page 636.
+
+20 grains       equal    1 scruple
+3 scruples       "       1 dram
+8 drams          "       1 ounce
+12 ounces        "       1 pound
+
+The pound is the same as the pound Troy. Medicines are bought and sold in
+quantities by Avoirdupois Weight.
+
+1 grain                           equals  1 drop or 1 minim
+60 grains or drops                  "     1 teaspoonful
+1 teaspoonful                       "     1 fluid dram
+8 drams (or 8 teaspoonfuls) make    "     1 fluid ounce
+2 tablespoonfuls make               "     1 fluid ounce
+1/2 fluid ounce is a                "     tablespoonful
+2 fluid ounces is a                 "     wineglassful
+4 fluid ounces is a                 "     teacupful
+6 fluid ounces is a                 "     coffee cup
+16 ounces (dry or solid) is a       "     pound
+20 fluid ounces is a                "     pint
+
+
+
+The remaining tables are copied from contemporary (circa 2005) sources
+
+
+Measurement Unit Conversion
+
+From                 Multiply by     To get
+inches                  25.4       millimeters
+inches                   2.54      centimeters
+feet                    30.48      centimeters
+yards                    0.91      meters
+miles                    1.61      kilometers
+teaspoons                4.93      milliliters
+tablespoons             14.79      milliliters
+fluid ounces            29.57      milliliters
+cups                     0.24      liters
+pints                    0.47      liters
+quarts                   0.95      liters
+gallons                  3.79      liters
+cubic feet               0.028     cubic meters
+cubic yards              0.76      cubic meters
+ounces                  28.35      grams
+pounds                   0.45      kilograms
+short tons (2,000 lbs)   0.91      metric tons
+square inches            6.45      square centimeters
+square feet              0.09      square meters
+square yards             0.84      square meters
+square miles             2.60      square kilometers
+acres                    0.40      hectacres
+
+millimeters              0.04      inches
+centimeters              0.39      inches
+meters                   3.28      feet
+meters                   1.09      yards
+kilometers               0.62      miles
+milliliters              0.20      teaspoons
+milliliters              0.06      tablespoons
+milliliters              0.03      fluid ounces
+liters                   1.06      quarts
+liters                   0.26      gallons
+liters                   4.23      cups
+liters                   2.12      pints
+cubic meters            35.32      cubic feet
+cubic meters             1.35      cubic yards
+grams                    0.035     ounces
+kilograms                2.21      pounds
+metric ton (1,000 kg)    1.10      short ton
+square centimeters       0.16      square inches
+square meters            1.20      square yards
+square kilometers        0.39      square miles
+hectacres                2.47      acres
+
+Temperature Conversion Between Celsius and Fahrenheit
+
+C = (F - 32) / 1.8
+F = (C x 1.8) + 32
+
+Condition              Fahrenheit   Celsius
+Boiling point of water    212        100
+A very hot day            104         40
+Normal body temperature    98.6       37
+A warm day                 86         30
+A mild day                 68         20
+A cool day                 50         10
+Freezing point of water    32          0
+Lowest temperature
+   by mixing salt and ice   0        -17.8
+
+
+U.S.  Length
+
+Unit              Equal to                     Metric Equivalent
+inch              1/12 foot                     2.54 centimeters
+foot              12 inches or 1/3 yard         0.3048 meter
+yard              36 inches or 3 feet           0.9144 meter
+rod               16 1/2 feet or 5 1/2 yards    5.0292 meters
+furlong           220 yards or 1/8 mile         0.2012 kilometer
+mile (statute)    5,280 feet or 1,760 yards     1.6093 kilometers
+mile (nautical)   2,025 yards                   1.852 kilometers
+
+
+U.S.  Liquid Volume or Capacity
+
+Unit           Equal to                Metric Equivalent
+minim          1/60 of a fluid dram    0.0616 milliliters
+ounce          1/16 pint              29.574 milliliters
+wineglassful   2 ounces                 .0591 liter
+gill           4 ounces                0.1183 liter
+pint          16 ounces                0.4732 liter
+quart         2 pints or 1/4 gallon    0.9463 liter
+gallon        128 ounces or 8 pints    3.7853 liters
+
+barrel
+(wine)        31 1/2 gallons         119.24 liters
+(beer)        36 gallons             136.27 liters
+(oil)         42 gallons             158.98 liters
+
+
+U.S. Dry Volume or Capacity
+
+Unit      Equal to               Metric Equivalent
+pint      1/2 quart                 0.5506 liter
+quart     2 pints                   1.1012 liters
+peck      8 quarts or 1/4 bushel    8.8098 liters
+bucket    2 pecks                  17.620 liters
+bushel    2 buckets or 4 pecks     35.239 liters
+
+
+U.S. Weight
+
+Unit              Equal to     Metric Equivalent
+grain         1/7000 pound        64.799 milligrams
+dram            1/16 ounce         1.7718 grams
+ounce             16 drams        28.350 grams
+pound             16 ounces      453.6 grams
+ton (short)    2,000 pounds      907.18 kilograms
+ton (long)     2,240 pounds    1,016.0 kilograms
+
+
+U.S. Geographic Area
+
+Unit     Equal to               Metric Equivalent
+acre    4,840 square yards      4,047 square meters
+
+
+Cooking Measures
+
+Unit          Equal to                    Metric Units
+drop       1/76 teaspoon                   0.0649 milliliter
+teaspoon     76 drops or 1/3 tablespoon    4.9288 milliliters
+tablespoon    3 teaspoons                 14.786 milliliters
+cup          16 tablespoons or 1/2 pint    0.2366 liter
+pint          2 cups                       0.4732
+quart         4 cups or 2 pints            0.9463
+
+
+British Liquid Volume or Capacity
+
+Unit     British Units            U.S. Units        Metric Units
+minim   1/20 of a scruple                           0.0592 milliliters
+pint    1/2 quart                  1.201 pints      0.5683 liter
+quart     2 pints or 1/4 gallon    1.201 quarts     1.137 liters
+gallon    8 pints or 4 quarts      1.201 gallons    4.546 liters
+
+
+British Dry Volume or Capacity
+
+Unit   British Units   U.S. Units       Metric Units
+peck    1/4 bushel    1.0314 pecks       9.087 liters
+bushel    4 pecks     1.0320 bushels    36.369 liters
+
+
+Apothecary Weights
+
+Unit     Apothecary Units               U.S. Units      Metric Units
+grain    160 dram or 1/5760 pound       1 grain          64.799 milligrams
+dram      60 grains or 1/8 ounce        2.1943 drams      3.8879 grams
+ounce      8 drams                      1.0971 ounces    31.1035 grams
+pound     12 ounces or 96 drams         0.8232 pound    373.242 grams
+
+[End Transcriber's Notes]
+
+
+
+
+
+MOTHER'S'  REMEDIES
+Over One Thousand
+Tried and Tested Remedies from Mothers of
+the United States and Canada.
+
+Also
+Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, Diet, Nursing,
+Treatments, Etc., of Every Known Disease.
+Poisons, Accidents, Medicinal Herbs and
+Special Departments on Women, Children and
+Infants,
+
+by
+DR. T. J. RITTER
+Formerly connected with Medical Faculty of
+University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Mich.
+
+REVISED with INTRODUCTION
+by
+DR. W. E. ZIEGENFUSS
+
+PUBLISHED BY
+G.H. FOOTE  PUB. CO.
+DETROIT
+MICH
+1921
+
+
+
+Copyright, 1910
+by
+G. H. FOOTE PUBLISHING CO.
+All rights reserved
+
+
+Copyright, 1915
+by
+G. H. FOOTE PUBLISHING CO.
+All rights reserved
+
+
+
+RIVERSIDE PRINTING COMPANY
+PORT HURON
+MICHIGAN
+
+
+
+PREFACE. [iii]
+
+Medicine is not an exact science, and it is reasonable to presume that
+even Time, with all its qualifying influences, will fail in its effects on
+this one branch of science. As the millions of faces seem each to present
+some differentiating feature, so each human system seems to require
+special study of its individual temperament.
+
+So physicians find it necessary to have more than one remedy for a given
+ill; they still find truth in the old adage, "What is one man's meat is
+another's poison." But Mother finds a variety of remedies necessary for
+another reason. Her medicine-chest is usually lacking the full quota of
+drugs required to meet the many emergencies, and she must turn to the
+"remedy at hand."
+
+Necessity has again proved its influence and with the years thousands of
+simple home concoctions have found their way to the relief of the daily
+demands on Mother's ingenuity. These mothers' remedies have become a
+valuable asset to the raising of a family, and have become a recognized
+essential in a Mother's general equipment for home-making.
+
+For fifteen years the Publisher has handled so-called home medical works;
+during that time he has had occasion to examine practically all the home
+medical works published. He has been impressed with the utter uselessness
+of many, perhaps most, of these books because the simple home remedies
+were lacking.
+
+A few years ago he conceived the idea of gathering together the "Mothers'
+Remedies" of the world. This one feature of this book he claims as
+distinctly his own. Letters were sent by him to Mothers in every state and
+territory of the United States, and to Canada and other countries, asking
+for tried and tested "Mothers' Remedies." The appeal was met with prompt
+replies, and between one thousand and two thousand valuable remedies were
+collected in this way.
+
+Through courtesy to these Mothers who helped to make this book possible,
+the book was named "MOTHERS' REMEDIES."
+
+Dr. T. J. Ritter, of Ann Arbor, Michigan, a graduate of the regular School
+of Medicine at the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, and later one of
+the medical staff of the University, consented to furnish the necessary
+material to complete the Medical Department. Dr. Ritter, in over thirty
+years of actual practice, has met with all the exigencies of both city and
+country practice which have brought to him the ripe experience of what
+would be called a "physician's life-time." His success has been, in part,
+due to his honesty, kindliness and conscientiousness, as well as to his
+thorough training and natural adaptability to the profession.
+
+Besides writing the Causes, Symptoms, Preventives, Nursing, Diet,
+Physicians' Treatment, etc., he has examined each and every one of the
+Mothers' Remedies and added, when possible, the reason why that remedy is
+valuable. In short, he supplied in his remarks following each Mother's
+Remedy the Medical virtue or active principle of the ingredients. This
+lifts each Mother's Remedy into the realm of science,--in fact, to the
+level of a Doctor's Prescription.
+
+In writing his part, Dr. Ritter consulted, personally or through their
+works, considerably over one hundred of the acknowledged Medical
+Specialists of the world. Thus he has brought to you the latest
+discoveries of modern science,--the Medical knowledge of the world's great
+specialists.
+
+Dr. Ritter, therefore, wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the
+following: On the subject of Theory and Practice, to Dr. Wm. Osler, Oxford
+University, England; Dr. James M. Andres, Ph. D., Medico-Chirurgical
+College, Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. Hughes Dayton, Vanderbilt Clinic-College
+of Physicians and Surgeons; Dr. Hobart A. Hare, Jefferson Medical College,
+Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. Temple S. Hoyne, Hahnemann Medical College,
+Chicago, Ill.; Dr. A. E. Small, Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, Ill.;
+Dr. C. G. Raue, Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. John
+King, Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio. On the subject of
+Materia Medica to Dr. John Shoemaker, Medico-Chirurgical College,
+Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. Hobart A. Hare; Drs. Hemple and Arndt, Homeopathic,
+and others. On the subject of Obstetrics, to Dr. W. P. Manton, Detroit
+Medical College, and others. On the subject of Surgery, to the American
+Text Book on Surgery, edited by Drs. Keen and White, of Philadelphia, and
+many contributors. On the subject of Nervous Diseases, to Dr. Joseph D.
+Nagel and others. On the subject of the Eye, to Dr. Arthur N. Alling, of
+Yale University. On the subject of the Ear, to Dr. Albert H. Buck, College
+of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City; Dr. O. A. Griffin, University
+of Michigan and others. On the Nose and Throat, to Dr. James B. Ball,
+London, England. On the Skin, to Dr. James N. Hyde, Rush Medical College,
+Chicago, Ill.; Dr. Alfred Schalek, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Ill. On
+the Rectum and Anus, to Dr. Samuel G. Gant, Ph. D., Post-graduate College,
+New York City. On the Diseases of Children, to Dr. L. Emmett Holt, College
+of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City; Dr. Koplik, New York City; Dr.
+Charles Douglas, Detroit College of Medicine; Dr. Henry E. Tuley,
+University of Kentucky; Dr. Tooker, Chicago. On the subject of Nursing, to
+Isabel Hampton Robb, and on Dietetics, to Dr. Julius Friedenwald, College
+Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, Md. On the Baby to Drs. Holt, Douglas,
+Tooker, Koplik and Coolidge. On Insanity, to Dr. Selden Talcott, formerly
+superintendent of the Middleton State Hospital for the Insane, New York
+State. Besides the above a great many other physicians and their works
+might be mentioned, and to all appreciation is gratefully acknowledged.
+
+Mrs. Elizabeth Johnstone, who writes the department on "Manners and Social
+Customs," is the only daughter of the late Francis Gardiner, one of the
+early settlers of Washtenaw County, Michigan. She was educated at the
+State Normal School, now the Normal College at Ypsilanti, and taught for
+several years after graduation. In 1880 she married the late Robert
+Ferguson Johnstone, editor of the Michigan Farmer, and after his death
+became editor of the Household Department of that paper. In 1895, the
+Farmer having passed into other ownership, she became a member of the
+Editorial Staff of the Detroit Free Press, where,--continuing to write
+under the pseudonym of "Beatrix" she has become widely known through the
+vast circulation of that paper.
+
+Years of experience have enabled her to write on topics of interest to
+women with comprehension of their needs, and to answer social inquiries
+with exactness.
+
+Miss Edna Gertrude Thompson, who supplies the chapter on Domestic Science,
+is a graduate of the Northern State Normal of Michigan. She was for a time
+a teacher in the Public Schools of Michigan and New York State. Miss
+Thompson later graduated from and is now the director of the Domestic
+Science Department of the Thomas Normal Training School of Detroit,
+Michigan.
+
+Miss Thompson has won an enviable reputation in Domestic Science work. She
+has avoided all of the quackery, self-exploitation and money schemes,
+which have proved a temptation to many in the work, and which have tended
+to brand the science as an advertising scheme, and confined herself to
+study, teaching and the legitimate development of the science. Her work in
+the Normal and in giving lectures on Domestic Science brings her in touch
+with large numbers of intelligent and practical women who realize that
+housekeeping and cookery must be reduced to a science. Luxuries of fifty
+years ago are necessities today. The increase in the cost of living
+without a corresponding advance in wages has made it imperative that
+method and system he installed in the home.
+
+Domestic Science is still in the embryo, but let us hope it will, in a
+measure at least, prove a panacea for modern domestic ills and receive the
+encouragement and speedy endorsement that it deserves.
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS [vii]
+
+                                          Beginning on Page
+MEDICAL DEPARTMENT                               1
+   Mother's Diagnosis                            1
+   Respiratory Diseases                          6
+   Animal Parasites, Diseases Caused by         44
+   Skin, Diseases of                            52
+   Digestive Organs, Diseases of                97
+   Kidney and Bladder, Diseases of             152
+   Infectious Diseases                         166
+   Blood and Ductless Glands, Diseases of      249
+   Nervous System, Diseases of                 261
+   Constitutional Diseases                     314
+   Circulatory System, Diseases of             337
+   Eye and Ear, Diseases of                    346
+   Deformities                                 369
+   Intoxicants and Sunstrokes                  371
+   Accidents, Emergencies and Poisons          376
+   Herb Department                             408
+   Homeopathy                                  448
+   Patent Medicines and Secret Formula,        465
+
+Woman's Department
+   Diseases of Women                           489
+   Obstetrics or Midwifery                     515
+   All About Baby                              544
+   Nursing Department                          623
+   Schools of Medicine, Leading                669
+   Operations                                  662
+   Hot Springs of Arkansas                     666
+   Common Household Articles, Medical Uses of  668
+   Mothers' Remedies, Unclassified             674
+
+   MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS                  683
+   BEAUTY AND THE TOILET                       790
+   NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS             800
+   DOMESTIC SCIENCE DEPARTMENT                 817
+   CANNING, PICKLING, PRESERVING, ETC          831
+   CANDY DEPARTMENT                            848
+   MISCELLANEOUS, GENERAL                      856
+   DICTIONARY, MEDICAL                         893
+
+INDEX
+   Medical                                     909
+   Manners and Social Customs                  944
+   Miscellaneous                               946
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS [viii]
+
+ADENOIDS                                       Opposite Page    8
+APPENDIX, VERMIFORM (Showing Different Types)                 116
+APPENDIX, VERMIFORM (When Affected by Inflammation
+         and Gangrene, Necessitating an Operation)            116
+ARDIS (Baby Photo)                                            544
+BANDAGING, HOSPITAL METHOD                                    384
+BRONCHIAL TUBES AND LUNGS                      Opposite Page    6
+CIRCULATORY SYSTEM                             Opposite Page  337
+DIPHTHERIA                                     Opposite Page  184
+DROWNING (Schaefer Method of Resuscitating)    Opposite Page  399
+EYE BANDAGE, PLAN OF BORSCH'S                           Page  386
+HAND ARTERIES                                  Opposite Page  392
+HAND NERVES                                    Opposite Page  292
+HEART, STOMACH AND APPENDIX                    Opposite Page   97
+HERB PLATES:
+      Bearberry                                Opposite Page  411
+      Blood Root                               Opposite Page  413
+      Boneset                                  Opposite Page  414
+      Canada Fleabane                          Opposite Page  430
+      Chamomile, True                          Opposite Page  417
+      Elder Flowers                            Opposite Page  422
+      Elecampane                               Opposite Page  446
+      Ginseng                                  Opposite Page  424
+      Indian Tobacco or Lobelia                Opposite Page  417
+      Mandrake or May-apple                    Opposite Page  429
+      Marigold, Marsh                          Opposite Page  430
+      Mustard                                  Opposite Page  432
+      Partridge Berry                          Opposite Page  432
+      Pleurisy Root                            Opposite Page  434
+      Rock Rose                                Opposite Page  431
+      St. John's Wort                          Opposite Page  443
+      Scouring Rush                            Opposite Page  414
+      Seneca Snake Root                        Opposite Page  438
+      Snake Head                               Opposite Page  408
+      Tansy                                    Opposite Page  437
+      Wahoo                                    Opposite Page  445
+      Wormsted, American                       Opposite Page  446
+      Wormwood                                 Opposite Page  443
+
+
+KIDNEYS, URETERS AND BLADDER                             Page 153
+MUSCULAR SYSTEM                                 Opposite Page 323
+NERVOUS SYSTEM                                           Page 262
+OBLIQUE BANDAGE OF THE JAW                                    380
+RITTER, DR. T. J. (Photo)                     Opposite Title Page
+SCIATIC NERVE                                   Opposite Page 266
+SKELETON                                        Opposite Page 369
+SKIAGRAPH (X-RAY PHOTOGRAPH) OF THE HAND                      316
+SPIRAL BANDAGE OF THE FINGER                                  384
+SPIRAL BANDAGE OF THE FOOT                                    384
+SPIRAL REVERSED BANDAGE OF THE JAW                            386
+TASTE BUDS                                                    308
+THYROID GLAND (Goitre)                          Opposite Page 258
+
+
+
+PHYSICIAN'S INTRODUCTION [x]
+
+"Of the things which man can do or make here below, by far the most
+momentous, wonderful, and worthy, are the things we call Books."
+--CARLYLE.
+
+"A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the most patient and
+cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of
+adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness."
+--S. SMILES.
+
+Of making books there seems no end. Some are good, some bad, and many just
+an encumbrance upon the book-shelves, neither of much use nor particularly
+harmful. Some books are to be read for cheer and amusement; some for
+reproof and correction; others to be studied for useful information and
+profit.
+
+The Ideal Book.
+
+There is a wide felt need for a worthy book of sound hygienic and medical
+facts for the non-medical people. The Ideal Book for this mission should
+be compact in form, but large enough to give the salient facts, and give
+these in understandable language; it must not be "loaded" with obsolete
+and useless junk of odds and ends which have long ceased to be even
+interesting; it must carry with it the stamp of genuine reliability; it
+should treat all the ordinary and most common forms of ailments and
+accidents; it must be safe in its teachings; it needs to be free from
+objectionable language and illustrations, so that all of any family may
+study and use it with profit; it must frequently warn of dangers ahead and
+urge the summoning of professional skill promptly, for there are many
+cases requiring the services of experienced physicians and surgeons in
+their treatment; it should advise remedies readily obtainable, as well as
+those for which long journeys to a drug store are required; and finally
+the book should be reasonable in price that those who most need it can
+afford to own it.
+
+Need of Brevity.
+
+The facts of hygiene and therapeutic measures are widely scattered through
+medical literature, and extend over hundreds of years of time. Many
+volumes have been written on diseases of the eye, the heart, liver, and
+stomach, brain and other organs, to understand which requires special
+technical education. It would be the height of folly to present these
+discussions to the laity in their original form, hence the necessity for
+condensation and presentation of the needful facts in the language of the
+people in whose interests the book is printed. In a book of fiction there
+may be need for useless verbiage for the sake of "making pages," but facts
+of vital importance and usefulness in our daily welfare need to be well
+boiled down and put into shape for ready reference. This has been done in
+"Mothers' Remedies" and I think it quite fulfills the ideal I have
+outlined above.
+
+The title is rather odd upon first seeing it, but the most plausible when
+you become acquainted with its import. It surely becomes the best friend
+of the whole family. "It does not turn its back upon us in times of
+adversity," but cheerfully answers a thousand and one questions of vital
+importance to the household. In the hour of distress, when illness or
+accident befalls the dear ones, you may turn again and again to its pages
+without meeting disappointment.
+
+Its Value. [x]
+
+There are many books on household medicines, but in my opinion
+this is the most useful of them all, a very present help in time of need.
+You can go to it for helpful information without failing to find it. Is
+there serious illness in the house? It will tell you about it concisely
+and plainly, describing its symptoms, nature and course, and advise you to
+consult the family physician if of a serious nature before it is too late.
+In the chapters on accidents, emergencies and poisons, it tells you what
+to do at once while awaiting the doctor's arrival. He will be much pleased
+to see that you have made the proper effort to treat the case. Prompt
+treatment makes for prompt recovery.
+
+The real value of any book, or what is sometimes called its intrinsic
+value, or utility, consists in what it avails to gratify some desire or
+want of our nature. It depends, then, wholly upon its qualities in
+relation to our desires. That which contributes in ever so small degree to
+the wellbeing of humanity is of greater value than silver or gold. This
+book contains hundreds of prescriptions, anyone of which will repay the
+small cost in money that it requires to possess it. In fact, the financial
+investment is so small when compared with the benefit derived from its
+pages that this feature need not be considered.
+
+Examples.
+
+In the stillness and loneliness of the night, away from medical help,
+there comes the hoarse barking cough of the child, perhaps, and a case of
+croup is upon the responsibility of the parents. The struggles and terror
+of the little patient throws the household into consternation, and all is
+excitement in a moment. If the mother ever knew what to do in such a case
+she is likely not able to recall the exact remedy at this time, the doctor
+is miles away, and the case is urgent.
+
+A reference to the medical index of "Mothers' Remedies" under croup shows
+that on pages 27, 28 and 29, is a full description of the attack, and
+there are fifteen (15) home remedies given, many of which can be found in
+the house, and the spasm may be stopped by the use of one of them.
+
+This is only one example of the use of this book. There are innumerable
+times when cases come up in the home, or accidents befall a dear one and a
+ready remedy is required; the book most likely contains it, and is willing
+to tell you if you consult it carefully.
+
+Tuberculosis.
+
+The article on tuberculosis is full of valuable rules on diet and hygiene
+for every person, whether he has the disease or not. A knowledge of the
+dangers and mode of spreading the disease is the best safeguard against
+having it. Where one person in every seven (7) dies of consumption it
+becomes imperative that full knowledge of the disease and its prevention
+should become widespread.
+
+Accidents and Poisons. [xii]
+
+Another department that illustrates the value of the book is that on
+Accidents and Poisons, where quick action is needed to prevent great
+suffering and danger and the salvation of life itself. One cannot always
+get the doctor in time. A quick reference to this part of the book will
+give the proper course of action to follow. The indicated mother's remedy
+or the physician's treatment as given here applied in the "nick of time"
+will save many a life in cases of burns, or accidental poisoning, or
+hemorrhage. I have been called in such cases where a simple drink of warm
+mustard water promptly used would have saved a life in carbolic acid
+poisoning. It is in the emergencies where a ready knowledge of the ways
+and means necessary to conserve life is most valuable; and it is in just
+such emergencies that one is most apt to forget what is best to do that a
+copy of Mothers' Remedies becomes a priceless boon of helpfulness.
+
+All About Baby.
+
+The Woman's Department, and the chapter on "All About Baby," alone contain
+priceless information for the guidance of the women of the home. It is
+like having a good doctor right in the house who is ready and able to
+answer more than 500 questions of vital interest about Baby. The book is
+thoroughly reliable, free from exaggerated statements and written in the
+plainest language possible so as to make it useful to every member of the
+home. The Herb Department gives a brief description of the more common and
+most useful plants and roots, with the time for gathering them, and the
+dose and therapeutic indication for their use. The botanical illustrations
+are correct and worthy of careful study.
+
+THE INDEX.
+
+Mothers' Remedies is unique in arrangement, and full of detail, but so
+well indexed that any portion of it, or any disease and remedy, can be
+readily found, and when found you will have a choice of home remedies
+ready at hand. This is one of the features of the book that distinguishes
+Mothers' Remedies from the usual home medical books heretofore sold.
+
+This feature of the book cannot be too strongly impressed. Its value
+becomes apparent as soon as one consults its pages. Long chapters of
+descriptive reading filled with high sounding, technical terms may look
+very learned because the average reader does not understand it fully. But
+it is what one can obtain from a book that is usable that makes it
+valuable. In Mothers' Remedies this idea has been excellently carried out.
+
+The Home Remedies.
+
+If there was any question regarding the success of the book in this
+homelike arrangement, the utilization of the home remedies, in addition to
+the strictly medical and drug-store ingredients; it was promptly dispelled
+when the book was printed and presented to the people interested. It has
+proved to be the most wonderful seller on the market--the most usable and
+useful book ever offered the non-medical reader; because never before has
+a medical book contained the hundreds of simple home remedies from
+mothers. Because a physician tells you why the remedies are useful--the
+reason why the things used are efficacious.
+
+Medical Terms.  [xiii]
+
+Frequently one comes across technical terms in the secular papers which,
+unless understood, obscure the sense of the reading. There is a dictionary
+of medical terms as a separate department which adds much to the
+usefulness of the work; the spelling, pronunciation and definition being
+concisely given in English.
+
+Other Departments.
+
+There are other departments, such as chapters on Manners and Social
+Customs, by an expert. Nursery Hints, Candy Making, Domestic Science, and
+Miscellaneous departments which interest every member of any average
+family in health as well as in sickness. The Candy Department provides
+many an evening's enjoyment for the young people.
+
+In addition, the book gives under each disease the physician's remedies,
+the symptoms, causes, preventives wherever important, the diet, nursing,
+necessity for operations, and much other needful information for the
+sick-room. A complete chapter on Nursing and a detailed account of the
+Baby and its care is perhaps the most useful portion of the book to the
+mothers who desire to learn all about the baby. Many home medical books
+are of doubtful value by reason of exaggerated statements or vague and
+unusable directions regarding treatments. Mothers' Remedies stands
+squarely upon the foundation of utility and practical every-day
+usefulness. No matter how many other home medical books one may have, this
+is also needful because there's none other on the market like it. One of
+the missions of Mothers' Remedies in the home is the prevention of disease
+through its sound sanitary teachings. It was written exclusively for home
+use, and its instructions can be followed by anyone who can understand
+plain English, and the home remedies are extensively explained and
+recommended so that in emergencies one can always find something of value
+to use while awaiting the surgeon's arrival. It is a well-spring of
+usefulness in any home, and it gives me genuine pleasure to call attention
+to it in these few lines, and to bespeak for it the continued enthusiastic
+reception with which it has met heretofore.
+
+(Signed) WM. ELLWOOD ZIEGENFUSS, M.D.
+Detroit, July 2, 1914.
+
+The National Narcotic law makes it practically impossible for the laity to
+have prescriptions filled which contain opiates or cocaine.
+
+We therefore have substituted other remedies quite as good whenever this
+was possible and still retain the efficiency of the prescription.
+
+DR. W. E. ZIEGENFUSS.
+August, 1918.
+
+
+
+MEDICAL DEPARTMENT [1]
+
+MOTHERS' DIAGNOSIS
+
+STRIKING, CHARACTERISTIC SYMPTOMS
+of Many Diseases for Quick Reference and Comparison
+WHEN IN DOUBT
+BEFORE CALLING THE DOCTOR.
+
+APPENDICITIS.--Loss of appetite. There may be nausea and vomiting; there
+is usually a sudden onset of pain, often sharp and severe in the whole or
+part of the abdomen. Later the pain settles in the right groin. Patient
+lies on his back with his right knee drawn up. The muscles become rigid on
+the right side and later a lump appears in the right groin (iliac fossa).
+
+ANEMIA.--This disease is a diminution of the total quantity of the blood
+of its red cells, or red corpuscles or of their Haemoglobin, the coloring
+matter of the red corpuscles. Some difficulty of breathing. Palpitation
+on least exertion, tendency to faint, headache, tired, irritable, poor or
+changeable appetite, digestive disturbances, constipation, cold hands and
+feet, difficult and painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea), irregular
+menstruation, leucorrhea. And when the skin is pale, yellowish green
+tinge, with perhaps flushed cheeks, it might properly be called chlorosis
+or "green sickness."
+
+ADDISON'S DISEASE.--Great weakness, stomach and bowel disorders, weak
+heart and dark coloring (pigmentation) of the skin.
+
+BRIGHT'S DISEASE.--Albumin and casts in the urine. The onset is usually
+gradual. There is paleness and puffiness of the eyelids, ankles or hands
+in the morning. Later increased dropsy of face and the extremities, pasty
+yellow complexion, dyspepsia, constipation and heart symptom.
+
+[2 MOTHERS' DIAGNOSIS]
+
+BRONCHITIS, ACUTE. (Cold on the Chest.)--There is a feeling of
+tightness under the breastbone, with a dry hard cough and headache. This
+cough may make the chest feel raw and sore, especially in front.
+
+CHOLERA MORBUS.--The onset is usually sudden with nausea, vomiting, and
+cramp-like bowel pains; vomits at first the stomach contents. Purging
+follows; vomiting and purging with severe cramps in abdomen and legs.
+
+CROUP.--Child wakes up suddenly, perhaps at midnight, with a harsh barking
+cough, with difficulty of breathing, and it looks as if it could not get
+another breath. Then there is an easy spell and soon the spasm recurs.
+
+CANCER OF THE STOMACH.--There is anemia and a gradual loss of weight. A
+peculiar color of the skin (cachexia), irregular vomiting, some bleeding
+of "coffee-ground" color. Progressive loss of weight. Dragging or burning
+in the region of the stomach.
+
+CHICKEN POX.--Slight fever, chilly feelings. In twenty-four hours the
+eruption appears upon the body, face and forehead often only a few
+separate red pimples which soon become rounded vesicles; however, there
+may be few or many.
+
+DIABETES.--The onset is gradual, glucose (sugar) is persistently in the
+urine. Great quantity of urine passed; six to forty pints in twenty-four
+hours. Thirst is great. Large quantities of water is taken. Loss of
+strength and weight, mouth is dry, tongue is red and glazed, skin is dry
+and wrinkled.
+
+DIPHTHERIA.--This disease begins gradually, as a rule, with chilly
+feelings, pain in the back and limbs, pulse is faster, with a general
+redness of the throat before the formation of the membrane; with such
+symptoms there are great weakness, paleness, and a bad smelling breath.
+Soon a spot or spots may be seen on the tonsils, uvula or soft palate, but
+in a day or two a dirty white patch is seen on the tonsils and this may
+spread, and with it there is increased weakness, pallor, loss of appetite
+and fever. When the membrane is taken off of the tonsils there is left a
+raw surface, and the membrane rapidly reforms.
+
+DYSENTERY.--The onset may be marked by diarrhea, followed by a severe,
+cramp-like bowel pain, with frequent small stools containing blood and
+mucus and accompanied by much straining (tenesmus).
+
+DYSPEPSIA, ACUTE. (Acute Gastritis, Acute Indigestion).--Distress in the
+stomach, headache, thirst, nausea, vomiting, tongue heavily coated, foul
+breath, distaste for food, tender stomach.
+
+[3 MOTHERS' DIAGNOSIS]
+
+ERYSIPELAS.--The onset is sudden, high fever, and a local redness with a
+sharply defined margin between it and a healthy skin. It frequently
+appears upon the nose and spreads over one cheek or both. It may show only
+a smooth raised skin, or there may be vesicles.
+
+EARACHE.--This is very common in children. It comes frequently as an
+extension through the eustachian canal of a cold. The ache is only an
+evidence of congestion or inflammation in the ear. The child bursts out
+crying violently and nothing seems to make it stop. It may cry for some
+time then stop. When it is very young it is restless, and wants to move
+constantly, and refuses to be comforted by the soothing embraces of its
+mother. It is quiet only a few moments at a time and again renews its
+cries and restlessness. The cries are moaning and seem like hopeless
+cries. A child or infant that cries that way and will not be quieted,
+should be suspected of having earache, and hot applications of dry or wet
+heat should be applied to the ear. If such symptoms are neglected, in a
+few days you are likely to have a discharge running from the external
+canal (meatus) and perhaps permanent injury may be done to the drum
+membrane by ulceration. Warm water poured in the ear frequently relieves
+common earache.
+
+GALL STONES.--Sudden agonizing pain in the right upper abdomen in the
+region of the liver, with vomiting, prostration, tenderness in that
+region. Pain generally comes at intervals in paroxysms. There may be pains
+in the stomach during the weeks when the attack is absent and the patient
+may think the stomach is the seat of the trouble.
+
+IRITIS.--Pain is severe and worse at night, the iris looks cloudy, muddy,
+the pupil is small. There is congestion around the iris (ciliary
+congestion).
+
+KIDNEY STONES.--Pain goes from the kidneys down through the ureter into
+the bladder and into the scrotum. There may be sand in the urine that
+makes it look like blood.
+
+LA GRIPPE--The onset is usually sudden, with a chill, and all of the
+symptoms of an active fever, headache, bone-ache, a general ache all over.
+A feeling of extreme weakness; feels miserable and sick.
+
+LOCK-JAW (Tetanus).--History of a wound. The muscles of the jaw may be
+stiff and set. When there are spasms the muscles remain stiff and hard for
+some time.
+
+MALARIAL FEVER.--Chill, fever, and sweat, or one stage may be absent.
+There may be only a slight chilly feeling with fever almost all day and
+then remission.
+
+[4 MOTHERS' DIAGNOSIS]
+
+MUMPS.--The swelling is in front and below and behind the ear. Hard to eat
+and the swallowing of vinegar is almost impossible.
+
+MEASLES.--Comes on gradually. There is a feeling of tiredness and languor,
+headache followed shortly by sneezing, cold symptoms, running at the eyes,
+dry throat, cough, much like an ordinary cold in the head, but with a
+persistent, hard racking cough. The eruption appears first in the sides of
+the mouth, in the inner surface of the cheeks, lips, gums and soft palate,
+in size from that of a pin-head to that of a split pea. It appears then
+about the eyes and then on the face, chest and extremities. It is first in
+red spots and then gets blotchy. This is usually three to six days after
+the appearance of the cold (catarrh) symptoms.
+
+MEASLES (German).--Chilliness, slight fever, pain in the back and legs,
+coryza. The eruption appears on the first or second day, on the face, then
+on the chest and in twenty-four hours over the whole body. The glands
+under the jaw enlarge.
+
+OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.       (Inflammation of Eyes at Birth).--A severe
+conjunctivitis in the newly-born baby, swelling and redness usually of
+both eyes, occurring on the second or third day after birth; very soon
+there is a discharge and shortly it becomes creamy pus which runs from the
+eyes when the lids are parted.
+
+PLEURISY.--The onset may be sudden or gradual. Sudden with a chill, fever,
+a severe sharp pain, stitch in the side, made worse by respiration,
+coughing or moving. The cough is dry. The pain is near the breast and
+sometimes it extends to the back.
+
+PNEUMONIA.--It begins with a chill, fever, pain in the lungs,
+expectoration with cough, and the material spit up may be mixed with blood
+(rusty sputa). Then also rapid rise of temperature, "grunting" breathing,
+the nostrils dilate, and the cheeks are flushed.
+
+RHEUMATIC FEVER OR INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATISM.--A number of joints become
+involved. It spreads from one joint to another, very painful joints;
+profuse sweating.
+
+SMALLPOX.--The onset is sudden and ushered in by a chill, nausea and
+vomiting, headache, and severe pains in the back and legs, without grip
+symptoms. There is a rapid rise of  temperature. Usually on the fourth day
+after the onset small red pimples appear on the forehead, along the line
+of the hair and on the wrists. The temperature falls with the appearance
+of the eruption.
+
+SPOTTED FEVER.--Marked loss of appetite, chill, projectile vomiting,
+severe headache, pain and stiffness of the back and neck. Later head is
+drawn back, often the back is rigid. The muscles of the neck and back are
+very tender.
+
+[5 MOTHERS' DIAGNOSIS]
+
+SCARLET FEVER. (Scarlatina).--Comes on suddenly with loss of appetite,
+headache, sick stomach, perhaps vomiting, high fever, sore throat,
+vomiting may persist. The tongue is coated, edges are red; later it is red
+and rough; the so-called strawberry tongue. Usually within twenty-four
+hours an eruption appears, first upon the neck and chest which spreads
+rapidly over the face and the rest of the body. The eruption consists of
+red pimply elevations about the size of a pin-head, very close together,
+so that the body seems to be covered with a scarlet flush. If you look
+closely you can see these little pimply elevations.
+
+TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LUNGS.--Irregular temperatures, respiration is more
+frequent than normal, pulse is rapid, cough, expectoration, night sweats,
+perhaps, and general failure of strength.
+
+TONSILITIS. (Smooth and Follicular).--Commences with a chill, rapid rise
+of temperature, general aching in the back, and legs especially. The
+tonsils are large and red and spots may appear on them in a few hours.
+There may be no spots but a smooth; red, swollen tonsil, sometimes swollen
+to an enormous size. The spot and membrane, if any exists, are easily
+rubbed off and when this is done a glistening surface is seen, but not
+raw, as in diphtheria.
+
+TYPHOID FEVER--There is a feeling of illness for a week or two and the
+patient is not able to work much, does not sleep well, dreams, has a dull
+headache, back of the neck may be stiff, nosebleed sometimes, with a
+feeling as if there was some fever, increasing feeling of weakness, and
+sick feeling. Finally the fever, etc., becomes more prominent with
+constipation and diarrhea.
+
+ULCER OF THE CORNEA.--Light hurts the eyes very much, tears run freely and
+there is a feeling of something in the eye. The eyeball shows a rim of
+pink congestion about the cornea. The ulcer can be seen.
+
+ULCER OF THE STOMACH.--Pain, local tenderness, bleeding. Distress after
+eating and vomiting of a very acid fluid. Pain in the region of the
+stomach and usually sharp pain in the back is the most constant symptom.
+It is increased by food at once and relieved by vomiting. The tenderness
+upon pressure is usually marked and is localized.
+
+WHOOPING-COUGH.--Begins with symptoms of a cold in the eyes, nose, and the
+chest. The cough gradually becomes worse, usually in from seven to ten
+days; it comes in paroxysms (spells) and then the whoop.
+
+RESPIRATORY DISEASES [6]
+Including CROUP, COLDS, SORE-THROAT, HOARSENESS,
+BRONCHITIS, ASTHMA, HAY-FEVER, PLEURISY,
+ADENOIDS, PNEUMONIA, ETC.
+
+With Definition, Cause, Symptoms, Preventives,
+Mothers' Remedies, Physicians' Treatment;
+also Diet, Nursing and Sanitary Care; all for Home
+Use and Reference.
+
+THE ANATOMY OF THE NOSE.--The nose is divided by a middle partition
+(septum) into two cavities (nasal chambers or fossae) each being a
+wedge-shaped cavity, distinct by itself and extending from the nostril or
+anterior nares in front to the posterior openings behind and from the base
+of the skull to the hard palate below. Where the posterior opening or
+nares ends is called the nose-pharynx, The pharynx joins there with the
+cavities and hence called nose-pharynx. The partition (septum) is thin,
+one-tenth to one-eighth of an inch in thickness and is composed in front
+of cartilage (gristle) and behind of bone. In its normal state this
+partition (septum) should be perfectly straight, thin and in the middle
+line, The cartilaginous (gristle) portion is seldom found in this
+condition as, owing to its prominent location and frequent exposure to
+injury, blows and falling on the nose, the partition (septum) is often
+bent or turned to one side or the other so far in some cases as to close
+the nostril. The posterior part is composed of bone, and being well
+protected, is seldom found out of position or displaced, even when the
+cartilaginous portion is often badly deformed, The floor of the nose is
+formed by the upper jaw bone (maxillary) and the palate bone. The outer
+wall of the nose or nose cavity is the most complicated, for it presents
+three prominences, the turbinated bones, which extend from before
+backwards and partially divide the nose cavity into incomplete spaces
+called meatus passages. The turbinated bones are three in number, the
+inferior, middle and superior. They vary in size and shape, and owing to
+the relations they hear to the surrounding parts, and to the influence
+they exert on the general condition of the nose and throat, are of great
+importance. The inferior or lower turbinate bone is the largest and in a
+way is the only independent bone. The middle and superior are small. They
+are all concave in shape and extend from before backwards, and beneath the
+concave surface of each one of the corresponding passages or openings
+(meatus) is formed. The inferior or lower (meatus) opening or passage is
+that part of the nasal (nose) passage which lies beneath the inferior
+turbinate bone and extends from the nostrils in front to the passage
+behind the nose (post-nasal) (posterior nares) toward the pharynx. The
+middle opening (meatus) lies above the inferior turbinate bone and below
+the middle turbinate bone. The superior opening (meatus) is situated above
+the middle turbinate bone.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 7]
+
+[Illustration: Bronchial Tubes and Lungs.]
+
+The mucous membrane lining the nasal passages is similar to other mucous
+membranes. It is here called the Schneiderian membrane after the name of a
+German anatomist named Schneider. It is continuous through the ducts with
+the mucous membrane of all the various accessory cavities of the nose. It
+is quite thin, in the upper part over the superior turbinate bone and
+partition (septum) while it is quite thick over the lower turbinate bone,
+the floor of the nose cavity and the lower part of the partition. It is
+well supplied with blood vessels, veins, and glands for producing the
+necessary secretion.
+
+The nose is an organ of breathing (respiration) and it warms and moistens
+the air we breathe and arrests particles of dust in the air before they
+enter the lungs. If the air we breathe is of an uneven temperature, or of
+marked degree of dryness, or if it is saturated with impurities, it always
+acts as a source of irritation to the mucous membrane of the upper
+respiratory tract, like the larynx. By the time the air reaches the
+pharynx, through the nose, it has become almost as warm as the blood, and
+also is well saturated with moisture. The mucous membrane that lines the
+nose cavity and especially that part over the lower turbinate bone,
+secretes from sixteen to twenty ounces of fluid daily. This fluid cleanses
+and lubricates the nose and moistens the air we breathe. Conditions may
+arise which interfere with this natural secretion. This may be due to the
+fact that some of the glands have shrunk or wasted (atrophied) and the
+secretion has become thick. This collects in the nose, decomposes and
+forms scabs and crusts in the nostrils. In this condition there will be
+dropping of mucus into the throat. This condition is usually only a
+collection of  secretions from the nose,--which are too thick to flow
+away,--collect in the space behind the nose, and when some have
+accumulated, drop into the pharynx.
+
+[8 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+In order to be in good health it is necessary to breath through the nose,
+and to do this there must be nothing in the nose or upper part of the
+pharynx to interfere with the free circulation of the air through these
+cavities. The cavities of the nose may be partly closed by polpi (tumors)
+on the upper and middle turbinate bone, a spur on the (septum) partition,
+deviation of the partition or enlarged turbinate bones, or adenoids in the
+upper part of the pharynx. These troubles almost close up the nose
+sometimes and the person is compelled to breathe through his mouth. He not
+only looks foolish, talks thick, but is laying up for himself future
+trouble. By correcting the trouble in the nose and removing the adenoids
+in the upper part of the pharynx the patient can breathe through the nasal
+passages. If you take a tube you can pass it straight back through the
+lower channel (meatus) into the pharynx. It will touch the upper back wall
+of the pharynx. If the tube has a downward bend you can see it behind the
+soft palate and by attaching a string to that end you can draw it back out
+through the nostrils. In that way we plug the posterior openings (nares).
+The upper part of the pharynx reaches higher up behind than a line drawn
+horizontally above the tip of the nose to the pharynx. It reaches forward
+above the soft palate on its front surface. Its front surface is almost
+directly on a vertical line with tonsil, above the soft palate. On its
+upper part and on the side near the nose cavity is the opening of the
+eustachian tube.
+
+The name naso-pharynx means the junction of the nose and pharynx.
+Sometimes the upper posterior wall of the pharynx, called the vault of the
+pharynx, especially the part behind each eustachian tube, is filled almost
+full with adenoids. These are overgrowths or thickenings of the glandular
+tissue in the upper posterior wall of the pharynx (vault of the pharynx).
+
+ADENOIDS. (Pharyngeal Tonsil, Lursehkas Tonsil, Adenoid Vegetation, Post-
+nasal Growth.)--Adenoids are overgrowths or thickenings of the glandular
+tissue in the vault (top) of the pharynx. They are on the upper posterior
+wall of the pharynx, often filling the whole space, especially the part
+behind the ear-tube--eustachian tube.
+
+They are a soft pliable mass, well supplied with blood vessels, especially
+in children. Some are firmer and these are the kind seen in adults. The
+color varies from pale pink to dark red. The structure is similar to
+enlarged tonsils.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 9]
+
+[Illustration: Adenoids]
+
+Symptoms.--Children breathe chiefly or wholly through the mouth. They are
+apt to breathe noisily, especially when they eat and drink. They sleep
+with their mouth open, breathe hard and snore. They have attacks of slight
+suffocation sometimes, especially seen in young children. There may be
+difficulty in nursing in infants; they sleep poorly, toss about in bed,
+moan, talk, and night terrors are common.  They may also sweat very much
+during sleep. A constant hacking or barking cough is a common symptom and
+this cough is often troublesome for some hours before going to bed.
+Troubles with the larynx and pharynx are common and spasmodic laryngitis
+appears to be often dependent upon adenoids. Bronchial asthma and sneezing
+in paroxysms are sometimes connected with them. The chest becomes
+deformed. The prolonged mouth-breathing imparts to adenoid patients a
+characteristic look in the face. The lower jaw is dropped and the lips are
+kept constantly apart. In many cases the upper lip is short, showing some
+part of the upper teeth. The dropping of the jaw draws upon the soft parts
+and tends to obliterate the natural folds of the face about the nose,
+lips, and cheeks. The face has an elongated appearance and the expression
+is vacant, listless, or even stupid. The nose is narrow and pinched, from
+long continued inaction of the wings of the nose (alae nasi). The root of
+the nose may be flat and broad. When the disease sets in during early
+childhood, the palate may become high arched. If the disease continues
+beyond second teething, the arch of the palate becomes higher and the top
+of the arch more pointed. The upper jaw elongates and this often causes
+the front teeth to project far beyond the corresponding teeth in the lower
+jaw. The high arched palate is often observed to be associated with a
+deflected partition (septum) in the nose.
+
+The speech is affected in a characteristic way; it acquires a dead
+character. There is inability to pronounce the nasal consonant sounds; m,
+n, and ng and the l, r, and th sounds are changed. Some backwardness in
+learning to articulate is often noticed.
+
+Deafness is frequently present, varying in degree, transient and
+persistent. Attacks of earache are common and also running of the ears.
+The ear troubles often arise from the extension of catarrh from the
+nose-pharynx through the eustachian tubes to the middle ear. Sometimes the
+adenoids block the entrance to the tubes. The ventilation of the middle
+ear may be impeded. Dr. Ball, of London, England, says: "Ear troubles in
+children are undoubtedly, in the vast majority of cases, dependent upon
+the presence of adenoid vegetation" (growths).
+
+Children with adenoids are very liable to colds in the head, which
+aggravate all the symptoms, and in the slighter forms of the disease the
+symptoms may hardly be noticeable, except when the child is suffering from
+a cold.
+
+[10 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Chronic catarrh is often caused by adenoids. A chronic pus discharge often
+develops, especially in children. There is often a half-pus discharge
+trickling over the posterior wall of the pharynx from the nose-pharynx.
+And yet some children with adenoids never have any discharge from the
+nose. There may be more or less dribbling of saliva from the mouth,
+especially in young children, and this is usually worse during sleep.
+Headache is not uncommon when these growths persist into adult life: they
+continue to give rise to most of the symptoms just described, although
+these symptoms may be less marked because of the relatively larger size of
+the nose-pharynx. The older patients seek relief, usually, from nasal
+catarrh symptoms. They complain of a dry throat on waking and they hawk
+and cough, In order to clear the sticky secretion from the throat. The
+adenoids have often undergone a considerable amount of shrinking, but they
+frequently give rise to a troublesome inflammation of the nose and
+pharynx. Rounded or irregular red elevations will often be seen on the
+posterior wall of the pharynx, outgrowths of adenoid tissue in this
+region. Similar elevations are sometimes seen on the posterior pillars of
+the fauces. The tonsils are often enlarged. A good deal of thick discharge
+will sometimes be seen in the posterior wall of the pharynx proceeding
+from the nose-pharynx.
+
+Although adenoids, like the normal tonsil, usually tend to diminish and
+disappear with the approach of youth, they constitute during childhood a
+constant source of danger and trouble and not infrequently inflict
+permanent mischief. Also children afflicted with adenoids are less able to
+cope with diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, whooping-cough, etc.
+
+Deafness, mouth-breathing habit, and imperfect resonance of the voice, as
+well as the characteristic expression of the face, will often remain as
+permanent effects of the impairment of function due to these growths in
+childhood, even though they have more or less completely disappeared. The
+collapsed state of the wings of the nose, and wasted condition of their
+muscles, resulting from long disease, often contributes to the
+perpetuation of the mouth-breathing habit. On the other hand the rapid
+improvement, after a timely removal of the growths, is usually very
+striking.
+
+Treatment.--The only thing to do is to remove them soon, no matter how
+young the patient may be. An anaesthetic is usually given to children. The
+operation does not take long and the patient soon recovers from its
+effects. The result of an operation, especially in young children, is
+usually very satisfactory. Breathing through the nose is re-established,
+the face expression is changed for the better. The symptoms as before
+described disappear to a great extent.
+
+
+
+COLDS. (Coryza. Acute Nasal Catarrh. Acute Rhinitis).--This is an
+inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose.
+
+Causes.--Exposure to cold or wet when the body is overheated; sudden or
+extreme changes in the atmosphere; inhaling irritating fumes or dust.
+
+Symptoms.--A chilly feeling, limbs ache, tendency to sneeze, severe
+headache above the nose, eyes are dry, stopped-up feeling in the nostrils.
+Then there is a thin watery discharge, usually of an irritating character,
+very thin at first, but it soon becomes thicker; sometimes the ears ring
+(tinnitus). The nose and lining is red and swollen.
+
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Colds. Borax for Cold Settled in Throat. "For a
+cold in the throat, dissolve a piece of borax, the size of a pea, in the
+mouth and don't talk. It will work like a charm." This is an old and well
+tried remedy and is very good for colds or sore throat. It acts by
+contracting the tissues and in that way there is less congestion in the
+parts.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 11]
+
+2. Colds, Valuable Caution and Treatment for.--Mrs. Maxwell, of Cleveland,
+writes in the Cleveland Press as follows: "If you intend to treat the cold
+yourself, take it up at the outset. Don't wait for it to develop. To break
+it up, nothing is better than the full hot bath at bed time, or the foot
+bath with mustard, followed by a hot drink. It is old-fashioned, but
+scientific, for nine colds out of ten are due to clogged pores. Benjamin
+Franklin said a hundred years ago that all colds come from impure air,
+lack of exercise, and over-eating, and nobody has ever bettered his
+conclusion. Even contagious colds will not be taken if the bodily
+resistance is kept at par. More fresh air, less grip. Avoid people who
+have colds, and keep out of badly ventilated rooms. Stuffy street cars are
+responsible for half the hard colds, not because people get chilled, but
+because the air is foul. And when you have a cold keep away from the baby.
+If the baby takes a cold, let it have medical attention at once. Don't
+experiment upon it with remedies intended for grown-ups."
+
+3. Colds, Molasses-Vinegar Syrup for.--"One-half cup of molasses, butter
+the size of a hickory nut, one tablespoon vinegar, boil together. Dose:
+One teaspoonful or less as the case requires. Take often until relieved."
+This is an old remedy and a good one.
+
+4. Colds, Quinine and Ginger for.--"Give plenty of quinine and drink hot
+water with ginger in it." Quinine, as we all know, is an old remedy for
+colds and therefore we all know how it acts. The ginger warms up the
+system and produces sweating. Care should be taken when using this remedy
+not to take cold, as the pores are all opened by the quinine.
+
+5. Colds, Boneset for.--"Boneset tea steeped and drank cold cures a
+cold." Boneset simply acts by causing a better circulation in the system
+and in that way sweating is produced and we all know that a good sweat
+will usually cure a cold if taken in time.
+
+6. Severe Cold or Threatened Consumption.--"One pint of molasses; one pint
+of vinegar; three tablespoonfuls of white pine tar; let this boil not
+quite half down; remove from the stove and let stand until next day; then
+take and skim tar off from the top, throwing tar away. Jar up and take as
+often as necessary. Spoonful every half to two hours."
+
+7. Colds, Rock Candy Syrup for.--"Ten cents worth of rock candy; one pint
+of whisky; one pint of water; fifteen cents worth of glycerine; mix all
+together; this will syrup itself." Take one teaspoonful as often as
+necessary. This is excellent.
+
+8. Colds, Skunk's Oil for.--"Skunk's oil has cured colds quickly by
+rubbing on chest and throat." The oil penetrates quickly and relieves the
+congestion. This remedy can always be relied upon.
+
+[12 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+9. Colds, Lemons and Mustard for.--"A hot lemonade taken on going to bed
+and put the feet in a hot mustard bath; taken in time will break up a
+cold." The idea of the foot bath is to equalize the circulation, as so
+many of our colds begin in the head and by drawing the blood from the head
+the congested parts of the head are relieved.
+
+10. Colds and Cough, Hops or Catnip Poultice for.--"Hops or catnip put in
+little bags and steamed until hot, then placed on lungs and throat." This
+is a very good remedy, as the hot bags act as a poultice and draw the
+congestion from the diseased parts. It produces not only local, but
+general perspiration.
+
+11. Colds, Honey for.--"Eat honey. I have tried this many times and it is
+very good." The honey is very soothing, but if a little hoarhound or lemon
+is added it would make it much more effective. This is a good remedy for
+children, as they most all like honey.
+
+12. Colds, to Break Up at the Outset.--"To break up a cold soak the feet
+in hot water and drink all the cold water you can." This has been known to
+cure many severe colds if taken at the beginning.
+
+13. Cold in the Chest, Mutton Tallow and Red Pepper for.--"If cold is in
+the chest, render enough mutton tallow for one cupful and add one
+teaspoonful of red pepper and rub on chest and apply a flannel to keep out
+the cold. This is an old-time remedy and a good one."
+
+14. Colds, Lard and Turpentine for.--"Melt a half cupful of lard and add
+one and one-half teaspoonfuls of turpentine, rub on chest and apply
+flannel cloth."
+
+15. Cold, Milk and Cayenne as a Preventive.--"Drink a glass of milk with a
+pinch of cayenne in it. This will warm the stomach and prevent headache."
+
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Colds.--Preventive. Avoid the known causes of
+the trouble. A daily cold bath, if well borne, is held to be an effectual
+prevention against taking cold. Have the adenoids removed if your
+physician so recommends it. If seen early it can frequently be aborted.
+Bathe the feet in hot mustard water, a small handful of mustard to a pail
+half full of hot water. At the same time, drink hot teas, like hoarhound,
+ginger, lemonade, etc. Then put the patient to bed and place hot water
+fruit jars around him. This treatment will produce a good sweat. After the
+sweating has continued for some time and the patient feels uncomfortable
+because of the sweat, bathe him with a towel dipped in warm water, and dry
+the parts as you go along. Of course, all of this is done under cover.
+After you have bathed and dried the patient, put on a clean and well-aired
+night shirt and clean sheets, also well aired. This simple treatment will
+abort most colds. The patient should keep in bed for at least twelve hours
+after such a sweating. Plenty of cold water and lemonade can be given,
+especially after the patient has become cooler. Plenty of water is good
+for any cold; hot outside and cool for the inside. The bowels should be
+opened with salts. A Dover's powder (ten grains) will produce sweating,
+but why use it when sweating can be produced by the means first mentioned.
+
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 13]
+
+1. Camphor and Vaseline Mixed, or Camphor and Cream, rubbed in the nose is
+good to stop the cold and soreness.
+
+2. A few drops (two or three) of camphor taken internally every three
+hours will abort some colds, especially if the nose is all the time
+pouring out drops of water.
+
+3. Aconite in small doses, one-tenth of a drop, every two hours is a
+splendid remedy at the beginning. My experience has shown me that aconite
+does better work in these small doses. Put one drop in ten teaspoonfuls of
+water and give one teaspoonful at a dose.
+
+4. The following is good for a thick discharge: in oil spray.
+
+Menthol            6 grains
+Chloroform         5 drops
+Camphor            5 grains
+Liquid Alboline    2 ounces
+
+Mix and make into a solution. Use in an atomizer, every two hours.
+
+To cleanse the nostrils wash out each nostril gently with a solution made
+of one teaspoonful of listerine, or glyco-thymoline, or borolyptol, or
+one-quarter teaspoonful of common salt in a half glass of warm water.
+You can use a vaporizer and this solution:
+
+Menthol                      5 grains
+Camphor                      5 grains
+Compound tincture benzoin    1 dram
+Liquid Alboline              1 ounce
+
+Mix and make solution and use frequently in a nebulizer.
+
+Never snuff a solution into the nose, and do not blow the nose hard after
+using. Some of the solution or nasal discharge may be forced into the
+eustachian tube.
+
+5. Lard or camphorated oil rubbed on the nose and throat twice a day is
+good.
+
+6. To Restore the Loss of the Voice.--
+
+Oil of wintergreen       2 drams
+Lanolin or vaseline      1 ounce
+
+Mix and rub on the throat at night and put on flannel until morning. This
+will relieve the loss of voice very promptly.
+
+7. Put a quart of boiling water in a pitcher; add from two to four drams
+of the compound tincture of benzoin and inhale the hot vapor. Wrap both
+head and pitcher in a towel. This is very good for sore throat also.
+
+8. Herb Teas for.--Ginger tea, catnip, hoarhound, pennyroyal, etc.; hot,
+are all good to produce sweating and thus relieve cold.
+
+9. From Dr. Ball, a London, England, Specialist.--
+
+Menthol                    30 grains
+Eucalyptol                 30 drops
+Carbolic acid               2 drams
+Rectified spirits of wine   1 dram
+
+Mix thoroughly; a teaspoonful to be put into a pint (or less) of hot water
+and the steam to be inhaled through the nose for four or five minutes.
+This is useful in acute colds, especially in the later stages, and in
+chronic catarrh, etc.
+
+[14 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+10. When the stage is rather marked or prolonged spray or syringe out the
+nose with tepid solution once or twice a day using the following:
+
+Bicarbonate of soda   3 to 5 grains
+Borax                 3 to 5 grains
+Tepid water           1 ounce
+
+Use a spray, douche, or gargle in chronic catarrh and chronic pharyngitis.
+When you wish to use a large quantity, mix an equal quantity each of soda
+and borax and put a couple teaspoonfuls to each pint of warm water and
+use.
+
+
+CATARRH. (Chronic Inflammation of the Nose, Chronic Rhinitis). Causes.--
+Frequent attacks of colds, irritating gases and dust, adenoids, enlarged
+tonsils, spurs on the septum (partition bone) or foreign bodies in the
+nose, like corn, beans, stone, etc.
+
+Symptoms and Course.--There are alterations of the secretions: the amount
+varies in the same case at different times. Sometimes it is thin and
+watery, or thick, sticky mucus or this may alternate with more watery
+discharges. It may be mucus and pus or entirely pus. Frequently the
+secretions discharge into the throat and cause efforts to clear it by
+hawking and spitting. The secretion sometimes dries and forms crusts in
+the fore part of the turbinated bones and partition. Patients frequently
+pick the nose for this crust and ulceration may result at that point from
+its doing. Bleeding often occurs from picking the scales from the ulcers,
+and perforation of the partition may take place from extension of the
+ulceration. There is a feeling of stuffiness. There is some obstruction to
+breathing. If there is much thickness of the structures, nasal obstruction
+is a persistent symptom. Changed voice, mouth-breathing, etc., are
+noticed. A sensation of pain or weight across the bridge of the nose is
+sometimes complained of and this symptom is especially found associated
+with enlargement of the middle turbinated body on one or both sides, etc.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Catarrh, Successful remedy for.--- "Dissolve in
+one-half ounce olive oil as much camphor gum as it will take up. Moisten a
+little finger with the oil, rub into the nostrils and snuff well up into
+the head." The olive oil is very soothing to the diseased parts and the
+camphor contracts the swollen mucous membranes, thereby relieving the
+catarrh. This is an excellent remedy.
+
+2. Catarrh, Cleansing Antiseptic Remedy for.--"Snuff about one teaspoonful
+of salt in cup of warm water every morning in nostrils. I have found this
+remedy simple but fine for catarrh and also having sleeping room well
+ventilated summer and winter will help in curing disease." This remedy
+will be found very effective in catarrh because it loosens up the
+secretions and cleanses the nose of the foul secretions and also has an
+antiseptic action. This can be used twice daily. Snuffing should be done
+very gently so as not to draw the water too far back.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 15]
+
+3. Catarrh, Witch-Hazel for.--"Pond's extract applied with nose spray."
+Pond's extract is simply witch-hazel water and everyone knows that
+witch-hazel water is healing and soothing to the membranes of the nose.
+This may be used regularly twice a day.
+
+4. Catarrh, Cure for.--
+
+Menthol          10 grains
+Camphor Gum      10 grains
+Chloroform       10 drops
+Fluid Alboline    8 ounces
+
+Mix. Apply in the nasal cavities with alboline atomizer.
+
+5. Catarrh of head, Mullein Leaves. Treatment, etc., for.--"Smoke dried
+mullein leaves and blow the smoke through the nose, and in addition to
+this, put a heaping tablespoonful of powdered borax in a quart of soft
+water; syringe this up in the nose, and in addition to both of the above,
+frequently inhale a mixture of two drams of spirits of ammonia, half a
+dram tincture of iodine and fifteen drops of carbolic acid; smoke the
+mullein, syringe the borax water and inhale the last mixture all as
+frequently as convenient and it frequently will cure if kept up
+faithfully."
+
+6. Catarrh, Milk and Salt Wash for.--"Mix together one teaspoonful common
+salt, a teacupful milk, and half pint of warm water. Inject this into the
+nostrils three times a day. You may use the same quantity of borax in
+place of the salt, if you choose to do so."
+
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Catarrh.--If the patient is run down, give
+tonics, plenty of fresh air and sunshine in the sleeping room, change of
+climate to a dry, unchangeable climate is sometimes necessary.
+
+Local.--Attend to any disturbing cause, such as adenoids, spurs on the
+partition, turbinate bone, etc. It is first necessary to render the parts
+clean, through the use of some mild antiseptic solution, such as
+glyco-thymoline, listerine, borolyptol, salt, etc. Salt should not be used
+stronger than one-quarter teaspoonful in a glass half full of water. The
+others can be used in one to two teaspoonfuls, to same amount of warm
+water. The solution should always be mild and warm. To use any solution
+pour it gently through the nose, tilting the head backward, with the mouth
+open; then as the solution flows through the head should be put forward
+and downward. The solution flows out of the mouth, and also out of the
+other nostril. A nasal douche cup made purposely should be used if
+possible.
+
+1. Spray for.--After cleansing the nostrils with the solution the
+following soothing mild spray will be found of great benefit.
+
+Menthol           5 grains
+Camphor           5 grains
+Liquid Alboline   2 ounces
+
+Mix and make a solution. Use in an atomizer or nebulizer.
+
+[16 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+2. Powders for.--Antiseptic powders are also very useful in some cases,
+such as, compound stearate of zinc and boric acid, or compound stearate of
+zinc and alum or compound stearate of zinc and menthol. One or two drams
+is enough to buy at once as it is very light; always use it in a powder in
+the following way:
+
+First take a long breath and while holding the breath, puff some of the
+powder into each nostril; then gently puff the breath out through each
+nostril. Do not snuff powder up the nose or use the powder-blower while
+breathing. If this is done, some will get into the pharynx and larynx and
+cause annoying coughing.
+
+3. Solution for.--
+
+Bicarbonate of soda  1/2 ounce
+Borax                1/2 ounce
+Salt                 1/2 ounce
+White sugar            1 ounce
+
+Mix all. Half a teaspoonful to be dissolved in one-half tumbler of warm
+water; used with spray producer or a syringe.
+
+4. Spray, for.--
+
+Bicarbonate of soda  1-1/2 drams
+Listerine                6 drams
+Water                    1 ounce
+
+Use as a spray.
+
+OZENA.--(Foul odor from nose, not breath, due to catarrh of the nose). The
+membrane is dry and shrunken. It is a very offensive odor, thus called
+"ozena."
+
+Causes.--It is usually seen in people who are very much debilitated, in
+young factory girls, and sometimes in healthy boys. Retained secretions in
+the nose, usually cause the odor. These decompose and ferment. The nose is
+large and roomy, the nostrils are filled with scabby secretions; hard
+masses are formed which sometimes fill the nostril.
+
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--The first few weeks, cleansing the nose with
+peroxide of hydrogen will stop the odor. First, remove the scabs with
+forceps and then wash and cleanse the nose with the peroxide solution. It
+can be used from one-quarter strength to full strength, but warm. This
+will leave the nose in a foamy, soapy condition and this can be cleansed
+with a mild solution of glyco-thymoline or salt water.
+
+HOME TREATMENT.--This is very important. The patient should use a douche
+three or four times a day. In the solution glyco-thymoline or borolyptol
+one or two teaspoonfuls to one-half cup of warm water, and follow by a
+nebulizer or atomizer in which the following solution can be used:
+
+1.    Lysol             10 drops
+      Oil of Pine       15 drops
+      Liquid Alboline    2 ounces
+
+Mix and make a solution, spray into the nose after douching.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 17]
+
+2. The following ointment can be used if there is no atomizer or nebulizer
+at hand:
+
+Iodol        5 grains
+Boric Acid  10 grains
+Cold cream   2 ounces
+
+Mix and make into an ointment, and rub a little into each nostril before
+retiring.
+
+3. Dr. Ferguson of New York uses the following: A new antiseptic enzymol.
+This is used as follows.--Use one part of enzymol, three parts of warm
+water. Rub and cleanse the nose thoroughly with the solution, saturate a
+piece of absorbent cotton with this solution, place it in the nostril and
+leave it there fifteen to twenty minutes.
+
+HAY FEVER. (Rose Cold, June Cold or Hay Asthma).--This inflammation of the
+nose occurs in August and September. It is really a nervous affection of
+the nose membrane.
+
+Causes.--A predisposition: A peculiar sensitive area in the mucous
+membrane of the nose. An exciting cause circulating in the air, the dust
+or pollen of certain plants, such as rag-weed, hay and barley; the odor of
+certain flowers, such as roses and golden rod; dust of some drugs as
+ipecac and benzoic acid; the odor of some animals. It usually comes about
+the same date each year, growing worse each year and, in time, affects the
+bronchial tubes.
+
+Symptoms.--The earliest symptoms are, usually, an itching sensation in the
+roof of the mouth and the palate, or itching and burning at the inner
+corner of the eyes. Irritation within the nose is also experienced and
+very soon spells of sneezing set in. The nose soon feels stuffy and
+obstructed, and there is a clear water discharge from the nose, which is
+especially copious after sneezing. The eyes look red and watery and the
+eyeballs pain and there is also pain in the forehead above the nose. It
+may take several days to develop these symptoms. They are usually worse in
+the morning. After some days these symptoms become more persistent and
+severe. The nostrils are completely closed, and the patient must breathe
+through the mouth, and the spells of sneezing are very violent. The
+conjunctiva becomes congested and red, a profuse watery discharge runs
+from the eyes and the lids are swollen. In severe cases the face looks red
+and swollen. The mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx and tonsils is more
+or less reddened and irritated, smell and taste are impaired and sometimes
+the patient is slightly deaf. The patient feels tired, weak, and it is
+hard to study or do manual labor. Slight feelings of chillness are common.
+
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Hay fever, Quick Relief from.--"For hay fever and
+other slight forms of diseases which produce sneezing, there is no remedy
+more quickly effective, and often curative, than a vapor of heated salt
+and alcohol. Heat it very hot and breathe the vapor for ten minutes at a
+time, four or five times a day."
+
+2. Hay fever, Remedy Worth Trying for.--"A mixture composed of ten grains
+of sulphate of zinc, half teaspoonful of borax, and about four ounces of
+rose water. This is very good to inject into the nostrils if there is much
+irritation of eyes and nostrils."
+
+[18 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+3. Hay fever, Our Canadian Remedy for.--"Inhale smoke from ground coffee
+(sprinkle over coals). This relieved a case for me of five years
+standing."
+
+4. Hay Fever, Medicine That Helps.--"Use phenol sodique as directed on the
+bottles. This was recommended to me by Mrs. Levi Weller, who said her
+husband had found more relief from this remedy than any other he had
+tried."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Hay Fever.--1. The following gives relief from
+the distressing symptoms. (But first the nose should be examined, for
+often there is local trouble there.). Then give suprarenal extract
+tablets, each five grains. Take one every four or five hours.
+
+2. Pill Blennostasin.--Each pill contains five grains. Take one every four
+hours.
+
+3. The following solution gives temporary relief:--
+
+Dionin                 10 grains
+Adrenalin (1 to 1000)   5 drams
+Water                   2 ounces
+
+Mix solution and spray into the nose every two hours.
+
+4. After using the above spray which will shrink the mucous membrane apply
+the following oil spray:--
+
+Thymol            5 grains
+Menthol           5 grains
+Camphor           5 grains
+Liquid Alboline   1 ounce
+
+Mix and make a solution and spray into the nose three or four times a day.
+
+5. In some cases a drying powder does well, such as compound stearate of
+zinc and alum one dram; puff it into the nose with a powder-blower every
+hour.
+
+6. Dr. Ball of London, England, gives the following.--A spray of a four
+per cent of cocaine, or direct application of cotton-wool soaked in a
+stronger solution will be found to afford immediate relief. But the after
+effect is likely to be bad. Hence menthol is a better application.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES  19]
+
+7. Another from Dr. Ball.--A one to five per cent solution of menthol in
+liquid paraffin may be painted or sprayed on the mucous membrane, or a
+little cotton-wool soaked in an oily solution may be inserted in the
+nostrils. We must confess our weakness as physicians, when we treat this
+disease. There are local measures, such as give relief for the time being,
+but they must be carefully used. Diseases of the nose, tumors or "spurs"
+frequently cause in the first place; bad tonsils, and adenoids are likely
+to aggravate the trouble. A change of climate is the only real help. Tone
+the general health. If the patient is very nervous fifteen grains of
+bromide of sodium three or four time a day gives relief. People subjected
+to hay fever should be treated between the attacks to make them strong and
+to remove any local nose trouble and just before the time of year arrives
+for the attack it is well to take five grains three times a day of the
+suprarenal tablets or blennostasin the same way, and also spray the nose
+twice daily with a mild adrenalin solution as the following:-
+Adrenalin (1 to 1000)   1 dram
+Water                   2 ounces
+Change of climate is frequently quite beneficial. Some are relieved in the
+dry mountain air, while others are more benefited by the seashore or an
+ocean trip.
+
+TUMOR OF THE NOSE.  (Nasal Polypus).--This tumor consists of a soft jelly-
+like whitish growth, usually found in the upper front part of the nostril.
+It may extend to the bottom (floor) of the nose, is quite soft and
+moveable, being easy to push aside with a probe. The air passing through
+the nostril will move it backward and forward. There may be one or several
+and they may completely fill the nostril. They sometimes grow from the
+back end of the middle turbinate bone, and gradually extend backward
+filling up the back part of the nostril and even extending into the space
+behind the nose and, if large, they may be seen below the soft palate.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--The only thing to do is to remove them. This is
+usually done by a wire placed around the polypus and by the thumb-screw in
+the instrument, tighten the wire until it has cut through the base.
+
+DEVIATION OF THE SEPTUM (Partition).--Deviation is the bending or curving
+of the partition (septum) to one side or the other, leaving one nostril
+very large and roomy and closing the other nostril wholly or partly.
+Causes.--Blows, falls, etc., high-arch palate. It is seldom seen under
+seven years of age.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--The treatment is to replace if possible, the part
+in the proper position. This requires an operation.
+
+
+NOSEBLEED. Mothers' Remedies.--1. Nosebleed; remedy sent us by a Public
+School Teacher.--"Make a compress of paper soaked in cold water; put it
+under the upper lip and have the patient press the lip with the fingers.
+Remarks.--Tried with success in many cases by a school teacher." By
+putting under the lip and pressing on it, you press on an artery and stop
+bleeding. Be careful to use nothing but white paper, as ink or colors
+would come out when wet.
+
+2. Nosebleed, Alum as a cure for.--"Apply cold water to face and back of
+neck; snuff powdered alum." The powdered alum contracts the blood vessels,
+thereby shutting off the supply of blood. The cold water applied to the
+back of the neck affects the nervous system in such a manner that the
+blood vessels are contracted and so the blood supply is diminished.
+
+[20 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+3. Nosebleed; Remedy that succeeded in a severe case.--"Put pieces of ice
+in cloth. Lay a piece each side of the nose and on the back of the neck.
+Remarks.--My neighbor's daughter had nosebleed which refused to stop until
+they were much frightened but this treatment soon stopped it, after which
+she rested quietly for a time,"
+
+4. Nosebleed, Simple Remedy for.--"Place the finger on the side of the
+nose tight for ten or fifteen minutes. My mother has stopped her nose from
+bleeding when other remedies failed." This shuts off the circulation and
+helps to form a clot.
+
+5. Nosebleed, Another Home Remedy for.--"Hold the head back as far as
+possible, press up the end of the nose with the end of the finger." Best
+to lie on the side so blood will not run down the throat and choke the
+patient.
+
+6. Nosebleed, Puff-Ball for.--"Find an old brown puff-ball from the
+ground, pick out the soft inside part and put it in nose and let remain
+for some time."
+
+7. Nosebleed, Vinegar and Water for.--"Wet a cloth in very cold water or
+strong cold water and vinegar and apply to back of neck, renewing as it
+gets warm. Have seen this tried and know it to be good."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Nosebleed.--Place the patient on his side half
+lying, head and shoulders raised and apply a cold compress to the
+forehead, nose, and to the back of the neck. Press the end of the nose
+firmly against the partition between the nostrils, for some minutes. This
+presses directly upon the bleeding point, as a rule. Also, when lying in
+this position, the blood does not flow into the throat so readily. Raise
+the arms above the head, apply cold to the spine or to the scrotum of men
+and breasts of women. Mustard foot baths are good, injection of cold
+water, or the injection of hot water, 120 F., into the nostril will often
+help: Cold water, Or salt water, can be gently snuffed. Alum solution on a
+cloth put in the nostril often helps. A piece of bacon cut to bits and
+placed in the nostril often stops it. Vinegar injected into the nostril is
+good, or you can use a cloth saturated with vinegar and placed in the
+nostril. White oak bark tea, strong, is effective; juice of lemon applied
+same way or injected is helpful.
+
+How to plug the nostrils; (front or anterior nares).--Do this with narrow
+strips of sterilized gauze, by placing the first piece as far back as
+possible, then with a narrow pair of forceps pushing in a little at a time
+until the nostril is filled. The gauze should be only one-half inch wide.
+If the bleeding still continues the posterior opening (nares) should be
+plugged. This can be known by seeing the blood flowing down the throat
+(pharynx).
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 21]
+
+How this is done? Pass a soft rubber catheter, along the floor (bottom) of
+the nose until its end is seen passing down behind the soft palate into
+the throat. Grasp this with a pair of forceps and pull it forward into the
+mouth. Tie a stout string to the end of the catheter (about 1-1/2 feet
+long) and tie the other end of the string around the centre of a plug of
+lint or gauze, 1-1/2 inches long and three-quarters of an inch wide. Then
+pull the catheter back through the nostril, very gently. This will pull
+the plug into the posterior opening of the nose, and plug it. . Hold this
+same end firmly and with a pair of forceps fill the anterior nostril with
+strips (1/2 inch wide) of gauze, pushing them back to the posterior plug.
+The end of the string in the mouth may be fastened to a tooth or to the
+side of the cheek (if long enough) with a piece of adhesive plaster. The
+plug should not be left in position more than forty-eight hours, and it
+should be thoroughly softened with oil or vaselin before it is removed.
+Remove the anterior part first, gently and carefully and then with cocaine
+(if necessary) and more oil, the posterior plug is softened and removed by
+pulling the end of the string which is in the mouth gently and slowly.
+
+SORE THROAT (Acute Pharyngitis--Acute Pharyngeal Catarrh--- Inflammation
+of the Pharynx--Simple Angina).--This is a common complaint especially
+among some adults. A predisposition to it is often due to chronic
+pharyngitis, chronic enlargement of the tonsils and adenoids of the wall
+of the pharynx as well as chronic nasal obstruction. Rheumatic persons are
+especially subject to it and acute articular rheumatism is often observed
+to be preceded by an attack of pharyngitis. Tonsilitis is said to have the
+same influence also.
+
+Symptoms.--The throat is dry and feels stiff. There may be tenderness at
+the angle of the jaw and outside of the neck. Pains some to swallow. In a
+day or two there is a mucous secretion, making the patient inclined to
+clear the throat by hawking or coughing. The throat looks red and in the
+early stage this is more noticeable on the anterior pillars of the fauces,
+the soft palate and uvula. On the back wall you see bright red spots, the
+inflamed lymph follicles. It usually gets well in two to seven days. It
+may become chronic after repeated acute attacks.
+
+Chronic.--This is very common in persons who smoke or drink to excess,
+also people who use their voice in public speaking as preachers do, or in
+calling loudly as hucksters, railroad brakemen, stationmen, etc.
+
+Prevention of chronic kind.--Ascertain the cause and remove it. Too hot
+food or too much spiced food cause the chronic kind. Rest the voice.
+Remove any existing catarrh.
+
+Prevention of acute kind.--Avoid undue exposure to cold and wet, wear warm
+comfortable flannel underwear. Bath the neck and chest daily with cold
+water. This is good cold preventive. The wearing of handkerchiefs,
+mufflers, around the neck is injurious unless you are driving. Accustom
+your neck to the cold from the beginning in the fall and winter months.
+Wearing a full beard is said to be a good preventive.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Sore throat, Used for Years Successfully.--"Salt
+pork dipped in hot water then covered thick with black pepper. Heat in the
+oven and lay or bind on the throat or lungs. This has been a favorite
+remedy with us for years." Sew the pork to a piece of cotton cloth and
+bind over the sore parts after you have sprinkled the pork with salt and
+pepper. Leave this on as long as the patient can endure it. When the pork
+is removed, rub the affected parts with cold cream or vaselin and put a
+clean muslin cloth on to keep person from taking cold.
+
+[22  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+2. Sore throat, Splendid Liniment for.--
+
+"Olive oil    1/2 pint
+Ammonia       1/2 pint
+Turpentine    1/2 pint
+One egg.
+
+Shake till it forms emulsion. This can be used as a blister."
+
+This is a very effective remedy, but you must watch the throat very
+carefully as this will blister quickly. After removing the liniment,
+grease the parts with oil or cold cream.
+
+3. Sore throat, Simple Gargle for.--
+
+"Soda     1 teaspoonful
+Salt      1 teaspoonful
+Borax     1 teaspoonful
+
+Dissolve in pint of warm water; use as a gargle frequently."
+
+This is a very good gargle. It contracts the parts and acts as an
+antiseptic and thoroughly cleanses the parts.
+
+4. Sore throat, Home Made salve for.-
+
+"Beeswax      1 ounce
+Rosin         1 ounce
+Camphor gum   1 ounce
+Lard about the size of an egg."
+
+Mix the above ingredients together and apply to the outside of the throat.
+This causes the skin to become red thus drawing the inflammation out of
+the throat and relieving the trouble.
+
+5. Sore Throat, Cold Packs, Sure Cure for.--"Put cold packs on the throat.
+Remarks: Was in Washington once and my little girl had a very sore throat.
+I put cold packs on the throat the first half of the night and the next
+day she was out seeing the sights as well as ever." Gargle with very hot
+water and a little soda. This makes it very effective.
+
+6. Sore Throat, Ointment for.--
+
+"Oil Turpentine      1/2 ounce
+Oil of Hemlock       1/2 ounce
+Oil of Peppermint    1/2 ounce
+Oil of Encaliptus    1/2 ounce
+
+Mix with one cup warm lard, apply warm to the throat."
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 23]
+
+7. Sore Throat, Remedy from a mother in Johnson City, Tenn.--"Fat meat
+stewed in vinegar and bound to the neck. Kind friends:--After waiting so
+long I will help you what I can, and where is the mother that won't want
+the book? I am truly glad you have such an interest in the welfare of
+suffering humanity. I hope this book will soon be out on its good mission.
+Kind friends, I think it a wonderful kindness to the rich as well as the
+poor to have a friend in time of need. I think a good honest book of home
+remedies tried by our good mothers and grandmothers will be accepted and
+looked to by all mothers, for we all think mother knows best. I certainly
+want this book completed and in my home."
+
+8. Sore Throat, Gargle and Local Application for.--
+
+"Common salt       2 tablespoonfuls
+Strained honey     2 tablespoonfuls
+Vinegar            3 tablespoonfuls
+Camphor          1/2 teaspoonful"
+
+Use as a gargle. External applications, wring a cloth out of salt and cold
+water and keep it quite wet, bind tightly about the neck and cover with a
+dry cloth. It is best to use this at night."
+
+9. Mild Sore Throat, Vinegar Gargle for.--"Gargle with vinegar and hot
+water. This will help to sooth the irritation and in a mild sore throat is
+a sure cure."
+
+10. Sore Throat, Alum and Vinegar for.--"One glass of warm water; one
+tablespoonful of vinegar; one teaspoonful of sugar; one-half teaspoonful
+of alum; dissolve well and gargle throat several times daily."
+
+11. Sore Throat, Kerosene for.--"Dip a flannel cloth in coal oil,
+(kerosene) and bind on the throat. I have tried this; in fact it is what I
+always use. It is almost sure to cure."
+
+12. Sore Throat and Cough, Remedy always at hand.--"Equal parts of alcohol
+and glycerin make a good gargle, or use three tablespoonfuls of vinegar
+and one of salt to a tumbler of water. Or simply hot water and salt when
+nothing else is to be had. The hot water alone is very good."
+
+13. Tickling in Throat, Simple Remedy for.--"Take bread crumbs and swallow
+them."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Sore Throat.--1. Inhalation of steam either with
+or without medicine is good. (See treatment of tonsilitis-Inhaling steam)
+I treated a man once who had a terrific pharyngitis, All the parts were so
+terribly swollen, that he was unable to swallow or talk. I induced him to
+inhale steam from a teakettle. He was able to put his mouth over the spout
+of the kettle and he was relived in a few minutes. I think it saved his
+life. I put no medicine in the water for that case. Very few persons can
+inhale the steam directly from the kettle. Other method is given under
+tonsilitis. A dose of salts at first is good. Remain in the house for a
+few days.
+
+2. Sulphur and Cream for.--Mix some sulphur with cream and put some of it
+on the sore membrane.
+
+3. Good Old Mother's Remedy.--"Steep a medium sized red pepper in one-half
+pint of water, strain and add one-fourth pint of good vinegar and a
+heaping teaspoonful each of salt and powdered alum and gargle with it as
+often as needed. This is a very good remedy."
+
+[24 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+1. Physicians' Local Treatment.--A wet compress on the neck is useful at
+the onset. Sucking ice or gargling with ice or cold water, or applying an
+ice bag to the throat will be found useful.
+
+Later on, warm gargles and steam inhalation are more grateful. If there is
+great pain in swallowing, cocaine painted on the throat or sucking a
+cocaine lozenge before taking food will be found very useful.
+
+2. When the attack is mild medicine may not be needed. When there is fever
+and the throat is real sore, you can use one drop doses of tincture of
+aconite every hour. This will frequently check it.
+
+3. I like the following at the beginning. Give tincture of aconite and
+mercury biniodide, called the pink tablet, alternately. Put ten drops of
+the aconite in one-half glass of water and give from one-half to two
+teaspoonfuls everyone or two hours, alternating with one or two tablets of
+one-hundred grain tablet of mercury biniodide. After the first twenty-four
+hours stop the acoite and give the mercury biniodide every three hours.
+
+4. For Chronic Catarrh remaining after, lozenges containing rhatany or
+tannin are useful.
+
+5. Other gargles.--
+
+Menthol             3 to 5 grains
+Camphor             2 to 4 grains
+Liquid paraffine         1 ounce
+
+For irritable and catarrhal conditions of nasal membrane use a spray.
+
+8. Snuff.-
+
+Hydrochloride of Cocaine   1 grains
+Menthol                    1 grain
+Sugar of Milk              2 drams
+
+Mix very thoroughly.
+
+When using the Menthol preparation do not use the preparation very hot.
+
+HOARSENESS. Inflammation of the Larynx. (Acute Laryngitis) Causes.--Due to
+taking cold or over using the voice; hot liquids, poisons. It may occur in
+influenza and measles; from irritating gases; some are subject to it.
+
+Symptoms.--Tickling in the larynx; cold air irritates, and breathing may
+cause some pain; dry cough; the voice may be altered. At first it may be
+only husky. In children breathing may be very difficult, after a day or
+two there may be a light expectoration and finally there may be a loose
+cough and a slight fever. The trouble is in the region of "Adam's Apple."
+There is little or no danger in these attacks if proper care is taken. The
+attack generally lasts two to four days.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Hoarseness, Borax for.--"For hoarseness dissolve a
+piece of borax the size of a pea in the mouth and don't talk. It will work
+like a charm." The borax does away with the inflammation of the inflamed
+parts and gives relief very quickly.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 25]
+
+2. Hoarseness, Egg and Lemon for.--"Beaten white of one egg, juice of one
+lemon, with sugar enough to thicken, then add one teaspoonful olive oil."
+Take one teaspoonful every hour until relieved.
+
+3. Hoarseness, Horseradish for.--"Horseradish root; eat plenty of it. This
+has been tried and proved successful."
+
+4. Hoarseness, Successful Remedy for Adults.--"Take two ounces of fresh
+scraped horseradish root, infuse in a close vessel in one-half pint of
+cold water for two or three hours; then add four ounces of acid tincture
+of lobelia and one-half pound of honey. Boil altogether for one-half hour,
+strain and take a teaspoonful four times a day. This is a very good
+remedy, especially for adults."
+
+5. Hoarseness, Lemon and Sugar for Children.--"Take the juice of one lemon
+and saturate with sugar, take a teaspoonful several times a day. It is
+sure to give relief. This is very pleasant to give to children, as they
+most all like it."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Hoarseness.--1. Rest of the voice and if the
+case is severe keep in bed in a room with an even temperature and the air
+saturated with moisture from a steaming teakettle, etc.
+
+2. An ice bag on the throat or cold water cloths to the front of the
+throat often give relief.
+
+3. Tincture of Aconite.--This is given in the beginning when there is
+fever. The dose depends upon the age, and the amount of fever. You can
+give it to a child by putting one drop of aconite in twelve teaspoonfuls
+of water and then give one teaspoonful every one to three hours according
+to the case. For an adult you can put ten drops of aconite in ten
+teaspoonfuls of water and give one teaspoonful every hour or two.
+
+4. Citrate of Potash is given every four to five hours in adults.
+
+5. Full dose of five grains of Dover's powders at night for the irritating
+cough.
+
+6. For a cough, for a child one year old you can give one-half
+teaspoonful, every two hours, of the following:--
+
+Syrup of Dover's powder   1 fluid dram
+Tincture of Aconite       10 drops
+Simple syrup              Enough to make two ounces
+
+Shake before using.
+
+
+TICKLING IN THROAT. Mothers' Remedies. Mullein Leaf Smoke Beneficial
+for.--"Smoke dried mullein leaves, just a few puffs are needed, and should
+be drawn into the throat. Myron H. Grinnel of Albion, Mich., says his
+grandmother always gathers mullein leaves for this purpose and finds them
+an excellent remedy. Too much would cause dizziness." Mullein leaves are
+good for inflamed membranes like the ear and throat. If a person does not
+wish to gather the leaves themselves they may buy them at a drug store.
+
+2. Tickling in Throat, Good Northern Canada Remedy for.--"Chew some of the
+bark of slippery elm and gargle the throat with saliva. This stops
+tickling in a few minutes."
+
+[26 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+3. Tickling in Throat, Tested Gargle for.--"Gargle from four to six times
+daily with following:--
+
+Strong Sage Tea     1 pint
+Salt                2 tablespoonfuls
+Cayenne Pepper      2 tablespoonfuls
+Vinegar             2 tablespoonfuls
+Honey               2 tablespoonfuls
+
+Mix thoroughly and bottle for use."
+
+The above ingredients are all excellent for sore throat and it is an old
+tried remedy and can easily be obtained. If it is too strong dilute with
+warm water to the desired strength.
+
+
+SWELLING OF THE GLOTTIS. (Oedematous Laryngitis. Oedma of the
+Glottis).--Swelling or oedma of the glottis or more correctly of the
+structure which forms the glottis, is a very serious affection. It may
+follow acute laryngitis or may be met with in chronic diseases of the
+larynx and from other diseases. It is dangerous.
+
+Symptoms.--Difficulty of breathing which increases in intensity so that
+the condition becomes very serious in a short time. There is whistling
+breathing, the voice is husky and disappears.
+
+Acute Laryngitis.--Inhalations and sprays.
+
+Menthol              10 grains
+Oil of pine           1 dram
+Tincture of benzion   1 dram
+Liquid alboline       2 ounces
+
+Make a solution. Use one teaspoonful in a pint of boiling water; inhale
+with a cone placed over the dish or put a shawl over the head and dish and
+inhale the steam. Or this one to inhale same way:
+
+Tincture of benzoin   1 dram
+Oil of tar            1 drain
+Liquid alboline       2 ounces
+
+Make a solution and use one teaspoonful to a pint of boiling water as
+above.
+
+It may be necessary in order to save life, to have a physician make an
+opening by incision into the windpipe for the admission of air into the
+lungs. This process is called Tracheotomy.
+
+Diet in Laryngitis.--Hard and dry toasts should be avoided, for they give
+pain on being swallowed, same reason applies to highly seasoned foods.
+Milk, custards, eggs, scraped beef may be taken. Difficulty in swallowing
+may be overcome by allowing the patient to lie flat on the bed, etc., with
+his face over the edge. Food can be sucked through the tube from a vessel
+placed below; or the patient can lean forward while eating.
+
+"CHILD CROWING" (Spasm of the Glottis.)--This is usually peculiar to
+children.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 27]
+
+Cause.--It is purely a nervous affection and it occurs between six months
+and three years, and is most commonly seen in children with rickets.
+
+Symptoms.--It may come in the night or day; or when the child awakes. The
+breathing is arrested, the child struggles for breath, the face is
+flushed, and then with a sudden relaxation of the spasm, the air is drawn
+into the lungs with a high pitched crowing sound. Convulsions may occur.
+Death rarely occurs. There may be many attacks during the day.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT of Child Crowing. Preventive.--The gums should be
+carefully examined and if they are swollen and hot they should be lanced.
+The bowels should be carefully regulated, and as these children are
+usually of a delicate nature and afflicted with rickets, nourishing food
+and the treatment in diet and medicine should be given for rickets. Cod
+liver oil is a good general remedy. (See rickets).
+
+Cold Sponging.--In severe cases, the child should be placed in a warm bath
+tub and the back and chest thoroughly sponged for a minute or two with
+cold water. This plan may be used even when a child is in a paroxysm,
+though the attack is severe and the child looks blue, it is much better
+than to dash cold water in the face. Sometimes the attack can be stopped
+by introducing the finger far back into the throat.
+
+
+CROUP, Spasmodic.--This disease gives the parents a terrible shock if they
+have never seen any attacks of the kind. The symptoms which attend the
+attack are out of all proportion to the real danger. It is generally the
+result of exposure to cold or to the cold wind. Irritating, undigested
+food, often causes it.
+
+Symptoms.--Usually the child goes to bed perfectly well, or has a slight
+cold and wakes up an hour or two later, coughing and gasping for breath,
+due to a spasm in the wind pipe. The cough is shrill, more like a bark;
+the cough is repeated at intervals and soon the patient breathes quickly
+and laboriously. It must sit up for it can breathe easier sitting. The
+voice is oftentimes nearly or quite lost, or at least only a hoarse
+whisper; the face is bluish or perspiring. The spasm lasts for a variable
+period, but rarely exceeds one-half hour, sometimes only a few minutes.
+The croupy cough and oppressed breathing may last longer than this, but
+these too subside after a time, after which the child drops to sleep and
+usually rests quietly for the rest of the night. There is a tendency to
+recurrence on succeeding night unless obviated by treatment.
+
+Treatment. Preventive.--Guard against such children's exposure to cold
+winds and dampness, dress them warmly. The living and sleeping rooms
+should not be too warm. Do not give them food hard to digest at any time,
+especially before bedtime. Foods hard to digest frequently cause the
+attack.
+
+[28 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Croup, Cold Application for.--"Apply to throat a
+flannel wrung out of cold water, lay a dry cloth over it." This is an
+excellent remedy for a mother to try in case of an emergency when no other
+medicine can be obtained. This very often will relieve a child until other
+remedies can be secured and has been known to save many children's lives:
+The cold water helps to draw the blood away from the larynx and air
+passages and also dilates the tubes and gives relief. Take great care not
+to wet the child, as this will cause it to take more cold and may prove
+fatal.
+
+2. Croup, Sure Cure for.--"Give child anything that will make it vomit,
+soak feet in hot water, apply onion drafts to bottom of feet, roast onions
+and put on the chest, keep warm. My mother has cured me at least one
+hundred times with the above remedy. She generally gave me pig's foot oil,
+or oil from the feet of a chicken, sometimes melted lard. Croup has to be
+attended to at once or it is fatal with the child." This is a very good
+remedy.
+
+3. Croup, Immediate Relief from Steaming.--"Put a small shawl over the
+child's head to retain steam, then put a small chunk of unslaked lime in a
+bowl of water under shawl. The steam affords immediate relief, usually, if
+child inhales it." This is very good; shawl should cover the child's head
+and bowl in which lime is dissolved.
+
+4. Croup, for Baby or Older Child.--"Take a teaspoonful alum, pulverize it
+and sprinkle it on the whites of two fresh eggs in a cup or glass, let it
+stand for a few minutes, until the combination has turned to water, or
+water is produced; then give one-half teaspoonful to a child six months
+old or less and increase the dose to one teaspoonful for older children,
+and repeat the dose in fifteen or thirty minutes as the case may require.
+Remarks: From personal experience in my own and neighbors' families, I
+have never known a case where it did not bring relief and cure. The dose
+must produce vomiting."
+
+5. Croup, Remedy that Never Fails.--"Two tablespoonfuls of liquor or
+brandy and one-quarter teaspoonful of glycerin, one teaspoonful of sugar,
+one tablespoonful of water; stir up well and give one teaspoonful every
+hour or oftener if necessary. Then at same time take a flannel and soak
+well in cold water, wring it gently and put around neck with a heavy, dry
+flannel over the damp one. If damp flannel becomes hot take it off, dampen
+it in more cold water and apply again, and so on until relieved. Do not
+allow the patient to get chilled. Better results are obtained if patient
+will go to bed. Remarks: I have used this in my family, and have always
+found it to be the best croup cure I have ever seen, and it will be found
+to give immediate relief. The external application is extremely good."
+
+6. Croup, Coal Oil (kerosene) and Sugar for.--"Coal oil and sugar; put a
+few drops on a teaspoonful of sugar." The coal oil produces vomiting,
+relieving the trouble. If the first dose does not have this effect upon
+the child, repeat it.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 29]
+
+7. Croup, Pork and Onion Poultice for.--"Put pork and onions on the
+throat. Drink plenty of hot water." Bind the pork and onions on the
+throat, acting as a poultice. The virtue of this can be increased by
+cooking the onions and pork together. Onion syrup may be given internally
+to produce vomiting, even in very small babies.
+
+8. Croup, Bloodroot for.--"One teaspoonful powdered bloodroot mixed with
+molasses or sugar. Have taken this myself and it relieved at once. If one
+dose does not seem enough it may be repeated." This is a very effective
+remedy, but is very weakening. Care should be taken not to repeat dose any
+oftener than absolutely necessary.
+
+9. Croup, Time Honored Remedy for.--"Pulverized alum and sugar or honey or
+molasses; mix together and give half teaspoonful doses or less. For
+infants use only in emergency cases." This is one of the good
+old-fashioned remedies that nearly every mother has used. It acts simply
+by producing vomiting and causing the air tubes to relax. Repeat in five
+to twenty minutes until it causes vomiting.
+
+10. Croup, Ipecac for.--"One-third teaspoonful of powdered ipecac
+dissolved in one teaspoonful of water, one tablespoonful of sugar; pour on
+one teacupful of boiling water and let boil down to a half cup, Dose: One
+teaspoonful for adults; children in proportion every two hours; or, if
+needed to vomit children give again in ten or fifteen minutes." If you
+cannot secure the powdered ipecac, the syrup can be bought at any drug
+store, and is already prepared, Dose: Ten to fifteen drops as the case may
+need.
+
+11. Croup, Vaselin for.--"Vaselin rubbed on the chest, cover with a hot
+flannel, and take 1/4 teaspoonful of vaselin internally occasionally."
+Dissolve vaselin and repeat dose if necessary to produce vomiting.
+
+12. Croup, Ice Application for.--"Ice applied to the throat is almost
+instant relief." It is best to break the ice up fine and sprinkle salt on
+same, putting it in a cheese cloth bag, binding on the throat with a
+flannel, and change as soon as it shows signs of wetting.
+
+13. Croup, Salt for.--"Parched salt put on the throat hot." The parched
+salt acts the same as mustard plaster, by producing a redness on the
+throat. Salt is something that we can always have on hand and by using
+this remedy we are always prepared for an emergency in case of croup.
+
+14. Croup, Castor Oil Breaks up.--"Castor oil, given before bedtime, is
+good. Dose.--From one-half to one teaspoonful. I have taken this when I
+was small." Castor oil is good when the bowels are constipated or the
+stomach is full.
+
+15. Croup, Coal Oil, Turpentine and Snuff, a Canadian Remedy for.--"A
+little coal oil and a few drops of turpentine soaked up by snuff, and used
+as plaster. Makes the child sneeze after a few minutes. The poultice
+loosens the phlegm and the sneezing throws it off."
+
+[30 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Croup.--Active. 1. Dr. Douglas says wring cloths
+out of cold water and apply very freely to the throat, and recommends the
+following syrup:
+
+Syrup of Ipecac       3 fluid drams
+Hive Syrup            4 fluid drams
+Water             1-1/2 ounces
+
+Mix, and give one teaspoonful every half hour until the child vomits, then
+repeat the dose every two hours as needed.
+
+2. Place the child in a hot bath, wrap hot or cold cloths about the throat
+and put one teaspoonful of common soda in a glass of water and give one
+teaspoonful every fifteen minutes until relieved.
+
+3. Dr. Holt of New York, says.--The room should be very warm, hot cloths
+or poultices should be applied over the throat (Adam's apple and below)
+and either a croup kettle or ordinary teakettle kept boiling in the room.
+This is more efficacious if the child is placed in a tent made by a raised
+umbrella or some like method with a sheet thrown over it, and the steam
+introduced beneath the tent. If the symptoms' are urgent ten drops of the
+syrup of ipecac should be given every fifteen minutes until free vomiting
+occurs.
+
+Whenever the symptoms reach a point where the breathing becomes difficult,
+a doctor should be summoned without delay. It might be some other disease.
+
+4. Home Treatment.--One-half teaspoonful of alum mixed with molasses or
+honey will produce vomiting and help. This is very good when the croup is
+due to indigestion. At the same time, fry onions in lard and put them on
+the neck in front, or hot wet cloths may do. The alum can be given once or
+twice if necessary, half an hour apart, about in one-fourth or one-half
+the first dose.
+
+5. Goose grease, or lard dissolved, and enough given to produce vomiting
+will do good. This idea is not only to cause vomiting but to cause a sick
+feeling after and at that time, which will cause the spasms to relax. A
+very good thing to do in addition is to put the child's feet in hot water,
+while local applications are put on the throat. These things tend to relax
+the muscles and this relieves the spasm.
+
+6. Steam is Very Useful. It relaxes the spasm by local contact and by
+producing general sweating. Cover the child's head and a pitcher with a
+shawl and inhale the steam from the boiling water in pitcher. You can put
+in the pitcher one teaspoonful of oil of tar or one to two teaspoonfuls of
+tincture of benzoin. This can be kept up for some time.
+
+COLD IN THE CHEST. (Acute Bronchitis. Inflammation of Bronchial Tubes).--
+This is an acute inflammation of the larger and medium sized bronchial
+tubes.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 31]
+
+Causes.--Youth and old age are more predisposed to it. Lack of fresh air
+and exercise, dusty work, poor general health, dampness and changeable
+weather in winter and early spring. It may be secondary to cold,
+pharyngitis, measles, typhoid fever, malaria, asthma, and heart disease.
+
+Symptoms.--There is a feeling of oppression with chilliness and pain in
+the back, a dry, tight feeling beneath the breastbone with a dry harsh
+cough. This may cause headache and pain, and a raw feeling in the chest,
+chiefly in front. There may be a temperature of one hundred or one hundred
+three or less. After a few days there is a thick, sticky secretion; it is
+profuse. The other symptoms, except the cough, subside. This generally
+stops in ten days in a favorable case, or it may become chronic. In
+infants or old people it may extend to the smaller tubes causing
+broncho-pneumonia. There is more danger in infants than in older people.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Bronchitis, Camphor and Lard for.--1. "Grease a cloth
+well with lard to which has been added some camphor gum, then sprinkle on
+some dry baking soda and lay it on the chest. The camphor and lard should
+be made into a salve, then put on the soda. The lard and camphor gum
+penetrates the affected parts, relieving the inflammation and tightness in
+the chest. It is well in children to put a layer of cotton cloth over the
+chest keeping them warm and getting better results from the remedy."
+
+2. Bronchitis, Grandmother's Remedy for.--
+
+"Hoarhound          5 cents worth
+Hops                5 cents worth
+Wild cherry bark    5 cents worth
+Licorice root       5 cents worth
+
+"Boil and simmer altogether in two quarts of water long enough to get the
+strength out of the ingredients, strain, add three cups sugar, then add
+enough good whisky to keep from souring, say a half pint." This
+combination is not only good for bronchitis, but for the cough left from
+the effects of bronchitis. The hoarhound, wild cherry bark and licorice
+root have a very soothing effect on the bronchial tubes, and the hops
+quiets the nervous system. This is also good for a common cough.
+
+[32 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+3. Bronchitis, Antiphlogistine Plaster for.--"Antiphlogistine is fine for
+bronchitis, where there is any inflammation, pleurisy, any kind of a
+scratch, especially rusty nails; pneumonia, Set can in water long enough
+to heat, but not hot, spread on with case knife as thick as a silver
+dollar, spread cotton batting over it, keep on twenty-four hours, before
+changing. This is a very useful remedy to keep on hand." Antiphlogistine
+is very good to apply to the body wherever inflammation is present, as it
+withdraws the blood from the organ or part of the body that is affected.
+It does this by drawing the blood into the external circulation. It has
+the same effect upon the diseased parts as the old-fashioned mustard, but
+does not blister. In using the mustard plaster you are in fear of
+blistering, and then having the outward blister and inward inflammation to
+contend with. The antiphlogistine can be purchased at drug stores. Set the
+can in warm water until it is warm, then spread on a piece of cotton cloth
+and apply to the affected parts, where it may remain for twenty-four
+hours, then repeat if necessary. Should always be put on warm, but not
+hot. It usually drops off when dry and no longer effective.
+
+4. Bronchial, or any Severe Cough. One of the best Home Remedies.--
+
+"Hoarhound (herb form)                1 ounce
+Irish moss                            1 ounce
+Flax Seed (the seed not pulverized)   1 ounce
+Boneset                               1 ounce
+Licorice Root (cut up fine)           1 ounce
+
+Place the above in some suitable pan or dish for such purpose in a gallon
+of cold water, and put it on the back of the stove, so that it will simmer
+slowly until reduced to one-half gallon, which may require one day or
+more, then strain and place in a bottle, or bottles. Dose.--One
+wineglassful three times a day. Add a little sugar if desired." This is a
+very fine cough remedy, as the hoarhound loosens the cough, the flax seed
+soothes the membrane, and the boneset by its general action on the system
+produces sweating. The Irish moss is a sort of food for the whole system
+and helps to build a person up.
+
+5. Bronchitis, Camphorated Oil and Steaming for.--"Bathe the chest and
+throat up around the head with camphorated oil; drink water and steam the
+throat and mouth over hot water. Have tried this recipe and found it
+effectual. Have a bronchial cough now and am treating it myself." The
+camphorated oil seems to have a very soothing effect upon the chest, in
+fact it acts about the same as camphor and lard, only is more pleasant to
+use, and can be bought already prepared. Drinking plenty of water cleanses
+the system by acting upon the stomach, bowels and kidneys, carrying off
+the impurities. The breathing of steam is very soothing and healing to the
+throat and air passages.
+
+6. Bronchitis, General Relief for.--"Dose of castor oil every night; one
+teaspoonful for child. Grease well with camphorated oil or any good oil."
+The castor oil is very good for carrying off the phlegm from the stomach
+and bowels that children always swallow instead of coughing up like an
+older person. It is well in addition to the above remedy to give a little
+licorice or onion syrup to relieve the bronchial cough.
+
+7. Bronchitis, Lard Poultice for.--"Take a piece of cotton batting large
+enough to cover chest and fit up close to the neck; wring out of melted
+lard as hot as the patient can stand it, and apply. Change as often as it
+gets cold. Also give dose of castor oil."
+
+8. Bronchitis, Mustard Plaster for.--"Mustard plasters are very good."
+This acts as a counter-irritant, as it draws the blood to the surface and
+relieves the inflamed bronchial tubes.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 33]
+
+9. Bronchitis, Well-Known Remedy for.--
+
+"Cod Liver Oil          2 ounces
+Ginger Syrup            2 ounces
+Mucilage of Gum Arabic  2 ounces
+Oil of Cloves           6 drops
+
+Dose :-Teaspoonful before meals and at bedtime."
+
+This is a very good remedy, as the cod liver oil by its general action
+tones up the whole system. The ginger tones and stimulates the stomach and
+takes away the sickening effect of the cod liver oil.
+
+10. Bronchitis Remedy and General Tonic.--"Take small doses of glycerin
+and one teaspoonful three times a day of codfish oil." This remedy, though
+simple, is very effective. The glycerin and codfish oil are both soothing
+to the affected parts, and the codfish oil is a very good tonic to tone up
+the general system.
+
+
+1. PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Bronchitis. Sweating Remedy for.--Take a hot
+bath and then go to bed, and take hot drinks after. See that the bowels
+are open. Nourishment is especially important in infants and old age. You
+can sweat them as directed under la grippe. Drink hot drinks, such as
+hoarhound, ginger, flaxseed, hot lemonade or slippery elm. These will
+produce sweating and will give much relief. An onion poultice applied over
+the breastbone where the pain and tightness are, will do good.
+
+2. Steaming Remedy.--Inhaling steam from plain boiling water is good, or
+you can add one to two teaspoonfuls of compound tincture of benzoin or
+turpentine. The steaming will be more effective if you make a tent, by
+fastening four sticks to the cradle or bed and cover with a sheet,
+introducing the steam underneath this at the foot of the bed, etc. A
+rubber tube can be fastened to the kettle. In this same way you can
+produce, if you wish, sweating by putting the end of the tube under the
+clothes elevated a little above the patient. Be careful not to scald the
+patient.
+
+3. Steaming With Pitcher.--If the soreness of the bronchial tubes is not
+relieved by this means, inhalations of steam arising from boiling water
+may be practiced, either through a cone, one end of which covers the top
+of a pitcher, and the other end of which covers the mouth and nose of the
+patient, or by covering the head and pitcher with a towel. The usefulness
+of this method may be much increased by the addition of from two
+teaspoonfuls to one tablespoonful of compound tincture of benzoin to each
+pint of water in a pitcher. This latter method can also be used in
+tonsilitis, pharyngitis and quinsy.
+
+4. Rub the chest with a camphor liniment and give the following:
+
+Tincture of Aconite       10 drops
+Sweet Spirits of Nitre     2 drams
+Distilled water to make    4 ounces
+
+Mix--One-half teaspoonful to a child, or dessert spoonful to an adult in
+water every hour.
+
+[34 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+5. For Adults.--Compound licorice mixture one to two drams every three to
+four hours; or five grains of Dover's powders every three to four hours.
+
+Diet in Bronchitis (similar to Laryngitis).--Drinks are useful in the
+dryer forms, such as hot flaxseed tea sweetened and flavored with lemon
+juice. It should be taken in large quantities. Hot milk and lemonade are
+also useful.
+
+
+CHRONIC BRONCHITIS. Causes.--People over middle age are more liable to it.
+It comes chiefly in winter, in changeable, cold and damp climates. It may
+follow repeated acute attacks.
+
+Symptoms.--These are variable and are present chiefly in winter and damp
+weather. The cough is worse at night, and in the morning, expectoration is
+usually great. There may be slight fever at times. Often the patients are
+entirely free from the trouble during the summer.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Chronic Bronchitis. Preventive.--Warm equable
+climate, such as southern California, Florida, or the south of France,
+especially in the colder months; warm clothing, avoid exposure and
+fatigue.
+
+1. First you can take three grains of ammonium chloride three to four
+times a day.
+
+2.  Ammonium Chloride              2 drams
+    Fluid Extract of Licorice      2 drams
+    Distilled water brought to     3 ounces
+
+Mix and take one teaspoonful every three hours.
+
+3. If the cough is troublesome the following is good:
+
+    Ammonium Chloride                 2 drams
+    Hive Syrup                        4 drams
+    Fluid Extract Licorice            1 ounce
+    Paregoric                         6 drams
+    Distilled water enough to make    2 ounces
+
+Mix. Teaspoonful every three to four hours.
+
+
+COUGHS. Causes.--There are many causes; inflammation of the larynx,
+bronchial tubes, lungs, also stomach and liver; and a nervous cough is
+present in our day. Remove the cause when possible. There are many good
+cough medicines now put up, and they can be bought at any drug-store.
+Cough lozenges of all kinds are plenty, and a sure cure is claimed by
+each.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Dry Cough and Tickling.--l. "Raspberry Tincture. Take
+one-half pound of honey, one cup water; let these boil; take off scum;
+pour boiling hot upon one-half ounce lobelia herb and one-half ounce
+cloves; mix well, then strain and add one gill of raspberry vinegar. Take
+from one teaspoonful to a dessertspoonful four times a day. Pleasant to
+take,"
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 35]
+
+2. Cough, Honey and Vinegar for.--"Honey and vinegar." This is an old and
+tried remedy and a good one. The vinegar cuts the phlegm in the throat and
+bronchial tubes, and the honey is very soothing.
+
+3. Cough of Long Standing, Excellent Syrup for.--
+
+    "Carbonate Ammonia  40 grains
+    Syrup Senega         6 drams
+    Paregoric            4 drams
+    Syrup Wild Cherry    6 drams
+    Syrup Tolu           4 ounces"
+
+This is a very good syrup, and is especially good for chronic cough or
+chronic bronchitis. Dose.--One teaspoonful every three hours.
+
+4. Cough, Reliable Mixture in Severe Cases.--
+
+    "Oil of Anise            1/2 ounce
+    Syrup of Balsam of Tolu  1/2 ounce
+    Black Stick Licorice     1/2 ounce
+    Best Rye Whisky            1 pint
+
+Shake well before using. Dose:--One teaspoonful at intervals of one hour
+or oftener; if cough is very bad."
+
+5. Cough, Mullein Leaf Tea for--"Mullein leaves steeped with loaf sugar
+cures a cough." Take four ounces of mullein leaves and boil for ten
+minutes in water: then add the loaf sugar. This is very soothing to the
+sore parts and also helps to loosen up the secretion so it can be raised
+easily.
+
+6. Cough, Lemon Juice and Sugar for.--"Lemon juice and sugar is a good
+remedy for coughs." It is surprising to see how quickly the lemon juice
+will cut the phlegm in throat, and sugar is always good for cold.
+
+7. Cough, Standard Remedy for.--
+
+    "Hoarhound         Five cents worth
+    Hops               Five cents worth
+    Wild cherry bark   Five cents worth
+    Licorice root      Five cents worth
+
+Boil or simmer altogether in two quarts of water long enough to get the
+strength out of the ingredients; strain, add three cups sugar. Add enough
+good whiskey to keep from souring, say one-half pint. This will cure a
+stubborn cough."
+
+8. Cough, Ipecac Syrup for.--"One-third teaspoonful of ipecac dissolved in
+one teaspoonful of water; one tablespoonful of sugar; pour on one
+teacupful of boiling water and let it boil down to half cup. Dose.--One
+teaspoonful for adults, and children in proportion, every two hours, or,
+if needed to vomit children give again in ten or fifteen minutes."
+
+[36 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+9. Cough Remedy for Adults (not for children).--
+
+    "Laudanum               Three cents worth
+    Anise                   Three cents worth
+    Essence of Peppermint   Three cents worth
+    Licorice (liquid)       Three cents worth
+    Brown Sugar             1 cup
+    Molasses                1 cup
+    Boiling water           2 cups
+
+Let this come to a little more than a boil. Take a teaspoonful of it as
+often as necessary." This is for adults. Do not use for children.
+
+10. Coughs, Very Simple Remedy for.--"Take one-half tablespoonful hogs'
+lard or salt pork grease, heat it hot, fill spoon with coal oil and
+swallow while hot. Have used this, will stop and cure the worst cough."
+Not to be given to children.
+
+11. Coughs, Glycerin, Brandy and Paregoric with Lemon, Good
+for.--"Glycerin, one ounce; brandy, one ounce; paregoric, one ounce; lemon
+juice, one ounce. Mix well; one teaspoonful every hour." This makes a very
+effective cough syrup. The glycerin and brandy cut the phlegm, and the
+paregoric is soothing and quieting. The lemon juice is healing to the
+membranes of the throat.
+
+PHYSICIANS'TREATMENT. For Coughs.--
+
+1.   Flaxseed (unground)    3 teaspoonfuls
+     Extract of Licorice   30 grains
+     Boiling water         10 ounces
+
+"Allow the mixture to stand one to four hours in a warm place. Then add a
+little lemon juice and sugar and place one to two teaspoonfuls of gum
+arabic in the pitcher containing the mixture." A little paregoric (ten
+drops to the dose for adults) can be taken with it if the cough is very
+bad. Dose.--Drink freely every two to three hours.
+
+2. A good combination is the following:
+
+     Chloride of Ammonia          2 drams
+     Fluid Extract of Licorice    2 drams
+     Distilled water             20 ounces
+
+Mix. Teaspoonful every two hours or longer.
+
+3.    Ammonium Carbonate                 1/2 dram
+      Syrup Senega                         4 drams
+      Wine of Ipecac                       3 drams
+      Syrup Totu                           1 ounce
+      Spirits of Chloroform                3 drams
+      Syrup of Wild Cherry enough to make  4 ounces
+
+Mix. Take one to two teaspoonfuls every hour or two until better.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 37]
+
+4.    Ammonia Chloride      2 drams
+      Hive Syrup            5 drams
+      Paregoric             6 drams
+      Syrup of Wild Cherry  4 ounces
+
+Mix. Teaspoonful every three hours until cough is better.
+
+5. Many other combinations could be given. Hoarhound tea. Sugar enough to
+sweeten makes a good cough remedy.
+
+6. Onion syrup is good for children. The bowels should always be kept
+open.
+
+
+BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. (Spasmodic Asthma.) Causes.--It occurs in all ages, but
+usually begins in the young, particularly males. It often follows
+whooping-cough. It may come from diseases of the mouth such as adenoids,
+polypi. Exciting causes are change of climate and residence, dust, smoke,
+odors, errors in diet, emotion, and cold.
+
+Symptoms.--The onset is often sudden, often during the night. Difficulty
+of breathing is intense. The patient cannot lie down, but often sits at an
+open window, resting the elbows on a table. The face is pale and the
+expression is anxious. There is a feeling of great oppression in the chest
+and often dread of suffocation. Respiration (breathing) though labored, is
+not unusually frequent, as expiration (out breathing) is much prolonged.
+In severe or prolonged attacks there are blueness, sweating, coldness of
+the extremities, with small and frequent pulse and great drowsiness. The
+attack lasts a few minutes to many hours, and may pass off suddenly,
+perhaps to recur soon, or on several successive nights, with slight cough
+and difficulty in breathing in the intervals. The cough is nearly dry at
+first and the sputum is very tenacious.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Asthma, Raspberry Tincture for Adults.--"Take a half
+pound of honey, one cup water; let these boil, take off the scum; pour
+boiling hot upon one-half ounce lobelia herb and one-half ounce cloves;
+mix well, then strain and add one gill of raspberry vinegar. Take from one
+teaspoonful to a dessertspoonful four times a day. Pleasant to take." The
+above remedy is very effective, as the honey has a soothing effect upon
+the inflamed parts, and the lobelia causes the bronchial tubes to dilate,
+relieving the patient. The raspberry tincture makes it more pleasant to
+take. In severe cases it will be necessary to give enough of the above
+remedy to cause vomiting which relieves the phlegm.
+
+2. Asthma, Simple but Effective Remedy for.--"Take pieces of ordinary
+blotting paper and saturate it with a strong solution of saltpetre, then
+dry the paper. When a paroxysm is felt ignite a piece of the paper and
+inhale the smoke. This remedy is very good and acts quickly, doing away
+almost entirely with the distressing symptoms and shortens the paroxysm."
+
+[38 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+3. Asthma, Lobelia Tea for.--"There is no medicine that is half so
+effective as lobelia in removing the tough, hard ropy phlegm from the
+asthmatic persons." This remedy is very good, but care should be taken not
+to give it to consumptives, because it is too weakening. To obtain the
+best results, enough of the remedy should be given to produce relaxation
+of the bronchial tubes. Dose.--For adults should be from fifteen to sixty
+drops according to the strength of the patient. This will cause a little
+sickness of the stomach and vomiting, thus relaxing the muscles and
+relieving the asthma.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Asthma.--1. Inhale chloroform, or break a pearl
+of amyl nitrite in a handkerchief and inhale the fumes; or smoke saltpetre
+paper; or cigarettes containing stramonium (thornapple). Sometimes hot
+coffee fumes are good.
+
+To Prevent Recurrence.--Take five to twenty grains of iodide of potash
+three times a day. Do not eat much at night. Do not eat foods that cause
+gas or that are hard to digest. A change of climate is often good. Hot
+foot baths and hot drinks are helpful. Tincture of lobelia can be given in
+severe cases, fifteen drops repeated every half hour until the patient
+feels sick at the stomach.
+
+2. Vapo-Cresolene burned in a room is very good. This can be bought in
+twenty-five cent bottles in any drug store, with directions around the
+bottle.
+
+3. Tartar Emetic in one-hundredth grain, two given every half hour until
+there is a little sickening is a very good remedy. These can be bought at
+a drug store or from a homeopathic doctor or pharmacist.
+
+
+BLEEDING FROM THE WIND-PIPE AND LUNGS. (Haemoptysis).--This is a spitting
+of blood. It may come from the small bronchial tubes and less frequently
+from the blood vessels in the lung cavities or their walls.
+
+Symptoms.--In incipient consumption of the lungs, bleeding develops
+suddenly as a rule, a warm salty taste, lasting but a few moments,
+generally preceded by the spitting up of blood. The blood is coughed up
+and the bleeding may last only a few minutes or it may continue for days,
+the sputum being apt to remain blood-stained for a longer time. The
+immediate effect of the bleeding is to alarm the patient and family, no
+matter how slight it may be, inducing heart palpitation and other nervous
+symptoms. A small bleeding is not attended with any bad result, but large
+ones give rise to the symptoms of shock (sometimes immediate death)
+combined with anemia following the loss of blood. When the bleeding is
+large, blood by the mouthful may be ejected with each cough, and in these
+instances of such profuse bleeding is shown by dizziness, faintness, cold
+extremities, excessive pallor, sweating and rapid, small feeble pulse.
+This is followed, if the attack does not prove speedily fatal, by
+restlessness, and later by mild delirium and some fever. In few cases does
+the patient have a single bleeding; more frequently there are several at
+shorter or longer intervals. Large or small bleedings may precede by
+weeks, months, or even years any rational symptoms of consumption.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 39]
+
+Quantity.--This varies greatly. There may be less than an ounce or it
+might amount to a pint or more before the bleeding stops. In advanced
+cases, in which large cavities have formed, large blood vessels may be
+eaten through and this followed by copious and alarming bleeding.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Bleeding from the Lungs. Salt Water for.--"Give the
+patient half a teaspoonful of common salt every hour or two until
+hemorrhage abates."
+
+2. Bleeding from the Lungs. Herb Tea for.--"Two ounces each of bistory
+root, tormentil root, oak bark, and comfrey root, boil in three quarts of
+water down to one pint, strain and add one tablespoonful of ground ginger.
+Give a wine glass full every half hour until relieved. Place the feet in
+hot mustard water, keep the bowels open with a little senna and ginger tea
+and if necessary give a vapor bath,"
+
+3. Bleeding from the Lungs, Effective Remedy for.--
+
+    "Powdered Sugar       3 ounces
+    Powdered Rosin        3 ounces
+
+Mix. Dose one teaspoonful three times a day."
+
+4. Bleeding from the Lungs, Tannin and Sugar for.-
+
+    "Tannin             30 grains
+    Powdered Sugar       1 dram
+
+Mix. Make ten powders and give one every ten minutes until relieved."
+
+Either one of the above remedies is excellent for this trouble, as the
+tannin and rosin contract the arteries and acts as an astringent.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Bleeding of the Wind-pipe and Lungs.--In many
+cases the bleeding is slight and no more need be done than to keep the
+patient quiet and absolute rest. If the bleeding is free, the patient
+should be placed in bed, not allowed to speak above a whisper nor to
+change his position.
+
+1. First Thing to Do.--Eating ice, and using ice drinks are useful
+measures. The drinking of a little salt water at a time with one
+tablespoonful of salt in a glassful of water is good. In most cases more
+can be done by assuring the patient he will not die and keeping him quiet
+and at rest. Medicines should be given to satisfy the patient and family.
+The most cases stop of themselves.
+
+2. If Caused by Coughing.--If cough causes the bleeding one-half grain of
+opium should be given to control it, hypodermically, or even morphine
+one-eighth grain.
+
+3. Alum for.--Alum solution six grains to three ounces of water in fine
+spray is good. This goes right to the wind-pipe and contracts the vessels;
+use a vaporizer.
+
+4. White Oak Bark Tea can be used as a spray in a vaporizer. If these
+produce coughing, they should be discontinued.
+
+[40 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+5. Hot Water and Salt for.--A teaspoonful of salt in a pint of hot water
+is good also, used as a spray, or to inhale. But the patient must lie
+down.
+
+6. Other Easily Obtained Remedies.--Ergot in dose of one-half to one
+teaspoonful is very good; this contracts the vessels. Bromide of potash in
+a dose of five to fifteen grains; or chloral hydrate in dose of five to
+seven grains, if there is not heart trouble. If there is, chloral hydrate
+cannot be used. These quiet the nervous system and do much good. Strong
+hop tea will do the same thing if taken freely. Witch-hazel water thirty
+drops at a dose is good.
+
+Cautions.--Quiet the patient; keep quiet yourself. If the bleeding is bad
+the extremities should be bandaged, beginning at the toes and fingers.
+
+Thirst.--Give small quantities at a time of ice-water.
+
+Diet.--Peptonized or plain milk, liquid beef peptonoids, fresh beef juice,
+bouillon, should be given in small quantities, two or three ounces every
+two or three hours. If there is a tendency to constipation give rectal
+enemata. Return to the regular diet as soon as possible. Alcohol in any
+form is best avoided. If given as a stimulant it should be given in small
+quantities.
+
+
+BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA. (Acute Inflammation of the Smaller Tubes and Lungs).--
+
+Causes.--Most common under two years and in old people. Taking cold,
+whooping cough and measles.
+
+Symptoms.--A primary case begins suddenly with a convulsion or chill,
+vomiting and rapid rise of temperature. Breathing is frequent and brain
+symptoms are marked.
+
+Secondary Cases.--After an ordinary case of whooping-cough, measles,
+bronchitis, etc., there is more fever. The pulse is more frequent, and
+also the respiration, difficulty in breathing and severe and often painful
+cough. Temperature rises to 102 to 104; respirations are very fast, up to
+60 to 80; the breathing (inspiration) is hard, labored, while the wings of
+the nose dilate; expiration may be grunting. Face looks anxious and
+bluish. This color may increase, other symptoms decreasing as suffocation
+deepens, rattling in chest and death from heart weakness.
+
+Prevention.--Avoid exposure to sudden changes of temperature. For the
+attack, jacket of oil silk or flannel to prevent sudden exposure, keep the
+temperature warmed up to 68 to 70 degrees night and day; the air must be
+fresh and pure and changed regularly.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 41]
+
+Children should be given ample room and not hampered by extra clothing, as
+they like change of position, to get relief. The hot bath must be used
+often to redden the skin and relieve the pressure on the lungs, till they
+can be given relief. If you wish to use a poultice the following is a nice
+way to make it. Take a piece of muslin or linen, or cheese-cloth, wide
+enough when doubled to reach from the lower margin of the ribs to well up
+under the arm pits, and long enough to go a little more than around the
+chest, open the double fold and spread the hot mass of poultice on
+one-half of the cloth and fold the other over it. It should be applied as
+hot as it can be comfortably borne and covered with oil silk or paraffin
+paper, so as to the longer retain the heat and moisture. The poultice
+should be renewed as often as it gets cold, and a fresh poultice should be
+all ready to put on when the old one is taken off. Place the end of the
+poultice uppermost, so that the contents will not fall out.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Pneumonia, Herb Tea and Poultice for.--"Congestion
+of the lungs. One ounce of each of the following, slippery elm bark,
+crushed thyme, coltsfoot flowers, hyssop or marshmallow. Simmer in two
+quarts of water down to three pints; strain and add one teaspoonful of
+cayenne. Dose:--Wineglassful every half hour. Apply hot bran poultices or
+chamomile scalded in vinegar, changing often until the violence of the
+symptoms abate. If the bowels are confined, give an injection of half pint
+of hot water in which one-half teaspoonful each of gum myrrh, turkey
+rhubarb and ginger powder have been well mixed. If possible give vapor
+bath. Apply hot stones or bottles to the feet."
+
+2. Pneumonia, Home Remedy for.--"This can easily be relieved by the use of
+cayenne and vapor bath. This promotes the circulation in every part of the
+body, diminishing the pressure upon the lungs. These baths produce a
+regular circulation throughout the whole body, thus relieving the pressure
+upon the lungs by decreasing the amount of blood in the lungs. These baths
+should be taken but once a day, as they are weakening."
+
+3. Pneumonia, Hot Vinegar Applications for.--Congestion of Lungs.--"Over
+the lungs lay cloths wet in clear hot vinegar. They should be five or six
+inches square and several thicknesses. Over the cloths lay a hot plate or
+hot water bottle; change as often as necessary to keep them hot. This
+treatment will soon give relief, after which rub as much oil into the
+lungs as possible."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Pneumonia.--A doctor must be called. For high
+fever, one to one and a half drops of aconite, for adults every hour; for
+children, about one-twelfth to one-eighth of a drop. For cough, chloride
+of ammonium, one to two grain doses. For pain, hot applications.
+
+Diet.--Milk, broth and egg albumen and plenty of water to drink. (See
+laryngitis for diet.)
+
+ACUTE PLEURISY (Inflammation of the Pleura).--The pleura covers the wall
+of the chest cavity and infolds or surrounds the lungs. Pleurisy means the
+inflammation of this pleura or covering.
+
+[42 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Causes.--Exposure to cold, etc. Onset may be gradual or sudden, with
+chills fever and sharp stitches in the side near the arm pit or breast.
+The patient lies on the affected side during the attack, the pain is made
+worse by breathing, coughing or motion. The cough is dry and painful, with
+difficult breathing. The temperature 102 to 103. Sometimes there is fluid
+accumulated in the cavity. In about seven to ten days the fever and other
+symptoms disappear. The fluid is absorbed quickly if it is scanty, often
+very slowly if abundant. This fluid is contained in the cavity of the
+pleura. The pleura covers the lungs. Its outer layer is attached to the
+ribs and costal cartilages in front and ribs behind, goes around the foot
+of the lungs underneath, then turns around under the side of the lungs and
+comes in front, making a sac. The two layers in health touch each other,
+but are separated when there is fluid in the cavity. The inner layer
+covers the lungs and drops into the grooves of the lungs. You can thus
+readily understand how easy it is for the pleura to be attacked. Also when
+the lung is inflamed we have what we call pleura-pneumonia. Pleurisy is a
+very painful disease. It hurts to move, breathe, or cough. The patient
+holds his chest when he coughs. The fluid that forms is poured out from
+the inflamed membrane, sometimes it is so great in quantity it must be
+drawn off,--tapped; we then call this hydrothorax,--water in the chest.
+
+Diet and Nursing--The patient should be kept quiet and in the easiest
+position.
+
+Milk diet is the best to use. There should not be much liquid diet, except
+milk. The milk may be diluted with lime water if necessary. Malted milk,
+Mellin's food, imperial granum, can be used when the milk cannot be taken.
+
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Pleurisy.--1. Home Remedy.--The patient must go
+to bed and remain there. It is a good thing to get the patient in a sweat.
+For this purpose you can use the corn sweat described under treatment of
+la grippe. This will ease the patient and may shorten the attack.
+
+I have great faith in this remedy in most inflammatory diseases. I had a
+patient sick with pleurisy; she did not get along fast enough to suit me,
+her color was a yellow-green. I advised the corn sweat and she improved
+fast from that time. Her night dress was green in color after the sweat. I
+have saved pneumonia cases in the same way. Of course, some cases may be
+too weak to stand it.
+
+[RESPIRATORY DISEASES 43]
+
+2. Other Home Remedies.--Another way to produce sweating is by placing
+fruit cans filled with hot water about the patient. This will stop the
+chilly cold feeling and also will relieve the pain. If you have a rubber
+water bottle, put hot water in that and place it near the sorest spot. It
+may hurt the patient by its weight; if so, use less water, at the same
+time you can give hot drinks freely. Almost  any kind will do. If the
+stomach feels bad, ginger or peppermint is best. Hoarhound tea is
+especially good for chest trouble.
+
+3. Fomentations.--Of hops or wormwood or smartweed, or catnip applied
+frequently and hot to the affected side often bring relief. They must
+always be hot, and you must be careful not to get the night robes or
+covers wet.
+
+4. Camphorated Oil for.--Rub the side with camphorated oil and cover over
+with a cotton jacket. This is good unless it makes the patient too warm.
+
+5. Adhesive Plaster Zinc Oxide.--Use a roll two or two and one-half inches
+wide. Commence at the backbone and cross directly over the ribs to the
+further side of the breastbone. The first strip should be at the lower
+part of the chest. In putting on the succeeding strips make them lap
+one-half inch over the next lower. Bandage almost up to the arm-pit. It
+may take eight strips for an adult. After you have the strips on, place a
+piece at each end, part on the flesh and part on the plasters, to keep
+them from giving any. The patient should have his arms over his head when
+you are putting on the strips. This strapping will hold that side of the
+chest quieter. The breathing will be less full and consequently less
+motion and pain.
+
+6. Tincture of aconite in doses of one-tenth to one drop can be given
+everyone to three hours at the beginning, if there is much fever, dry hot
+skin, and full bounding pulse. Dover's powder can be given at night.
+
+7. A hypodermic of morphine is frequently given when the pain is intense.
+
+
+ABSCESS OF THE LUNGS. Causes.--Lobular pneumonia from abscesses in pyemia,
+from septic pleurisy, etc.
+
+Symptoms.--Fever, pain, difficult breathing, cough, and expectoration
+containing or consisting of pus of offensive odor, etc.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT of Abscess of the Lungs.--Incision and drainage. You
+must depend entirely upon your physician.
+
+
+EMPHYSEMA.--A condition in which there is air or gas in tissues that
+normally have none, or an excess of air in tissues that normally contain a
+certain quantity of it. A condition of the lungs characterized by a
+permanent dilation of the air cells of the lung with dwindling of the air
+cell walls and the blood vessels, resulting in a loss of the normal
+elasticity of the lung tissue.
+
+Causes.--Heredity; it occurs in glass blowers, in musicians using wind
+instruments. It occurs also after whooping-cough, asthma, etc.
+
+
+HYDROTHORAX.--This is an exudation (liquid) in the pleural cavity.
+Causes.--Comes from disease causing dropsy, kidney disease, lung trouble,
+pleurisy, etc.
+
+[44 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--Treat disease that causes it. An operation to
+remove the fluid may be necessary. A trusted physician must advise you.
+
+NIGHT SWEATS.--These are common in "consumption" and constitute one of the
+most distressing features of the disease. They usually occur when the
+fever drops in the early morning hours, or at any time of the day when the
+patient is sleeping. They may come on early in the disease, but are more
+persistent and frequent after cavities have formed in the lungs; some of
+the patients escape it altogether.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.-l. Night Sweats, Salt Bath for.--"Bathe the body in
+salt water every other day. Just before retiring take a cup of sage tea,
+and eat nourishing food," The salt acts as an astringent as it slightly
+closes up the pores, and the sage establishes a better circulation and at
+the same time helps the sweating. This is a very simple and effective
+remedy.
+
+2. Night Sweats, Cold Sage for.--"Drink cold sage tea, before retiring."
+This cold sage tea is only to be used when the patient has a fever and
+needs a cold drink. In case of this kind it would be effective.
+
+PHYSICIAN'S TREATMENT for Night Sweats.--l. Atropine in doses of 1-120 to
+1-60 grain is good to stop the sweating. It must be used carefully, three
+doses in twenty-four hours are enough.
+
+2. Tonics to keep up the appetite like gentian, nux vomica or quinine may
+be given. The patient should wear flannel night-dresses, as the cotton
+night-shirt, when soaked with perspiration, has a cold, clammy feeling.
+Bathe the patient in the morning with tepid water and afterwards rub
+gently with alcohol diluted one-half with water. Night sweating occurs in
+rickets but mainly around the head. They also occur when one is run down,
+but they are not so debilitating and constant. In such cases, building up
+treatment is needed. Proper diet, bathing, out-door life, bitter tonics,
+etc.
+
+
+[ANIMAL PARASITES 45]
+
+
+ANIMAL PARASITES, DISEASES CAUSED BY.
+
+ROUND WORM.--(Ascariasis Lumbricoides).--The round worm resembles the
+angle worm in form; is the most common human parasite and is found chiefly
+in children. The female is seven to twelve inches long, the male four to
+eight inches. It is pointed at both ends. The parasite occupies the upper
+part of the small bowel and there is usually only one or two present, but
+sometimes they occur in enormous numbers. They migrate in a peculiar
+manner. They may pass into the stomach, whence they may be thrown out by
+vomiting, or they may crawl up the gullet, and enter the pharynx and cause
+serious trouble. They may go up the eustachian tube and appear at the
+external meatus (opening of ear). The serious migration is into the
+bile-duct. There is a specimen in the Wister-Horner Museum of the
+University of Pennsylvania in which not only the common bile-duct, but
+also the main branches throughout the liver, are enormously distended, and
+packed with numerous round worms. The bowel may be blocked or in rare
+instances an ulcer may be perforated; even the healthy bowel may be
+perforated.
+
+Symptoms.--Picking of the nose, grinding of the teeth, a whitish paleness
+around the mouth, restless sleep; sometimes convulsions, or presence of
+worms in the stool. Bad health, cross, peevish, irritable and dumpy, when
+the child is naturally the opposite.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--l. Round or Pin Worms, Sage Tea for.--"Sage tea is a
+fine remedy for children troubled with worms, taken before breakfast or on
+going to bed." Sage tea may help; I have known other mothers to have faith
+in it. Its virtue may consist in being a laxative and an antiseptic which
+in themselves would add to the general health of the child.
+
+2. Round and Pin Worms, Tansy remedy for.--"Tansy leaves may be crushed
+and put in whisky or dried and crushed with sugar. This is the best
+vermifuge I ever used." A tea made of tansy leaves must be used carefully
+as it is strong and never given to pregnant women.
+
+3. Round and Pin Worms, Peach Leaf Tea for.--"Half an ounce of dried peach
+leaves may be infused in a pint of boiling water and a tablespoonful given
+for a dose three times a day." They are laxative and exert a sedative
+influence over the nervous system. They have been frequently used for
+worms with reported success. An infusion is highly recommended in
+irritability of the bladder, in sick stomach and in whooping cough.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--l. Dr. Osler, of Oxford, England, recommends as
+follows: Santonin in doses of two or three grains for an adult; one or two
+a day for three or four days, followed by salts or calomel; one-half to
+one grain for children in the same way. This seems to me to be
+unnecessarily large.
+
+[46 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+2. Dr. Ritter's Santonin Remedy.--
+
+    I always give it thus:
+    Santonin      1/10 grain
+    Calomel       1/10 grain
+
+Give four a day for two days, then miss two days, then give again for two
+days and stop. Salts can be given after this. I then follow this treatment
+by giving one drop doses of tincture of cina (Homeopathic preparation)
+four times a day for one or two weeks. Before giving any of these remedies
+it is well to move the bowels freely and also after the medicine has been
+stopped.
+
+3. Dr. Douglass of Detroit, Michigan, recommends the following for a child
+five to ten years old:
+
+    Santonin     12 grains
+    Calomel       3 grains
+
+Divide into six powders, and give one night and morning while fasting.
+
+4. The following is from Professor Stille:
+
+    Spigelia       1/2 ounce
+    Senna            2 drams
+    Fennel seed      2 drams
+    Manna            1 ounce
+    Boiling water    1 pint
+
+Mix and make into an infusion (tea). Dose for a child, one or two
+teaspoonfuls. For an adult, one or two wineglassfuls.
+
+
+THREAD WORM OR PIN WORM.--(Oxyuris Vermicularis.)--This common worm
+occupies the rectum and colon. They produce great irritation and itching,
+particularly at night, symptoms which become intensely aggravated by the
+nightly migration (traveling) of the parasite. They sometimes in their
+travels enter the vagina. Occasionally abscesses are formed around the
+bowel (rectum) containing numbers of worms. The patient becomes extremely
+restless and irritable, for the sleep is very often disturbed, and there
+may be loss of appetite and also anemia. These worms are most common in
+children, but they can occur in all ages. The worms can easily be seen in
+the feces. The infection takes place through the drinking of water and
+possibly through salads, such as lettuce and cresses, and various other
+means. A person who is the subject of worms passes ova (eggs) in large
+numbers in the feces, and the possibility of reinfection must be guarded
+against very scrupulously.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Pin worms, Aloes treatment for.--"Pin worms or seat
+worms are usually found in children and sometime cause a great deal of
+annoyance to the child. They are usually very restless at night and pull
+at the rectum both day and night. This condition may be relieved by an
+injection, of powdered aloes,--five grains; hot water one-half pint." This
+is sufficient for two injections and should be used at about blood heat.
+
+[ANIMAL PARASITES 47]
+
+2. Pin worms, Pink Root for.--"Take one ounce pink root, and one pint of
+water. Make a decoction of this by boiling the above to  half a pint. Give
+a teaspoonful three times a day for two days, following this up by a good
+dose of castor oil or cream of tartar to thoroughly cleanse the system."
+
+3. Pin worms, Quassia chips for.--"I knew of a child who had not slept
+three hours a night for several months, and several doctors had been
+called and none of them seemed to get down to the real trouble. Finally
+the mother tried an injection made by steeping quassia chips for two or
+three hours slowly, then straining it and injecting about one pint (luke
+warm) once a day. This gave the child immediate relief and improvement
+could be seen within a week."
+
+4. Pin worms, Lime-water injection for.--"A very simple remedy is an
+injection of a teacupful of lime water once a day, preferably in the
+morning, as the worms are usually lodged in the rectum and this injection
+will bring them away, giving the child relief at once."
+
+5. Worms-Stomach, Salt Remedy for.--"Encourage the child to eat as much
+salt as possible and give an injection of salt and water, about one
+teaspoonful of salt to two quarts of water, once a day."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--1. Santonin in small doses and mild purgatives
+like rhubarb. Santonin in doses of one-tenth of a grain can be given for
+two days, three or four times a day, preceded by spiced syrup of rhubarb,
+one dram dose, and also followed by the rhubarb. In children the cold
+injections of strong salt and water is effective. They should be repeated
+for ten days. The hips should be well elevated so that the injection can
+be retained for some time.
+
+2.    Quassia chips       1 ounce
+      Common salt       1/2 ounce
+      Water               1 pint
+
+Soak over night and inject slowly all the bowels will hold. Repeat once
+each week till all are removed.
+
+3. Dr. Tooker of Chicago, Illinois, recommends the following:--Give an
+injection of an infusion of fresh garlic for two or three nights in
+succession, using, to make the infusion, a small bunch of garlic in a pint
+of water, steeped down to one-quarter pint.
+
+4. Dr. Tooker gives another method which is often successful. Anoint the
+anus for several nights in succession with sweet oil, using the little
+finger to insert the oil as far into the rectum as the fingers will reach.
+
+
+5. Another Remedy. Inject cod-liver oil (pure) into the bowel or make into
+an emulsion with the yolk of an egg and then inject.
+
+[48 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+6. Spearmint Remedy.--Make an infusion of the common spearmint and inject
+some in the bowel every night for one week. Some can be taken internally
+at the same time.
+
+      Oil of Wormseed             1/2 ounce
+      Oil of Turpentine         1-1/2 dram
+      Castor Oil                    2 ounces
+      Fluid extract of Pink Root    3 drams
+      Hydrastin                    10 grains
+      Syrup of Peppermint          4 drams
+
+One teaspoonful three times a day one hour before meals to a child ten
+years old. If it physics to much give less often. Good for both kinds of
+worms.
+
+8. Tincture of Cina; to accompany any injection.--I give the Tincture of
+Cina (Homeopathic preparation) in from one-quarter to two or three drop
+doses, three or four times a day, always after I have given the other worm
+remedies. It can be given for weeks without producing bad effects. The
+dose can be made less for weakly children; or greater in grown people. It
+is good to give in small doses in pin worms when injections are used. It
+seems to prevent their formation. It is also a good remedy for the worms
+puppies are troubled with. I have saved the lives of a good many little
+fellows with this remedy.
+
+
+TAPE WORM, PORK.-(Taenia Solium). It is six to twelve feet long, but it is
+not a common form in this country. The head is small, round, not so large
+as the head of a pin and provided with four sucking ducts and a double row
+of hooklets. By these hooklets and disks, the parasite attaches itself to
+the mucous membrane of the small intestine in man. Below the head is a
+constricted neck, which is followed by a large number of segments,
+increasing in size from the neck onward. Each segment contains the
+generative organs of both sexes. The parasite (worm) becomes fully grown
+in three to three and one-half months. Segments then continually break off
+and are discharged at stool. Each ovum (egg) contains a single embryo,
+armed with six hooklets and contained in a thick shell. When swallowed by
+a pig or man these shells are digested and the embryos migrate (travel) to
+various parts of the body, where they change to Cysticerci or "Measles."
+Each contains a scolex or tape-worm. When meat, improperly cooked and
+containing "measles," is eaten, the cyst is dissolved in the human stomach
+and the free scolex or head attaches itself to the intestinal mucous
+membrane and grows into a tapeworm.
+
+
+TAPE WORM, BEEF.--(Taenia Saginata). This is a larger and longer parasite
+than the Pork Tape Worm. It is the common form found in this country. It
+may grow fifteen to twenty feet or more and possesses a large head in
+comparison with the Taenia Solium. It is square shaped and has four large
+sucking disks, but no hooklets. The ripe segments are larger and they are
+passed as in the Taemia Solium, and are eaten by cattle, in the flesh or
+organs of which the eggs develop into the Cysticerci.
+
+[ANIMAL PARASITES  49]
+
+Symptoms.--These worms (parasites) are found at all ages. They are not
+uncommon in children, and may be found in nursing children. They may cause
+excessive appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or  abdominal pain or
+sometimes anemia. The knowledge of the presence of this worm may cause
+great nervousness or depression. The presence of the segment in the stools
+proves their presence in the bowels.
+
+Treatment, preventive.--This is most important. Careful attention should
+be given to three points: First, all tapeworm segments should be burned.
+They should never be thrown into the water-closet or outside; secondly,
+special inspection of all meat; and, thirdly, cooking the meat
+sufficiently to kill the parasites.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Tape Worms, Pumpkin Seed Tea for.--"One pint
+pumpkin seeds skinned and steeped. Add water enough to make three
+tumblers. Take one tumbler every half hour, then a good dose of castor
+oil. The worm will come with oil. My mother helped prepare the seeds and
+saw the tapeworm which came from a woman as a result of this dose."
+
+2. Tape Worms, Another good Remedy for.--
+
+    "Powdered Kamala   3 drams
+    Syrup simple       3 ounces
+
+Two doses of this mixture hardly ever fails to bring the worm. Give oil
+and turpentine two hours after the last dose." Of the oil and turpentine
+an average dose would be a half ounce of castor oil and fifteen drops of
+turpentine.
+
+3. Tape Worm, Ontario Mother's Remedy for.--"Don't eat until very hungry
+(extremely so), then eat one-half pint of pumpkin seeds. This is good and
+will remove the worm every time." This remedy is different from the above
+in that you eat the seeds instead of making a tea.
+
+4. Tape Worm, Successful Remedy for Children or Adult.--
+
+    "Turpentine   15 drops
+    Castor Oil     1 teaspoonful
+    Milk           1 teacupful
+
+Mix and for adult take at one dose. If not successful repeat the next day.
+For child under ten years, one-half the quantity."
+
+[50 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--Preparing the Patient; Giving the Remedy, and
+Receiving the Worm.--Whenever a round or tape worm is to be attacked, the
+patient must be starved for at least twelve to twenty-four hours, in order
+that no food in the intestinal (bowel) tract may protect the worm from the
+action of the drug. During this time a little milk can be given, and after
+a night of fasting, before breakfast, the worm medicine (anthelmintic)
+must be swallowed. In addition, nearly all the drugs must be followed by
+purges in order to dislodge the intruder while he is paralyzed and has
+lost his hold; and in many it is well to have a basin of salt and water
+ready so that when a passage occurs a rectal injection may be given to
+wash out the segments of the worm which remain in the rectum. I am giving
+many remedies and the different ways of administering them. Not every one
+can be cured with the same remedy. One will act better in some people than
+in others. So I give a variety and they are all good.
+
+1. For two days prior to the administration of the remedies the patient
+should take a very light, diet and have the bowels moved by a saline
+(salts) cathartic. As a rule the male fern acts promptly and well. The
+etheral extract of male fern in two dram doses may be given; fast, and
+follow in the course of a couple of hours by a brisk purgative; that is,
+calomel followed by salts.
+
+Fasting means this: Light diet for a day or two and a cathartic at night,
+no supper except a glass of milk before the worm medicine is given. Then
+at bed-time take two to three grains of calomel with ten grains of
+bicarbonate of sodium; rochelle salts, one-half to one ounce, upon
+awakening. As soon as the bowels have moved give oleorisin of aspidium,
+one dram in capsules. A saline cathartic should be given one-half to one
+hour later. Never give castor oil or any oil after this remedy, When
+calomel is given it should be given about one hour after taking the worm
+medicine and followed in one or one and one-half hours by a half to one
+ounce of salts.
+
+2. Pelletierine Remedy for.--This comes in bottles of the proper dose. It
+is dear, but effective. It must be taken lying down, and followed by some
+cathartic or a dose of epsom salts in two hours after taking.
+
+3. Infusion and Emulsion for.--An infusion of
+
+      Pomegranate root   1/2 ounce
+      Pumpkin seeds        1 ounce
+      Powdered ergot       1 dram
+      Boiling water       10 ounces
+
+To an emulsion of the male fern (a dram of the ethereal extract) made with
+acacia powders, two drops of croton oil are added. The patient should have
+had a low diet on the previous day and have taken a dose of salts in the
+evening.
+
+The emulsion and infusion are mixed and taken at nine in the morning. If
+the bowels do not move in two hours, salts should be taken.
+
+4. An Old Remedy.--Chew freely of slippery elm bark. This, it is stated,
+is very effective and as it is cheap and will not injure, it is worth a
+thorough trial. I am often surprised at the value of the seemingly simple
+remedies.
+
+[ANIMAL PARASITES  51]
+
+TRICHINIASIS (Trichinosis).--The disease is caused by the trichina
+spiratis, a parasite introduced into the body by eating imperfectly cooked
+flesh of infected hogs. The "embryos" pass from the bowel and reach the
+voluntary muscles, where they finally become "encapsulated
+larvae,"--muscle trichinae. It is in the migration of these embryos that
+the group of symptoms known as trichiniasis is produced.
+
+When the flesh containing the trichinae is eaten by man or by any animal
+in which the development can take place, the capsules are digested and the
+trichinae are set free. They pass into the small intestine and about the
+third day attain their full growth and become sexually mature. The young
+produced by each female trichina have been estimated at several hundred.
+The time from the eating of the flesh containing the muscle trichinae to
+the development of the brood of embryos in the intestines (bowels) is from
+seven to nine days. The female worm penetrates the intestinal wall and the
+embryos are probably discharged into the lymph spaces, thence into the
+venous system, and by the blood stream to the muscles, which constitutes
+their seat of election. After a preliminary migration in the
+inter-muscular connective tissue, they penetrate the primitive muscle-
+fibres and in about two weeks develop into the full grown muscle form. In
+this process interstitial inflammation of the muscle is excited, and
+gradually an ovoid capsule develops about the parasite. Two, and
+occasionally three or four, worms may be seen within a single capsule.
+This process of encapsulation has been estimated to take about six weeks.
+Within the muscles the parasites do not undergo further development.
+Gradually the capsule becomes thicker and ultimately lime salts are
+deposited within it. This change may take place in man within four or five
+months. The trichinae may live within the muscles for an indefinite
+period. They have been found alive and capable of developing as late as
+twenty or twenty-five years after their entrance into the system. These
+calcified capsules appear as white specks in the muscles. In many
+instances however these worms are completely calcified. In the hog the
+trichinae cause few if any symptoms. An animal, the muscles of which are
+swarming with living trichinae, may be well nourished and healthy looking.
+An important point also is the fact that in the hog the capsule does not
+readily become calcified, so that the parasites are not visible as in the
+human muscles.
+
+Modes of Infection.--The danger of infection depends entirely upon the
+mode of preparation of the flesh. Thorough cooking, so that all parts of
+the meat reach the boiling point, destroys the parasites; but, in larger
+joints, the central portions are not often raised to this temperature. The
+frequency of the disease in different countries depends largely upon the
+habits of the people in the preparation of pork. In North Germany, where
+raw ham and wurst are freely eaten, the greatest number of instances have
+occurred. In South Germany, France, and England cases are rare. Salting
+and smoking the flesh are not always sufficient, and the Havre experiments
+showed that animals are readily infected when fed with portions of the
+pickled or the smoked meat as prepared in this country.
+
+[52 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Symptoms.--The eating of trichinous flesh is not always followed by this
+disease.
+
+In the course of a few days after eating the infected meat there are signs
+of disturbance of the stomach and bowels, and pain in the abdomen, loss of
+appetite, vomiting and sometimes diarrhea; and yet, these preliminary
+symptoms do not always occur, for in some of the large epidemics cases
+have been observed in which they have been absent. Pain in different parts
+of the body, general debility and weakness have been noted in some of the
+epidemics. In some instances the stomach and bowel disturbances have been
+so marked from the outset that the attack resembled our cholera. The
+invasion symptoms develop between the seventh and tenth day. Sometimes not
+until the end of the second week, and they are marked by fever, a chill in
+some cases and pain and swelling and tenderness along the muscles
+involved. The migration of the parasites into the muscles excites a more
+or less intense inflammation of these muscles, which is characterized by
+pain on pressure and movement, and by swelling and tension of the muscles,
+over which the skin may be swollen. The limbs are placed in some position
+in which these muscles are more at rest. Difficulty in chewing and
+swallowing is caused by the involvement of the muscles controlling these
+acts. In severe cases the involvement of the diaphragm and intercostal
+muscles may lead to difficult breathing (Dyspnoea) which sometimes proves
+fatal. Watery swelling, a feature of great importance, may be seen early
+in the face, particularly about the, eyes. Later it develops in the
+extremities when the swelling and stiffness of the muscles are at their
+height. Profuse sweats, tingling and itching of the skin and in some
+instances hives (Urticaria) have been described.
+
+There are emaciation and anemia. In the severe cases the appearance may be
+like that in the third week of typhoid fever. In mild cases the fever and
+muscular symptoms subside in ten to fourteen days, in others only after
+two or three months. The mortality, from one to thirty per cent, seems to
+depend upon the virulence and number of parasites.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--If discovered within twenty-four to thirty-six
+hours, thoroughly empty the bowel with purgatives. Rhubarb and senna, or
+an occasional dose of calomel may be given. Relieve the pains afterwards
+and support the strength.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES  53]
+
+
+
+DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
+
+The skin is divided into three layers. Beginning with the outer one and
+naming inward, they are named as follows: The outer layer is called the
+epidermis or cuticle (near or upon the skin). The second layer is called
+the corium, derma cutis vera, or true skin. The third layer is called the
+sub-cutaneous (under the skin) (fatty or connective) tissue. This last
+layer contains the sweat glands, the lower end of the deep-seated hair
+follicles, (little sacs containing the roots of the hair) and larger
+branches of the lymphatics, blood vessels and nerves, and serves in
+general as a bed for the true skin to rest upon, and by which the true
+skin is connected with the deeper parts, muscles, etc. The appendages of
+the skin are the hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat-glands. The discharge
+from the sweat-glands form a little or larger tumor. The contents of a wen
+are from sebaceous glands--fat secretions--fat tumor. The following names
+are frequently mentioned in the skin diseases:
+
+Macule. (Spots, patches). Skin is altered in color, but the skin is not
+raised or depressed; freckle, etc.
+
+Papule. (Pimple). Elevated piece of skin, varying in size from a pin-head
+to a coffee bean.
+
+Tubercle. (Node-lump). A solid elevation of the skin, varying in size from
+a pea to a cherry.
+
+Tumors. These are soft or firm elevations of the skin, like a wen or hard
+lump. They are always deep-seated.
+
+Wheel. A round flat, white or pink elevation of the skin; such as hives,
+mosquito bites, etc.
+
+Vesicle. This is a pin-head or pea-sized elevation of the outer layer
+(epidermis) filled with a watery fluid.
+
+Bleb. (Bulla). A circumscribed elevation of the skin and contains a watery
+fluid, such as a burn, etc.
+
+Pustule. A rounded elevation of the outer layer (epidermis) of varying
+size, containing pus (matter).
+
+A vesicle, bleb, and pustule are hollow; macule, papule, and tubercle are
+solid.
+
+Scale. (Squama). This is a dry attached or unattached thin piece from the
+skin as a result of disease of the skin.
+
+Crust. This is a dried mass as a result of fluid oozing from a diseased
+skin.
+
+Excoriation. Like a scratch mark.
+
+Fissures. This is a crack, like that found on chapped hands.
+
+Ulcer. (Sore). Eating away of the parts.
+
+Scar. Ulcer healed leaving a mark, like from a healed cut.
+
+Pigmentation. Discoloration.
+
+
+
+ACNE. (Simple Acne).--This is an inflammation of the sebaceous (fatty,
+cheesy) glands. It forms these pimples or pustules and these are
+intermingled with black-heads (comedones), flesh-worms. They vary from a
+pin-head to a split-pea in size, and are of a bright or dark red color.
+They occur for the most part on the face; also on the back, neck and
+chest.
+
+Condition.--An over secretion, or alteration and retention of the fatty
+(sebaceous) matter, and this is followed by inflammation involving the
+glands, ducts of the glands, and hair follicles. Pus often forms and
+tissue may be destroyed.
+
+[54 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Causes.--These skin glands are active at the time of puberty.  The active
+cause may be the stomach troubles, constipation, womb disorders, and poor
+general nutrition.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Acne.--All stomach troubles, constipation, and
+womb troubles should be looked into and remedied. The diet and hygiene
+must be regulated. Food that stimulates and is hard to digest should be
+prohibited. When there is dyspepsia and constipation, bitter tonics, like
+compound tincture of gentian, one dram before meals, or pepsin (five
+grains) and loosening medicines like salts should be given.
+
+Tincture of Nux Vomica is a good stomach and bowel tonic given in doses of
+one to two drops before meals.
+
+Calomel, one-half grain at night for a few nights, followed in the morning
+by epsom salts or some mineral water like Abilena or Hunjadi is useful.
+The following is a good combination by Dr. Schalek:
+
+    Tincture of Nux Vomica       2 drams
+    Dilute Nitro Muriatic Acid   4 drams
+    Sherry Wine enough for       3 ounces
+
+Mix and take one teaspoonful three times a day.
+
+Diet.--See diet for dyspepsia and constipation. All fatty, greasy, rich
+foods are prohibited.
+
+Local Treatment.--If the skin is quite red and tender, mild soothing
+applications should be used. Most cases require vigorous treatment. First
+wash the parts with warm water and the best soap, rinse with hot water and
+then dry carefully. Remove the black-heads by careful pressure of the
+fingers, or with black-head extractor; the pimples and pustules should be
+freely cut, to allow the matter to escape and all the matter taken out.
+
+External Medication, Ointment and Lotions.--Lotions are to be preferred in
+cases of oily discharge. If the skin becomes rough and chapped, soap
+should not be used in washing, and a soothing ointment should be applied.
+Drugs used are for stimulating the skin and healing the lesions.
+
+1. Soothing Ointment.--
+
+    Precipitated Sulphur     1 dram
+    Benzoinated Lard       1/2 ounce
+    Lanolin                1/2 ounce
+
+For local use but not in oily cases. (Dr. Schalek.)
+
+2. The following used as a soothing lotion:
+
+    Washed Sulphur           2-1/2 drams
+    Spirits of Camphor           3 drams
+    Biborate of Sodium           2 drams
+    Glycerin                     6 drams
+    Distilled water enough for   4 ounces
+
+Mix and shake well and apply freely so as to leave a film on the face.
+(Dr. Schalek.)
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 55]
+
+3. Dr. Duhring's Lotion, following:
+
+    Precipitated Sulphur   2 drams
+    Glycerin               2 drams
+    Alcohol                1 ounce
+    Lime water             1 ounce
+    Rose water             2 ounces
+
+Mix and shake before using and apply.
+
+4. Kummerfield's Lotion. "Oriental Lotion."
+
+    Precipitated Sulphur    4 drams
+    Powdered Camphor       10 grains
+    Powdered Tragacanth    20 grains
+    Lime water              2 ounces
+    Rose water              2 ounces
+
+    Mix; shake well and apply every few hours.
+
+5. Stimulating preparations.
+
+    Corrosive sublimate       1/2 to 2 grains
+    Emulsion bitter almonds   4 ounces
+
+Mix thoroughly and use to stimulate the skin.
+
+6. Ointment of white precipitate (five to fifteen per cent strength) can
+be used in place of one above.
+
+7. The Following Hebra Lotion (I give as written).
+
+    Hydrarg. Bichlor  1 dram
+    Aqua Distill      4 drams
+    Ov. Albuminis     3 drams
+    Succi Citri       3 drams
+    Sacchari          1 ounce
+
+      Mix and apply as directed.
+
+Caution.--Sulphur and mercury preparations should not be used at the same
+time, nor immediately succeeding each other, as they will stain the skin.
+
+
+
+BALDNESS. (Alopecia). Causes.--Hereditary and diseases. Congenital and
+senile (old age) baldness is incurable. Congenital (born without hair)
+baldness is rare.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Baldness, Well Recommended for.--"A first class hair
+restorative is made of sage tea and whisky in equal parts with a dash of
+quinine in the bottle."
+
+2. Baldness, Vaselin and Quinine for.--
+
+    "Vaselin      1 ounce
+    Quinine      1/2 ounce"
+
+Mix together and apply to the scalp.
+
+3. Baldness, Good Canadian Remedy for.--"Strong sage tea. Rub the scalp
+frequently. I have used this with great success."
+
+[56 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Baldness.--Persons who have an hereditary
+tendency to baldness should pay close attention to the hygiene of the
+scalp, as this is very important. The hair should be shampooed two or
+three times a week, to remove sebaceous accumulations and other foreign
+materials. After the scalp has been thoroughly rinsed with clean water and
+dried, some oil or (tube) vaselin should be rubbed in, Fine-toothed combs
+should never be used, The daily wetting of the hair is injurious, Rats
+should be light and well aired, When the hair begins to fall, stimulating
+applications should be used, in the form of ointments or lotions. The
+following are among the best with the author's name given but in English
+instead of Latin.
+
+Dr. Schalek. 1.
+
+    Bichloride of Mercury            3 grains
+    Tinct. of Cantharides          1/2 ounce
+    Oil of Sweet Almonds             1 dram
+    Spirits of Rosemary              1 ounce
+    Rectified Spirits of Wine        2 ounces
+    Distilled water enough to make   6 ounces
+
+Mix; shake bottle well; rub thoroughly into the scalp every morning.
+
+2.  Carbolic add   15 grains
+    Glycerin        2 drams
+    Cologne water   1 ounce
+
+Mix, and apply to the scalp once daily.
+
+3.  Precipitated Sulphur           1 dram
+    Lanolin                    2-1/2 drams
+    Glycerin                   2-1/2 drams
+    Rose water enough to make      1 ounce
+
+Mix well. Part the hair in different places and rub ointment into the
+scalp.
+
+4. Ihle's Mixture.--
+
+    Resorcin        1-1/2 drams
+    Castor Oil      1-1/2 ounces
+    Spirits of Wine     5 ounces
+    Balsam Peru        10 drops
+
+Mix. Rub into the scalp daily with a piece of flannel.
+
+5. Bulkley's Lotion.--
+
+    Tincture Cantharides  1/2 ounce
+    Tincture Capsicum     1/2 ounce
+    Castor Oil              1 dram
+    Cologne Water           1 ounce
+
+Mix and apply daily to the scalp.
+
+6. Lassar's Ointment.--
+
+    Pilocarpine Muriate   30 grains
+    Vaseline               5 drams
+    Lanolin                2 ounces
+    Oil of Lavender       20 drops
+
+Mix and apply to the scalp.
+
+
+BALD PATCHES. (Alopecia Areata).--These appear rather suddenly. They are
+circular bald patches which may appear on any hairy part of the body, but
+more frequently on the scalp. It is considered a chronic trouble, but
+tends to final recovery.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 57]
+
+Cause.--Occurs usually between the ages of ten and forty. It may be from a
+parasite.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--Cod-liver oil, elixir quinine, iron and strychnine
+one dram three times daily. Arsenic, Fowler's solution, four drops three
+times daily.
+
+Local Treatment.--Stimulating remedies, like sulphur, tar, tincture of
+cantharides, capsicum, in various strength in combination such as given
+for baldness. In old persons it may become permanent.
+
+
+
+ANIDROSIS. (Lessened Sweat Secretion).--This means a diminution of the
+sweat secretion. The patient does not sweat enough, especially in certain
+skin diseases like psoriasis, etc.
+
+Treatment.--Hot water, vapor baths, friction, massage, etc., should be
+used to increase the sweat secretion. Treat the accompanying skin disease.
+
+
+
+FOUL SWEATING. (Bromidrosis). Symptoms.--The odor may be very
+disagreeable, or resemble the odor of certain flavors or fruits. It is
+generally found in the arm-pit and genital organs.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Offensive Sweating, Alum Water for.--"A wash made
+with a teaspoonful of alum and a quart of water will prevent offensive
+sweating. We all know how disagreeable it is to sit near a person in a
+street car or any crowded place, who has an odor of perspiration about
+them, How easy it would be to use this wash and rid yourself of this
+difficulty,"
+
+2. Sweaty Feet, Borax and Alcohol for.--"Dissolve a tablespoonful of
+powdered borax in half a pint of diluted alcohol (half alcohol, half
+water) and rub the feet at night, You will find this a splendid remedy."
+I
+
+3. Sweating, Simple Home Remedy to Produce.--"Place a rubber sheet or
+blanket under the patient. Have a simple blanket soaking in hot water and
+when all is ready, wring blanket as dry as possible and wrap about the
+patient up to the neck. After this a dry blanket is wrapped around the
+patient. Care should be taken not to have the blanket hot enough to burn
+the patient, but not too cool. After a few minutes the patient is taken
+out, rubbed dry gently and left to rest and sleep." This treatment will be
+found very beneficial and inexpensive.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Foul Sweating.--Frequent bathing, dressing
+powders of boric and salicylic acids, etc.
+
+1.   Salicylic Acid      1/2 ounce
+     Powdered Starch     1/2 ounce
+
+Mix and dust on the parts.
+
+2. Boric acid powdered may also be used.
+
+3. Powdered Boric Acid and Salicylic Acid; Equal parts.
+
+To be used as a dusting powder on the sweating parts.
+
+[58 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+3. One per cent solution of potassium permanganate or permanganate of
+potash is good applied to the parts.
+
+CALLOSITY or Callositas.--This is circumscribed yellowish-white,
+thickened and horny patches of one of the layers of the cuticle
+(epidermis).
+
+Causes--They come as the result of the occupation or pressure, and
+sometimes without any seeming cause.
+
+Symptoms.--They occur mostly on the hands and feet and are usually
+sensitive.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT, for Callosity or Callositas.--Remove the cause of
+the horny masses. The latter is done by soaking them with prolonged hot
+water baths and scraping off the mass afterwards. This should be continued
+and done frequently.
+
+    Salicylic Acid    30 grains
+    Collodion         4 ounce
+
+Mix and apply with a camel's hair pencil.
+
+CORNS. (Calvus).--A small, flat, deep-seated, horny growth, mostly on or
+between the toes.
+
+Cause.--Usually the result of too tight or too loose shoes. Due to
+pressure and rubbing.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--Corns, one of the Surest Remedies.--"Take salicylic
+acid, make a thick paste with flour, put on absorbent cotton and apply,
+leaving same on several days; soak well and corn will come out." This is a
+thoroughly tried remedy and a good one. This is about as good a cure as
+there is for corns. After this paste has been on the corn for three days,
+it should be removed and the feet soaked well, and the corn scraped off.
+
+2. Corns, Turpentine and Kerosene for.--"A very simple remedy is to apply
+turpentine or kerosene oil to the affected part on going to bed." It is
+always a good plan to soak the feet well before treating the corn, as the
+turpentine will penetrate more quickly.
+
+3. Corns, to Remove Without Pain.--
+
+    "Alcohol         1/2 ounce
+    Muriatic Acid      1 dram
+    Nitric Acid        1 dram
+    Oil of Rosemary    1 dram
+    Chloroform         2 drams
+    Tincture Iron      2 drams
+
+Mix the above, and apply freely to the corn with little brush or feather
+until it can be removed with thumb lance. It may require several
+applications."
+
+4. Corns, Onion a Cure for.--"Soak a small onion in vinegar four hours,
+then cut in two and bind on the corn at night. In the morning (if the
+onion has remained over the corn) the soreness will be gone and you can
+pick out the core. If not cured in first application repeat."
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 59]
+
+5. Corns, Castile Soap an Effective Remedy for.--"Rub the corn night and
+morning with castile soap, as often as possible shave it, being careful
+not to cut deep enough to make it bleed." Be faithful in soaping it
+thoroughly night and morning for several days until it disappears. This is
+a very simple but effective remedy.
+
+6. Hard Corns, Iodine a Successful Remedy for.--"Paint the corns with
+iodine every night for three nights, stop three nights, then apply three
+nights again, and so on for two weeks." Have tried this and know it to be
+very successful, especially good for hard corns.
+
+7. Corns, Castor Oil for.--"Apply castor oil; rub it thoroughly, then soak
+feet. It will soften and remove corns."
+
+8. Corns, Vinegar and Bread for.--"Take bread and soak in vinegar for
+twenty-four hours, put a plaster on for three or four nights. If not cured
+on first application, repeat."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Corns.--Remove the cause; soften them by
+prolonged soaking in hot water, and then gently scrape off the softened
+particles, continue this for several days; then put a narrow strip of
+rubber or salicylated plaster (adhesive plaster) over to protect them from
+pressure. The following is good to soften them:
+
+1.  Salicylic Acid               1-1/2 dram
+    Extract of Cannabis indica      10 grains
+    Collodion                        1 ounce
+
+Mix and paint on the corn for several days and after soaking corn scrape
+it off with a sharp knife.
+
+2. A Good but Weaker Remedy:-
+
+    Salicylic Acid                      30 grains
+    Extract of Cannabis indica     5 to 10 grains
+    Collodion                          1/2 ounce
+
+Both of these prescriptions are good, the first being stronger with
+salicylic acid.
+
+3. When the corns are soft with inflammation, wash and dry the foot and
+apply a solution of nitrate of silver, sixty to one hundred and twenty
+grains to the ounce of water, to every part every four or five days.
+
+Ulcerating Corns.--Cauterize with nitrate of silver in stick form.
+
+
+
+CARBUNCLE. (Anthrax).--A carbuncle is an acute circumscribed inflammation
+of the skin and tissues beneath, of the size of an egg, orange, or larger.
+It is a hard mass and ends in local death of some of the tissue and
+formation of pus, which empties upon the surface through several
+sieve-like openings.
+
+[60 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Symptoms.--There is a feeling of general sickness, chilliness and some
+fever. The skin over the sore part is hot and painful. The several dead
+parts may run together until the entire mass separates in a slough. In
+favorable cases it proceeds to heal kindly, but in severe cases it may
+spread to the surrounding tissues and end fatally, sometimes by the
+absorption of putrid materials, or by the resulting weakness. It runs
+usually from two to five weeks.
+
+Causes.--It comes in middle or advanced life, usually oftener in men than
+in women. It occurs frequently in patients suffering from diabetes, in
+whom it is usually fatal.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Carbuncles, Poppy Leaves to Draw and Ripen.--"A
+poultice of poppy leaves is very efficacious to draw or ripen a
+carbuncle." A poultice made from these leaves is very quieting and
+soothing, and at the same time will cause the carbuncle to ripen.
+
+2. Carbuncle, Slippery Elm and Sassafras Root for.--"Sassafras root and
+slippery elm bark boiled together and the decoction thickened with
+cornmeal." This should be changed as often as it becomes cool.
+
+3. Carbuncle, Sheep Sorrel Poultice for.--"Gather a bunch of sheep sorrel
+leaves, wrap them in a cabbage leaf and roast in the oven. Apply to the
+carbuncle, and it will soon ripen and break."
+
+4. Carbuncle, Bread and Milk Poultice for.--"Keep warm bread and milk
+poultice on until the core comes out, then put on salve or vaselin and
+keep covered until all healed."
+
+5. Carbuncle, the Common Scabious for.--"Take scabious, the green herb and
+bruise it. Apply this to the affected part. This has been found a very
+effectual remedy." The common field scabious have many hairy, soft,
+whitish green leaves, some of which are very small and rough on the edges,
+others have hairy green leaves deeply and finely divided and branched a
+little. Flowers size of small walnut and composed of many little ones.
+Sometimes called "Morning Bride," "Devil's Bit," etc.
+
+6. Carbuncle, Snap Bean Poultice for.--"Apply snap bean leaves beat up
+fine. Bruise the leaves until they are real fine, then apply as a
+poultice."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Carbuncles.--Keep up the strength by a
+nourishing diet and in some cases, stimulants.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 61]
+
+Local.--Cut it open thoroughly by a cross (crucial) cut, like this (x).
+The cut must reach through the mass to sound tissue beneath and beyond it.
+Then scrape out all the dead tissue. Dress with iodoform or sterile gauze.
+An antiseptic like listerine, glyco-thymoline, etc., can be used to wet
+the gauze, put on as a dressing afterwards and then more dry gauze above,
+strapped with adhesive plaster. Water and instruments must be boiled,
+hands must be absolutely clean. Everything around it must be clean.
+Sometimes it is necessary to go slowly and take out at each dressing only
+what can be easily removed, It is not always possible to get the whole
+mass away at once. Opening the carbuncle and giving free drainage afford
+great relief from the fever and often general symptoms. When the part
+feels as if it needed redressing, it should be done, for it then gives
+much relief. The dressings frequently become hard and do not absorb all of
+the material ready to be discharged. It is usually proper and prudent to
+dress a carbuncle two or three times a day. There is no danger if the one
+who dresses it is clean with the instruments, hands and gauze or cotton.
+
+
+
+LIVER SPOTS, Moth Patch, Chloasma, etc.--This is a discoloration of the
+skin of a yellowish to a blackish tint of varying size and shape.
+
+Causes.--It may be due to external agencies, such as rubbing, scratching,
+heat (tanning and sunburn) blistering; or due to diseases such as
+tuberculosis, cancer, malaria, Addison's disease, disease of the womb,
+pregnancy.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Liver Spots.--Remove all causes if possible.
+
+Local.--This must be carefully used, find out first how sensitive the skin
+is. Dr. Bulkley recommends this lotion:
+
+    Corrosive Sublimate       5 grains
+    Dilute Acetic Acid        2 drams
+    Borax                    40 grains
+    Rose water enough for     4 ounces
+
+Shake bottle, mix and apply to the part night and morning. If the skin
+becomes too scaly, a mild soothing ointment should be substituted for the
+above. White suggests the following:
+
+    Hydrarg. Ammon. Chlar     2 drams
+    Subnitrate Bismuth        2 drams
+    Starch                 1/20 ounce
+    Glycerin                1/2 ounce
+
+Mix and apply twice daily.
+
+The application of peroxide of hydrogen has only a temporary effect.
+
+BLACK-HEADS. Flesh Worms, Comedones, Pimples, etc.--This is a disorder of
+the sebaceous glands in which the sebaceous (fatty, cheesy) secretions
+become thickened; the excreting ducts, appearing on the surface, as
+yellowish or blackish points. They appear chiefly on the face, neck,
+chest, and back and are very unsightly.
+
+Symptoms.--They are easily pressed out, and appear then as thread-like,
+whitish masses which contain fatty material. The black point may be due to
+pigment or to dirt from without. Comedones may exist with acne and
+seborrhoea and excessive secretion of sebum.
+
+Causes.--Want of tone to the skin, which performs its functions
+sluggishly. Stomach-bowel disorders, menstrual disturbances and anemia are
+other causes and assist in making them worse. Improper care of the skin
+and dusty air may be other assistant causes.
+
+[62 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. For Pimples and Black-heads.--l. Pimples on the face,
+effective yet harmless remedy for:
+
+    Camphor                 10 grains
+    Acacia (pulverized)     20 grains
+    Sulphur (precipitated)   2 drams
+    Lime water               2 ounces
+    Rose water               2 ounces
+
+Apply on the face with a soft cloth at bedtime. Allow to dry and brush off
+the excess of the powder.
+
+Anyone suffering from these eruptions is usually willing to try every
+known remedy. The above is excellent and very effective and is harmless.
+
+2. Pimples, Alum Water for.--"Take a teaspoonful of alum to a quart of
+water and use as a wash, say three times a day. This will cure ordinary
+pimples on the face."
+
+3. Skin Blotches, Cream of Tartar and Sulphur for.--"Two ounces cream
+tartar and one ounce of powdered sulphur (from the lump). Mix.
+Dose:--Teaspoonful in a little water three times a day will cure."
+
+4. Rough Skin, Healing Cream for.--"One-fourth cup tallow melted, one
+teaspoonful glycerin, small lump camphor, dissolved. Mix all together by
+warming sufficiently." Rub in thoroughly as you do any face cream.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Pimples.--Remove the cause if possible. The diet
+should be like that given under dyspepsia and constipation. Menstrual
+disorders should be remedied.
+
+Local.--Remove the plugs (of sebum) and stimulate the skin glands. For
+this purpose prolonged (ten minutes at a time) bathing of the face with
+hot water and soap; tincture of green soap in the more indolent, sluggish
+cases, should precede the pressing out of the blackheads: Lateral pressure
+with the fingers or with the comedone extractor, especially contrived for
+this purpose, will express the black-heads. After they are out, the skin
+dried and cleaned, various stimulating remedies can be applied in
+ointments and lotions such as following:
+
+1.   "Precipitated Sulphur       1 dram
+      Ointment of Rose water     1 ounce
+
+Mix and rub on at night."
+
+2.    Beta-Naphthol   1/2 dram
+      Resorcin        1/2 dram
+      Lanolin           1 ounce
+
+Mix and apply locally.
+
+INFLAMMATION of the Skin. (Dermatitis).--This is due to many causes. It
+can come from injuries, for instance the rubbing or pressure of
+ill-fitting clothes, bandages, bites of insects and from scratching.
+
+Varieties.--Dermatitis ambustionis, (burning). This is due to excessive
+heat upon the skin.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 63]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Inflammation of the Skin.--Relieve the pain;
+protect the parts; exclude the air. Paint the burned part with a one to
+five per cent solution of cocaine, according to the severity of
+inflammation. Then apply soothing lotions of equal parts of lime-water and
+olive or linseed oil; cover the whole with absorbent cotton. Dusting
+powder of soda bicarbonate may also be used, or common soda. In burns with
+vesicles, etc., open them and then cover with carbolized oil, gauze and
+adhesive to hold the dressing. The parts can be washed with a solution of
+boric acid, one teaspoonful to a cup of water; then dust upon the parts
+sugar of lead once or twice a day. Some use it in solution; I like the
+powder better. Infusion of lobelia, one ounce to pint of hot water, is
+good. Also lead and laudanum wash.
+
+
+
+ECZEMA. (Humid Tetter-Salt Rheum-Dry Tetter). Definition.--Eczema is an
+inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized at its commencement by
+redness, pimples, vesicles, pustules and their combinations, with itching
+and burning. It terminates in a watery or pus-like discharge with the
+formation of crusts or scaling.
+
+Varieties.--There are many varieties, red, scaly, fissured, watery looking
+and hard skin.
+
+Symptoms.--Itching is almost always a symptom of this disease. There is
+more or less pouring out of liquid (serum). The dry, scaly type, and the
+weeping type, may alternate with each other. There are six cardinal
+symptoms; inflammation, itching, moisture, crusting, infiltration (liquid
+filling of the tissues), fissuring or cracking. Dr. Fox says that nearly
+one-third of all skin diseases are eczema in some of its stages or
+varieties. In one kind there is red spot (macule). The skin is dry, of a
+bright or dull red color, with intense itching or burning, more or less
+watery swelling in the acute stage. In the chronic stage, the skin becomes
+thick and covered with fine dry scales, usually in the face (Eczema
+Erythematosum).
+
+Eczema Vesiculosum. (Vesicular Eczema).--This is preceded by a feeling of
+heat and irritation about the part. In a short time pinhead sized vesicles
+appear. These frequently run together and form patches. They rupture
+rapidly; the liquid is poured out, dries up and forms crusts. The
+discharge stiffens linen, a characteristic of this variety.
+
+Eczema Pustulosum. (Pustules). Pustular Kind.--This is nearly like the
+preceding. The vesicles have pus in them from the start or develop from
+the vesicles. When the pustules rupture, their contents dry up to the
+thick greenish-yellow crusts. The scalp and face, in children especially,
+are the favored spots for this kind. It occurs in poorly nourished
+children.
+
+[64 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Eczema Papulosum. (Papular Variety).--This is characterized by flat or
+sharp pointed reddish pimples (papules), varying in size from a small to a
+large pin-head. They are usually numerous, run or crowd together and form
+large patches. The itching is usually very intense. This causes much
+scratching, rawness and crusts. The pimples may continue as such, or
+change into vesicles. In chronic cases they run together, and finally form
+thick scaly patches, and may run into a scaly eczema.
+
+Eczema Rubrum (red).--The skin looks red, raw, and "weeps."  It is most
+commonly found about the face and scalp in children, and the lower parts
+of the legs in the old.
+
+Eczema Squamosis. (Scaling).--This may follow any of the other varieties,
+but usually follows the red and pimple (papule) variety. They are various
+sized and shaped reddish patches, which are dry and more or less scaly.
+Thickening is always present, also a tendency to cracking of the skin,
+especially if it affects the joints. There are other varieties but these
+are the most important.
+
+RECOVERY.--Eczema has a tendency to persist and rarely disappears
+spontaneously.
+
+Causes.--Gout, diabetes, rheumatism, Bright's disease, dyspepsia,
+constipation, nervous trouble, heat, cold, strong soaps, acids, alkalies,
+rubbing, scratching, etc.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Eczema, Lemon or Vinegar for.--"Rub the spots with
+sliced lemon. This will sometimes relieve the itching. Bathing with
+vinegar water is better for some as it destroys the germs." The bowels
+should be kept open, and then constitutional faults removed as the
+eruption of the skin is but a local manifestation of a functional fault.
+
+2. Eczema, Olive Oil and Powder for.--"Bathe with olive oil and sift over
+the skin a powder composed of equal parts of fine laundry starch and oxide
+of zinc powder." Do not bathe with water until healed.
+
+3. Eczema, Herb Tea for.--"A good wash for eczema is made of an ounce of
+bruised blood-root and yellow dock, steeped well in a pint of alcohol, and
+half pint of vinegar." Apply gently to the affected parts.
+
+4. Eczema, Potato and Camphor for.--"Make a poultice of a cold potato with
+a small quantity of camphor. This is very good and relieves the trouble
+very soon."
+
+5. Eczema, Sulphur and Lard for.--"An excellent eczema cure is made by
+applying a paste made of sulphur and lard to the affected parts." This is
+very easily prepared, and has been known to cure many cases.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 65]
+
+6. Skin Diseases, Burdock Tea a Standard Remedy for.--"Take a handful of
+the freshly bruised burdock root to two quarts of water and boil down
+one-half; drink from a half to one pint a day." This is considered one of
+the best home remedies for skin diseases that is known and is perfectly
+harmless.
+
+7. Skin Disease, Blood Purifier for.--
+
+    "Iodide Potash                        192 grains
+    Fluid Extract Stillingia                1 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Prickly Ash Bark        1/2 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Yellow Dock               1 ounce
+    Compound Syrup Sarsaparilla to make     8 ounces
+
+Mix."
+
+8. Tetter, Reliable Remedy for.--"Turpentine 1 ounce, red precipitate 3
+drams, vaselin 4 ounces. Mix, rub on the affected parts several times a
+day." This is a splendid ointment for a severe case of tetter.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Eczema.--Water is likely to make acute cases
+worse. In order to cleanse the parts use water softened by starch or bran.
+Use oily preparations to soften the crusts and then they can be removed
+with water and good soap.
+
+In Chronic Sluggish Cases.--Water and strong soaps may be used. Cloths
+wrung from hot water and applied, will frequently relieve the itching. Use
+lotions in moist and salves in dry eczema. For the acute kind the remedy
+should be soothing, and more or less stimulating for the chronic forms.
+
+Local Treatment for the acute and sub-acute (between acute and chronic)
+eczema.
+
+In acute cases, with much pouring out of liquid (serum), lotions have a
+cooling effect. They should be frequently renewed.
+
+1. Black Wash.
+
+    Calomel                1 dram
+    Mucilage Tragacanth    1 dram
+    Lime water            10 ounces
+
+Mix. Can be used full strength or diluted. Bathe the affected parts
+several times daily for fifteen or twenty minutes with this lotion and
+apply oxide of zinc ointment afterwards.
+
+2. Lead and Laudanum wash.--When the parts discharge moisture with burning
+feeling, and are very sensitive the following is good:
+
+    Laudanum                      1/2 ounce
+    Solution of Sugar of lea    7-1/2 ounces
+
+Mix and apply externally with gauze saturated with it.
+
+3. A solution of boric acid is also a good remedy.
+
+4. Apply the following soothing application frequently, allowing the
+sediment to remain on the skin:
+
+    Powdered Calamine   1 dram
+    Oxide of Zinc       1 dram
+    Glycerin            1 dram
+    Lime water          6 ounces
+
+[66 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+5. Dusting powders.--Corn, potato or rice starch powders. Mennen's baby
+powder is also good. Borated kind is the best for this.
+
+6. Oxide of Zinc ointment alone, applied night and morning, is valuable in
+many cases.
+
+The Black wash should be used twice a day just before the oxide of zinc
+ointment is applied. In other cases powdered oxide of zinc is dusted over
+the part if the discharge is watery or profuse.
+
+7. McCall Anderson's Ointment.--
+
+    Oxide of Bismuth   1 ounce
+    Pure Oleic Acid    8 ounces
+    White Wax          3 ounces
+    Vaselin            9 ounces
+    Oil of Rose        5 drops
+
+Make an ointment and apply. The proportions of each ingredient call be
+reduced one-half, for smaller amount.
+
+8. Pastes are often borne better than ointment. The following is a good
+one. Lassar's paste:
+
+    Starch          2 drams
+    Oxide of Zinc   2 drams
+    Vaselin         4 drams
+
+Mix and make a paste, apply to the part and cover with soft gauze.
+
+9. For the Itching.--
+
+    Powdered Oxide of Zinc     1/2 ounce
+    Powdered Camphor         1-1/2 dram
+    Powdered Starch              1 ounce
+
+Mix and dust on as needed.
+
+When the disease is not so acute (sub-acute) applications of a mildly
+stimulating character are needed. For this purpose, resorcinal in the
+proportion of two to thirty grains to the ounce of lard, according to the
+severity and amount of hardness existing. Apply to the part. Stimulant and
+soothing.
+
+External Treatment of Chronic Eczema.--Applications for chronic and
+lasting sluggish eczema.
+
+1. Tincture of green soap used with hot water until the skin is bared and
+then dress with oxide of zinc ointment.
+
+2. Tar in the form of the pure Official tar ointment.
+
+3. Salicylic acid thirty to sixty grains to an ounce of lard and applied
+for stimulating purposes.
+
+4. Dr. Schalek uses the same remedies in part and the following for a
+fixed dressing, especially on the eyes. They do not need to be changed
+often.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 67]
+
+Glycogelatin Dressing.--
+
+    Gelatin           10 drops
+    Oxide of Zinc     10 drops
+    Glycerin          40 drops
+    Water             40 drops
+
+Mix and apply to the part.
+
+The above may be made in any quantities,--using drops, spoonfuls, etc.
+Dress the parts in a thin gauze bandage, over which the melted preparation
+is painted. I have given many different prescriptions, but those who treat
+skin diseases know that a great many are needed, for they act differently
+upon different persons.
+
+Special Varieties of Eczema and what to do for them.--
+
+Eczema of Children.--This is generally acute of the vesicular (watery) or
+vesicular pustular (pus forming) variety. The parts commonly affected are
+the scalp and the face.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Eczema.--Remove the causes, watch the feeding.
+Keep the folds of the skin dry and free from friction. To prevent
+scratching, masks must be applied to the scalp and face, or the hands must
+be tied in bad cases. The local treatment is the same as above except the
+strength of the drugs used must be reduced in proper proportion.
+
+Eczema of the Scalp, Milk Crust.--Remove the crusts by soaking the scalp
+with some bland oil for twelve hours, followed by a shampoo, (the hair
+should be cut in children) then the lotions and thin ointment (see above)
+should be applied.
+
+Eczema of the Face.--A mask of soft linen with holes cut out for the eyes,
+mouth and nostrils may be used.
+
+Eczema of the Scrotum.--A well fitting suspensory should be worn, sponge
+the parts with very hot water and follow with the anti-itching lotion and
+dusting powders for the itching.
+
+Eczema of the Hands in Adults.--Keep the hands out of water as much as
+possible. Dry them thoroughly and then anoint. Greatly thickened patches
+may be softened by soap plasters or bathe the parts in ten or twenty per
+cent solutions of caustic potash and followed by a salve application. The
+internal treatment must be given for the cause.
+
+Diet in Eczema.--Avoid salty foods, such as salted fish or pork and corned
+beef; greasy foods such as bacon and fried dishes; pastry and cheese.
+
+[68 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Salt Rheum. 1. Alum Wash and Cathartic for.--"Use
+an astringent wash as alum, tablespoonful in pint of water, and keep
+bowels opened by cooling medicines, as cream tartar, rochelle salts,
+etc." The alum solution will be found very cooling and by keeping the
+bowels open you will carry off all the impurities thus cleansing the
+blood, which is one of the essential things to do in salt rheum.
+
+2. Salt Rheum, Ammonia and Camphor for.--"Apply ammonia and camphor to the
+cracks. Have used this successfully when everything else failed." Care
+should be taken not to have the ammonia too strong, as it may irritate the
+skin more. If used properly, it is a good remedy.
+
+3. Salt Rheum, Cactus Leaf Cure for.--"From one large cactus leaf take out
+the thorns, add one tablespoon of salt, three tablespoons lard, stew out
+slowly, and grease with this at night. Remarks:--This cured my hand that
+had been in an awful condition for years."
+
+4. Salt Rheum, Pine Tar for.--"Apply pine tar as a paste." This is an
+excellent remedy but care should be taken in using it, as pine tar is very
+irritating to some people, and should be used very cautiously.
+
+
+
+BOIL. (Furunculus, Furuncle). Causes.--Boils may appear in a healthy
+person, but they are often the result of a low condition of the system;
+they are frequently seen in persons suffering from sugar diabetes.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Boil, My Mother's Poultice for.--"Poppy leaves
+pounded up and bound on are good. My mother has used this recipe and found
+it to be good." This remedy not only makes a good poultice, but is very
+soothing, as poppies contain opium. The leaves may be purchased at any
+drug store.
+
+2. Boil, Soap and Sugar Poultice for.--"Poultice made of yellow or soft
+soap and brown sugar, equal parts. Spread on cloth and apply faithfully."
+This makes a good strong poultice, and has great drawing powers and would
+be apt to create a good deal of pain, but would draw the boil to a head.
+The above remedy was sent in by a number of mothers, all of whom said they
+had tried it with success when other remedies failed.
+
+3. Boil, Vinegar or Camphor for.--"May be cured by bathing in strong
+vinegar frequently when they first start. When it stops smarting from the
+vinegar cover with vaseline or oil." Bathing the boil in vinegar seems to
+check the growth and does not allow them to become as large as they would
+ordinarily. If you do not have vinegar in the house, camphor will answer
+the same purpose.
+
+4. Boil, Bean Leaf Poultice for.--"Apply snap bean leaves, beat up fine."
+Bruise the leaves so that they are real fine, and apply to the boil. This
+acts the same as a poultice.
+
+5. Boil, Another Vinegar Remedy for.--"If taken at first a boil can be
+cured by dipping the finger in strong vinegar and holding on the boil
+until it stops smarting. Repeat three or four times then apply a little
+oil to the head of boil."
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 69]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Boils.--Tonics such as iron, quinine, and
+strychnine are good. Elixir, iron, quinine and strychnine from a half to
+one teaspoonful three times a day is a good tonic for an adult. Sulphide
+of calcium one-tenth grain four times a day is good. Paint the inflamed
+spot when it first begins, with a solution of gun cotton (collodion) and
+renew it every hour until a heavy contractile coating is formed.
+Poultices, if used, should contain sweet oil and laudanum. Alcohol and
+camphor applied over the skin in the early stages is recommended by
+Ringer. This I know is good. Another, wipe the skin and use camphorated
+oil. When boils occur in the external ear, the canal should be washed out
+with hot water. If it is ripe it should be opened. The following is good
+for the pain of a boil:
+
+    Iodoform      4 grains
+    Menthol       2 grains
+    Vaselin       1 dram
+
+Mix and smear a cotton plug and insert in the ear two or three times a
+day.
+
+ABSCESS.--An accumulation of pus (matter) in any part of the body.
+
+External Abscess.--Boil the knife, wash your hands in clean, hot, soapy
+water. Wash the abscess and surrounding parts in hot water and good soap,
+and rinse off with alcohol, a salt solution, or listerine, etc. Then make
+a good deep clean cut and scrape out if necessary. Dress with a clean
+linen gauze or absorbent cotton, Poultices may be used if you are careful.
+Such an abscess should be dressed twice a day. The inner dressing should
+be soft and thick enough to absorb all the secretion given out between
+dressings.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Abscess, Beech Bark Poultice for.--"Poultice made of
+red beech bark and wheat bran," A poultice made of the bark will cause a
+drawing feeling, and the wheat bran will retain the heat. The proportions
+for making the poultice should be about half and half.
+
+2. Abscess, Milk and Salt Poultice for.--"Make a poultice of one cup of
+hot milk and common salt three teaspoonfuls; salt added gradually so it
+will not curdle. Cook until smooth and creamy, then add enough flour so it
+will spread but not be dry. Divide this into four poultices and apply in
+succession every half hour. This will remove the soreness and it should be
+kept oiled until healed."
+
+3. Abscess, More Good Poultices for.--"Take equal parts of rosin and
+sugar, mix well and apply for several days until the abscess is broken. If
+this does not cause the abscess to break, poultice hourly with flaxseed
+meal."
+
+[70 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+FELON. (Whitlow).--An inflammation of the deeper structures and frequently
+it is under the covering of the bone, (periosteum). If under the latter it
+must be opened soon or the resulting pus will burrow and destroy bone,
+joints, etc. The pain is intense, and after the patient has passed one
+sleepless night walking the floor and holding his finger it should be
+opened.
+
+How? Place the hand with the fingers extended with the palm up (it is
+usually under the finger or in the palm of the hand) upon the table; stand
+by the side of the arm. Attract the patient to something else; have a
+curved two-edge knife ready and put the point, one-half inch, toward the
+palm, away from the felon part, press hard and the patient will jerk his
+hand and the cut will be made down to the bone, the membrane and tissues
+all opened freely, a vent given for the pus and in ten minutes very little
+pain. Dress as for an abscess. If opened this way, it need not be
+reopened.
+
+If in the Palm.--This needs a doctor, and must be opened with care. There
+are too many blood vessels to be careless there and one who understands it
+must do it. Open a true felon early before it has time to destroy the
+bone.
+
+
+
+SUPERFICIAL FELONS. Mothers' Remedies. 1. A Cure if Taken in Time.--"If
+taken in time a felon may be cured without lancing, but if poultice or
+liniment is used it is important that they should be bound on tightly as
+the mechanical compression is more essential than the application. A good
+remedy is finely pulverized salt, wet with spirits of turpentine bound
+tightly and left two or three days, wetting with the turpentine when dry
+without removing the cloth."
+
+2. Felon, Treatment until time to Lance.--"If the felon has succeeded in
+getting a good start and pains considerably, it is well to paint it with
+iodine; in a few days it will become very painful, the pain being so
+intense that you cannot sleep. See a physician at once then, and have it
+lanced as the sac of pus on the bone must be opened. Then apply flaxseed
+poultices. Care should be taken not to have it lanced too early, as this
+is dangerous.
+
+3. Felon, Strong Remedy for.--"Turpentine, yellow of egg and salt, equal
+parts, bind on." This is very strong and should only be allowed to remain
+on the finger a short time.
+
+4. Felon, Lemon to draw inflammation from.--"Take a lemon, make a little
+hole, put finger in it and hold there a number of hours." Lemons have a
+great many healing qualities in them, and seem to be very good for felons.
+The acid in the lemon seems to help draw out the inflammation and serves
+as a poultice.
+
+5. Felon, Hot Water Cure for.--"When you first feel it coming put the
+finger in a cup of hot water, just so it does not blister, keep adding
+more hot water as it cools for one hour. This has been tried several times
+and it has always stopped them."
+
+6. Felon, Soap and Cornmeal Poultice for.--"Poultice with soft soap and
+cornmeal. This never fails if taken in time."
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 71]
+
+7. Felon, Smartweed Poultice for.--"Apply the bruised leaves of smartweed
+and bind on tight as can be borne." This makes a very good poultice
+applied in this way.
+
+8. Felon, Hot Application for.--"When a felon first starts, soak the
+finger in equal parts of alcohol and hot water; keep it as hot as the
+finger will bear it."
+
+9. Felon, an Old, Tried Remedy for.--"Put wood ashes, covered with warm
+water in a dish on the stove, hold the affected part in this, allowing it
+to get as hot as can be borne."
+
+10. Felon, Turpentine Cure for.--"Soak the finger for one hour in
+turpentine. This has been known to cure a great many cases of felon."
+
+11. Felon, Weak Lye Application for.--"Stick your finger in weak lye (can
+lye). Have water just as hot as you can stand your finger in. Hold it in
+as long as possible."
+
+12. Felon, Rock Salt and Turpentine for.--"Rock salt dry and pounded fine.
+Mix equal portions with turpentine. When dry change. This cured a felon on
+my father." As much of our Canadian salt is rock salt, it is the most
+common salt to use.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Superficial Felons.--Such may be averted
+perhaps. I have heard of that but have never seen it done. They are not
+the genuine, true blue, terrible felons, but even these can give much
+pain. They do not need such a deep opening, and they are not so dangerous
+to the structures. They are superficial and abscesses, perhaps, might be
+the better term. For these many applications have been made.
+
+1. Some hold the finger in hot lye. That is a good poultice.
+
+2. Yolk of an egg and salt (equal parts) make a salve as a drawer.
+
+3. The membrane within the shell of an egg is another good drawing remedy.
+
+Dr. Chase gives this definition of a felon in his first edition: "This is
+on one of the fingers, thumb or hand and is very painful. It is often
+situated at the root of the nail." The latter is the kind, and also that
+of the structures above the covering of the bone that are eased by local
+treatment. Especially the superficial, about the nail, etc. Steaming with
+herbs will do such good, or any hot poultice will do good. Dr. Chase says
+in another place, "Whitlow resembles a felon, but it is not so deeply
+seated. It is often found around the nail. Immerse the finger in strong
+lye as long and as hot as can be borne several times a day." Such felons
+are curable by local treatment. I prefer the salt and yolk of the egg to
+the lye. If you cannot stand this all the time, steam in the intervals
+with strong herbs or use hot poultices, and then open when it points.
+
+[72 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+ULCERS. An Eating Away of the Parts, Causes.--Diseases like syphilis,
+tuberculosis, leprosy. Disturbances of nutrition, constitutional ulcers,
+local conditions. Ulcers are acute and chronic. An acute ulcer is a
+spreading ulcer, in and about which acute destructive inflammation exists.
+
+Treatment.--Keep them thoroughly clean (aseptic) and use soothing
+applications, mild lotions and salve.
+
+Chronic Ulcer.--This is one which does not tend to heal, or heals very
+slowly. Sometimes such ulcers need to be stimulated like the application
+of nitrate of silver and then healing applications. Carbolated oxide of
+zinc ointment is a good healing ointment.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Sores and Ulcers, the Potato Lotion for.--"Take the
+water you boil potatoes in and in one quart of it boil one ounce of
+foxglove leaves for ten minutes, then add one ounce tincture of myrrh to
+the lotion, bathe the affected parts with the lotion warm, then keep a
+cloth wet with it on the sore, if possible, until cured."
+
+2. Sores and Ulcers, Chickweed Ointment for.--"Chop chickweed and boil in
+lard, strain and bottle for use." This makes a fine green cooling
+ointment, It is surprising to see the relief obtained by this simple
+ointment.
+
+3. Old Sores and Wounds, Healing Ointment for.--
+
+    "Honey                    4 ounces
+    Spirits of Turpentine   1/2 ounce
+    Beeswax                   4 ounces
+    Oil of Wintergreen      1/2 ounce
+    Tincture of Opium         1 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Lobelia   1/4 ounce
+    Lard                    3/4 pound
+
+Mix by the aid of gentle heat, stirring well at the same time. This is a
+very useful ointment for healing wounds and old sores."
+
+4. Sores and Ulcers, Excellent Salve for.--"One tablespoon of melted
+mutton or even beef tallow while warm; add some spirits of turpentine and
+one teaspoonful of laudanum, stir well."
+
+5. Ill-Conditioned Sores, an Old German Remedy for.--"Wash or syringe the
+sore with weak saleratus water, and while wet fill with common black
+pepper. Remarks:--This is a highly recommended German remedy, and has
+been tried by my mother with good, results."
+
+6. Sores, Cuts, Antiseptic Wash for; Also Tooth Wash.--"Peroxide of
+hydrogen. Should always be kept in the house." If you are cut by anything
+that might cause infection or if scratched by a cat, in fact wherever
+there is chance for infection and blood poison, peroxide of hydrogen may
+be used by moistening well the wound with it as soon as you can. As a
+mouth wash put a little in a glass of water. Directions usually on the
+bottle.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 73]
+
+7. Indolent Ulcers and Boils, Chickweed and Wood Sage Poultice
+for.--"Equal parts of chickweed and wood sage pounded together make a good
+poultice for all kinds of indolent ulcers and boils."
+
+8. Ulcers, Proud Flesh, Venereal Sores and all Fungus Swellings, Blood
+Root and Sweet Nitre for.--"Two ounces pulverized blood root; one pint of
+sweet nitre; macerate for ten days, shake once or twice a day."
+
+9.  Rosin           1 ounce
+    Beeswax         1 ounce
+    Mutton Tallow   4 ounces
+    Verdigris       1 dram
+
+Melt the rosin, tallow and wax together, then add the verdigris. Stir
+until cool and apply.
+
+Add a few drops of carbolic acid to the above and you will have the
+carbolated salve which is quite expensive when bought prepared and under
+the manufacturer's label.
+
+10. Sores and Chapped Hands, Sour Cream Salve for.--"Tie thick sour cream
+in a cloth and bury in the ground over night. In the morning it will be a
+nice salve. Excellent for chapped hands or anything that requires a soft
+salve."
+
+11. Old Sores, A Four-Ingredient Remedy for.--"Soften one-half pound of
+vaselin, stir into it one-half ounce each of wormwood, spearmint and
+smartweed. This is good for old and new sores. My people near Woodstock,
+Canada, used this and found it very good."
+
+12. Ulcers and Sores, Carrots will heal.--"Boil carrots until soft and
+mash them to a pulp, add lard or sweet oil sufficient to keep it from
+getting hard. Spread and apply; excellent for offensive sores. Onion
+poultice made the same way is good for slow boils and indolent sores."
+This makes a very soothing poultice and has great healing properties.
+
+13. Ulcers and Sores, a Remedy that Cures.--"To one-fourth pound of tallow
+add one-fourth pound each of turpentine and bayberry and two ounces of
+olive oil. Good application for scrofulous sores and ulcers." This makes a
+good ointment, but should not be continued too long at a time as the
+turpentine might have a bad action on the kidneys.
+
+14. Ulcers and Old Sores, Bread and Indian meal for.--"Take bread and milk
+or Indian meal, make to consistency of poultice with water, stir in
+one-half cup of pulverized charcoal. Good to clean ulcers and foul sores."
+The bread and Indian meal make a good poultice while the charcoal is
+purifying and a good antiseptic.
+
+[74 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Ulcers.--Keep them thoroughly cleaned. A mild,
+weak, hot solution of salt water is good in chronic, slow healing,
+indolent ulcers. Carbolated salve applied afterwards is healing. Sometimes
+a stimulating poultice is necessary, like salt pork followed by soothing
+salves. If an ulcer looks red and angry, it needs soothing. If there is
+any "proud flesh" powdered burnt alum applied directly upon it and left on
+for an hour or two is good. Then soothing salves.
+
+Balsam of Peru is good for chronic ulcers. It stimulates them to a little
+activity.
+
+A salve made by boiling the inner bark of the common elder, the strained
+juice mixed with cream or vaselin is a good healing application for
+ulcers.
+
+Poultice an irritable, tender, painful ulcer with slippery elm bark.
+Repeat when necessary.
+
+Indolent Sluggish Ulcer.--This kind needs stimulating, salt solution, or
+salt pork applied.
+
+Poultice made of sweet clover is well recommended for ulcers. As before
+stated, the active kind should have soothing treatment. The chronic
+indolent kind, should be stimulated occasionally and then soothing
+applications applied.
+
+
+
+SHINGLES (Herpes Zoster). Definition.--This is an acute inflammatory
+disease of the skin, characterized by groups of vesicles upon the inflamed
+base, distributed along the course of one or more cutaneous (skin) nerves.
+
+Symptoms.--The eruption is preceded by a great deal of neuralgic pain and
+is almost always one-sided. They first appear as red patches and upon
+these patches vesicles soon develop (skin elevations with liquid in them);
+these are separate, size of a pin-head to a coffee bean, swollen with a
+clear fluid, and clustered in groups of two to a dozen. They may dry up in
+this stage, or they may fill with pus or run together, forming larger
+patches; new crops may appear, while the others fade. The vesicles rarely
+rupture of themselves, but dry into brownish crusts, which drop off
+leaving a temporary colored skin. It follows the course of a nerve. The
+most common seat of this disease is over one or more intercostal (between
+the rib) nerves, extending from the backbone to the breastbone. It also
+occurs along the side of the face and temple.
+
+Causes.--It is a self-limited disease, runs its course in a few weeks, of
+nervous origin and may be produced by exposure to weather changes, blows
+and certain poisons.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Shingles, Herb Remedy for.--1. "Make a solution of
+yerba rheuma, one ounce to a pint of boiling water, and apply freely to
+the part several times a day." The yerba rheuma has an astringent action
+and contracts the tissues, relieving the inflammation of the skin. It also
+relieves the itching.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES. 75]
+
+2. Shingles, Mercury Ointment for.--"Apply night and morning an ointment
+from the oleate of mercury." This preparation will be found effective, but
+care should be taken not to use too much of it, as oleate of mercury is
+very powerful. It relieves the burning and itching.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Shingles.--Protect the vesicles from rupture or
+irritation and relieve the pain. Paint the surface with a solution of gun
+cotton (collodion). Tonics to keep up the strength.
+
+
+
+EXCESSIVE SWEATING. (Hyperidrosis).--This is a disorder of the sweat
+glands in which sweat is thrown out in excessive quantities.
+
+Symptoms.--It may be great only in the armpit where it stains the
+clothing. When it comes on the hands and feet they may be wet, clammy and
+have an offensive odor. They may be soaked, inflamed and painful.
+
+Causes.--The local forms may be due to a nervous condition; it is often
+the result of general debility.
+
+Treatment.--General tonics are needed and those given under anemia, which
+see. Applications for the local treatment.--Solution of alum applied to
+the part will act as an astringent.
+
+White oak bark tea is good as anything. It should not be used so strong as
+to stop sweating entirely. Then follow it with dusting powders of starch
+or boric acid, containing salicylic acid (two to five per cent). When it
+occurs upon the feet use the Diachylon ointment. It must be made up fresh
+in a drug store. This is applied on strips of lint or muslin after the
+parts have been thoroughly washed and dried; it should be renewed twice
+daily, the parts being dried with soft towels and then covered with
+dusting powder, followed by the ointment.
+
+FRECKLES. (Lentigo).--Freckles are an excessive deposit of pigment in the
+skin.
+
+Causes.--Exposure to the sun's rays aggravates this condition.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Freckles. 1. Freckles, Buttermilk for.--"Buttermilk
+on the face every night." This is a very simple remedy, and as buttermilk
+is very easily obtained, anyone troubled with freckles can try this remedy
+without very much expense. This simple remedy has been known to cure many
+cases.
+
+2. Freckles, to Remove.--"Nitrate of potash applied to the face night and
+morning is very good, and the freckles will soon disappear."
+
+3. Freckles, Alcohol and Lemon Juice for.--"Use alcohol and lemon juice
+freely at night." Lemon juice is very good for the skin if applied
+frequently.
+
+[76 MOTHERS' REMEDIES.]
+
+4. Freckles, Excellent Lotion for.--
+
+    "Rose Water           4 ounces
+    Alcohol             1/2 ounce
+    Hydrochloric Acid   1/2 dram
+
+Mix and apply with sponge or cloth three times daily.
+
+5. Freckles, Borax Water for.--"Rain water eight ounces, borax one-half
+ounce. Mix and dissolve; wash parts twice daily."
+
+6. Freckles, Canadian Remedy for.--"Glycerin, lemon juice, rosewater,
+equal parts. Apply at night with a soft cloth,"
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Freckles.--They are apt to return on exposure to
+the sun. The following ointment may be of service. Care should be taken
+not to blister:
+
+    Ammoniated Mercury      1 dram
+    Subnitrate of Bismuth   1 dram
+    Glycerin Ointment       1 ounce
+
+Mix and apply every other night.
+
+
+
+PRICKLY HEAT RASH.--An acute inflammatory disease of the sweat glands;
+minute pimples and vesicles develop.
+
+Symptoms.--It occurs upon the body and consists of many pinhead sized
+bright red pimples and vesicles which are very close together. It appears
+suddenly, and is usually accompanied by much sweating and subsides in a
+short time with slight scaling following. There is itching, tingling and
+burning usually present.
+
+Cause.--Excessive heat in summer in children and weak people.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Prickly Heat, Soda Water for.--"Bathe with saleratus
+(baking soda) water, dry carefully and apply good talcum powder freely."
+
+2. Prickly Heat, Relief from pain of.--
+
+    "Borax Powder    6 drams
+    Menthol         10 grains
+    Rose Water       6 ounces
+
+Bathe the parts and between applications dust on lycopodium powder."
+
+The borax powder will be found good to cover the parts and muriate of
+morphia relieves the pain. The rose water is simply put in to dissolve the
+other ingredients.
+
+3. Prickly Heat, a Hamilton, Ontario, Mother Found Burnt Cornstarch good
+for.--"Dust with browned cornstarch. This acts like talcum powder and is
+not so expensive."
+
+[SKIN DISEASES. 77]
+
+4. Rash, Soothing Ointment for. l.--"Make an ointment of one dram of boric
+acid powder to one ounce of vaseline. First wash the affected parts with a
+strong solution of saleratus, then apply the ointment  and dust talcum
+powder over this." The washing with saleratus is very important as this is
+a good antiseptic and thoroughly cleanses the parts.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Prickly Heat.--It disappears usually in a few
+days. Tonics for the weak, light clothing, a light nourishing diet and
+frequent cold bathing. Alcoholic drinks are prohibited. White oak bark tea
+as a wash for the sweating, followed by dusting powders of starch,
+oatmeal, and zinc oxide, etc.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Chafing, Fuller's Earth Eases.--"Wash parts well
+with boracic acid water, then dust with fuller's earth," The boracic water
+is cleansing and fuller's earth is very healing. This is a very simple but
+effective remedy.
+
+2. Chafing, Good Home Remedy for.--"Usually all that is required is
+washing the parts well with castile soap and cold water, and anointing
+with plain vaselin," This remedy is always at hand, and is one to be
+relied upon. Vaselin, as we all know, is very healing.
+
+3. Chafing, Borax and Zinc Stops.--"Wash parts frequently with cold water
+and use the following solution:
+
+    Pure Water           2 gills
+    Powdered Borax       1 teaspoonful
+    Sulphate of Zinc   1/2 teaspoonful
+
+Apply by means of a soft rag several times daily. After drying the parts
+well, dust with wheat flour, corn starch or powdered magnesia;"
+
+The above combination is excellent as the water cleanses the parts and the
+borax and zinc are very soothing and healing.
+
+4. Chafing, Common Flour good to stop.--"Burn common wheat flour until
+brown. Tie in rag and dust chafed parts."
+
+
+
+MOLE. (Naevus).--Mole is a congenital condition of the skin where there is
+too much pigment in a circumscribed place. It varies in size from a
+pin-head to a pea or larger. The face, neck and back are their usual
+abiding place.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Moles.--They should be removed by knife or by
+electricity. The last is the best, especially for the hairy variety.
+
+Causes.--If they are subject to too much irritation they develop into
+malignant growth.
+
+
+
+ENLARGED NAIL. (Onychauxis).--The nail may become too long, thick or wide.
+Treatment.--Remove the cause. Trim away the excessive nail tissue with a
+knife or scissors. In paronychia, inflammation around the nail, pieces of
+lint or cotton should be inserted between the edge of the nail and the
+inflamed parts, and wet solution of antiseptics, like listerine or salt
+water, applied with cloths.
+
+[78 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+INFLAMMATION OF THE NAIL. (Onychia). Treatment.--Cut into the back part if
+it needs it. That will relieve the tension and pain. Sometimes the nail
+must be removed. The inflammation is at the base (matrix) of the nail.
+
+LOUSE, Disease of the Skin Produced by.--This is a disease of the skin
+produced by an animal parasite, the pediculus or louse. There are the head
+louse, pediculus capitis; the body louse, pediculus corporis; the pubis,
+(about the genitals) pediculus pubis. The color of lice is white or gray.
+They multiply very fast, the young being hatched out in about six days and
+within eighteen days are capable of propagating their same species. The
+nits are glued to the hair with a substance which is secreted by the
+female louse.
+
+HEAD LOUSE or Pediculus Capitis. Treatment.--The symptoms are very
+apparent. Apply pure kerosene, rub it into the hair thoroughly. It can be
+mixed with an equal part of balsam of peru. It should be left on the scalp
+for twelve to twenty-four hours and then removed by a shampoo. Other
+remedies that can be used are, tincture of staphisagria (stavesacre), this
+can be made into an ointment; or ointment of ammoniated mercury. The dead
+nits are removed from the hair by dilute acetic acid or vinegar. Cutting
+the hair is not usually required. An infusion of quassia is good as a
+wash.
+
+Body Louse or Clothes Louse (Pediculus Corporis).--This parasite lives in
+the clothes. It is apt to be found in the folds or seams, especially where
+the clothes come in close contact with the skin, as about the neck,
+shoulders and waist. This creature visits the body for its meal. They may
+produce different kinds of skin troubles like eczema, boils, etc.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Lice.--Destroy the lice and their eggs (ova) by
+thoroughly baking or boiling the clothing. The irritated skin can be
+healed by soothing applications like vaselin, and oxide of zinc.
+
+(Pediculus Pubis).--Lice on the hair of the pubis or about the genitals.
+This is the smallest parasite of the three varieties, and it attaches
+itself firmly to the hair with its head buried in the follicular openings,
+and it is removed with great difficulty.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Lice.--1. Ointment of mercury, blue ointment.
+This is to be used frequently. It is rather unclean and may create a
+severe inflammation so be careful of it.
+
+2. Solution of corrosive sublimate, from one to four grains to one ounce
+of water. This is good and can be used once or twice a day; rub thoroughly
+into the parts. It will cause redness and inflammation may follow if too
+much is used. It is very effective. Kerosene with an equal quantity of
+balsam of peru is a good remedy.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 79]
+
+
+BLISTER DISEASE, (Pemphigus).--This is an acute or chronic skin disease in
+which there are blisters of various sizes and shapes, and these usually
+occur in crops.
+
+Symptoms.--The disease may attack any part of the body. The blisters range
+from the size of a pea to a large egg. They contain at first a clear
+fluid, which soon becomes cloudy and looks more or less like pus. They
+last several days and then dry up. They do not rupture of themselves very
+often. It is not catching.
+
+Causes.--These are obscure and not understood. A low state of the system
+is usually found.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Blister Disease.--General treatment should be
+given. Arsenic is the best remedy and can be given in the form of Fowler's
+solution, five drops after meals at the beginning far an adult. This
+should be increased until some  poisonous symptoms, such as bloating in
+the face is produced.
+
+Elixir Quinine, Iron and Strychnine is good as a tonic, one teaspoonful
+after meals. Regulate the diet, give nourishing and easily digested food.
+
+Local Treatment.--Puncture the blisters. Then put on a mild ointment like
+vaselin; bran and starch baths can be given in some cases. The length of
+the time of the disease is uncertain.
+
+THE ITCH DISEASE. (Psoriasis) (not Common Itch). Definition.--This is a
+chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, in which there appear upon the
+skin thick, adherent, overlapping, scales of a shiny, whitish color, and
+these are situated upon a reddish, slightly raised and sharply outlined
+(defined) base.
+
+Symptoms.--They begin as small reddish spots, sharply defined against the
+healthy skin. They may be elevated slightly and soon became covered with
+whitish pearl colored scales. If the scales are picked off, there is left
+a smooth red surface, and from this, small drops of blood ooze out. No
+watery or pus-like discharge escapes at any period of this disease. These
+spots extend at the circumference (periphery), reaching the size of the
+drops, or of the coins, or they may run together and form ring-shaped, or
+crooked wavy lines of patches, with a center that is healing up. A few
+scattered spots may be present, or large areas may be involved. In rare
+cases the whole skin is affected. These spots or patches may occur an any
+part of the body, but involve the extending part of the limbs, especially
+the elbows and knees. There may be slight itching present at times.
+
+Course of the Disease.--It is chronic; patches may continue indefinitely
+or they may disappear in one place, while new crops appear elsewhere. This
+disease usually appears far the first time between the ages of ten and
+fifteen; it may then return at various intervals during a lifetime. It is
+usually worse during the winter.
+
+[80 MOTHERS' REMEDIES.]
+
+Causes.--Are usually unknown, it may occur in all classes and kinds of
+people.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Itch Disease.--Remedies for the general symptoms
+are demanded. The general health must be looked after. Stimulating foods
+and drinks and the use of tobacco are forbidden.
+
+Arsenic in the form of Fowler's solution from three to ten drops three
+times a day; or the arsenious acid in pills of 1/50 of a grain three times
+a day. This medicine must not be used in the acute form, but only in
+chronic cases.
+
+Local Treatment.--1. Remove the scales first and follow this by
+stimulating applications unless there is much inflammation. In such cases
+soothing lotions should be applied. Dr. Schalek of New York, recommends
+the following:
+
+2. Remove the scales thoroughly with hot water and soap and then apply:
+
+    Chrysarobin       1 dram
+    Ether, Alcohol    Equal parts of each and enough
+                         to dissolve the first remedy
+    Collodion         1 ounce
+
+Mix and apply with a brush to the parts affected.
+
+This solution may cause inflammation and great swelling, and on that
+account it should not be used on the face, it stains the skin. Dr. Hare
+recommends a bath only before the application. In that way some scales
+remain and there is not so much inflammation and swelling resulting. The
+stain can be removed with a weak solution of chlorinated lime.
+
+3. Tar Remedy.--Tar is also a good remedy in ointment forms. The skin
+should be closely watched to find out how sensitive it is to the tar's
+action, not only in this but in all skin diseases. Drugs should be changed
+occasionally, for they lose their efficiency.
+
+4. Tar and Sulphur Remedy for.--Never use tar on the face, it stains.
+
+    Ointment of Tar      1 ounce
+    Ointment of Sulphur  1 ounce
+
+Mix thoroughly and apply at night.
+
+5.  Precipitated Sulphur    6 drams
+    Tar                     6 drams
+    Green Soap              2 ounces
+    Lard                    2 ounces
+    Powdered Chalk          4 drams
+
+Apply frequently.
+
+If necessary more lard can be used, especially if the skin is very tender.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 81]
+
+6. Another good local application. It is composed of the following
+ingredients:
+
+    Resorcinol            1 dram
+    Zinc Oxide            1 dram
+    Rose Water Ointment  10 drams
+
+Apply twice a day to the part affected.
+
+After mixing the ointment heat it until the resorcinol crystals melt to
+prevent any irritation of the skin from them.
+
+    Ichthyol           2-1/2 drams
+    Salicylic Acid     2-1/2 drams
+    Pyrogallic Acid    2-1/2 drams
+    Olive Oil              1 ounce
+    Lanoline               1 ounce
+
+Mix thoroughly and apply.
+
+The result of the disease is always favorable as to life and general
+health. It yields to treatment, but it has a tendency to recur.
+
+ITCH. Common Itch (Scabies).--Itch is a contagious disease, due to the
+presence of an animal parasite. There is intense itching in this disease.
+The parasite seeks the thin, tender regions of the skin, the spaces
+between the fingers, wrists and forearms, the folds in the arm-pit, the
+genitals in men and the breasts in women.
+
+Cause.--It is always transmitted by contagion. An intimate and long
+contact is usually needed. A person occupying the same bed with one who
+has it is liable to take it. The female parasite lives from six to eight
+weeks, during which time she lays fifty eggs, which, when hatched out,
+become impregnated in their turn.
+
+MOTHERS' TREATMENT for Common Itch. 1. Mustard Ointment for.--"Make an
+ointment of cup of fresh lard (without salt) and a tablespoonful of dry
+mustard, work to cream and apply." This is very soothing.
+
+2. Itch, Grandmother's Cure for.--"Sulphur and lard mixed; rub on at
+night, then take a good bath, using plenty of soap, every day." The above
+ingredients are always easily obtained and anyone suffering with this
+disease will find relief from the itching by using this remedy. It is very
+soothing.
+
+3. Itch, Herb Ointment for.--"Mix the juice of scabious with fresh lard
+and apply as an ointment. A decoction made from the same herb might be
+taken at the same time to purify the blood. It is always well to take some
+blood tonic together with any outward application you may use." Some who
+read the above may know scabious by other names as the "morning bride" or
+"sweet scabious" or "devil's bit," etc.
+
+4. Itch, Elecampane Root Ointment for.--"Boil elecampane root in vinegar,
+mix with fresh lard, beating thoroughly." This is an excellent remedy for
+itch, having a very soothing effect and relieving the itching.
+
+[82 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+5. Itch, Oatmeal for.--"A poultice of oatmeal and oil of bays; cures the
+itch and hard swellings." Oatmeal poultices are more stimulating and draw
+more rapidly than those made of linseed meal.
+
+6. Itch, a Mother at Parma, Michigan, Sends the Following.--"Make a salve
+of sulphur and lard and each night apply it to the whole body; also one
+tablespoonful internally for three mornings, then skip three and so on.
+This is the only thing I know of that will cure itch. I have tried it with
+success."
+
+7. Itch, Kerosene for.--"Apply kerosene oil, undiluted, to the parts
+several times a day. Apply nitrate of mercury ointment to the body."
+
+8. Itch, Splendid Ointment for Common Itch.--
+
+    "Lac-Sulphur   160 grains
+    Napthaline      10 grains
+    Oil Bergamot     4 drops
+    Cosmoline        1 ounce
+
+Rub lac-sulphur into fine powder. Sift it into the melted cosmoline and
+stir until nearly cool, then add napthaline and oil bergamot. Stir until
+cool."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Itch.--If the skin is much inflamed or
+irritable, soothing baths and ointments should be used at first. There are
+three indications to be met in the treatment; first, to destroy the cause,
+the parasite; second, to cure the result of their work; third, to prevent
+a return or transmission to others.
+
+First Thing to Do.--Soak the body thoroughly with soap (green soap if you
+have it) and water, this softens the outer layer (epidermis). This layer
+covers the female parasite which burrows under it. The male does not
+burrow and it is therefore easier to kill. Rub the skin thoroughly with a
+rough towel after the soaking. This rubbing will remove the outer skin
+scales and with it some of the parasites. The towel should be boiled at
+once to prevent it from conveying the parasite to others. Then apply the
+ointment, which, if thoroughly applied, relieves the patient at once. The
+skin should be well softened and rubbed in order to open every track
+(burrow) of the parasite. Allow the ointment to remain on all night and
+use it for three or four nights successively.
+
+Ointments.--1. Simple sulphur ointment alone.
+
+2.   Oil of Cale (from Juniper)   1 dram
+     Sulphur Ointment             2 drams
+     Lanolin                      5 drams
+
+3.   Flowers of Sulphur           6 ounces
+     Oil of Fagi                  6 ounces
+     White Chalk                  4 ounces
+     Green Soap                  16 ounces
+     Lard                        16 ounces
+
+Apply at night. This is not so strong.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 83]
+
+4. For children the following can be used:
+
+    Sulphur       1 dram
+    Balsam Peru   1 dram
+    Lard          1 ounce
+
+Apply as usual.
+
+5. The following for adults:
+
+    Precipitated Sulphur       2 drams
+    Carbonate of Potash        1 dram
+    Lard Ointment          1-1/2 ounces
+
+Rub well into the skin.
+
+Second:--Heal the resultant sores with soothing applications like vaselin
+and a little camphor in it.
+
+Third:--Boil and disinfect all underwear and bedding or any article liable
+to give an abiding place to the parasite. It is easily cured with proper
+treatment.
+
+
+
+DANDRUFF (Seborrhoea).--The scurfs or scales (dandruff) upon the scalp are
+formed from seborrhoea.
+
+Definition.--The word seborrboea means to flow suet or fatty fluids.
+Seborrhoea is a functional disorder of the sebaceous gland (fatty, suet
+matter) and this secretion is somewhat altered in character.
+
+Varieties.--There are three varieties. These depend upon the character of
+the material excreted.
+
+1. Oily seborrhoea (seborrhoea oleosa).
+
+2. Dry seborrhoea (seborrhoea sicca).
+
+3. Mixed type of both.
+
+Oily seborrhoea.--Symptoms.--This appears most frequently upon the nose
+and forehead and sometimes upon the scalp. The skin looks oily,
+glistening, with the appearance of dust adhering to it. Small drops of oil
+are seen to ooze out of the follicles and when wiped off it reforms at
+once. The ducts of the follicles appear gaping or they are plugged with
+black-heads (comedones). The hair is rendered unusually oily, when it
+appears on the scalp, and it is especially noticeable on bald heads. It is
+very common in the negro, almost natural or physiological.
+
+Dry Seborrhoea.--This is a more common form and occurs upon the hairy or
+non-hairy parts, but chiefly upon the scalp (dandruff). The affected
+parts are covered with grayish, greasy scales, which are easily dislodged,
+the skin underneath is oily and slate gray in color. This type of the
+disease forms one type of dandruff. When it is of long standing the hair
+becomes dry and falls out.
+
+[84 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Mixed type.--This type is common upon the scalp. The surface is covered,
+more or less, with scales and crusts. If the disease continues long the
+hair becomes dry, lusterless and falls out. Permanent baldness may result.
+
+Causes.--These may be constitutional and local. "Green sickness"
+(chlorosis), disorders of the stomach and bowels are often the cause.
+
+Local.--Uncleanness, lack of care of the scalp, heavy and airtight hats
+may cause it. Some writers claim parasites are the cause.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Dandruff, Home Preparation from New York State
+Mother.--"Into one pint of water drop a lump of fresh quick-lime, the size
+of a walnut; let it stand all night, pour off the clear liquid, strain,
+and add one gill of the best vinegar, wash the roots of the hair with the
+preparation. It is a good remedy and harmless."
+
+2. Dandruff, a Barber's Shampoo for.--"Shampoo with the following:
+
+    Sassafras          5 cents worth
+    Salts of Tartar   10 cents worth
+    Ether             10 cents worth
+    Castile Soap       5 cents worth
+
+Dissolve the above in one gallon of soft water. Rinse the hair thoroughly
+and repeat as often as necessary. This recipe was given me by a barber and
+I find it very good,"
+
+3. Dandruff, Lemon Juice for.--"Cut a lemon in two, loosen the hair and
+rub the lemon into the scalp. Do this in the evening before retiring, for
+about a week, then stop for a few nights, then use for another week, and
+so on until cured."
+
+4. Falling Hair, a Brook, Ontario, Lady Prevents.--"Garden sage, make a
+quart sage tea, add equal parts (a teaspoonful) of salt, borax and
+rosewater, and one-half pint of bay rum. Wet the head with this every
+night."
+
+5. Hair Restoratives, Simple and Harmless.--"A simple and harmless
+"invigorator" is as follows:
+
+    Cologne Water              2 ounces
+    Tincture of Cantharides    2 drams
+    Oil of Lavender           10 drops
+    Oil of Rosemary           10 drops
+
+Use twice daily. If it makes the scalp a tittle sore, discontinue for a
+short time."
+
+6. Dandruff, Talcum Powder an Excellent Remedy for.--"Take talcum powder
+and sprinkle in the hair thoroughly, then brush," This is a very good
+remedy.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Dandruff.--If there are general diseases, they
+should be treated.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 85]
+
+Local--In mild cases, shampooing with hot water and a good soap may be
+sufficient when the scales and crusts are thick and abundant; first soften
+them with olive oil and then remove them with hot water and green soap.
+
+After the scalp has been cleaned, the remedies should be applied. The
+remedies should be thoroughly rubbed in and applied in the form of
+ointments or lotions and used once daily. Cutting the hair may be
+necessary. The odor of sulphur may be overcome by the use of perfume. If
+the scalp becomes too dry after shampooing some oil should first be
+applied, whatever application is used afterwards.
+
+Remedies.--Resorcin, sulphur, salicylic acid, in combination with other
+ingredients. Some favorite prescriptions are now given:
+
+1.  Resorcin           1 to 2 drams
+    Pure Castor Oil         1 dram
+    Alcohol                 2 ounces
+
+    Mix and rub well into the scalp.
+
+2.  Precipitated Sulphur    1 dram
+    Salicylic Acid         15 grains
+    Ointment Petrolatum     1 ounce
+
+3.  Washed Sulphur          4 drams
+    Castor Oil             10 drams
+    Oil of Cocoa            1 ounces
+    Balsam of Peru        1/2 ounce
+
+    Apply twice daily.
+
+4.  Carbolic Acid                   20 drops to 1 dram
+    Oil of Almonds                   4 drams
+    Oil of Lemon                     1 dram
+    Distilled Water, enough to make  2 ounces
+
+    Apply after washing.
+
+The oily type is best treated with lotions and powders. The disease is
+very obstinate, but generally gets well.
+
+WEN (Sebaceous Cyst. Steatoma).--A wen varies in size from a millet seed
+to an egg, and it is due to the distention of a sebaceous gland by its
+retained secretions. They occur most commonly on the scalp, face and back.
+They cause no pain, grow slowly, and after they have grown to a certain
+size remain stationary for an indefinite time. Sometimes they become
+inflamed and ulcerate.
+
+Treatment.--Make a free cut and take the mass out. Its covering (capsule)
+or sac must be removed at the same time, for if any of this membrane
+(capsule) is left it will fill up again. Equal parts of fine salt and the
+yolk of an egg beaten together and applied continuously will eat the skin
+open and the mass can then be taken out. This is quite painful and takes
+several days, while with the knife there is little pain if cocaine is
+injected and it will all be over in a few minutes.
+
+[86 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+RINGWORM (Tinea Trichophytina).--Ringworm is a contagious disease of the
+skin, produced by the presence of a vegetable parasite. The disease
+affects the hair follicles of the scalp and the beard, and also of the
+portions of the body that, seemingly at least, have no hair.
+
+Varieties.--Ringworm affecting the body called Tinea Circinata. Ringworm
+affecting the scalp called Tinea Tonsurans. Ringworm affecting the beard,
+etc., Tinea Barbae (barbers' itch).
+
+Ringworm of the Body.--This type of ringworm usually begins as one or
+several round, somewhat raised and very small, defined congested spots and
+these are covered with a few branny scales. The disease extends from the
+circumference and, while healing in the center, assumes a shape like a
+ring and these rings may become as large as a silver dollar and remain the
+same size for months or years, or they may go together (coalesce) to form
+circle (gyrate) patches. Vesicle and pimples frequently crop out at the
+circumference.
+
+Mothers' Remedies for Ringworm.--1. Gunpowder and Vinegar for.--"Make a
+paste of gunpowder and vinegar and apply. Sometimes one application will
+be sufficient; if not, repeat."
+
+2. Ringworm, Cigar Ashes for.--"Wet the sore and cover with cigar ashes.
+Repeat frequently. This will cure if taken in time." This is a very simple
+and effective remedy. Cigar ashes are always easy to obtain and if applied
+to the ringworm at the very beginning, the nicotine in the tobacco will
+draw out the soreness and relieve the inflammation.
+
+3. Ringworm, Kerosene for.--"Apply kerosene with the finger or a cloth
+several times a day."
+
+4. Ringworm, Ontario Mother Cured Boy of.--"Wash head with vinegar and
+paint with iodine to kill germ. Cured a neighbor's boy."
+
+5. Ringworm, Another from a Mother at Valdosta, Georgia.--"Burdock root
+and vinegar." Take the dock root and steep it the same as any ordinary
+herb tea, then add your vinegar, making the proportions about half and
+half. Apply this to the affected part.
+
+6. Ringworm, Egg Skin Remedy for.--"Take the inner skin of an egg and wrap
+around it, and cover with a piece of cloth."
+
+7. Ringworm, from a Mother at Owosso. Michigan.--"Take gunpowder and wet
+it and put it on the sores," This remedy has been tried a great many times
+and always gives relief when taken right at the beginning. So many people
+will wait, thinking the ringworm will disappear of its own accord, instead
+of giving some simple home remedy like the above a trial.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 87]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Ringworm.--1. For infants and children simpler
+remedies should be used at first. Scrub each patch with tincture of green
+soap, or merely good soap and water may be employed. Then apply tincture
+of iodine to the patches, once or twice a day, enough to irritate the
+patches. Dilute acetic acid, or dilute carbolic acid will do the same
+work. A ten per cent solution of sodium hyposulphite is a good remedy
+also.
+
+2. Corrosive sublimate, one to four grains to the ounce of water, is very
+good to put on the patches. For children the strength should be about
+one-half grain to the ounce.
+
+3. Ammoniated mercury is also very good to put on. Sometimes a combination
+of remedies will do better, as follows:
+
+    Milk of Sulphur        2-1/2 drams
+    Spirits of Green Soap       6 drams
+    Tincture of Lavender        6 drams
+    Glycerin                  1/2 dram
+
+4.  Pure Iodine       2 ounces
+    Oil of Tar        1 ounce
+
+Mix with care gradually.
+
+5.  Creasote                20 drops
+    Oil of Cadini            3 drams
+    Precipitated Sulphur     3 drams
+    Bicarbonate Potash       1 dram
+    Lard                     1 ounce
+
+Mix, to be used in obstinate cases in adults.
+
+Ringworm of the Scalp.--Cautions and Treatment.--Be careful that others do
+not catch it from you. Separate the child affected. Cleanse the diseased
+parts from time to time by shampooing with a strong soap. The hair over
+the whole scalp should be clipped short and the affected parts shaved, or
+if allowed, the hairs in the affected parts pulled out. The remedies are
+then applied if possible in the shape of ointments, which are thoroughly
+rubbed in. Vaselin and lanolin are better as a base for the medicine, as
+they penetrate deeper. Following remedies are the most valuable:
+
+1. Carbolic acid, one to two drams to glycerin one ounce.
+
+2. Oleate of mercury, strength ten to twenty per cent.
+
+3. Sulphur Ointment, ten to twenty per cent strength.
+
+4. Tincture of Iodine.
+
+This variety lasts longer than the ringworms on the body, months sometimes
+are required to cure it.
+
+BARBER'S ITCH (Ringworm of the Beard).--Mother's Remedies. 1. Standard
+Remedy for.--"Plain vaselin two ounces, venice turpentine one-half ounce,
+red precipitate one-half ounce. Apply locally. Great care should be taken
+not to expose affected parts to cold and draughts while ointment is in
+use, especially if affected surface is large." The above is a standard
+remedy and will be found very effective in all cases of barber's itch. The
+vaselin will assist in healing the sores and softening up the scabs.
+
+[88 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+2. Barber's Itch, Healing Ointment for.--"Plain vaselin four ounces,
+sulphur two ounces, sal-ammoniac powder two drams. Mix and apply daily
+after cleansing the parts thoroughly with castile soap and soda water.
+This is also an almost infallible cure for common itch." The vaselin is
+very good and healing, while the sulphur has a soothing effect and is a
+good antiseptic.
+
+3. Barber's Itch, Reliable Remedy for.--"Citrine ointment one dram,
+vaselin or cosmolin one ounce. Mix thoroughly. Wash the affected parts
+clean and apply this ointment on a soft rag three times a day." This is a
+standard remedy and one to be relied upon. It is very soothing and has
+great healing properties.
+
+4. Barber's Itch, Sulphur and Lard for.--"Sulphur and lard mixed together
+and applied three or four times a day. Have found this to be the best of
+anything ever used for barber's itch." This remedy will be found very good
+if the case is not very severe. If the face is covered with sores, filled
+with pus and of long standing a stronger treatment should be used. See
+other Mothers' Remedies, also Doctors' Treatment.
+
+5. Barber's Itch, Cuticura Ointment for.--"Apply cuticura ointment to the
+sores, and as it draws out the water press a clean cloth against the sore
+to absorb the water. This will generally draw the water out in three or
+four days."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Barber's Itch.--Pulling out the hairs or close
+shaving every day. Keep the affected parts soaking with olive oil for two
+successive days. The evening of the third day the shampoo is employed, the
+skin is washed free from crusts and scales, shave cleanly. After shaving
+bathe the parts for ten minutes with borated water, as hot as can be
+borne; while this is being done, all pustules or points where there is a
+mucous fluid coming out to the surface are opened with a clean needle.
+Sponge freely over the affected surface with a strong solution of
+hyposulphite of sodium for several minutes and not allow it to dry; this
+solution may contain one dram and perhaps more to the ounce. After a
+thorough and final washing with hot water, the tender skin is carefully
+dried and gently smeared with a sulphur ointment containing one to two
+drams of sulphur to the ounce of vaselin, often with the addition of from
+one-quarter to one-half grain of mercuric sulphide. In the morning wash
+the ointment off with soap and water, the sodium solution is reapplied and
+a borated or salicylated powder is thoroughly dusted and kept over the
+parts during the day and apply ointment at night. The shaving must be
+repeated at least the next day. As soon as there are no pustules (lumps),
+or they have diminished in size, the ointment at night is superseded by
+the use of the dusting powder. The washing with very hot water and with
+the solution hyposulphite is continued nightly, when the inflammation
+excited by the parasite is limited to the follicles that are invaded.
+Continue the dusting powder after the ointment is discontinued.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 89]
+
+WART (Verucca). Mothers' Remedies.--1. An Application for, also Good for
+Cuts and Lacerations.--"Make a lotion of ten drops tincture of marigold to
+two ounces of water and apply." This is also good for severe cuts and
+lacerations. It may be applied by cloths or bandages if the case requires.
+
+
+2. Warts, Match and Turpentine Wash.--"Dissolve matches in turpentine and
+apply to wart three or four times," This preparation helps to eat them
+away and if kept on too long is apt to produce a sore; care should
+therefore be taken in using this remedy.
+
+3. Warts, Muriate of Ammonia for.--"Take a piece of muriate of ammonia,
+moisten and rub on the wart night and morning; after a week's treatment
+the wart, if not extra large, will disappear."
+
+4. Warts, Turpentine for.--"Rub frequently with turpentine for a few days
+and they will disappear. This is a very simple remedy, but a good one, and
+worth trying if you are afflicted with warts."
+
+5. Warts, to Remove.--"The juice of the marigold frequently applied is
+effectual in removing them. Or wash them with tincture of myrrh."
+
+6. Warts, Milkweed Removes.--"Let a drop of the common milkweed soak into
+the wart occasionally, the wart will loosen and fall out. This can be
+applied as often as convenient; here in Canada we do not have to go far to
+get a plant."
+
+7. The following is a good application:
+
+    Salicylic Acid     1/2 dram
+    Cannabis Indicia     5 grains
+    Collodion            1 ounce
+
+Mix and apply to the wart.
+
+Tincture of thuja is very good in some cases when applied daily.
+
+HIVES, Nettle Rash (Urticaria). Causes.--Foods such as shell fish,
+strawberries, cheese, pickles, pork and sausages.
+
+Medicines that may cause it.--Quinine, copaiba, salicylic acid, etc.
+Disorders of the stomach and bowels. Insects, like mosquito, bedbug, etc.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Hives or Nettle Rash, Slippery Elm.--"Slippery elm
+used as a wash and taken as a drink." Slippery elm is especially good for
+any skin disease, as it is very soothing to the parts and relieves the
+itching. If taken as a drink it acts on the kidneys and bowels, throwing
+off all the impurities.
+
+2. Hives or Nettle Rash, External and Internal Home Medicine for.--"Bathe
+with weak solution of vinegar. Internal remedy; sweet syrup of rhubarb
+with small lump of saleratus (size of a pea) dissolved in it. This dose
+was given to a two-year-old child." The rhubarb helps to rid the stomach
+and bowels of its impurities, relieving the disease, as hives are usually
+due to some disorder of the kidneys and bowels.
+
+[90 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+3. Hives or Nettle Rash, Tea and Powder for.--"Rub with buckwheat flour;
+this will relieve the itching almost immediately. Sassafras tea is a good
+internal remedy."
+
+4. Hives or Nettle Rash, Catnip Tea for.--"Boil catnip leaves to make a
+tea, slightly sweeten and give about six or eight teaspoonfuls at bed time
+and keep patient out of draughts." The tea can be taken throughout the day
+also. If taken hot on going to bed it causes sweating and care should be
+taken not to catch cold while the pores are opened.
+
+5. Hives or Nettle Rash, Mother from Buckhorn, Florida, says following is
+a sure Cure for.--"Grease with poplar bud stewed down until strong; take
+out buds, add one teaspoonful lard, stew all the water out. Grease and
+wrap up in wool blanket."
+
+6. Hives or Nettle Rash, from a Mother at New Milford, Pennsylvania.--"One
+tablespoonful castor oil first. Then put one tablespoonful salts and cream
+tartar in glass of water; take one spoonful before eating. Have used this
+and found it excellent." The castor oil acts on the bowels and the cream
+of tartar on the blood.
+
+7. Hives or Nettle Rash, Buttermilk for.--"Buttermilk applied two or three
+times a day. Found this to be good for nettle rash." Buttermilk is very
+soothing and will relieve the itching. This is an old tried remedy.
+
+8. Hives or Nettle Rash, Baking Soda Wash for.--"Make a strong solution of
+common baking soda, about three teaspoonfuls to pint of water. Sponge or
+bathe body thoroughly." Any mother who has a child in the house knows how
+valuable baking soda is in case of burns, on account of its cooling
+properties. For this same reason it will be found excellent for above
+disease, as it will relieve the itching and is very soothing. Good for
+children if used not quite as strong.
+
+9. Hives or Nettle Rash, Canada Blue Clay for.--"Mix up blue clay and
+water to make a paste. Leave until dry and then wash off."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Hives or Nettle Rash.--Remove causes. Bowels and
+kidneys should act freely. Abstain from eating for a day or two if
+necessary.
+
+For the Itching.--Diluted vinegar, applied is effective. Also camphor.
+
+    Cream of Tartar   2 ounces
+    Epsom Salts       2 ounces
+
+Take three or four teaspoonfuls to move the bowels, or one teaspoonful
+every three hours if the bowels are regular enough. For a child one year
+old, give one teaspoonful in water every three hours until the bowels move
+freely.
+
+
+
+SUNBURN.--When severe, sunburn may present the symptoms of inflammation of
+the skin. Then there will be redness, swelling and pain followed by deep
+discoloration of the skin.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 91]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Sunburn.--1. Lemon Juice and Vinegar for.--"An
+application of the juice of a lemon or vinegar."
+
+2. Sunburn, Ammonia Water for.--"Ammonia will remove sunburn in one
+night." Care should be taken in using this remedy. The ammonia should be
+diluted half with water and not used too often.
+
+3. Sunburn, Relief from Pain and Smarting of.--"Benzoated zinc ointment or
+vaselin applied to the affected parts is sure to give relief and avoid
+much pain and smarting."
+
+4. Sunburn, Preparation for.--"I have found nothing better than
+mentholatum." Mentholatum is simply a mixture of vaselin or cosmolin and
+menthol. They are both very healing, and will be found beneficial.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Sunburn.--Soothing ointments and dusting powders
+are generally sufficient for sunburn. Talcum powder (Mennen's borated),
+rice powder, oatmeal powders are good and healing. The following are good:
+
+1.  Oxide of Zinc Powder     1/2 ounce
+    Powdered Camphor       1-1/2 dram
+    Powdered Starch            1 ounce
+
+Mix. Dust on the parts.
+
+2.  Powdered Starch     1 ounce
+    Powdered Camphor    1 dram
+
+Well mixed and applied is soothing to the parts.
+
+3. The following is a good combination:
+
+      Carbonate of Lead        1 dram
+      Powdered Starch          1 dram
+      Ointment of Rose Water   1 ounce
+      Olive Oil                2 drams
+
+Mix and apply to the inflamed skin.
+
+GANGRENE.--This is the death of a part of the body in mass. There are two
+forms, moist and dry.
+
+Dry Gangrene.--This is a combination produced by a loss of water from the
+tissues. The skin becomes dark and wrinkled and is often hard, like
+leather. Senile or old age gangrene, and really due to the arterial
+sclerosis, usually occurs in the lower extremities, involving the toes. A
+slight injury may first start up the trouble. The pain in this variety is
+not usually great.
+
+[92 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Gangrene, Remedy from New York that cured a
+Gangrenous Case.--"A man aged 74 years had a sore below the knee for
+fifteen years; at last gangrene appeared in his foot and three physicians
+pronounced his case hopeless on account of his age. I was called as a
+neighbor and found the foot swollen to twice its natural size, and the man
+in pain from head to foot. I ordered cabbage leaves steamed until wilted,
+then put them over the limb from knee to foot and covered with a cloth. In
+about fifteen minutes they were black, so we removed them and put on fresh
+ones, repeating the change until the leaves did not turn black. Then the
+sore was thoroughly cleansed with a weak solution of saleratus and while
+wet was thickly covered with common black pepper and wrapped up. The
+saleratus water and pepper was changed night and morning until the sore
+was entirely healed. After the third day this man had no pain, and in four
+weeks was entirely healed. A year later he said he had never had any
+trouble with it or with rheumatism which he had had for years before."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Gangrene.--The skin should be treated. Poultices
+sometimes may be good, or bottles of hot water around the parts. A general
+tonic should be given.
+
+Moist Gangrene. Causes.--Wounds, fractures, injuries, pressure from lying
+in bed and frost bite.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Moist Gangrene.--Remove the cause if possible.
+This kind is more dangerous, and a physician should be called as the best
+treatment that can be given is none too good.
+
+BLISTER.--This is a watery elevation of the outer skin. It is caused by
+rubbing, for instance of a shoe, friction from anything, or from burns. It
+frequently appears on the hands after working for some time at manual
+labor, when the hands are not accustomed to work. It is the common blister
+which hardly needs much describing.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Blister.--1. Linseed Oil for.--"Linseed oil used
+freely." This is a very good remedy because it is soothing. Any good
+soothing lotion or salve that will draw out the soreness and pain is
+helpful.
+
+2. Blister. A Method of Raising a Blister.--"If a blister is needed take
+an ordinary thick tumbler, rub alcohol inside and around the rim, then
+invert over a piece of cotton, saturated with alcohol and ignited; after a
+few minutes the glass may be removed and clapped on the surface of the
+body. As the glass contains rarified air the flesh will be drawn up into
+it and a blister formed."
+
+
+
+IVY POISONING.--The parts usually affected are the hands, face, the
+genitals, the arms, the thighs and neck.
+
+Symptoms.--These usually appear soon. Red patches, with scanty or profuse
+watery pimples, with a watery discharge after bursting. There is swelling,
+intense burning and itching. The parts sometimes swell very much and look
+watery. The person can hardly keep from scratching.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Ivy Poisoning, Buttermilk and Copperas for.--"Wash
+in copperas and buttermilk three or four times a day. Have seen this used
+and it helped." The copperas and buttermilk is very good when applied to
+the parts immediately after the poison is discovered. The copperas acts
+very much like sugar of lead and in some cases is very much more
+effective.
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 93]
+
+2. Ivy Poisoning, Cure for.--
+
+    "Bromine    10 to 20 drops
+    Olive Oil          1 ounce
+
+Mix. Rub the mixture gently into the affected parts three or four times a
+day. The bromine being volatile the solution should be freshly made."
+
+This remedy is frequently used by physicians, and is very effective.
+
+
+
+CHAPPED HANDS AND FACE. Mothers' Remedies.--1. Chapped Hands, Quince Seed
+Cream for.--"Soak one teaspoonful of quince seeds in one cup warm water
+over night. Strain through a cloth and add one ounce glycerin, five cents'
+worth bay rum, and perfume if you choose."
+
+2. Chapped Hands, Soothing Lotion for.--"Bathe them in soft water using
+ivory soap and Indian meal; when dry bathe in vinegar. Have tried this
+treatment and my hands feel soft and easy after treatment." It would be
+best to dilute the vinegar with water one-half.
+
+3. Chapped Hands, Glycerin for.--"Use glycerin freely." Glycerin is very
+irritating to some people, then again it works like a charm. You can tell
+only by trying it.
+
+4. Chapped Hands, Carbolic Salve for.--"We always use a good carbolic
+salve for these, as we have found nothing better for sores of any kind." A
+few drops of carbolic acid added to any good salve will give you the
+above.
+
+5. Chapped Hands, Glycerin and Lemon Juice for.--"Two-thirds glycerin,
+one-third lemon juice, mix well together; apply nights."
+
+6. Chapped Hands, Camphor Ice for.--"Camphor ice." Apply frequently after
+thoroughly washing and drying the hands.
+
+7. Chapped Hands, Remedy from a New York Lady.--
+
+    Glycerin        4 ounces
+    Cologne         2 ounces
+    Benzoin       1/2 ounce
+    Rain water      1 pint
+
+Mix thoroughly and apply to the hands after washing.
+
+This remedy has also been used for years by a friend, and we have proved
+it good. If applied frequently during the winter the hands will not chap."
+
+8. Chapped Hands, Rose Cream for.--"Get ten cents' worth of rose water,
+five cents' worth of glycerin and the juice of one lemon. Mix and rub on
+the affected parts,"
+
+9. Chapped Hands, Preventive for.--"A little diluted honey or almond oil
+will restore softness and prevent chapping."
+
+[94 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+10. Chapped Hands or Face, from a Twin Falls Idaho, Mother.--"One-fourth
+ounce gum tragacanth dissolved in one and half pints of soft water; then
+add ounce each of alcohol, glycerin and witch-hazel, also a little
+perfume. I find this one of the best remedies I ever used for sore or
+chapped hands."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Chapped Hands.--
+
+1.  Subnitrate of Bismuth    3 drams
+    Oleate of Zinc           3 drams
+    Lycopodium               2 drams
+
+Mix. Apply to the parts three times daily.
+
+2. Powdered camphor mixed with vaselin is healing.
+
+3. Ointment of water of roses (cold cream) is a soothing application. It
+can be improved by adding a little glycerin and benzoic acid--this keeps
+it sweet in warm weather.
+
+4. Powdered zinc oxide, or starch as a dusting powder.
+
+FACE CREAMS, Mothers' Preparations.--l. Cream of Pond Lilies.--"This
+agrees especially well with oily skins; will keep indefinitely.
+
+    Orange Flower Water, triple        6 ounces
+    Deodorized Alcohol             1-1/2 ounces
+    Bitter Almonds, blanched
+      and beaten in a mortar           1 ounce
+    White Wax                          1 dram
+    Spermaceti                         1 dram
+    Oil of Benne                       1 dram
+    Shaving Cream                      1 dram
+    Oil of Bergamot                   12 drops
+    Oil of Cloves                      6 drops
+    Oil of Neroli Bigrade              6 drops
+    Borax                            1/5 ounce
+
+Dissolve the borax in the orange flower water, slightly warmed. Mix the
+wax, spermaceti, oil of benne and shaving cream in a bainmaire, at gentle
+heat. Then stir in the perfumed water and almonds. Strain through a clean
+muslin strainer, place in a mortar and while stirring gradually work in
+the alcohol in which the oils have been previously dissolved."
+
+2. Face Cream, When Facing our North Winds, in Canada, I Use
+this.--"Honey, almond meal, and olive oil to form paste. Use after getting
+skin cleaned. I used it myself and find it good when going out driving."
+
+3. Face Cream, Lanolin Cream.--
+
+    Lanolin                  1 ounce
+    Sweet Almond Oil       1/2 ounce
+    Boric Acid              40 drops
+    Tincture of Benzoin     10 drops
+
+This is a good skin food to be rubbed into the skin with the tips of the
+fingers."
+
+4. Face Cream, Cucumber Lotion.--
+
+    "Expressed Juice of cucumbers     1/2 pint
+    Deodorized Alcohol              1-1/2 ounces
+    Oil of Benne                    3-1/4 ounces
+    Shaving Cream                       1 dram
+    Blanched Almonds                1-3/4 drams
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 95]
+
+The preparation of this is the same as for almond lotion. It is an
+excellent cosmetic to use in massaging the face and throat, as it not only
+tones any relaxed tissues, but also may be used to cleanse the skin during
+the day. A complexion brush is an excellent investment; one should be
+chosen that has fine camel's hair bristle's. It should be used in
+connection with good soap."
+
+5. Face Cream, Almond Lotion to Whiten and Soften the Skin.--
+
+    "Bitter Almonds, blanched and beaten      4 ounces
+    Orange Flower Water                      12 ounces
+    Curd Soap (or any fine toilet soap)     1/2 ounce
+    Oil of Bergamot                          50 drops
+    Oil of Cannelle                          10 drops
+    Oil of Almonds                           20 drops
+    Alcohol (65% solution)                    4 ounces
+
+Powder or break up the soap; dissolve in the orange flower water by
+heating in a bain-maire, gradually work almonds into the soap and water.
+Strain and finish as directed above. This is a bland lotion, very
+cleansing, whitening and softening."
+
+6. Face Cream. the Cold Ontario Wind Harmless When Using this.--"Wash in
+warm water, rub face dry with corn-meal. This takes place of bottle
+cream."
+
+
+
+FROST BITES.--Keep the patient in a cold atmosphere, or put into a cold
+bath and the frozen part rubbed with snow or ice until sensation is felt
+and color returns; then discontinue the rubbing and apply ice water
+compresses. Stimulants such as brandy, coffee and hot drinks are given,
+but external heat is only gradually permitted, for the circulation returns
+very slowly to the frost-bitten parts, and in trying to hasten it, we run
+the risk of producing or, at least, increasing the tendency to gangrene of
+the frozen parts.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--l. Frost Bites. Remedy from Northern New York.--"Soak
+the parts affected in kerosene oil; this will soon draw out the frost."
+
+2. Frost Bites, Roasted Turnips for.--"Roasted turnips bound to the parts
+frosted." This is a very soothing application, but should not be put on
+warm. Cold applications are what are needed in frost bites.
+
+[Transcriber's Note: From the Mayo Clinic (2005): 1. Get out of the cold.
+2. Warm hands by tucking them into your armpits. If your nose, ears or
+face is frostbitten, warm the area by covering it with dry, gloved hands.
+3. Don't rub the affected area, especially with snow. 4. If there's any
+chance of refreezing, don't thaw out the affected areas. If they're
+already thawed out, wrap them up so they don't refreeze. 5. Get emergency
+medical help if numbness remains during warming. If you can't get help
+immediately, warm severely frostbitten hands or feet in warm--not
+hot--water.]
+
+BUNIONS.--This is a lump over a joint usually of the big toe, usually due
+to pressure and a wrong position of the surfaces of the joint.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Bunions, Remedy from Your Flower Garden.--"Peel
+the outside skin from the leaf of 'Live Forever' and apply as a poultice.
+Repeat until cured. This is a very good remedy and one that should be
+tried if you are troubled with bunions or corns."
+
+[96 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+2. Bunions, A Cure for.--
+
+    "Tincture of Iodine       2 drams
+    Tincture of Belladonna    2 drams
+
+Apply twice a day with camel's hair brush."
+
+This mixture when applied will have a drawing effect, and care should be
+taken not to leave it on too long, as it will irritate the parts and make
+it very sore.
+
+3. Bunions, Iodine for.--"Apply tincture of iodine to the bunion night and
+morning. This will reduce size; if used at first will entirely remove."
+
+4. Bunions, Tested Remedy for.--"Take about one teaspoonful salicylic acid
+in two tablespoons of lard, and apply night and morning. Before doing this
+apply adhesive plasters to the affected parts." This is a standard remedy.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Bunions.--Rest of the part, cold applications
+and liniments.
+
+
+
+CHILBLAINS. (Erythema Pernio).--This occurs usually in people with a
+feeble circulation or scrofulous constitution, usually seen in the young
+or very old. The redness shows most, as a rule, on the hands and feet.
+The redness may be either a light or dusky shade. It itches and burns
+especially when near artificial heat. The redness disappears on pressure,
+and the parts are cool rather than hot. It is an inflammation that follows
+freezing or a frost-bite. It may return for years at the return of cold
+weather.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Chilblains, a Cure for.--"Equal parts of extract of
+rosemary and turpentine. Apply night and morning until cured." The
+rosemary is very soothing, and the turpentine creates a drawing sensation.
+It has cured many cases of chilblains.
+
+2. Chilblains, Witch-hazel for.--"Bathe feet in lukewarm water and soda
+and apply carbolized witch-hazel." This remedy is very soothing, and
+always give relief.
+
+3. Broken Chilblains, Ointment for.--
+
+    "Sweet Oil             1/2 pint
+    Venice Turpentine    1-1/2 ounce
+    Fresh Lard             1/4 pound
+    Beeswax              1-1/2 ounce
+
+Simmer gently together in a pan water bath until the beeswax is melted,
+stirring until cool. When it is ready for use apply on going to bed on a
+soft rag."
+
+4. Chilblains, Vinegar Cure.--"Soak the feet in a weak solution of
+vinegar, then rub good with vaselin or oil."
+
+5. Chilblains, Home-made Salve for.--
+
+    Fresh Lard             2 ounces
+    Venice Turpentine    1/2 ounce
+    Gum Camphor          1/2 ounce
+
+Melt together, stirring briskly. When cold it is ready for use.
+
+6. Chilblains, Common Glue for.--"Put a little common (dissolved) glue in
+hot water and soak the feet in it. Repeat if necessary." This is very good
+and gives relief.
+
+[Illustration: Hearth, Stomach and Appendix]
+
+
+[SKIN DISEASES 97]
+
+7. Chilblains, the Onion Cure for.--"Raw onion rubbed on chilblains every
+night and morning." The onion seems to have a very soothing effect upon
+the chilblains, and this remedy has been known to cure many stubborn
+cases. It is always well to soak the feet well before applying this
+treatment, as the juice from the onion will penetrate more quickly.
+
+8. Chilblains, the Hemlock Remedy for.--"Hemlock twigs mixed with lard and
+pounded until it is green, then bound on."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Chilblains.--Thick woolen stockings, mittens and
+ear protections should be worn. Daily cold baths, especially of such
+parts, should be taken. Alcohol applied to the parts, full strength, will
+harden the tissues. Camphor also is good.
+
+Internal.--Iron should be given to establish a better circulation and give
+strength. Tincture of iron, five drops three times a day, is good.
+
+External.--1. Alum as a wash applied to the parts.
+
+2. Ointment of ichthyol, one-half strength, is very good in some cases.
+
+3. Rosin made in an ointment is also good to relieve some cases.
+
+4. Lard and iodine ointment is excellent for some.
+
+5. The following is also good:
+
+    Prepared Chalk        1 ounce
+    Powdered Camphor     10 grains
+    Linseed Oil           2 ounces
+    Balsam of Peru       20 drops
+
+Mix and apply.
+
+
+
+DIGESTIVE ORGANS, DISEASES OF.
+
+CANKER SORE MOUTH. (Aphthous Stomatitis.)--This is a variety of
+inflammation of the mouth where there are one or more vesicles (cankers)
+upon the edges of the tongue, the cheek or the lips.
+
+Causes.--They are most common in children between two and six years of
+age; but are not rare in adults. Predisposing causes are spring and
+autumn, tuberculosis, teething, poor nutrition, stomach and bowel
+disorders.
+
+Symptoms.--The vesicles soon rupture and leave the ulcer (canker). There
+may be a few or many, pin-head or split pea in size, along the edges of
+the tongue, inside the cheeks. They are very tender.
+
+[98 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Canker Sore Mouth, Raspberry Leaf for.--"Infuse a
+handful of raspberry leaves in a half pint of boiling water for fifteen
+minutes; when cold strain and add two ounces tinc. of myrrh, rinse the
+mouth with a little of it two or three times a day, swallow a little each
+time until relieved. This is also good for spongy gums, loose teeth, bad
+breath and for gently correcting and cleansing the stomach."
+
+2. Canker Sore Mouth, Oak Bark Tea for.--"Red Oak bark, a little salt and
+pepper." The bark should be boiled down to make a good strong tea,
+according to age of person. The salt has an astringent effect upon the
+mouth and is also a good antiseptic. The pepper should not be used when
+the parts are very red and inflamed. It should be used only when they are
+rather sluggish.
+
+3. Canker Sore Mouth, Boracic acid for.--"Rinse the mouth with a solution
+of boracic acid and put some of the dry powder on the canker," This is a
+very good remedy as the boracic acid is a good antiseptic and is
+especially good for children and mild cases of canker sore mouth.
+
+4. Canker Sore Mouth, Canker Weed Tea for.--"Apply canker weed found in
+the woods. A small plant with dark green leaves spotted with white." Make
+a tea of the canker weed by steeping it, then strain and apply to the
+affected parts. This is a very good remedy.
+
+5. Canker Sore Mouth, Honey and Borax for.--"Honey and borax used as a
+mouth wash or swabbing is excellent." The honey is very soothing and the
+borax is a good antiseptic.
+
+6. Canker Sore Mouth, Wild Turnip for.--"Dried wild turnip grated fine and
+put in mouth. I know this is excellent."
+
+7. Canker Sore Mouth, Alum for.--"Take a piece of alum, rub on the canker
+often."
+
+8. Canker Sore Mouth, Borax Water for.--"Rinse the mouth well with a weak
+solution of borax water, then put a little dry borax on the canker. They
+will generally heal after one or two applications."
+
+9. Sore Mouth, Common and Effective Remedy for.--"Make an infusion of
+sumach bobs (not the poison ones, of course). Good for sore throat when
+used as a gargle and a little swallowed frequently." This is a very
+effective remedy and is also good for sore mouth.
+
+10. Sore Mouth, Shoemaker Root and Borax good for.--"Take the inside bark
+of shoemaker root and steep it; strain, add a little borax; have known it
+to take off canker where doctors failed." If the above cannot be secured
+make a tea from common strawberry leaves. You can use this for a baby by
+swabbing the mouth, and I have known some mothers to throw in a small
+piece of alum making it stronger for an older person.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 99]
+
+1. PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Canker Sore Mouth.--If from the diseases
+mentioned treat them. In the meantime to relieve the local conditions keep
+the mouth clean and use as a mouth wash boric acid, one teaspoonful to a
+cup of warm water.
+
+2. Burnt alum applied directly to the part is good.
+
+3. Nitrate of silver pencil applied directly to the canker until it turns
+whitish, cures in a few applications. Use twice a day.
+
+4. A wash of sage tea is good also, but it must be strong.
+
+5. The juice of a ripe tomato is good applied locally. Sore mouth should
+be kept absolutely clean. Thrush frequently comes from uncleanness.
+
+
+
+GANGRENOUS STOMATITIS.--This is a rapidly spreading gangrenous affection
+of the cheeks and forms a rare occurrence and ending fatally in most
+cases. The trouble may extend to the jaws and lips.
+
+Causes.--It is more common in girls and boys and usually appears between
+the ages of two and five years. It is worse in the low countries like
+Holland, but it is not contagious. It is more likely to attack the sickly
+children suffering from the effects of overcrowding. It may follow
+diseases like scarlet fever, typhoid fever, smallpox, etc.
+
+Symptoms.--It usually affects first the mucous membrane of one cheek, near
+the corner of the mouth, as a dark, ragged, sloughing ulcer and spreads
+for two or three days before the substance of the cheek is infected. If
+you grasp the cheek between the thumb and finger you can then feel a hard
+and sensitive lump. The cheek may be eaten through by the third day,
+though a week generally passes before this happens. There is a burning
+watery discharge from the unhealthy wound. The breath smells terribly and
+it is almost unbearable. The gangrene may spread over one half of the face
+of the side affected.
+
+TREATMENT.--The death rate is eighty to ninety per cent. This is a very
+dangerous disease and a doctor must be in attendance. Cut, away all the
+dead tissue by using burning caustics, such as fuming nitric acid, solid
+zinc chloride, nitrate of silver, carbolic acid on the actual canker.
+Sometimes mild applications like sub nitrate of bismuth, chloride of
+potash or the following do well:--
+
+    Sulphate of copper        2 drams
+    Powdered cinchona       1/2 ounce
+    Water enough to make      4 ounces
+
+Mix and apply. Peroxide of hydrogen is good as a disinfectant or boric
+acid solution, etc., may be used. Keep up the patient's strength.
+
+Fortunately this disease is rare. I have never seen a case in practice.
+
+Salivation.--Stop the mercury, keep the bowels open and use the same
+antiseptic washes as directed for sore mouth.
+
+[100 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Chlorate of Potash Solution, Soda Solutions, Boracic Acid
+Solutions.--Brush the ulcers with nitrate of silver sticks. Keep the mouth
+clean with hot water washes and some of the antiseptics put in the water
+as boric acid, soda, glycothymotine, listerine, etc.
+
+ACUTE DYSPEPSIA.--(Acute Indigestion, Acute Gastritis). "Gaster" is the
+Greek for stomach; "itis" means inflammation,--thus acute inflammation of
+the stomach. It may be acute or chronic. When acute it may be called acute
+gastritis, acute gastric catarrh, acute dyspepsia or acute indigestion.
+When chronic it may be called chronic gastritis, chronic catarrh of the
+stomach, chronic dyspepsia or chronic indigestion.
+
+Causes.--This is a very common complaint and is usually caused by eating
+foods that are hard to digest, which either themselves irritate the
+stomach, or remain undigested, decompose, and so excite an acute
+dyspepsia, or indigestion, or it may be caused by eating or taking in more
+than the stomach can digest. A frequent cause is eating decomposing food,
+particularly in hot weather. Alcohol is another great cause.
+
+Symptoms.--In mild cases. Distress in the stomach, headache, weary
+feeling, thirst, nausea, belching of wind, sour food, and vomiting; the
+tongue is heavily coated and the saliva increased. In children there are
+loose bowels and colicky pains. It lasts rarely more than twenty-four
+hours. Vomiting usually relieves the patient.
+
+Severe cases.--These may set in with a chill; fever 102 or 103. The
+tongue is much coated, breath foul and frequent vomiting, loss of
+appetite, great thirst, tenderness in region of the stomach; repeated
+vomiting of food at first, then of bile stained fluid with mucus;
+constipation or diarrhea. Attacks last one to five days.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Mustard and Molasses
+for.--"Mustard is an excellent household remedy kept in every home. A
+tablespoonful of white mustard mingled with two ounces of molasses and
+then taken once a day will act gently on the bowels and is a beneficial
+remedy in dyspepsia." By acting upon the bowels it relieves the stomach of
+any food that may have caused a disturbance and relieves the dyspepsia.
+
+2. Flatulent Dyspepsia, Wormwood tea for.--"Wormwood, one to two
+teaspoonfuls, water one pint. Make a tea and take from one to four
+teaspoonfuls daily." This is an old tried remedy and one that should be
+given a trial if affected with dyspepsia.
+
+3. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Dry salt for.--"One-half teaspoon dry salt
+taken before each meal. Knew a gentleman who was nearly worn out with this
+trouble and entirely cured himself with this simple remedy." It is always
+well to give these simple remedies a fair trial, before resorting to
+strong drugs. Salt is a good stimulant.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS  101]
+
+4. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Chicken Gizzard Skin for.--"Four ounces good
+brandy, one-fourth pound of loaf sugar, one tablespoonful pulverized
+chicken gizzard skin, one teaspoonful Turkish rhubarb dried on paper
+stirring constantly; this prevents griping; the chicken gizzard skin is
+the lining of the gizzard which should be thoroughly cleaned and dried
+then pulverized. To prepare put brandy and sugar together (crush the
+sugar), light a paper and set fire to the brandy; let burn until sugar is
+dissolved, then add the gizzard skin and rhubarb, stir together and if too
+thick add a little water and boil up. Dose :--Infant, one-half teaspoonful
+every four hours; child, one teaspoonful every four hours; adult, one
+tablespoonful every four hours. Have used this remedy for a great many
+years and given it to a great many people who have worn out all other
+remedies."
+
+5. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, an Excellent Tonic for.--
+
+    "Tincture Gentian Compound   2 ounces
+    Tincture Rhubarb             2 ounces
+    Tincture Ginger            1/2 ounce
+    Essence Peppermint           2 ounces
+    Bicarbonate Soda           1/2 ounce
+    Water to make                8 ounces
+
+    Mix.
+
+For acute cases of indigestion where the stomach and bowels are full and
+distended, or sour stomach, spitting up of food. This will often relieve
+at once and with continued use relieves entirely."
+
+6. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Fruit Diet Cure for.--"Persons afflicted with
+this disease would find great relief if they would confine themselves to a
+diet of fruit only for several days." This gives the stomach an
+opportunity to rest up and get back to its natural state.
+
+7. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Hickory Ashes for.--"Take a swallow of
+hickory limb ashes and water three times a day."
+
+8. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Salt and water for.--"Drink sal and water
+before eating breakfast."
+
+9. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Slippery Elm for.--"Chew slippery elm; it
+aids digestion."
+
+10. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Cold Water for.--"A glass of cold water half
+hour before eating."
+
+11. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Hot Water for.--"Sip a cup of boiling hot
+water before eating anything."
+
+12. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Yolk of Egg and Salt for.--"A very simple
+but good remedy is the yolk of one egg, with a small quantity of common
+salt before breakfast. This treatment has been tried and known to cure in
+many cases."
+
+13. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Lemon Remedy for.--"Drink a half glass of
+water into which has been put the juice of a lemon (no sugar) morning and
+evening. This is a fine remedy."
+
+[102 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+14. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Hops Excellent for.--"Pour one quart of
+boiling water over one-half ounce of hops, cover this over and allow the
+infusion to stand for fifteen minutes; the tea must then be strained off
+into another jug. A small cupful may be drank in the morning, which will
+create an appetite and also strengthen the digestive powers. It is an
+excellent medicinal drink." Hops does its work by the soothing and
+quieting action on the whole system, and should be taken regularly for
+some time.
+
+15. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Tested Remedy for.--"A good digestive is
+made as follows:
+
+    Tincture of Leptandrin    1 ounce
+    Tincture of Hydrastis     1 ounce
+    Tincture of Colombo       1 ounce
+    Wine of Pepsin            1 ounce
+
+Mix. Dose, two teaspoonfuls after each meal."
+
+The leptandrin acts on the liver, the colombo is a bitter tonic and
+hydrastis is a good tonic for the stomach.
+
+16. Indigestion or Dyspepsia, Chamomile Tonic for Aged Persons also for
+Children.--"Put about one-half ounce chamomile flowers into a jug, pour a
+pint of boiling water upon them, cover up the tea, and when it has stood
+about ten minutes pour it off from the flowers into another jug; sweeten
+with sugar or honey. A cupful in the morning will strengthen the digestive
+organs, a teacupful in which is stirred a large dessert spoonful of moist
+sugar and a little grated ginger is an excellent thing to give to aged
+persons a couple of hours before dinner," It is remarkable to see how this
+treatment aids the digestion, especially in chronic cases. It may also be
+given to fretful children in small doses.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT in mild cases of acute Dyspepsia.--These recover by
+themselves by giving the stomach rest, and taking a dose of castor oil.
+Hot water is good to help to clean out the stomach.
+
+Treatment in severe forms.--Promote vomiting by drinking large amount of
+warm water. This cleans the stomach of the sour, foul, decomposing food.
+If warm water does not cause vomiting, give any simple emetic you may have
+at your hand, such as mustard, etc., one teaspoonful. If the stomach
+tastes very sour, take some baking soda; subnitrate of bismuth (ten
+grains) is good, if you have it. If the bowels are constipated you should
+take an enema (injection) or salts. Soda water can be drank freely. Rest
+the stomach for a day from food. For the thirst cracked ice is relished.
+As the patient is usually very thirsty the mouth should be rinsed
+frequently with cool water and some can be swallowed. As stated before for
+nausea and sour belching, baking soda or bismuth subnitrate can be used
+when there is much gas, sour belchings; crust coffee is very good. Burn
+the toast and make a hot coffee of it.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 103]
+
+DIET.--Given us by the Lady Superior of one of the largest Catholic
+Hospitals in Ohio.
+
+May take--
+
+Soups--Clear thin soups of beef, mutton or oysters.
+
+Fish--Oysters raw, shad, cod, perch, bass, fresh mackerel.
+
+Meats--Beef, mutton, chicken, lamb, tripe, tongue, calf's head, broiled
+chopped meat, sweetbread, game, tender steak.
+
+Eggs--Boiled, poached, raw.
+
+Farinaceous--Cracked wheat, hominy, rolled oats, rice, sago, tapioca,
+crackers, dry toast, stale bread, corn bread, whole wheat bread, graham
+bread, rice cakes.
+
+Vegetables--Spinach, string beans, green peas, lettuce, cresses, celery,
+chicory, asparagus.
+
+Desserts--Rice, tapioca or farina pudding, junket, custards, baked apples,
+apple snow, apple tapioca, ripe fruits--raw or stewed.
+
+Drinks--One cup of milk and hot water equal parts, or one glass of pure
+cool water, sipped after eating, Panopepton or cracked ice.
+
+Must Not Take--Rich soups or chowders, veal, pork, hashes, stews, turkey,
+potatoes, gravies, fried foods, liver, kidney; pickled, potted, corned or
+cured meats; salted, smoked or preserved fish; goose, duck, sausage,
+crabs, lobster, salmon, pies, pastry, candies, ice cream, cheese, nuts,
+ice water, malt or spirituous liquors.
+
+
+
+CHRONIC DYSPEPSIA (Chronic Indigestion--Chronic Gastritis--Stomach
+Trouble).--A chronic digestive disorder characterized by increased
+secretion of mucus, changes in the gastric juice, weakening of the stomach
+muscles and diseased changes in the mucous membrane.
+
+Causes.--The use of unsuitable and improperly prepared food, too much fat,
+starchy foods, New England pie, and hot meals, biscuits, cakes, etc.,
+greasy gravies, too strong tea or coffee, and too much alcohol. Eating too
+much food, eating too fast, and eating between meals. Drinking of ice and
+cold water during or after meals. Chewing, especially, and smoking
+tobacco.
+
+[104 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Symptoms.--Almost every bad feeling can be put under this head, both
+physical and mental. It has been coming on gradually for some time and the
+warnings have not been heeded; The appetite is variable, sometimes good
+and often poor. Among the early symptoms are feelings of distress or
+oppression after eating, and they may amount to actual pain; great or
+small. Sometimes feels sick at the stomach, belching of gas and bitter
+liquids and vomiting of food immediately after eating or some hours later.
+Stomach tender and painful to the touch. Stomach and abdomen are
+distended, especially after meals, with costive bowels or diarrhea. Feels
+weary, blue, tired, discouraged, poor sleep, bad dreams, bitter taste in
+the mouth, tongue coated especially on the back part, craves different
+things, much wind on the stomach, acid stomach, heavy feeling in the
+stomach, sometimes as if a stone lay there. Stomach feels weak, it is
+hard to sit up. Frequently must lie down after meals. Urine may have sand
+in it, Stomach feels full after eating only a little, must open up the
+clothes across the stomach. Persons are cross, irritable, discouraged,
+gloomy, nervous, generally look thin, haggard and sallow. The dreams are
+of horrid things, nightmare.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES, Stomach Trouble, Spice Poultice for,--1. "Take all
+kinds of ground spices and make a poultice. Heat whisky and wet the
+poultice with it, then apply to the stomach and bowels." This will always
+give relief. Wetting the poultice with whisky will be found very
+beneficial as it will retain the heat longer.
+
+2. Stomach Trouble, Oil of Hemlock for,--"The Oil of Hemlock is a superior
+remedy in gastric irritation of the stomach. Dose:--One to two drops in
+sweetened water every ten or twenty minutes until relief is afforded, for
+an adult."
+
+3. Cramps in Stomach, Ginger and Soda for.--"One teaspoonful of ginger
+stirred in half glass of hot water in which a half teaspoonful of baking
+soda has been dissolved." The ginger is very beneficial, as it warms up
+the stomach and thereby relieves the cramps, and the baking soda relieves
+any gas in the stomach that may be causing the trouble.
+
+4. Cramps in Stomach, Oil of Peppermint for.--"Put a few drops of
+peppermint in a glass of warm water. Take a teaspoonful every few minutes
+until relieved." This is an old time-tried remedy our grandmothers used to
+use and can be relied upon.
+
+5. Cramps in Stomach, Mustard Poultice and Eggs for.--"Make a mustard
+poultice with whites of eggs instead of water, and apply same to bowels.
+Give a teaspoonful of blackberry tea every fifteen or twenty minutes until
+relieved." The poultice acts as a counter irritant and will almost always
+relieve the cramps without further medicines.
+
+6. Pains in Stomach, Hot Plate for.--"Hot plate laid on stomach. Use the
+heavy English made plates, common to us in Canada, as they will hold heat
+longer."
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 105]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Chronic Gastritis.--Most cases can be cured if
+the patient is willing to do the proper thing in eating and drinking and
+regulating the habits. It takes time to cure such cases, and plenty of
+grit and courage and "stick" on the patient's part. Remember it has been a
+long time coming, longer than it will be going if the patient does right.
+Diet and habits must be corrected. You cannot help the trouble if you put
+into the stomach what has caused it. We eat too much fat and too much
+improper and improperly cooked foods, our bread, etc., is half baked.
+Gravies are rich and greasy, everything is highly seasoned, very much like
+the life we lead.
+
+Diet.--A regular time for eating and no eating between meals. Do not eat
+too much or too fast, or anything that you know disagrees with you. Fried
+foods are generally harmful, pies, cakes, hot breads, strong tea and
+coffee and alcohol, gravy and highly spiced foods; vinegar pickles,
+preserves, etc., are generally bad. If there is acid belching gas on
+stomach, the starch foods should be restricted, particularly potatoes and
+the coarser vegetables. Potatoes fried in lard or butter are always bad
+unless you are a hard physical worker. Dr. Osler, England, says breads,
+pancakes, pies, and tarts, with heavy pastry and fried articles of all
+sorts, should be strictly prohibited. As a rule, white bread toasted is
+more readily digested than bread made from the whole meal. Sometimes
+graham bread is better. Sugar and very sweet articles of food should be
+used in great moderation or avoided altogether. Ice cream frequently
+aggravates it. Soda water is a great dyspepsia producer. Fats, except a
+little good butter, very fat meats, and thick greasy soups and gravies
+should be avoided.
+
+Ripe fruits are good in some cases. Bananas generally are not digested.
+Berries are frequently harmful. Milk is splendid diet for some people.
+
+Cautions.--The bowels must be kept "moving" every day, try to do it by
+dieting, rubbing the abdomen and exercise. Bathing the abdomen in cool
+water is good. Go to the closet at a regular time every day and try to
+have a passage, as this helps. Never put off going to stool when nature
+calls. Dyspepsia is frequently made worse by constipation. Seek good
+cheerful company. Do not worry over your condition. By care and diet you
+will soon be all right.
+
+Home Treatment.--1. Drink a glass of cold water an hour before breakfast,
+or hot water if it agrees better with you.
+
+2. Do not eat much meat.
+
+3. If the stomach wants tone, bitter tonics, like quassia, gentian,
+cardanum are good, even if drank as teas. When the tongue is coated with a
+white thick fur, golden seal is good. Medicines are not as essential as
+care and diet.
+
+4. Charcoal in small doses is good for' a "gassy" stomach.
+
+5. If a bitter tonic is needed the following is good:
+
+    Bicarbonate of Soda                            1 dram
+    Tincture of Nux Vomica                    l to 2 drams
+    Compound tincture of Gentian, enough for       3 ounces
+
+Mix and take one teaspoonful to a dessert spoonful before meals.
+
+
+[106 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+NERVOUS DYSPEPSIA.--This is acquired from over work, worry, excitement,
+hurried or irregular meals, or inherited. It shows itself in all sorts of
+symptoms and they must be met as they come. Diet the same as for general
+dyspepsia, never eat when you are tired, rest after eating.
+
+ULCER OF THE STOMACH AND DUODENUM (Upper part of bowel).--Round or
+perforating ulcer. The stomach ulcer is most common in women of twenty or
+thirty; servant girls, shoemakers, and tailors are frequently attacked.
+Ulcer of the duodenum is usually in males and may follow large superficial
+burns. The ulcer in the stomach is usually situated near the pylorus (small
+end) and in the first portion of the duodenum.
+
+Symptoms.--Pain, local tenderness, vomiting and bleeding. These may not
+show until perforation or bleeding occurs. Distress after eating, often
+nausea and vomiting of very acid fluid, loss of weight and lack of blood.
+
+Pain in the region of the stomach and the back is the most constant
+symptom. It is usually sharp, increased at once by food, relieved by
+vomiting. The tender spot can be located. Bleeding occurs in about
+one-half the cases and is usually profuse, bright red and fluid; if
+retained in the stomach the blood becomes clotted and brown. Tar-like
+stools when there is blood in the bowels. They usually recover under
+treatment, but may recur.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT FOR ULCER OF THE STOMACH.--1. Rest in bed most of
+the time for several months.
+
+2. Feed by the rectum at first in severe cases, then peptonized or plain
+milk or buttermilk (three to four ounces) every two hours, some adding
+eggs, chicken, scraped beef and farinaceous food, made of: rice, flour,
+corn, potatoes, etc.
+
+
+
+CANCER OF THE STOMACH.--Usually occurs after the age of forty.
+
+Symptoms.--Indigestion for a few months; lack of blood and loss of weight.
+Well marked case shows the following symptoms:--Distaste for food, nausea,
+irregular vomiting, especially in cases where it is located near the
+pylorus--the opening between the stomach and the small intestine--usually
+one hour or more after eating; bleeding rarely profuse, usually of
+"coffee-ground type," dragging, gnawing or burning pain in the region of
+the stomach, back, loins or shoulders, usually increased by food;
+progressive loss of weight and strength; peculiar sallow look, skin pale
+or yellowish.
+
+Course.--The person usually dies in twelve to eighteen months, sometimes
+in three to four months.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 107]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT of Cancer of the Stomach and Bowels.--There is no
+cure for this trouble except by an operation. This must be done early;
+even this may not cure but it, at least, prolongs life and makes the
+patient more comfortable while life does last. In the line of medicine the
+only thing to do is to give only such remedies as will ease the symptoms.
+
+Diet.--Attend to this also and you will save pain and distress. Every case
+should be treated as it needs and no special directions can be given here.
+
+
+
+BLEEDING FROM THE STOMACH.--(Haematemesis).
+
+Causes.--Cancer and ulcer of the stomach are main causes of excessive
+bleeding; poisons also cause it; injuries also.
+
+Symptoms.--The vomited blood may be fluid or clotted; it is usually of
+dark color. The longer it remains in the stomach the darker it becomes.
+There may be great weakness and faint feeling on attempting to rise before
+a vomiting of blood. The contents of the bowels when passed look "tarry."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Bleeding of the Stomach.--Absolute rest in bed
+is necessary. The bowels should be moved by an enema and it can be
+repeated carefully as often as necessary. Cracked ice in bag over the
+stomach. If the patient vomits much medicine is useless. They generally
+recover with rest. The extremities can be bandaged if there is great
+weakness and also external heat can be applied if there is a tendency to
+faintness.
+
+Caution.--A person so afflicted, if he has ulcer, must be careful of his
+diet for months after an attack. He should be careful not to lift, over
+work, over eat or worry.
+
+
+
+NEURALGIA OF THE STOMACH (Cardialgia, Gastralgia, Gastrodynia).--
+This is a severe pain in paroxysms in the region of the stomach.
+
+Causes.--The patients are of a nervous type. They may have anemia,
+exhaustion from sickness and bleedings, the menstruation be at fault.
+Grief, worry and anxiety.
+
+Symptoms.--The attack comes suddenly as a rule. The pains are agonizing in
+the stomach region, they may dart to the back or pass around the lower
+ribs. The attack lasts from a few minutes to an hour or two. It does not
+depend upon the food taken.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Neuralgia of the Stomach.--The causes should be
+understood and especial treatment given for them. The patients are usually
+run down and a tonic treatment is needed. Constipation and menstrual
+troubles should be cured, worry, trouble and anxiety, if possible, be
+removed. The following is good for nervous patients:--
+
+    Valerianate of zinc       18 grains
+    Valerianate of quinine    18 grains
+    Iron Arsenate              2 grains
+
+    Mix and make into eighteen pills and take one after meals.
+
+[108 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Bitter tonics can be taken such as gentian, columbo, quassia. Change of
+air and scene may be needed. Sometimes morphine must be given for the
+attack. A physician should do this. If there is much gas, soda and
+peppermint are good.
+
+
+
+DIARRHEA:--Causes.
+
+(a) Improper or excessive food, including green or over-ripe fruit.
+
+(b) Poison substances; such as decomposed milk or meat either fresh or
+canned: or caused by arsenic, mercury or colchicum.
+
+(d) Exposure to cold, wet or draughts.
+
+(c) Stomach disorder, preventing thorough digestion.
+
+(e) Extension of inflammation from other organs.
+
+Symptoms.--Sudden colicky pain in the bowels, moving about with rumbling
+noises. The pain is not constant and is followed at intervals with a
+sudden extreme desire to empty the bowels. The stools may be four to
+twenty a day, watery or gruel-like in appearance and they sometimes
+contain mucus or undigested food. The stools usually relieve the pain for
+the time. It usually lasts two or three days or longer.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--Diarrhea.--1. "Wild Sage Tea." Wild sage tea is a
+very good remedy for bowel trouble because of its astringent virtues.
+Before the sage is used, however, the bowels should be thoroughly cleansed
+with castor oil or salts.
+
+2. Diarrhea, Egg and Nutmeg for.--"Beat up an egg, grate in half a nutmeg
+and sweeten to taste. Repeat two or three times during the day. Remarks:
+Has been known to help in chronic cases when doctors' medicine failed."
+
+3. Diarrhea, Scorched Flour and Sugar for.--"Scorched flour in boiled milk
+or scorched flour and sugar eaten dry is very good. This is a simple but a
+never failing remedy if taken right at the beginning of the trouble."
+
+4. Diarrhea, Excellent Compound for.--
+
+    "Paregoric                 1 ounce
+    Tincture of Camphor      1/2 ounce
+    Tincture of Ginger       1/2 ounce
+    Tincture of Red Pepper   1/2 ounce
+    Essence of Peppermint    1/2 ounce
+    Ether                    1/2 ounce
+
+    Mix.--Dose for adult, one teaspoonful to four of water every two hours
+    if necessary. This is an excellent remedy."
+
+5. Diarrhea, Spice Poultice for.--"Make a poultice of all kinds of ground
+spices, heat whisky and wet the poultice, apply to the stomach and
+bowels."
+
+6. Diarrhea, Blackberry Root Tea for.--"One-half ounce blackberry root
+boiled in one pint water fifteen minutes, strain. Dose.--One teaspoonful
+every hour or two until relieved."
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 109]
+
+7. Diarrhea, Hot Milk, for.--"A glass of sweet milk that has been boiled
+well. Drink hot; use several times daily until checked."
+
+8. Diarrhea, Castor Oil for.--"Castor oil. Dose.--One to four teaspoonfuls
+according to age. Wrap warm flannel around abdomen."
+
+9. Summer Complaint, Former Canadian's Remedy for.--"Eat one blossom of
+the May weed every hour or two until relieved. This remedy came from Port
+Huron and has been used by my father with success."
+
+10. Summer Complaint, a Goderich Lady Found this Good for.--"Powdered
+rhubarb, cinnamon, baking soda (one tablespoonful of each), dissolve in
+one pint of boiling water, add one tablespoonful of peppermint; take every
+hour one teaspoonful in water."
+
+11. Summer Complaint, Inexpensive Remedy for.--
+
+     "Paregoric       2 ounces
+     Brandy           1 ounce
+     Jamaica Ginger   1 ounce
+
+Have used this and found it excellent." Dose: 1/2 dram every 3 hours.
+
+12. Summer Complaint, Fern Root Good to Relieve.--"A decoction is made
+with two ounces of the sweet fern root boiled in one and one-half pints
+water to one pint. Dose.--A tablespoonful several times a day as the case
+requires. Most useful in diarrhea," This may be purchased at any drug
+store and will be found a very good treatment for diarrhea.
+
+13. Summer Complaint, Milk and Pepper a Common Remedy for.--"Sweet milk
+and black pepper once or twice a day. Dose.--Three or four swallows.
+Mother used to use this for us children." The milk should be warmed, for
+in this way it relieves the diarrhea while the pepper is stimulating.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Diarrhea.--1. Rest in bed is the best. Abstain
+from food, especially at first, and then only give a little milk and
+boiled water or milk and lime water every two hours for two days. Cracked
+ice is good for the thirst.
+
+2. A dose of one-half to an ounce of castor oil to an adult is of great
+benefit, as it removes all the irritating matter from the bowels. This
+often cures a light diarrhea. Follow by a blackberry wine or blackberry
+cordial if it is more severe.
+
+3. For children.--An infusion of path weed is an excellent remedy for this
+trouble in children; after castor oil in one to two teaspoonful doses has
+been given. If castor oil is too bad to take, you can use what is called
+"spiced syrup of rhubarb," one to two teaspoonfuls to a child one to two
+years old, and then follow with blackberry wine.
+
+4. For infants.--An infusion of chamomile is good for the green diarrhea
+of teething babies.
+
+[110 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+5. Another for infants.--For infantile diarrhea the root of geranium
+maculation or cranesbill, boiled in milk in the proportion of one or two
+roots to the pint, will be found of great service and is tasteless.
+
+6. Ginger tea is frequently of good service, especially when the stomach
+needs "toning."
+
+7. Infants of six months.--Chalk and bismuth mixture by Dr. Douglass, of
+Detroit.
+
+    "Subnitrate of Bismuth    2 drams
+    Paregoric                 2 fluid drams
+    Chalk mixture             2 fluid drams
+
+Mix and shake bottle. Give one-half to one teaspoonful for loose
+bowels in a child six months old, every two to four hours as needed."
+
+
+
+DIET IN DIARRHEA.--From the Head Nurse of a Large Hospital.
+
+May Take--
+
+Soups.--Milk soup well boiled, clam juice, beef tea.
+
+Meats.--Scraped fresh beef or mutton well broiled, sweetbread, beef juice
+from freshly broiled steak (all sparingly).
+
+Eggs.--Lightly boiled or poached on dry toast.
+
+Farinaceous.--Rice, sago, macaroni, tapioca, arrowroot, dry toast, milk
+toast, toasted crackers.
+
+Desserts.--Milk puddings, plain, with sago, rice, tapioca or arrowroot (no
+sugar).
+
+Drinks.--Tea, toast water, boiled peptonized milk, Panopepton.
+
+Must Not Take--
+
+Oatmeal, wheaten grits, fresh breads, rich soups, vegetables, fried foods,
+fish, salt meats, lamb, veal, pork, brown or graham bread, fruits, nuts,
+pies, pastry, ice cream, ice water, sugars, sweets, custards, malt
+liquors, sweet wines.
+
+Infants.--Bottle-fed infants should stop milk and use egg albumen, etc.
+This is prepared by gently stirring (not to a froth) the white of one egg
+in a cup of cold water and one-fourth teaspoonful of brandy and a little
+salt mixed with it. Feed this cold.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 111]
+
+If it causes foul or green stools it must be stopped. Dr. Koplik, of New
+York, recommends stopping the feeding of breast and bottle-fed infants in
+severe diarrhea or cholera infantum and to use the following:--Albumin
+water, acorn cocoa, or beef juice expressed and diluted with barley water.
+The white of one egg is equal in nourishing value to three ounces of milk
+and is well borne by infants. The albumin water can be used alternately
+with the solution of acorn cocoa or beef juice or barley water. Liebig's
+soup mixture is better liked by older children. Meat juice is made from
+lean beef, slightly broiled, then cutting it in squares and squeezing
+these in a lemon press. Rice or barley water can be added to this if the
+meat juice causes vomiting. Add only one or two teaspoonfuls of barley or
+rice water and increase, if it agrees well, in a day or two.
+
+CHOLERA MORBUS (Acute Inflammation of Stomach and Upper Bowel).--This is
+most common in young people in late summer, after indiscretion in eating.
+
+Symptoms.--Sometimes the patient feels tired, then nausea, etc. The attack
+though is usually sudden, with nausea, vomiting, and cramp-like pains in
+the abdomen. The contents of the stomach are vomited. The bowel discharge
+at first is diarrhea and later like rice water. Repeated vomiting and
+purging, with severe cramps. It looks like true cholera.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES, Cholera Morbus.--Castor Oil for.--"Castor oil one
+tablespoonful for an adult, one-half tablespoonful for children." This is
+an old, tried remedy and very good.
+
+2. Cholera Morbus, Blackberry Root and Boiled Milk for.--"Steep the root
+of the long blackberry, give in one-half teaspoonful doses; alternate with
+teaspoonfuls of well boiled sweet milk, one-half hour apart."
+
+3. Cholera Morbus, Blackberry Cordial for.--"Take a quantity of
+blackberries, strain out all of the juice. To each pint of juice add a
+pint of sugar. Then put in a little bag or cloth one-half ounce of
+cinnamon, one-fourth ounce of mace, two teaspoonfuls of cloves. Place this
+little bag with spices in the berry juice and boil for about two minutes,
+after which remove bag of spices and add one large cup of brandy or whisky
+to each pint of juice."
+
+4. Cholera Morbus, Tincture Cayenne Pepper for.--"Tincture cayenne pepper,
+five to ten drop doses in a little hot water. Before giving this medicine
+it is well to drink a quantity of tepid water and produce vomiting. This
+can be made more effective by adding five or ten drops of camphor."
+
+5. Cholera Morbus, Nutmeg and Jamaica Ginger for.--"Grate one teaspoonful
+nutmeg, put few drops Jamaica ginger in three or four tablespoonfuls of
+brandy, add little water." The writer says this is one of the finest
+remedies she has ever known for summer complaint.
+
+6. Cholera Morbus, Home Remedy for.--"To a pint of water, sweetened with
+sugar, add chalk one-half dram, anise, two drams, cayenne pepper, ten
+grains; boil this down to one-half pint. Give a teaspoonful every hour or
+two until relieved. Kerosene may be applied to the abdomen with cloths.
+This is a very good remedy and easily prepared."
+
+[112 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+7. Cholera Morbus, Old Reliable Remedy for.--
+
+    Tincture Rhubarh                  4 ounces
+    Spirits Camphor                   2 ounces
+    Paregoric (Tinct. opii camph.)    3 ounces
+    Spirits Ammonia                   4 ounce
+    Essence Peppermint                1 dram
+
+Take a half teaspoonful every two hours. This is a tested recipe; have
+known of its being used the last fifty years."
+
+The camphor and paregoric will relieve the pain, while the rhubarb and
+pepper are stimulating and laxative.
+
+8. Cholera Morbus, Common Remedy for.--"To check vomiting and purging, the
+following mixture is excellent:
+
+    Essence of Peppermint      1 ounce
+    Water                      1 ounce
+    Carbonate of Potash       20 grains
+    Paregoric                  1 teaspoonful
+    White Sugar or Honey       2 teaspoonfuls
+
+Mix and shake well. Dose.--One teaspoonful every ten or twenty minutes
+until the patient becomes quiet. If necessary keep up bodily heat by means
+of hot flannels or bricks to extremities. Keep the patient quiet."
+
+This is an excellent remedy for this trouble and may be used by anyone.
+The above mixture is for an adult.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Cholera Morbus.--l. Heat to the bowels and to
+the extremities. Give plenty of hot water to aid vomiting and to wash the
+stomach. It is always well to keep on drinking hot water and frequently
+the vomiting stops. If not, the camphor, laudanum and water can be given.
+
+2. Morphine by hypodermic method. A doctor must give this.
+
+3.   Tincture of Camphor   15 drops
+     Laudanum              15 drops
+
+Mix in one-third of a cup of hot water. This is a good remedy. Mustard
+poultice to the stomach and bowels benefits.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 113]
+
+CHOLERA INFANTUM, Symptoms.--Usually begins with a diarrhea, which is
+often so mild as to attract but little attention, but should be a warning.
+If a weakly baby has a diarrhea which persists, or is foul smelling and
+especially if there is a marked loss of flesh and dullness of mind, there
+is ground for worry. If a bright child loses interest in things and has
+diarrhea something is wrong. The two essential features are vomiting and
+diarrhea, and the vomiting is persistent. First it vomits food, then the
+mucus and bile. The thirst is great, but anything taken to relieve it is
+instantly thrown up. The stools are frequent, large and watery. They may
+be painless and involuntary. They may look like dirty water, but later
+they loose all color. They are sometimes so thin and copious as to soak
+through the napkin and saturate the bed. They may be without odor, and
+again the odor is almost over-powering. The prostration is great and
+rapid. The fontannelles, openings in the head, are depressed, the face
+becomes pale and pinched, and the eyes are sunken. It occurs usually
+during the summer months, oftener in babies under eighteen months and
+still more under a year old.
+
+Cautions.--This book will probably find its way into homes many miles from
+a drug store and possibly a long distance from a physician. Should a child
+in that home show symptoms of cholera infantum it would be imperative for
+that mother to begin at once home treatments. We, therefore, give below a
+number of remedies which a mother can either prepare in her home or can
+take the precaution to have filled at some convenient time and keep
+constantly at hand, properly labeled so she can turn to them at any
+moment. On the other hand, should you have to wait even three or four
+hours for a physician begin one of the treatments below until he comes;
+you may save the child's life by doing so. Cholera infantum and pneumonia
+claim so many of our little ones each year, and in many cases snatch them
+away within a few hours of the first noticeable symptoms that we must
+advise you to call a physician as soon as you suspect it is serious. Cases
+vary and only a trained eye can detect the little symptoms and changes
+that may weigh in the balance the life of baby.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Cholera Infantum.--l. Castor oil and warm
+applications for.--"Give the child one teaspoonful of castor oil, then
+wring woolen cloths out of warm whisky and apply to the abdomen. This will
+most always give relief, especially after the castor oil has acted upon
+the bowels."
+
+2. Cholera Infantum, First Thing to Do.--"The first thing to do is to give
+a teaspoonful of castor oil, so as to thoroughly clean out the bowels.
+Then add one tablespoonful of turpentine to one quart of hot water and
+wring cloths out of this and apply to the bowels to relieve the pain that
+is always present in this disease. The turpentine is especially good for
+the bowels when they are bloated and have much gas in them."
+
+3. Cholera Infantum, White of Egg and Cathartic for.--"One teaspoonful
+castor oil every two hours, until the movements are natural. Give no food
+except albumen water, which is composed of the white of one egg (slightly
+beaten) and a small pinch of salt in a glass of cold water which has been
+previously boiled. Feed this by spoonfuls."
+
+4. Cholera Infantum, Olive or Sweet Oil for.--"One teaspoonful sweet or
+olive oil three times a day and an injection of one tablespoonful of the
+oil at night, to be retained in the bowels. If continued this will
+completely cure."
+
+5. Cholera Infantum, Spice and Whisky Poultice for.--"Take all kinds of
+ground spices, make a poultice. Heat whisky and wet the poultice. Apply to
+the stomach and bowels."
+
+[114 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+6. Cholera Infantum, Cabbage Leaf Poultice for.--"Take a cabbage leaf,
+hold it over the stove until warm as can be stood on back of hand; lay it
+across the child's abdomen. Repeat if necessary."
+
+7. Cholera Infantum, Herb Remedy for.--"Strawberry root, blackberry root
+and raspberry root, equal parts, steeped together. I have used this remedy
+and found it good, but it should be used in time." Make a tea of these
+roots and take one teaspoonful every hour until relieved. This is a mild
+astringent.
+
+8. Cholera Infantum, Tomatoes Will Relieve.--"Make a syrup of peeled
+tomatoes well sweetened with white sugar. Give one teaspoonful every half
+hour." This syrup is very soothing and the tomatoes are especially good if
+there is some ulcerated condition of the bowels. This preparation should
+always be strained before using.
+
+9. Cholera Infantum, Injection for.--"For infant one year old inject into
+the bowels one pint of thin starch, in which is mixed from three to five
+drops of laudanum; cool, repeat night and morning. Plenty of water or cold
+barley water may be given and the food for a time may consist of egg
+albumen with a few drops of brandy. When the symptoms first appear apply a
+spice plaster or hot application over the abdomen; and keep child as quiet
+as possible." This is a remedy recommended and used by a number of
+physicians and has cured many severe cases.
+
+Diets and Drinks.--Stop ordinary feeding at once. A little cream and
+water, or barley water and cream may do. If the breast milk excites the
+stomach and the bowels, stop it for a few hours. You can give a few drops
+of raw beef juice or a little brandy and water. To satisfy the thirst,
+wrap up a small bit of ice in a linen cloth and let the baby mouth it.
+Dilute the milk or stop entirely and give only water, or lime water and
+milk, barley water. Give all the water the child can drink boiled and
+cooled.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Cholera Infantum.--1. Washing out of the bowel
+frequently by injection controls the diarrhea. Use water of a temperature
+of 107. Elevate the tube about two feet above the bed, use one-half pint
+at one time. As the half pint flows in disconnect the funnel attached to
+the tube and the contents of the bowel are allowed to escape. Then allow
+another one-half pint to flow in. Some may escape and this is not an
+unfavorable sign. Keep on until a quart is given. This treatment is to
+wash and clean out the gut and stimulate the heart. The salt solution
+should be used, if necessary. Give only two daily.
+
+2. For Vomiting.--Wash out the stomach through a tube or by giving a great
+deal of water.
+
+3. Subcarbonate of bismuth for the vomiting and straining; two or three
+grains in powder every two or three hours. If there is much colicky pain,
+add one-half grain of salol to the bismuth powder.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 115]
+
+4. Castor oil; one teaspoonful may be needed if the bowels have any fecal
+matter in them.
+
+5. Mustard poultice or spice poultice on the belly is useful.
+
+Vomiting.--This is simply a symptom; many diseases cause it, as scarlet
+fever, tuberculosis, meningitis, acute dyspepsia, biliousness, chronic
+dyspepsia, indigestion, neuralgia of the bowels, appendicitis, ulcer and
+cancer of the stomach, pregnancy, etc. Many persons with dyspepsia vomit
+their food.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Vomiting.--1. Spice Poultice to Stop.--"Make a
+poultice of one-half cup of flour and one teaspoonful of each kind of
+ground spice, wet with alcohol or whisky. Apply over the stomach." This
+acts as a counter irritant and has the same action on the system as a
+mustard plaster, only not so severe and can be left on for hours, as there
+need be no fear of blistering. This kind of a poultice should always be
+used when it is necessary to leave one on any length of time.
+
+2. Vomiting, Mustard Plaster to Stop.--"Plaster of mustard on pit of
+stomach." Be very careful not to allow the plaster to remain on too long,
+as it will blister, and this would be worse to contend with than the
+vomiting.
+
+3. Vomiting, Parched Corn Drink to Stop.--"Take field corn and parch it as
+brown as you can get it without burning. When parched throw in boiling
+water and drink the water as often as necessary until vomiting is
+stopped."
+
+4. Vomiting, Peppermint Leaves Application for.--"Bruise peppermint leaves
+and apply to the stomach." This can be found in any drug store in a powder
+form, and is easily prepared by crushing the leaves and applying to the
+stomach. If you have the essence of peppermint in the house, that will
+answer about the same purpose taken internally and rubbed over abdomen.
+
+5. Vomiting, to Produce, Mustard and Water for.--"To produce vomiting take
+two tablespoonfuls dry mustard, throw luke warm water over it and let
+stand a minute, then drink." This is an old, tried remedy that we all know
+about.
+
+6. Vomiting, to Produce, Warm Water for.--"Drink a quart of warm water and
+you will easily find relief at once." The warm water remedy is very good
+as the water helps the patient by removing all decomposed food.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Vomiting.--The only way to treat it is to treat
+the disease that causes it. Here I may mention a very simple remedy; a tea
+made from wood soot is frequently helpful. It is the creosote in the wood
+soot that gives it its medical virtue.
+
+2. For nervous vomiting; two to five drops of garlic juice is good. Dose
+of syrup for a child [is] one teaspoonful. Dose of syrup for an adult is
+four teaspoonfuls.
+
+[116  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+3. A little brandy on cracked ice is often good.
+
+4. Oil of cloves, one-half to one drop, helps in some cases.
+
+5. Lime water added to milk is good in babies.
+
+6. Vinegar fumes, saturate a cloth and inhale the fumes.
+
+7. Seidlitz powder often settles the stomach, soda also.
+
+8. Mustard plaster over the stomach is good in all cases.
+
+9. One-tenth of a drop of ipecac is good for nausea and vomiting.
+
+10. One-half of a drop of Fowler's solution every two hours is useful in
+nausea following a spree. So also one drop dose of nux vomica every half
+hour.
+
+
+
+APPENDICITIS.--Inflammation of the vermiform appendix is the most
+important of acute bowel troubles. Sometimes the appendix may contain a
+mould of feces, which can be squeezed out readily. Sometimes foreign
+bodies like pins are found there; in about seven per cent of cases foreign
+bodies are found.
+
+It is a disease of young persons. Fifty per cent occur before the
+twentieth year. It is most common in males. Persons who do heavy lifting
+are quite subject to the disease. Some cases follow falls or blows.
+Indiscretions of diet are very apt to bring on an attack, particularly in
+those who have had it before. Pain in the appendix in such persons,
+frequently follows the eating of food hard to digest. Gorging with peanuts
+is also a cause.
+
+Symptoms.--In a large proportion of cases the following symptoms are
+present:--Sudden pain in the abdomen, usually referred to the right groin
+region. Fever often of moderate form or grade. Disturbances of the stomach
+and bowels, such as nausea, vomiting and frequently constipation.
+Tenderness or pain in the appendix region. The pain in fully one-half of
+the cases is localized in right lower part of the abdomen, but it may be
+in the central portion, scattered, or in any part of the abdomen. Even
+when the pain is not in the region of the appendix at first, it is usually
+felt there within thirty-six or forty-eight hours. It is sometimes very
+sharp and colic-like; sometimes it is dull. The fever follows rapidly upon
+the pain. It may range from 100 to 102 and higher. The tongue is coated
+and moist usually,--seldom dry. Nausea and vomiting are commonly present.
+It rarely persists longer than the second day in favorable cases.
+Constipation is the rule, but the attack may start with diarrhea.
+
+Local Signs.--Tenderness of the rectus muscle (to the right of the centre
+of the abdomen) and tenderness or pain on deep pressure. The muscle may be
+so rigid that a satisfactory examination cannot be made. Sometimes there
+is a hardness or swelling in the appendix region. Tenderness, rigidity and
+actual pain on deep pressure; with the majority of cases, a lump or
+swelling in the region of the appendix.
+
+[Illustration: Vermiform Appendix.
+When Affected by Inflamation and Gangrene
+Necessitating an Operation.]
+
+[Illustration: Vermiform Appendix.
+Showing Different Types.]
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 117]
+
+Recovery.--Recovery is the rule. It frequently returns. General
+peritonitis may be caused by direct perforation of the appendix and death
+in appendicitis is usually due to peritonitis.
+
+Surgeons have declared that sudden pain in the region of the appendix,
+with fever and localized tenderness, with or without a lump almost without
+exception means appendix disease. Rest in bed, take measures to allay the
+pain; ice bag applied to the part is very effective.
+
+Operation.--Dr. Osler, of Oxford, England, says.--"Operation is indicated
+in all cases of acute inflammatory trouble in this region, whether the
+lump is present or not, when the general symptoms are severe, and when by
+the third day the features of the case points to a progressive (condition)
+lesion. An operation after an acute attack has disappeared is not fraught
+with much danger."
+
+Diet.--All food should be withheld for a few days if possible. Liquids,
+such as egg albumen, weak tea, thin broth, barley or rice water, or milk
+diluted with lime water may be given in small quantities if necessary.
+When the acute symptoms have subsided, milk may be taken undiluted, and
+eggs may be added to the broth. When the pain and fever have disappeared
+entirely, gruels made of rice or barley, soft-boiled egg, scraped beef,
+stewed chicken, toast, and crackers may be added to the list; still later,
+mashed potatoes and vegetables, finely divided and strained, may be
+allowed and, finally, when well, usual diet resumed.
+
+APPENDICITIS, Mothers' Remedies.--Home Treatment Found Good for.--"To
+allay the pain and stop the formation of pus in appendicitis it is
+recommended that a flannel cloth be saturated with hot water, wrung out,
+drop ten to fifteen drops of turpentine on it and apply to the affected
+parts as hot as the patient can bear. Repeat until relief is obtained.
+Then cover the bowels with a thin cotton cloth, upon which place another
+cloth wrung out of kerosene oil. This sustains the relief and conduces to
+rest and eventual cure. It is an essential part of the absorbent cure for
+appendicitis, and since its adoption doctors do not resort to a surgical
+operation half so often." The above is a standard remedy and will most
+always give relief.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Appendicitis.--The bowels should at first be
+moved by an enema, The patient should be perfectly quiet in bed. The
+ice-bag should be applied to the part, but wrapped in flannel and flannel
+also on the skin, It must not be allowed to make the flesh too cool. This
+coolness relieves the inflammation of the part. Small doses, from
+one-tenth to one drop, of aconite can be given for the fever and
+inflammation the first twenty-four hours. Dose every one to three hours.
+But little medicine is now given in appendicitis.
+
+[118 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Caution.--Keep the bowels regular, especially if you have ever had
+appendicitis before, also be careful of your eating. This disease will
+attack high livers, hearty eaters and those with constipated bowels more
+quickly than others.
+
+
+
+INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. Mothers' Remedies.--1.--Inflammation of the
+Bowels, Excellent Remedy for.--"First bathe the abdomen with warm salt
+water, then lay over the navel a piece of lard the size of black walnut.
+Hold the hand over this until it softens; then rub well into the bowels.
+This often relieves when pills and powders fail." The massaging brings
+about action of the bowels without a cathartic usually. Sweet oil or olive
+oil instead of lard, will do as well.
+
+2. Inflammation of the Bowels, Red Beet Poultice for.--"Take red beets;
+chop up, put in bag, warm a little and put across the stomach. This will
+draw out the inflammation quickly and makes a very good poultice."
+
+3. Inflammation of the Bowels, Hop Poultice for.--"Take hops, strain them
+and put in a sack. Lay across the stomach and bowels."
+
+4. Inflammation of the Bowels, Griddle Cake Poultice for.--"Apply hot
+griddle cakes on bowels. This acts as a poultice, and should be replaced
+as soon as cold." This remedy saved my life when I was seventeen years of
+age. Am now fifty. This remedy will be found very good, but care should be
+taken not to burn the patient.
+
+5. Cold or Pain in the Bowels, Spice Poultice for Child or Adult.--"Take a
+cloth sack large enough to cover abdomen; take all kinds of ground spices,
+put in the bag and tie up, sprinkle bag lightly with alcohol, just enough
+to dampen spices; lay this on abdomen." This serves as a poultice and is
+an excellent remedy for this trouble. This may be used for a child as well
+as an adult.
+
+6. Inflammation of the Bowels, Simple Remedy Always at Hand for.--"Apply
+hot woolen cloths to abdomen as hot as can be wrung out, change every few
+minutes. My life was saved twice when I was several hundred miles from a
+doctor by this treatment." This simple but never failing remedy is easily
+prepared and, as we all know, heat is the most essential thing for this
+trouble, especially moist heat.
+
+7. Inflammation of the Bowels, a Rather Unique Remedy for.--"Cut the head
+off of a hen, cut open down the breast, take out the inwards, pound flat
+and roll with rolling pin and apply to the bowels. This will draw out all
+inflammation, but must be done in as little time as possible." The above
+remedy can do no harm. Many people use it. Perhaps other poultices would
+be easier to prepare, just as effective and save the hen.
+
+8. Inflammation of the Bowels, Marshmallow Leaves, a Canadian Remedy
+for.--"Green marshmallow leaves (dry will do). Wet flannel and apply
+hot." Make a strong tea of the marshmallow leaves and while hot dip
+flannels and apply to abdomen.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 119]
+
+9. Inflammation of the Bowels, Syrup of Rhubarb for.--"Add to three pints
+of simple syrup one and three-fourths ounces of crushed rhubarb,
+one-fourth ounce each of crushed cloves and cinnamon, one dram of bruised
+nutmeg, one pint of diluted alcohol, evaporate liquid by a gentle heat to
+one-half pint. Excellent in bowel complaint in one-half dram (one-half
+teaspoonful) doses every hour until it operates." The rhubarb moves the
+bowels and casts out all irritating matter. The oil of cloves stimulates
+the membranes of the bowels and the cinnamon and nutmeg are astringents.
+
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Toothache, Dry Salt and Alum for.--1. "Equal parts.
+Take common salt and alum. Mix and pulverize these together, wet a small
+piece of cotton and cause the mixture to adhere to it and place in the
+hollow tooth. At first a sensation of coldness will be produced, which
+will gradually disappear, as will the toothache. This is an excellent
+remedy and should be given a trial by any person suffering with this
+trouble."
+
+2. Toothache, Oil of Cloves Quick Relief for.--"If the tooth has a cavity
+take a small piece of cotton and saturate with oil of cloves and place in
+tooth, or you may rub the gum with oil of sassafras." These are both good
+remedies, and will often give relief almost instantly.
+
+3. Toothache, Home-Made Poultice for.--"Make a poultice of a slice of
+toast, saturate in alcohol and sprinkle with pepper and apply externally.
+This will give almost instant relief."
+
+4. Toothache, Clove Oil and Chloroform for.--"Clove oil and chloroform,
+each one teaspoonful. Saturate cotton and apply locally."
+
+5. Toothache, Sure Cure for.--
+
+    "Peppermint water   1/2 ounce
+    Nitre               1/4 ounce
+    Chloroform            1 dram
+    Ether                 1 dram
+    Oil of mustard       10 drops
+
+    Remark: This remedy will give relief where all others fail. Not only
+    for toothache, but for neuralgia pains in any part of the body, apply
+    with cloth moistened and lay on the parts affected. Continue until
+    relieved."
+
+6. Toothache, Salt and Alum Water for.--"Fill a bottle of any size half
+full of equal parts of pulverized alum and salt, then fill up the bottle
+with sweet spirits of nitre. Shake and apply it to the tooth and gums.
+Apply it freely, as there is nothing to hurt or injure you."
+
+7. Toothache, Oil of Cinnamon for.--"A drop of oil of cinnamon will
+frequently relieve very serious cases of toothache. Apply to the tooth
+with a little cotton. This will at least give temporary relief until you
+can see your dentist and have the tooth treated."
+
+8. Toothache, Reliable Remedy for.--"Chloroform, clove oil, alcohol, one
+half ounce of each. Mix together and saturate a piece of cotton and place
+it in the tooth. This is sure to give relief."
+
+[120 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+9. Toothache, From Decayed Teeth.--"If the tooth is decayed take a small
+piece of raw cotton, saturate with chloroform and place in cavity."
+
+
+
+MOTHERS' TOOTH POWDERS.--1. "The ashes of burnt branches of the common
+grape vine make a very superior tooth powder. It will clean the blackest
+of teeth, if continued for a few mornings, to that of pure white."
+
+2. Tooth Powder.--"Precipitated chalk four ounces, powdered orris root
+eight ounces, powdered camphor one ounce; reduce camphor to fine powder
+moistening with very little alcohol, add other ingredients. Mix thoroughly
+and sift through fine bolting cloth." Have used this with great success.
+
+3. Tooth Powder.--"All tooth powders, or anything that has a grit will,
+with the friction of the brush, scour loose from the enamel of the teeth;
+and this is far superior to any of them in every respect.
+
+    Soap tree bark           1 pound
+    Turpentine               2 ounces
+    Powdered orris root      2 ounces
+    Alkanet root           1/2 ounce
+
+Diluted alcohol, half water, sufficient to make the whole into one gallon.
+Let it stand in an earthen jar to macerate for fourteen days; stir
+occasionally, then strain and filter through filtering paper. The alcohol
+will have no injurious effect. This is an excellent tooth remedy."
+
+4.--Tooth Wash.--"One teaspoonful of boracic acid in a pint of boiling
+water.
+
+    Tincture Myrrh           1/2 teaspoonful
+    Spirits of Camphor       1/2 teaspoonful
+    Essence of Peppermint    1/2 teaspoonful
+
+Use in the water in which you brush your teeth. Let boracic acid water
+cool, then add last three ingredients."
+
+5. Tooth Powder.--"Precipitated chalk four ounces, pulverized sugar two
+ounces, powdered myrrh one ounce, pulverized orris root one ounce. Mix and
+sift through fine bolting cloth. This is fine."
+
+6. Tooth Powder, Commonly Used.--
+
+    "Precipitated Chalk     12 drams
+    Rose Pink                2 drams
+    Carbonate of Magnesia    1 dram
+    Oil of Rose              5 drops
+
+Mix all well together and after using it you will find the following
+mouth-wash fine for rinsing out the mouth."
+
+Antiseptic Mouth Wash.--
+
+    "Boric Acid    10 grains
+    Resorcin        4 grains
+    Salol            2 grains
+    Thymol         1/2 dram
+    Glycerin       1/2 dram
+    Pure water       1 ounce
+
+This sweetens and cleanses the mouth."
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 121]
+
+7. Tooth Powder, Simple and Unsurpassed.--
+
+    Cream of Tartar, powdered   3 ounces
+    Cochineal                   1 dram
+    Alum, powdered              4 drams
+    Myrrh                       1 dram
+    Cinnamon                    1 ounce
+    Sugar                       1 ounce
+
+Mix and pass through a sieve. This is a preparation that has no superior
+for cleaning, preserving and whitening the teeth.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Toothache.--1. Chloretone dissolved in oil of
+cloves and applied on a cotton wad is very good for toothache.
+
+2. Creosote.--Put on a piece of cotton and put this in the hollow tooth.
+
+3. Toothache in an ulcerated or hollow tooth, caused from wet feet, etc.
+Take a hot foot bath and drink a hot lemonade, hot ginger, or hot
+pennyroyal tea, and go to bed and take a good sweat. Aching tooth needs
+the care of a dentist. It pays to retain your natural teeth in good shape.
+
+
+
+INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION.--Causes.--This may be caused by strangulation,
+telescope (intussusception) of the bowels, twists and knots, strictures
+and tumors, abnormal contents.
+
+1. Strangulation is the most frequent cause; this is caused by adhesions
+and bands from former peritonitis, or following operations. The
+strangulation may be recent and due to adhesion of the bowels to the
+abdominal cut or wound, or a coil of the bowel may be caught between the
+pedicle of a tumor and the wall of the pelvis. These cases are rather
+common after some operations.
+
+2. Intussusception.--This means that one portion of the bowel slips into
+an adjacent portion. These two portions make a cylindrical lump varying in
+length from one-half inch to a foot or more. Irregular worm-like motion of
+the bowel is a cause of intussusception.
+
+3. Twists and knots.--Most frequent between thirty and forty. (There is an
+unusually long mesentery.)
+
+4. Strictures and tumors.--These are not very important causes.
+
+5. Abnormal contents.--Fruit stones, coins, pins, needles, false teeth,
+round worms rolled in a mass. Coins rarely cause inconvenience.
+
+[122 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Symptoms of Acute Obstruction.--Constipation, pain in the bowels, and
+vomiting are the three most important symptoms. Pain sets in early, and
+may come on abruptly when walking or more commonly when working. It is at
+first colicky, but soon becomes continuous and very intense, vomiting soon
+follows and is constant and very distressing. First the stomach contents
+are vomited, and the greenish bile-stained material, and soon the material
+vomited is a brownish-black liquid, with a bowel odor. This peculiar
+vomiting is a very characteristic symptom. Constipation may be absolute,
+without the discharge of either feces or gas. Very often the contents of
+the bowel below the obstruction are discharged. The abdomen is usually
+distended and when the large bowel is involved this is extreme. If it is
+high up in the small intestine, it may be very slight. At first, the
+abdomen is not tender, but later it becomes very sensitive and tender. The
+face is pale and anxious and finally collapse symptoms intervene. The eyes
+are sunken, the features look pinched and a cold, clammy sweat covers the
+skin. The pulse becomes rapid and weak. There may be no fever, and it may
+go below normal. The tongue is dry, parched, and the thirst is incessant.
+
+Recovery.--The case terminates as a rule in death in three to six days,
+if aid is not given.
+
+Treatment.--Purgatives should not be given. For the pain, hypodermics of
+morphine are needed. Wash out the stomach for distressing vomiting. This
+can be done three to four times a day. Thorough washing out of the large
+bowel with injections should be practised, the warm water being allowed to
+flow in from a fountain syringe and the amount carefully estimated.
+Hutchinson recommends that the patient be placed under an anesthetic, the
+abdomen kneaded, and a copious enema given with the hips placed high or
+patient in inverted position. Then the patient should be thoroughly
+shaken, first with the abdomen held downward and subsequently in the
+inverted position. If this and similar measures do not succeed by the
+third day surgical measures must be resorted to.
+
+For bloating, turpentine cloths should be used, and other hot, moist
+applications.
+
+Diet.--Should be very light, if any, for a day or so.
+
+
+
+RUPTURE (Hernia).--Hernia means a protrusion of an organ from its natural
+cavity, through normal or artificial openings in the surrounding
+structures. But by the term hernia, used alone, we mean the protrusion of
+a portion of the abdominal contents through the walls, and that is known
+by the popular term of "rupture."
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 123]
+
+The most common forms of rupture protrude through one of the natural
+openings or weak spots in the abdominal walls, as for instance, the
+inguinal (groin) and femoral canals. The femoral canal is located at the
+upper and inner part of the thigh, and this place is a seat of rupture,
+especially in women. Rupture may also occur at the navel, when it is
+called umbilical hernia or rupture. The contents of a hernia are bowel and
+omentum (a covering of the bowel) separately or together. The bowel
+involved in a rupture is usually the lower portion of the small bowel, but
+the large bowel is sometimes affected. A sac covers the bowel or omentum
+in a rupture. This sac consists of the protruded portion of peritoneum,
+which has been gradually pushed through one of the canals (inguinal or
+femoral) or of the process of peritoneum, which has been carried down by
+the testicle in its descent, and the connection of which with the
+peritoneum of the abdomen still continues, not having been obliterated, as
+it usually is before birth. The former is called an acquired rupture sac;
+the latter is a congenital rupture sac, and it is found only in groin
+(inguinal rupture).
+
+Causes.--Rupture is more common in men than in women. It may occur at any
+time of life. The majority of cases occur before middle age, and the
+largest number during the first ten years of life, owing to the want of
+closure of the peritoneum which is carried down by the testicles before
+birth. Rupture is most frequently strangulated between the ages of forty
+and fifty.
+
+Location.--The great majority of cases of rupture are groin or inguinal
+rupture.
+
+Symptoms.--A fullness or a swelling is first noticed in the groin, which
+is made worse in standing, coughing and lifting. This disappears on lying
+down and reappears on rising in many cases, even at first; coughing makes
+the lump or swelling harder. It may come on both sides, when it is called
+double rupture or hernia.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--Rupture, Poultice for.--"Take equal parts of lobelia
+and stramonium leaves; make a poultice and apply to the parts. Renew as
+often as necessary. This combination makes a very effective poultice and
+is sure to give relief."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--A person should wear a truss (support) that fits
+perfectly, and this should not cause any pain or discomfort. The truss
+should be worn all day, taken off at night after going to bed and put on
+before rising, when still lying down. If it is put on after rising a
+little of the gut may be in the canal and pressed down by the support.
+There are many kinds of supports.
+
+Operations now performed for rupture are very successful if the patient
+takes good care for months afterwards until the parts are thoroughly
+healed. The operation simply closes a too large opening. The testicles
+descending through the groin canal from the abdominal cavity before birth
+and in congenital rupture, left too big an opening. In acquired rupture,
+these natural openings were enlarged by lifting, falls, etc. The round
+ligament of the womb goes down through this canal and sometimes there is
+too large an opening left or acquired by accident.
+
+Irreducible Rupture.--This is when the rupture cannot be returned into
+the abdominal cavity, and it is without any symptoms of strangulation.
+They are of long standing and of a large size. This condition is often due
+to carelessness of a patient in not keeping in a reducible rupture with a
+proper support. Adhesions form, holding the rupture. Even if it is small,
+it gives rise to much discomfort and the patient is always in danger of
+strangulation of the rupture.
+
+Operation for radical cure is generally a success.
+
+[124 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Strangulation Hernia or Rupture.--This means the rupture is so tightly
+constricted that it cannot be returned into the abdominal cavity, and its
+circulation is interfered with; then there is not only obstruction to the
+passage of the feces, but also an arrest of circulation in the protruded
+portion of bowel which, if not relieved, results in gangrene and death.
+This occurs more often in old than in recent ruptures and more often in
+congenital than in acquired rupture.
+
+Symptoms.--Sudden and complete constipation with persistent vomiting. The
+lump may be tense, hard and irreducible. Then there is faintness,
+collapse; severe abdominal pain, complete constipation, with no gas
+passing, then vomiting, at first of food, then of the bile-stained fluid
+and finally of fluid with a bowel odor. All these symptoms increase and
+the patient gradually sinks from exhaustion in eight or nine days, though
+in very acute cases the patient may die within forty-eight hours.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--Strangulated Hernia, Hop Poultice for.--"A large warm
+poultice of hops over the abdomen will be found one of the best known
+means of relieving strangulated hernia."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--It must be reduced or an operation must be
+performed and soon.
+
+To reduce.--The patient is put under an anesthetic and placed on his back
+with the hips (pelvis) raised and the thigh of the affected side flexed,
+bent up and rotated inward if the rupture be inguinal or femoral. This
+motion relaxes the parts. The neck of the sac is then seized with the
+thumb and fingers of one hand, and thus fixed, while with the other hand,
+the operator endeavors to return the strangulated gut by gentle pressure
+in the proper direction. In femoral rupture, this is at first downward, to
+bring the gut opposite the opening then backward and then upward. In groin
+(inguinal) rupture it is usually slightly upward and outward. It must be
+coaxed, kneaded and squeezed carefully. Care must be taken. If it cannot
+be returned in from five to ten minutes no further time should be wasted,
+but an operation should be performed immediately. This consists in cutting
+down to the constriction and through it, thus allowing the rupture to be
+reduced.
+
+The patient should be kept in bed and treated the same way as for other
+abdominal operations.
+
+Caution.--Persons with rupture must be very careful not to lift or fall.
+If a support is worn it must fit perfectly and be worn with comfort.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 125]
+
+INTESTINAL COLIC. (Enteralgia).--Causes.--Predisposing; poor general
+condition, worry, over-work, nervous disposition. Exciting causes;
+exposure, gas in the bowels, mass of feces, undigested or irritating food,
+cold drinks, green fruit, ice cream when a person is very warm.
+
+Symptoms.--Intermittent pain usually in the umbilical (navel) region,
+moving from place to place, dull or sharp pain, relieved by pressure or
+bending forward. Abdomen is distended or drawn back. It lasts a few
+minutes or many hours, ending gradually or suddenly, after a passage of
+gas or movement of the bowels.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--1. Remove cause first if possible. Mild cases; put
+heat to the abdomen by hot water bag, wring cloths out of hot water and
+put in them ten drops of turpentine and place over the bowels hot. Give
+dose of peppermint water or ginger tea.
+
+2. Severe case.--Morphine hypodermically, if necessary, in a severe case;
+mustard poultice is good, also a spice poultice.
+
+3. Tincture of Colocynth (bitter cucumber) is an excellent remedy for this
+trouble. I have often used it with great success. Put five drops of it in
+a glass half full of water and give two teaspoonfuls every fifteen minutes
+until relieved. A few doses generally relieve the patient.
+
+
+
+THE LIVER.--The liver is the largest gland in the body, and is situated in
+the upper and right part of the abdominal cavity. The lower border of the
+liver corresponds to the lower border of the ribs in front and to the
+right side. It weighs fifty to sixty ounces in the male; in the female,
+forty to fifty ounces. It is about eight to nine inches in its transverse
+measurement; vertically near its right surface it is six to seven inches,
+while it is four to five inches thick at its thickest part. Opposite the
+backbone from behind forward it measures about three inches. The left
+lobe, the smallest and thinnest, extends to the left, over what is called
+the pit of the stomach.
+
+
+
+BILIOUSNESS.--This condition presents different symptoms in different
+cases, but it always includes languor, headache or dizziness, perhaps some
+yellow color of the skin and conjunctiva, and a general sense of want of
+tone, depression of spirits and discomfort.
+
+Causes.--The liver does not perform its function well, or there is a
+retention of bile in the bile ducts. Most of the symptoms do not depend
+directly upon the changes in the bile, but upon failure of proper
+digestion in the stomach and intestines. Certain poorly prepared foods or
+improper food for stomach digestion, quickly cause the development of
+active fermentation and its results irritate the stomach mucous membrane
+bringing about a faulty stomach secretion of mucus, which causes further
+trouble. It may end in a sick headache.
+
+TREATMENT. Prevention.--Normal, easily digested food, open bowels. Active
+exercise, horseback riding, massage of the liver region. Stooping over and
+bending from side to side and bending back with feet close together are
+good aids.
+
+[126 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Diet.--Do not over-eat. Avoid alcohol in any form. Stimulating foods such
+as spices, mustard salads, concentrated meat extracts and meat broths,
+pepper, horseradish are not to be used. Do not use too much salt; strong
+coffee and tea are harmful. In severe cases milk either diluted with water
+or lime water or peptonized should alone be used.
+
+Gruels, albumen water, kumiss, buttermilk and oyster broth may be allowed.
+Orange juice as well as lemonade may generally be given. Fasting is good
+in biliousness. No one will starve in a few days of fasting.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Biliousness, Lemons for.--"One lemon squeezed in a
+glass of water with a very little sugar, repeat for several days." Lemon
+is a very good medicine, and it is surprising to know how few people
+realize what medical properties the lemon contains. This is a good,
+simple, but very effective remedy.
+
+2. Biliousness, Salt and Water for.--"Take a teaspoonful of salt to a cup
+of water and drink before breakfast for a few mornings." It is a
+well-known fact that a little salt in warm water before breakfast is
+laxative and also cleanses the system and bowels on account of its
+purifying action.
+
+3. Biliousness, (chronic) Dandelion Tea for.--"Dandelion root is highly
+recommended for this." The root should be collected in July, August or
+September. Dose:--A strong tea may be taken freely two or three times a
+day, or the fluid extract may be purchased at any drug store.
+
+4. Biliousness, a cheap and very safe plan.--"Drink plenty of cold water
+and exercise freely in the open air." Following the above advice is often
+better than medicines and spring tonics, also unless doing hard physical
+labor, cut down on the meat eating. In fact, eat less generally for a
+time.
+
+5. Biliousness, Salt Lemonade for.--"Hot salt lemonade night and morning.
+Juice of one lemon and teaspoonful salt to as much hot water as you can
+drink."
+
+6. Biliousness, Boneset Tea for.--"Pour hot water on boneset and let stand
+until it is cold. Take a swallow occasionally." This is very good.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT. Medicines.--1. Nitro-hydrochloric acid three drops
+three times a day in half a tumblerful of water is valuable.
+
+2. Twenty drops of fluid extract of Queen's root three times a day.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 127]
+
+3. The following combination forms a good pill to be taken every night:
+
+    Extract of Chirata    40 grains
+    Podophyllin            4 grains
+    Wahoo                  8 grains
+    Culver's root          8 grains
+    Creosote              10 grains
+
+Mix and make into twenty pills. Take one every night.
+
+4. For the Attack.--Take calomel one-sixth grain tablets; one every
+fifteen minutes until six are taken, and then follow with two to four
+teaspoonfuls of epsom salts.
+
+
+
+JAUNDICE (Icterus).--A symptom consisting in discoloration by bile pigment
+of the skin, whites of the eyes, other mucous membranes and secretions.
+
+Causes.--Obstruction of the gall ducts, from gall stones, inflammation,
+tumor, strictures, from pressure by tumors, and other enlarged abdominal
+organs.
+
+Symptoms.--The skin and the conjunctiva (red membrane of the eyes) are
+colored from a pale lemon yellow to a dark olive or greenish black. The
+itching may be intense, especially in a chronic case. The sweat may be
+yellow. The stools are a pale slate color, from the lack of bile, and are
+often pasty and offensive. The pulse is slow. Recovery depends upon the
+cause. Plain, simple jaundice cases recover in a few days or weeks.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Jaundice, Sweet Cider Sure Cure for.--"New cider
+before it ferments at all. Drink all you can." This is a very simple
+remedy, but a sure one if taken in the early stages of jaundice. It causes
+the bowels to move freely and carries off any impurities in the system.
+
+2. Jaundice, Lemon Juice for.--"Take a tablespoonful of lemon juice
+several times a day." This disease is produced by congestion of the liver,
+and as lemon is excellent as a liver tonic it is known to be an excellent
+remedy for jaundice.
+
+3. Jaundice, Peach Tree Bark for.--"Take the inner bark of a peach tree,
+and make a strong tea, and give a teaspoonful before each meal for five
+days, then stop five days, and if the patient's indications do not warrant
+a reasonable expectation that a cure is effected repeat the medicine as
+above. I never knew of a case in which the above medicine failed to cure.
+Keep the bowels open with sweet oil."
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES for Liver Complaint. Mandrake Root for.--1. "Dry and
+powder the mandrake root (often called may-apple) and take about one
+teaspoonful." This dose may be repeated two or three times a day,
+according to the requirements of the case. This is a stimulant, a tonic
+and a laxative, and is especially good when the liver is in a torpid and
+inactive condition.
+
+[128 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+2. Liver Trouble, Dandelion Root Tea for.--"Steep dandelion root, make a
+good strong tea of it; take a half glass three times a day." This is a
+very good remedy as it not only acts on the liver, but the bowels as well.
+This will always cure slight attacks of liver trouble.
+
+3. Torpid Liver, Boneset Tea for.--"Drink boneset tea at any time during
+the day and at night. It is also good for cleansing the blood." This is a
+very good remedy, especially for people who live in a low damp region.
+
+4. Liver Trouble, Mandrake Leaves for.--"A very good remedy to use
+regularly, for several weeks, is to use from one to three grains of
+may-apple (mandrake) seed, night and morning, followed occasionally by a
+light purgative, as seidlitz powder or rochelle salts." This is sure to
+give relief if kept up thoroughly.
+
+5. Liver Trouble, Mullein Leaf Tea for.--"Mullein leaves steeped, and
+sweetened. Drink freely." This acts very nicely upon the liver.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Liver Trouble.--1. For the itching, hot alkaline
+baths with baking soda in water, or dust on the following:--
+
+    Starch                  1 ounce
+    Camphor, powdered   l-1/2 drams
+    Oxide of Zinc         1/2 ounce
+
+Mix and use as a powder, or use carbolic vaselin locally. Move the bowels
+with salts and do not give much food for a few days. Use nothing but milk.
+
+2. The following is good to move the bowels when the stool is yellow and
+costive in a child one year old:
+
+    Sulphate of Magnesia    2 ounces
+    Cream of tartar         2 ounces
+
+Mix and give one-half teaspoonful in water every three hours until the
+bowels move freely. Phosphate of soda in one dram doses every three hours
+is good.
+
+3. Severe Type and Epidemic Form.--Give one to two drops of tincture
+myrica cerifera (barberry) every two hours for an adult. This I know to be
+very good.
+
+4. The common simple kind of jaundice will get well readily by moving the
+bowels freely and keeping the patient on light food.
+
+
+
+CATARRHAL JAUNDICE. (Acute catarrhal angiocholitis).--Jaundice caused by
+obstruction of the terminal portion of the common duct, by swelling of the
+mucous membrane.
+
+Causes.--This occurs mostly in young people. It follows inflammation of
+the stomach or bowels, also from emotion, exposure, chronic heart disease.
+It may be epidemic.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 129]
+
+Symptoms.--Slight jaundice preceded by stomach and bowel trouble. Epidemic
+cases may begin with chill, headache and vomiting. There may be slight
+pain in the abdomen, the skin is light or bright yellow, whites of the
+eyes are yellowish, pain in the back and legs, tired feeling, nausea, clay
+colored stools. Pulse is rather slow, liver may be a little enlarged. It
+may last from one week to one to three months.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Catarrhal Jaundice.--1. Restrict the diet if the
+stomach and bowels are diseased. Sodium phosphate may be given one
+teaspoonful every three hours to keep the bowels open. Drink large
+quantities of water and with it some baking soda one-half to one
+teaspoonful in the water.
+
+2. If you have calomel you may take one-tenth of a grain every hour for
+four hours, and then follow with the sodium phosphate in one-half
+teaspoonful doses every two to three hours, until the bowels have fully
+moved, or epsom salts, two to four teaspoonfuls. Keep in bed if there is a
+fever or a very slow pulse say of forty to fifty.
+
+GALL STONES. (Biliary Calculi, Cholelithiasis).--Cases of gall stones are
+rare under the age of twenty-five years. They are very common after
+forty-five, and three-fourths of the cases occur in women. Many people
+never know they have them. Sedentary habits of life, excessive eating and
+constipation tend to cause them. They may number a few, several, or a
+thousand, or only one.
+
+Symptoms.--There are usually none while the stones are in the gall
+bladder, but when they pass from the gall bladder down through the
+(channel) duct into the bowel they often cause terrific pain, especially
+when the stone is large. Chill, fever, profuse sweating and vomiting,
+which comes in paroxysms or is continuous. The pain may be constant or
+only come on at intervals. The region of the liver may be tender, the gall
+bladder may be enlarged, especially in chronic cases and very tender. In
+some cases the pain comes every few weeks and then may be scattered,
+sometimes seeming to be in the stomach, and then in the bowels, or in the
+region of the liver. When a person has such pains and locates them in the
+stomach or bowels, and they come periodically, every week or two or more,
+he ought to be suspicious about it being gall stones, especially if the
+symptoms do not show any stomach trouble. If the stone is large and closes
+the common duct, jaundice occurs; the stools are light colored; the urine
+contains bile. The attacks of pain may cease suddenly after a few hours,
+or they may last several days or recur at intervals until the stone is
+passed. The stones may be found in the bowel discharges after an attack.
+Death may occur from collapse during an attack.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Gall Stones, Sweet Oil for.--"Massaging the part
+over the region of the liver lightly night and morning is very good,
+following by drinking a wineglassful of sweet oil at bedtime." The patient
+should take some good cathartic the next morning, such as a seidlitz
+powder or cream of tartar. Teaspoonful in glass of water each morning.
+This treatment should be continued for several weeks and is very
+effective.
+
+[130 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+2. Gall Stones, Tried and Approved Remedy for.--"Drink about a wineglass
+of olive oil at bedtime followed in the morning by a cathartic, as
+seidlitz powder, or cream of tartar and phosphate of soda; teaspoonful
+each morning in wineglass of water. This treatment to be pursued several
+weeks. Massage the part over the liver lightly night and morning. If the
+suffering is intense use an injection of thirty drops of laudanum to two
+quarts of water." In many cases the cathartic may not be needed as the
+olive oil will move the bowels freely. Massaging the parts over the liver
+will cause it to work better and has proven successful in many cases.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Gall Stones.--1. For the pain. Morphine must be
+used and by the hypodermic method; one-fourth grain dose and repeated, if
+necessary, and chloroform given before if the pain is intense, until the
+morphine can act. Fomentations can be used over the liver.
+
+2. Soda.--The bowels must be kept open by laxatives, Sodium Phosphate or
+Sodium Sulphate, (Glauber's) salt.
+
+3. Olive Oil.--Olive oil is used very extensively. I do not know whether
+it does any good; some people think it does. From two to ten ounces daily,
+if possible. The phosphate or sulphate of sodium should be taken daily in
+one to two teaspoonfuls doses each day. Some claim these salts prevent
+formation of gall stones.
+
+4. Powder for the Itching.--For the intolerable itching you may use the
+following powder, dust some of it over the skin:
+
+    Starch            1 ounce
+    Zinc Oxide      1/2 ounce
+    Camphor       1-1/2 drams
+
+Mix into a powder.
+
+Diet.--This must be thoroughly regulated. The patient should avoid the
+starchy and sugar foods as much as possible. He or she should also take
+regular exercise. If a person afflicted with gall stones keeps the stomach
+and bowels in good condition, they will be better. Pure air, sunshine,
+exercise, and diet are big factors in the treatment of chronic diseases. A
+woman so afflicted should not wear anything tight around the stomach and
+liver, corsets are an abomination in this disease; olive oil if taken must
+be continued for months.
+
+Surgery.--The operation is indicated when the patient is suffering most of
+the time from pain in the liver region or when the person is failing in
+health, or during an acute attack. When there are symptoms of obstruction
+or when there is fever, sweating shows that there is pus in the gall
+bladder. Also an operation is then necessary, and in most cases it results
+satisfactorily.
+
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 131]
+
+CANCER OF THE GALL BLADDER, AND BILE DUCTS. Causes.--It usually occurs
+between forty and seventy years of age. The cases that originate here show
+no percentage in either sex; but those that appear here as secondary
+cancers are three times as frequent in women as in men. Chronic irritation
+by gall stones is an important cause. They are hard to diagnose and, of
+course, fatal in the secondary kind. For the primary kind early complete
+removal may cure if you can get at them.
+
+CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES OF THE LIVER. (Acute Hyperemia or
+Congestion).--This occurs normally after meals, and in acute infections,
+diseases, etc.
+
+CHRONIC CONGESTION OR NUTMEG LIVER.--This is due to an obstruction of the
+blood circulation in the liver by chronic valvular heart disease with
+failure of heart action. Lung obstruction in the trouble called Emphysema,
+Chronic Pneumonia, etc., may cause it. The cut section of a liver shows an
+appearance like a nutmeg, due to a deeply congested central vein and
+capillaries. In a later stage the liver is contracted, central liver cells
+are shrunk and the connective tissue is increased.
+
+ACUTE YELLOW ATROPHY. (Malignant Jaundice).--This is fortunately a rare
+disease. There is rapid progress, and it is fatal in nearly all cases. The
+liver is very small and flabby. The symptoms are many and are hard to
+differentiate. You must depend upon your physician. The only thing for him
+to do is to meet the symptoms and relieve them if possible.
+
+CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER. (Sclerosis of the Liver, Hobnail Liver, Gin
+Drinkers Liver, Hard Liver).--This occurs most often in men from forty to
+sixty years old. It is not uncommon in children.
+
+Cause.--It is usually due to drinking of alcohol to excess, especially
+whisky, brandy, rum or gin. The liver is small and thin; hard, granular,
+white bands run through it and press on the liver cells and destroy them.
+
+Symptoms.--These are few as long as proper circulation in the heart is
+maintained. Fatty cirrhosis is often found in post-mortems. The first
+symptoms are the same as those accompanying chronic gastritis, dyspepsia,
+They are:--Appetite is poor, nausea, retching and vomiting, especially in
+the morning; distress in the region of the stomach, constipation or
+diarrhea. These increase and vomiting of blood from the stomach may occur
+early and late. Bleeding from the stomach and bowels, etc., cause the
+stools to look like tar. Nosebleed and piles are common and profuse;
+bleeding may cause severe lack of blood. The epigastric and mammary veins
+are enlarged. Ascites (dropsy in the abdomen) usually occurs sooner or
+later and may be very marked, and it recurs soon after each tapping. The
+feet and genital organs may be oedematous (watery swelling), jaundice is
+slight and does not occur until late. During the late stage the patient is
+much shrunken, face is hollow, the blood vessels of the nose and cheeks
+are dilated, abdomen is greatly distended. Delirium, stupor, coma or
+convulsions may occur at any time.
+
+[132 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Cirrhosis of the Liver.--It is usually fatal;
+sometimes even after temporary improvements. No coffee or alcohol; simple
+diet, bitter tonics, keep bowels open, A physician must handle such a
+case.
+
+ABSCESS OF THE LIVER. Hepatic Abscess: Suppurative Hepatitis.--This is a
+circumscribed collection of pus in the liver tissue. If there is only one
+abscess it is in the larger lobe in seventy per cent of the cases. The
+amount of fluid contained in such an abscess may be two or three quarts
+and its color varies from a grayish white to a creamy reddish-brown; when
+the abscess is caused by a type (amebic) of dysentery, there is generally
+only one abscess, occurring more often in the right lobe, whereas other
+forms due to septic infection give rise to many abscesses.
+
+Causes.--This disease is rare even in tropical climates. When it is
+excited by gall stones, it is invariably septic in character and the
+infecting material reaches the interior through the liver vessels or bile
+passages. Stomach ulcers, typhoid fever, appendicitis, may bring on such
+an abscess. Pus wounds of the head are sometimes followed by a liver
+abscess. The most common method of infection is through the portal vein.
+Other causes that may be mentioned are foreign bodies traveling up the
+ducts, as round-worms and parasites.
+
+Symptoms.--Hectic temperature, pain, tenderness, and an enlarged liver,
+and often slight jaundice. In acute cases the fever rises rapidly,
+reaching 103 or 104 in twenty-four hours. It is irregular and
+intermittent, and it may be hectic, that is, like the fever of
+consumption. Shakings or decided chills frequently are present with the
+rise of fever and when the fever declines there may be profuse sweating.
+The skin is pale and shows a slight jaundice, the conjunctiva being
+yellowish. Progressive loss of strength with disturbance of the stomach
+and bowels is present. The bowels are variable and constipated and loose.
+Dropsy of the abdomen (Ascites) may develop, on account of pressure on the
+big vein, inferior vena-cava. Lung symptoms, severe cough, reddish-brown
+expectoration are often present.
+
+
+
+THE ABSCESS.--May break into the pleural cavity, bronchial tubes, lungs
+and stomach, bowels, peritoneum or through the abdominal wall.
+
+Recovery.--The result is unfavorable as it generally goes on to a rapid
+termination. The abscess should be opened and evacuated when its location
+can be detected. The death rates ranges from fifty to sixty per cent.
+
+Treatment.--Open it if you can, Sponge liver region with cool water. For
+the pain, mustard poultices, turpentine stupe or hot fomentations prove
+beneficial. Keep up strength by stimulation and quinine.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 133]
+
+Diet in Liver Troubles sent us from Providence Hospital (Catholic),
+Sandusky, Ohio:
+
+May Take--
+
+Soups--Vegetable soups with a little bread or cracker, light broths.
+
+Fish--Boiled fresh cod, bass, sole or whiting, raw oysters.
+
+Meats--Tender lean mutton, lamb, chicken, game, (all sparingly).
+
+Farinaceous--Oatmeal, hominy, tapioca, sago, arrowroot (well cooked),
+whole wheat bread, graham bread, dry toast, crackers.
+
+Vegetables--Mashed potato, almost all fresh vegetables (well boiled),
+plain salad of lettuce, water-cress, dandelions.
+
+Desserts--Plain milk pudding of tapioca, sago, arrowroot or stewed fresh
+fruit (all without sugar or cream), raw ripe fruits.
+
+Drinks--Weak tea or coffee (without sugar or cream), hot water, pure,
+plain or aerated water.
+
+Must Not Take--
+
+Strong soups, rich made dishes of any kind, hot bread or biscuits,
+preserved fish or meats, curries, red meats, eggs, fats, butter, sugar,
+herrings, eels, salmon, mackerel, sweets, creams, cheese, dried fruits,
+nuts, pies, pastry, cakes, malt liquors, sweet wines, champagne.
+
+
+
+ACUTE GENERAL PERITONITIS. (Inflammation of the Peritoneum, Lining of the
+Abdominal Cavity).--Causes. Primary; Occurs without any known preceding
+disease, and is rare. Secondary; Occurs from injuries, extension from
+inflamed nearby organs, such as appendicitis or infection from bacteria,
+without any apparent lesion (disease of the bowel). Perforation causes
+most of the attacks of peritonitis. Peritonitis may accompany acute
+infections or accompany chronic nephritis, rheumatism, pleurisy,
+tuberculosis and septicemia. Peritonitis occurs from perforation of the
+bowel in typhoid fever also, and it frequently occurs after appendicitis
+and sometimes after confinement.
+
+Symptoms.--This is often the history of one of the causes mentioned above,
+followed in cases with perforation or septic disease by a chill or chilly
+feeling and pain, varying at first, with the place where the inflammation
+begins. The patient lies on his back, with the knees drawn up, and the
+body bent so as to relax the muscles of the abdomen, which are often
+rigidly contracted,--stiff at first on the side where the pain starts. The
+pain may be absent. The abdomen becomes distended, tympanitic (caused by
+gas). An early symptom is vomiting and it is often repeated. There is
+constipation; occasionally diarrhea occurs. The temperature may rise
+rapidly to 104 or 105 and then become lower; it is sometimes normal. The
+pulse is frequent, small, wiry and beats 100 to 150 per minute; the
+breathing is frequent and shallow. The tongue becomes red and dry and
+cracked. Passing the urine frequently causes pain; sometimes there is
+retention of urine. The face looks pinched, the eyes are sunken, the
+expression is anxious, and the skin of the face is lead colored or livid.
+Hiccoughs, muttering, delirium or stupor may be present.
+
+[134 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Recovery, Prognosis, etc.--The action of the heart becomes weak and
+irregular, respiration is shallow, the temperature taken in the rectum is
+high, the skin is cold, pale and livid, death occurs sometimes suddenly,
+usually in three to five days; less often thirty-six to forty-eight hours;
+or even after ten days. The results depend mainly upon the cause of the
+inflammation, and the nature of the infection, infectious disease that
+produces it, being usually very bad after puerperal sepsis (after
+confinement), induced abortion, perforation of the bowel or stomach, or
+rupture of an abscess.
+
+LOCAL PERITONITIS.--This may come from local injury, but it is usually
+secondary to empyema, tuberculosis, or cancer, abscess, perforation of the
+stomach or bowel, ulcer, etc.
+
+Symptoms.--Onset is usually sudden. There is sudden local pain, increased
+by any movements; tenderness, and vomiting; then chills, irregular fever,
+sweating, difficult breathing, emaciation.
+
+TREATMENT OF THE ACUTE PERITONITIS.--There must be absolute rest, morphine
+by hypodermic method, one-fourth to one-half grain to relieve the pain.
+Ice cold and hot fomentations with some herb remedy like hops, smartweed,
+etc.; or cloths wrung out of hot water with five to ten drops of
+turpentine sprinkled on them. This is very good when there is much
+bloating from gas.
+
+The turpentine should be stopped when the skin shows red from it. The
+cloths should not be heavy or they will cause pain by their weight. Ice
+water can be used when cold cloths are needed.
+
+For vomiting.--Stop all food and drink for the time and give cracked ice.
+
+Diet.--Should be hot or cold milk with lime water or peptonized milk if
+necessary. If the feeding causes vomiting, you must give food by the
+rectum. For the severe bloating enemas containing turpentine should be
+given, one to two to six ounces of water used with ten to thirty drops of
+turpentine in it; sometimes it is necessary to resort to surgery.
+
+TUBERCULAR PERITONITIS.--This may occur as a primary trouble or secondary
+to tuberculosis of the bowels, lungs, and Fallopian tube. It is most
+frequent in males between twenty and forty.
+
+[ DIGESTIVE ORGANS 135]
+
+Symptoms.--These are variable. It may occur like acute peritonitis with
+sudden onset of high fever, pain, tenderness, bloating, vomiting and
+constipation; these symptoms passing into those of chronic peritonitis.
+Often there are gradual loss of strength and flesh, low and irregular
+fever; frequently the temperature goes below normal with a little ascites
+tympanites, constipation, diarrhea and masses in the abdomen which consist
+of the omentum (apron covering the bowels) rolled up and matted into a
+sausage-shaped tumor in  the upper part of the abdomen, or of thickened or
+adherent coils of the bowel, enlarged mesentric lymph nodes, etc.
+Spontaneous recovery may occur, or the course of the disease may resemble
+that of a malignant tumor.
+
+Treatment.--If there is effusion and few adhesions, cutting in and
+removing the fluid may help. In other cases good nourishing diet with cod
+liver oil is best.
+
+
+
+ASCITES. (Hydroperitoneum. Abdominal Dropsy).--This is an accumulation of
+serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It is but a symptom of disease.
+
+Local Causes.--Chronic peritonitis, obstruction of the portal (vein)
+circulation as in cirrhosis of the liver, cancer or other liver disease,
+from heart disease, tumors, as of the ovaries or enlarged spleen. All
+these mentioned may produce this dropsy.
+
+General Cause.--Heart disease, chronic nephritis, chronic malaria, cancer,
+syphilis, etc.
+
+Symptoms.--Gradual increasing distention of the abdomen, causing sometimes
+a sense of weight, then difficulty of breathing from pressure. The abdomen
+is distended, flattened at the sides unless it is very full. The skin may
+be stretched tense, superficial veins are distended. The navel may be flat
+or even protrude and around it the vessels may be greatly enlarged. There
+is fluctuation when you tap sharply at one side, while holding your hand
+on the other side you feel a wavy feeling.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Ascites.--First treat the disease causing it.
+Sometimes it is necessary in order to prolong life to repeatedly tap the
+patient as in cirrhosis of the liver. When it is caused by the heart or
+kidneys, give cathartics that carry away much liquid, hydragogue
+cathartics. One dram of jalap at night followed by a big dose of salts
+before breakfast. Cream of tartar and salts are good, equal parts. Or
+cream of tartar alone, one to two drams, with lemon juice in water in
+repeated doses. Digitalis and squill, of each one grain to cause great
+flow of urine. Infusion of digitalis is also good to increase flow of
+urine, when the heart is the real cause of the ascites. These treatments
+take the liquids away through the proper channels, the bowels and kidneys.
+
+[136 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Ascites caused by an Ovarian Tumor.--The tumor must be removed. I am not
+in favor of indiscriminate operating, but operations often save lives. I
+remember one case in which I very strongly urged the lady to have an
+operation performed. It was a case of ascites, caused, as I was sure, by a
+tumor of the ovary. The lady, as almost all people do,--and I do not blame
+them for it,--dreaded even the thought of an operation, but she was
+finally compelled to have an operation or die. She filled so full that it
+was almost impossible for her to breathe. She went away from home in
+terrible shape, almost out of breath, and returned home a well woman and
+has remained so. Such cases formerly died. But not all cases of ascites
+can be cured by an operation, it depends upon the cause. In many cases all
+one can do is to doctor the cause, if that cannot be removed, make the
+patient's remaining days as comfortable as possible.
+
+DISEASES OF THE RECTUM AND ANUS.--The lower part of the alimentary canal
+is called the rectum, originally meaning straight. It is not straight in
+the human animal. It is six to eight inches long. The anus is the lower
+opening of the rectum. In health it is closed by the external Sphincter
+(closing muscle). Disease may wear this muscle out and then the anus
+remains open, causing the contents of the bowel to move involuntary.
+
+CONSTIPATION. Causes.--1. Mechanical obstruction.
+
+2. Defective motion of the bowels.
+
+3. Deficient bowel secretions.
+
+4. Other causes. Mechanical obstruction.--Anything that will hinder the
+free and easy passage of the feces (bowel contents). Too tight external
+sphincter (rectum) muscle, stricture, tumors, etc. Bending of the womb on
+the bowel.
+
+Defective Worm-like Bowel Movement.--Irregular habits of living head the
+list causing this defective action. Everyone should promptly attend to
+Nature's call. Some people wait until the desire for stool has all gone,
+and in that way the "habit" of the bowels is gradually lost. Everyone
+should go to stool at a certain regular time each day, and at any other
+time when Nature calls. If a person heeds this call of Nature, the call
+will come regularly at the proper time, say every morning after breakfast.
+If these sensations (Nature's calls) are ignored day after day, the mucous
+membrane soon loses its sensitiveness and the muscular coat its tonicity,
+and as a result, large quantities of fecal matter may accumulate in the
+sigmoid (part of the bowel) or in the rectum without exciting the least
+desire to empty the bowels. Again, irregular time for eating and improper
+diet are liable to diminish this action also. Foods that contain very
+little liquid and those that do not leave much residue are liable to
+accumulate in the bowel and at the same time press upon the rectum hard
+enough to produce a partial paralysis.
+
+Deficiency of the Secretions.--Many of the causes that hinder worm-like
+motion are also likely to lessen the normal secretions of the bowel. Some
+kinds of liver diseases tend to lessen the secretions of the bowel,
+because the amount of bile emptied into the bowel is lessened. Sometimes
+the glands of the intestine are rendered less active by disease and other
+causes.
+
+Sundry Causes.--Diabetes, melancholy, insanity, old age, paralysis, lead
+poisoning and some troubles of local origin, like fissure of the rectum,
+ulceration, stricture and polypus.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 137]
+
+Symptoms.--Headache, inattention to business, loss of memory, melancholy,
+sallow complexion, indigestion, loss of appetite, nervous symptoms.
+Spasmodic muscular contraction of the external sphincter. The bowel
+contents press upon it; spasm of this sphincter muscle is frequently
+brought on by the presence of a crack in the mucous membrane, caused by
+injury inflicted during expulsion of hardened feces. Instead of aiding a
+bowel movement, the muscles now present an obstruction beyond control of
+the will and aggravate the condition. The most frequent cause of disease
+of the rectum is constipation and anyone of the following local diseases
+of the rectum and anus may be a symptom of constipation. (1) Fissure or
+crack of the anus. (2) Ulceration. (3) Hemorrhoids (piles). (4) Prolapse
+(falling). (5) Neuralgia. (6) Proctitis and periproctitis.
+
+Fissure of the anus is a common local symptom of constipation. The feces
+accumulate when the bowels do not move for a few days, the watery portion
+is absorbed; they become dry, hard, lumpy, and very difficult to expel,
+frequently making a rent (tear) in the mucous membrane and resulting
+eventually in an irritable fissure. Ulceration of the rectum and the
+sigmoid (part of the bowel) is a symptom of persistent constipation,
+because the pressure exerted upon the nourishing blood vessels by the
+fecal mass causes local death of the tissues.
+
+Hemorrhoids (Piles) may be produced by constipation in several ways; first
+by obstruction to the return of the venous (dark) blood. Second, by venous
+engorgement (filling up) of the hemorrhoidal veins during violent and
+prolonged straining at stool. Third, as a result of the general looseness
+of the tissues in those suffering from constipation.
+
+Prolapse (Falling of the Bowel).--This falling of the rectum may be
+partial or complete, and may be caused by straining or by the downward
+pressure exerted by the fecal mass during the emptying movement of the
+bowel. It may also be the result of a partial paralysis of the bowel
+caused by pressure of the feces upon the nerves.
+
+Proctitis and Peri-Proctitis.--Inflammation of the rectum and surrounding
+tissue that may or may not terminate in an abscess and fistula, sometimes
+follows injury to the very sensitive mucous membrane by the hardened
+feces.
+
+Neuralgia of the Rectum.--This may sometimes result from the pressure of
+the fecal mass upon the nearby nerves causing pain in the sacrum coccyx
+(bones).
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Constipation, a Good Substitute for Pills and
+Drugs.--"Two ounces each of figs, dates, raisins, and prunes (without
+pits) one-half ounce senna leaves. Grind through meat chopper, and mix
+thoroughly by kneading. Break off pieces (about a level teaspoonful) and
+form into tablets. Wrap each in a wax paper and keep in covered glass
+jars, in a cool place. Dose.--One at night to keep the bowels regular.
+Very pleasant to take."
+
+[138 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+2. Constipation, Substitute for Castor Oil.--"Take good clean figs, and
+stew them very slowly in olive oil until plump and tender, then add a
+little honey and a little lemon juice, and allow the syrup to boil thick.
+Remarks.--Keep this in a covered glass jar and when a dose of castor oil
+seems necessary, a single fig will answer every purpose. Not unpleasant to
+take."
+
+3. Constipation, Hot Water for.--"A cup of hot water, as hot as one can
+drink it, a half an hour before breakfast." The hot water thoroughly
+rinses the stomach and helps the bowels to carry off all the impurities.
+
+4. Constipation. Excellent Nourishment for Old People.--"A tablespoonful
+of olive oil three times a day internally for weak or very old people: it
+can be injected,--used as an enema." Olive oil will be found very
+beneficial for young people as well as old. It acts as a food for the
+whole system and is very nourishing.
+
+5. Constipation, Salt and Water for.--"A pinch of salt in a glass of water
+taken before breakfast every morning. I have found it a very good remedy."
+This is a remedy easily obtained in any home and will be found very
+helpful. Few people seem to realize how valuable salt is as a medicine. It
+acts as a stimulant and loosens the bowels.
+
+6. Constipation, Water Cure for.--"Drink a quantity of water on retiring
+and during the day." This simple home remedy has been known to cure
+stubborn cases of constipation if kept up faithfully.
+
+7. Constipation, Tonic and Standard Remedy for.--"Calomel one ounce, wild
+cherry bark one ounce, Peruvian bark one ounce, Turkish rhubarb ground one
+ounce, make this into one quart with water, then put in sufficient alcohol
+to keep it." Dose:--Take a small teaspoonful each morning when the bowels
+need regulating, or you need a stimulating tonic.
+
+8. Constipation, Glycerin and Witch-Hazel Remedy Where Castor Oil Failed--
+"Equal parts of glycerin and witch-hazel." Dose :--One teaspoonful every
+night at bedtime. In severe cases where you have been unable to get a
+movement of the bowels by the use of other cathartics, take a teaspoonful
+every two hours until the bowels move freely. This remedy has been known
+to cure when castor oil and other remedies have failed.
+
+9. Constipation, Well-known Remedy for.--
+
+    "Fluid Extract Cascara Sagrada    1 ounce
+    Syrup Rhubarb                     1 ounce
+    Simple Syrup                      2 ounces
+
+Mix."
+
+One teaspoonful at night or fifteen drops four times a day for an adult.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 139]
+
+10. Constipation, Effective Remedy, in the most Stubborn Cases of.--
+
+    "Fluid Extract Cascara Sagrada   1 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Wahoo              1 ounce
+    Neutralizing Cordial             2 ounces
+
+Mix."
+
+Adults may take a teaspoonful of this mixture before retiring, this will
+be found very effective in the most stubborn cases of constipation.
+
+11. Constipation, Remedy from a Mother at Lee, Massachusetts.--
+
+    "Senna Leaves          1/2 pound
+    English Currants       1/2 pound
+    Figs                   1/4 pound
+    Brown Sugar              1 large cup
+
+Chop all together fine. Dose:--One-fourth to one-half teaspoonful every
+night. Do not cook. The best remedy I know."
+
+12. Constipation, Fruit and Hot Water Cure for.--"Drink a pint of hot
+water in the morning before eating. Eat fruit, plenty of apples, eat
+apples in the evening, and they will loosen the bowels. Chew them fine,
+mix with saliva."
+
+13. Constipation, Herb Tea for.--"One ounce senna leaves steeped in
+one-half pint of hot water, with a teaspoonful of ginger powdered; strain.
+This is a most certain and effective purge, and mild in its action upon
+the bowels. Dose:--A cupful at bedtime. This is far superior to salts."
+
+14. Constipation, Purshiana Bark Tea Without an Equal for.--"An infusion
+of one ounce of purshiana bark to one pint of boiling water; infuse for
+one hour and strain. It stands without an equal in the treatment of
+constipation in all its varied forms. Dose:--One teaspoonful, morning and
+evening according to symptoms or until the bowels are thoroughly
+regulated." This is fine for constipation, especially if of long standing.
+It may be used in connection with cascara. This will give relief when
+other remedies fail.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Constipation.--Too much reliance has been placed
+upon medicine in the treatment of this disease and too little attention
+given to diet, and the establishment of regular habits in eating,
+exercising, sleeping and attending to the calls of Nature. Also, local
+disease of the rectum has been overlooked until of late years. Remedies of
+a laxative and cathartic nature soon lose their power and the dose must be
+repeated or a new remedy must be given. This method of treatment is well
+recommended and is very good.
+
+1--Stretching of the sphincter.
+
+2--Frequent rectal and abdominal massage.
+
+3--Copious injection of warm water (in the beginning only).
+
+4--Application of electricity over the abdomen and in the rectum.
+
+[140 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+In addition to this treatment which must be carried out by a physician the
+patient must observe the following rules: Go to stool daily, and as near
+the same time as is convenient, correct errors of diet. Drink an abundance
+of water and eat sufficient fruit. Take plenty of outdoor exercise; take a
+cold bath every morning followed by a thorough rubbing. Dress warmly in
+winter and cool in summer. Change of temperature or climate if the case
+demands it. Be temperate in all things affecting the general health.
+Stretching the sphincter must be done carefully, but in a thorough manner.
+It can only be done properly by an experienced person. Stretching of the
+sphincter closes the opening so that the feces are not passed at all
+times. It is circular in shape. Sometimes this grows larger, stiffer, or
+it acts spasmodically. The opening is often so tight in some people that
+it is difficult to introduce even a finger, and it frequently produces a
+spasm of pain in the bowels, stomach and head to do so. This kind will
+produce constipation or make it worse. In such cases it should be
+stretched thoroughly but carefully so that the muscle will be able to
+close the opening and the bowel contents will not pass at any time
+unhindered. There are two methods of stretching the muscle--forcible or
+gradual. The forcible method is generally done by inserting the two thumbs
+into the anus and stretching the muscle thoroughly in every direction
+until there is no resistance. (Dilators are made for this purpose, but
+unless they are very carefully used they will tear the muscle). The
+forcible method should be done under an anesthetic. Gradual stretching is
+done when an anesthetic cannot be used. It is better to do too little than
+to do too much at the first sitting. The muscle is very stubborn
+sometimes, and it requires careful handling or the irritability will be
+increased. An instrument in the hands of a careful man is all right. They
+can be stretched by the fingers or the Wales' bougie, thus: Patients
+should come to the office two or three times a week, the instrument
+(bougies) are introduced and allowed to remain within the bowel until the
+muscle resistance is overcome, and many times their withdrawal will soon
+be followed by a copious stool. Forcible stretching is seldom required
+more than once, if a large sized instrument is used from time to time
+afterward, just as in gradual stretching; when thorough dilatation has
+been accomplished, the muscle instead of acting as an impassable barrier
+to the discharge of the feces, now offers only passive resistance, but
+sufficiently strong, however, to prevent any unpleasant accidents, yet not
+strong enough to resist the power of the expulsory muscles when the latter
+are brought into full play during stool. Large quantities of feces do not
+now accumulate; consequently the pressure upon the mucous membrane and
+neighboring nerves is eliminated, and the bowel regains its normal
+sensibility and strength. There are now sold dilators in sets for self use
+in almost every drug store. These when used continuously do good and
+successful work.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 141]
+
+Abdominal Massage. (Kneading, Rubbing, etc.).--This is an essential
+feature in the treatment. It was practiced by Hippocrates hundreds of
+years ago. Place the patient in the recumbent position upon a table which
+can be so manipulated that the head may be raised or lowered, the body
+rolled from side to side. Gentle but firm pressure is then made with the
+palm of the hand and the ball of the thumb over the large intestine
+beginning in the lower right groin region. Then go up to the ribs on the
+right side, then over the body to the same place on the left side and down
+to the left lower side and center, accompanying the pressure by kneading
+the parts thoroughly with the fingers. Repeat this several times for about
+ten to twelve minutes. At first this should be practised every day; later
+twice a week. Special treatment should be given the small intestines and
+liver when the bile and intestinal secretion are lessened. In children
+gentle rubbing of the abdomen with circular movements from right to left
+with a little oil for ten minutes daily will help to increase the action
+of the bowels and often bring on a normal movement.
+
+Copious Warm Water Injections.--This is good at the beginning of the
+treatment when the feces become packed. They soften the mass and aid its
+discharge. The water must go above the rectum into the colon. To do this a
+colon tube from eighteen to twenty-four inches long, a good syringe (the
+Davidson bulb) hard rubber piston or a fountain syringe, the nozzle of
+which can be inserted into the tube, are required. The patient is placed
+in the lying down position on the left side with knees drawn up, with the
+hips elevated. Oil the tube and pass it gently and slowly up the bowel for
+a few inches until it meets with a slight obstruction. A few ounces of
+water are then forced through the tube and at the same time pressure is
+made upward with the tube; by these means the obstruction will be lifted
+out of the way each time the tube meets with resistance; the procedure
+must be repeated until the tube is well within the colon. Attach the
+syringe to the tube and allow the water to run until the colon is
+distended. A quart to a gallon of warm water can be used depending upon
+the age and amount of feces present. The water should be retained as long
+as possible.
+
+The injections should be continued daily until all the feces has been
+removed. They should not be used for weeks as has been recommended. If
+soap suds are used in the enema, green or soft soap should be used, not
+the hard soap.
+
+Electricity.--One pole may be placed over the spinal column and the other
+moved about over the course of the colon, or one over the spine and the
+other over the rectum.
+
+Again constipation is caused by the womb lying upon the rectum. Change
+this condition. (See diseases of women).
+
+[142 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Rules.--Patients should go to stool daily at the same hour, usually after
+the morning meal. You can educate the bowel to act daily at the same hour
+or after breakfast; or on the other hand not more than once in two or
+three days in those who are careless in their habits. Some patients need
+to have two or three movements daily in order to feel well. It may take
+time to educate the bowels to do this, but it can be done in many cases
+and many persons become constipated because they put off attending to the
+educated bowel's call, and often produce constipation by carelessness. It
+is surprising how many educated people put off this duty; Nature
+neglected, soon ceases to call. If constipated persons will persevere in
+going to the closet at or near the same time every day and devote their
+entire time while there to the expulsion of the fecal contents, and not
+make it a reading room, they will bring about the desired result. Patients
+are apt to become discouraged at first; they should be informed that the
+final result of the treatment is not influenced by the failure of the
+bowel to act regularly during the first few days. Do not strain to expel
+the stool.
+
+Corrections of Errors in Diet.--This is one of the necessary features in
+the treatment. All kinds of foods known to disagree should be discarded.
+The foods should be easily digested. In children the diet should be rich
+in fats, albuminoids and sugar, but poor in starches. A reasonable amount
+of fruits such as apples, oranges, and figs should be allowed. Meals
+should be at regular hours. Foods that can be used:
+
+May Take--
+
+Soups.--Meat broths, oyster soup.
+
+Fish.--Boiled fish of all kinds, raw oysters.
+
+Meats.--Almost any fresh tender meat, poultry, game, not fried.
+
+Farinaceous.--Oatmeal, wheaten grits, mush, hominy, whole wheat bread,
+corn bread, graham bread, rye bread.
+
+Vegetables.--Boiled onions, brussels sprouts, spinach, cauliflower,
+potatoes, asparagus, green corn, green peas, string beans, salads with
+oil.
+
+Desserts.--Stewed prunes, figs, baked apples with cream, ripe peaches,
+pears, oranges, apples, melons, grapes, cherries, raisins, honey, plain
+puddings, fig puddings, apple charlotte.
+
+Drinks.--Plenty of pure water, cold or hot, new cider, buttermilk, orange
+juice, unfermented grape juice.
+
+Must Not Take--
+
+Salt, smoked, potted or preserved fish or meats, pork, liver, eggs, new
+bread, puddings of rice or sago, pastry, milk, sweets, tea, nuts, cheese,
+pineapple, spirituous liquors.
+
+Foods classed as laxatives are honey, cider, molasses, and acid fruits,
+such as apples, pears, peaches, cherries, and oranges. Berries are
+effective laxatives on account of the acids and seeds they contain.
+(Huckleberries are constipating). Prunes, dates and figs are good and
+effective, also fruit juices.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 143]
+
+Drinks.--There are few laxatives better than a glass of cold water or
+preferably hot water, taken upon an empty stomach before breakfast; water
+prevents the feces from becoming dry and massed, and stimulates the
+intestinal movements. A pinch of salt added to the water increases its
+effectiveness.
+
+Out-door Exercise.--This should be taken regularly and freely.
+
+Bathing.--The best time is before breakfast, and in as cold water as
+possible. The bath should be followed by a thorough rubbing of the skin
+with a Turkish towel.
+
+Clothing.--Warm clothing in winter; cool clothing in summer.  Cold weather
+induces constipation, and warm weather diarrhea. Moderate manner of living
+is everything.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Constipation. 1. One year to three years.--For
+infants one teaspoonful or less of black molasses or store syrup, or of
+olive oil; and Mellin's food eaten dry, is good for babies a year and
+older.
+
+2. Small Children.--Increase cream in the milk, give oatmeal or barley
+water. Castile soap suppository, enema, massage, castor oil, or citrate of
+magnesia if drugs are needed.
+
+3. Older Children.--In older children, fruit, oatmeal, etc. Black molasses
+is good for children, one to two teaspoonfuls.
+
+4. Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada.--Dose: ten to sixty drops at night.
+This is good for a great many cases and sometimes it cures the trouble,
+but on the other hand it seems to injure some people.
+
+5. The Aromatic Cascara is also good; doses are larger and pleasant to
+take. This is more agreeable for children.
+
+6. The Compound Licorice Powder is a mild, simple laxative and effective.
+It is composed of senna eighteen parts, licorice root powder sixteen
+parts, fennel eight parts, washed sulphur eight parts, sugar fifty parts.
+Dose:--One to two teaspoonfuls.
+
+7. For one dose, or one capsule, the proportions would be:
+
+                                ONE        AMOUNT FOR
+                              CAPSULE       ONE DOZEN
+    Aloin                    1/4 grain       3 grains
+    Extract of Belladonna    1/8 grain       10 grains
+    Extract Nux Vomica       1/4 grain       3 grains
+    Powdered Gentian           3 grains     36 grains
+
+Mix and put up in twelve capsules and take one at night.
+
+There are many tablets and pills made that can be bought at any drug
+store. No doubt some of them are first class, though perhaps not attaining
+to that high degree of virtue claimed in their advertising columns.
+
+[144 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+ITCHING OF THE ANUS. (Itching Piles) (Pruritus ani).Causes.--An inherited
+or an acquired nervous constitution. Disease of the colon, rectum or anus.
+Improper diet. Skin affections in that region. Operations about the rectum
+and anus with resulting discharge sometimes. Diseases in the neighboring
+organs. Disease of the general system. Diarrhea, discharge of mucus and
+pus, fissure, etc. Irregular habits and dissipation. Over-seasoned foods
+such as lobster, salmon, shell-fish and foods containing much grease or
+starch are especially conducive to it; the same is true of tea, coffee,
+cocoa, strong alcoholic drinks. Skin diseases, lice, pin worms often cause
+it.
+
+After Operations.--Some part has not healed, and there is left an
+irritating discharge.
+
+Symptoms.--There is intense itching at the anus, increased by warmth, and
+contact of the buttocks. The itching grows worse after the patient becomes
+warm in bed. It may spread and extend to the scrotum, down the limbs and
+sometimes over the lower back.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT FOR ITCHING OF ANUS. Preventive and Palliative.
+
+DIET.--May Take.--Strong drink must be prohibited; tea, coffee, cocoa, if
+used at all should be sparingly used. A light diet such as bread, milk,
+eggs, nourishing soups, kumiss and a little fresh fish, broiled steak,
+etc., may be used.
+
+May Not Take--Hot cakes, pastry, parsnips, cheese, pickles, beans,
+cucumbers, cabbage, oatmeal, pork, shell-fish, salmon, lobster, salt fish,
+confectionery and starchy or highly seasoned foods are to be prohibited.
+Regular meals, no lunches between meals, and the patient must not over-eat
+at any time. Long course dinners and over-indulgence in highly seasoned
+foods and wines aggravate it.
+
+Remedies for Bath.--The bowels should move daily and the parts should be
+kept clean. The parts should be bathed with hot water or weak solutions of
+carbolic acid, alcohol or listerine, the heat being especially soothing.
+Bathing the parts with bran, oatmeal, flaxseed, salt, rice, slippery elm
+teas, or tar water adds much comfort to these parts. Do not wash much with
+soapy water.
+
+1. Separate the Buttocks with Gauze, a thin layer of cotton or a piece of
+soft cloth. This eases the soreness, pain and itching by absorbing the
+secretions and preventing irritations while walking. The patient should
+not scratch the parts. Direct pressure over the itching parts with a soft
+cloth, or by drawing a well oiled cloth across the sore parts several
+times gives relief.
+
+2. Dr. Allingham Recommends the introduction of a bony or ivory
+nipple-shaped plug into the anus before going to bed. It is self
+retaining, about two inches in length, and as thick as the end of the
+index finger. He claims it prevents the night itching by pressing upon the
+many veins and terminal nerve fibres of the parts. When the rawness is
+extensive and the parts are highly inflamed, the patient should be kept to
+bed and kept on his back with the limbs separated until the irritation is
+allayed.
+
+3. Local Applications.--Soothing remedies: These can be used when the
+parts are inflamed and raw. Lead and opium wash, or boric acid, or linseed
+oil, or starch, or cocaine, and zinc stearate with boric acid. This form
+of zinc adheres to the parts when rubbed on, and is thus more valuable.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 145]
+
+4. The following is good to dust in the parts:--
+
+    Boric Acid          2 drams
+    Stearate of Zinc    2 drams
+    Talcum              1 dram
+
+Apply as a dusting powder.
+
+5. The following is good for the raw parts:--
+
+      Carbolic Acid          1 scruple
+      Menthol               10 grains
+      Camphor               10 grains
+      Suet enough to make    1 ounce
+
+Mix. Apply freely two or three times daily after cleansing the parts.
+Melt the suet and when partially cold, add the other ingredients.
+
+6. The following is good for the itching and to heal the raw surfaces:--
+
+      Carbolic acid       1 dram
+      Zinc oxide          1 dram
+      Glycerin            3 drams
+      Lime water          8 ounces
+
+Mix and apply once or twice daily to relieve the itching.
+
+ 7.   Carbolic acid              1 dram
+      Calamin prep               2 drams
+      Zinc oxide                 4 drams
+      Glycerin                   6 drams
+      Lime water                 1 ounce
+      Rose water enough to make  8 ounces
+
+Mix. Keep in contact with the itching area by means of gauze or cotton
+while the itching is intense.
+
+8. For injections into the rectum for rawness of the mucous membrane, the
+following is well recommended. Use three drams of this at one time.
+
+      Fluid extract Witch Hazel          2 ounces
+      Fluid extract Ergot                2 drams
+      Fluid extract Golden Seal          2 drams
+      Compound tincture Benzoin          2 drams
+      Carbolized Olive or Linseed Oil    1 ounce
+      Carbolic acid                      5 per cent
+
+Mix and shake well before using.
+
+9.  For the same purpose:--
+      Ichthyol       1 dram
+      Olive oil      1 ounce
+
+Mix and apply in the rectum on a piece of cotton.
+
+
+
+[146 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PILES. (Hemorrhoids).--Hemorrhoid is derived from two Greek words, meaning
+blood and flowing with blood. "Pile" is from a Greek word meaning a ball
+or globe. Hemorrhoids, or piles, are varicose tumors involving the veins,
+capillaries of the mucous membranes and tissue directly underneath the
+mucous membrane of the lower rectum, characterized by a tendency to bleed
+and protrude. They were known in the time of Moses.
+
+Varieties.--There are the external (covered by the skin) and the internal
+(covered by mucous membrane).
+
+Causes.--Heredity. More frequent in males. Women sometimes suffer from
+them during pregnancy. Usually occurs between the ages of twenty-five and
+fifty. Sedentary life, irregular habits, high-grade wines and liquors, hot
+and highly seasoned and stimulating foods. Heavy lifting. Those who must
+remain on their feet long or sit on hard unventilated seats for several
+hours at a time. Railway employees, because they take their meals any time
+and cannot go to stool when Nature calls, causing constipation. Purgatives
+and enemata used often and for a long time. Constipation is perhaps the
+most frequent cause: when a movement of the bowels is put off for a
+considerable time the feces accumulate and become hard and lumpy and
+difficult to expel. If this hard mass is retained in the rectum, it
+presses upon the blood vessels interfering with their circulation and by
+bruising the vessels may induce an inflammation of the veins when the
+hardened feces are expelled; straining is intense, the mass closes the
+vessels above by pressure and forces the blood downward into the veins,
+producing dilatation when the force is sufficient. One or more of the
+small veins near the anus may rupture and cause a bloody (vascular) tumor
+beneath the mucous membrane or skin.
+
+External Piles.--Two kinds, venous piles and skin or simple enlarged tags
+of skin. Venous piles usually occur in robust persons. They come on
+suddenly and are caused by the rupture of one or more small veins during
+the expulsion of hardened feces. There may be one or more, and may be
+located just at the union of the mucous membrane and the skin. Their size
+is from a millet-seed to a cherry, livid or dark blue in color, and appear
+like bullets or small shots under the skin. At first they cause a feeling
+of swelling at the margin of the anus; but as the clot becomes larger and
+harder, there is a feeling of the presence of a foreign body in the lower
+part of the anal canal (or canal of the anus). The sphincter muscle
+resents this and occasionally contracts, spasmodically at first, producing
+a drawing feeling; later these contractions become longer and more
+frequent, and there is intense suffering caused by the pile being
+squeezed, and this suffering may be so great that sleep is impossible
+without an opiate. Because of the straining, irritation of the rectum and
+pain in the sphincter, the piles soon become highly inflamed and very
+sensitive. The clot may be absorbed without any treatment. Occasionally it
+becomes ulcerated from the irritation, infection takes place and an
+abscess forms around the margin of the anus terminating in a fistula.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 147]
+
+Skin Piles. (Cutaneous).--These are enlarged tags of the skin. They
+frequently follow the absorption of the clot in the venous piles where the
+skin is bruised and stretched. There may be one or many and usually have
+the skin color. These cause less suffering than the venous variety, and
+sometimes they exist for years, without any trouble, providing care is
+taken; but when bruised from any cause, such as a kick or fall, sitting on
+a hard seat, stretching of the parts during stool, or when they become
+irritated by discharges from the rectum or vagina, they become inflamed
+and cause much annoyance and pain. When they are acutely inflamed they
+swell greatly, are highly colored, swollen, painful, and extremely
+sensitive to the touch and cause frequent spasmodic contractions of the
+sphincter muscle and may finally result in an abscess. The pain is usually
+confined to the region of the anus, but may go up the back, down the limbs
+or to the privates.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES FOR PILES. Sulphur and Glycerin for.--"Equal parts of
+sulphur and pure glycerin. Grease parts." This preparation is very
+healing, and will often give relief even in severe cases.
+
+2. Piles, Strongly Recommended Remedy for.--
+
+    Extract Belladonna      15 grains
+    Acetate lead           1/2 dram
+    Chloretone               1 dram
+    Gallic acid             15 grains
+    Sulphur                 20 grains
+    Vaseline                 1 ounce
+
+Mix.
+
+In protruding, itching and blind piles, this ointment will give you almost
+instant relief. If kept up several days it will promote a cure."
+
+3. Piles, Good Salve for.--"Red precipitate two and one-half drams, oxide
+of zinc one dram, best cosmoline three ounces, white wax one ounce,
+camphor gum one dram." It is much better to have this salve made by a
+druggist, as it is difficult to mix at home. This it a splendid salve and
+very good for inflammation.
+
+4. Piles, Smartweed Salve for.--"Boil together two ounces of fresh lard
+and half an ounce smartweed root. Apply this to the piles three or four
+times a day." This is very healing, and has been known to cure in many
+cases when taken in the early stages.
+
+5. Piles, the Cold Water Cure for.--"Take about a half pint of cold water
+and use as an injection every morning before trying to have a movement of
+the bowels." This simple treatment has cured many cases where the stronger
+medicines did not help.
+
+6. Piles, Simple Application and Relief from.--"Mix together one
+tablespoonful plain vaselin and one dram flower of sulphur. Apply three
+times daily and you will get relief."
+
+7. Piles, Steaming with Chamomile Tea for.--"A tea made of chamomile
+blossoms and used as a sitz bath is excellent; after using the sitz bath
+use vaselin or cold cream and press rectum back gently."
+
+[148 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Piles.--What to do first.--The palliative
+treatment of both varieties of external piles is the same. In all cases
+the patient should lie flat on his back in bed and remain there for a few
+days. Highly seasoned foods and stimulants, tea, coffee, whisky, wine,
+etc., must be discarded. Secure a daily half liquid stool by the use of
+small doses of salts, Hunyadi or Abilena water. Cleansing the parts with
+weak castile soap water is essential to allay the pain, reduce the
+inflammation and soothe the sphincter muscle; cold, or if it is more
+agreeable, hot applications may be kept constantly on the parts. Hot
+fomentations of hops, smartweed, wormwood, or poultice of flaxseed, or
+slippery elm, or bread and milk give almost instant relief in many cases;
+while in others soothing lotions, and ointments or suppositories are
+needed.
+
+The lead and laudanum wash is always reliable.
+
+Lead and Laudanum Wash.--
+
+      Solution of Subacetate of Lead       4 drams
+      Laudanum                            20 drams
+      Distilled water enough to make       4 ounces
+
+Mix thoroughly and apply constantly ice cold on cotton to the sore parts.
+
+The following ointments, lotions, and suppositories to be used freely
+within the bowels and to the piles, are effective in relieving the pain,
+reducing inflammation and diminishing pain and spasm in the sphincter.
+
+1.    Ointment of Stramomium       1-1/2 drams
+      Ointment of Belladonna       2-1/2 drams
+      Ointment of Tannic Acid        1/2 ounce
+
+Mix thoroughly and apply inside and outside the anus.
+
+2.    Camphor Gum       1 dram
+      Calomel          12 grains
+      Vaselin           1 ounce
+
+This must be thoroughly mixed. Apply freely within the anus and to the
+piles. Good for the pain.
+
+3. For External Piles cleanse them well with a sponge dipped in cold
+water, and then bathe them with distilled extract of witch hazel.
+
+4. If there is much itching with the piles use the following salve:--
+
+      Menthol      20 grains
+      Calomel      30 grains
+      Vaselin       1 ounce
+
+Mix and apply to the piles.
+
+5. I use quite frequently the following for sore external piles:
+
+Chloroform and Sweet oil in equal parts
+
+Apply freely with cotton or on to the piles. Ten cents will buy enough to
+use.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 149]
+
+Operation for Piles.--When these measures do not relieve the pains or the
+piles become inflamed from slight causes and often, it is best to operate.
+This can be done in a few minutes with a local anesthetic and the patient
+frequently goes to sleep afterward, almost free from pain. Inject a three
+per cent solution of eucaine, or six per cent solution of cocaine.
+Thoroughly cleanse the part and hold the buttocks apart, pierce the pile
+at its base with a thin sharp-pointed curved knife, laying it open from
+side to side. Remove the clot with a curette, cauterize the vessel and
+pack the cavity with gauze to prevent bleeding and to secure drainage.
+
+Cutaneous (skin) piles are operated upon as follows.--Each one is grasped
+in turn with a pair of strong forceps and snipped off with the scissors,
+or removed with a knife. Close the wound with sutures, if necessary, and
+dress it with gauze. Small ones need no sutures. Be careful not to remove
+too much tissue. Much after-pain can be prevented by placing in the rectum
+a suppository containing one-half grain of opium or cocaine before either
+of the above operations are performed. The after treatment is quite
+simple. Keep the patient quiet, cleanse the parts frequently, and secure a
+soft daily stool. Cleanse with tepid boiled water with clean sterilized
+gauze and give salts in small doses, one to two drams to produce a stool.
+
+
+INTERNAL PILES. Symptoms.--The two prominent symptoms are bleeding and
+pain. The bleeding is usually dark. It may be slight and appear as streaks
+upon the feces or toilet paper; it may be moderate and ooze from the anus
+for some time after a stool, or it may be so profuse as to cause the
+patient to faint from loss of blood while the "bowels are moving." Death
+may follow in such a case unless the bleeding is stopped. The blood may
+look fresh and fluid or if retained for some time, it looks like coffee
+grounds, sometimes mixed with mucus and pus. Patients who bleed profusely
+become pale and bloodless, and are very nervous and gloomy and they
+believe they are suffering from cancer or some other incurable trouble.
+The first the patient notices he has internal piles is when a small lump
+appears at the end of the bowel during a stool and returns spontaneously;
+afterwards the lump again protrudes after the stool and others may appear.
+They become larger and larger, come down oftener and no longer return
+spontaneously, but must be replaced after each stool. As a result of this
+handling, they grow sensitive, swollen, inflamed and ulcerated, and the
+sphincter muscle becomes irritable. Later on one or more of the piles are
+caught in the grasp of the sphincter muscle and rapidly increases in size.
+It is then hard to relieve them, and when returned they act as foreign
+bodies, excite irritation and they are almost constantly expelled and the
+same procedure goes on at each stool. The sphincter muscle contracts so
+tightly around them as to cause strangulation and unless properly treated
+they become gangrenous and slough off.
+
+[150 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Recovery, Pain, etc.--The pain is not great in the early stages, but when
+the muscle grasps and contracts the pile or piles it becomes terrible and
+constant. Piles rarely end fatally. Palliative treatment does not afford a
+permanent cure. They frequently return, but by care and diet many can be
+kept from returning so frequently. They should be treated upon their first
+appearance when the chances of a permanent cure without an operation are
+much better.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Internal Piles.--What to do first. The cause
+should be removed. Restore a displaced womb. Regulate the bowels, liver,
+diet, and habits. Much can be accomplished by these measures if properly
+used, in allaying inflammation diminishing pain and reducing the size of
+the piles. These measures will not cure them if they are large, overgrown
+and protruding. When the piles are inflamed, strangulated or ulcerated,
+the patient should remain in bed in a recumbent position and hot
+fomentations of hops, etc., and hot poultices, of flaxseed, slippery elm,
+bread and milk, the ice bag, or soothing applications and astringent
+remedies, should be applied to the parts. In some cases cold applications
+are the best. The cold or astringent applications give the best results
+where the piles are simply inflamed and the sphincter muscle does not act
+spasmodically, jerkily. But when the piles are strangulated, "choked
+tight" by the sphincter muscle, hot fomentations, poultices and soothing
+remedies give the most relief, because they reduce spasmodic contractions
+of the muscle and allay the pain. Instead of the poultices and
+fomentations, the "sitz" bath can be used. Put in the steaming water,
+hops, catnip, tansy, pennyroyal, etc., and the steam arising will
+frequently give great relief. This can be given frequently; ten to twenty
+drops of laudanum can be added to the poultices when the piles are very
+painful.
+
+1. For inflamed piles, the following combinations may be used:--
+
+      Gum Camphor      1 dram
+      Calomel         12 grains
+      Vaselin          1 ounce
+
+Mix thoroughly and apply freely around the anus and in the rectum on the
+piles.
+
+The external parts should always be bathed with hot water, thoroughly,
+before using.
+
+2.    Gum Camphor              2 drams
+      Chloretone               1 dram
+      Menthol                 20 grains
+      Ointment of Zinc Oxide   1 ounce
+
+Mix and apply directly to the piles.
+
+3. When there is a slight bleeding, water of witch-hazel extract, one to
+two ounces to be injected into the rectum. This witch-hazel water freely
+used is good for external piles also. This is good and well recommended.
+
+[DIGESTIVE ORGANS 151]
+
+4. If the protruded pile is inflamed and hard to push back, the following
+is good and recommended highly:--
+
+      Chloretone      1 dram
+      Iodoform        1 dram
+      Gum Camphor     1 dram
+      Petrolatum      1 ounce
+
+Mix and use as a salve.
+
+5. An ointment composed of equal parts of fine-cut tobacco and raisins,
+seedless, chopped fine and mixed with enough lard, makes a good ointment
+to apply on both external and internal piles.
+
+6. Tea of white oak bark, boiled down so as to be strong, and mixed with
+lard and applied frequently, is good as an astringent, but not for the
+very painful kind. It will take down the swelling.
+
+7. Take a rectal injection of cold water before the regular daily stool.
+This will soften the feces and decrease the congestion.
+
+Preventive Treatment.--This is very important and includes habits and
+diet and other diseases. If the patient is thin and pale give tonics.
+Correct any disease of any neighboring organ. Attend to any disease that
+may be present.
+
+For Constipation.--Take a small dose of salts or hunyadi water so as to
+have one semi-solid stool daily. If necessary remove any feces that may
+even then be retained, by injections of soap suds or warm water containing
+oil. Discontinue injections as soon as a daily full stool can be had
+without it.
+
+Habits.--Full-blooded people should not use upholstered chairs as the heat
+of the body relaxes the tissues of the rectum. A cane seated chair is best
+or an air cushion with a hollow center. It is best to rest in bed, if
+possible, after stool for the rest relieves the congestion and soreness.
+An abundance of out-door exercise, when the piles are not present, or bad,
+consisting of walking or simple gymnastics may usually be indulged in;
+violent gymnastics and horseback riding must be avoided. A daily stool
+must be secured.
+
+Diet.--Such patients should avoid alcoholic beverages, spiced foods,
+strong coffee, and tea, cheese, cabbage, and old beans.
+
+Foods Allowed.--Potatoes, carrots, spinach, asparagus, and even salads,
+since they stimulate intestinal action and thus aid in keeping the stool
+soft. Stewed fruits, including grapes, oranges, pears, and apples. Water
+is the best to drink. Meats: tender broiled, boiled or baked beef--do not
+eat the inside part to any great amount. Other meats, but no pork or ham,
+fresh fish, chicken. The foods should not be too highly seasoned; vinegar
+is not to be used to any extent and this excludes pickles, etc.
+
+PERIPROCTITIS. Abscess Around the Anus and Rectum. (Ano-rectal) (Ischio-
+rectal Abscess).--This is an inflammation of the tissues around the rectum
+which usually terminates in the above named abscess. It occurs mostly in
+middle-aged people. Men are affected more often than women.
+
+[152 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Causes.--Sitting in cold, damp hard seats; horseback riding, foreign
+bodies in the rectum such as pins, fish-hooks, etc., blows on the part,
+kicks, tubercular constitution, etc.
+
+Symptoms.--Inflammation of the skin, like that of a big boil, some fever,
+throbbing pain, swelling of the part, heat and fullness in the rectum,
+these symptoms increase until the pus finds an outlet into the rectum.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Periproctitis.--Little can be done in a
+palliative way. It generally terminates in an abscess. Make the patient as
+comfortable as possible, by applying cold or hot things to the part, rest
+in bed, mild laxatives to keep the bowels open. Cut it open as soon as
+possible, and it should be laid wide open, so that every part is broken
+up. Then it should be thoroughly washed and scraped out. Sometimes it is
+necessary to use pure carbolic acid to burn out the interior. The dressing
+should be as usual for such wounds and removed when soiled and the wound
+washed out with boiled water and then gauze loosely placed in the bottom
+and in every corner of the wound. The dressing should be continued until
+all has been healed from inside out. Be sure to leave no cotton in to heal
+over it. Such patients should be built up with nourishing foods, and
+should remain quietly in bed. Cod liver oil is good for some patients.
+Iron, etc., for others. Keep the bowels regular. Outdoor life and
+exercise. If treated right it should not return.
+
+FISTULA IN ANUS.--This usually follows the abscess. It has two openings,
+one upon the surface of the body near the anus, and the other in the
+rectum. There are a great many varieties of fistula, but it is unnecessary
+to name them. What can be done for them?
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--If the general health is good an operation is the
+best thing to do, but patients in the last stage of consumption,
+nephritis, diabetes, or organic heart disease, are not apt to receive much
+benefit from an operation. The patient in poor condition should be given
+the treatment suitable to his condition, according to the advice of a
+trusted physician.
+
+[KIDNEY AND BLADDER 153]
+
+
+DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS AND BLADDER.
+
+KIDNEYS.--The kidneys are deeply placed and cannot be felt or distinctly
+identified when normal. They are most accessible to pressure just below
+the last rib, behind. The right kidney usually lies lower than does the
+left, but even then, the lower part of this kidney is an inch above the
+upper part of the hip bone, or an inch above a line drawn around the body
+parallel with the navel. The kidney is about four inches long. The long
+axis of the kidneys corresponds to that of the twelfth rib; on an average
+the left kidney lies one-half inch higher than the right.
+
+[Illustration: Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder.]
+
+As stated before, each kidney is four inches long, two to two and one-half
+in breadth, and more than one inch thick. The left is somewhat longer,
+though narrower, than the right. The kidney is covered with what is called
+a capsule. This can be easily stripped off. The structure of the kidney is
+quite intricate. At the inner border of each kidney there is an opening
+called the pelvis of the kidney, and leading from this, small tubes
+penetrate the structure of the kidney in all directions. These tubes are
+lined with special cells. Through these tubes go the excretions (urine)
+from the body of the kidneys, to the pelvis, and from the pelvis through
+the ureters, sixteen inches long, to the bladder.
+
+[154 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+KIDNEY TROUBLE. MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Kidney Trouble and Inflammation of
+the Bladder, Cornsilk for.--"Get cornsilk and make a good strong tea of it
+by steeping slowly, and take one ounce three or four times a day. This
+acts well on the kidneys, and is a harmless remedy to use."
+
+2. Kidney Trouble, Flaxseed and Lemons for.--"Make a tea by placing the
+flaxseed in a muslin or linen bag, and suspend it in a dish of water, in
+the proportion of about four teaspoonfuls for each quart of water. After
+allowing the seeds to soak for several hours remove the same and tea will
+be ready for use. The addition of a little lemon juice will improve the
+flavor. Give in quantities as may be found necessary."
+
+3. Kidney Trouble, Temporary Relief for.--"Rub witchhazel on stomach and
+back; use freely." This is an old-time remedy, and can be relied upon to
+at least give temporary relief. The witch hazel has a very soothing effect
+upon the parts affected.
+
+4. Kidney and Bladder Trouble, Buchu Leaves for.--"Get five cents' worth
+of buchu leaves at any drug store, and make a good strong tea of it by
+steeping. This acts nicely on the kidneys. This remedy is easily prepared,
+and is not expensive."
+
+5. Kidney Trouble, Common Rush Root for.--"Take a handful of the root of
+common rush in one and one-half pints of water, boil down to one pint.
+Dose:--One tablespoonful every two or three hours. For a child ten years,
+give one teaspoonful four times a day. For a child of four to six years,
+one-half teaspoonful four times a day."
+
+6. Kidney Trouble, Effective and Easy Cure for.--
+
+    "Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada      1 ounce
+    Fluid Extract of Buchu                 2 ounces
+    Fluid Extract of Uva Ursi              2 ounces
+    Tincture Gentian Comp                  1 ounce
+    Simple Syrup                           1 pint
+
+Mix the above ingredients and give a teaspoonful four times a day. This is
+a very good remedy, as the cascara sagrada acts on the bowels and the
+buchu and uva ursi acts on the kidneys, carrying off all the impurities
+that would otherwise be retained in the system and cause trouble."
+
+7. Kidney Trouble, Sheep-Sorrel Excellent for.--"Make a decoction of sheep
+sorrel, one ounce to pint of water; boil, strain and cool. Give
+wineglassful, three or four times a day. If necessary apply the spinal ice
+bag to kidneys." The sheep sorrel is a good kidney remedy, and the ice bag
+by continuous application will relieve the congestion.
+
+[KIDNEY AND BLADDER 155]
+
+
+MOVABLE KIDNEY. (Floating Kidney. Nephroptosis).--Causes.--This condition
+is usually acquired. It is more common in women than in men, possibly due
+to lacing and the relaxations of the muscles of the abdomen from
+pregnancy. It may come from wounds, lifting too heavy articles,
+emaciation.
+
+Symptoms.--They are often absent. There may be pain or dragging sensation
+in the loins, or intercostal neuralgia; hysteria, nervousness, nervous
+dyspepsia and constipation are common. The kidney can be felt. A dull pain
+is caused by firm pressure. Sometimes there are attacks of severe
+abdominal pain, with chill, fever, nausea, vomiting and collapse. The
+kidney becomes large and tender. The urine shows a reddish deposit and
+sometimes there is blood and pus in the urine.
+
+Treatment.--If the symptoms are not present, it is best for the patient
+not to know the true condition, as nervous troubles frequently follow a
+knowledge of its presence. If the symptoms are present, replace the kidney
+while the patient is lying down and retain it by a suitable belt. Also
+treat the nervous condition. If the symptoms are of the severe kind an
+operation may be needed to fasten the kidney in its proper condition. This
+is quite generally successful, and does away with much suffering and pain.
+The pain may be so severe at times as to require morphine. Sometimes the
+pain is due to uric acid or oxalates in the urine. For this regulate the
+diet.
+
+Diet for Movable Kidney.--The diet should be such as to produce fat. Milk
+is excellent where it is well borne; if not well borne give easily
+digested meats, such as chicken, roast beef, broiled steak and lamb chop;
+fish of various kinds and vegetables, such as spinach, carrots, asparagus
+and cauliflower; of fats, butter, cream, and chocolate; for constipation,
+cider, buttermilk, grape-juice, fruits and honey.
+
+
+
+ACUTE CONGESTION OR HYPEREMIA OF THE KIDNEYS.--This occurs at the
+beginning of acute nephritis; in acute infectious diseases, after taking
+turpentine, chlorate of potash, cantharides, carbolic acid, alcohol, etc.;
+after one kidney has been removed.
+
+Kidney.--The kidney is enlarged, dark red, while the covering is very
+tight (tense). The urine is scanty, and there is increased specific
+gravity (normal is 1015 to 1020) and contains albumin and a few casts.
+
+Treatment.--The cause should always be removed if possible. Rest in bed,
+and as a diet use only milk; if the congestion is bad, use dry cupping
+over the kidneys and inject large quantities of hot normal salt solution
+in the bowels. Hot fomentations of wormwood or smartweed are of benefit.
+If you can get the patient into a sweat the congestion will be somewhat
+relieved by it.
+
+[156 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+CHRONIC CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS. Causes.--Diseases of other organs and
+obstruction to the return of the circulation in the veins. Cirrhosis of
+the liver causes it. The kidney is enlarged dark red, the urine is
+diminished, with albumin and casts and sometimes blood.
+
+Treatment.--Remove the cause if possible. Fluid diet, like milk, broths,
+etc. Dry cupping or sweating materials can be used. Rest in bed if
+possible. The bowels should be kept open, and the kidneys should rest.
+
+BLOOD IN THE URINE. (Haematuria). Causes.--The congestion of the kidneys,
+pernicious malaria, etc., nephritis, tuberculosis, kidney stones. The
+urine looks smoky and dark, or bright red.
+
+Treatment.--This depends upon the cause. The patient must rest in bed and
+the kidneys should not be stimulated. Cold applications to the loins. Hot
+applications would injure.
+
+
+
+URAEMIC TOXAEMIA.--This means poison in the blood occurring in acute and
+chronic nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys). The cause is unknown. The
+disease is acute and chronic.
+
+ACUTE URAEMIA. Symptoms.--The onset may be sudden or gradual. The headache
+is severe, usually on the back top of head (occipital) and extending to
+the neck; there is persistent vomiting with nausea and diarrhea attending
+it. This may be due to inflammation of the colon. Difficulty in breathing,
+which may be constant or comes in spells. This is worse at night, when it
+may resemble asthma; fever if persistent, is usually slight until just
+before death. General convulsions may occur. There may be some twitching
+of the muscles of the face and of other muscles. The convulsions may occur
+frequently. The patient becomes abnormally sleepy, before the attack, and
+remains so. One-sided paralysis may occur. Sudden temporary blindness
+occurs sometimes. There may be noisy delirium or suicidal mania. Coma
+(deep sleep) may develop either with or without convulsions or delirium,
+and is usually soon followed by them; sometimes by chronic uraemia or
+recovery.
+
+CHRONIC URAEMIA.--This develops most often in cases of Arterio-sclerosis
+or chronic interstitial nephritis, (one kind of Bright's disease). The
+symptoms are less severe than those of acute uraemia, but similar, and of
+gradual onset, sometimes with symptoms of the acute attack. There is often
+constant headache and difficult breathing; the tongue is brown and dry,
+sometimes there is nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sleeplessness, cramps of
+the legs and much itching may be present. It may last for years. Death may
+occur when the patient is in coma (deep sleep). There may have been mania,
+muscular twitchings or convulsions before death.
+
+Treatment.--Found under "Chronic Interstitial Nephritis."
+
+
+[KIDNEY AND BLADDER 157]
+
+ACUTE BRIGHT'S DISEASE. (Acute Inflammation of the Kidneys. Acute
+Nephritis).--This occurs chiefly in young people and among grown men.
+Exciting causes are exposure to cold, wet, burns, extensive skin tears
+(lesions), scarlet fever, diphtheria, typhoid fever, measles and acute
+tuberculosis, poisons; and pregnancy is one cause when it occurs in women.
+
+Symptoms.--After exposure or scarlet fever the onset may be sudden,
+sometimes with chills or chilliness, variable fever, pain in the loins,
+watery swelling of the face and extremities, then of other portions of the
+body like the abdomen, then general dropsy. Sometimes there is nausea,
+vomiting, headache, delirium, or very deep sleep. The urine is scanty,
+dark colored, of increased "specific gravity" and contains albumin, cells
+and casts. Anemia is marked. After some fever disease, the onset is
+gradual with anemia, swelling of the eyelids, face and extremities; scanty
+thickish urine containing casts, then headache, nausea, vomiting, little
+or no fever, dry skin. In these cases there may be gradual recovery,
+attack of uraemia, or they may end in chronic nephritis.
+
+Diagnosis.--Examine the urine often in pregnancy, scarlet fever, etc., and
+especially when watery swelling is noticed.
+
+Recovery.--The result in your children when it comes with scarlet fever is
+not so good. It may run into chronic nephritis. In adults when it is due
+to exposure the rule is recovery.
+
+Treatment.--The patient must be kept in bed until there is complete
+recovery. He should be clothed in flannel.
+
+Diet and Nursing.--This must be of milk, water or mineral water in large
+quantities; milk or buttermilk should be the main article of food. You can
+give gruels made of arrowroot or oatmeal, barley water, beef tea and
+chicken broth. But it is better to stick strictly to milk. As the patient
+gets better, bread and butter, lettuce, watercress, grapes, oranges, and
+other fruits may be given. The return to a meat diet should be gradual.
+The patient should drink freely of mineral waters, ordinary water or
+lemonade, these keep the kidneys flushed and wash out the "debris" from
+the tubes. One dram of cream of tartar in a pint of boiling water, add the
+juice of half a lemon and a little sugar; this when taken cold is a
+pleasant satisfactory diluting drink. Cream of tartar one dram, juice of
+lemon, sugar sufficient, water one pint, may be given whenever desired.
+There should be hot water baths daily or oftener; or you can produce
+sweating by placing hot water jars around the patient, and watch to see
+whether it is too weakening. It can also be done by introducing steam
+underneath the bedding, that is then lifted a little, so that the steam
+vapor can circulate about the patient. Be careful not to burn the patient
+with the hot steam. This, of course, is done through a hose attached to a
+steaming kettle. Also see treatment of dropsy under "scarlet fever."
+
+Bowels, Attention to.--They should be moved every morning by a saline
+(salt) cathartic, if necessary, especially if the dropsy continues. This
+produces watery stool. Cream of tartar and epsom salts, equal parts, is
+good remedy; one-half teaspoonful every three hours for a child one year
+old until the bowels move freely; one-half to one ounce can be given to an
+adult.
+
+[158 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+CHRONIC BRIGHT'S DISEASE. (Chronic Parenchymatous Nephritis. Chronic
+Diffuse Desquamative or Tubal Nephritis. Chronic Diffuse Nephritis with
+Exudation). Causes.--Young adult life and most common in males. It may
+come from acute inflammation of the kidneys that was due to exposure,
+pregnancy, or scarlet fever, or follow excessive use of alcohol, etc. In
+children it usually follows acute inflammation of the kidneys or scarlet
+fever.
+
+Condition.--The kidneys may be enlarged, with thin capsule, white surface,
+cortex thickened and yellowish, or whitish (large white kidney). The
+epithelium of the tubules is granular, or fatty or the tubules are
+distended and contain casts. Cells of the "Glomeruli" and their capsules
+are swollen. There is moderate increase of interstitial tissue. In other
+cases, the "small white kidney," the kidney is small and pale either at
+first or as a later stage of the large white kidney. The surface is pale,
+rough and granular; the capsule is thickened and partially adherent; the
+surface is thin with white and yellowish areas of fatty degenerations. The
+interstitial tissue is much increased; epithelial degeneration in the
+tubules extensive. There is also the large red kidney, and with any of
+these types the left heart may be enlarged and the arteries thickened.
+
+Symptoms.--If it occurs after acute nephritis the symptoms of acute
+nephritis subside, but anemia and the changes in the urine persist.
+Usually there is a gradual onset with paleness and puffiness of the
+eyelids, ankles or hands in the morning. Later there is difficult
+breathing, increased watery swelling of the face, extremities and
+dependent portions of the body; worse in the morning. There is a pasty
+yellowish pallor, afterwards dropsy of the abdominal and chest cavities.
+The urine is diminished, high colored, specific gravity usually 1020 to
+1025 with much albumin. Many casts which are named hyaline, granular,
+epithelial and fatty. The action of the heart is bad. There may be trouble
+with the stomach and bowels, constipated, etc. The digestion is poor and
+the patient frequently suffers with much gas. Recovery is rare after it
+has lasted one year.
+
+Treatment. Diet.--Milk or buttermilk should be the main article of food.
+You can give gruels made of arrowroot or oatmeal, barley water, beef tea,
+and chicken broth, but it is better to keep strictly to milk. As the
+patient gets better, bread and butter, lettuce, watercress, grapes,
+oranges and other fruits may be given. The return to the meat diet should
+be gradual. The patient should drink freely of mineral water, ordinary
+water, or lemonade. These keep the kidneys flushed and wash out the
+"debris" from the tubes. One dram (teaspoonful) of cream of tartar in a
+pint of boiling water, add the juice of a half a lemon and a little sugar.
+This when taken cold is a pleasant, satisfactory drink. Medical treatment
+is not satisfactory. The only thing to do is to give medicines to meet the
+indications; fifteen to twenty grain doses of lactate of strontium.
+Diuretin also is used. Basham's mixture for anemia is of help in some
+cases. It can be bought at any drug store.
+
+[KIDNEY AND BLADDER 159]
+
+CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS. (Sclerosis or Cirrhosis of the Kidneys.
+Granular, Contracted or Gouty Kidney).--This is met with, (a) as a
+sequence of the large white kidneys forming the so-called pale granular or
+secondary contracted kidney; (b) as an independent primary affection; as a
+sequence of arterio-sclerosis.
+
+Causes.--The primary form is chronic from the onset, and is a slow
+creeping degeneration of the kidney substance, and in many respects an
+anticipation of the gradual changes which take place in the organ in
+extreme old age. Families in which the arteries tend to degenerate early
+are more prone to this disease. Doctor Osler says: "Among the better
+classes in this country Bright's disease is very common and is caused more
+frequently by over-eating than by excesses in alcohol."
+
+Arterio-Sclerotic Form.--This is the most common form in this country, and
+is secondary to arterio-sclerosis. The kidneys are not much, if at all,
+contracted; very hard, red and show patches of surface atrophy. It is seen
+in men over forty who have worked hard, eaten freely, and taken alcohol to
+excess. They are conspicuous victims of the "strenuous life," the
+incessant tension of which is felt first in the arteries. After forty, in
+men of this class, nothing is more salutary than to experience the shock
+brought on by the knowledge of albumin and cast tubes in the urine.
+
+Symptoms.--Perhaps a majority of the cases are latent (hidden) and are not
+recognized until the occurrence of one of the serious and fatal
+complications. There may have been no symptoms to suggest to the patient
+the existence of a dangerous malady. In other cases the general health is
+disturbed. The patient is tired, sleepless; he must get up two or three
+times at night to pass urine; the digestion is disordered, the tongue is
+coated; the patient complains of a headache, failing sight, and gets out
+of breath by exercising. There may be vomiting, headache, neuralgia, and
+increase of the quantity of urine is common. This is light in color, of
+low specific gravity, 1005 to 1012; frequently there is a trace of albumin
+and a few casts of the hyaline and granular kind. In the late stages the
+albumin may be increased with high specific gravity and a less quantity of
+urine. The disease often lasts for a year.
+
+In the arterio-sclerotic variety the urine may be normal or diminished in
+quantity, specific gravity normal or increased, the casts are more
+numerous, and the albumin is usually more abundant. There is an
+enlargement of the heart; the pulse is increased in tension; the wall of
+the artery is thickened. The skin is usually dry, with eczema common, but
+dropsy is rare, except when it is due to heart failure. There may be
+bronchial and lung troubles; attacks of uraemia, or hard breathing caused
+by the heart, frequently occurs. There may be hemorrhage of the brain or
+hemorrhage of the membranes, and these are often fatal.
+
+[160 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Recovery.--Chances are unfavorable, but life may be prolonged for years,
+especially with care and especially if it is discovered early.
+
+Treatment.--A quiet life without mental worry, with gentle but not
+excessive exercise, and residence in a climate that is not changeable
+should be recommended. A business man must give up his worry; his rush;
+his hurried eating, and rest. The bowels should be kept regular; there
+should be a tepid water bath daily, and the kidneys should be kept acting
+freely by drinking daily a definite amount of either distilled water or
+some pleasant mineral water. Alcohol, tobacco, excessive eating and
+improper food must not be allowed. Weak tea and coffee may be allowed. The
+diet should be light and nourishing. Meat should not be taken more than
+once a day. If it is possible, the patient should be urged to move to a
+warm equable climate during the winter months, from November to April,
+like that of southern California. Medicines must be given to meet the
+indications. No special directions can be given. The heart, stomach, and
+bowels must be watched.
+
+DIET as Allowed by a Prominent Hospital.--
+
+May Take:--
+
+Soups.--Broths with rice or barley, vegetable or fish soup.
+
+Fish.--Boiled or broiled fresh fish, raw oysters, raw clams.
+
+Meats.--Chicken, game, fat bacon, fat ham (sparingly).
+
+Farinaceous.--Hominy, oatmeal, wheaten grits, rice, stale bread, whole
+wheat bread, toast, milk toast, biscuits, maccaroni.
+
+Vegetables.--Cabbage, spinach, celery, water-cresses, lettuce, mushrooms,
+mashed potatoes, cauliflower, onions.
+
+Desserts.--Rice and milk puddings, stewed fruits, raw ripe fruits.
+
+Must Not Take:--
+
+Fried fish, pork, corned beef, veal, heavy bread, hashes, stews,
+battercakes, lamb, beef, mutton, gravies, peas, beans, pastry, ice cream,
+cakes, coffee, tobacco, malt or spirituous liquors.
+
+
+[KIDNEY AND BLADDER 161]
+
+PYELITIS.--This is an inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney and may be
+caused by bacteria from the blood, or by ascending pus, infection or
+tuberculous infection from the lower tracts like the ureter, bladder and
+urethra.
+
+Symptoms.--There is pain in the back, with tenderness and pressure,
+cloudy-looking urine, either acid or alkaline, containing pus, mucus, and
+sometimes red blood cells; chills, high fever, and sweating occur. This
+may become chronic and then it becomes quite serious. Anemia and
+emaciation are then marked. Mild cases usually recover; pus cases may end
+in other diseases or death from exhaustion.
+
+Treatment. Diet.--In mild cases fluids should be taken freely,
+particularly the alkaline mineral water to which citrate of potash can be
+added. Tonics should be given when called for, and milk diet and
+buttermilk may be taken freely. When a tumor has formed, and even before,
+it is perceptible, if the symptoms are serious and severe, an operation
+may be necessary.
+
+KIDNEY STONE. (Renal Calculus. Nephro-Leithiasis).--Forming of a stone or
+gravel in the kidney or its pelvis may occur in intra uterine, (before the
+child is born), in the womb, or at any age. A family tendency, sedentary
+life, excesses in eating and drinking and very acid urine predispose. They
+vary in size from that of fine sand to that of a bean.
+
+Symptoms.--Patients may pass gravel for years without having an attack of
+renal (kidney) colic, and a stone may never lodge in the ureter. A person
+may pass an enormous number of calculi. Dr. Osler speaks of having had a
+patient who had passed several hundred kidney stones (calculi) with
+repeated attacks of kidney colic. His collection filled an ounce bottle. A
+patient may pass a single stone and may never be troubled again. A stone
+remaining in the kidney may cause dull aching pain in the affected kidney,
+or the pain may be referred to the other side and sometimes there may be
+blood or pus in the urine, with chill and fever due to pyelitis. Kidney
+(renal) colic comes on when a stone enters the ureter, if it is at all
+large. At attack may set in abruptly, without any apparent reason, or it
+may follow a strain in lifting. The pain may be agonizing in character,
+which starts in the flank of the affected side, passes down along the
+course of the ureter and is felt in the testicle and along the inner side
+of the thighs. The testicle is drawn back. The pain may also go through
+the abdomen and chest, and be very severe in the back. In severe attacks
+nausea and vomiting are present and the patient is collapsed; sweating
+breaks out in his face and the pulse is feeble and weak. The pain lasts
+from an hour to several days, until the stone reaches the bladder, partial
+suppression of the urine during the attack occurs, but a large quantity of
+urine is usually passed after it and a feeling of soreness may, be present
+for several days. The stone may again cause pain in passing through the
+urethra, or it may remain in the bladder as a nucleus for a bladder
+calculus (stone). Dr. Osler gives Montaigne's description as follows;
+"Thou art seen to sweat with pain, to look pale and red, to tremble, to
+vomit well nigh to blood, to suffer strange contortions and convulsions,
+by starts to let tears drop from thine eyes, to urine thick, black and
+frightful water, or to have it suppressed by some sharp and craggy stone
+that cruelly pricks and tears thee."
+
+[162 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment.--Great relief is experienced in the attacks by the hot baths or
+fomentations which sometimes are able to cause the spasm to relax. If the
+pain is very severe morphine should be given by the hypodermic method and
+inhalations of chloroform given until morphine has had time to act. Local
+applications are sometimes grateful,--hot poultices or cloths wrung out of
+hot water may be helpful. Cloths wrung out of steaming hop, wormwood, or
+smartweed teas, are of benefit sometimes. Change of position often gives
+relief; when the stone is large an operation may be needed. The patient
+should drink freely of hot lemonade, soda water, barley water. When the
+patient is free from the attack, he should live a quiet life and avoid
+sudden exertion of all kinds. There should be a free passage of urine
+always. The patient should drink daily a large but definite quantity of
+mineral, or distilled water which is just as satisfactory. You may take
+the citrate or bicarbonate of potash. Mineral springs are good to visit,
+such as Saratoga, Hot Springs, Arkansas, etc. Abstain from alcohol and eat
+moderately. Live an open-air life with plenty of exercise and regular
+hours. The skin should be kept active; a cold friction bath in the morning
+is good, if one is strong; but if he is weak and debilitated the evening
+warm bath should be substituted. The patient should dress warmly, avoid
+rapid alterations in temperature, and be careful not to allow the skin to
+become suddenly chilled.
+
+Diet.--Most persons over forty eat too much. One should take plenty of
+time to eat, and not too much meat should be eaten.
+
+"Queen of the Meadow."--The Indians used this medicine quite frequently in
+the treatment of kidney and bladder troubles. A lady, whom I know well,
+told me that she had a cousin who was affected with the kidney stone
+colic. At one time, when he was suffering from an attack, an Indian
+happened in their home and saw him suffering. He went into the meadow and
+dug some of this remedy and made a tea of it. It seemed to do the work,
+for while he gave it, the pain was eased and he never had any more
+attacks. I give this for what it is worth. The remedy will certainly do no
+harm for it is a good diuretic.
+
+
+
+INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. (Cystitis). Causes.--It may occur from injury
+from passing a catheter, etc., from the use of drugs like cantharides,
+from the presence of a stone, from stricture of the urethra and from
+gonorrhea or cold.
+
+Symptoms.--The urine is passed more frequently, sometimes the desire to
+pass the urine is almost constant. The distress is relieved for only a few
+minutes by passing the urine; sometimes only a few drops are passed, and
+it gives no relief from the desire for passing urine. The straining is
+extremely severe. Sometimes the patient will lean over the vessel
+quivering with the muscular effort to pass urine. The bowels often move at
+the same time from the straining. The urine becomes thick with much mucus,
+then scanty, and then tinged with blood.
+
+
+[KIDNEY AND BLADDER 163]
+
+BLADDER TROUBLE. Mothers' Remedies. 1. English Oil of Sandal Wood
+for.--"Get one ounce of the pure English oil of sandal wood, take four
+drops three times a day in a little water. As you urinate more freely
+reduce the dose. This is a splendid remedy."
+
+2. Bladder Trouble, Effective Herb Teas for.--"Make a tea of half ounce of
+buchu leaves, half ounce of uva ursi leaves (barberry leaves), one pint of
+boiling water. Dose: Two or three tablespoonfuls three times a day, or may
+drink quite freely." A tea made of cornsilk is a common and standard
+remedy.
+
+Treatment.--Remove cause if possible. Fomentations of hops, smartweed,
+wormwood are good, even hot water over the bladder. Hot hip bath is good,
+and also the warm foot bath. The bowels should be kept open with saline
+laxatives. Buchu tea is very good. Use about one-half ounce of the leaves
+to a pint of warm water and let it steep, not boil. Drink freely of this.
+Pumpkin seed tea or watermelon seed tea is good, also flaxseed tea. Dr.
+Hare recommends the following at the beginning if there is fever:
+
+    Tincture of Aconite             3 drams
+    Sweet Spirits of Nitre          1 ounce
+    Solution of Citrate of Potash   enough to make 6 ounces
+
+Mix.
+
+Give a dessertspoonful every four hours until all fever ceases and the
+pulse is quiet. The patient should be kept quiet.
+
+Diet.--Should be milk only.
+
+
+
+CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER.--Causes.--It follows repeated
+attacks; partial retention of urine in the bladder, decomposing there;
+Bright's disease, inflammation of the urethra, injury, etc.
+
+Treatment.--Wash out the bladder with pure warm water or water containing
+about one to two teaspoonfuls of boric acid to the pint of warm water.
+This should be given once or twice a day; or enough permanganate of potash
+can be put into the water to give the water a tinge of the color. An
+injection of golden seal, one teaspoonful to the pint of warm water, is
+good if there is much mucus. The best way to give the irrigation is to
+attach a small funnel to a soft rubber catheter and fill the bladder by
+raising the funnel when full of water above the patient's belly; or you
+can attach the rubber tube of a fountain syringe to a catheter at one end
+and to a funnel at the other and raise the funnel to the desired height;
+or you can attach a catheter to the rubber tube of a fountain syringe
+(clean one) and raise syringe high enough to allow the water to run into
+the bladder gently. The patient will stand just about so much water. The
+rubber can then be detached from the catheter and the water allowed to run
+out.
+
+[164 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+DISEASE OF THE PROSTATE GLAND. The prostate, which both in structure and
+in function is rather a muscle than a gland, is situated at the neck of
+the bladder and around the first inch of the urethra. It is divided into
+two lateral (side) lobes (parts) by a deep notch behind and a furrow at
+the upper and lower surfaces. The so-called middle or third lobe is the
+portion which is between the two side lobes at the under and posterior
+part of the gland, just beneath the neck of the bladder. The urethra (the
+channel for the urine to pass through from the bladder out through the
+penis) usually passes through the gland at about the junction of its upper
+and middle third.
+
+
+
+HYPERTROPHY OF THE PROSTATE.--This is a general enlargement of the gland
+in all directions. All the three lobes may enlarge and in about one-third
+of the men who have passed middle life some enlargement takes place, and
+in about one-tenth of all men over fifty-five this enlargement becomes of
+importance in regard to the size. The middle lobe may enlarge so much that
+it may extend up into the bladder and block the opening into the urethra;
+the side lobes may compress the urethra into a mere slit, or may lengthen
+it so that the prostatic portion measures three or four inches, or may
+twist and distort it so that the most flexible instrument can only be made
+to pass through it with difficulty.
+
+Symptoms.--The earliest symptom may be increased frequency in passing
+urine, especially at night. Soon some urine is retained in the bladder,
+and this may increase so much that only an ounce or two can be passed
+spontaneously, although the bladder contains one pint or more. The stream
+of urine is feeble, and will drop perpendicularly towards the feet of the
+patient. In some cases an inflammation of the prostate and bladder is set
+up, and then the symptoms felt are very distressing. There is an almost
+constant desire to pass urine; there is much pain and straining with it; a
+slight bleeding may follow and night rest is broken; the general strength
+fails from the continual suffering; the urine becomes foul, smells like
+ammonia, and is reduced in quantity; inflammation of the kidneys develops
+also; general poisoning occurs; and the patient dies of uraemia and in a
+"coma" condition.
+
+Treatment. Preventive.--The patient should avoid taking cold in this
+disease. Light and easily digested diet is necessary. The bowels must be
+kept regular. Alcohol of any kind should not be used. The bladder should
+be emptied at regular intervals. Some patients keep a catheter and "draw"
+their own urine. Unless the patient takes great care, the bladder and
+urethra will be irritated and perhaps infected through neglect of
+cleanliness. Medicines are not very useful in severe cases. Operation is
+the only reliable cure especially when some urine is always retained.
+
+URINARY PASSAGE. Mother's Remedy.--1. Dandelion Root Will Clean.--"A
+decoction made of the sliced root of dandelion in white wine is very
+effectual for cleansing and healing inward ulcers in the urinary passage.
+If the fresh root cannot be obtained, buy extract of dandelion and give
+two teaspoonfuls in water once in two or three hours as the case requires.
+It also acts on the liver, gall and spleen."
+
+
+[KIDNEY AND BLADDER 165]
+
+DROPSY.--Dropsy should be regarded as a symptom, which may arise from many
+causes, such as heart disease, lung disease or kidney disease, or it may
+depend upon obstruction to the normal flow of blood and lymph through the
+vessels and tissues.
+
+From Heart Disease.--In heart disease dropsy is due to a weak heart. The
+heart is unable to supply the arteries with enough blood to maintain the
+normal pressure, or to damming up of blood in the venous system as the
+result of imperfect emptying of the heart cavities. In kidney trouble the
+dropsy depends more on the lack of proper nourishing processes in the
+capillary walls and upon changes in the blood and blood pressure. If the
+kidneys are diseased, they may not be able to eliminate the proper amount
+of liquids which accumulate and finally escape into the tissues. Liver
+troubles cause dropsy by producing pressure upon the large blood-vessels
+going to the liver, and consequently the fluid is generally confined to
+the lower limbs and abdomen.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Dropsy, 1. Juniper Berries Fresh or Dry for.--"The
+berries of the juniper tree are regarded as excellent home remedies in
+dropsy. They may be eaten fresh or dry, or make a decoction and drink. Two
+teaspoonfuls of the berries two or three times a day is considered a dose.
+It is well to bruise them thoroughly by breaking the seeds with a hammer
+before taking." The decoction is more effective. This helps the dropsy by
+acting on the kidneys.
+
+2. Dropsy, Wild Milkweed for.--"Steep the root of the wild milkweek and
+drink the tea in doses of a wineglass three times a day. This is a sure
+cure if taken in early stages."
+
+3. Dropsy, White Bay Buds for.--"White bay buds steeped in water." The
+white bay buds can be secured at any drug store, and are easily prepared.
+Make a tea of these the same as you would make green tea for the table,
+only stronger. Take several times a day. This is an excellent remedy.
+
+4. Dropsy, Canada Thistle for.--"Steep dwarf elder root, or Canada thistle
+root, and drink the tea." This is an old tried remedy that our
+grandmothers used to use, and can be depended upon. We all know that in
+olden times mothers had to use these herb remedies, as doctors could not
+be secured as easily as they can in these days.
+
+5. Dropsy, Very Effective Remedy for.--"Make a decoction of fresh
+dandelion root slices, one ounce to one pint of water boiled down to
+one-half pint, strain, adding two drams of cream of tartar. Dose: A wine
+glassful two or three times a day."
+
+6. Dropsy, Common Herb Remedy for.--"One gallon white beech bark, after
+the rough bark is removed, good big handful of blackberry root, cut fine,
+and also of sassafras root. Cover with cold water and steep to get the
+strength; then strain. When cool, not cold, add one pint bakers' yeast and
+one cup of sugar. Let it stand twenty-four hours in a warm place. Then
+strain and set in a cool place. Take a wineglassful three times a day
+before meals. This has been highly recommended to me by a friend in
+Kalkaska, Michigan."
+
+[166  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+7. Dropsy, "Queen of the Meadow" for.--"Is a symptom of morbid conditions
+existing in the system, therefore nutritious diet, alkaline baths and a
+general hygienic regulation of the daily habits are of the greatest
+importance. Take one teaspoonful of powder of "Queen of the Meadow" in a
+cupful of water three or four times a day as the case may require. Either
+use tea or powder."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Dropsy.--Treat the disease that causes it.
+Remedies should be given that will cause an outpouring of the liquids.
+Salines, such as epsom salts in large doses. Cream of tartar and epsom
+salts (equal parts) taken freely is effective. If the kidneys are inactive
+owing to heart trouble, the following may be used: An infusion of
+digitalis in one to four teaspoonful doses every three to four hours. This
+pill is good.
+
+    Powdered Digitalis    20 grains
+    Powdered Squills      20 grains
+
+Mix into twenty pills and take one every five hours.
+
+
+
+INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
+
+INFECTION AND CONTAGION.--These words are often used in such a way that a
+wrong impression is made. A disease may be infectious but not contagious.
+Malaria is an instance. Infection means an ability to enter the body from
+any source, wind, water, food or other persons and produce a
+characteristic disease. The agency doing this is known as a germ.
+Contagion is properly a poisoning of one individual from contact with a
+diseased individual in some way known or unknown. It may be conveyed
+indirectly through clothes, etc., or other person; but always comes from
+some person sick with the same disease. Diseases may be both infectious
+and contagious. Nearly all the epidemic diseases of infancy are both
+infectious and contagious and accompanied by fever. In nursing children,
+suffering from infectious diseases the mother or nurse should avoid their
+breath and handle them as little as possible. All secretion from bowels
+and kidneys should fall in a vessel containing a disinfecting solution of
+Copperas, bichloride of mercury, etc., and should be emptied into the
+sewer or buried. Following are the solutions as made. Copperas:--Put a
+lump as big as a walnut in the chamber with one-half pint of water, to
+receive feces, urine, sputum and vomited matter from infectious and
+contagious patients.
+
+2. Solution of chlorinated soda, four fluid ounces; water ten ounces,
+useful for hands and dishes, not silverware. Dissolve eight corrosive
+sublimate tablets, also called bichloride, in a gallon of water. This is
+used to disinfect floors, woodwork, rubber, and leather, but not metal
+parts. Great care must be taken to have the hands washed after handling
+such a patient, so as not to infect the food, eyes, mouth, or any small
+skin sores.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 167]
+
+Diet in Infectious Diseases.--Foods that can be used: Milk, milk-water,
+milk and lime-water, Mellin's food, malted milk, imperial granum, albumin
+water, rice water, oatmeal water, barley water, egg (white part), and
+barley water, arrowroot water, whey, whey and cream mixture, cream and
+rice mixture, beef tea, beef extract, mutton broth, beef juice. Chewing
+broiled steak and only swallowing the juice, dry toast and soft boiled
+eggs, milk toast, dried beef broth, soups, rice, cornstarch, tapioca, etc.
+The diet must not consist of solid food in any severe case of fever. Small
+quantities of cold drinks can be given, frequently repeated if there is no
+vomiting. Frequent washing with tepid water or cool water lessens the
+fever and produces sleep. The bowels should be kept open at least once a
+day, and castor oil or salts usually can be given. (See Nursing and
+Dietetics department.)
+
+Table of Infectious Diseases.
+                                     Date of
+                                     characteristic       Whole
+                 Incubation lasts    symptom.           duration.
+Mumps             7 to 20 days       1st day           7 days or less
+Whooping Cough    2 to 7 days        7 to 14 days      2 months
+Diphtheria        1 to 12 days       1 to 2 days       1 week to 1 month
+Erysipelas        2 to 8 days        1 to 2 days       1 week to 3 weeks
+Varioloid        10 to 13 days       1 day             1 week to 3 weeks
+Chicken Pox      12 to 17 days       1 day             4 to 7 days
+German Measles    1 to 3 weeks       1 day             3 to 4 days
+Measles          12 to 14 days       4 days            7 to 9 days
+Scarlet Fever     1 to 7 days        1 to 2 days       7 to 12 days
+Typhoid Fever     1 to 14 days       7 to 8 days       3 to 5 weeks
+Smallpox         10 to 14 days       3 to 4 days       2 to 4 weeks
+
+
+SCARLET FEVER. Definition.--Scarlet fever is an acute infectious disease,
+with a characteristic eruption.
+
+Modes of Conveying.--The nearer a person is to a patient the more likely
+one is to take or convey the disease. Clothing, bedding, etc., may retain
+the poison for months. Scales from the skin of a patient, dried
+secretions, the urine if inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis) exists,
+the discharges (feces) from the bowels, are all means of infection. The
+longer a person remains near the patient the more likely he is to convey
+the disease. Foods handled by those sick of the disease, or by those who
+may have been near patients may convey the disease. This is especially
+true of milk. Epidemics of scarlet fever have been started by dairy-men
+who had scarlet fever in their family. I once attended a family where the
+only known cause for it in that family was a long-haired dog of a neighbor
+who had scarlet fever in the family. The dog was in the room with the sick
+ones, and visited the neighbor's family and played with the children who
+afterwards came down with the fever. Discharges from the ear, caused by
+scarlet fever, are said to be capable of giving it.
+
+[168 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Remains in the Room, how long?--It may remain for months in a room, and
+extend over two years as recorded by Murchison. We do not yet know how the
+poison obtains entrance to the body. Hence, the need for thorough
+disinfection.
+
+Age, Occurrence, Susceptibility.--All children exposed to the disease do
+not contract the disease. It is less contagious than measles. A person who
+is exposed once, and does not take it, may take it at a future exposure.
+It occurs at any age and in all countries. It occurs oftener in autumn
+(September) and winter (February). Isolated cases occur, and then it is
+called sporadic. This disease attacks nursing children less frequently
+than older children. It is not often seen during the first year of life.
+
+How Often?--As a rule, it attacks a person only once; yet there are
+recorded cases of well observed second and third attacks, but fortunately
+these are very rare. I once attended a family where they had it and
+claimed to have had it before, but very lightly.
+
+Incubation.--The vast majority of cases develop within three to five days
+after exposure. If eleven days elapse without the appearance of symptoms
+we may reasonably expect that the danger is past, at least in the great
+majority of cases exposed.
+
+Contagiousness.--There is danger of catching the disease during the stages
+of incubation, eruption and scaling. It is most contagious in the last two
+stages.
+
+Onset.--Sometimes the onset is sudden; there may be a convulsion, preceded
+by a sharp rise in the temperature. An examination in such cases may
+reveal a marked sore throat or a membranous deposit on the tonsils
+preceding the eruption, and nothing more. A chill followed by fever and
+vomiting ushers in a large number of cases. These may be mild or severe.
+The severity of these symptoms usually indicates the gravity of the
+attack.
+
+Rash.--The rash or eruption appears from twelve to thirty-six hours after
+the onset, usually on the second day, and looks like a very severe heat
+rash, but is finer and thicker. It consists of a very finely pointed
+rose-colored rash. In mild cases it is hardly noticeable. Usually it first
+appears on the upper part of the chest around the collar bones, spreads
+over the chest and around upon the back. Also it is now seen on the neck,
+beneath the jaw, behind the ears and on the temples, thence spreads over
+the body. There is a paleness about the mouth and wings of the nose, while
+the cheeks are flushed with a flame-like redness. There is much itching if
+the rash is severe. It attains the full development at the end of two or
+three days, and then gradually declines. In some cases the rash is seen
+only twenty-four hours.
+
+Fever.--The fever rises rapidly in the first few hours to 104 or 105-8/10
+degrees. It remains high except in the morning, until the eruption reaches
+its full development and falls with the fading eruption, and in
+uncomplicated and typical cases, within six days becomes normal.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 169]
+
+Sore Throat.--This we find on the pillars of the fauces, uvula, tonsils,
+and pharynx, reddened and inflamed. Sometimes it is very severe, and a
+membrane comes on one or both tonsils and pillars of the fauces. There is,
+generally a severe sore throat, and this makes swallowing difficult.
+
+Tongue.--The tongue is covered with a coating at the onset, and may
+present a slightly reddened appearance at the borders and tip. The
+papillae are prominent and covered and look like a strawberry sometimes,
+or like the tongue of a cat. In fatal poisonous cases it becomes dry and
+cracked.
+
+Scaling.--As the disease subsides the outer layer of the skin dries and
+peels off. The extent of this depends upon the severity of the attack. In
+some cases the scaling is hardly perceptible, and sometimes it appears
+only on certain parts, such as on the toes and inner parts of the thighs.
+There is always some scaling. This is called "desquamation." Generally
+speaking, scaling begins where the eruption first appeared on the upper
+part of the chest and neck. The scales may be fine and branny or as is
+most common, the skin peels in large particles. Some scaling is always
+present. The length of the scaling time is variable. It usually lasts from
+three to four weeks, but often longer. This stage is considered by many as
+the most contagious, as the fine scales fly in the air.
+
+Complications. Nose.--The nose is affected at the same time if the "sore
+throat" is very severe. A membrane may also form in the nose.
+
+Ear.--This may be affected in as high as one-fifth of the cases and needs
+careful watching and attention. Both ears may be diseased and deafness
+frequently results from it. Ten per cent of those who suffer from
+"deaf-mutism" can trace their affliction to scarlet fever. The ears
+usually become afflicted in the third week. The fever rises and there is
+pain in the ears or ear. The onset may not appear alarming and not be
+suspected until the discharge makes its appearance This is unfortunate;
+these complications are serious, as meningitis and abscess of the brain
+may result. The ear trouble (otitis) usually occurs during the scaling.
+The patient may be up and around. There is a rise of the temperature to
+103 or 104 degrees, the patient begins to vomit food and has a headache.
+At night the child starts from its crib and cries as if in pain. They do
+not always locate the pain in the ear. The face and hands may twitch. The
+fever may fall to normal and rise sharply again. Such symptoms should call
+for a thorough examination.
+
+Eye.--Inflammation of the (conjunctiva) red membrane of the eyes, often
+occurs.
+
+[170 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Kidneys.--There may be a mild form of inflammation in the earlier stages.
+The severe form comes, if at all, usually in the third week. It occurs in
+five to seven per cent of the cases. It may occur in the mildest case, as
+such cases are not so closely watched. The first symptom is a slight
+bloating of the eyes and face and spreads over the whole body. Sometimes
+the swelling is very slight; at other times it is extreme. The urine
+diminishes early and sometimes is wholly suppressed. It may be light
+colored, smoky or straw colored. This trouble usually runs for weeks. The
+patient may get uremia and result fatally.
+
+Heart.--This also may be affected as the valves may become diseased.
+
+Joints.--Rheumatism also may occur, and other complications.
+
+Chorea.--Follows scarlet fever also, especially in girls from twelve to
+fifteen years.
+
+Diagnosis.--In most cases it is easy to distinguish from other diseases.
+Dermatitis, inflammation of the skin ("Itis" always means inflammation).
+In dermatitis the throat symptoms and strawberry tongue are absent.
+
+From Measles.--By the rapid onset, absence of cold symptoms of the nose,
+eyes, and bronchial tubes, blotchy eruptions that occur in measles. There
+is no strawberry tongue in measles and no coughing at beginning.
+
+Recovery.--The prognosis is favorable in uncomplicated cases. It also
+depends upon the character of the epidemic type of the disease. In England
+it varies from thirteen to fourteen per cent. In this country it is
+sometimes as low as two to four per cent. The kidney trouble is always
+feared for it may result in uremia and death, or the acute may be followed
+by chronic nephritis or Bright's disease, which will ultimately prove
+fatal.
+
+Sanitary Care of Room and Patient.--If you are exposed to this disease
+what can you do? If a child, it must be put in a room by itself. If
+several children have been exposed they should be put in separate rooms.
+These rooms should have no carpet, curtains, rugs, etc., or any
+unnecessary furniture, for everything must be disinfected afterward, and
+sometimes destroyed. The clothes worn just before the sickness should be
+sterilized in steam or boiled and then aired in the sun. Anyone suffering
+from sore throat who has been about the patient should not be allowed to
+be near the healthy. All the children must be kept from school. It is well
+for them to spray their throats with a simple cleansing solution morning
+and night, with a full teaspoonful of boric acid to a glass full of warm
+water; or you can use common salt, but not strong enough to irritate the
+throat, about one teaspoonful to a glass of water. If you have listerine
+or glyco-thymoline or any such disinfectant use them, one teaspoonful to
+sixteen spoonfuls of water. Hot water itself is a very good gargle, very
+healing and cleansing. Anyone who enters the sick room and comes out again
+should wear a sheet all over him. On coming out, he or she should leave
+this sheet outside the window of another room. If the person has a beard
+he should wash his face with a 1 to 2000 solution of corrosive sublimate,
+and the hands also, before leaving the sick room. The one who waits upon
+the sick one should remain there, but everyone can not do so. They must
+stay away from the healthy if possible.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 171]
+
+City and State Supervision.--If you live in the city your physician should
+notify the health board who will probably send someone to instruct you
+regarding cautions and some cities have private rules, laws, etc., for
+them to follow while under quarantine. A copy is usually furnished also to
+your close neighbors. Also some of the state departments of health have
+made up pamphlets which are circulated free on request dealing with the
+sanitary science of infectious and contagious diseases. Some colleges use
+these same pamphlets in their study of sanitary science. Much valuable
+information is contained in them. Comparatively few people learn of these
+pamphlets. For the benefit of those who have not read or seen them we
+quote from their scarlet fever subjects as follows:
+
+HOW TO AVOID AND PREVENT SCARLET FEVER.
+
+Do not let a child go near a case of scarlet fever. This is especially
+important to be observed.
+
+Children are in much greater danger of death from scarlet fever than are
+adults; but adult persons often get and spread the disease, and sometimes
+die from it. Mild cases in adults may cause fatal cases among children.
+Unless your services are needed keep away from the disease yourself. If
+you do visit a case, bathe yourself and change and disinfect your clothing
+and hair, beard, if any, and hands before you go where there is a child.
+Do not permit any person or thing or a dog or cat, or other animal to come
+from a case of scarlet fever to a child. No cat or dog should be permitted
+to enter the sick room.
+
+Do not permit a child to wear or handle clothing worn by a person during
+sickness or convalescence from scarlet fever.
+
+Beware of any person who has sore throat. Do not kiss or come near to such
+a person. Do not drink from the same cup, blow the same whistle, or put
+his pen or pencil in your mouth. Whenever a child has sore throat and
+fever, and especially when this is accompanied by a rash on the body, the
+child and attendant should immediately be isolated until the physician has
+seen it and determined whether it has scarlet fever. Strict quarantine
+should be established and maintained throughout the course of the disease.
+Exposed persons should be isolated until such time has elapsed as may
+prove that they are not infected. The period of incubation, that is the
+interval of time between exposure to the contagion of scarlet fever and
+the first sign of the disease in the person so exposed, varies. In many
+cases it appears in seven days, in some cases in fourteen days, and in
+some cases twenty-one days; the average period is about nine days.
+Quarantine of persons exposed should not be raised under four weeks.
+
+[172 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Children believed to be uninfected may be sent away from the house in
+which there is scarlet fever to families in which there are no persons
+liable to the disease, or to previously disinfected convalescent wards in
+hospitals; but in either case they should be isolated from the public
+until the expiration of the period of incubation. This time may vary, but
+for full protection to the public isolation should be observed for four
+weeks.
+
+Persons who are attending upon children or other persons suffering from
+scarlet fever, and also the members of the patient's family, should not
+mingle with other people nor permit the entrance of children into their
+house.
+
+
+
+SANITARY CARE OF INFECTED AND SICK PERSONS AND ROOMS.
+
+All persons known to be sick with this disease (even those but mildly
+sick) should be promptly and thoroughly isolated from the public and
+family. In ordering the isolation of infected persons, the health officer
+means that their communication with well persons and the movement of any
+article from the infected room or premises shall be absolutely cut off.
+
+Except it be disinfected, no letter or paper should be sent through the
+mail from an infected place. That this is of more importance than in the
+case of smallpox is indicated by the fact of the much greater number of
+cases of sickness and of deaths from scarlet fever,--a disease for which
+no such preventive as vaccination is yet known.
+
+The room in which one sick with this disease is to be placed should
+previously be cleared of all needless clothing, drapery and other
+materials likely to harbor the germs of the disease; and except after
+thorough disinfection nothing already exposed to the contagion of the
+disease should be moved from the room. The sick room should have only such
+articles as are indispensable to the well-being of the patient, and should
+have no carpet, or only pieces which can afterwards be destroyed.
+Provision should be made for the introduction of a liberal supply of fresh
+air and the continual change of the air in the room without sensible
+currents or drafts.
+
+Soiled clothing, towels, bed linen, etc., on removal from the patient
+should not be carried about while dry; but should be placed in a pail or
+tub covered with a five per cent solution of carbolic acid, six and
+three-fourths ounces of carbolic acid to one gallon water. Soiled clothing
+should in all cases be disinfected before sending away to the laundry,
+either by boiling for at least half an hour or by soaking in the five per
+cent solution of carbolic acid.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 173]
+
+The discharges from the throat, nose, mouth, and from the kidneys and
+bowels of the patient should be received into vessels containing an equal
+volume of a five per cent solution of carbolic acid, and in cities where
+sewers are used, thrown into the water closet; elsewhere the same should
+be buried at least one hundred feet distant from any well, and should not
+by any means be thrown into a running stream, nor into a cesspool or
+privy, except after having been thoroughly disinfected. Discharges from
+the bladder and bowels may be received on old cloths, which should be
+immediately burned. All vessels should be kept scrupulously clean and
+disinfected. Discharges from the nose, ears, etc., may be received on soft
+rags or pieces of cloth and which should be immediately burned.
+
+All cups, glasses, spoons, etc., used in the sick room, should at once on
+removal from the room, be washed in the five per cent solution of carbolic
+acid and afterwards in hot water, before being used by any other person.
+
+Food and drink that have been in the sick room should be disinfected and
+buried. It should not be put in the swill barrel.
+
+Perfect cleanliness of nurses and attendants should be enjoined and
+secured. As the hands of the nurses of necessity become frequently
+contaminated by the contagion of the disease, a good supply of towels and
+basins, one containing a two per cent solution of carbolic acid (two and
+three-fifths ounces of carbolic acid to a gallon of water) and another for
+plain soap and water should always be at hand and freely used.
+
+Persons recovering from scarlet fever, so long as any scaling or peeling
+of the skin, soreness of the eyes or air passages or symptoms of dropsy
+remain, should be considered dangerous, and, therefore, should not attend
+school, church or any public assembly or use any public conveyance. In a
+house infected with scarlet fever, a temporary disinfection after apparent
+recovery may be made, so as to release from isolation the members of the
+household who have not had the disease.
+
+Diet and Nursing.--Food should be given every two to four hours. Only
+water can be given as long as there is nausea and vomiting, and sometimes
+not even that. After they have stopped you can give milk and water and
+then milk. You should give it to a child every two to three hours, about
+one-fourth of a glass full and warm if possible. A child can take at least
+one quart in twenty-four hours. Watch the stomach and bowels for bad
+symptoms; if necessary you can put in one teaspoonful of lime water after
+the milk has been heated. If the child will not take milk, use one of the
+prepared foods. Mellins' malted milk, Borden's malted milk, peptonized
+milk, Imperial Granum, and follow the directions on the bottle. The
+different food waters mentioned above are to use when milk and other food
+preparations cannot be given. Albumen (white of an egg and water, not
+whipped) can be given and always cold. Cold milk also tastes better.
+
+[174 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+During the Sickness, etc.--The linen, bedding, etc., of the patient should
+be put into a one to five-thousand solution of corrosive sublimate (you
+can buy that strength tablet) before being boiled, dried and aired in the
+sun. The sick room must be kept well ventilated, but no drafts should be
+allowed to go over the patient. The temperature is better at 68 degrees F.
+The patient should be kept in bed during all the feverish stage and during
+the scaling stage also.
+
+Care must be taken lest the patient take cold. During this time there is a
+great danger of ear and kidney trouble. It would be safer to keep the
+patient in bed until the peeling is done. Children are naturally lively,
+risky, and a little careless. To keep the scales from flying you can
+grease the patient with cold cream, vaselin, lard, etc. This will also
+help to ease the itching. The peeling is aided by bathing the patient
+every day with warm, soapy water.
+
+Special Treatment.--In ordinary cases little treatment is needed except to
+keep the throat and nose free from excessive secretions. The urine should
+be examined daily, and the bowels should move once or twice a day. Cold
+water should be given frequently after the nausea has passed away. Milk is
+the usual food, but must not be given during the vomiting stage. Equal
+parts of milk and water can be given after the vomiting stage, if the
+patient will not take pure milk.
+
+During the vomiting stage very little water even can be given. The
+greatest danger in scarlet fever comes from the throat complications and
+the high fever.
+
+When the fever is high the patient suffers from delirium. A temperature of
+105 is dangerous and such patients must be bathed well in water,
+commencing at 90 degrees and rubbed well all over while in the water,
+allowing the temperature of the bath to fall to 85 or 80 degrees while so
+doing; bath to last five to fifteen minutes. Bathe the head with water, at
+the temperature of 50 degrees, all the time the temperature is at 103
+degrees or higher. Always use the thermometer to determine the temperature
+of the water. Weakly children often do not stand the bath well, so you
+must exercise discretion in giving it often. The temperature must be kept
+down to 102 to 103-1/2, and baths must be used often to do so. Where baths
+cannot be used, frequent washing with water at 60 to 70 degrees must be
+adopted without drying the child afterwards. A mother should always
+remember that a feverish, restless child needs a bath or a good washing
+with cool soap and water. If the bowels and kidneys do not act freely
+enough give the following:
+
+    Epsom Salts        2 ounces
+    Cream of Tartar    2 ounces
+
+Mix and give one-half teaspoonful in water every three hours until the
+bowels move freely.
+
+This is the dose for a child one year old.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES  175]
+
+Dropsy in Scarlet Fever.--In this case you must have a doctor. A simple
+way to make a dropsy patient sweat is to place the patient upon a cane
+seated chair, pin a blanket around the neck, covering the whole body.
+Under the chair place a wooden pail half full of cool water and into this
+put a brick baked as hot as possible; or you can introduce steam under the
+blanket while the patient is sitting on a chair, or lying in bed, taking
+care not to scald the patient. This will cause sweating, and relieve the
+dropsy and also congested kidneys.
+
+How Soon May a Scarlet Fever Patient Associate with the Healthy?--It is
+best to wait a few weeks after scaling ends. Give the patient a bath in a
+one to 10,000 corrosive sublimate solution first.
+
+Caution.--An ordinary case of scarlet fever does not need much medicine.
+Nursing and care are essential. Even the slightest case should be watched.
+There is always danger of the eyes, ears and kidneys becoming affected. If
+the child complains of pain in the head the ear must be examined. If the
+urine passed is small in quantity, or if there are any signs of dropsy,
+treatment must be given at once. You have heard very much lately about the
+sting of the honey bee for rheumatism. I often use a preparation of this
+for the kidney troubles in scarlet fever. The name is Apis Mel. I use the
+second or third homeopathic attenuation in tablet form and give one to two
+about every two hours. I have found this effective in such cases where the
+urine is small in quantity, and there is some dropsy. The lightest cases
+can have dropsy, especially if special care is not taken when scaling goes
+on.
+
+I was once attending three children for scarlet fever. The one that had it
+in a mild form became affected with dropsy. For this I steamed her. In her
+case I placed her in a cane-seated chair, pinned a blanket tightly around
+her so as to thoroughly cover her, put a pail of cool water under her
+chair and dropped into the pail a hot baked brick. The hot brick caused
+steam to rise from the water and enveloped the child, producing sweating.
+This was done frequently, and the child considered it a joke, but it
+relieved her of the bloat. It was in the country and these crude means
+produced the desired result. By attaching a rubber tube to a steaming
+kettle and introducing the steam under the covering the same result can be
+produced. Sometimes you may not have all things you wish, then you must
+make use of what is handy. You would be surprised perhaps to know how much
+can be done to relieve sickness by what can be found in every house. (For
+disinfectants see chapter on nursing.)
+
+[176 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+MEASLES.--Measles is an acute infectious disease, distinguished by a
+characteristic eruption on the mucous membranes and skin. It is very
+contagious and spreads through the atmosphere. Almost everyone is
+susceptible to measles and suffers at least one attack. The disease is not
+frequent during the first year of life. It prevails in all countries.
+
+Incubation.--This varies from thirteen to fifteen days. In calculating
+this period we include the time from exposure to the appearance of the
+eruption. One attack generally protects the person from another attack.
+The period of the greatest danger of taking it extends through the period
+of the eruption. It diminishes as the eruption fades. From this we learn
+that the infection in measles takes place generally in the incubation
+stage.
+
+Symptoms and Description of Ordinary Type.--The first symptoms may be only
+a headache or a slight disturbance of the stomach. There may be some fever
+in the evening. There is now a redness and watery condition of the eyes,
+and general feeling of weariness. The cold symptoms (coryza) are not yet
+marked, but if we look in the mouth we may see a few spots on the mucous
+membrane of the cheek. Then follow the sneezing, running at the nose, sore
+and red eyes; running water, sensitiveness to the light, cough and fever.
+The eruption now appears, and is first noticed on the side of the head and
+the wings of the nose, as a red spotted eruption, which soon looks like a
+pimple, and then "blotchy." Older people feel quite sick. The aching all
+over, and headache are sometimes almost unbearable, especially when there
+is much coughing. The face, eyes and scalp are soon covered by the red
+rose irregularly shaped pimples, which next appear rapidly on the back of
+the hands, fore-arms, front of the trunk, on the back and lower
+extremities. This order is not always maintained. Sometimes it first
+appears on the back.
+
+The eruptive stage generally lasts three or four days, during which time
+the symptoms are all aggravated, especially by any strong light, on
+account of the sore eyes for the measles are also in them. We have active
+cold symptoms like sneezing, running at the nose, snorting, snuffling,
+hawking. The cough is terribly severe, annoying, making the lungs and
+stomach very sore. The head feels as if it would split. The patient holds
+his chest and "stomach" while coughing. Symptoms of acute bronchitis
+develop. Sometimes there is much diarrhea. Pneumonia often develops
+through carelessness. The fever reaches its height when the eruption is
+fully developed. The eruption fades after it has been out for three or
+four days, and then all the symptoms decrease, the fever lessens and
+becomes normal by gradual morning remissions. Scaling begins when the
+pinkish hue of the rash has disappeared and continues until the last
+vestige of reddish spots has disappeared. As a rule it is completed in two
+to four weeks after the first eruption has appeared. Sometimes the scaling
+is difficult to see, but it is never absent in measles: It is best seen on
+the front part of the chest, shoulders, and the inner surface of the
+thighs. The temperature may reach 104 to 105-8/10 without complications.
+This description gives a picture of a typical case. The eruption that
+appears in the mucous membrane of the mouth appears three to four days
+before the skin rash. It is accompanied by redness of the pharynx and of
+the front and back pillars of the fauces. The soft palate is studded with
+irregular shaped, rose colored spots or streaks and the hard palate
+presents small whitish vesicles. They are also found on the colored mucous
+membrane of the cheeks and on that opposite the gums of the upper and
+lower teeth. The rash of measles is a characteristic eruption of rose
+colored or purple colored papules (pimples). As a rule the whole face is
+covered with the eruption and is swollen. Diphtheria may complicate
+measles. Bronchitis and brancho-pneumonia also may occur, especially if
+the patient is careless and takes cold. Diarrhea is frequently present.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 177]
+
+Eyes.--Following severe cases fear of light, spasm of the orbicularis
+muscle, inflammation of the lachrymal duct, conjunctivitis, ulceration of
+the cornea and amaurosis (general blindness) may result. Hence the
+necessity of careful attention to the eyes. Never read anything during the
+attack of the measles. The ear may also become afflicted. There are other
+complications, but these mentioned are the important ones.
+
+Mortality in Measles.--The mortality in childhood and infancy is about
+eight per cent. Mortality is greatest for number of cases during the first
+year. Six per cent between fifth and eighth years.
+
+Diagnosis.--Presents few difficulties in a typical case. The mode of onset
+is cold symptoms of the nose and eye, cough; appearance of the mouth,
+throat and the blotchy eruptions are very characteristic.
+
+Treatment. Prevention.--As soon as you know it to be the measles, separate
+the case and put the patient in a well-aired room where you can have air
+without a draft and where the room can be made and kept dark. Those
+persons who must go in the room should put over them a linen robe, and
+hang it outside of the sick room. It should thoroughly cover them. When
+not in use hang it in the open air. An attendant who wears a beard should
+disinfect his beard, face, head and hands before mingling with the well.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Measles, Lemon Remedy from a Canadian
+Mother.--"Give child all cold lemonade it can drink and keep in warm room.
+This acts just as well as if the drinks are hot. We tried both on our
+children and cured both ways." Don't give so much of the cold as to chill.
+The cold drink makes child sweat, just as hot does. Also helps to carry
+off impurities by flushing bowels, just as clear water would.
+
+2. Measles, Elder Blossom Tea to Drive Out.--"Elder blossom tea is good
+for a cold or fever. Gather the blossoms, and make a tea. Pleasant to
+take. Sweeten if desired. This is also good to drive out the measles."
+This remedy should be taken warm and is especially good to bring out the
+rash in children. Take a teaspoonful every hour.
+
+[178 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+General Treatment.--An ordinary case of measles does not need much
+treatment. If the patient has a high fever and is very hot and restless,
+bathe with tepid or cool water every two or three hours, till the patient
+becomes quite restful. Sometimes they have too much covering and that
+makes them hot and restless. Remove a little at a time. Bathing will not
+hurt the rash, for it can be done under the clothes and without any danger
+to the patient.
+
+Cold Drinks.--These are refreshing and beneficial, if not given too
+freely. One-third of a glass of water is enough at one time, but it can be
+given often, if it does not chill the patient. After the feverish days
+have passed, diluted milk or plain milk can be given in greater amount.
+
+Cough in Measles.--It is likely to be severe, straining and barking and
+hard to relieve. If it is too severe you can give, for a child one year
+old:
+
+    Acetanelid       1/2 dram
+    Dover's Powder   1/2 dram
+
+Mix and make into thirty powders.
+
+Give one-half powder every two hours when awake or restless.
+
+2. For a child two years old:
+
+    Paregoric       2 to 5 drops
+    Syrup Ipecac    3 drops
+
+Mix.
+
+Give every three hours, according to age, one to three hours for a child
+two years old.
+
+3. For Irritation of the Skin.--Sponge once a day with water at 100
+degrees F. containing a little alcohol or a pinch of sodium bicarbonate or
+soda.
+
+4. For Scaling.--Use ointment of benzoinated lard, combined with five per
+cent of boric acid.
+
+Diet.--The food should be light; milk, broths, and when the fever is gone
+chicken and soft boiled eggs, jelly, toasted bread, crackers, cereals,
+with cocoa for drink. Orange juice or lemon juice may be given in
+moderation. Milk, one pint per day for every fifty pounds in weight of the
+patient, during a fever sickness, is a safe and liberal allowance. Smaller
+children in proportion. Mothers will be apt to give too much and it may
+then prevent rest and steep. When the fever subsides you can give more
+milk and some of the above foods. Water, as before stated, can be given
+for the thirst quite frequently.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 179]
+
+Teas.--The laity gives lots of these to bring out the rash. It seems to me
+before the rash is out the patient is feverish and chilly and the skin is
+dry, and a small amount of tea given every hour or two might do good
+unless the patient is made warmer. There are many varieties given. Elder
+blossom seems to have the call. For some time after the patient is well he
+may be bothered with a cough; it better be looked after if it continues,
+for there might be bronchitis or some lung trouble left and unknown.
+
+Caution.--A person who has had the measles or German measles, should be
+very careful about taking cold, for if they do they are liable to have
+serious trouble, especially in the chest. It is very easy to take
+bronchitis or pneumonia during and after an attack of measles. The mucous
+membrane of these parts is left somewhat swollen and it remains
+susceptible to disease for some time. "An ounce of prevention is worth a
+pound of cure." Remain in the house three or four days longer than may
+seem necessary and you will be paid for so doing by having good bronchial
+tubes and lungs,--as good as before if you were careful during the attack.
+
+
+
+GERMAN MEASLES.--This is an acute self-limited disease and contagious. It
+has a mild fever, watery eyes, cough, sore throat and enlargement of the
+glands of the neck, not seen in the common measles. It has an eruption
+that may come the first day to the fourth.
+
+Incubation Period Runs.--From fifteen to twenty days.
+
+Rash.--Just before the rash appears there is a headache, nausea and
+irritation of the bronchial tubes. The eruption is so similar to that of
+measles at the outset that it is hard to differentiate between them. The
+eruption in the mouth, however, is not so characteristic. Before the
+appearance of the eruption, the glands on the back of the neck and angles
+of the jaw may be enlarged. At the time of its appearance the glands in
+the armpits and groin become enlarged to the size of a bean and bigger,
+and they remain enlarged for weeks after the eruption has disappeared.
+
+Treatment.--Similar to the measles if any is needed.
+
+CHICKEN POX (Varicella).--This is an acute infectious disease,
+characterized by a peculiar eruption. Children are the ones usually
+attacked. It generally occurs before the tenth year. It is transmitted
+through the atmosphere. The period of coming on is usually fourteen days,
+but it may extend to nineteen days. It is perhaps the simplest and mildest
+disease of childhood. It occurs but once, is contagious, is very common,
+and resembles varioloid. It has a mild light fever and large vesicles
+almost the size of a split pea, scattered over the body. There may be few
+and there may be hundreds. They are reddish gray and appear first on the
+head and face, then on the body, one crop following another on the body.
+They are filled at first with a clear liquid, which soon turns yellowish,
+then breaks and dries up. They leave no scar unless they are scratched or
+are very large. The patient is usually well in a week, but the scars last
+longer.
+
+MOTHER'S REMEDY.--1. Chicken Pox, Catnip Tea and Soda Water for.--"Put
+the patient to bed and give catnip tea. A daily bath of saleratus water is
+good and the bowels should be kept open." One of the most essential things
+is to keep the patient warm.
+
+[180 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT FOR CHICKEN POX.--Exclude other children. The child
+should be lightly fed and on ordinary food. Large vesicles on the face,
+when yellow, should be pricked with a needle that has been boiled, then
+wash them with a disinfecting lotion twice daily.
+
+The following is a good lotion:
+
+    Boric Acid       1/2 ounce (4 teaspoonfuls)
+    Boiled Water       1 pint
+
+Mix thoroughly and use twice a day on the eruption.
+
+The child should not pick the sores on his face, as this may cause delay
+in healing and leave a mark.
+
+MUMPS (Parotitis).--This is an acute infectious disease of one or both of
+the parotid glands, located at the angle of the jaw, and extending up to
+the ear, and, also, to other salivary glands. It appears only once. One
+attack gives immunity. It may come at any age; but appears mostly before
+the age of fifteen. It comes on one side first and may pass over to the
+other side in a few days, as it usually does, and gives the face a broad
+appearance, under the ears, or ear, and makes chewing and swallowing
+almost impossible. There is no soreness of the throat in mumps. In
+well-marked cases there is considerable fever and pain. It may last from a
+few days to a week. The usual length of time the disease lasts is one
+week. There is no tendency to form pus, even when the face is very hard
+and swollen and tender. It will occasionally leave the face and appear in
+the breasts and ovaries in the females or in the testicles of the males,
+and in both places it causes much pain.
+
+Treatment.--The patient should be kept in the house and isolated in bed as
+long as the symptoms last. When there is much pain, laudanum diluted
+one-third with water may be applied continually with a soft warm cloth.
+Oil of hyoscyamus applied twice daily to the sore parts is good if
+laudanum is not used. When the swelling goes down I know of nothing as
+good as a hot bean poultice, which must be changed often so as to keep
+hot. Bean poultice.--Simply boil the beans in water until they are soft
+and thick enough to use as a poultice. The bowels should be kept open with
+salts. The food must be liquid, such as milk, soups and gruels. If there
+is not much fever, soft boiled eggs and milk toast from the beginning. Do
+not use vinegar, acids or astringents.
+
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 181]
+
+WHOOPING-COUGH (Pertussis).--Whooping cough is an acute specific
+infectious, disease caused by a micro-organism. It is characterized in a
+majority of cases by a spasmodic cough, accompanied by a so-called whoop.
+It is not only infectious, but very contagious. It is propagated through
+the atmosphere in schools and public places; the air of which is
+contaminated with the specific agent of the disease. This agent is thought
+to reside in the sputum and the secretions of the nose and air passages of
+the patient. It is very contagious at the height of the attack. The sputum
+of the first or catarrhal stage is thought to be highly contagious. The
+sputum in the stage of decline is also thought to be capable of carrying
+the disease. It prevails in all countries and climates. During the winter
+and spring months it is most frequent. At times it prevails as an
+epidemic. It occurs most frequently in infancy and childhood, but a person
+can take it at any age. Second attacks are rare. It is most frequent
+between the first and second year; next most frequent between the sixth
+and twelfth month. After the fifth year the frequency diminishes up to the
+tenth year, after which the disease is very infrequent. Not everyone who
+is exposed contracts the disease. It seems that whooping-cough, measles,
+and influenza frequently follow one another in epidemic form. This is one
+of the diseases much dreaded by parents. It is very tedious and endangers
+the life of weak and young children by exhaustion. It is a terrible thing
+to watch one with this disease, day in and day out. It can be known by the
+impetuous, continuous and frequent coughing spells, following each other
+rapidly until the patient is out of breath, with a tendency to end in
+vomiting. When it comes in the fall or winter months there will likely be
+spasmodic coughing until summer through the usual colds contracted. Summer
+is the best time to have it.
+
+Symptoms.--There is an incubation stage, but it is hard to determine its
+length. After the appearance of the symptoms there are three stages; the
+catarrhal, the spasmodic, and the stage of decline.
+
+The First Stage.--This is characterized by a cough which is more
+troublesome at night. One can be suspicious, when instead of getting
+better in a few days, it gets worse and more frequent, without any seeming
+cause. After four or five days the cough may be accompanied by vomiting,
+especially if the cough occurs after eating. There may be some bronchitis,
+and if so there will be one or more degrees of fever. Fever is present as
+a rule, only during the first few days, unless there is bronchitis. As the
+case passes into the spasmodic or second stage, the paroxysms of coughing
+last longer, the child becomes red in the face and spits up a larger
+amount of mucus than in ordinary bronchitis. This period of the cough
+without a whoop, may last from five to twelve days. In some cases there is
+never a whoop. The child has a severe spasmodic cough, followed by
+vomiting. Usually at the close of this stage the incessant cough causes
+slight puffiness of the eyelids and slight bloating of the face.
+
+[182 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Spasmodic or Second Stage.--The peculiar whoop is now present. The cough
+is spasmodic. The child has distinct paroxysms of coughing which begin
+with an inspiration (in-breathing) followed by several expulsive,
+explosive coughs, after which there is a deep, long-drawn inspiration
+which is characterized by a loud crowing called the "whoop." This paroxysm
+may be followed by a number of similar ones. When the paroxysm is coming
+on the face assumes an anxious expression, and the child runs to the
+nearest person or to some article of furniture and grasps him or it with
+both hands. It is so severe sometimes that the child will fall or claw the
+air, convulsively. In the severest and most dangerous types, a convulsion
+may come on in a moderate degree, the face is red or livid, the eyes bulge
+and when the paroxysm ends a quantity of sticky tenacious mucus is spit
+up. In other cases there is vomiting at the end of the paroxysm. There is
+frequently nose-bleed. In the intervals the face is pale or bluish,
+eyelids are puffy and face swollen. There is little bronchitis at this
+period in the majority of cases. In some cases the number of paroxysms may
+be few. There are generally quite a number during the twenty-four hours.
+
+Stage of the Decline.--In this stage the number and severity or the
+paroxysms lessen. They may subside suddenly or gradually after four to
+twelve weeks. The whoop may reappear at times. The cough may persist, more
+or less, for weeks after the whoop is entirely gone.
+
+Complications.--Bronchitis is common, it may be mild or severe. It may run
+into capillary bronchitis and this is dangerous.
+
+Diagnosis.--Continued cough, getting worse and spasmodic, worse at night,
+livid face when coughing, causes great suspicion as to its being
+whooping-cough. The whoop will confirm it.
+
+Mortality is quoted as twenty-five per cent during the first year. Between
+first and fifth year about five per cent, from fifth to tenth year about
+one per cent. Rickets, or wasting disease (marasmus) and poor hygienic
+surroundings makes the outlook less favorable.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Whooping-Cough, Chestnut Leaves for.--"Steep
+chestnut leaves, strain, add sugar according to amount of juice and boil
+down to a syrup; give plenty of this. A friend of mine gave this to her
+children. She said they recovered rapidly and the cough was not severe."
+They are not the horse-chestnut leaves.
+
+2. Whooping-Cough, Chestnut Leaves and Cream for.--"Make an infusion of
+dry chestnut leaves, not too strong, season with cream and sugar, if
+desired. The leaves can be purchased at a drug store in five cent
+packages."
+
+3. Whooping-Cough, Mrs. Warren's Remedy for.--
+
+    "Powdered Alum         1/2 dram
+    Mucilage Acacia          1 ounce
+    Syrup Squills          1/2 ounce
+    Syrup Simple, q. s       4 ounces
+
+Mix this.
+
+This is one of the best remedies known to use for whooping cough. It has
+been used for many years, and some of our best doctors use it in their
+practice. I do not hesitate to recommend it as a splendid remedy."
+
+4. Whooping-Cough, Raspberry Tincture for.--"Take one-half pound honey,
+one cup water; let these boil, take off scum; pour boiling hot upon
+one-half ounce lobelia herb and one-half ounce cloves; mix well, then
+strain and add one gill raspberry vinegar. Take from one teaspoonful to a
+dessertspoonful four times a day. Pleasant to take."
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 183]
+
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Whooping-Cough.--The patient should be isolated
+and sleep in a large, well ventilated room. In spring and summer weather,
+the child is better in the open air all day. In the winter the child
+should be warmly clothed. Pine wood and a fairly high altitude are
+probably the best. The greatest care should be taken in all seasons to
+keep from taking cold, or bad bronchitis or pneumonia may result. All
+complications are serious, especially in nursing children. There should be
+no appreciable fever, and when the paroxysm of cough is over the child
+should sleep or play quite well, until the next one returns. So if there
+is much fever the case needs watching.
+
+Medical Treatment.--Medicines have little effect in controlling the
+disease. The severity can be lessened. If the child is much disturbed at
+night, the following is good:
+
+1.    Acetanelid       1/2 dram
+      Dover's Powder   1/2 dram
+
+Mix thoroughly and make up into thirty powders; for one year old one-half
+a powder every two hours while awake or restless.
+
+2.    Syrup of Dover's Powder         1 fluid dram
+      Tincture of Aconite            10 drops
+      Simple Syrup enough to make   two ounces.
+
+Mix and give one-half teaspoonful every two hours for a child one year
+old. Shake bottle.
+
+3. But the best treatment I know is the following: Go to any good drug
+store and get a fifty-cent bottle of vapo-cresolene. Burn this, according
+to the directions given on the bottle in the evening. Use a small granite
+cup, put about one-third of an inch of the medicine in this, set cup on a
+wire frame above a lamp, (can buy a regular lamp with the medicine) close
+windows and let the child inhale the fumes. This will give the patient a
+good night's sleep. I have used this for years, and know it is good and
+effective. A tea made of chestnut leaves is said to be good, and is often
+used as a home remedy. The leaves of the chestnut that we eat, not the
+horse-chestnut.
+
+Diet.--This is an extremely important part of the treatment. As the child
+vomits frequently, especially after eating, the food is generally vomited,
+so there should be frequent feeding in small quantities. The food should
+be digestible and nourishing. Milk is a good food for older children. In
+nursing infants they should be nursed oftener, especially if they vomit
+soon after nursing. In older children, you must not feed too heavy and
+hearty foods; meat and potatoes should not be given to young children
+having the disease. When vomiting is severe the food should be fluid and
+given often. The child must be nourished. If this disease occurs in the
+winter the person attacked, after he is seemingly well, must be careful
+not to take cold. The condition of the mucous membrane of the air tube
+after an attack of this disease, makes it very easy for the person to
+contract inflammation of that part and have in consequence laryngitis,
+bronchitis, or pneumonia. Thc cough in very many cases will last all
+winter without any additional cold being added.
+
+[184 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+DIPHTHERIA.--Diphtheria is an acute disease and always infectious. There
+is a peculiar membrane which forms on the tonsils, uvula, soft palate and
+throat and sometimes in the larynx and nose. It may form in other places
+such as in the vagina, bowels, on wounds or sores of the skin. I once cut
+off the fingers for a child under the care of another doctor. The child
+came down with diphtheria, and the membrane formed on the fingers. Also it
+is often epidemic in the cold autumn months. Its severity varies with
+different epidemics. Children from two to fifteen years old are most
+frequently attacked with it. Catarrhal inflammations of the respiratory
+mucous membrane predisposes to it.
+
+Cause.--The exciting cause is a bacillus called after the
+discoverers--Klebs-Loeffler--and this may be communicated directly to
+another person from the membrane or discharges from the nose and mouth,
+secretions of convalescents, or from the throat of normal persons. The
+local condition (lesion) may be a simple catarrhal inflammation, or a
+greenish or gray exudate, involving chiefly the tonsils, pharynx, soft
+palate, nose, larynx and trachea, less often the conjunctiva and
+alimentary tract. It is firmly adherent at first and leaves a bleeding
+surface when detached; later it is soft and can be removed.
+
+Symptoms.--Incubation period usually lasts from two to seven days after
+exposure, usually two, generally there is chilliness, sometimes
+convulsions in young children, pain in the back and extremities and a
+fever of 102-1/2 to 104 degrees.
+
+PHARYNGEAL DIPHTHERIA.--In typical cases this begins with slight
+difficulty in swallowing, and reddened throat (pharynx), then there is a
+general congestion of these parts, and membrane is seen on the tonsils. It
+is grayish white, then dull or yellowish; adherent and when removed it
+leaves a bleeding surface upon which a fresh membrane quickly forms. If
+the disease runs on, in a few days the membrane covers the tonsils and
+pillars of the fauces, often the uvula. The glands around the neck often
+enlarge. Temperature 102 to 103 degrees. Pulse 100 to 120. The
+constitutional symptoms are usually in proportion to the local condition,
+but not always. The membrane frequently extends into the nostrils and
+frequently there is a burning discharge. In malignant cases all the
+symptoms are severe and rapidly progressive ending in stupor and death in
+three to five days. Death may occur from sudden heart failure or
+complications.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 185]
+
+[Illustration: Diphtheria (view of infected throat)]
+
+LARYNGEAL DIPHTHERIA, Formerly Called Membranous Croup.--Diphtheria in
+the larynx may occur alone or with the pharyngeal kind, and was formerly
+called "Membranous Croup." After several days of hoarseness and coughing
+the breathing suddenly becomes hard, generally at night, and it is at
+first in paroxysms, but later it is constant. The space above the breast
+bone (sternum) is depressed and there is a drawing in of the spaces
+between the ribs during inspiration accompanied with a husky voice and
+blue look. The fever is slight. If the obstruction in the larynx is severe
+the cyanosis,--blueness,--and difficulty of breathing increase, and
+gradual suffocation leads to (coma) deep sleep and death.
+
+Diagnosis.--Diagnosis can only be made certain by proper chemical tests.
+The presence of membrane on a tonsil and a small patch streak, or speck of
+membrane, on the adjacent surface of the uvula or tip of the uvula; a
+patch of membrane on the tonsil and an accompanying patch on the posterior
+wall of the pharynx; the presence of a croupy cough and harsh breathing
+with small patches of membrane on the tonsil or epiglottis. These symptoms
+are very suspicious and warrant separation of the patient. If such
+conditions are seen in any one, it will be the part of prudence to send
+for your doctor immediately. You give the patient a better chance by
+sending early, protect yourselves and also your neighbors.
+
+Recovery.--Chances in mild cases are good. Antitoxin has brought the death
+rate down from forty to twelve per cent. Death may occur from sudden heart
+failure, obstruction in the pharynx, severe infection, complications or
+paralysis.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--Diphtheria is such a dangerous disease and so rapidly
+fatal that the family physician should be promptly called. Until he
+arrives the following may be used to give some relief:
+
+2. Diphtheria, Kerosene Good for.--"Kerosene oil applied to the throat of
+child or adult is very good."
+
+3. Diphtheria, Hops and Hot Water Relieves.--"Make two flannel bags and
+fill with hops which have been moistened with hot water; place bags in a
+steamer and heat. Keep one bag hot and the other around the throat. Change
+often, relief in short time." Mrs. Shaw has tried this in a case of
+diphtheria and other throat trouble and recommends it as an excellent
+remedy.
+
+[186 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Diphtheria. Prevention.--The patient should be
+isolated as soon as the spots or membrane are seen. Other children who
+have been with the sick one should at once be given "immunizing" doses of
+antitoxin, and the furniture of the sick room such as hangings, carpets.
+rugs, etc., should be removed and disinfected, only the necessary articles
+being kept in the room. The room should be kept well ventilated, but no
+draught should get to the patient. The one nursing the patient should not
+come near the other members of the family. All articles of clothing worn
+by the patient should be dipped in a 1 to 2000 solution of corrosive
+sublimate before they are removed from the sick room. (Other solutions may
+be used; see Nursing Department). Dishes, etc., should be treated in the
+same way and foods left over should be put in a vessel containing an
+antiseptic solution, and then burned. Everyone going into the sick room
+should cover their head with a cap and wear a robe-covering over their
+clothes, and on leaving the room should gargle or rinse their mouth with a
+solution of boric acid, about one or two teaspoonfuls to a glass of water,
+The infant should not be nursed at the breast lest the breast become
+infected; the milk should be pumped out and fed to the infant with a
+bottle. If the infant has diarrhea milk must be stopped, the bowels
+irrigated, and no milk given until all danger from this source is past.
+The nurse must be careful of the discharges from the nose, mouth and
+bowels. Discharges from the bowels and the urine must be received in a
+vessel with an antiseptic solution in it like copperas, lime, etc. Cloths
+used to receive the discharge from the nose and mouth should be thrown in
+a vessel containing a solution of 1 to 2000 of corrosive sublimate and
+then burned. The nurse should wear a gauze protection over her nose and
+mouth when she is near the patient, and glasses, so that no sputum or
+discharge from the patient can enter these organs. When the nurse leaves
+the sick room for a rest or walk, she should change her clothes in an
+unused room and put them where they can air, wash her hands, face and hair
+in an antiseptic solution. Great care must be taken by the nurse, or she
+will carry the disease. The doctor also must take the same care.
+
+PHYSICIANS' MEDICAL TREATMENT.--Antitoxin is the best. 1/100 grain of
+corrosive sublimate or more according to age is frequently given in the
+severe cases and is beneficial.
+
+Local Treatment.--In older persons, inhaling steam may benefit. Gargling
+the throat or spraying the nose and throat is cleansing and helpful; but
+in children it is sometimes hard to do this, for they may struggle and
+thus injure and weaken themselves more than they can be benefited by the
+spraying or gargling. Swab the throat if you can with solution of
+corrosive sublimate, 1 to 1000. Peroxide of hydrogen, one-sixth to one-
+half to full strength, is good in many cases, used as a gargle and a swab.
+Wash out the nose with a normal salt solution. One dram to a pint of
+water. The persons doing this must take great care or the patient will
+cough and the discharge will go over them.
+
+When in the Larynx.--Steam inhalations without or with medicine in them
+and the application of cold or hot to the neck are good. Compound tincture
+of benzoin is good to use in the water for steaming; one-half to one
+tablespoonful to a quart of water. A tent can be made by putting a sheet
+over the four posts of the bed and steam vapor introduced under this
+covering.
+
+Diet.--The main food is milk, albumin water, broths, eggs given every two
+hours. Some doctors give stimulants with the food.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 187]
+
+Cautions.--Members of the family have no idea how much they can aid the
+physician in this terrible disease. Pay particular attention  to the
+directions the doctor gives you, if you are doing the nursing, watch so
+that you may detect any bad symptom, and immediately inform the physician.
+A harsh cough with increased difficulty in breathing may mean that the
+disease has extended to the larynx. If such symptoms are first noticed in
+the physician's absence, he should be sent for at once so he can treat it
+properly at the start. If the kidneys do not act properly he should be
+informed. One may take nephritis in diphtheria also. I was called one
+morning at 3 a. m., to see a case I was attending; she seemed to the
+parents to be worse; she was, but today she is living, and I believe her
+life was really saved by her parents. I would rather a loving mother and
+father nurse a case any time than a selfish, lazy professional nurse. Good
+nurses are a blessing; selfish ones are a curse; I have met both kinds.
+After an attack of this disease the patient is left "weak" in many organs.
+He should be careful, not only of taking cold, but of over-doing. The
+heart and nervous system in some cases have been terribly wrecked. Take
+life easy for some time, for you may be thankful that you are alive.
+
+ACUTE TONSILITIS. (Follicular Inflammation of the Tonsils). Causes.--
+Authors regard this as an infectious disease. It is met with more
+frequently in the young; infants may take it. Some authors state it can be
+communicated either through the secretions or by direct contact, as in the
+act of kissing (Koplik). It is frequent in children from the second to the
+fourth year, but it is more common after than before the fourth year. Sex
+has no influence. In this country it is more common in the spring. The
+predisposing causes are exposure to wet and cold and bad hygienic
+surroundings. One attack renders a person more susceptible. It spreads
+through a family in such a way that it must be regarded as contagious. The
+small openings (Lacunae) of the tonsils become filled with products which
+form cheesy-looking masses, projecting from the openings of the (Crypts)
+hidden sacs. These frequently join together, the intervening tissue is
+usually swollen, deep red in color and sometimes a membrane forms on it in
+which case it may look like diphtheria.
+
+[188 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Symptoms.--Chilly feelings or even a chill and aching pains in the back
+and limbs may precede the onset. The fever rises rapidly and in the young
+child may reach 105 degrees in the evening of the first day. The infant is
+restless, peevish and wakeful at night; it breathes rapidly, and there is
+high fever and great weakness. Nursing is difficult, not only on account
+of the pain in swallowing, but because in the majority of cases there is
+more or less inflammation of the nose. The bowels are disturbed as a
+result of swallowing infectious secretions from the mouth with the food.
+The tonsils are enlarged and studded with whitish or yellowish white
+points. The glands at the angle of the jaws may be enlarged. In older
+children the tonsils are enlarged and the crypts plugged with a creamy
+deposit. The surface is covered with a deposit and the pillars of the
+fauces, uvula and pharynx may all be inflamed. The tongue is coated, the
+breath is bad, the urine high colored, swallowing is painful; the pain
+frequently runs to the ear and the voice sounds nasal, as if one had mush
+in his mouth when talking. In severe cases the symptoms all increase, and
+the parts become very much swollen. Then the inflammation gradually
+subsides, and in a week, as a rule, the fever is gone and the local
+conditions have greatly improved. The tonsils, though, remain somewhat
+swollen. The weakness and general symptoms are often greater than one
+would suppose. The trouble may also extend to the middle ear through the
+eustachian tubes.
+
+Diagnosis Between Acute Tonsilitis and Diphtheria.--Follicular form. "In
+this form the individual, yellowish, gray masses, separated by the reddish
+tonsilar tissue are very characteristic, whereas in diphtheria the
+membrane is of ashy gray and uniform, not patch."--Osler. A point of the
+greatest importance in diphtheria is that the membrane is not limited to
+the tonsils, but creeps up the pillars of the fauces or appears on the
+uvula. The diphtheric membrane when removed leaves a raw, bleeding, eroded
+surface; whereas, the membrane of follicular tonsilitis is easily
+separated as there is no raw surface beneath it.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Tonsilitis, Raw Onion and Pork for.--"Take a raw
+onion and some salt pork, chop together, make a poultice on which put a
+little turpentine and wrap around the throat." This is a very good remedy
+and should be used for some time. Change as often as necessary.
+
+2. Tonsilitis, Peppermint Oil Good for.--"Apply peppermint oil thoroughly
+on the outside of the throat from well up behind the ear nearly to the
+chin, also just in front of the ear. This will soon penetrate through to
+the tonsils; apply freely if the case is severe and later apply hot cloths
+if relief does not follow without."
+
+3. Tonsilitis, Borax Water for.--"One-fourth teaspoonful borax in one cup
+of hot water, gargle frequently." This may be used for ordinary sore
+throat not quite so strong.
+
+4. Tonsilitis, Salt and Pepper Will Relieve.--"Apply salt pork well
+covered with pepper to the swollen parts; will often give relief."
+
+5. Tonsilitis, Peroxide of Hydrogen Will Cure.--"Tonsilitis and contagious
+sore throats are just now extremely popular. Persons having a tendency to
+them will seldom be sick if they gargle daily with a solution of peroxide
+of hydrogen and water in equal parts for adults. Peroxide diluted with
+five parts of water and used as a head spray will prevent catarrhal
+colds." Children, are often sent to school immediately after an attack of
+tonsilitis, when they should be at home taking a tonic and building up by
+a week of outdoor play.
+
+6. Tonsilitis, a Remedy Effective for.--"Rub the outside of the throat
+well with oil of anise and turpentine, and keep the bowels open." Care
+should be taken not to take cold. The anise is very soothing and the
+turpentine will help to draw out the soreness. This would be a good remedy
+for children.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 189]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Tonsilitis. 1. First Home Treatment.--Put the
+patient to bed alone in a pleasant room, comfortably warm; for this
+disease is recorded as contagious in this form. Cold applied externally
+around the sore spot is good. Use an ice bag if you have it; or wring
+cloths out of cold water and put just under the jaw and a flannel over
+that, bound around the neck. It must be changed often to keep cold.
+
+2. Smartweed.--Cloths wrung out of smartweed tea are very good when
+applied under the jaw.
+
+3. Salt Pork.--Salt pork, well salted and peppered, sewn to a cloth and
+applied on both sides, if both are diseased, directly to the lumps is very
+good. These can be kept on indefinitely. I have used them.
+
+4. Liniment.--A strong blistering liniment applied externally where the
+lumps are is also good. These applications tend to withdraw some of the
+blood from the sore tonsils, and of course, that relieves them. There are
+many such that can be used. Poultices should not be applied for this form
+as they tend to hasten formation of pus.
+
+5. Internally.--Dip your clean moistened finger tip into dry bicarbonate
+of soda (baking soda), rub this gently on the sore tonsil and repeat it
+every hour. You can also put one teaspoonful of it in one-half glass of
+very hot water and gargle if you do not use it locally.
+
+6. Hot Water.--Gargling frequently with very hot water is splendid. If you
+wish you can use one teaspoonful of some antiseptic, like listerine, in
+it.
+
+7. Thyme.--You can make a tea of the common garden thyme and gargle or
+rinse your mouth and throat with it every half to one hour. This is not
+only healing and soothing, but it is also antiseptic. This is a
+constituent of many of the antiseptic preparations.
+
+8. Steaming With Compound Tincture of Benzoin.--Tincture of benzoin is
+splendid. Put one tablespoonful in a quart of hot water and inhale the
+steam. Put a sheet over your head and pitcher; or put it in a kettle, and
+roll white writing paper into a funnel, tie one part over the spout and
+put the other end in your mouth if possible; or you can inhale simple
+steam in the same way. I know this is excellent and often recommended;
+everyone has it, and it costs literally nothing, except to heat the water.
+
+9. For the Pain.--Dissolve two drams of chloral hydrate in an ounce of
+water, use a camel's hair pencil if you have it, or a soft piece of cloth
+tied on a smooth stick, and apply directly to the diseased parts. This is
+for older persons, relieves the pain very much. There are many other
+simple remedies that can be used in this way.
+
+[190 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+10. MEDICINES. Parke, Davis & Co., Anti-Tonsilitis Tablet No. 645 is very
+good. This can be bought at any drug store. For a child give one-half a
+tablet every two hours for four doses, then every three hours. An adult
+can take one to two every one to three hours according to the severity of
+the case.
+
+11. Aspirin.--Aspirin is another good remedy; five grains every four hours
+for an adult; but used only under doctor's directions.
+
+12. Dr. Hare of Philadelphia, uses 1/200 grain mercurius biniodide (pink
+powder) every four to six hours to abort tonsilitis. I would recommend the
+following:--Give one-tenth drop dose of a good tincture of aconite and
+1/200 grain of the mercury biniodide (one to two tablets a dose) every
+hour, alternately, one of them one hour and the next, etc. If there is
+much deposit I would put ten tablets of mercury protoiodide (one-tenth of
+a grain in a tablet) in one-half glass of water and give two teaspoonfuls
+every hour until the bowels move freely, then every three to four hours.
+The aconite can be used if there is much fever, with hot, dry skin,
+alternately everyone-half hour. I prefer the pink powder when there is no
+deposit or membrane. These I have used for years, and know them to be
+excellent. For children the dose is about one-half. After twelve hours the
+remedies should be given only every three to four hours.
+
+QUINSY. (Suppurative Tonsilitis).--In from two to four days the enlarged
+gland becomes softer and finally may break, sometimes in the pharynx; the
+breaking gives the patient great relief. Suffocation has sometimes
+followed the rupture of a large abscess and the entrance of the pus into
+the larynx. This form of tonsilitis was formerly called quinsy. By this
+term now is meant an abscess around the tonsils, (Peri-tonsilar abscess).
+The structures are very much swollen.
+
+Causes are somewhat similar to what has produced the regular tonsilitis.
+It may follow exposure to cold and wet, and is very liable to recur. It is
+most common between fourteen and twenty-five years. The inflammation here
+is more deeply seated. It involves the main tissue of the tonsil and tends
+to go on to suppuration.
+
+Symptoms.--The general disturbance is very great. The fever goes to 104 or
+105 degrees; the pulse 110 to 120. Delirium at night is not uncommon. The
+weakness may be extreme. The throat is dry and sore, hurts terribly to
+swallow, this being the first thing of which the patient complains. Both
+tonsils may be involved. They become large, firm to the touch, dusky red
+and swollen, and the surrounding parts are also much swollen. The swelling
+may be so great that the tonsils may touch each other or one tonsil may
+push the uvula aside and almost touch the other tonsil. There is much
+saliva. The glands of the neck enlarge, the lower jaw is almost immovable
+and sometimes it is almost impossible to open the mouth at all.
+
+QUINSY. Mothers' Remedies. 1. Willow Gargle for.--"Steep pussy willow and
+gargle throat with it. This remedy if taken in time, will cure quinsy and
+it will not return."
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 191]
+
+2. Quinsy, Liveforever Root Good Poultice for.--"Get the root of
+liveforever, pound it up and bind on throat as you would a poultice." We
+have tried this, and it has always given relief, if done in time.
+
+3. Quinsy, Plaster of Lard and Salt for.--"Take one tablespoonful lard and
+stir into as much table salt as possible making it about like mortar.
+Spread on a cloth and apply." Splendid for sore throat and quinsy.
+
+4. Quinsy, Oil of Anise Effective for.--"Rub inside of throat with oil of
+anise."
+
+5. Quinsy, Quick Remedy for.--"In severe cases of quinsy where the tonsils
+are inflamed and almost meet, a third of a grain of mercury and chalk, or
+"gray powder," acts very quickly. Cold compresses used nightly to harden
+the throat is very good. At night use a gargle made of a teaspoonful
+tincture of cayenne pepper to half pint of water." This remedy is very
+good and is sure to give relief.
+
+6. Quinsy, Pleasant Peppermint Application for.--"There is nothing better
+for this disease than oil of peppermint applied externally to the neck and
+throat." This is an excellent remedy.
+
+7. Quinsy, Kerosene Good for.--"A cloth wet with kerosene oil applied to
+the throat is very good; also gargling with kerosene oil." Repeat the
+application of the wet cloths every two or three hours.
+
+8. Quinsy, Raw Beef Has Cured.--"Bind raw beefsteak over the tonsils on
+one or both sides of the throat as required." The beefsteak acts as a
+poultice and counter-irritant, drawing the inflammation out in a short
+time. This is very good, and is easily prepared.
+
+9. Quinsy, Easy and Simple Remedy for.--"Strong sulphur water. Broke up
+two cases I know."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Quinsy.--The external applications used should
+now be hot. Hot water; hot poultices, cloths wrung out of smartweed hot,
+and thyme tea or golden seal teas. The same steaming process and hot water
+gargles can be used as given under follicular tonsilitis. But if it
+continues the tonsils or tonsil must be opened to save pain and life. Just
+as soon as there is suppuration they should be opened. It will feel softer
+to the finger touch when ready for opening.
+
+Prevention of Attacks.--By taking care a good many attacks of tonsilitis
+can be avoided. A person subject to this trouble must be careful about
+taking cold. He should not sit down with wet clothes, or feet, or shoes
+that are wet. Girls should wear rubbers and keep dry feet and skirts.
+Sleeping in damp unused beds is bad. Putting on underwear that has not
+been dried thoroughly and aired, and the use of bedding, pillows, etc., in
+the same condition should not be tolerated. Sleeping on the first floor is
+generally unhealthy for such persons, for it is generally damp.
+
+[192 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Do not get chilled; wear sufficient clothing. Drying clothes in a kitchen
+is an abomination and terrible to one subject to this disease or
+rheumatism. You can keep from having it so often by proper care. It is
+likely to return, and repeated attacks will cause permanently enlarged
+tonsils and they will become so diseased that they, will not only be
+annoying, but dangerous to health and life. You will go around with your
+mouth open, "talk through your nose." The tonsil must then be removed,
+also the adenoids in the throat, to enjoy proper mental and physical
+health. Enlarged tonsils with pus in them are a menace to anyone. A person
+who has had these troubles should be careful not to expose himself to the
+danger of taking cold after an attack.
+
+The parts are still tender and in danger of a return upon the least error
+in your daily life. I once had a friend who had a return of tonsilitis
+brought on through going out too soon, and the second attack was worse
+than the first, a genuine "hummer."
+
+What to do with enlarged tonsils.--Moderate enlargement of the tonsils
+giving rise to no symptoms or inconvenience need not be interfered with.
+When, however, the enlargement is great, or when with moderate sized
+tonsils there are resulting troubles, such as liability to inflammatory
+rheumatism attacks, active local treatment will be called for; especially
+is this true when the tonsils contain pus and interfere with the
+breathing. They should be removed. An anaesthetic is not usually
+necessary, as the pain is not severe.
+
+
+
+INFLUENZA (La Grippe).--La Grippe is an acute infectious disease caused by
+a germ. It may be epidemic, attacking a large number of persons at one
+time, or it may continue in the same region for some time and is then
+called endemic. It is caused by a germ, discovered by a man named
+Pfeiffer.
+
+The Onset.--The onset may be from one to four days and is usually sudden
+with a chill and all the symptoms of an active fever due to a general
+infection, varying according to the location. If in the organs of
+respiration it begins like a severe cold; active fever, severe pains in
+the eyes, back, arms, legs, and in the bones; "aches all over" and great
+prostration. After the fever subsides there is usually a general sore
+feeling. Symptoms of bronchitis, pleurisy or pneumonia may develop. Then
+there is the nervous type, generally with a bad headache, neuralgia, pains
+in the head, backache, legs and arms ache and prostration. May also have
+inflammation of nerves. Then again the stomach and bowels may be the main
+seat, for La Grippe has no respect for any organ. We have then symptoms of
+acute indigestion with fever, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains or acute
+bowel trouble with fever, colicky pain in the abdomen; diarrhea; or we may
+have the febrile (fever) type. This may be the only symptom. The fever may
+be continuous or remittent, and last several days or several weeks and
+often with pains accompanying it.
+
+In all forms convalescence is often gradual on account of the bodily and
+mental prostration with general soreness for several days. Many persons
+never fully regain their health, especially if they are careless during
+the attack, and almost any disease like bronchitis, kidney disease,
+pleurisy, pneumonia, etc., may follow.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 193]
+
+LA GRIPPE, Mothers' Remedies.--1. Pepper, Red or Cayenne for.--"Make a tea
+of red pepper or cayenne, and take a tablespoonful in a cup of hot water,
+drink slowly, before each meal and on retiring. Larger doses in proportion
+to the intensity of the disease." Sponging the face, temples and neck with
+water as hot as can be borne relieves the headache of la grippe, which is
+often very painful and annoying.
+
+2. La Grippe, Easy Remedy for.--"Plenty of good physic with hot teas of
+any kind has helped my own family."
+
+3. La Grippe, Pleasant and Effective Remedy for.--"Use the oil of
+peppermint freely; rubbing it on the forehead, in front and back of the
+ears and each side of the nose. Inhale through each nostril separately. If
+the throat is affected pour two or three drops in small dish of hot water.
+Invert a funnel over the dish with the small end in the mouth and draw
+long breaths. Soak the feet in hot water at bedtime and take a good sweat,
+if possible."
+
+4. La Grippe, To Allay Fever in.--"To produce sweating and to act on the
+kidneys and to allay restlessness in fever use the following: Lemon juice
+and water equal parts, enough to make four ounces; bicarbonate of
+potassium, one dram; water, three ounces. Make and keep in separate
+solutions to be used in tablespoonful doses several times daily and taken
+while effervescing, that is, foaming and bubbling up."
+
+5. La Grippe. Poor Man's Herb Vapor Bath for.--"Give a Turkish or vapor
+bath every other day. A pail of hot water, with a hot brick thrown into it
+and placed under a cane-seated chair is the poor man's vapor bath. The
+patient should be covered. Then take the following herb tea:
+
+    Yarrow      2 ounces
+    Vervain     2 ounces
+    Mullein     2 ounces
+    Boneset     1 ounce
+    Red Sage    2 ounces
+
+Add two quarts of water and boil down to three pints; strain, and then add
+one ounce fluid extract of ginger; sweeten with honey or syrup; take a
+wine glassful three times a day, hot. Keep the bowels open and let the
+diet be light."
+
+6. La Grippe, Red Pepper Treatment From Canada for.--"Take a bottle of
+alcohol and put enough red peppers in it so that when four drops of this
+liquid are put in a half cup of water it tastes strong. This is what I
+always break up my grippe with." Peppers thus prepared stimulates and
+warms up the stomach and bowels, and increases the circulation.
+
+[194 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for La Grippe.--All discharges from the nose, throat
+and lungs should be disinfected, for the disease is contagious. Go to bed
+and stay there. You have no business to be around if you value your
+health. I am not writing of common cold. A great many people say they have
+had this disease when they have not had it. One who has had this disease
+is sick enough to go to bed, and there is where he should be. For the
+chill a sweat should be produced by putting hot water in fruit jars,
+wrapping them and placing them around the patient's feet, legs and body.
+Hot tea drinks can be given; hot lemonade, teas made from hoarhound,
+ginger, hops and catnip are good.
+
+Corn Sweat.--The corn sweat can be used. Put from ten to twenty-five ears
+of corn in a boiler, boil thoroughly until the boiled corn smell appears,
+then put the corn ears into five packs, putting from two to five ears in a
+pack, according to the age of the patient. Use cloths or towels, but do
+not put the ears in contact, wrap the cloth between them. Put one pack to
+the feet and one at each side of the hips, and in each armpit. This will
+soon cause sweating and restore the external (capillary) circulation. It
+will generally produce a grateful sweat. Keep the clothes on the patient.
+After the patient has perspired enough you can remove one pack at a time.
+Have fresh aired sheets and night dress ready, and after bathing the
+patient slowly and carefully under the clothes with tepid water and drying
+all of the body put on the new night-dress and sheets. This remedy is also
+good for colds and inflammatory diseases of all kinds and when used
+carefully and thoroughly is always good. Of course, if there is great
+weakness it cannot be used, for it weakens a patient somewhat. I have
+saved lives with this sweat, and I know I have cut short many colds and
+inflammatory diseases. After the sweat the patient should have enough
+covering to keep comfortably warm and care must be taken to keep from the
+cold.
+
+Fever.--If the disease goes on and there is high fever, so that the
+patient suffers from it, it is better to reduce it by cool sponging than
+by the coal tar products like antipyrin, acetanilid, etc. They are
+weakening and this is a weakening, prostrating disease. Good, careful cool
+sponging generally relieves the excessive fever and restlessness. The
+fever does not continue so long in this disease and it is not, therefore,
+so harmful. Delirium is present in some cases when the fever is not high.
+
+Irritating Cough.--This can frequently he controlled by steam inhalations
+as directed under tonsilitis. You can also put in the steaming water one
+teaspoonful to one tablespoonful of compound tincture of benzoin for this
+disease. Hoarhound tea can be put in the water and the steam inhaled. If
+such measures do not stop the cough, medicine will be needed.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 195]
+
+Sore Throat.--Spraying the throat with a solution of boric acid, one dram
+to one pint of hot water, is good. Listerine is good in the same way and
+dose.
+
+Bowels.--They should be kept open from the first. Salts are usually handy
+and good.
+
+Medicines.--Ten grains Dover's powder at night is good; unless there is
+much weakness. Some give quinine, some salol. Quinine, one to two grains,
+is given one to three hours. Salol, five grains, every three hours,
+especially for the backache.
+
+Aspirin in five-grain doses for an adult every four hours is given very
+much now. The bowels should be kept open with salts.
+
+Diet.--Children should take milk if there is no vomiting or diarrhea. If
+there is vomiting and diarrhea, give only water or diluted milk, or
+nothing if they continue. Water can generally be given.
+
+For adults a good, nourishing diet when convalescence commences is
+necessary. During the sickness, milk, eggs,--raw and soft boiled, broths,
+soups, milk toast, can be given. A person must be very careful after an
+attack of the grip. He should remain in the house for some time, a week
+after he is well and thinks he can go out.
+
+TYPHOID FEVER.--Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease caused by a
+(Bacillus) germ, named after the discoverer (Eberth). This germ enters
+into the system, as stated below, locates itself in different organs,
+especially in the small intestine. It does its worst work in Peyer's
+glands, situated in the small intestines. They enlarge, ulcerate, break
+down and their structure is cast off into the bowel. This eating goes so
+far, in some cases, that it eats through the tissue to the blood vessels
+and other bleeding follows. Sometimes it goes through all the coats, the
+peritoneal being the last one. If this occurs we have what is called
+perforation of the bowel and the peritoneum around this perforation
+inflames and there is the dread complication of peritonitis. This is very
+fatal, as the patient is weakened from the inroads of weeks of fever and
+from the effects of the poison germ. Typhoid fever is also characterized
+by its slow (insidious), slyly, creeping onset, peculiar temperature,
+bloating of the abdomen, diarrhea, swelling of the spleen, rose-colored
+spots and a liability to complications, such as bleeding from the bowels,
+peritonitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. Its average duration is three to
+four weeks, often longer. In order to take this disease there must first
+be the poison germ and then this enters into the system, generally through
+water that contains the germ, milk, oysters and other foods, etc.
+
+Cause.--The typhoid bacillus (typhoid). This enters into the alimentary
+canal usually through contaminated water or with milk directly infected by
+the milk or by water used in washing cans. Also through food to which the
+germs are carried from the excreta (discharges) by flies, occasionally
+through oysters by freshening.
+
+Filth, improper drainage and poor ventilation favor the preservation of
+the bacillus germ and lower the power of resistance in those exposed.
+
+[196 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Time.--It occurs most frequently between August and November and in those
+of from fifteen to twenty years of age. The Peyer's patches and solitary
+glands of the bowel enlarge, become reddish and are somewhat raised. These
+go on and ulcerate until the blood vessels may be eaten into and bleeding
+sometimes results, it eats through the bowel, then there is perforation
+and peritonitis. The spleen is enlarged, the liver shows changes, the
+kidney functions are also deranged.
+
+Symptoms.--The symptoms are variable. The following gives the symptoms in
+a typical case:
+
+Incubation.--The period of incubation lasts from eight to fourteen and
+sometimes to twenty-three days. During the period the patient feels weak,
+is almost unable to work, has chilly feelings, headache and tiring dreams,
+does not know what is the matter with him, constipation or diarrhea, has
+no appetite, may have some pain in the abdomen which is occasionally
+localized in the right lower side. Soreness on deep pressure is often
+found there. In some cases there is nosebleed.
+
+First Week.--After the patient is obliged to take to his bed: During the
+first week there is in some cases a steady rise in the fever each evening
+showing a degree or degree and one-half higher than the preceding evening,
+reaching 103 to 104, and each morning showing higher fever than the
+preceding morning. The pulse is characteristically low in proportion to
+the temperature, being about 100 to 110, full of low tension, often having
+double beat. The tongue is coated; there is constipation or diarrhea; the
+abdomen is somewhat distended and a little tender to the touch in the
+lower right portion. There may be some mental confusion at night.
+Bronchitis is often present. The spleen becomes enlarged between the
+seventh and tenth day and the eruption usually appears during this period
+on the stomach and abdomen.
+
+Second week.--All the symptoms are intensified in the second week, the
+fever is always high and the weakening type; the pulse is more frequent;
+the headache is replaced by dullness; the bowel symptoms increase and we
+have the "pea soup" discharge if there is diarrhea; there is a listless,
+dull expression on the face; the tongue is coated in the center, red along
+the edges and the tip, becomes dry and sometimes cracked and almost
+useless. It is hard to put it out of the mouth, it sticks to the teeth or
+lips and curls there, and sometimes the patient allows it to remain partly
+out of the mouth. There may be bleeding from the bowels and perforation of
+the bowel, producing peritonitis.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 197]
+
+Third week.--The temperature is lower in the morning with a gradual fall;
+the emaciation and weakness are marked. Perforation of the bowel or
+bleeding may occur. Unfavorable symptoms now include low muttering,
+delirium, shakings of the muscles, twitching of the tendons, grasping at
+imaginary things, lung complications and heart weakness.
+
+Fourth week.--In a favorable case: The fever gradually falls to normal,
+the other symptoms disappear. Death may occur at any time after the second
+week from the disease or complications. The convalescence is very gradual
+and the appetite is very great.
+
+Special symptoms and variations.--It may come on with a chill sometimes it
+is observed by nervous symptoms only.
+
+Walking type.--In this type the patient is able to be around and can walk.
+The temperature is as high, but some of the other symptoms are not so
+violent. This is a dangerous kind because the patient is able to walk and
+thinks it foolish to remain quiet in bed. Walking and being around are
+likely to injure the bowels, and there is then more danger of bleeding
+from the bowels. A typhoid fever patient should always go to bed and
+remain there until he has fully recovered.
+
+Digestive Symptoms.--The tongue is coated, white and moist at first, and
+in the second week it becomes red at the tip, and at the edges. Later it
+is dry, brown and cracked. The teeth and lips are covered with a brown
+material, called sordes.
+
+Diarrhea.--In some cases constipation is prominent, in others diarrhea is
+a prominent symptom. Bloating is frequent, and an unfavorable symptom,
+when it is excessive. Bleeding from the bowel occurs usually between the
+end of the second and the beginning of the fourth week. A sudden feeling
+of collapse, and rapid fall of the temperature mark it. It is not always
+fatal.
+
+Perforation of the bowel is usually shown by a sudden sharp pain coming in
+paroxysms generally localized in the right lower side. The death rate
+varies very much; in hospitals it is seven to eight per cent. Unfavorable
+symptoms are continued high fever, delirium and hemorrhage. Persons who
+are hard drinkers do badly and very many of them die.
+
+TREATMENT. Prevention. Sanitary Care.--Do away with the causes. Keep your
+cellars clean; do not have them damp, filthy, and filled with decaying
+matter, as these all tend to weaken the system and make you more
+susceptible to the poison. In the country, no drainings should come near
+the wells or springs. Not all water that looks clear and nice is pure. The
+"out-houses" must be kept clean, and emptied at least twice each year. In
+the small cities, especially, the water should be boiled during the months
+when the supply is limited and the wells are low. If more attention was
+paid to our water supply to make certain that it was not contaminated, and
+to our foods, especially milk, and to keeping our cellars and drains in a
+good clean and dry condition, we would have little typhoid fever.
+Carelessness is the real cause of this terrible disease. The milk should
+be boiled as well as the water when there is an epidemic of typhoid.
+
+[198 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Sanitary Care of the Household Articles.--Dishes must be isolated, washed,
+dried separately and boiled daily. Thermometers must be isolated, kept in
+a corrosive sublimate solution one to one thousand, which must be removed
+daily. Linen when soiled must be soaked in carbolic acid, one cup of
+carbolic acid to twenty of water, for two hours before being sent to the
+laundry. Stools must be thoroughly mixed with an equal amount of milk of
+lime and allowed to stand for one hour. Urine must be mixed with an equal
+amount of carbolic acid, one to twenty, and allowed to stand one hour. Bed
+pans, urinals, must be isolated and scalded after each time of using.
+Syringes and rectal tubes must be isolated, and the latter boiled after
+using. (See Nursing Department). Tubs should be scrubbed daily, canvasses
+changed daily and soaked in carbolic acid as the linen is. Hands must be
+scrubbed and disinfected after giving tubs or rubbing over typhoid fever
+patients. Blankets, mattresses, and pillows must be sterilized after use
+in steam sterilizer. I know some people have not all the necessary
+conveniences, especially in the country, but the greatest care must be
+taken. A professional nurse was once taking care of a very severe case of
+typhoid for me. I was continually cautioning her to be more careful of
+herself. She did not heed it, and finally took the disease and battled
+eight long weeks with it, before there was much improvement. Careful
+nursing and a well regulated diet are the essentials in a majority of
+cases. Put the patient in a well ventilated room, and confine him to the
+bed from the beginning, and have him remain there until well. The woven
+wire bed with soft hair mattress, upon which there are two folds of
+blanket, combines the two great qualities of a sick bed, smoothness and
+elasticity. A rubber cloth should be placed under the sheet. An
+intelligent nurse should be in charge; when this is impossible, the
+attending physician should write out special instructions, regarding diet,
+treatment of the discharges and of the bed linen.
+
+Much of the above on typhoid is from the world-wide authority, Dr. Osler,
+and should be-followed in all cases if possible.
+
+Diet and Nursing in Typhoid Fever.--Milk is the most suitable food. Three
+pints every twenty-four hours may be given when used alone, diluted with
+water or lime-water.
+
+The stools will show if the milk is digested. Peptonized milk, if not
+distasteful, may be used. Curds are seen in the stools if too much milk is
+given and is undigested. Mutton or chicken broth or beef juice can be
+used; fresh vegetable juices can be added to these, instead of milk. The
+animal broths are not so good when diarrhea is present. Some patients will
+take whey, buttermilk, kumiss, when ordinary milk is distasteful. Thin
+barley gruel well strained is an excellent food for this disease. Eggs may
+be given, either beaten up in milk or better still, in the form of albumin
+water, This is prepared by straining the whites of eggs through a cloth
+and mixing them with an equal quantity of water, which may be flavored
+with lemon. Water can be given freely; iced tea, barley water, or lemonade
+may be used, and there is no objection to weak coffee or cocoa in moderate
+quantities. Feed the patient at stated intervals. In mild cases it is well
+not to arouse the patient at night. When there is stupor, the patient
+should be aroused for food at the regular intervals night and day. Do not
+give too much food. I once had a case in which I did not give more than
+one quart of liquid food in four weeks, as it distressed her. She made a
+good recovery on plenty of water.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 199]
+
+Cold Sponging.--The water may be warm, cool, or ice cold, according to the
+height of the fever. A thorough sponge bath should take from fifteen to
+twenty minutes. The ice cold sponging is quite as formidable as the full
+cold bath, for which there is an unsuperable objection in private
+practice.
+
+The Bath.--This should be given under the doctor's directions, and I will
+not describe it.
+
+Medical Treatment.--Little medicine is used in hospital practice. Nursing
+is the important essential in typhoid fever.
+
+Management of the Convalescent.--An authority writes, My custom has been
+not to allow solid food until the temperature has been normal for ten
+days. This is, I think, a safe rule, leaning perhaps to the side of
+extreme caution; but after all with eggs, milk toast, milk puddings, and
+jellies, the patient can take a fairly varied diet. You cannot wait too
+long before you give solid foods, particularly meats, They are especially
+dangerous. The patient may be allowed to sit up for a short time about the
+end of the first week of convalescence, and the period may be prolonged
+with a gradual return of strength. He should move about slowly, and when
+the weather is favorable should be in the open air as much as possible.
+Keep from all excitement. Constipation now should be treated with an
+enema. A noticeable diarrhea should restrict the diet to milk and the
+patient be confined to the bed. There are many who cannot have a
+professional nurse. Good nursing is necessary in typhoid fever. Any
+sensible person who is willing to follow directions can do well. But she
+must do as the doctor directs.
+
+These are some things you need to do: Look out for bad symptoms; twitching
+of the tendons, grasping at imaginary things are bad symptoms. Inform the
+doctor and soon. Never allow the patient to sit up in bed. The stool must
+be passed lying flat and you must place the bed pan without the patient's
+aid. Bleeding may be started by the least exertion. I knew of one woman
+who lost her life through necessity of getting up and passing the stool
+sitting on a chamber. Bleeding came on suddenly, and before the doctor
+could get there she was nearly gone. Cough and sudden pain in the lungs
+need prompt attention. I dismissed a boy on one Wednesday as convalescent.
+That night it became suddenly cold and he became chilled. The mother sent
+for me the next day, and we pulled him through pneumonia. Suppose she had
+waited another day? She was not that kind of a mother. Your greatest trial
+will come in convalescence, when the patient is so hungry. Be careful or
+you will kill the patient by kindness. A minister I knew killed himself by
+going against the doctor's orders and eating a hearty dinner. The doctor
+was rather profane, and when he went to see the preacher, after the
+relapse caused by the dinner, he relieved his mind in no gentle manner.
+Again allow no visitors in the sick room or one adjacent. They are an
+abomination. Many people are killed by well-intentioned ignoramuses. Do
+not whisper; the Lord save the patient who has a whisperer for a nurse. I
+cannot urge too strongly proper nursing in this disease. It is an absolute
+necessity. A nurse to be successful must have good sense and also must
+obey all directions. A diet is a necessity in this disease. The patient
+must not move any more than is absolutely necessary for his comfort. He
+must never try to help move himself. The muscles of the abdomen must
+remain lax and quiet. The danger, I think, is in the bowels. The mucous
+covering in the interior is inflamed and ulcerated, and there is always
+some danger of the ulceration eating through the coating into the blood
+vessels, causing more or less bleeding and even eating the bowel enough to
+cause an opening (perforation) and the escape of the bowel contents into
+the abdominal cavity causing inflammation of the peritoneum (peritonitis)
+and almost certain death. Walking typhoid is dangerous for that reason.
+The food must be of such nature that it is all digested. It must not leave
+lumps to press upon the sore places in the bowels causing more trouble
+there and more diarrhea.
+
+[200 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+TYPHUS FEVER, (Filth Disease).--Typhus fever is an acute, infectious
+disease, characterized by a sudden onset, marked nervous symptoms, and
+spotted rash and fever ending quickly after two weeks. Also called jail,
+camp, hospital, or ship fever. Filth has a great deal to do with its
+production. There is no real characteristic symptom except the eruption.
+
+Symptoms.--It generally lasts two weeks. Incubation period of twelve days
+or less, marked at times by slight weary feeling. The onset is usually
+sudden, by one chill or several, with high fever, headache, pain in back
+and legs, prostration, vomiting, and mild and active delirium. Pulse does
+not have the double beat, often there is bronchitis.
+
+Eruption.--"This appears on the third to fifth day; the fever remaining
+high. During the second week all the symptoms increase and are weakening
+with marked delirium and coma vigil" (unconscious, delirious, but with the
+eyes open). When death occurs it usually comes at the end of the second
+week from exhaustion. Favorable cases terminate at this time by crisis;
+the prostration is extreme; but convalescence is rapid.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 201]
+
+Fever.--Sudden onset to even 104 to 105 degrees; steady rise for four or
+five days with slight morning remissions; terminating by crisis on the
+twelfth to fourteenth day, falling in some cases below normal; in fatal
+cases there is a rapid rise to 108 or 109 degrees. The eruption appears on
+the abdomen on the third to fifth day.
+
+Treatment like Typhoid.--Mortality, twelve to twenty per cent.
+
+SMALLPOX or Variola.--Smallpox is an acute infectious disease. It has a
+sudden onset with a severe period of invasion which is followed by a
+falling of the fever, and then the eruption comes out. This eruption
+begins as a pimple, then a watery pimple (vesicle) which runs into the pus
+pimple (pustule) and then the crust or scab forms. The mucous membrane in
+contact with the air may also be affected. Almost all persons exposed, if
+not vaccinated, are almost invariably attacked. It is very contagious. It
+attacks all ages, but it is particularly fatal to young children.
+
+Cause.--An unknown poison in the contents of the pustules or crusts in
+secretion and excretion, apparently, and in the exhalations of the lungs
+and skin; one attack does not always confer immunity for life. It is
+contagious from an early period. Direct contact does not seem to be
+necessary, for it can be carried by one who does not have it.
+
+Symptoms.--Incubation lasts from ten to fourteen days, and is usually
+without symptoms. Invasion comes suddenly with one or more chills in
+adults, or convulsions in children, with terrible headache, very severe
+pain in the back and extremities, vomiting, the temperature rising rapidly
+to 103 or 104 degrees.
+
+Eruptions.--This usually appears on the fourth day as small red papules on
+the forehead, along the line of the hair and on the wrists, spreading
+within twenty-four hours over the face, extremities, trunk and mucous
+membrane.
+
+Symptoms of fever diminish with the appearance of the rash, which is most
+marked on the face and ripens first there. The papules become hollowed
+vesicles and a clear fluid fills them on the fifth or sixth day. They fill
+with pus about the eighth day, and their summits become globular, while
+the surrounding skin is red, swollen and painful. The general bodily
+symptoms again return and the temperature rises for about twenty-four
+hours. Drying of the eruption begins the tenth or eleventh day. The
+pustules dry, forming crusts, while the swelling of the skin disappears
+and the temperature gradually falls. The crusts fall off, leaving scars
+only where the true skin has been destroyed.
+
+Confluent form.--All the symptoms are more severe. The eruption runs
+together and all the skin is covered.
+
+Varioloid.--This is smallpox modified by vaccination. The invasion may be
+sudden and severe. It is usually mild and gradual, but with severe pain in
+the back and head. A scanty eruption of papules, often only on the face
+and hands, appears on the third or fourth day, with disappearance of
+constitutional symptoms.
+
+[202 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment.--Vaccinate the children the second or third month, and all
+persons about every six years, and always after exposure to the disease or
+during epidemics. Put the patient in a room cleared of all furniture,
+carpets, curtains, rugs, etc.; keep the patient thoroughly clean, and the
+linen should be frequently changed. The bed clothing should be light.
+Disinfect and sterilize everything thoroughly that has been in contact
+with the patient. Get a good experienced nurse, and one who has been
+around the disease.
+
+Diet.--Give the supporting diet early. During the first stage give milk,
+broths of different kinds, albumin water. Relieve the intense thirst by
+water and lemonade. When the first (initial) fever subsides and the
+patient feels improved, give milk, eggs, chops, steak, or rare roast meat,
+bread or toast; vegetables, such as potato, spinach, celery, asparagus
+tips, cauliflower tops. When the second fever returns go back to the
+liquid diet again, and give regularly and as much as possible every two or
+three hours during the day, and every three or four hours during the
+night. Milk, plain or peptonized; milk punch, raw eggs, broths, beef
+juice. If swallowing is difficult, give food cold and oftener, and in less
+quantity. Increase the diet rapidly during convalescence.
+
+Cold drinks should be freely given. Barley water and oatmeal water are
+nutritious and palatable. Milk broths, and articles that give no trouble
+to digest.
+
+Nursing.--Nursing is the main thing. The bowels should be kept open with
+salts. There is no special medicine we can claim will do good. Aconite may
+be used for the fever at first, in drop doses every hour for twenty-four
+hours. But the least medicine that is given the better it will generally
+be.
+
+There is, I believe, something in protecting the ripening papules from the
+light. The constant application on the face and hands of lint soaked in
+cold water, to which antiseptics such as carbolic acid or bichloride may
+be added, is perhaps the most suitable treatment. It is very pleasant for
+the patient at least, and for the face it is well to make a mask of lint
+which can be covered with oiled silk. When the crusts begin to form, the
+chief point is to keep them thoroughly moist, which may be done with oil
+or glycerin; vaselin is particularly useful, and at this stage can be
+freely used upon the face. It frequently relieves the itching also. For
+the odor, which is sometimes so characteristic and disagreeable, the
+diluted carbolic acid solutions are probably the best. If the eruption is
+abundant on the scalp the hair should be cut short. During, convalescence
+frequent bathing is advisable. It should be done daily, using carbolic
+soap freely in order to get rid of the crusts and scabs. There is danger
+to others as long as the skin is not smooth and clean, and not free from
+any trace of scabs. As you must have a physician, I give but little
+medical treatment. Nursing is the main thing in this disease.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 203]
+
+General Rules for Disinfection.--The walls, woodwork, and ceiling may be
+cleaned by washing with one to one thousand solution of corrosive
+sublimate solution, or a five per cent carbolic acid solution, Or by
+rubbing with bread if solutions would injure. All dust must be removed.
+Plastered walls and ceilings may be white-washed. Woodwork must then be
+scrubbed with soap and thoroughly wiped. Then fumigate, at least three
+pounds of sulphur should be burned in the room for each 1,000 cubic feet
+of space. Placing it in a pan supported in another containing water to
+guard against fire. After scrubbing or fumigating, the room and its
+contents should be freely aired for several days, admitting sunlight if
+possible. All useless articles and badly soiled bedding should be burned.
+Such pieces of clothing as will not be injured may be boiled or soaked in
+a one to one thousand formaldehyde solution (one ounce of twelve per cent
+solution in one gallon of water), or two per cent carbolic acid solution.
+Clothing, bedding, etc., may be disinfected in the steam sterilizer.
+
+Hands, Body, etc.--Special outer garments may be worn while in the sick
+room and removed, and clothing aired before leaving. Hands of the
+attendant should be washed in one to one thousand corrosive sublimate
+solution.
+
+Vaccination and Re-vaccination and its Prevention of Smallpox. We quote in
+part from an article prepared by the State of Michigan. It is well known
+that smallpox can be prevented or modified by vaccination; and a
+widespread epidemic of the disease can be attributed only to an equally
+widespread ignorance or willfulness concerning smallpox and its prevention
+by vaccination and re-vaccination.
+
+A Good Time to be Vaccinated.--Smallpox is usually most prevalent in the
+winter and spring months, reaching the highest point in May. The rarity of
+smallpox in Michigan for several years led to a feeling of security and to
+neglect vaccination, resulting in an increased proportion of inhabitants
+not protected by recent vaccination. This made possible a widespread
+epidemic. The proper preventive of such an epidemic is general vaccination
+and re-vaccination of all persons not recently thus protected. There is no
+better settled fact than that vaccination does protect against smallpox.
+But after a time the protection is weakened, therefore after a lapse of
+five years there should be re-vaccination.
+
+[204 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Why Vaccinate.--Because vaccination is a preventive of all forms of
+smallpox, and because by traveling, or by travelers, by articles received
+in the mail or from the stores or shops, or other various ways anyone at
+any time, may, without knowing it, be exposed to smallpox, it becomes
+important so far as possible without injury to health to render every
+person incapable of taking the disease. This may be done so perfectly by
+vaccination and re-vaccination with genuine bovine vaccine virus that no
+question of ordinary expense or trouble should be allowed for a day to
+prevent the careful vaccination of every man, woman and child in Michigan,
+and the re-vaccination of every one who has not been vaccinated within
+five years. It is well established that those who have been properly
+vaccinated are far less likely to take smallpox if exposed to it, and that
+the very few who have been properly vaccinated and have smallpox have it
+in a much milder form and are much less disfigured by it than those who
+have not been thus vaccinated. The value of vaccination is illustrated by
+the following facts: On March the 13th, 1859, Dr. E. M. Snow, of
+Providence, R. 1., found in a cluster of seven houses twenty-five
+families, and in these families ten cases of smallpox, all apparently at
+about the same stage of the disease. In the same families there were
+twenty-one children, who had never been vaccinated. The ten cases and the
+remaining members of the families, including the twenty-one children, were
+quarantined at home, and the children were all vaccinated and compelled to
+remain with the sick. Several other cases of smallpox occurred in the
+persons previously exposed, but not one of the twenty-one children
+referred to had the slightest touch of the disease.
+
+In Sweden, the average number of deaths in each year from smallpox per
+million inhabitants was:
+
+  Before the introduction of vaccination          (1774-1801),  1,973;
+  During the period of optional vaccination       (1802-1816),    479;
+  And during the period of obligatory vaccination (1817-1877),    189.
+
+Vaccination was introduced in England near the beginning of the nineteenth
+century, and since 1853 compulsory vaccination has been attempted. In
+England the number of deaths in each year from smallpox per one million
+inhabitants was:
+
+At the close of the eighteenth century, 3,000.
+             From 1841 to 1853 (average), 304.
+             From 1854 to 1863 (average), 171.
+
+Smallpox entirely prevented by re-vaccination.--In the Bavarian army re-
+vaccination has been compulsory since 1843. From that date till 1857, not
+even a single case of unmodified smallpox occurred, nor a single death
+from smallpox. During the year of duty, Dr. Marson, physician of the
+London Smallpox Hospital, has never observed a single case of smallpox in
+the officers and employees of the hospital, who are re-vaccinated when
+they enter the service, and who are constantly exposed to the infection.
+
+"Out of more than 10,000 children vaccinated at Brussels with animal
+lymph, from 1865 to 1870, and who went through the terrible epidemic of
+smallpox, which in 1870 and 1871 frightened the world, not a single one
+was to my knowledge reported as being attacked by  the disease. The same
+immunity was shared by those, a much larger number, whom I had
+re-vaccinated and who at the same time were living in epidemic
+centers."--Dr. Warlemont, of Brussels.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 205]
+
+Who should be Vaccinated.--Everybody, old and young, for his own interest,
+and that he may not become a breeding place for the distribution of
+smallpox to others, should seek that protection from smallpox which is
+afforded by vaccination alone. It is believed that all persons except
+those mentioned in the following paragraph may, if the operation is
+properly performed, at the proper time, and with pure bovine virus, be
+vaccinated with perfect safety to themselves. Even those who have had
+smallpox should be vaccinated, for otherwise they may take the disease;
+and it seems to be proved that a larger proportion, of those who have
+smallpox a second time, die than of those who have the disease after
+vaccination.
+
+Who should not be Vaccinated.--Unless exposure to smallpox is believed to
+have taken place or likely to take place, teething children, pregnant
+women, persons suffering from measles, scarlet fever, erysipelas, or
+susceptible to and recently exposed to one of these diseases, persons
+suffering with skin diseases or eruption, and in general feeble persons
+not in good health, should not be vaccinated. In all cases in which there
+is any doubt as to the propriety of vaccinating or postponing vaccination
+the judgment of a good physician should be taken. The restriction, as to
+vaccinating teething children makes it important that children should be
+vaccinated before the teething process has begun, because smallpox is very
+much more dangerous than vaccination. Smallpox is exceedingly dangerous to
+pregnant women.
+
+When should a person be Vaccinated.--The sooner the better as a rule, and
+especially whenever there is much liability of exposure to smallpox.
+Children should be vaccinated before they are four months old; those who
+have never been vaccinated, should, except teething children, be
+vaccinated at once. Because the vaccination often loses its protective
+power after a time, those who have been vaccinated but once or twice
+should, in order to test and to increase the protective power of the
+former vaccination, be vaccinated again, and as often as the vaccination
+can be made to work. In general, to insure full protection from smallpox,
+one should be vaccinated as often as every five years. It has been found
+that of those who have smallpox the proportion of deaths is very much less
+among those who have three or four good vaccination scars than among those
+who have but one scar.
+
+Vaccination after exposure to Smallpox.--Vaccination as late as the second
+day after known exposure to smallpox is believed to have prevented the
+smallpox; vaccination the third day after exposure has rendered the
+disease much milder than usual, and in a case in Iowa, vaccination on the
+seventh or eighth day after exposure to smallpox ran a partial course and
+was believed to have modified the attack of smallpox, which, however, it
+did not wholly prevent. A recent case in Michigan was vaccinated three
+days after exposure, as were also the wife, mother, and two children, both
+under five years of age; all vaccinated again six days after the exposure.
+The health officer reported as follows: "The results were gratifying.
+During the first week of the eruption it was evidently aborting and
+without doubt as the result of vaccination eight days before the eruption.
+A complete and fine recovery. Certainly an aborted course, with scarcely a
+mark left, and not another case in the above family, whom necessity
+compelled to occupy the same house, the same rooms, continual contact with
+the contagion, scores one more big credit mark for vaccination."
+
+[206 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+With what should one be Vaccinated.--Because the potency of virus depends
+largely upon its being fresh, and it is so easy to obtain pure and fresh
+bovine virus, and because such bovine virus is efficient it is better in
+all cases to use only the pure and fresh bovine virus.
+
+Where should Vaccination be Performed.--In a room or place free from
+persons suffering from disease, and from dust which may convey to the
+scratched surface germs of any communicable disease; certainly not in or
+near a room where there is erysipelas or consumption, nor in the presence
+of one who has just come from a person sick with erysipelas, diphtheria,
+or scarlet fever.
+
+By whom should one be Vaccinated.--The operation of vaccination should be
+performed always by a competent and responsible physician. To try to
+vaccinate one's self or one's family is poor economy, for it often results
+not only in a waste of money and of time, but in a false and dangerous
+feeling of security. To trust to vaccination by nurses and midwives is
+equally foolish. A well-educated and experienced physician has the skill,
+and the special knowledge necessary to the best judgment on all of the
+questions involved, without which the operation may be a failure or worse
+than a failure. In work of this kind the best is the cheapest, whatever it
+costs.
+
+After Vaccination.--Let the vaccinated place alone. Do not scratch it or
+otherwise transfer the virus where it is not wanted. Protect it by a
+bandage, or cloth which has been boiled and ironed with a hot iron. Try to
+keep the pustule unbroken, as a protection against germs of diseases and
+against unnecessary discomfort. A bad sore arm may not be and probably is
+not true vaccination, but may be due to lack of care during and after
+vaccination to keep out septic germs.
+
+Common appearances after Vaccination.--For a day or two nothing unusual
+should appear. A few days after that, if it succeeds regularly, the skin
+will become red, then a pimple will form, and on the pimple a little
+vesicle or blister which may be plainly seen on the fifth or sixth day. On
+the eighth day the blister (vesicle) is, or should be, plump, round,
+translucent, pearly white, with a clearly marked edge and a depression in
+the center; the skin around it for about half an inch is red and swollen.
+This vesicle and the red, inflamed circle about it (called the areola) are
+the two points which prove the vaccination to be successful. A rash, and
+even a vesicular eruption, sometimes comes on the child's body about the
+eighth day, and lasts about a week; he may be feverish, or may remain
+quite well. The arm may be red and swollen down as far as the elbow, and
+in the adult there will usually be a tender or swollen gland in the
+arm-pit, and some disturbance of sleep for several nights. The vesicle
+dries up in a few days more, and a crust forms which becomes of a brownish
+mahogany color, and falls off from the twentieth to the twenty-fifth day.
+In some cases the several appearances described above may be delayed a day
+or two. The crust or scab will leave a well-marked, permanent scar.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 207]
+
+What to do during and after Vaccination.--Do nothing to irritate the
+eruption, do not pull the scab off, when it drops off throw it in the
+fire. When the eruption is at its height show it to the doctor who
+performed the vaccination. If it is satisfactory, ask him for a
+certificate stating when and by whom you were vaccinated, whether with
+bovine or humanized lymph, in how many places and with what result at each
+place. When the arm is healed, if the vaccination did not work well, be
+vaccinated again as soon as possible, and in the best manner possible.
+This will be a test to the protection secured by the former vaccination,
+and will itself afford increased protection. Do not be satisfied with less
+than four genuine vaccine scars, or with four if it is possible to secure
+more than four. This vaccination a second or third time in close
+succession is believed to be hardly less important than vaccination the
+first time, and hardly less valuable as a protection against smallpox.
+Without doubt many persons are living in a false sense of security from
+smallpox because at some time in their lives they have had a little sore
+on their arm caused by a supposed or real vaccination, or because an
+imperfect vaccination failed to work, or because they were successfully
+vaccinated, or had the varioloid, or the unmodified smallpox many years
+ago. Until smallpox is stamped out throughout the world so that exposure
+of the disease shall be practically impossible, the only personal safety
+is in such perfect vaccination that one need not fear an exposure to
+smallpox through the recklessness of the foolish.
+
+Make a record of your Vaccination.--Do not fail to procure and preserve
+the certificate mentioned in the preceding paragraph, and also to make a
+personal record of the facts with regard to any vaccination of yourself or
+in your family. From it you may sometime learn that it is ten years since
+you or some member of your family was vaccinated, when you thought it only
+five.
+
+Lives saved from smallpox in Michigan.--Since the State Board of Health
+was established, many thousands of people in Michigan have been vaccinated
+because of its recommendations; and the statistics of deaths, published by
+the Secretary of State, show that at the close of the year 1906, the death
+rate from smallpox in Michigan had been so much less than before the board
+was established as to indicate that over three thousand lives had been
+saved from that loathsome disease. The average death rate per year, for
+the five years, 1869-1873, before the board was established, was 8.5 per
+100,000 inhabitants, and since the board was established, for the
+thirty-three years, 1874-1907, it was only 1.5. Since 1896 an uncommon
+mild type of the disease has prevailed very extensively, but the death
+rate has been exceedingly low, being for the eleven years, 1897-1907,
+slightly less than one death for each 100,000 inhabitants. The great
+saving of life from smallpox in civilized countries has been mainly
+because of vaccination and revaccination.
+
+[208 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+VACCINATION, Symptoms.--At first a slight irritation at the place of
+vaccination. The eruption appears on the third or fourth day as a reddish
+pimple surrounded by a reddened surface. On the fifth or sixth day this
+pimple becomes a vesicle with a depressed center and filled with clear
+contents. It reaches its greatest size on the eighth day. By the tenth day
+the contents are pus-like and the surrounding skin is more inflamed and
+often quite painful. These symptoms diminish, and by the end of the second
+week the pustule has dried to a brownish scab, which falls off between the
+twenty-first and twenty-fifth days, and leaves a depressed scar. Fever and
+mild constitutional symptoms usually go with the eruption and may last
+until about the eighth day.
+
+Reliable lymph points should always be used. Clean the skin near the
+insertion of the deltoid muscle on the arm, and with a clean (sterile)
+knife or ivory point, a few scratches are made, deep enough to allow a
+slight flow of liquid, but no bleeding. The vaccine virus moistened, if
+dried on a point, is rubbed into the wound and allowed to dry. A piece of
+sterile gauze, or a "shield," is used as a dressing. This shield can be
+bought at any drug store. One vaccination may give immunity for ten to
+twelve years, but it is better to be vaccinated every six years at least.
+
+DENGUE. Break-bone Fever, Dandy Fever.--This is an acute infectious
+disease characterized by pains in the joints and muscles, fever, an
+initial reddish swollen eruption and a terminal eruption of variable type.
+It occurs in the tropical regions and the warmer portions of the temperate
+zone. The disease appears in epidemics, rapidly attacking many persons.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 209]
+
+Symptoms.--Incubation lasts from three to five days without any special
+symptoms. The onset is marked with chilly feelings, an active fever with
+temperature gradually rising. There is severe pain in the muscles and in
+the joints which become red and swollen. There is intense pain in the
+eyeballs, head, back and extremities. Face looks flushed, eyes are sunken,
+the skin looks flushed and mucous membrane looks red. This is the
+beginning rash. The high fever falls quickly after three or four days,
+sometimes with sweating, diarrhea or nose bleed. The patient feels stiff
+and sore then, but comparatively well. A slight fever returns after two to
+four days, although this sometimes remains absent. Pains and eruptions,
+like scarlet fever or hives, appear. An attack usually lasts seven to
+eight days. Convalescence is often long and slow, with stiffness and pain
+in the joints and muscles and great weakness. A relapse may return within
+two weeks.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Dengue.--An anti-plague serum is sometimes used,
+though with doubtful results. The pain is controlled by doses of morphine
+of one-eighth to one-fourth of a grain every four or five hours. Hyoscin,
+one hundredth of a grain, is also given for the pain. The high temperature
+can be relieved by cold and tepid sponging. Tonics are given during the
+convalescence and continued for some time.
+
+CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS.--This is an acute infectious disease. It comes
+in epidemics, when there are many cases, or appears here and there as a
+separate case (sporadic). It is caused by a specific organism (germ) and
+the disease attacks the membranes of the brain and spinal cord.
+
+Of late years great progress has been made by patient investigation, and a
+serum is now prepared for the treatment of this disease. The results of
+this treatment are better than the treatments formerly used, and there is
+good reason to believe that in a few years this treatment will be as
+effective in this disease as antitoxin is in diphtheria.
+
+Cause.--Young adults and children are affected most often. Bad
+surroundings and over-exertion are predisposing factors.
+
+Conditions.--There is congestion of the membranes of the brain and spinal
+cord which are covered with an exudate confined on the brain, chiefly to
+the base.
+
+Symptoms. Ordinary Form.--Incubation is of unknown length and occasionally
+marked by want of appetite, headache, and pain in the back. The invasion
+is usually sudden, chill, projectile vomiting, throwing forward, severe
+headache, pain and rigidity of the back of the neck, pain in various parts
+of the body, skin over-sensitive, irritable, and temperature about 102
+degrees, with all symptoms of an active fever. Later, pains are very
+severe, especially in the head, neck and back; the head is drawn back;
+often the back is rigid; the muscles of the neck and back are tender and
+attempts to stretch them cause intense pain. The vomiting now is less
+prominent. Temperature is extremely irregular, 99 to 105 degrees or more.
+Pulse is slow, often 50 to 60, and full and strong at first. The delirium
+is of a severe and variable type in common, alternating with partial or
+complete coma, the latter predominating toward the close of fatal attacks.
+Stimulation of nerve centers causes cross-eyed look, drooping of upper
+eyelid, movement of eyeballs unequal, contracted, dilated, or sluggish
+pupils; acute and painful hearing, spasmodic contractions of the muscles
+followed by paralysis of the face muscles, etc. The disease may last
+several hours or several months. Many die within five days. In fatal cases
+the patient passes into seemingly deep sleep with symptoms of a very
+prostrating and weakening fever, and often retention of urine. Mild cases
+occur with only a little fever, headache, stiff muscles of the neck,
+discomfort in back and extremities. The malignant type occurs epidemically
+or sporadically.
+
+[210 MOTHERS' REMEDIEs]
+
+Malignant type.--Sudden invasion with severe chills, slight rise in
+temperature, pain in the back of the neck, headaches, stupor, muscular
+spasms, a slow pulse, often purple bleeding, eruption, coma and death
+within hours, rather than days. This is a terrible disease, and a
+physician is needed from the first. The death rate varies from twenty to
+seventy-live per cent. Treatment must be given by a physician. Spinal
+meningitis is inflammation of the membrane of the spinal cord along with
+the accompanying back and extremity symptoms, while the head remains clear
+and free from complications.
+
+MENINGITIS.--This is an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain
+alone, and generally commences with fever and severe headaches, with
+avoidance of light and noise as these are painful. In some cases we have
+delirium, stupor and coma.
+
+Treatment.--Treatment must be given by a physician, but cold applications
+to the head and back are generally good. The bowels also must be kept
+open.
+
+MENINGITIS. Tubercular, (Basilar Meningitis).--This affection which is
+also known as acute hydrocephalus (meaning water on the brain), is
+essentially an acute tuberculosis in which the membranes of the brain,
+sometimes of the cord bear the brunt of the attack. It is more common in
+children than in adults. It is more frequent between the second and fifth
+years, than in the first year. It is caused by the tubercular infection,
+and follows the usual course of this disease. Ordinary meningitis is rapid
+and well defined in its course, with "high fever," severe pains in the
+head, intense nervousness, avoidance of light and sound, loss of appetite
+and constipation. These symptoms are easily understood and are generally
+clearly read by those around the patient. Unfortunately in tubercular
+meningitis the clearly defined symptoms are absent in the beginning, and
+when the physician is called the condition is dangerous. Usually the
+patient complains but little. There is a slight headache, low fever, no
+heat in the head, patient is pale most of the time, has little appetite,
+vomits occasionally and desires to sleep. He is nervous, stupid and lies
+on his side curled up with eyes away from the light. This disease appears
+mostly in delicate children, who are poor eaters and fond of books;
+usually in those inheriting poor constitutions. The mortality is very
+high. Parents who have thin, pale sallow children with dainty appetites,
+who frequently complain of headaches and are fond of books, should be
+afraid of infection from tuberculosis and make the little ones live in the
+open air and keep away from school. But earlier in the lives of these
+children care must be taken. A child with that pale, thin, sallow,
+delicate face and poor body should be fed with the best of food and live
+in the open air. I once had a family who lost their only two babies
+through this disease. After the first one died I instructed them carefully
+how to treat the second child. However, they loved their child foolishly
+and not wisely and fed it everything it wanted, and you know the children
+take an advantage of their parents. Give plenty of good, wholesome
+digestible food. Dress them comfortably and warm and keep them out in the
+open air. No cakes, candy, peanuts or any food that is not nourishing and
+easy to digest.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 211]
+
+TUBERCULOSIS. (CONSUMPTION).--Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused
+by the bacillus, tuberculosis, and characterized by the formation of
+nodules or diffuse masses of new tissue. Man, fowls and cows are chiefly
+affected.
+
+Indians, negroes and Irish are very susceptible. The disease is less
+common at great altitudes. Dark, poorly ventilated rooms, such as
+tenements and factories and the crowding of cities favors infection, as do
+in-door life and occupations in which dust must be inhaled. Certain
+infections such as measles, whooping-cough, chronic heart, kidney and
+liver diseases and inflammation of the air tract are predisposing factors.
+Inhalation is the chief mode of transmission. Hereditary transmission is
+rare.
+
+Forms. The Lungs.--Consumption. This is caused by a germ. Some have the
+form called galloping consumption. This person is attacked suddenly,
+wastes away and dies, in a very short time. There is rapid loss of
+strength and weight, high fever, night sweats, fast breathing, pains in
+the chest, cough and profuse expectoration, and rapid loss of strength.
+
+Ordinary Consumption.--Begins slowly and the patient is not aware of the
+danger. He may have loss of appetite, dyspepsia, diarrhea and distress
+after meals. He looks pale, is weak and loses flesh. Soon he has a hacking
+cough, worse in the morning, with a scanty, glairy sputum. His weight
+continues to decrease, his heart is weak and beats faster. He has pain in
+his chest below the shoulder blades. He may have a slight bleeding from
+the lungs. His cough becomes worse, the expectoration gets thicker and
+more profuse, with night sweats, high fever, and shortness of breath. The
+eyes are bright; the cheeks are pale or flushed. Chronic looseness of the
+bowels may be present. Bleeding from the lungs may occur at any time, but
+it is most frequent and profuse during the last stages. The patient
+becomes very weak, thin and pale, emaciated. The brain action remains
+good, and he remains hopeful almost until the last. Tuberculosis may exist
+in almost every part of the body and we have many forms. It is not
+necessary to discuss all. It would tend to confusion. I will name the most
+of them:
+
+  1. Acute Miliary Tuberculosis.
+    (A.) Acute General Miliary Tuberculosis.
+    (B.) Pulmonary (lung) type.
+    (C.) Tubercular Meningitis.
+
+  2. Tuberculosis of the lymph nodes (glands). This was formerly called
+  Scrofula. This is more curable and will be treated more fully elsewhere.
+
+  3. Tuberculous Pleurisy.
+
+  4. Tuberculous Pericarditis.
+
+  5. Tuberculous Peritonitis. (Of this there are a good many cases.)
+
+  6. Tuberculosis of the Larynx.
+
+  7. Acute Pneumonia (Pulmonary Tuberculosis) or "Galloping Consumption."
+
+  8. Chronic Ulcerative Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
+
+  9. Chronic Miliary Tuberculosis.
+
+  10. Tuberculosis of the Alimentary Canal.
+
+  11. Tuberculosis of the Brain.
+
+  12. Tuberculosis of the liver, kidneys, bladder, etc.
+
+  13. Tuberculosis of joints, this will be treated more fully elsewhere.
+
+
+[212 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CERVICAL, TUBERCULOSIS (Scrofula).--This is common in children that are
+not well nourished, living in badly ventilated and crowded houses, and in
+the negroes. Chronic catarrh of the nose and throat and tonsilitis
+predispose to it. The glands under the lower jaw are usually the first
+involved. They are enlarged, smooth, firm and often become matted
+together. Later the skin may adhere to them and suppuration occurs, that
+is, pus forms. An abscess results that breaks through the skin and leaves
+a nasty looking sore or scar. The glands in the back of the neck may
+enlarge also; or in the arm pit or under the collar bone and also the
+bronchial glands. There is usually secondary anemia. A long course and
+spontaneous recovery are common. Lung or general miliary tuberculosis may
+occur.
+
+Mesenteric Kind.--Symptoms are loss of flesh and strength, anemia,
+distended abdomen (pot-belly) and bloated, with offensive diarrhea.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Consumption, Simple Home Method to Break up.--"A
+cloth saturated with kerosene oil, bound around the chest at night and
+frequently repeated, will remove lung soreness, and it may be taken
+inwardly with advantages, eight to ten drops three or four times a day in
+sarsaparilla. It has been tried efficaciously as a cure for consumption."
+
+2. Consumption, Physicians' Remedy for.--
+
+      Arsenic Acid           1 part
+      Carbonate of Potash    2 parts
+      Cinnamyllic Acid       3 parts
+
+Heat this until a perfect solution is obtained, then add twenty-five parts
+cognac and three parts of watery extract of opium which has been dissolved
+in twenty-five parts of water filtered. Dose:--At first take six drops
+after dinner and supper, gradually increasing to twenty-two drops. Mild
+cases are cured in two months, but the severe cases may require a year or
+two. This treatment should be given under the care of a physician, as it
+is poisonous and needs close watching.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 213]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Consumption.--Tuberculous peritonitis is often
+present. General better hygienic measures; fresh air, nourishing food;
+cod-liver oil. The glands are now often cut.
+
+Sanitary Care. Prevention of Tuberculosis.--The sputum of consumptives
+should be carefully collected and destroyed. Patients should be urged not
+to spit about carelessly, but always use a spit cup and never swallow the
+sputum. The destruction of the sputum of consumptives should be a routine
+measure in both hospitals and private practice. Thorough boiling or
+putting in the fire is sufficient. It should be explained to the patient
+that the only risk, practically is from this source.
+
+The chances of infection are greatest in young children. The nursing and
+care of consumptives involves very slight risks indeed, if proper
+precautions are taken.
+
+Second.--A second important measure, relates to the inspection of dairies
+and slaughter houses. The possibility of the transmission of tuberculosis
+by infected milk has been fully demonstrated, and in the interest of
+health, the state should take measures to stamp out tuberculosis in
+cattle.
+
+Individual Prevention.--A mother with pulmonary tuberculosis should not
+nurse her child. An infant born of tuberculosis parents or of a family in
+which consumption prevails, should be brought up with the greatest care
+and guarded most particularly against catarrhal affections of all kinds.
+Special attention should be given to the throat and nose, and on the first
+indication of mouth breathing or any affection of the nose, a careful
+examination should be made for adenoids. The child should be clothed in
+flannel, and live in the open air as much as possible, avoiding close
+rooms. It is a good practice to sponge the throat and chest night and
+morning with cold water. Special attention should be paid to the diet and
+to the mode of feeding. The meals should be given at regular hours, and
+the food plain and substantial. From the onset the child should be
+encouraged to drink freely of milk. Unfortunately in these cases there
+seems to be an uncontrollable aversion to fats of all kinds. As the child
+grows older, systematically regulated exercise or a course of pulmonary
+(lung) gymnastics may be taken. In the choice of an occupation, preference
+should be given to an out of door life. Families with a predisposition to
+tuberculosis should, if possible, reside in an equable climate. It would
+be best for a young person belonging to such a family to remove to
+Colorado or Southern California, or to some other suitable climate before
+trouble begins. The trifling ailments of children should be carefully
+watched. In convalescence from fevers, which so frequently prove
+dangerous, the greatest care should be exercised to prevent from catching
+cold. Cod-liver oil, the syrup of iodide of iron and arsenic may be given.
+Enlarged tonsils should be removed. "The spontaneous healing of local
+tuberculosis is an every-day affair. Many cases of adenitis (inflammation
+of the glands) and disease of the bone or joints terminate favorably. The
+healing of pulmonary (lung) tuberculosis is shown clinically by the
+recovery of patients in whose sputa elastic tissue and bacilli have been
+found."
+
+[214 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+General Measures.--The cure of tuberculosis is a question of nutrition;
+digestion and assimilation control the situation; make a patient grow fat,
+and the local disease may be left to take care of itself. There are three
+indications:
+
+First, to place the patient in surroundings most favorable for the
+greatest degree of nutrition; second, to take such measures as in a local
+and general way influence the tuberculosis process; third, to alleviate
+the symptoms. This is effected by the open air treatment with the
+necessary feeding and nursing.
+
+At Home.--In the majority of cases patients must be treated at home. In
+the city it has many disadvantages. The patient's bed should be in a room
+where he can have plenty of sunshine and air. Two things are
+essential--plenty of fresh air and sunshine. While there is fever he
+should be at rest in bed. For the greater part of each day, unless the
+weather is blustering and raining, the windows should be open. On the
+bright days he can sit out-doors on a balcony or porch, in a reclining
+chair. He must be in the open air all that is possible to be. A great many
+patients spend most of the time out in the open air now. In the country
+places this can be easily carried out. In the summer he should be out of
+doors from eleven to twelve hours; in the winter six to eight at least. At
+night the room should be cool and thoroughly ventilated. "In the early
+stages of the disease with much fever, it may require several months of
+this rest treatment to the open air before the temperature falls to
+normal." The sputum is dangerous when it becomes dry. As long as sputum is
+moist the germs are held in the sputum; but when it is dry they are
+released and roam at will in the atmosphere and are inhaled. They are then
+ready to lodge themselves in suitable soil. Always keep the sputum
+(expectoration) moist, and then there is no danger.
+
+Diet. Treatment.--The outlook in this disease depends upon the digestion.
+Nausea and loss of appetite are serious obstacles. Many patients loathe
+foods of all kinds. A change of air or a sea voyage may promptly restore
+the appetite. When this is not possible, rest the patient, keep in the
+open air nearly all day and feed regularly with small quantities either of
+buttermilk, milk, or kumiss, alternating if necessary with meat juice and
+egg albumin. Some cases which are disturbed by eggs and milk do well on
+kumiss. Raw eggs are very suitable for feeding, and may be taken between
+meals, beginning with one three times a day, and can be increased to two
+and three at a time. It is hard to give a regular diet. The patient should
+be under the care of a physician who will regulate the kind of diet,
+amount and change. When the digestion is good there is less trouble in
+feeding. Then the patient can eat meat, poultry, game, oysters, fish,
+animal broths, eggs. Nothing should be fried. Avoid pork, veal, hot bread,
+cakes, pies, sweet meats, rich gravies, crabs, lobsters.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 215]
+
+Diet in Tuberculosis furnished us by a Hospital.--
+
+May Take.--Soups.--Turtle or oyster soup, mutton, clam, or chicken broth,
+puree of barley, rice, peas, beans, cream of celery or tomatoes, whole
+beef tea; peptonized milk, gruel.
+
+Fish.--All kinds of fresh fish boiled or broiled, oysters or clams, raw,
+roasted or broiled.
+
+Meats.--Rare roast beef or mutton, lamb chops, ham, fat bacon.
+sweetbreads, poultry, game, tender steaks, hamburger steak rare.
+
+Eggs.--Every way except fried.
+
+Farinaceous.--Oatmeal, wheaten grits, mush, hominy, rice, whole wheat
+bread, corn bread, milk toast, biscuits, muffins, gems.
+
+Vegetables.--Potatoes baked, boiled, or creamed, string beans, spinach,
+onions, asparagus, tomatoes, green peas, all well cooked, cresses,
+lettuce, plain or with oil dressing, celery.
+
+Desserts.--Farina, sago, tapioca, apple or milk pudding, floating island,
+custards, baked or stewed apples with fresh cream, cooked fruits, rice
+with fresh cream.
+
+Drinks.--Fresh milk, cool, warm, or peptonized, cocoa, chocolate,
+buttermilk, pure water, tea, coffee, panopepton.
+
+Must Not Take.--Fried foods, salt fish, hashes, gravies, veal, pork,
+carrots, parsnips, cabbage, beets, turnips, cucumbers, macaroni,
+spaghetti, sweets, pies, pastry, sweet wines.
+
+
+
+WHAT EVERY PERSON SHOULD KNOW ABOUT TUBERCULOSIS,
+WHETHER HE HAS THE DISEASE OR NOT.
+
+Tuberculosis is caused by a germ.
+
+Tuberculosis is communicable and preventable.
+
+Consumption of the lungs is the most common form of tuberculosis.
+
+Consumption of the bowels is the next most common form.
+
+The germ causing tuberculosis leaves the body of the person who has the
+disease by means of the discharges; by the sputum coughed up from the
+lungs, by nasal discharge, by bowel excrement, by urine, by abscesses.
+
+If the sputum of the consumptive is allowed to dry, its infected dust
+floats in the air, and is breathed into the lungs.
+
+[216 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Any person breathing such air is in danger of contracting tuberculosis. It
+is best not to stand near a person suffering with tuberculosis who is
+coughing, because in this act finely divided droplets of saliva are thrown
+from the mouth, and may be carried for a distance of three feet. These may
+contain large numbers of the bacilli. They are also sometimes thrown out
+in forcible speaking. The ordinary breath of a consumptive does not
+contain them.
+
+If the bowels or other discharges from the tuberculous person are not
+disinfected, but are thrown into a sewer, privy, river or buried they are
+a source of danger, and may pollute a source of drinking water.
+
+Impure milk, that is, milk from a tuberculous cow or milk exposed to
+infected dust is a common source of tuberculosis. Milk from suspected
+sources should be boiled. The all-important thing to do to prevent
+tuberculosis from spreading from one person to another, and from one part
+of the body to another, is immediately to destroy all discharges from the
+body of a person who has tuberculosis.
+
+Destroy by fire or by disinfectant all sputum, all nasal discharges, all
+bowel excrement, all urine as soon as discharged. For such a purpose use a
+five per cent solution of carbolic acid (six and three-fourths ounces of
+carbolic acid to one gallon of water).
+
+No person, well or sick, should spit in public places or where the sputum
+cannot be collected and destroyed.
+
+Flies carry sputum and its infection to food, to your hands, your face,
+clothes, the baby's bottle, from which the germs are taken into the mouth,
+and thus gain access to the stomach or lungs.
+
+Spitting on the sidewalk, on the floor, on the wall, on the grass, in the
+gutter, or even into a cuspidor containing no disinfectant is a very
+dangerous practice for a consumptive to indulge.
+
+The person infected with tuberculosis should protect himself, his family,
+his associates and the public by not spitting in public places, and by
+promptly destroying all discharges.
+
+The well person should defend himself by insisting that the tuberculous
+person shall destroy all discharges.
+
+Well persons should set the example of restraint and themselves refrain
+from spitting promiscuously. A person may appear quite healthy and yet be
+developing tuberculosis without knowing it.
+
+Such a person, if he spits where he pleases, may be depositing infected
+sputum where it can endanger the health and lives of other persons.
+
+Do not sleep with a person who has tuberculosis, nor in the room occupied
+by a tuberculous person, until that room has been thoroughly disinfected.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 217]
+
+Any person is liable to contract tuberculosis, whether he is well or not.
+Sickly persons, or those having bad colds, influenza bronchitis or
+pneumonia or any general weakness are much more liable to contract
+tuberculosis than a perfectly well or robust person. If you have a cough
+that hangs on consult at once a reliable physician who has ability to
+diagnose tuberculosis.
+
+Prevention is possible; it is cheaper and easier than cure.
+
+Any person having tuberculosis can recover from the disease if he takes
+the proper course in time.
+
+Advanced cases of tuberculosis, that is, those cases where the disease is
+well developed, are the most dangerous to the public and the most
+difficult to cure.
+
+Every advanced case of tuberculosis should be in a sanatorium.
+
+Sanatoria offers the best chance, usually the only chance, of cure to an
+advanced case.
+
+They also protect well citizens from danger of infection from advanced
+stages of tuberculosis. There are fewer deaths from tuberculosis in those
+localities where sanatoria are established for the care of tuberculous
+persons.
+
+One person out of every seven who die, dies from tuberculosis.
+
+One child out of every ten dies from tuberculosis.
+
+Homes and school-houses greatly need more fresh air supplied to their
+occupants.
+
+Day camps are city parks, vacant lots or abandoned farms where the
+tuberculous persons of a community may go and spend the entire day in
+rest, receiving instructions in proper hygiene and skillful treatment.
+Such camps are supplied with tents, hammocks, reclining chairs, one or
+more nurses, milk, eggs and other nourishment.
+
+Dispensaries are centers of sanitary and medical instruction for local
+tuberculous persons.
+
+Every locality should establish and maintain a dispensary for the benefit
+of tuberculous persons; for their instruction how to prevent the disease
+from spreading, and how to conduct themselves to insure relief and cure.
+
+Householders are required by law to report a case within their households
+to the local health officers. The local health officer has certain duties
+to perform under the law, and co-operation with him by the householder and
+tuberculous person, works for the suppression of this disease.
+
+Do not consider a tuberculous person an outcast, or one fit for the
+pesthouse. Your crusade is against tuberculosis, not against the person
+suffering from the disease.
+
+Give the freedom of a well person to the tuberculous who is instructed and
+conscientious in the observance of necessary precautions. Be very much
+afraid of the tuberculous person who is ignorant or careless in the
+observance of necessary precautions.
+
+
+[218 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PNEUMONIA (Lobar) Lung Fever.--Inflammation of the lungs. This is an acute
+infectious disease characterized by an exudative inflammation of one or
+more lobes of the lungs, with constitutional symptoms due to the
+absorption of toxins (poison), the fever terminating by crisis (suddenly).
+In speaking of pneumonia you frequently hear the expression "the lungs are
+filling up." This is the real condition. The structures surrounding the
+air cells are inflamed and from the inflamed tissues a secretion exudate
+is poured out into the cells. This is expectorated, thrown out, by
+coughing; but it is poured out into the cells faster than it can be spit
+up and consequently it remains in some of the cells and fills them up.
+
+The air does not get into such cells and they fill, with many others, and
+make that section solid. When the patient is improving he keeps on
+spitting this up, until all is out and the air cells resume their normal
+work. Sometimes they remain so and we have chronic pneumonia.
+
+Causes of Pneumonia.--Pneumonia occurs frequently as a complication of
+other diseases, such as typhoid fever and measles. Yet the majority of
+cases occur spontaneously. Many times the disease seems to be induced by
+exposure to the cold, and there can be no doubt that such exposure does at
+least promote the development of this affection. It seems, however,
+probable that there is some special cause behind it without which the
+exposure to cold is not sufficient to induce this disease. Pneumonia may
+occur at any period of life, and is more common among males than females.
+It occurs over the entire United States, oftener in the southern and
+middle, than in the Northern States; it is more frequently met with during
+the winter and spring months than at other times in the year.
+
+Symptoms.--The onset is usually abrupt with a severe chill and chills
+lasting from fifteen minutes to an hour, with the temperature suddenly
+rising and an active fever. There is usually intense pain in a few hours,
+generally in the lower part of the front of the chest, made worse by
+breathing and coughing. The patient lies on the affected side so as to
+give all chance for the other lung to work, cheeks are flushed, with
+anxious expression; the wings of the nostrils move in and out with each
+breath. The cough is short, dry and painful. Rapid, shallow, jerky
+breathing, increasing to difficult breathing. On the first day the
+characteristic expectoration mixed with blood appears (called rusty).
+Pulse runs from 100 to 116, full bounding, but may be feeble and small in
+serious cases. After three or four days the pain disappears, the
+temperature keeps to 104 or 105, but falls quickly the seventh, fifth,
+eighth, sixth and ninth day in this order of frequency. In a few hours,
+usually twelve, the temperature falls to normal or below, usually with
+profuse sweating and with quick relief to all symptoms. This relief from
+distressing symptoms is, of course, a time of rejoicing to both patient
+and friends and the patient and nurse may feel inclined to relax a little
+from the strict observance of rules followed up to this time. Do not,
+under any circumstances, yield to such folly. Keep patient properly
+covered, as he is weak from the strain and the pores are open.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 219]
+
+Convalescence is usually rapid. A prolonged rise of temperature after the
+crisis may be regarded as a relapse. Death may occur at any time after the
+third day from sudden heart failure, or from complications such as
+pleurisy, nephritis, meningitis, pericarditis, endocarditis, gangrene of
+the lungs.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Lungs, Salt Pork for Inflammation of.--"Salt pork
+dipped in hot water, then covered thick with black pepper. Heat in the
+oven and lay or bind on the throat and lungs."
+
+2. Lungs, Raspberry Tincture for Inflammation of.--"Take one-half pound of
+honey, one cup water; let these boil; take off the scum; pour boiling hot
+upon one-half ounce lobelia herb and one-half ounce cloves; mix well, then
+strain and add one gill of raspberry vinegar. Take from one teaspoonful to
+a dessertspoonful four times a day. Pleasant to take."
+
+3. Lungs, Herb Ointment for Congestion of.--
+
+    "Oil of Turpentine     1/2 ounce
+    Oil of Hemlock         1/2 ounce
+    Oil of Peppermint      1/2 ounce
+    Oil of Feverweed       1/2 ounce
+
+Mix this with one cup warm lard."
+
+Rub this ointment on throat or lungs and apply a flannel over it. Heat it
+through thoroughly with hot cloths. If used thoroughly and the cold is
+taken in time will prevent pneumonia.
+
+4. Lungs, Mullein for Congestion.--"The mullein leaves may be purchased at
+any drug store or gathered in the fields. Make a tea of the leaves by
+steeping them. Add enough water to one tablespoon mullein to make a pint,
+which will be three doses, taken three times a day." This is a very good
+remedy.
+
+5. Lungs, Salve for Weak.--
+
+    "Bees Wax        1 ounce
+    Rosin            1 ounce
+    Camphor Gum      1 ounce
+    Lard about the size of an egg."
+
+The beeswax forms sort of a coating and may remain on for several hours.
+
+This is very good.
+
+[220 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT FOR LUNGS.--The home treatment should be to put the
+patient to bed and try to produce sweating. This will cause the blood to
+leave the congested lung and return to the full regular circulation. By
+doing this, you not only relieve the congested lung, but also the pain. If
+the patient is stout and strong, give him the "corn sweat" under La Grippe
+(see index); or you can put bottles of hot water about the patient. Use
+fruit jars, wrap cloths around them so that you will not burn the patient.
+Always put one to the feet. If you have a rubber water bag, fill that and
+put it to his affected side over the pain. After you get him into a sweat
+you can remove a little, of the sweating remedy at a time and when all are
+removed give him a tepid water sponging. By this time the physician will
+be at hand. If you give medicine you can put fifteen drops of the Tincture
+of Aconite in a glass one-half full of water and give two teaspoonfuls of
+this every fifteen minutes for four doses. Then give it every one-half
+hour. Water can be given often, but in small quantities; plain milk alone,
+or diluted, or beaten with eggs will make a good diet and keep up the
+strength.
+
+Fomentations.--Cloths wrung out of hot hop tea are often applied to the
+affected part with good effect. Be careful about wetting the patient.
+Flaxseed poultices are used.
+
+If used they must be moist and hot. Some doctors are opposed to them. An
+antiphlogistine poultice is good. Apply it hot. For children you can
+grease the whole side of the chest, back and front, with camphor and lard
+and put over that an absorbent cotton jacket. In the early life of the
+country, home treatment was necessary. Men and women were posted on herbs,
+etc. Teas made of them were freely and successfully used. A great mistake
+made was the indiscriminate use of lobelia in too large doses. We have
+learned that the hot herb drinks in proper doses are of help. Teas made of
+boneset, hoarhound, pennyroyal, ginger, catnip, hops, slippery elm, etc.,
+were good and are now. They produced the desired result--sweating--and
+relieved the congestion of the internal organs and re-established the
+external or (peripheral) circulation. So in the home treatment of
+pneumonia, etc., if you are so situated that you cannot get a physician
+use teas internally for sweating, fomentations upon the painful part and
+if done properly and not too excessively, they will accomplish the desired
+result. With the corn sweat, I have saved many lives.
+
+ERYSIPELAS.--Erysipelas is an infectious disease, and it is usually caused
+by a germ which we call "streptococcus pyogenes." The disease shows itself
+by its local symptoms, pain, swelling, etc., and also by general or
+constitutional symptoms such as fever, headache, etc., as hereafter given.
+
+
+Causes.--It is a disease that occurs at any time, and is sometimes
+epidemic, that is, attacks many persons at a time, like La Grippe. It
+occurs more often in the spring; it is contagious, and can be carried by a
+third person or in bedding, etc.
+
+Symptoms.--The type that appears upon the face is the most common. The
+incubation lasts from three to seven days and it usually comes suddenly
+with a chill, followed by an active fever and with the local inflammation.
+In some cases the local condition appears first. There is at first
+redness, usually of the bridge of the nose and it rapidly spreads to the
+cheeks, eyes, ears, etc. It is red, shiny hot, drawing, but with a
+distinct margin at its edges, showing how much skin is inflamed. It may
+take the form of vesicles. The eyelids may be so swollen as to close, the
+face and scalp greatly swollen with watery swelling of the eyelids, lips,
+eyes, ears, etc. The glands under the jaw may become enlarged. The general
+or constitutional symptoms may be severe. The fever may rise to 104 to 106
+and terminates suddenly. The parts that were first affected become pale
+and more normal, as other parts are involved. It occurs also on other
+parts of the body. A sting of an insect sometimes looks like it at first;
+but it does not spread like erysipelas. It seems to me to be more
+dangerous around the head.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 221]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Erysipelas, Slippery Elm Bark for.--"Slippery elm
+used as a wash and taken as a drink." Slippery elm is a very good remedy
+for this on account of its soothing effect to the affected parts. It is
+very good to take internally, as it cleanses the system by acting on the
+bowels and kidneys.
+
+2. Erysipelas, Bean Poultices for.--"White navy beans boiled soft and
+applied as a poultice to the affected parts and renewed frequently is a
+sure cure for erysipelas if taken in time." This is a very good and
+effective poultice, but care should be taken not to use it too long, as
+the parts will become too soft and might slough.
+
+3. Erysipelas, Soda Wash for.--"Put about a tablespoonful of baking soda
+in one pint of water and bathe parts several times a day," This is an
+extremely simple remedy for such a serious disease, but has been known to
+do good in many cases. The baking soda is soothing.
+
+4. Erysipelas, Easy Remedy for.--"Keep parts well bathed with
+witch-hazel." A good preparation should be bought. By applying this freely
+to the affected parts it will be found to have a very soothing effect.
+
+5. Erysipelas, Copperas Liniment for.--"A few cents' worth of common
+copperas. Make a solution and keep applying it. This kills the poison as
+it comes on and relieves the pain. I knew of a very bad case to be cured
+by this treatment."
+
+6. Erysipelas, Cranberry Poultice for.--"Take cranberries and stew them
+and make a poultice of them." This is a remedy that cannot be beaten for
+this disease. It gives relief in a very short time and saves the patient a
+great deal of suffering. If the whisky is used to wet the poultice it is
+much better, as it keeps the poultice moist longer. All that is necessary
+is simply to put on more whiskey and it will not be necessary to change
+the poultice so often.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Erysipelas.--It is best to separate the patient
+from the others in the family. Some people very easily take this disease.
+I know one who cannot be in the room where such a patient is for even five
+minutes without contracting it.
+
+Local Treatment.--1. Wash the parts with a solution of boric acid,
+one-half teaspoonful to eight teaspoonfuls of tepid water, put this on the
+inflamed parts. Then apply a poultice of bruised cranberries. Wash the
+face each time with the solution before applying the cranberry poultice
+afresh.
+
+[222 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+2. Paint thoroughly with tincture of iodine outside of the margin of the
+disease where the skin shows no sign of the trouble. This is very
+effective. If done freely it produces a slight inflammation. The stain
+made by it remains for some time and that is the objection to it on the
+face, but do not hesitate on that account if the other remedies do not
+work well or are not at hand.
+
+3. The following is a splendid local application.--Cleanse thoroughly the
+inflamed part with pure castile soap and water, and then wash this off
+with one to one thousand corrosive sublimate solution. Dry the skin with a
+soft towel and apply a thick coating of equal parts of Ichthyol and
+vaselin, and over this place antiseptic gauze or sterilized absorbent
+cotton. Keep this in place with adhesive straps. If the diseased surface
+is small it may not be necessary to use the gauze, etc.
+
+4. Tincture Chloride of Iron in dose of ten to twenty drops and more if
+necessary four times a day, well diluted with water. This is very hard on
+the teeth and should be taken through a glass tube.
+
+Diet.--Milk, broths, etc., liquid diet or foods. (See Nursing Dept. under
+liquid diet.)
+
+Nursing.--When you nurse any infectious patient, you must be not only
+careful of your patient, but of yourself. It is not necessary in order to
+do good nursing to endanger yourself; and a nurse who does not know how to
+care for herself, cannot successfully nurse the sick. In erysipelas I
+always watch the eruption closely. Sometimes it recedes, and the patient,
+of course, is worse. Then there are some people who believe in "pow-
+wowing." They have that done and then do not take care of themselves. I
+have attended such cases. One case was especially striking. The "pow-wow"
+person did his work and then the patient thought himself well and
+proceeded to enjoy himself and caught cold. The result was the "going in"
+of the eruption and a beautiful cough. I succeeded in my efforts and the
+next day he had the erysipelas going along nicely, but no cough. I write
+this so you will take proper care of yourself and shun conjurers and their
+"pow-wow."
+
+TOXEMIA, SEPTICEMIA; PYEJMIA.--Toxemia refers to the group of symptoms and
+lesions caused by the presence in the blood of toxins (poison) usually
+resulting from bacterial growths.
+
+Septicemia refers to the condition caused by the presence in the blood of
+bacteria (microbes) as well as toxin.
+
+Pyemia refers to the same condition as septicemia with the development of
+fresh places of suppuration.
+
+Sapremia is a septic intoxication, the result of the absorption of toxins.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 223]
+
+SEPTICEMIA.--The presence of bacteria in the blood, introduced from a
+local lesion (wound, injury, etc.) or with no obvious local infection.
+
+Symptom.--If there is a local infection, symptoms of this precede the
+septicemia. The invasion may be sudden or gradual, with chill or chilly
+feelings, followed by symptoms of active fever and later of an asthenic
+(absence of strength and feeling) fever, with dry tongue and dullness or
+delirium. Death may occur in one to seven days.
+
+PYEMIA.--This means the presence in the blood of bacteria with resultant
+foci (places) of suppuration.
+
+Symptoms.--They are local at first where the lesion is. The invasion of
+the general infection is marked by a severe chill, then high fever and
+sweating, repeated daily or at irregular intervals.
+
+Fever is variable with sudden falls. In some cases the fever assumes very
+weakening type and the patient looks like a case of typhoid fever in the
+third week, and death soon occurs.
+
+In other cases the chills, fever and sweating are repeated at irregular
+intervals. The patients are emaciated and the skin has a sallow color.
+Death usually occurs eventually from exhaustion in a few days or months.
+
+Local Treatment.--This should be attended to from the beginning. If you
+injure your finger or any part and it soon looks red, and feels sore, open
+it up thoroughly with a clean instrument and cover it with a clean gauze
+or cotton. It must not be covered too tightly so that the discharge, if
+any, can leave the wound. Enough dressing must be put on to absorb that.
+Then keep the wound clean, and so it can "run" if necessary. If you
+neglect this or do it carelessly and admit dirt you will make it worse.
+
+See treatment of wounds, etc.
+
+General Treatment.--Keep the strength up in every way. The strength should
+be kept up by giving nourishing diet that will suit that special case and
+medicine that will produce a tonic effect, such as quinine and strychnine.
+
+
+
+ASIATIC CHOLERA.--This is an acute infectious disease caused by a specific
+organism and characterized by profuse watery discharges from the bowels
+and great prostration.
+
+Causes.--Some inherit a weakness, making them more susceptible than others
+to this disease. Other causes are intemperance, general debility,
+unhygienic surroundings, exciting causes. The spirillum (cholera
+asiaticus) found in the stools, watery discharges and intestines of
+affected cases and its transmission by infected food and water.
+
+[224 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Symptoms.--After an incubation period of about one to five days, the
+invasion is marked either by simple diarrhea with some general ill-feeling
+and prostration, or by abdominal pains, vomiting and diarrhea. Mild cases
+may recover at this time. In the stage of collapse, there are frequent
+watery movements resembling rice water, with vomiting, great thirst,
+abdominal pains and eruptions on the legs. There is sudden collapse and
+temperature that is below normal; nearly all secretions are greatly
+diminished. In the so-called cases of cholera sicca (dry) death occurs
+before the diarrhea begins, although a rice water fluid is found in the
+intestines after death. After two to twenty-four hours those who have not
+died may recover or pass into the stage of reaction in which the signs of
+collapse and purging disappear. After improvement, with slight rise of
+temperature at times, there may be a relapse or the patient may have
+inflammation of some of the viscera (cavity organs) and suppression of the
+urine with delirium, coma and death.
+
+The prognosis is worse in infancy, old age and debilitated persons, and in
+cases of rapid collapse, low temperature and great blueness. Death rate
+from thirty to eighty per cent.
+
+Treatment.--Isolate the patient and disinfect all discharges and clothing.
+
+Use boiled water during an epidemic.
+
+For pain, morphine hypodermically, and apply hot applications to the
+abdomen.
+
+For vomiting.--Wash out the stomach and give cocaine, ice, coffee, brandy
+or water by the mouth. Intestines may be irrigated with a two per cent
+solution of tannic acid.
+
+During collapse.--Hypodermic of camphor, hot applications to the body.
+Good nursing and careful diet.
+
+
+
+YELLOW FEVER.--Yellow fever is an acute infectious disease characterized
+by jaundice, hemorrhages, albuminuria (albumin in the urine).
+
+Cause.--It is common in the West Indies and epidemic in nearby countries.
+It is most common in crowded, dirty, poorly drained portions of sea coast
+cities. It is probably caused by a specific organism which is conveyed
+from one person to another by mosquitoes and not in clothing, as formerly
+believed. One attack usually confers immunity.
+
+Symptoms.--Incubation is about three to four days. There may be a
+fore-warning period, but the attack is usually sudden, with chills,
+headache, backache, rise in fever, and general feverish symptoms,
+vomiting, and constipation. Early in this disease the face is flushed,
+while the conjunctiva and the mucous membrane lining the eyelids is
+congested and slightly jaundiced. Fever is 102 or 103 degrees, and falls
+gradually after one to three days. Pulse is slow, and while the
+temperature rises, it again falls. The stage of calm follows the fall of
+the temperature with increased jaundice and vomiting of dark altered
+blood, the "black vomit." Hemorrhages may also occur into the skin or
+mucous membranes. Brain symptoms are sometimes severe. Convalescence   is
+usually gradual. The disease varies from great mildness to extreme
+malignancy. Mortality from fifteen to eighty-five per cent.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 225]
+
+Treatment.--Prevent spread of the infectious mosquitoes; use screens and
+netting in infected districts. Careful nursing, food by rectum while
+vomiting is frequent. For the hemorrhage opium is given; frequent bathing
+will keep down the fever; and for the vomiting cocaine is given and
+cracked ice.
+
+
+
+PLAGUE (BUBONIC PLAGUE).--Plague is an infectious disease characterized by
+inflammation and suppuration of the lymph nodes and cutaneous (skin)
+hemorrhages. It has long been known as the Plague or "Black Death," on
+account of its "flea-bite looking eruptions." This disease is becoming a
+serious matter on our western coast, especially in and around San
+Francisco. The disease exists in India all the time, and there is now
+danger of it becoming epidemic (existing all the time) in San Francisco,
+according to today's, Jan. 10th, Detroit Free Press. Mr. Merriam, chief of
+the U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey, recently appeared before congress
+and asked for more money to investigate this and other conditions, and how
+to stamp out the carriers of this dreadful disease. European wharf rats,
+introduced about San Francisco, have spread the plague to the ground
+squirrels, and the gophers, rabbits, field mice, and other rodents are now
+being infected. In India, fleas on the native squirrel, perpetuate the
+plague. The way to stop the plague is to kill the carriers.
+
+Causes.--The bacillus pestis (pests) is transmitted through insects, small
+animals, like rats, through the air, or in clothing, bedding, and is
+contained in the feces and urine. The poor in unhygienic districts are
+most often attacked.
+
+Bubonic Type.--In this type the lymph nodes, particularly in the arm-pit,
+and groins show inflammatory lesions with marked overgrowth of new tissue.
+Sometimes there is suppuration, hemorrhage and local death of the part.
+The bacilli are formed in great numbers in the affected nodes and
+secondary lesions.
+
+Septicemic Type.--In this type all lymph nodes and nodules show signs of
+toxemia and the bacilli are formed in the primary (first) lesions and in
+the blood.
+
+Pneumonic Type.--In this type there are areas of broncho-pneumania, with
+lesions of the bronchial lymph nodes. The bacilli occur in these
+situations and in the sputa.
+
+[226 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Symptoms.--In the bubonic plague (the usual form) the invasion is marked
+by headache, depression, pain in the back, stiffness of the extremities
+and fever. This rises for three or four days, then falls several degrees
+and is followed by a more severe secondary fever of the prostrating type.
+At about the third to the fifth day the lymph nodes usually become
+enlarged most often in the inguinal (groin) region. This is followed by a
+resolution (getting better) suppuration forming pus or necrosis (local
+death of the part). "A flea bite looking eruption and hemorrhages from the
+mucous membrane often occur. The mild cases, which often occur at the
+beginning of an epidemic, and at its close, are marked only by slight
+fever and glandular swelling, which may terminate in the forming of pus in
+the part. In these cases the symptoms are slight and last only a few
+days."
+
+Septicemic Plague.--This is characterized by symptoms of severe general
+infection, with hemorrhages, rapid course, and death in three or four
+days, without the development of swelling of the lymph nodes. Cultures
+from the blood show bacteria.
+
+Pneumonic Plague.--The symptoms are those of a severe "lobular" pneumonia,
+with bloody sputum containing many bacilli. It is usually rapidly fatal.
+Death rate may reach ninety per cent.
+
+Treatment. Prevention.--Prolonged isolation, disinfection of the
+discharges, cremation of plague victims, destruction of rats, and
+preventive inoculation of healthy persons with sterilized cultures of the
+bacillus pestis.
+
+Immunity following this procedure is said to last from one to eighteen
+months.
+
+For pain, morphine; for weakness, stimulation; for fever, bathing; for
+buboes, application of ice, injection of bichloride and excision have been
+advised.
+
+
+
+DYSENTERY.--A group of inflammatory intestinal affections, either acute or
+chronic, and of infectious origin, characterized by frequent painful
+passages, (containing mucus and blood) or by loose movements.
+
+Acute Catarrhal Dysentery.--This is the most common form in the temperate
+climate The colon is congested and swollen with a covering of blood-tinged
+mucus on its mucous membrane.
+
+Symptoms.--The invasion: This is usually marked by diarrhea, then
+cramp-like general pain in the abdomen and frequent mucous, bloody stools,
+accompanied by hard straining at stool. The temperature may reach 102 to
+103 degrees. After one or two days the stools consist entirely of bloody
+mucus and are very frequent. The thirst is great. In about one week the
+stools may become normal.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Dysentery, Sweet Cream for.--"One or two
+teaspoonfuls of thick cream every hour. Three doses is usually sufficient.
+(This remedy proved successful with my baby when all others failed)."
+
+2. Dysentery, One Ounce Dewberry Root for.--"Boil in one quart of water
+one ounce of dewberry root. This should be boiled down to one-half pint
+and a half wineglassful given to patient two or three times a day, or in
+severe cases, a half wineglassful every two or three hours until discharge
+diminishes."
+
+      INFECTIOUS DISEASES       227
+
+3. Dysentery, "Colt Tail" Remedy for.--"The herb called "Colt Tail," steep
+and drink the tea. It's a tall weed and grows in damp places. It is one of
+the best herbs for this." This is especially good when the discharge from
+the bowels is bloody or contains mucus.
+
+4. Dysentery, Sugar and Brandy for.--"Two tablespoonfuls brandy poured
+into a saucer. Set fire to the brandy and hold in flame lump of sugar on
+fork. This is a very good remedy, and has cured cases when doctors'
+remedies failed. This sugar will melt and form a syrup. Dose:--One-half
+teaspoonful every two hours or oftener if necessary."
+
+5. Dysentery, Herb Remedy for.--"Take four ounces poplar bark, four ounces
+bayberry bark and three ounces tormentil root, simmer gently in four
+quarts of water, down to three, strain and add two pounds granulated
+sugar; let it come to boiling point, skim and add one-half pound
+blackberry or peach jelly and one-half pint best brandy. Keep in a cool
+place, take one-half wineglassful three or four times a day or more often
+if required."
+
+6. Dysentery, New Method to Cure.--"A hot hip bath will often relieve
+distressing sensations of dysentery or itching piles." This is a very
+simple remedy and will have a very soothing effect upon the whole system,
+relieving any nervousness that may be present and usually is with this
+disease.
+
+7. Dysentery, Starch Injection for.--"Use injection of one cup thin boiled
+starch, and one-half teaspoonful laudanum. Repeat every 3 to 4 hours."
+
+8. Dysentery, To Cure Bloody.--"Put a teaspoonful of salt into a quart of
+warm water and inject into the bowels to wash them out thoroughly."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Dysentery.--Remain in bed on fluid diet, and
+give a free saline cathartic or castor on, one-half ounce, followed by
+salol five grains in capsules every three hours.
+
+2. Bismuth subnitrate, one-half to one dram every two to three hours.
+
+3. Irrigation of the colon with normal salt solution or weak solution of
+silver nitrate at about one hundred degrees with a long rectual tube. Dr.
+Hare, of Philadelphia, recommends one two-hundredth grain of bichloride of
+mercury every hour or two (in adults), if the stools are slimy and bloody
+and if much blood is present, and high rectal injections of witch-hazel
+water and water, half and half. I know this last is good, and also the
+following; Oil of fireweed, five drops on sugar every two to three hours.
+
+4. Ipecac.--In acute dysentery ipecac is one of the best remedies, Dr.
+Hare says; "When the passages are large and bloody and the disease is
+malignant as it occurs in the tropics, ipecac should be given in the
+following manner: The powdered ipecac is to be administered on an empty
+stomach in the dose of thirty grains with thirty drops of the tincture of
+deodorized opium, which is used to decrease the tendency to vomit.
+Absolute rest is essential for its success. Finally a profuse gray, mushy
+stool is passed." This is a favorable sign.
+
+[228 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Nursing and Diet.--The patient should always remain in bed and use
+bed-pan. He must be given a bland, unirritating diet, composed of milk,
+with lime-water, beef peptonoids, broth, egg albumin, etc., in acute
+cases.
+
+
+
+MALARIA FEVER.--Malarial fever is a group of diseases characterized by
+intermittent, quotidian (daily), tertian (every other day) or quartan
+(every fourth day) fever or remittent fever; there are also several
+pernicious types of this disease and chronic malarial condition of the
+system with enlargement of the spleen.
+
+Causes.--It occurs most frequently in low lands, along sea coasts, and
+swamps, particularly in the tropics and warmer portion of the temperate
+zone. The exciting cause it what is called the plasmodous malarial, a
+parasite developing in the body of all species of anopheles, a common form
+of mosquito and transmitted to man, its intermediate host, by the bite of
+the infected mosquitoes.
+
+
+INTERMITTENT MALARIAL FEVER. (a) Tertian. (b) Quartan. (c) Quotidian.
+Symptoms.--The symptoms of all these are the same, except that in tertian
+fever, the paroxysms occur every third day; in quartan they occur every
+fourth day. Quotidian occurs daily.
+
+The incubation time is unknown. It consists usually of three stages, cold,
+hot, and sweating, and they usually occur in the morning. "The cold stage
+is ushered in by yawning, lassitude and headache, and rapid rise of
+temperature; sometimes nausea and vomiting followed by shivering and
+rather violent shaking with chattering of the teeth." It may last from ten
+minutes to two hours. The internal temperature may rise to 104 to 106
+degrees, while the surface is blue and cold, with severe headache, often
+nausea and vomiting. Hot stage: this may last from one-half to five hours;
+the temperature may increase somewhat, the face is flushed, the skin is
+red and hot, great thirst, throbbing headache and full bounding pulse.
+Sweating stage lasts two to four hours, and entire body may be covered;
+fever and other symptoms abate and sleep usually follows. The patient
+feels nearly well between attacks.
+
+REMITTENT OR CONTINUOUS MALARIAL FEVER (Aestivo-Autumnal Fever).--This
+form occurs in the temperate zone regions, especially in the summer and
+autumn. The symptoms vary greatly. The fever may be irregularly
+intermittent, but at longer intervals than the Tertian variety. The cold
+stage is often absent, and in the hot the temperature falls gradually. The
+appearance is often like typhoid for there may be then hardly any
+remission of fever.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 229]
+
+PERNICIOUS MALARIAL FEVER.--This is a very dangerous disease. The chief
+forms are the comatose, algid and hemorrhagic.
+
+(a) Comatose form is characterized by delirium or sudden coma (deep sleep)
+with light temperature.
+
+(b) The algid or asthenic form begins with vomiting and great prostration.
+The temperature is normal or below normal. There may be diarrhea and
+suppression of the urine.
+
+(c) The hemorrhagic form includes malarial hemoglobinuria, hemoglobin in
+the urine. Haemoglobin is the coloring matter of the red corpuscles.
+
+Treatment. Prevention.--Destroy mosquitoes and protect from them by
+screens. Small preventive doses of quinine for persons in malarious
+regions, three grains three times a day. Five grains three times a day
+will nearly always cure tertian and quartan cases, especially if the
+patient is kept in bed until the time for one or two paroxysms has passed.
+Attacks often stop spontaneously for a time when the patient is kept in
+bed, even without the administration of quinine.
+
+In Remittent Fever larger doses are necessary. For pernicious forms:
+Hydrochlorate of quinine and urea ten to twenty grains, given
+hypodermically, every three or four hours until improvement occurs, when
+the sulphate of quinine by the mouth may be substituted.
+
+
+
+AGUE. (See Malarial Fever.)--By ague is meant the cold chills and fever;
+or dumb ague where there is little chill, mostly chilly and fever. These
+attacks may come on every day, every other day, or every third day.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Ague and Fever, Dogwood Good for.--"Take one ounce
+of dogwood root and one quart of water. Make an infusion by boiling down
+to one-half pint. Strain and give one-half wineglassful every two or three
+hours."
+
+2. Ague in Face, Menthol and Alcohol Effective Remedy for.--"After making
+a solution of teaspoonful of menthol crystals, dissolved in two ounces of
+alcohol, apply several times a day to the face. Care should be taken that
+this solution does not enter the eyes, as it would be injurious,"
+
+3. Ague, Simple Remedy for.--"Give purgative and follow with quinine. Give
+large 4 grain capsule every four hours.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Chills and Fever, Peruvian Bark and Rhubarb for.--
+
+    "Pure Rye Whisky           4 ounces
+    Pulverized Peruvian Bark   1 dram
+    Pulverized Rhubarb         1 ounce
+
+Mix.
+
+Put in bottles. Dose for adults:--One tablespoonful three times a day.
+This is an excellent remedy."
+
+[230 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+2. Chills and Fever, Horse-radish for.--"Take fresh green horseradish
+leaves, bruise and mash them to the consistency of a poultice and bind on
+the bottom of the feet. This will tend to reduce the fever and is a
+reliable remedy. I have often used this with great satisfaction."
+
+3. Chills and Fever, Dogwood Known to be Good for.--"Make a decoction of
+one ounce of dogwood root, boiled in one quart of water down to one pint;
+strain, and give half wineglassful every two or three hours." This remedy
+has been used by our grandmothers for many years, and is one to be
+depended upon. The dogwood root can be purchased at any drug store.
+
+Treatment.--For acute cases quinine in various doses. I usually prescribe
+two grains every two hours until the ears ring, and then take only enough
+to keep them in that condition.
+
+It is well always to see that the bowels and liver are active before
+taking quinine. The medicine acts better when the patient remains quiet in
+bed. If the chill and fever comes on every day, the quinine should be
+taken every hour between the paroxysms.
+
+
+
+MALTA FEVER.--This occurs in the Mediterranean countries, India, China,
+the Philippines and Porto Rico. The fever is irregular or marked by
+intervals of "no fever" for two or more days with febrile relapses lasting
+one to three weeks. Constipation, anemia (scarcity of blood), joint
+symptoms and debility exist. Ordinary cases may last three months to two
+years. Mortality two per cent.
+
+Treatment.--Like that for typhoid. Change climate, if possible.
+
+
+
+BERI-BERI.--Beri-beri is a disease rarely occurring in the United States.
+It is usually found in the warmer climates and peculiar to certain regions
+such as India, and Japan.
+
+It is characterized by paralysis and fatal effusion, also neuritis, which
+is an inflammation of the nerves. It seems to be undecided among the
+medical profession as to whether the disease is infectious or not. Some
+claim it is brought on by the eating of bad rice or certain raw fish.
+Young men in those climates seem to be most susceptible to beri-beri.
+
+Treatment.--There is very little known about this disease. Fortunately it
+does not often occur here. It is necessary to keep up the strength by food
+and tonics and relieve the pain.
+
+
+
+ANTHRAX. (Charbon, Wool Sorters' Disease, Splenic Fever).--This is "an
+acute infectious disease of animals, transmitted to man by inoculation
+into the wounds, or by inhalation of, or swallowing the germs." Butchers,
+tanners and shepherds are most liable to it. The exciting cause is the
+bacillus anthracis (anthrax bacillus). The local skin condition is a
+pustule containing the bacilli, which may also invade the general
+circulation. If the germs are inhaled, there is broncho-pneumonia; if
+swallowed, areas of inflammation and local death occur in the intestines.
+The spleen and lymph nodes are enlarged.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 231]
+
+Symptoms. 1. External anthrax, malignant pustule. This begins in a papule
+(pimple) at the point of inoculation turning into a vesicle and then a
+pustule, (blister-like pimple) surrounded by an inflammatory area (space)
+with marked watery swelling. The nearby glands are enlarged and tender. At
+first the temperature rapidly rises; later it may be below normal. The
+fever symptoms may be severe. Recovery takes place slowly. Death occurs in
+three to five days.
+
+
+
+MALIGNANT ANTHRAX (swelling).--In this lesion is a pustule, with very
+marked swelling. It most frequently occurs on the eyelid and face and the
+swelling may terminate in fatal gangrene.
+
+2. Internal anthrax.--(a) Internal anthrax is caused by the introduction
+of the bacteria into the alimentary canal in infected meat, milk, etc. The
+invasion is marked by a chill, followed by moderate fever, vomiting,
+diarrhea, pain in the back and legs and restlessness. Sometimes
+convulsions occur and hemorrhages into the skin from the mucous membranes.
+The spleen is swollen. Prostration is extreme and it often ends in death.
+
+(b) Charbon or Wool Sorter's disease occurs among those employed in
+picking over wool or hair of infected animals--the germs being inhaled or
+swallowed. The onset is sudden with a chill, then fever, pain in the back
+and legs, and severe prostration. There may be difficulty of breathing and
+signs of bronchitis, or vomiting and diarrhea. Death is a common
+termination, sometimes within a day. Death rate is from five to twenty-six
+per cent. Greatest when the swelling is near the head.
+
+Treatment.--The wound or swelling should be cauterized and a solution of
+carbolic acid or bichloride of mercury injected around it and applied to
+its surface. Stimulants and feeding are important.
+
+
+
+LOCKJAW. (Tetanus).--Tetanus or lockjaw, as it is commonly called, is an
+infectious disease and is characterized by painful and violent
+contractions of the voluntary muscles; it may be of the jaw alone or of a
+considerable part of the body.
+
+Causes.--The intelligence and mental faculties are not impaired. In most
+cases it follows a wound or injury, although in others there seems to be
+no exciting causes. Fourth of July celebrations furnish a great many of
+our lockjaw cases. Ten to fifteen days usually elapse after the wound
+before lockjaw really sets in.
+
+[232 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Symptoms.--It comes on occasionally with a chill or chilly feelings;
+usually by rigidity (stiffness) of the neck, jaw and face. On arising in
+the morning there is sometimes a stiffness of the muscles at the back of
+the head. It is not unusual on taking a slight cold to have a stiff neck
+and often the patient's attention is not attracted by this symptom.
+Sometimes this stiffness begins or soon extends to the muscles of the
+lower jaw; the throat becomes dry and is painful and gradually the
+stiffness increases to a continuous contraction, spasm, and extends to the
+muscles of the trunk and extremities. The body becomes rigid in a straight
+line or bent backward, forward or sidewise. This spasm occurs after any
+slight irritation and is extremely painful. Temperature is usually low.
+During the first spasms the patient may attempt to open his mouth as he
+may naturally be suspicious of the trouble that is coming; he succeeds
+with difficulty and even finds it hard to swallow; soon the jaws may be
+firmly closed, and it is from this feature of the disease that it gained
+the name of lockjaw. The contractions in some cases do not extend beyond
+the neck and face muscles. During the contractions the face may be drawn
+into frightful contortions. Food can be given only through such spaces as
+may exist between the teeth, as often the patient cannot open his mouth
+himself, nor can it be pried open by any force that would be allowable.
+When the muscles of the trunk are affected the abdomen may be drawn
+inward, become very hard and stiff, chest movements are affected, making
+it difficult to breathe, sometimes almost to suffocation. Sometimes the
+body becomes bent like a bow, as in some cases of spinal meningitis, so
+that only the head and heels support the weight of the body. The body may
+become so rigid that it can be lifted by a single limb as you would a
+statue. It is fortunate that there are few cases, comparatively, of
+lockjaw as the distorted face and general contractions of the body are
+painful to witness.
+
+Recovery.--The mortality in lockjaw cases runs about eight per cent.
+Sometimes death is caused by exhaustion from the muscular exertions; the
+patient is seldom able to sleep and sometimes wears out in a few days.
+Sometimes suffocation brings a sudden end to his sufferings and usually
+one or two days to ten or twelve days is the limit. Among the lower
+classes where sanitary science is seldom observed, and even among the
+better classes, lockjaw has been known to occur in infants. It usually
+comes on, in ten to fifteen days after birth, and the child seldom lives
+more than a few days, It is hard to account for such cases which may come
+on suddenly from the slightest excitement such as sudden noises, etc.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--l. Lockjaw, Successful Remedy for.--"A very good and
+successful remedy for this disease, is to apply a warm poultice of
+flaxseed meal, saturated with laudanum and sugar of lead water, to the
+jaws and neck."
+
+2. Lockjaw, Smoke as a Cure for.--"Smoke the wound for twenty minutes in
+the smoke of burnt woolen cloths. This is considered a never failing
+remedy."
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 233]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--If from a wound cut open and use antiseptics.
+Isolate the patient and have absolute quiet. Antitoxin is used with
+success in some cases of lockjaw, but this and other remedies or measures
+must be handled by a physician, Opium is sometimes given and stimulants
+such as brandy, whisky, etc. As it is a case of life or death in a very
+short time, we cannot advise depending upon home treatment. A preventive
+caution that must always be observed is the use of antiseptics and the
+strictest care of all injuries and wounds that might result in lockjaw.
+This is a disease where an ounce of prevention is worth a thousand pounds
+of cure, because by the time the disease is recognized as lockjaw and has
+really made an appearance, it may be too late for medical skill. While you
+are waiting for the doctor you may apply cold cloths or even an ice bag to
+the spine. If the spasms are severe let the patient inhale chloroform to
+kill the pain and quiet him. In the meantime secure the best physician
+within your reach, and follow his directions carefully, be calm and self-
+possessed when in the presence of the patient, for you must remember that
+he has full possession of his mental faculties and will notice every
+evidence of fear or worry in the faces of those who are nursing him. This
+will only add to his sufferings, affect his nervous system and undermine
+his general vitality. Read carefully the nursing department in this book
+and you will gain some valuable hints and knowledge regarding the sick
+room.
+
+
+
+GLANDERS.--This is an acute disease of the horse and occasionally of man.
+It is called "glanders" when the affection appears in the nostrils, and is
+called "farcy" when in the skin.
+
+Causes.--The bacilli is usually introduced from infected horses through
+the nose, mouth and cheek, mucous membranes or skin abrasions (rubbing off
+of the skin). There are large or small lumps in the skin, mucous membrane
+of the nose and mouth.
+
+Symptoms. Acute Glanders.--1. Incubation lasts from three to four days.
+There are signs of inflammation at the site of infection and general
+symptoms. In two or three days, small lumps appear on the mucous membrane
+of the nose, and ulcerate, with a discharge of mucus and pus. Sometimes
+these nodules die locally, and their discharge is then foul. The glands
+around the neck are enlarged. An eruption appears over the face and
+joints. Inflammation of the lungs may occur. Death may take place in eight
+to ten days.
+
+2. Chronic Glanders.--This may last for months. It acts like chronic cold
+with ulcer in the nose. Some recover.
+
+3. Acute Farcy.--The local and general signs are those of an infection,
+with necrosis (local death) at the site (in the skin) of inoculation;
+nodules, (lumps) known as "farcy buds" form along the lymphatics (glands)
+and form pus. There may be pus collections in the joints and muscles.
+Death often occurs in one to five days.
+
+Chronic Farcy.--Tumors in the skin of the extremities, containing pus. The
+process is local, the inflammatory symptoms light, and the duration may be
+months or years.
+
+[234 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment of Glanders.--This disease does not often occur in man; it is an
+awful affliction. All infected horses must be killed, it is dangerous for
+man to be around one. If seen early, the wound should be cut out or burned
+out with caustics, and afterwards dressed like any wound. The "farcy buds"
+should be opened early. There is very little hope in acute cases of
+glanders. In chronic cases recovery is possible, but it will be after a
+long tedious time. There must be proper nourishing food and tonic
+medicines. Each case should be treated according to the indications. It is
+safe to say the parts should be thoroughly cut or scraped out and then
+treated with antiseptics and the general system built up, by tonics and
+stimulating remedies, if needed. As stated before, acute glanders and
+acute farcy are almost always fatal.
+
+
+
+BIG-JAW OR LUMP-JAW. (Actinomycosis).--This is an infectious disease of
+cattle, less frequently of man, and it is caused by what is called the
+"ray fungus." This grows in the tissues and develops a mass with a
+secondary chronic inflammation.
+
+This disease is widespread among cattle, and also occurs in the pig. In
+the ox it is called the "big jaw." The infection may be taken in with the
+food, and it locates itself often in the mouth or surroundings. Oats,
+barley, and rye may carry the germ to the animals. The fungus may be found
+even in decayed teeth.
+
+Alimentary Canal Type.--The jaw has been affected in man. One side of the
+face is swollen or there may be a chronic enlargement of the jaw, which
+may look like a sarcoma (tumor). The tongue also is sometimes affected and
+shows small growths. It may also occur in the intestines and liver. There
+is at first a tumor (lump), and this finally suppurates.
+
+In the Lungs.--They also can be affected. It is chronic here and there is
+cough, fever, wasting and an expectoration of mucus and pus, sometimes of
+a very bad odor (fetid). It sometimes acts like miliary tuberculosis of
+the lungs, and this is quite frequent in oxen. Other diseases of the lungs
+and bronchial affections occur and abscesses and cavities are formed that
+may be diagnosed during life.
+
+Symptoms.--If in the jaw there may be toothache, difficulty of swallowing
+and of opening the jaw. The adjacent muscles may be hardened (indurated).
+A swelling appears at the angle of the jaw and this quickly passes into
+suppuration; later it opens first outside, then inside--into the mouth and
+discharges pus containing little yellow masses. It will extend down even
+into the bowels unless it is properly treated. Then there will be stomach
+disturbances and diarrhea. It may ulcerate through the bowels and cause
+peritonitis. The liver, spleen and ovaries may also become affected.
+
+The Skin.--There may be chronic suppurating ulcers of the skin and the
+"ray fungus" can be found in them.
+
+Diagnosis.--The "ray fungus" can be found. There is a wooden hardness of
+the tissues beyond the borders of the ulcers; there are the little yellow
+granules in the pus. The course is chronic. Mild cases recover in six to
+nine months or earlier, the mouth form being the most favorable.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 235]
+
+Treatment.--Surgical. Remove the parts involved. Internally, iodide of
+potash in large doses is recommended. The food should be plenty and
+nourishing. In this case we must recommend you to a physician instead of
+the home treatments.
+
+
+
+GONORRHEA (Urethritis).--This can be called an infectious inflammation of
+the urethra, caused by the gonococcus, a microbe or germ, causing a
+specific inflammation of the mucous membrane of the urethra or vagina.
+
+Incubation.--The time that elapses between the exposure and development of
+the symptoms in the urethra is variable, extending from a few hours to
+twelve or fourteen days. In the great majority of cases, however, the
+disease appears during the first week. The patient notices a drop of
+milk-like fluid at the opening of the urethra, which is slight, red and
+puffed or turned out; a tickling sensation is often felt in this locality,
+and the next time urine is passed it is attended with a feeling of warmth
+at the end of the canal, or with actual scalding. After this the symptoms
+increase rapidly in number and severity, so that within forty-eight hours,
+or even sooner, the disease may be described as having passed its first or
+increasing stage, the characteristic phenomena of which are as follows:
+
+Changes in the meatus (opening). There are redness, eversion (turning
+out), ulceration and eating away and often erosion of the lips of the
+opening of urethra. Sometimes, but rarely, so much swelling that the
+person can hardly pass the urine, which drops away. The other symptoms are
+too well-known by those who have had this disease to need a description.
+
+Prognosis.--It is now considered more than a cold, and it is the cause of
+terrible sickness in both sexes, among the innocent as well as the guilty.
+
+Treatment.--It may be cured perhaps in a short time, and yet no one can be
+certain of its absolute cure. This disease is better understood now, and
+the treatment is entirely different from formerly. The strong injections
+are now considered not only useless but dangerous to the future health of
+the patient. The best treatment is mild antiseptic injections, irrigation
+carefully done by an expert person; remaining quietly in bed, being
+careful to use food and drink that are not stimulating, keeping the bowels
+open by proper diet and mild laxatives and the urine mild by soothing
+diuretic remedies. Unfortunately those affected want quick work and they
+get it, frequently to their future sorrow. The following are good
+injections. Before each injection the urine should be passed and an
+injection of an antiseptic like listerine, etc., one dram to an ounce of
+boiled water, to cleanse the canal. You can use twice a day the following:
+
+    Fluid Extract Hydrastis (colored)    1 dram
+    Water                                1 ounce
+
+Use one dram of this for each injection. It stains the clothes so you must
+be careful. This is good and healing.
+
+[236  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+GONORRHEAL ARTHITIS. (Gonorrheal Rheumatism, Inflammation of the
+Joints).--This is more common in men than women. Occurring during, and at
+the end of or after inflammation of the urethra. It usually involves many
+joints, such as the temporal, maxillary and collar bone. The effusion in
+the joints is usually serious.
+
+Symptoms.--Variable joint pains may be the only one. The attack may
+resemble an acute articular rheumatism of one joint, or a subacute
+rheumatism of one or more.
+
+Sometimes there is a chronic one-jointed inflammation usually of the knee.
+The tendon sheaths and bursae may be involved alone, or with the joints.
+Gonorrheal septicemia may result from arthritis. This is protracted.
+Iritis is a most frequent complication. The urethra source of the
+infection must be cured.
+
+Treatment.--Keep the joint quiet and you can use an ice cap for the pain.
+Tonic treatment with quinine, iron, and arsenic in chronic cases is
+needed. The joints should be kept at rest in acute cases. In chronic cases
+massage and slight motion. The tonics must be chosen for each individual
+case. One afflicted with this must be under treatment for a long time.
+
+
+
+HIP JOINT DISEASE. (Morbus Coxarius).--This is more common in children
+than in adults.
+
+Cause.--It is usually tubercular.
+
+Symptoms. First stage.--It may be overlooked; slight lameness, a little
+stiffness is noticed at times. The muscles begin to dwindle.
+
+Second stage.--Child limps very perceptibly, dwindling is more apparent.
+Pain appears.
+
+Treatment.--Absolute rest. Lying down treatment if begun early arrests
+this disease often. Build up the system. Splints and brace are needed
+sometimes.
+
+
+
+KNEE JOINT DISEASE. (White Swelling).--This is simply a tuberculous knee.
+
+Treatment.--Rest. Stop motion of the joint by some form of splint or
+plaster of Paris cast. Get a good physician at the beginning in these
+cases and you will save lots of after worry and blame for yourself. It
+does not pay to wait. These joint diseases will progress, and often
+treatment is begun months after trouble is seated. It ought to be criminal
+negligence and dealt with accordingly to neglect such diseases. Parents
+should never forget that they have endowed their children with such a
+constitution, and they should be glad and willing to correct it as far as
+they can.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 237]
+
+LEPROSY. Definition.--Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease, caused by
+what is called the "Bacillus Leprae," and is characterized by the presence
+of tubercular nodules in the skin and mucous membranes (tubercular
+leprosy), or by changes in the nerves (anaesthetic leprosy). These forms
+are separate at first, but ultimately they are combined and there are
+disturbances of sensation in the characteristic tubercular form.
+
+History.--Leprosy is supposed to have originated in the Orient, and to be
+as old as the records of history. It appears to have prevailed in Egypt
+even so far back as three or four thousand years before Christ. The Hebrew
+writers make many references to it, and it is no doubt described in
+Leviticus. The affection was also known both in India and China many
+centuries before the Christian era. The old Greek and Roman physicians
+were familiar with its manifestations, ancient Peruvian pottery represent
+on their pieces deformities suggestive of this disease. The disease
+prevailed extensively in Europe throughout the middle ages and the number
+of leper asylums has been estimated at, at least, 20,000. Its prevalence
+is now restricted in the lands where it still occurs while once it was
+prominent in the list of scourges of the old world.
+
+It is now found in Norway and to a less extent in Sweden, in Bulgaria,
+Greece, Russia, Austro-Hungary and Italy, with much reduced percentage in
+middle Europe; it is the rarest of diseases in England where once it
+existed. In India, Java, and China, in Egypt, Algiers, and Southern
+Africa, in Australia and in both North and South America, including
+particularly Central America, Cuba, and the Antilles, it exists to a less
+extent. It has been recognized in the United States chiefly in New
+Orleans, San Francisco, (predominantly among the Chinese population of
+that city). The disease has steadily decreased among the latter colonists
+in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa. Isolated cases have been recognized in
+almost every state, and leprous cases are presented at the public
+charities of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, etc. The estimated number of
+lepers a few years ago in the United States varied between two hundred and
+five hundred. It is represented as diminishing in frequency in the
+Hawaiian Islands, Porto Rico and the Philippines. In the Hawaiian Islands
+it spread rapidly after 1860, and strenuous attempts have been made to
+stamp it out by segregating all lepers on the island of Molokai. There
+were 1,152 lepers in that settlement in 1894. In British India, according
+to the leprosy commission, there were 100,000 lepers in 1900.
+
+Cause.--The bacillus, discovered by Hansen, of Bergen, in 1874, is
+universally recognized as the cause of leprosy. It has many points of
+resemblance to the tubercle bacillus. These bacilli have been found in the
+dwellings and clothing of lepers as well as in the dust of apartments
+occupied by the victims.
+
+[238 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The usual vehicle by which the disease is transmitted is the secretions of
+a leprous patient containing bacilli or spores. The question of
+inheritance of leprosy is regarded now as standing in the same position as
+that relating to the inheritance of tuberculosis; no foetus, no new-born
+living child, has been known to exhibit the symptoms of either disease.
+Several cases have been cited where infants but a few weeks old exhibited
+symptoms of leprosy. It affects men more than women. Infection is more
+common after the second decade, though children are occasionally among its
+victims. When it occurs in countries where it had not previously existed,
+its appearance is invariably due to the infection of sound individuals by
+lepers first exhibiting symptoms where the disease is prevalent.
+
+Neisser states this: "The number of lepers in any country bears an inverse
+ratio to the laws executed for the care and isolation of infected persons.
+The disease appears to spread more rapidly in damp and cold, or warm and
+moist, climates than in temperate countries. It is not now regarded as
+contagious. The leprosy of the book of Leviticus not only includes lepra,
+as that term is understood today, but also psoriasis, scabies and other
+skin affections," The leper, in the eye of the Mosaic law, was
+ceremoniously unclean, and capable of communicating a ceremonial
+uncleanness. Several of the narratives contained in the Bible bear witness
+to the fact that the Oriental leper was seen occasionally doing service in
+the courts of kings, and even in personal communication and contact with
+officers of high rank.
+
+Symptoms.--Previous symptoms: Want of appetite, headache, chills,
+alternating with mild or severe feverish attacks, depression, nosebleed,
+stomach and bowel disturbances, sleeplessness. The durations of these
+symptoms is variable. Some patients will remember that these symptoms
+preceded for years the earliest outbreak of lepra (leprosy). In other
+cases only a few weeks elapsed. These earlier skin lesions are tubercular,
+macular (patches), or bullous elevations of the horny layer of the skin.
+It may then be divided into three varieties tuberculous, macular and
+anaesthetic.
+
+
+
+LEPRA TUBEROSA. (Tuberculated, Nodulated or Tegumentary (skin) Leprosy).--
+This nodular type comprises from ten to fifty per cent of cases. After the
+occurring of the symptoms just mentioned spotted lesions appear, which are
+bean to tomato in size, reddish brown or bronze-hued patches, roundish,
+oval or irregular in contour, well defined, and they occur upon the face,
+trunk and extremities. The skin covering them is either smooth and
+shining, as if oiled, or is infiltrated, nodulated and elevated. The
+surface of the reddened spots is often oversensitive.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 239]
+
+After a period ranging from weeks to years, tubercles rise from the spots
+described, varying in size from a pea to that of a nut, and they may be as
+large as a tomato. They are in color, yellowish, reddish-brown, or
+bronzed, often shining as if varnished or oiled, are covered with a soft,
+natural, or slightly scaling outer skin, roundish or irregular in shape
+and are isolated or grouped numbers of very small and ill-determined
+nodules may often be seen by careful examination of the skin in the
+vicinity of those that are developed. They may run together and cause
+broad infiltrations and from this surface new nodules spring. They may be
+in the skin or under the skin and feel soft or firm. The eruption of these
+tubercles is usually preceded at the onset by fever, as well as by puffy
+swelling of the involved region, eyelids, ears, etc. These leprous
+tubercles choose the face as their favored site. They mass here in great
+numbers, and thus produce the characteristic deformity of the countenance
+that has given to the disease one of its names, Leontiasis (lion face).
+
+In such faces the tubercles arrange themselves in parallel series above
+the brows down to the nose, over the cheeks, lips and chin, and as a
+result of the infiltration and development of the conditions the brows
+deeply over-hang; the globes of the eyes, and the ears, are so studded
+with tubercular masses as to stand out from the side of the head. The
+trunk and extremities, including the palms of the hands and soles of the
+feet, are then usually involved to a less degree. The arm-pit, genital and
+mammary regions, and more rarely the neck and the palms of the hands and
+soles of the feet, may be invaded. In occasional cases when the
+development of tubercles upon the face and ears is extensive, there may
+not be more than from five to fifty upon the rest of the body, and these
+either widely scattered and isolated or agglomerated in a single hard,
+flat, elevated plaque of infiltration upon the elbow or thigh. When the
+tubercles run together (become confluent) large plaques of infiltration
+may form, which are elevated and brownish or blackish in color.
+
+The soft palate and larynx are often involved when the skin lesions are
+present. The voice may sound gruff and hoarse, and the tongue, the larynx
+and soft palate have been found studded with small sized, ashen-hued
+tubercles. These tumors or tubercles may degenerate and form into
+irregularly outlined, sharply cut, glazed ulcers, with a bloody or
+sloughing floor, or they may disappear and leave behind pigmented,
+shrunken depressions, or they lose their shapes from partial resorption. A
+large plaque may flatten in the center until an annular disk is left to
+show its former location. Coincident symptoms are disturbance in the
+functions of the sweat and sebaceous secretion, thinning and loss of hair
+in the regions involved, especially the eyebrows, and disorders of
+sensibility. Later results, are a nasal catarrh, atrophy of the sexual
+organs in both sexes, with impairment or loss of procreative power,
+hopeless blindness. However the course of the disease is very slow, and
+years may elapse before these several changes are accomplished. Often the
+disease appears quiescent for months at a time, after which fever occurs
+and with it acute or sub-acute manifestations appear, including gland
+disease, orchitis, ulcerative processes, slow or rapid, followed by
+gangrene and a relatively rapid progress is made toward a fatal
+conclusion.
+
+Toward the last the mutilations effected by the disease may result. Parts
+of the fingers or toes, whole fingers or toes, and entire hand or foot may
+become wholly or partially detached by the ulcerative and other
+degenerations. This stage of this type of the disease may extend through
+ten or more years. After it has fully developed the dejected countenance
+of the leper, with his leonine expression and general appearance is highly
+characteristic.
+
+[240 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+LEPRA MACULOSA.--This form is more common in tropical countries and is
+distinguished chiefly by its macular (spotty) lesions. In size they vary
+from a small coin to areas as large as a platter. They are diffused or
+circumscribed, roundish or shaped irregularly, yellowish, brownish or
+bronzed in color, often shiny or glazed. They may be infiltrated and may
+be elevated, or on a level with the adjacent tissues. The patches are
+usually at first very sensitive, but they finally become insensitive, so
+that a knife can be thrust deeply into them without being felt. The
+regions chiefly affected by this type are the back, exposed parts, the
+backs of the hands and wrists, the forehead, the cheeks, ears, back of the
+feet, and ankles. The eruptions may be scanty or general; conspicuous or
+insignificant. The eruptive symptoms are associated commonly, early or
+late, with the serious phenomena described below.
+
+
+
+LEPRA ANAESTHETICA. (Nerve Leprosy. Atrophic Leprosy. Lepra
+Trophoneurotica).--Before the development of this form of leprosy there
+may be one or two years of ill-health. Usually the skin at this time
+becomes in localized patches over-sensitive, sometimes there is
+over-sensitiveness and special nerves, because of their enlargement,
+become accessible to the touch. Those named later become tender, and the
+seat of lancinating or shooting pains. This clinical variety may be
+commingled in its symptoms with each of the other types. With or without
+such commingling, however, there commonly is noted, after exposure to cold
+or after being subject to chills first an eruption, red (erythematous)
+patches, or of "bullae," size of a bean on cheeks, ears, back of the feet,
+and ankles. The eruption may be outer skin covering (epidermis) and filled
+with a clear tinted or blood-mixed serum, and usually occurring upon the
+extremities. The scars that follow are shrunken (atrophic) patches, each
+often greater in extent than the base of the original trouble, color
+whitish, shiny, glazed, or better described as a tint suggesting the hue
+of mica; their outline is circular and form also the dumb-bell figure by
+running (coalescing) together, or juxtaposition. These scars are always
+without sensitiveness (anaesthetic), and they may exist together with
+spotted and non-sensitive patches upon the trunk or other parts such as
+the face, hands, feet, ankles, thighs, but rarely on the palms and soles.
+Neither those of the one class nor of the other, however, are disposed
+over the surface of the body in lines, bands or curves, corresponding with
+the distribution of the skin (cutaneous) nerves. Sometimes the ulnar and
+other nerves (median, posterior tibial, peroneal, facial and radial) that
+are accessible to the touch are swollen, tender, insensitive or as rigid
+as hardened cords. Reddish-gray swellings may be recognized by the eye
+along the nerve tract. General shrinking skin symptoms follow. The skin
+becomes dry and harsh; there is little or no sebaceous product and the
+skin of the face seems tightly drawn over the bones. As a consequence of
+deforming shrinking (atrophy) of the eyelids, a persistent overflow of
+tears, consequent eye changes follow, and a constant flow of saliva
+escapes from the parted lips. The fingers are half drawn into the palm of
+the hands; the nails are distorted and ulceration occurs later. These
+ulcers are irregular, oval, roundish or linear in form covered with thin
+blackish, flattened, tenacious crusts with soft bases, and their floors
+covered with a soft debris mixed with blood, the whole insensitive to
+every foreign body, and external application. At last the symptoms of
+mutilating lepra (leprosy) may occur, digits or portions of the wrist,
+part of hand (meta carpus) or corresponding portions of the foot may be
+detached from the body. Death may occur at any time during the course of
+the disease. In this form it is said to last from eighteen to twenty years
+and is thus not so rapidly fatal as the tubercular variety.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 241]
+
+Treatment.--The main treatment is the isolation and segregation of all
+lepers from contact with the well; wholesome laws are enforced in some
+countries where leprosy prevails, and provision is made not only for the
+isolation and segregation, but also for their care. On account of its
+relative variety America has not yet awakened and legislation only forbids
+the entry of infected persons. At Molokai, in the Hawaiian Islands,
+provision is made for the care of lepers. Many of the public hospitals for
+the care of the sick poor refuse to receive lepers. The child of a leprous
+woman should be removed from the mother after birth and not nursed by
+another woman. No medicines are known to have any curative effect. An
+immediate change of residence and climate should be made if the patient
+happens to live in a district where the disease prevails. A highly
+nutritious diet should be taken.
+
+The outlook.--The future is in general dark for the leper. It is often of
+a malignant character, and a fatal result is the rule. A change of climate
+and conditions may help. Scandinavian lepers who have removed to the
+United States have been greatly benefited by the change, but there is no
+known cure. The isolation should be as effective as that for tuberculosis.
+It is not contagious but infectious.
+
+
+
+HYDROPHOBIA.--Rabies and hydrophobia are two different terms, meaning the
+same disease, the former meaning to rage or become mad. This term applies
+more especially to the disease as it exists in the maniacal form in the
+lower animals, while hydrophobia comes from the Greek, meaning "dread of
+water." As we occasionally find this dread of water only in the human
+subject, the term is properly used in such a case. The lower animals
+frequently attempt to drink water even though the act brings on a
+spasmodic contraction of the swallowing (deglutitory) muscles. Hydrophobia
+is an acute infectious disease communicated to man by the bite of an
+animal suffering from rabies. It is due to a definite specific virus which
+is transmitted through the saliva by the bite of a rabid animal. Its
+natural habitat (location) is the nervous system, and it does not retain
+its virulence when introduced into any other system of organs. It is
+essentially a nervous disease and transmitted by the saliva of rabid
+animals. When inoculated into a wound this virus must come in contact with
+a broken nerve trunk in order to survive and reproduce itself. If by
+accident it attacks the end of the broken nerve trunk, it slowly and
+gradually extends to the higher nerve centers and eventually produces the
+disease.
+
+[242 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The incubation, or the time it takes for the disease to develop, varies,
+but usually is from three to six months. There is a recorded case where
+the person began to show symptoms of the disease thirteen days after
+having received a severe wound on the head. The incubation period is
+seldom longer than six months. The symptoms of the disease in the human
+being vary within narrow limits. There are three classic symptoms usually
+encountered, and these are fear, apprehension or excitement, together with
+deglutitory (swallowing) spasms, terminating in general paralysis. The
+patient remains conscious of his agony to the end, but the period of
+illness is of short duration, lasting from one to three days.
+
+The bites of rabid dogs cause ninety per cent of the cases in man and
+animals. The cat is the next important factor in spreading the disease and
+about six per cent of the cases are caused by this animal. For other cases
+four per cent come from bites of horses, wolves, foxes, etc. The wolf in
+Russia, or other animals like it, may be the chief cause there; but dogs
+cause ninety per cent, taking all the cases found. Man, dog, cat, horse,
+cattle, sheep, goat, hog, deer, etc., are subject to the disease either
+naturally or experimentally. The disease is confined commonly to dogs,
+because the dog naturally attacks animals of his own species and thus
+keeps the disease limited mainly to his own kind. Naturally the dog
+follows this rule, but on the other hand, in the latter stages of the
+disease he usually goes to the other extreme and even attacks his own
+master, etc. The dogs that are the most dangerous and do the greatest
+damage are of the vicious breeds.
+
+The rabbit or guinea pig is used for demonstration in the laboratory.
+Guinea pigs respond to the virus more rapidly than do other animals and
+therefore they are especially useful in diagnostic work. Rabbits, however,
+on account of the convenient size and ease with which they are operated
+upon, are usually the choice in the production of material used in
+treating patients.
+
+The director of one Pasteur Institute says, "We have two classes of
+patients to deal with in the Pasteur institute. The larger class, of
+course, are those inoculated by the bite of rabid animals, but we also
+have a few who are infected by the rabid saliva accidentally coming in
+contact with wounds already produced. In these accidental eases the
+disease is almost as likely to result as in those to whom the virus is
+directly communicated by the bite." The wounds considered most dangerous
+are the recent fresh wounds. The possibility of infection decreases with
+the formation of the new connective tissue which protects the ends of the
+broken nerve fibres. One must remember, however, that wounds over joints,
+especially on the hands, are likely to remain open for some time. A dog
+ill of this disease can give the disease to man through licking a wound.
+Such a case has been recorded. This dog licked the child's hands before it
+was known to be mad. The child died from the disease. As stated before
+ninety per cent of the cases are inoculated by the bites of rabid animals.
+
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES  243]
+
+The wounds are considered according to their severity and location.
+Lacerating, tearing wounds upon uncovered surfaces, especially the head,
+are the most dangerous. This is due to the fact of the closeness of the
+brain and the large amount of infection in such a wound, and for this
+reason treatment should be immediately given. But smaller wounds should
+also be treated for the smallness of the wound furnishes no sure criterion
+as to the future outcome of the disease. All possible infections should be
+regarded as dangerous when considering the advisability of taking the
+Pasteur Treatment. The small wound has usually a longer period of
+incubation, because of the small amount of infection, still it may cause a
+fatal termination. A dog never develops rabies from a lack of water or
+from being confined or overheated during the summer months. A spontaneous
+case of rabies has never been known. It must be transmitted from animal to
+animal and the history of the case will point to a previous infection by a
+diseased animal.
+
+Where rigid quarantine rules exist the disease does not occur. In
+Australia they quarantine every dog, that comes to that country, for six
+months, and in consequence they have never had a case of rabies. In Russia
+they have had many cases. In Constantinople the disease frequently "runs
+riot." France has lost as many as 2,500 dogs in one year. Before the
+Pasteur Treatment was instituted (in 1885) there was an average of sixty
+deaths in human beings in the Paris hospitals.
+
+Belgium and Austria average one thousand dogs annually. There was a yearly
+average in Germany of four hundred dogs, dying of rabies, until the law
+requiring the muzzling of dogs was strictly enforced and since that time
+the disease is practically unknown. We do not have strict quarantine laws
+against dogs, and the result is death from hydrophobia in many states
+annually. It was formerly believed that rabies was a hot weather disease.
+The number of cases during the winter months of late years has disproved
+that belief, for the records of the institute for treatment of hydrophobia
+at Ann Arbor have shown a decrease of cases during the summer months. This
+was before 1908. This shows that rabies is not a hot weather disease.
+
+[244 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+Ordinarily cases of rabies occur here and there (sporadic), but if the
+conditions are favorable epidemics break out. One dog may bite several
+dogs and these dogs bite others and thus spread the disease to many. Not
+every animal bitten by a mad dog develops the disease. The disease does
+not always follow the bite. Only about forty per cent of all animals
+bitten by a mad dog contract the disease. This is given by a noted
+authority. Statistics also show that in man the disease develops in only
+about twenty per cent of the cases in those who have been bitten by rabid
+dogs. But in dealing with those who have been bitten such measures should
+be taken as would be if they were certain of developing the disease; one
+cannot tell how much poison enters the system in such cases and preventive
+procedures should be taken. There are reasons why everyone who is bitten
+does not contract the disease.
+
+The location and character of the bite must be considered. Bites on the
+head, neck and hands have been recognized as more dangerous, from early
+times, and such bites produce fatal results quicker than do bites on other
+parts of the body, and the reason is largely due to the fact that the
+other parts of the body are more or less protected by the clothing, and
+this clothing prevents the entrance of so much poison into the system.
+Bites on the head give a high mortality rate and are rapidly fatal. The
+close proximity to the brain is one reason.
+
+The part the clothing plays in protection is clearly shown by the
+following quotation from an eminent authority: "In India where the natives
+dress very scantily, the mortality was exceedingly high up to a few years
+ago, at which time the British introduced the Pasteur laboratories. The
+clothing protects the body and it holds back the saliva and can be looked
+upon as a means of filtering the saliva of the rabid animal, most of the
+saliva is held back as the teeth pierce the clothing, so that upon
+entering the flesh the teeth are practically dry, and only a portion of
+the virus is introduced. Upon entering the wound this small amount of
+virus is further diluted by the tissue juices to the non-infectious point.
+We know from actual experimental work in the laboratory that the higher
+dilution will not kill."
+
+If a portion of the brain of an animal dead from street virus is taken and
+made up in a dilution of one to five hundred, and this is injected, we
+find that it does not produce death. But a dilution of one to three
+hundred will invariably kill. This is practically what very often happens
+when one is bitten through the clothing. The saliva may be filtered and
+held back so that a small amount is introduced; perhaps a dilution of one
+to five hundred of the virus may get into the wound, but this is usually
+not enough to cause the disease. There is no possible way of estimating
+the amount of the inoculation. In such cases one's chances of never
+contracting the disease are only decreased; that is all we can say.
+
+The treating of individuals, bitten by rabid animals, in the Pasteur
+Institutes, is simply the practical application of results obtained by
+Pasteur from his original work on rabies virus. Pasteur was a French
+chemist living in Paris, and he began his search for the cause and cure of
+rabies in 1880. He hoped to find a sure method of preventing the
+development of the dread disease, even if he could not find a cure for it
+after it had developed. While he was pursuing this research Pasteur had
+access to the cases of rabies in the Paris hospitals, and these numbered
+sixty each year. He had practically an unlimited supply, for France could
+furnish him with twenty-five hundred more mad dogs, and a large number of
+other animals each year.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 245]
+
+Pasteur devoted the remainder of his life to the study of this subject. He
+collected some saliva from the mouth of a child, on December 11, 1880, who
+had died at the Hospital Trousseau four hours before. This saliva he
+diluted with distilled water, and this mixture he injected into rabbits,
+and they all died, and the saliva taken from these rabbits when injected
+into other rabbits caused their death with rabies. He found also that
+saliva from rabid dogs almost always caused the disease. The incubation
+period varied within wide limits, and very often the animals lived. He
+then used the blood of rabid dogs for inoculation, but these blood
+inoculations always failed to produce the disease. Pasteur was convinced
+after careful study of rabid animals during the many months necessary to
+complete his experiments, that rabies was a disease of the nervous system,
+and that the poison (virus) was transmitted from the wound to the brain by
+the way of the nerve trunks. Then to prove his theory Pasteur removed a
+portion of the brain of a dog that had died of rabies. A part of this was
+rubbed up in sterile water and used to inoculate other animals; and
+subcutaneous inoculations with this material almost always produced death.
+
+After this Pasteur tried a new method and injected directly into the
+nervous system, either into the nerve trunk or directly into the brain,
+after trephining, and all such injections produced rabies in the injected
+animal and death. He also found that rabbits inoculated in the brain
+always died in the same length of time. When he injected into the nerve
+trunk the inoculation period was longer, depending upon the distance from
+the brain. Two problems now remained for Pasteur to solve, and these were,
+how could he obtain the definite virulence and how could he reduce the
+virulence regularly and gradually, so that it could be used by inoculation
+safely as a vaccine to produce immunity to rabies in healthy animals, and
+also to prevent the development of rabies in animals bitten by rabid
+animals. He first tried successive inoculations. These inoculations were
+made, after trephining, directly to the brain, and he used a portion of
+the brain as a virus each time. He inoculated rabbit number one with a
+portion of brain taken from a rabid dog, and this rabbit died on the
+fifteenth day. He then inoculated rabbit number two with a portion of the
+brain of rabbit number one; from the brain of rabbit number two the virus
+was supplied for inoculating rabbit number three, and thus the brain of
+each inoculated rabbit was taken, after its death, for material to
+inoculate the next rabbit in the series. This experimentation showed him
+that each rabbit in the series died a little sooner, showing that the
+virus was becoming more virulent, till no increase in activity of the
+poison was shown after the fiftieth successive inoculation. "Rabbits
+inoculated with a brain suspension of rabbit number fifty all died in
+seven days." This caused Pasteur to name the virus of number fifty "virus
+fixe," a virus of definite length. He now had obtained a virus of definite
+strength and the next question was, how could the virulence be gradually
+and definitely reduced.
+
+[246 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+This he accomplished after many experiments. He proved that pieces of the
+"medulla oblongata" suspended in sterile tubes which contained fragments
+of caustic potash, steadily and gradually reduced their virulence as they
+dried, till the fourteenth day, when they were practically inert. New
+specimens were prepared each day and cords which had dried in one day
+Pasteur called "one-day virus;" cords which had dried in two days, "two
+day's virus," and so on up to the fourteenth day. With this graduated
+virus he now experimented on dogs, and the injection he used on the first
+day consisted of an emulsion of fourteen-day virus; for the second day,
+the thirteen-day virus, thus using a stronger virus each day, until on the
+fourteenth day he used the full strength virus. This treatment produced
+what is called immunity in the dog, and even the direct inoculation into
+the brain of the strong virus would not produce death.
+
+After Pasteur had thoroughly satisfied himself by repeated trials, he
+announced his wonderful discovery, and it was in 1886 that Pasteur
+considered the preventive inoculation in human beings as resting upon a
+satisfactory experimental basis. During these five years this eminent man
+proved that it was possible to protect or immunize the lower animals,
+rabbits and dogs, against inoculation with the virulent virus.
+
+The efficiency of this immunity was given trials by different methods of
+inoculation. It was found that sixty per cent of dogs inoculated under the
+"dura" (a membrane of the brain) were saved if treatment was given the
+second day. This test is more severe than is required to meet the ordinary
+infection of rabies. Pasteur, after a series of these final tests were so
+convincing, prescribed the preventive inoculations in human beings and on
+July 6th, 1886, the first human patient received the first treatment of
+his series of inoculations.
+
+The method of obtaining the attenuated virus used in the treatment is as
+follows: A rabbit is inoculated by the brain method before described, each
+day, with suspension of the fresh, fixed virus. These rabbits die in six
+days after the inoculation. In this way a rabbit dies each day; the spinal
+cord is removed, divided into sections, and suspended in a flask
+containing potassium hydrate. The action of potassium hydrate is drying
+(desiccating). A series of these cords, which have been hung on fourteen
+successive days, are always kept in stock for the treatment of patients.
+The virus becomes less active with each successive day of exposure to
+drying (desiccation) and finally the virulence is altogether lost.
+
+When the patient comes for treatment the fourteenth and thirteenth-day
+cords are used for the first inoculation, and on each successive day the
+patient receives inoculation, the strength of which has been regulated by
+the number of days the cord has been hanging. During the first four days
+patients receive injections of six cubic centimeters of emulsions made
+from cords aging from fourteen to seven days, and from the fifth day until
+the completion of the course of treatment patients receive emulsions from
+cords of higher immunizing properties, but no cords desiccated for less
+than four days are used.
+
+[INFECTIOUS DISEASES 247]
+
+Death rate from 1878-1883 before Pasteur treatment was instituted taken
+from documents in the department of the Seine:
+
+    1878       143 bitten.     24 deaths.
+    1879       76    "         12   "
+    1880       68    "          5   "
+    1881      156    "         22   "
+    1882       67    "         11   "
+    1883       45    "          6   "
+
+Average of one death to every six bitten, or seventeen per cent mortality.
+
+
+Incubation period from eleven days to thirteen months, average one hundred
+and twenty days, depending upon location of bite. Pasteur Institute
+records during the years 1886-1887 and first half of 1888, show that
+Pasteur had under his supervision 5,374 persons bitten by animals either
+proven or thought to have been mad. Mortality for 1886 was 1-34 per cent,
+during 1887 it was 1-12 per cent, during 1888 it was 77/100 per cent. With
+the later treatment the mortality has decreased to 3-10 per cent in 1908.
+The Pasteur method of treatment is a process of immunization which must be
+completed before the development of the disease. It is of no value after
+the symptoms have appeared.
+
+Those who have not been affected can be immunized the same as those who
+have been bitten. The individual who has been bitten by a mad dog realizes
+when and how severely he has been bitten, and were it not for the
+so-called period of latent development of the virus, it would not be
+possible to carry out the Pasteur treatment. The patient may, if he will,
+take advantage of this fact and be immunized by treatment before the
+disease has developed. Deep and severe bites are most dangerous, but the
+disease may develop simply from a rabid dog licking a scratch of the skin.
+As before stated bites on exposed or uncovered surfaces, are more
+dangerous than those through clothing. There is a very easy access of the
+saliva to the wound in the unprotected part, while in the protected parts
+the teeth in passing through the protection, clothing, are freed of their
+saliva at least partially. The virus is conveyed from the bitten part or
+inoculation to the central nervous system through the nerve trunk, and the
+rapidity of extension depends upon the resistant powers of the patient,
+the virulence and the amount of virus deposited in the bitten part at the
+time the person was bitten. This disease develops only in nerve tissues.
+Virus can be found in the nerves of the side bitten, while the
+corresponding nerves on the opposite side are free from it. It can be
+ascertained that the virus is present in the medulla oblongata before the
+lower portion of the cord.
+
+[248 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Comparative danger.--A wound of the hand after a delay of three weeks is
+as dangerous as a bite on the head exposed only a few days. There is
+always a possibility of an accumulative action and extension of the virus
+along the nerve trunk to the central nervous system during the interval of
+exposure, and this should be always borne in mind. It is stated by
+authority that the virus is not transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal
+until two days previous to the appearance of the first symptoms. It is
+with some difficulty that a decision is reached in advising patients who
+are bitten to take treatment early in the course of the disease. The
+symptoms are often so very obscure and slight that they are not
+recognized. If a dog which is not naturally vicious suddenly bites without
+any cause it should be tied securely and watched for seven days; and
+should it develop symptoms of the disease during this period the bite
+should be considered dangerous.
+
+Immediate treatment of the wound.--A temporary measure is the
+cauterization of the wound; do not neglect this because a few hours have
+passed since the person was bitten, for wounds may be cauterized with
+advantage even after two or three days have elapsed. Of course the earlier
+it is done the better. If they are thoroughly laid open and scrubbed it is
+more effective. Nitric acid used freely is the best method to use. Wash
+the wound freely with boiled water after the acid has been applied;
+ninety-five per cent carbolic acid may be used if nitric acid cannot be
+obtained.
+
+If carbolic acid is used it is necessary that it be washed from the wound
+by the free use of absolute alcohol, followed by boiled water and a
+dressing of bichloride of 1-7000. This prevents the ulceration of the
+wound by the carbolic acid. Cauterization thoroughly done destroys a part
+of the inoculated virus. Thorough cauterization is especially necessary
+with large wounds in which large quantities of the virus is inoculated.
+
+When to send patients to an Institute.--Send them immediately, if there is
+good reason to believe the animal had rabies. It is not wise to wait until
+the animal dies; it is very important that treatment is begun as soon as
+possible, especially in severe bites.
+
+What to send for examination.--The entire head may be sent by express, or
+better, the health officer should bring it in person. This saves time and
+relieves anxiety; or a portion of the brain may be removed under
+thoroughly clean conditions and placed in a sterilized twenty per cent
+solution of glycerin and water. In this way the virus retains its
+virulence and putrefaction is diminished. The first method is the best,
+taking the head directly. The head after it reaches the laboratory is
+examined microscopically for "negri bodies," and if there is no
+contamination the microscopic findings are verified by animal
+inoculations. The presence of negri bodies in a specimen is of great value
+owing to the rapidity with which a diagnosis can be made. In one case a
+positive diagnosis was reported within twenty minutes after the specimen
+entered the laboratory and within the next hour and a half the patient
+bitten by the dog the same day had begun her course of protective
+injections and was saved.
+
+[BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS  249]
+
+Protection.--To stamp out this disease city authorities, etc., can enact
+laws. All ownerless dogs should be killed, and the keeping of useless dogs
+should be discouraged by taxation. All dogs should be thoroughly muzzled
+where the disease prevails. This article is made up from an article
+written by an acknowledged authority on this disease, a man in charge of a
+Pasteur Institute.
+
+Cities where Pasteur Institutes are located:
+    Ann Arbor, Michigan.     Baltimore, Maryland.
+    Chicago, Illinois.       Austin, Texas.
+    Minnesota.               Toronto, Ont.
+    New York City.
+
+
+
+DISEASES OF THE BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS.
+
+Anaemia, or Anemia.--This may be defined as a reduction of the amount of
+blood as a whole or of its corpuscles, or of certain of its more important
+constituents, such as albumin and haemoglobin. Primary or essential anemia
+includes chlorosis and pernicious anemia; secondary anemia results from
+hemorrhages, poor nourishment or intoxications, poisons. Chlorosis, a
+primary anemia chiefly of young girls, characterized by marked relative
+decrease of haemoglobin.
+
+Causes.--It usually occurs in blondes of from twelve to twenty years of
+age and most often from fourteen to seventeen years of age, when the
+menstrual function is being established and during which time they are
+rushed with their school work. There may be a family history of chlorosis
+or tuberculosis. Poor food, hard, unhealthy work, confinement in close
+unventilated rooms are other causes.
+
+Symptoms.--Rounded fleshy appearance may continue. There is some
+difficulty of breathing, palpitation of the heart on slight exertion, from
+a fright or from excitement, tendency to faint feeling or even fainting,
+headache, a tired feeling, hard to stir or do anything, irritable temper,
+poor or changeable appetite, the digestion is disturbed, there is
+constipation, coldness of the hands and feet, difficult menstruation,
+irregular menstruation, leucorrhea, amenorrhea, and sometimes there is a
+slight fever. The color is often of a yellowish-green tinge, and this is
+more noticeable in the brunette type, though the cheeks may be flushed;
+the whites of the eyes bluish white in color. The heart sounds are not
+right. The blood is pale in color. The red cells are diminished, but
+usually are not below eighty per cent of the normal; the haemoglobin is
+greatly reduced, sometimes to thirty-five or forty per cent. The age,
+greenish tint of pallor, bluish whites of the eyes, poor nutrition, etc.,
+aid in making the diagnosis.
+
+[250 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment.--Fresh air, good food, care of the bowels and rest if the
+symptoms are severe. When it is not so severe, plenty of outdoor exercise
+is necessary and beneficial. That takes them away from their cramped
+sedentary life and gives the sunshine, good pure air, and change of the
+scene. Horseback riding is a very good form of exercise, but it should be
+slow riding. "Tending" the horse is also good, and sleeping in the open
+air is excellent. Automobile riding is too straining and should not be
+indulged in.
+
+1. Blaud's pills are very much used. The formula follows:
+
+    Dried Sulphate of Iron    2 drams
+    Carbonate of Potash       2 drams
+    Syrup                     Sufficient
+
+Mix thoroughly, and make forty-eight pills. Take one to three pills, three
+times a day after meals.
+
+2. Fowler's solution of arsenic is also very good remedy; three to four
+drops three times a day. It must be watched for bad symptoms and should
+only be taken under a physician's supervision.
+
+Diet.--This should be good and varied to suit the special taste, and as
+the stomach and bowels are usually disordered such food should be chosen
+as will best agree. Diet plays a very important part.
+
+
+
+PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA.--This is characterized by great decrease of the red
+cells of the blood with a relatively high color index and the presence of
+large number of germs. The causes are unknown.
+
+Condition.--The body is not emaciated. A lemon color of the skin is
+usually present. The muscles are a dark red, but all the other organs are
+pale and fatty. The heart is large and fatty. The liver and spleen are
+normal in size, or only slightly enlarged with an excess of iron in the
+pigment. The red cells may fall to one-fifth or less of the normal number.
+The rich properties of the blood are fearfully decreased.
+
+Symptoms.--Stomach and bowels, dyspepsia, nausea and vomiting, or
+constipation, may precede other symptoms or they may last throughout the
+case. The onset is gradual and unknown, with gradually increasing weary
+feeling, paleness and some difficulty in breathing and palpitation of the
+heart on exertion. There is paleness of the skin and the mucous membranes,
+the lips look pale, no color. The paleness becomes extreme, the skin often
+having a lemon yellow tint. The muscles are flabby; the ankles are
+swollen, you can see the arteries beat. Hemorrhages may occur into the
+skin, mucous membrane and retina of the eye. Nervous symptoms are not
+common. The pallor and weakness become extreme, sometimes with intervals
+of improvement and death usually occurs. The following is Addison's
+description given by Dr. Osler:
+
+[BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS 251]
+
+It makes its approach in so slow and insidious a manner that the patient
+can hardly fix a date to the earliest feeling of that languor which is
+shortly to become extreme. The countenance gets pale, and white of the
+eyes become pearly, the general frame flabby rather than wasted. The pulse
+perhaps larger, but remarkably soft and compressible, and occasionally
+with a slight jerk, especially under the slightest excitement. There is an
+increasing indisposition to exertion, with an uncomfortable feeling of
+faintness or breathlessness in attempting it; the heart is readily made to
+palpitate; the whole surface of the body presents a blanched, smooth and
+waxy appearance; the lips, gums and tongue seem bloodless, the flabbiness
+of the solid increases, the appetite fails, extreme languor and faintness
+supervene, breathlessness and palpitation are produced by the most
+trifling exertion, or emotion; some slight oedema (swelling) is probably
+perceived about the ankles; the debility becomes extreme. The patient can
+no longer rise from the bed; the mind occasionally wanders; he falls into
+a prostrate and half torpid state and at length expires; nevertheless, to
+the very last, and after a sickness of several months' duration, the
+bulkiness of the general frame and the obesity (fat) often present a most
+striking contrast to the failure and exhaustion observable in every other
+respect. The disease is usually fatal.
+
+Treatment.--The patient should remain in bed and should use a light
+nourishing diet, taking food in small amounts and at stated intervals.
+Rest in bed is essential. Dr. Osler treated a case in the following way: I
+usually begin with three minims (drops) of Fowler's solution of arsenic
+three times a day and increase the dose to five drops at the end of the
+first week; to ten at the end of the second week; to fifteen at the end of
+the third week, and if necessary go up to twenty or twenty-five. Symptoms
+of an overdose are rare; vomiting and diarrhea occur. Then the medicine
+must be discontinued for a few days.
+
+SECONDARY ANEMIA. Causes.--Hemorrhage form (bleeding). (a) Rapid bleeding
+from the rupture of an aneurism, from a blow, or eating into the blood
+vessels by an ulcer. (b) Slow bleeding as from nose-bleed, flow from the
+womb, piles or in "bleeders" people who bleed readily.
+
+2. Inanition form.--Not nourished because of interference in taking food
+or assimilating food, from cancer of the gullet, or disease of the
+stomach.
+
+3. Toxic poison cases; from acute and chronic diseases, such as typhoid
+fever, tuberculosis, rheumatism, syphilis, malaria, nephritis; or chronic
+lead poisoning, mercury, arsenic, and copper poisoning.
+
+Symptoms.--There is pallor, dizziness, headache, palpitation and dyspnoea,
+difficult breathing on exertion; there is weakness, tendency to fainting,
+poor appetite, dyspepsia and constipation. The red blood cells are
+diminished, also the haemoglobin. Death may occur from a single
+hemorrhage.
+
+[252 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment.--Remove the cause and rest. Good fresh air, good easily
+digested food. The bowels must be kept regular. Iron and arsenic are good
+remedies if necessary. It is not possible to give special directions. A
+person in this condition needs a good physician. There is no time to
+waste. Iron and arsenic are good remedies, but they must be used
+intelligently and in proper doses. Blaud's pill is good in some cases. It
+contains iron. Also Fowler's solution of arsenic.
+
+LEUKAEMIA.--An affection characterized by persistent increase in the white
+blood corpuscles, associated with changes, either alone or together, in
+the spleen, lymphatic glands and bone-marrow.
+
+1. Spleen and Bone-Marrow, (Spleen-Medullary) type.--The changes are
+especially localized in the spleen and in the bone-marrow while the blood
+shows a great increase in elements which are derived especially from the
+latter tissue.
+
+2. Lymphatic Type.--The changes in this type are chiefly localized in the
+lymphatic apparatus, the blood showing an especial increase in those
+elements derived from the lymph glands.
+
+Causes--Unknown. It is most common before middle age.
+
+Symptoms.--Either type may be acute or chronic. The invasion may be
+gradual, sometimes with disturbance of the stomach and bowels, or
+nose-bleed. (a) The first type is the common one. The spleen generally
+becomes enlarged; it is sometimes tender and painful, it may occupy over
+half of the abdominal cavity and varies in size after a hemorrhage,
+diarrhea or after a meal. There may be paleness of the face, etc., early
+and late nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dysentery are common, as is also
+ascites (dropsy in the abdomen). The pulse is rapid, full and soft. Fever
+is usual. Hemorrhages occur in the skin, retina, pleura, peritoneum, etc.
+Headache, dizziness, short breathing, and fainting may occur from the
+anemia. The liver may be enlarged. The blood shows a great increase in the
+white cells. Sometimes they are more numerous than the red blood cells.
+(b) Lymphatic type is rare, various groups of the lymph glands are
+enlarged, usually separate, but sometimes matted together; others, such as
+the tonsils may become large. The blood shows an increase of the white
+cells, but less than in the other form. The spleen is usually somewhat
+enlarged. Recovery is rare; the lymphatic cases may last only six or eight
+weeks. The course is usually progressive for two or three years.
+
+Treatment.--The same as for Pernicious Anaemia.
+
+
+
+FALSE LEUKAEMIA.  (Pseudo-Leukaemia).--Also called Hodgkin's disease,
+malignant lymphoma, and general lymphadenoma. This is a progressive anemia
+and enlargement of the lymph glands and the skin, with secondary lymphoid
+growth in the liver, spleen and other organs.
+
+Causes.--Males are more affected than females, and usually young persons.
+Continual local irritation causes a local enlargement of the gland, but
+the actual cause is unknown.
+
+[BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS 253]
+
+Symptoms.--The lymph glands of the neck, arm-pit or groin are enlarged and
+without any pain, followed by anemia, loss of strength and slight fever.
+The glands enlarge slowly or rapidly, forming large masses, while the
+growth extends to other regions. The spleen may be felt; the skin may be
+bronzed. In cases with involvement of deep seated nodes the first symptoms
+may be those of pressure on blood vessels, nerves, trachea, bronchial
+tubes or other structures.
+
+Treatment.--Cut them out if they are small and localized. Arsenic,
+quinine, cod-liver oil are good medicines.
+
+
+
+PURPURA.--This is not strictly a disease, but a symptom. This includes a
+group of affections characterized by hemorrhages into the skin.
+
+Symptoms.--There are hemorrhages into the skin, and this takes the form of
+small blood spots underneath the skin, (petechia) and spots like the
+bursting of a blood vessel shows vibices or ecchymoses. The first are in
+small minute points and appear, as a rule, in the hair follicles and
+unlike the erythemas (redness) do not disappear upon pressure. Another
+kind occurs as streaks, while the ecchymoses are larger, but similar in
+nature to the first kind. They may be larger than a split pea, and they
+range from a deep red to a livid bluish tint. They assume a yellowish
+brown, then a yellow color, as they fade away and finally disappear. This
+eruption appears in a series of crops and the legs are the usual seat.
+
+1. Symptomatic Purpura. (a) Infectious. Occurs in typhus fever,
+endocarditis, cerebro-spinal meningitis, typhoid fever, etc. (b) Toxic;
+from snake bites, iodide of potash, quinine, copaiba, bella donna, ergot,
+etc., and with jaundice. (c) Cachectic; with cancer, tuberculosis,
+leukaemia, false leukaemia, scurvy, etc. (d) Neurotic; with hysteria,
+neuralgia, and some organic disease. (e) Mechanical; due to violent effort
+and poor venous circulation.
+
+2. Type arthritic purpura. (a) Simple Purpura. A mild form usually
+occurring in children, sometimes with pains in the joints, rarely any
+fever. There is anemia, disturbance of the stomach and purpuric spots on
+the legs, often on the arms and trunks. (b) Rheumatic purpura; this
+usually occurs in men from twenty to forty years old. There is usually
+pain and swelling of several joints, temperature 101 to 103 degrees,
+purpuric eruption chiefly on the legs and about the affected joints, often
+with hives and digestive disturbances: (c) Henoch's purpura; usually in
+children and is sometimes fatal. There are recurrent joint pains and
+swelling, disturbances of the stomach and bowels, skin troubles resembling
+it, and hemorrhage from mucous membrane.
+
+[254 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+PURPURA HAEMORRHAGIC.--This is a severe form, usually seen in delicate
+girls. The cause is unknown.
+
+Symptoms.--Weakness, extensive purpuric spots (small blood spots in the
+skin), eruption, hemorrhages from the mucous membranes which may cause
+secondary anemia, slight fever, slow clotting of the blood. The duration
+is from ten to fourteen days. Death may occur within a day in cases marked
+by profuse bleedings into the skin and prostration.
+
+Treatment.--Remove the causes. Fresh air, food and tonics, etc. This
+disease is serious and needs careful treatment from a physician.
+
+
+
+HAEMOPHILIA. "Bleeders."--This is a hereditary disorder characterized by a
+tendency to persistent bleeding, spontaneously or even after a slight
+injury.
+
+Causes.--Usually hereditary through many generations. It is transmitted
+through daughters, themselves usually not "bleeders," to their male
+children. It is found most often in the Anglo-German races.
+
+Condition.--The blood vessel walls are thin; the skin is delicate,
+clotting of the blood is usually retarded.
+
+Symptoms.--It comes spontaneously or after only slight wounds; the person
+is extremely delicate. The bleedings occur from the skin, or mucous
+membrane, or from wounds, but rarely during menstruation or confinement.
+They vary from small spots to bleeding which may end fatally, or in
+recovery with marked anemia. There may be pain and swelling of the joints,
+etc., and this may leave deformities resembling deformed arthritis. The
+result is worse the earlier the disease shows itself. They may live to old
+age.
+
+Treatment.--Avoid, as much as possible, wounds and operations in
+"bleeding" families. Marriage of the women should be discouraged. For
+bleeding: rest, ice, tannic or gallic acid or adrenalin locally if the
+bleeding points can be reached. Plug the nostrils for nose-bleed both
+behind and in front.
+
+
+
+SCURVY. (Scorbutus).--A constitutional disease characterized by weakness,
+anemia, sponginess of the gums and tendencies to bleeding.
+
+Causes.--This disease has been called "The calamity of sailors." It has
+been known from the earliest times, and has prevailed particularly in
+armies in the field and among sailors on long voyages. It has become a
+very rare disease in the United States.
+
+Predisposing Causes.--Overcrowding; dark unhealthy rooms; prolonged
+fatigue; mental depression.
+
+Exciting Cause.--The lack of fresh vegetables, poisoning from slightly
+tainted food, or an infection. The gums are swollen, sometimes ulcerated,
+skin is spotted, bluish, etc,
+
+[BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS 255]
+
+Symptoms.--It comes on gradually (insidiously). There is loss of weight,
+progressively developing weakness and pallor, very soon the gums are
+swollen and look spongy and bleed easily. The teeth may become loose and
+fall out. The breath is very foul. The tongue is swollen, but it may be
+red and not coated. The skin becomes dry and rough and (ecchymoses) dark
+spots soon appear, first on the legs, and then on the arm and trunk and
+particularly about the hair follicles. These are spontaneous or follow a
+slight injury. In severe cases hemorrhages under the periosteum (the
+covering of the bones) may cause irregular swelling, especially in the
+legs, and these may break down and form ulcers. The slightest bruise or
+injury causes hemorrhages into the injured part. Extravasion under the
+skin, especially in the lower extremities may be followed by permanent
+hardness (induration) and stiffness due to connective tissue infiltration
+(scurvy sclerosis). There may be pains in the joints and often watery
+swelling (oedema) of the ankles. Bleeding from internal mucous membranes
+is less common than from the skin. The appetite is poor, palpitation of
+the heart and feebleness and irregularity of the pulse are prominent
+symptoms. Owing to the sore gums the patient is unable to chew the food.
+The urine often contains albumin and is scanty and concentrated. There are
+weariness, depression, headache and finally delirium or coma, or symptoms
+due to hemorrhages within the brain; or day and night blindness may be
+present.
+
+Recovery.--The patient will recover if the cause can be removed, unless it
+is far advanced. Death may result from complications.
+
+Treatment. Preventive.--Fresh or canned vegetables or fruit must be eaten.
+
+Treatment for the attack.--Dr. Osler, of England, says: "I think the juice
+of two or three lemons daily and a diet of plenty of meat and fresh
+vegetables will cure all cases unless they are far advanced. For the
+stomach small quantities of scraped meat and milk should be given at short
+intervals, and the lemon juice in gradually increasing quantities. As the
+patient gains in strength you can give a more liberal diet, and he may eat
+freely of potatoes, cabbage, water cresses, and lettuce. A bitter tonic
+may be given. Permanganate of potash or dilute carbolic acid forms the
+best mouth-wash. Penciling the swollen gums with a tolerably strong
+solution of nitrate of silver is very useful. Relieve the constipation by
+enemas."
+
+ADDISON'S DISEASE. Diseases of the Suprarenal (above Kidneys) Bodies.--A
+constitutional disease characterized by great weakness, stomach and bowel
+symptoms, heart weakness, and dark coloring of the skin.
+
+Causes.--It usually occurs in men from twenty to forty years old. The skin
+and mucous membrane and sometimes the serous, like the pleura, etc.,
+membranes are pigmented (darkened).
+
+Symptoms.--There is a gradual onset of weakness, changeable symptoms in
+the stomach and bowels and darkening of the skin. There is great feeling
+of fatigue and feeble irregular action of the heart; nausea and vomiting
+and often absence of appetite and some diarrhea. The abdomen may be
+painful and drawn back in the course of the disease. The pigmentation
+(coloring of the skin) varies from the light yellow to dark brown, olive
+or black. It usually begins on the skin or regions naturally pigmented; or
+where pressure is exerted by the clothing. The mucous membranes are also
+pigmented. Death may occur from fainting, extreme weakness, convulsions or
+delirium or through tuberculosis. Usually death occurs within one year,
+though this may occur in a few weeks to two years, sometimes after
+intervals of improvement.
+
+[256 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment.--This must be to meet the indications as they arise. It is a
+serious disease and should be under the supervision of a competent
+physician.
+
+DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN. 1. Rupture of the spleen.--This may occur
+spontaneously from no apparent cause, or from hurts received in cases of
+typhoid or malaria.
+
+Symptoms.--Severe pain, and signs of intestinal hemorrhages.
+
+2. Acute inflammation of the spleen (splenitis).--This occurs in acute
+infections after injuries.
+
+Symptoms.--They are pain, tenderness, and enlargement of the spleen.
+
+Treatment.--Treat the cause and relieve the pain. As this is a serious and
+painful affection a physician should be called. The pain is often relieved
+by a mustard poultice or hot fomentations. The patient should remain in
+bed for acute inflammation of the spleen no matter what the cause.
+
+3. Chronic Splenitis. Causes.--It comes from malaria, syphilis or
+leukaemia, etc.
+
+Symptoms.--There is the feeling of weight and symptoms of pressure on the
+lungs or bowel.
+
+Treatment.--Remove the cause. If it comes from malaria, attend to that,
+etc.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Blood Purifier, Molasses and Sulphur as a.--"Take a
+pint of molasses to five cents' worth of sulphur, and mix well." A
+teaspoonful four times a day in the spring will do wonders towards
+purifying the blood.
+
+2. Blood Purifier, Sassafras Tea, Known all over as.--"Sassafras tea made
+from the root and boiled to extract the strength." Drink freely of this
+for a few days in the spring. It thins the blood, and is a good tonic.
+
+3. Blood Purifier, Herb Tea Used as.--
+
+    Burdock Root         2 ounces
+    Yellow Dock          2 ounces
+    Slippery Elm Bark    1 ounce
+    Mezeron Root         1 ounce
+    Licorice Juice       1 ounce
+
+Simmer gently in three pints of water down to one quart; when cold, strain
+and add one-fourth ounce of iodine potassium." A wineglassful may be
+taken three times a day. This preparation is a fine blood purifier and can
+be relied upon.
+
+[BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS 257]
+
+4. Blood Purifier, Sweet Fern for.--"Make a tea of this and drink freely.
+This is very good to take in the spring of the year, as it thoroughly
+cleanses the system."
+
+5. Blood Purifier, Doctor Recommends Senna and Salts for:--"Five cents'
+worth of senna leaves, one tablespoonful of epsom salts in one quart of
+cold water; cover and let stand over night, then strain and put in
+bottles. Take a wine-glass full every morning until you feel well." This
+is from Mrs. Jonathan Shaw, she has used it with good results in her
+family. A physician in England told her if people would use this the year
+round they would seldom need a doctor.
+
+6. Blood Purifier, Remedy Easy to Make for.--"We always use one
+teaspoonful of cream of tartar, two spoonfuls of sulphur, and mix with
+syrup. Any size spoon will do. Take a teaspoonful at a dose." This is an
+excellent remedy, and should be taken before retiring; about three times a
+week would be sufficient.
+
+7. Blood Purifier, Beech Bark and Blackberry Root a Good.--"One gallon
+white beech bark (after the rough bark is removed), good big handful of
+blackberry root (cut fine), and also of sassafras root. Cover with cold
+water and steep to get the strength, then strain. When cool (not cold) add
+one pint baker's yeast and one cup sugar. Let it stand twenty-four hours
+in a warm place. Then strain and set in a cool place. Take a wineglassful
+three times a day before meals. This has been highly recommended to me by
+a friend from Kalkaska, Michigan."
+
+8. Blood Purifier, from a Madison, Connecticut, Mother.--"Take blackberry
+root, black cherry bark, spruce boughs, wintergreens: sarsaparilla roots;
+steep in a large vessel, till all the goodness is out; strain and when
+lukewarm put in a cup of yeast, let work and bottle up."
+
+9. Blood Purifier, How to make, Celery Compound for a.--
+
+    "Celery Compound      2 ounces
+    Chamomile Flower      1 ounce
+    Sassafras Root        1 ounce
+    Senna Leaves          1 ounce
+    Mandrake              1 ounce
+    Wintergreen Essence   1 ounce
+    Whisky                1 gill
+    White Sugar           1 pound
+    Hops                  2 handfuls
+
+Steep three hours in four quarts of water, strain, add sugar, when cold
+add wintergreen and whisky. Dose:--One teaspoonful before meals and at
+bedtime."
+
+10. Blood Purifier, Another Effective Herb Remedy.--"Pour boiling hot
+water on four ounces of gentian root with two ounces of dried orange peel,
+a sufficient amount of water should be used to exhaust the strength in the
+root and orange peel; then boil in a porcelain pot until there is left
+one-half pint of the concentrated infusion to every ounce of gentian root
+used. Then to every one-half pint add one half ounce alcohol. The effect
+of the alcohol is to coagulate it from a quantity of jelly looking
+substance which must be separated by straining. This is one of the best
+strengtheners of the human system. Dose:--One teaspoonful in an ounce of
+water."
+
+[258 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+11. Blood Purifier, Burdock for.--"The root is the part employed
+eliminating very rapidly the specific poison from the blood. Best
+administered in decoction by boiling two ounces of the root in three pints
+of water, to two pints. Dose:--One tablespoonful four times a day."
+Burdock is a splendid blood purifier and is not expensive. It can be
+purchased at any drug store for a reasonable amount.
+
+
+
+DISEASES OF THE THYROID GLAND.--Inflammation of the thyroid gland,
+(Thyroiditis),--Acute inflammation of the gland, simple or suppurative. It
+may develop in a patient with goitre, or acute infectious diseases, or
+from other parts, or from wounds. The gland is enlarged and soft and may
+contain abscesses.
+
+Symptoms.--Pain, tenderness, and enlargement of the part or of all the
+gland. Fever may be present even in cases without signs of pus forming
+(suppuration). If there is great enlargement, there may be symptoms of
+compression of vessel, nerves or the windpipe.
+
+Treatment.--If there is pus it must be carefully opened. The patient must
+remain quiet in bed. Sometimes cold applications relieve. Do not use warm
+applications. This disease is not frequent and the patient needs care and
+watching more than medicine.
+
+
+
+GOITRE (BRONCHIAL). Causes.--No satisfactory explanation can be given for
+this disease. It seems to be more prevalent where lime-stone water is
+used. Heredity plays a part. This is an enlargement of the thyroid gland.
+Chronic enlargement of the thyroid is sporadic. Cases are scattered and
+endemic in certain mountainous regions. It affects young women most often.
+A great excess in lime drinking water may be the cause. It is very
+prevalent about the eastern shore of Lake Ontario and in parts of
+Michigan. It is a common complaint in this country.
+
+Symptoms.--There is a gradual painless enlargement of the whole gland or
+one lobe, etc. It may press on the windpipe, and cause difficult
+breathing, also on the blood vessels and nerves.
+
+Recovery.--This is usually favorable as to life, but not so favorable as a
+cure. It becomes chronic. A sudden fatal ending may come.
+
+GOITRE, MOTHERS' REMEDIES,--1. Three Ingredient Remedy for.--"The
+following treatment is excellent, but must be continued for several months:
+
+    Extract of Belladonna      1/2 dram
+    Compound Ointment Iodine   1/2 dram
+    Vaselin                    1/2 ounce
+
+Apply this to the affected parts several times a day."
+
+If this treatment is kept up faithfully it is sure to help.
+
+[Illustration: Thyroid Gland.]
+
+[BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS 259]
+
+2. Goitre, Simple Remedy for.--"Wring a cloth from cold water and bind it
+around the neck every night when retiring. This is a sure cure if
+continued for some time."
+
+3. Goitre, Inexpensive Remedy for--"Apply the following several times a
+day: Extract of belladonna one-half dram, compound ointment of iodine two
+drams; this treatment must be kept up several months." The above treatment
+will be found very beneficial and is not an expensive one.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Goitre.--1. Locally tincture of iodine; paint
+some on the gland once or twice a day until it gets a little sore and keep
+it so for weeks, or use cosmoline and put in it about one-quarter as much
+iodine and rub on. Lard will do instead of cosmoline. The parts should be
+kept red and a little sore. Use also iodide of potash, five grains, three
+times a day internally, while you are using external applications.
+
+2. Use the compound of tincture of iodine the same way, externally. This
+is not so strong and can be used longer with, I think, better results. At
+the same time you may use this same medicine internally. Take one to two
+drops internally three times a day; or you may take five grains of iodide
+of potash three times a day instead. Externally: These applications must
+produce a little redness and be continued for some time.
+
+3. An Ointment. The red iodide of mercury is also good to rub on the part.
+This may be used if the others fail.
+
+4. Other medical remedies are used, but they must be closely watched and
+must be used under the supervision of a doctor. The thymus or thyroid
+extracts are thus used and with good results in many cases.
+
+5. Colorless Iodine: This does not stain, but I have no faith in it. It is
+used very much now and can be used freely. It is simply, druggists tell
+me, iodide of potash made in solution, dissolved, and put on the part. A
+great many cases of large goitres are now being operated upon with quite
+good success. It is not done until other measures have failed, unless the
+goitre is interfering with breathing and the blood supply.
+
+6. This is very good, both for internal and external use.
+
+    Iodide of Potash     20 drams
+    Iodine                1 dram
+    Water enough for      3 ounces
+
+Mix thoroughly and shake bottle before using.
+
+Put some in two bottles; one for internal and other for external use. Take
+internally five to ten drops in a little water before meals. Externally,
+put on the enlarged neck, night and morning, unless it feels too sore,
+when you can use it once a day or less.
+
+[260 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE. (Parry's, Graves or Basedows Disease).--It is
+characterized by exophthalmos (bulging of the eyes), Goitre, fast beating
+of the heart, trembling and nervousness.
+
+Causes.--It is most common in women from twenty to thirty. Several cases
+may occur in the same family. The exact cause is unknown.
+
+Symptoms.--Acute cases. Sudden onset, vomiting, diarrhea, the heart beats
+fast with throbbing arteries, bulging of the eyes, enlarged thyroid gland.
+Death may occur in a few days.
+
+Chronic Cases.--There is usually a gradual onset of tachy cardia,--fast
+beating of the heart,--pulse being 100 to 180 or more, if excited. Later
+there are throbbing of the arteries and of the thyroid glands.
+
+Bulging of the eyeball is sometimes extreme. There may be fever and
+usually is anemia, emaciation, weakness, nervousness, perspiration,
+difficult breathing, dark color of the skin. It usually lasts several
+years. Spontaneous recovery may occur in six months to a year and is not
+common. Recovery is rare in advanced cases.
+
+Treatment.--Prolonged rest in bed, with an ice bag constantly over the
+heart, or better over the lower part of the neck and upper breast bone.
+Avoid all worry and excitement. Drugs are uncertain. Surgery is sometimes
+resorted to. The thyroid extract has been used.
+
+
+
+MYXOEDEMA.--This is a constitutional disease due to atrophy (wasting away)
+of the thyroid gland and characterized by swollen condition of the tissue
+under the skin, wasting of the thyroid and mental failures. Three forms
+exist, myxoedema proper, cretinism and operative myxoedcma.
+
+Causes of Cretinism.--This may exist at birth (congenital) or it may
+develop at puberty, and is due to the absence or loss of function of the
+thyroid gland. Sporadic (here and there) cretinism may follow an acute
+infectious disease or it may be congenital. Myxoedema may be hereditary
+and is most common in women.
+
+Symptoms, (a) Cretinism.--Mental and bodily development is slow. There is
+extraordinary disproportion between the different parts of the body. The
+condition is sometimes not recognized until the child is six or seven
+years old, then the slow development is noticed. The tongue looks large
+and hangs out of the mouth. The hair may be thin, the skin very dry.
+Usually by the end of the first year and during the second year the signs
+of the cretinism become very marked and should be recognized. The face
+looks large, looks bloated, the eyelids are puffy and swollen, the nose is
+flat and depressed and thick. Teething is late, and the teeth that do
+appear decay. The fontanelles are open. The abdomen is swollen, the legs
+are short and thick, the hands and feet are not developed and look pudgy.
+The face is pale and has a waxy, sallow tint. The muscles are weak and the
+child cannot support itself. Above the collar bone there are pads of fat.
+The child does not develop mentally and there may be one of the grades of
+idiocy and imbecility (feeble-minded).
+
+[BLOOD AND DUCTLESS GLANDS 261]
+
+(b) Myxoedema, proper--The skin is infiltrated, causing loss of the lines
+of the facial expression, skin is dry and harsh, much thickened,
+especially in the region above the collar bone. The face is broad, with
+coarse features, the nose is broad and thick, the mouth is large, lips
+thick, hair scanty and coarse, slowness of motion and thought, weak
+memory, irritability, headache, suspiciousness, followed sometimes by
+hallucinations, delusion and dementia (insane). The disease may progress
+for ten or fifteen years. Death may occur early.
+
+Operative type.--This rarely develops except the thyroid glands have been
+entirely removed and then only if no extra glands are present.
+
+Symptoms.--Are the same as that of cretinism.
+
+Treatment.--An even, warm climate. Thyroid extract, to be given by a
+physician, is the remedy. After the recovery occasional small doses still
+may be necessary for some, or in cretinism for life.
+
+
+
+DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
+
+
+NEURALGIA.--Pain occurring in the course of the nerves and in their area
+of distribution. The pain has remission and intermissions, and is due to
+some morbid affection of the nerves of sensation or their spinal or
+(brain) centers.
+
+Causes.--The affection may depend upon some functional disturbance alone;
+or it may be due to some organic disease of the nerve or to some disease
+or diseased state outside of the nervous system. It occurs more frequently
+in women past the middle-age, in those of a nervous tendency. As stated,
+it affects women more than men. Debility is a frequent cause. Neuralgia is
+frequently associated with the various forms of anemia. It may occur at
+the onset of acute diseases like typhoid fever. Exposure to cold causes it
+in susceptible persons. Decayed teeth may cause neuralgia of the fifth
+nerve. It also occurs in rheumatism, gout, lead poisoning, and diabetes.
+Persistent neuralgia may be a feature of hidden Bright's disease.
+
+Symptoms.--Pain is the chief and characteristic symptom. It may develop
+suddenly and without warning, or soreness or stiffness in the tissues
+surrounding may precede it. There is a burning or violent sensation in the
+course of the affected nerve, increased on exertion in acute cases. In
+other cases the pain comes intermittently or in paroxysms, and is of a
+darting, stabbing character, or accompanied by tingling sensations. There
+may be a want of sensation of the skin in the affected region or
+over-sensitiveness over the entire nerve-trunk with certain painful
+points. The attacks of pain may come only at long intervals of time, but
+usually they occur every few minutes and last for some hours. Pain may be
+continued for hours or days in severe cases. In rare cases it may persist
+for months or years, being worse at a certain time each day, especially in
+cases where malaria exists. There is paleness or congestion of the part
+affected, various eruptions, and changes in the color of the hair occur
+and, in advanced chronic cases, symptoms of interference with the general
+nutrition also occur. Spasms of the adjacent muscles may accompany the
+severe paroxysms.
+
+[262 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+[Illustration: The Nervous System.]
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 263]
+
+Varieties.--Neuralgia may be classified according to its causes, as
+neurotic, toxic, rheumatic, etc.; or according to its location as
+trifacial, intercostal, sciatic, and so on, Exposure to cold, mechanical
+irritations, tumors, pressure on the nerves, and wounds may lead to
+neuralgia. It is more frequent in cold and damp climates than in dry and
+warm locations; everyone should remember the causes.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Neuralgia.--1. Lemon Juice as Liniment for.--"Cut a
+lemon in two and squeeze juice on parts afflicted and rub in, then place
+hot cloths over it. I know this will cure the pain." This is very good.
+
+2. Neuralgia, Salt and Vinegar Will Relieve.--"A small sack of hot salt
+applied to the pain, or steam with vinegar." The heat from the salt is
+very effective and the moisture of the vinegar is also very good. This
+simply produces a counter irritation.
+
+3. Neuralgia, Quinine Will Cure.--"Use quinine three times a day." It is
+well in taking quinine to take two grains three times a day for two days,
+then take some good cathartic, so as not allow the quinine to remain in
+the system. This is very beneficial, especially when neuralgia is due to
+malarial conditions.
+
+4. Neuralgia, Four Ingredient Remedy for.--
+
+    "Oil of Peppermint        1 ounce
+    Oil of Mustard (strong)  1/4 ounce
+    Vinegar                    1 pint
+    White of one egg.
+
+Beat egg and stir all together."
+
+5. Neuralgia, Good Liniment for.--
+
+    "Essential Oil of Mustard   1 dram
+    Tincture Aconite            1 dram
+    Glycerin                    1 ounce
+    Alcohol                     4 ounces
+
+Mix and shake well before using."
+
+This remedy is a valuable external preparation for all nervous and
+neuralgia pains, rub twice a day until relieved.
+
+6. Neuralgia, Menthol Liniment for.--"One dram of menthol liniment, two
+ounces of alcohol. This makes a very excellent liniment for many purposes.
+For rheumatism, neuralgia, headache, etc." This liniment will be found
+very beneficial as the menthol is soothing and quieting, and we all know
+that alcohol is very good to be applied for any of the above mentioned
+diseases.
+
+7. Neuralgia, Belladonna Plaster for.--"Melt three ounces of rosin plaster
+and add one-half ounce of extract of belladonna. An excellent application
+in neuralgia and rheumatism."
+
+[264 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PHYSICIANS' GENERAL TREATMENT for Neuralgia.--Remove the cause if
+possible. If from anemia, give tonics for that and try to cure that
+disease. Tonics with good nourishing food, and proper surroundings are
+needed for anemia. In malaria, syphilitic or gouty patients,
+constitutional treatment must be given for those diseases before the
+neuralgia will be better. The systematic use of galvanic electricity,
+properly used, is the most valuable means at the physician's disposal,
+especially in the descending current, beginning with the mild current and
+gradually increasing in strength. Internally: Arsenic, bromine, ergotinc,
+aconite, gelsemium, valerian, ether, cannabis indica and quinine are
+recommended. Opium may be used in the very severe forms, but it must be
+used with caution, or you will make your patient a drug fiend, and his
+latter state will be worse than the first condition. Wet compresses, vapor
+baths, cold affusions, wet cloths, are highly recommended.
+
+1. For the Cure of an Attack--
+
+    Antipyrine             30 grains
+    Citrate of Caffeine    20 grains
+
+Make into ten powders. Take one everyone-half hour until 3 doses are
+taken. Three (3) doses at least should relieve the neuralgia.
+
+2.  Antipyrine         30 to 60 grams
+    Bromide of Potash         3 drams
+
+Mix: and make into ten powders; one every thirty minutes until relieved or
+until six doses have been taken; this is better than the first
+prescription when there is much nervousness with the neuralgia or
+neuralgic headaches.
+
+3. If caffeine in first prescription causes nervousness, give this one:
+
+    Antipyrine           30 to 60 grains
+    Citrate of Caffeine        10 grains
+    Bromide of Potash           3 drams
+
+Mix and make ten powders. Take one every half hour until relieved or until
+six doses have been used.
+
+These are very effective prescriptions, but if a person has any heart
+trouble I would not advise their use except under a physician's care.
+(Sometimes a patient with neuralgia gets desperate, and he will even
+resort to morphine). Antipyrine is one of the simplest coal tar remedies,
+and most persons can safely take it. Persons who are subject to neuralgia
+or headaches need to take good care of themselves. Get plenty of rest and
+sleep. Neuralgia at first can be cured, but when it once becomes chronic,
+especially neuralgia of the face, it is hard to cure and frequently makes
+life a constant misery. Plenty of outdoor life is essential. In that way
+the system will be built up, and when the body is strong the disease can
+be thrown off much easier. A great many people depend too much upon strong
+medicines. Medicines are all right in their place, but all the medicine in
+the world cannot cure a person unless that person does his or her part.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 265]
+
+SPECIAL DISEASES. Facial Neuralgia. (Neuralgia of the fifth pair of
+Cranial Nerves. Also known as Trifacial Neuralgia. Neuralgia of the
+Trigeminus. Tic doloureux, etc.).--This form is more frequent than all
+other forms combined, this nerve being peculiarly susceptible to
+functional and organic disorders. All three branches are very rarely
+affected together, the ophthalmic (eye) branch being most often involved.
+The symptoms depend upon the branch involved.
+
+1. Ophthalmic Neuralgia Pain, (eye neuralgia pain).--This pain is above
+the eye, or frontal kind, with a special painful point at the supraorbital
+(above the eye) notch. Sometimes the pain is very severe in the eye-ball.
+
+2. Supramaxillary Neuralgia.--In this the pain is along the infraorbital
+(nerve beneath the eye) nerve, and there is a marked tender point at the
+opening in the bone (infraorbital foramen) beneath the eye. A
+toothache-like pain in the upper teeth is common in this variety.
+
+3. Inframaxillary (lower maxillary) Neuralgia.--This is characterized by a
+scattered (diffused) pain along the inferior dental (teeth) branch, and
+extends from the temporal (side forehead) region over the side of the face
+to the chin, with pain in the lower teeth and side of the tongue. The pain
+in this nerve may come on without any special cause, or it may come after
+excitement of a physical or mental nature. Disorders of nutrition occur.
+The circulation is interfered with and the face, at first pale, becomes
+red. Eruptions may appear along the course of the nerve, while salivation
+and "running" (lachrymation) of the eyes are often prominent symptoms.
+Spasms of muscles of the face (tic doloureux) may accompany the paroxysms
+and this is the most terrible form of nerve pain. The attacks may be mild
+or very severe and sometimes sudden. This is a terrible disease,
+especially when it has existed for some time. A person with severe pain in
+the face should always attend to it immediately, before it becomes
+chronic.
+
+Treatment.--It is directed towards removing the cause, if possible.
+Chronic cases are difficult to cure. The patient should be careful not to
+take cold, keep strong and healthy by regular hours for sleep, good
+sufficient clothing. The general health must be improved. These directions
+apply to all kinds of neuralgia.
+
+
+
+INTERCOSTAL NEURALGIA.--A neuralgia of one or more of the intercostal
+nerves. These nerves run in a groove in the lower edge of the ribs.
+Causes.--It may develop without any special cause. It comes in anemia,
+after exposure to cold, from affection of the vertebrae, ribs, spinal
+cord, or from the pressure of tumors, or aneurism of the aorta. This is
+next in importance to neuralgia of the fifth nerve, and occurs more often
+in women and very common in those who have hysteria. It is more common on
+the left side and mostly in the nerves situated from the fifth to the
+ninth intercostal space. If it is located in the nerves distributed to the
+mammary glands it gives rise to neuralgia of the mammary gland. The flying
+darts of pain in the chest (pleurodynia) are to be regarded as neuralgic
+in character.
+
+[266 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Symptoms.--The pain is usually very severe, especially on movement of the
+intercostal (between the ribs) muscles. With this pain, as a rule, an
+eruption (herpes) appears along the course of the affected nerve and this
+is supposed to be due to the extension of the inflammation from the
+nerve-ends to the skin. Pain, when pressed upon, is most marked near the
+spinal vertebral, the breastbone (sternal) end and the middle part of the
+nerve. The trouble may continue a long time after the eruption (herpes)
+has disappeared, for it is very obstinate.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Intercostal Neuralgia.--This consists in using
+remedies that will cause counter-irritation. Electricity and pain
+destroying (anodynes) remedies are indicated in chronic cases. Apply heat
+for pain in the "breasts." For the eruption an ointment like oxide of zinc
+can be used.
+
+Local Treatment.--A mustard plaster is frequently good to use. It produces
+the counter-irritation desired. Application of dry heat from hot cloths; a
+hot sand bag may help in some cases. A rubber bag containing hot water can
+also be used. Fomentations of hops, etc., applied hot and frequently
+changed to keep them hot are beneficial in some cases. I have found in
+some cases that an adhesive plaster put over the sore parts relieves the
+severe pain. Porous plasters are also good. Tincture of ranunculus
+bulbosus (buttercup) is a good remedy. Put ten drops in a glass half full
+of water, and take two teaspoonfuls every hour.
+
+[Illustration: Sciatic Nerve.]
+
+SCIATICA.--This is as a rule a neuritis of the sciatic nerve or of its
+cords of origin. It is characterized by pain chiefly along the course of
+the sciatic nerve.
+
+Causes.--It occurs most commonly in adult males. The person may have a
+history of rheumatism or gout in many cases. Exposure to cold after heavy
+muscular work or exertion, or a severe wetting are common causes. The
+nerves in the pelvis may be compressed by large tumors of the ovaries or
+womb, by other tumors, or by the child's head during confinement.
+Occasionally hip joint disease causes it. The nerve, as a rule, is
+swollen, reddened, and in a condition of "interstitial neuritis." The pain
+may be most severe where the nerves emerge from the hip bone, behind, or
+in the inner back, and middle part of the thigh.
+
+      NERVOUS SYSTEM       267
+
+Symptoms.--Pain is the most constant and troublesome. It is sometimes very
+severe. The onset is usually gradual, and for a time there is only a
+slight pain in the back of the thigh; soon the pain becomes more intense,
+extends down the thighs, and leg and reaches to different parts of the
+foot. The very sensitive spots can often be pointed out by the patient,
+and on pressure these spots are very painful.  It is gnawing and burning
+in character, usually constant, but sometimes it comes in paroxysms, and
+is often worse at night. Walking usually causes great pain. The knee is
+bent and the patient treads on his toes. As a rule it is an obstinate
+trouble, and it may last for months, or even with slight remissions for
+years. In the severer forms the patient must remain in bed and such cases
+are very trying for both patient and doctor.
+
+(See Mothers' Remedies under Neuralgia above).
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT. Cautions for Sciatica.--Remove all causes if you
+can. Rheumatism and gout, if the patient have them, should be treated. The
+patient should not overwork or expose himself to wet, damp weather. Keep
+every part dry. Rest in bed with the whole leg fixed is a valuable mode of
+treatment in many cases. Hot water bags from the hip to the knee placed
+along the painful nerve, sometimes gives great relief. Mud baths are
+beneficial. Hot Springs baths relieve many cases. Fly blisters placed
+along the track of the nerve relieve the pain in many cases. Fomentations
+of smartweed and hops are good, but they must be changed often so as to be
+hot. Wet or dry cupping is a help in many cases. It draws the blood from
+the inflamed nerve. Morphine given hypodermically will relieve the pain,
+but it is a dangerous medicine to use in a chronic case. The patient will
+be very likely to form the habit, and that is worse than the sciatica. By
+care and treatment most cases can be greatly helped and cured. Rhus tox
+(poison ivy) is very good in minute doses in cases where it is impossible
+to remain in one position for any length of time. Ten drops of the
+tincture in a glass two-thirds full of water and two teaspoonfuls given
+every hour. I have helped many cases with this remedy. The hot iron along
+the track of the nerve is helpful. Electricity is better in a chronic case
+where there is wasting of the legs, and it should be combined with
+massage. The galvanic current should be used.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Nervousness. 1. Catnip Tea for.--"A tea made of catnip
+will quiet the nerves. This is good for women when they are apt to be
+nervous."
+
+2. Nervousness, Hops Will Stop.--"Purchase a small package of hops at any
+drug store, and make a tea of it, drinking frequently in tablespoonful
+doses." It is a harmless remedy, and should be used more freely by nervous
+people. The hops are very soothing. Nervous mothers should never be
+without this. It is surprising to see how few people know the value of
+some of these simple home remedies.
+
+3. Nervousness, Effective Remedy for.--
+
+    "Spirits of Camphor         1/2 ounce
+    Comp. Spirits of Lavender   1/2 ounce
+    Tincture of Valerian          1 ounce
+    Sulphuric Ether             1/2 ounce
+
+Mix. Dose, one or two teaspoonfuls every three hours."
+
+[268  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The foregoing remedy is very effective, as spirits of camphor and the
+tincture valerian quiet the nerves. The sulphuric ether also has a
+soothing effect. This combination makes a fine tonic, but should not be
+taken too long, as it is quite strong.
+
+4. Nervousness, Five Ingredient Remedy That Relieves.--"In extreme nervous
+debility with tendency to fainting fits, use the following:
+
+    Spirits of Camphor              1/2 ounce
+    Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia     1/2 ounce
+    Spirits of Lavender Compound      1 ounce
+    Tincture Valerian                 1 ounce
+    Tincture Castor                   1 ounce
+
+Mix. Dose.--From one to three teaspoonfuls at intervals of from fifteen
+minutes to three hours, according to urgency of symptoms. This mixture
+should be kept on hand by all persons subject to fainting fits."
+
+Spirits of camphor and aromatic spirits of ammonia stimulates the heart,
+while the tincture of valerian quiets the nervous system.
+
+5. Nervousness, "Lady's Slippers" Breaks up.--"A decoction is made with
+two ounces of the root, sliced, to two pints of water, boiled to one and
+one-half pints. Dose: One tablespoonful four times a day. Has been used
+with marked success in epilepsy and in other various nervous diseases."
+This is used very extensively for nervous people, and has proven very
+successful.
+
+
+
+HEADACHE.--This term means a pain in the head, all over the head, or at
+one particular spot. It may be only a symptom of a general constitutional
+derangement, some disease of some other organ, a temporary inability of
+some organ like the stomach, liver, bowels, etc., to do work, or it may be
+due to some local affection depending upon some trouble with the skull and
+its contents. It is frequently but a symptom of some other trouble. It
+occurs in fevers, infectious diseases, brain disease, etc. There are
+different varieties depending upon the causes.
+
+  Sick Headache.
+  Nervous Headache.
+  Catarrhal Headache.
+  Congestive Headache.
+  Neuralgic or Gastric (stomach) Headache.
+  Bilious Headache.
+  "Bowel" Headache.
+  "Womb" Headache.
+  Rheumatic Headache.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 269]
+
+CATARRHAL HEADACHE and RHEUMATIC HEADACHE may be treated together. This is
+due to exposure to a draught of air, walking against the sharp and keen
+wind, by getting the feet or other parts of the body wet, sudden
+suppression of perspiration about the head, or by some other exposure such
+as might result from cold, influenza or attack of rheumatism. There may be
+aching pains and a feeling of heavy weight in the forehead; tearing,
+stitching pains above the eyes, in the cheek bones; sometimes the skull
+feels as if it would fall to pieces. In the rheumatic variety the scalp is
+sore and tender, tearing throbbing pains or hard aching pains. There is
+some fever, dry skin, the pulse is faster.
+
+Treatment.--Get into a sweat by hot drinks of lemonade and hot foot baths.
+Apply cold or warmth to the head, lie down and keep quiet.
+
+Medicine.--Aconite in doses of one-tenth of a drop to an adult every hour
+will frequently abort it: open the bowels with salts. Remain in bed.
+
+
+
+NERVOUS HEADACHE.--This may occur as a sick headache or be simply a
+nervous headache: This occurs oftenest in a nervous person, or in persons
+who are run down by different causes, such as diseases, overwork, worry,
+trouble, etc. It is not periodic, and has no fixed type, but breaks out at
+indefinite intervals, and is excited by almost any special cause such as
+motions, mental exertions, menses, excitement, overdoing, over-visiting,
+want of sleep. It is often due to eye strain in persons who have poorly
+fitted, or who do not wear glasses. It appears in any part of the head,
+usually one-sided, or it may be all over the head, which feels enlarged
+and sometimes as if a band was around it. The least mental effort makes it
+worse. Sometimes there is a feeling as if a nail was being driven into the
+head; head is too big; eyes feel heavy and the lids droop; sees double;
+hard to keep eyes open. This kind of headache, or sick-headache, can be
+brought on suddenly by womb trouble, especially if the womb has fallen
+from a jar, fall, etc. The patient often moans and cries, laments and
+simply cannot stand thc pain. In some cases the menses cause it, and it
+appears at every menstrual period.
+
+Treatment.--The patient should be quiet and remain in bed in a darkish
+room. Womb troubles and other diseases that cause it such as protruding
+piles, etc., should be attended to. Tincture gelsemium is a good remedy.
+Put ten drops in a glass half full of water, and take two teaspoonfuls
+every half hour until better. A tea made from lady's slipper is also
+effective in some cases, used freely. Bromide of potash in ten-grain doses
+one-half hour apart, for three doses, if necessary, is quieting in many
+attacks. Mustard plaster to back of the neck.
+
+
+
+CONGESTIVE HEADACHE.--In this kind there is or seems to be too much blood
+in the head. The patient may be stupid, with a flushed face. If conscious,
+the brain feels as if it was rising or falling, especially upon the motion
+of the head. The top of the head sometimes feels as if it would fly off.
+The head throbs and beats violently. The hands and feet may be cold, the
+face flushed or pale, the eyes bright, the pulse is generally heavy, full
+and fast, or it may be feeble, slow and intermittent.
+
+[270 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment.--1. The patient should remain in bed in a dark room, with the
+head usually high. Cold should be applied to the head and heat to the
+hands and feet. Move the bowels with salts and, if necessary, give an
+enema also. It is well to give the foot-bath before going to bed. If
+these things do not relieve the headache a doctor should be called, for it
+may mean something serious. A hot mustard foot-bath and a mustard plaster
+applied to the nape of the neck are of great value. In severe cases an ice
+bag or very cold water, applied to the forehead and temples will very
+often give great relief.
+
+2.  Spirits of Camphor      1 ounce
+    Spirits of Lavender     2 ounces
+    Alcohol                 2 ounces
+
+Wet the top of the head with it.
+
+3.  Camphor                  1 dram
+    Oil of Peppermint        1 dram
+    Chloroform           1-1/2 ounces
+    Alcohol enough for       3 ounces
+
+Shake the bottle and apply a little of the liquid to the place. Horseback
+riding and walking are good for nervous girls and women.
+
+
+
+NEURALGIC HEADACHE.--This commonly comes periodically, usually, one-
+sided. It may occur at the same hour for several days in succession. The
+pains are of all kinds. It may start in the morning or at any time. It
+involves more especially the eyes, side of the head, face, and goes into
+the teeth and neck. It comes in persons subject to neuritis in other parts
+or neuralgia.
+
+Treatment.--Build up the system with tonics in the interval. Lead a quiet
+restful life. Acetanilid in five-grain doses frequently relieves it. This
+is a dangerous medicine to use, except under a doctor's supervision.
+Spigelia in doses of one-twelfth of a drop of the tincture is good for
+left-sided attacks; two doses are enough, one-half hour apart.
+
+
+
+STOMACH OR GASTRIC HEADACHE.--This, as the name indicates, is due to some
+acute or chronic trouble with the stomach. It is caused by over-loading
+the stomach, or eating food that does not agree, such as fat meat,
+gravies, starchy food, warm bread, pastry, etc., or it may be due to
+dyspepsia. The tongue is generally coated, the mouth tastes bitter. If it
+is acute and the stomach is full, take a common emetic like warm water,
+salt water or mustard water. If it is due to decomposed food, drink lots
+of warm water and take an enema and also a dose of salts. If there is much
+gas in the stomach, take some baking soda in a glass of warm water; one
+drop doses of tincture of nux vomica every half hour for three hours often
+relieves.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 271]
+
+HEADACHE FROM CONSTIPATION.--This is frequent. There is generally a dull,
+heavy feeling in the forehead, the head feels full and sometimes dizzy,
+the patient feels blue and morose, the tongue is coated on its back part,
+mouth tastes bitter, patient is drowsy and stupid and work goes hard. A
+free passage from the bowels relieves the headache.
+
+Treatment.--Cure the constipation as directed in another part of the book.
+Take a good full enema of warm soap suds and water, and one drop of
+tincture of nux vomica every hour for six hours during the attack.
+
+
+
+BILIOUS HEADACHE.--This is so-called because the bilious symptoms are the
+most prominent. It may be caused by violent anger, disputes, excessive
+eating causing congestion of the liver; abuse of spirits; some persons are
+of a bilious constitution and the least error in diet and habit produces
+such an attack. The pain may be violent or dull, the head may throb
+terribly; the whites of the eyes have a yellowish look, and the face may
+be of a dark brown hue, the patient may vomit bile. The vomiting causes
+more brain distress. The mouth is bitter, the tongue coated yellowish, the
+breath smells badly. Bowels may be irregular.
+
+Treatment.--A free movement of the bowels often relieves. First take an
+enema and then one-half ounce of epsom salts. Do not eat anything but
+drink all the water you may wish. A tea made of blue flag is often of
+benefit. The diet should be regulated so as not to overload the stomach
+and liver and the bowels should move freely daily.
+
+WOMB HEADACHE.--Women who suffer from womb troubles such as leucorrhea,
+torn cervix, falling womb displacements and diseases of the inner womb,
+ovaries and tubes, suffer from all kinds of headache. The pain may be in
+the nape of the neck, the back part of the head and on the top behind
+(occiput). It may come on suddenly when the womb is displaced by a sudden
+fall or over-lifting, etc. The woman should then go to bed and lie down
+with her arms crossed over her chest, with the knees drawn up and weight
+resting upon them and chest with the buttocks elevated, (knee-chest-
+position). This replaces the womb. The other troubles should be corrected
+or these headaches will keep on. The womb and its appendages are the cause
+of many kinds of headaches, neuralgias, dyspepsia, and constipation;
+correct the troubles and the headache will disappear.
+
+
+
+MENSTRUAL HEADACHES.--These are very common. They may be regular every
+month, and they are then caused by some trouble with the womb or ovaries,
+or may be due to a run-down condition or heredity. It comes sometimes from
+suppression of the menses as a consequence of some violent emotion,
+fright, anger, grief, or by exposure to wet, draughts of air, privations,
+over-fatigue, etc. It may last for several days. The headache may be mild
+or severe.
+
+Treatment.--A foot bath or sitz bath is very good, with free drinking of
+pennyroyal tea after the bath, and when in bed. Place warmth to the feet,
+moist heat over the abdomen, such as a hot water bag or fomentations.
+Remain quietly in bed. If constipated, take an enema. Frequently a free
+bowel movement gives much relief in this trouble. During the interval
+doctor the patient for the trouble causing the headache for which see
+another part of this book, "Diseases of Women."
+
+[272 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES, 1. Headache, Paregoric and Soda for.--"A teaspoonful of
+paregoric, with one-half teaspoonful of baking soda in a tumbler of water,
+May be taken all at once or sipped slowly."
+
+2. Headache, Hops Good for.--"Make a strong decoction of hop tea, and take
+a wineglassful every half hour until relieved." This is an old tried
+remedy and a good one.
+
+3. Headache, Mustard Excellent for.--"Place a mustard plaster on the back
+of the head, also bathe the feet in mustard water and stay in a darkened
+room, and avoid all excitement and noise." The one essential thing is to
+get the nerves quieted; take as little food as possible for twenty-four
+hours, giving the stomach an opportunity to rest, as most of the headaches
+come from a disordered stomach.
+
+4. Headache, Peppermint Beneficial for,--"Bathe the head in strong
+peppermint. Then apply cloths wrung from water as hot as can be endured."
+Hot or cold applications are known to be very beneficial. After the cloths
+are taken off, the soothing effect can be further enhanced by gentle
+rubbing of the forehead.
+
+5. Headache, Cold Application in Case of.--"Apply cold applications on the
+forehead and over the eyes." These cold applications have been known to
+give relief in a very few minutes to many people suffering with severe
+headaches. It is well to continue the treatment; even after relief has
+been obtained, for at least a half hour. Gentle rubbing of the head is
+very good, also.
+
+6. Headache, Castor Oil Will Relieve.--"One tablespoonful of castor oil.
+Have used this and found relief." This remedy gives relief as the castor
+oil carries off the food that is distressing the stomach. It is well to
+take two tablespoonfuls of lime-water in a glass of milk three times a day
+for about a week after the castor oil has operated.
+
+
+SICK HEADACHE. (Migraine. Hemicrania).--Migraine is a peculiar form of
+severe paroxysms of unilateral (one side) headache often associated with
+disorders of sight.
+
+Causes.--It is frequently hereditary, and it has occurred through several
+generations. Women and members of nervous families are usually attacked.
+Many of the headaches from eye-strain are of this type, It is often
+inherited, and may last from puberty to the menopause. Some authors claim
+that decay of the teeth without toothache will cause it. Adenoid growths
+in the pharynx and particularly abnormal conditions of the nose will cause
+it. Many of the attacks of severe headaches in children are of this
+nature, and the eyes, nose and throat should be examined when children or
+older persons suffer from this complaint. Mental emotion, physical or
+mental fatigue, disorders of the female genital organs, eye-strain, etc.,
+loud noises, toothache, act as predisposing causes. Some think it a
+poisonous condition due to the absorption of poisons from the stomach and
+intestines, and others regard it as a nervous condition due to anemia and
+all conditions which weaken the resistance of the nervous system.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 273]
+
+Symptoms.--The premonitory symptoms, which may last a few hours or a day
+or more, are sleepy feelings of discomfort, uneasiness, weariness, chills,
+vertigo (dizziness), disturbance of the sight or disturbances of the
+senses. The real attack may follow quickly, beginning with the
+characteristic headache, at first one sided, located in one spot in the
+temple, eye or back of the head, but spreading, as it increases in
+severity, until it involves all of one side of the head and occasionally
+both sides. The pain is usually constant and of great severity and it is
+increased by motion, noises, light, or mental strain. The skin over the
+painful part is very sensitive. There are loss of appetite, nausea and
+vomiting. If the stomach has a great deal of food in it, vomiting relieves
+the pain sometimes. In the spasmodic form the affected side is painful,
+the skin is cool, the pupil is dilated, and the flow of saliva is
+increased. In the paralytic form the affected side is flushed, hot, the
+vessels are dilated and the pupils are contracted. There is great
+weakness, prostration and depression. The urine may be abundant or
+suppressed, temporarily. The results of treatment in this disease are
+uncertain, as the attacks are likely to occur in spite of treatment. They
+usually cease in old age, and in women they may stop after the menopause.
+The attacks in women are likely to occur at or near the menstrual periods.
+
+First Thing to do in Sick Headache.--It is well to remain in a darkened
+room away from noise, etc. If the head throbs and beats very hard, either
+a cold ice bag or hot applications often bring relief. A mustard plaster
+at the base of the brain with a hot foot-bath often helps. Some people by
+stroking the forehead and temples have the power to ease the pain,
+producing quiet and sleep. If the bowels are costive, salts should be
+taken to move them, or they can be moved by an enema, if salts are not at
+hand. If the stomach is full, or tastes sour, drink a lot of warm water
+and vomit, or produce vomiting by tickling your throat with your finger,
+after having taken a large quantity of warm water for sometimes warm water
+thus taken fails to cause vomiting. If there is no food in the stomach,
+but there is sour and bilious vomiting, the warm water will frequently
+help. For a sour stomach or when it is full of gas, a teaspoonful of
+baking soda in some hot water will often feel very pleasant and grateful.
+The patient should keep absolutely quiet after these are done, and often
+they fall into a refreshing sleep.
+
+[274 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+EMERGENCY MEDICINES.--If anemia is the cause, give tonics such as iron and
+arsenic. If the patient feels faint and nauseated, a small cup of strong
+hot coffee gives relief, sometimes. Antipyrin, given early in doses of two
+and one-half grains often relieves. Take another dose in one-half hour if
+necessary. But such remedies are hard on the heart.
+
+TREATMENT. Preventive in Sick Headache.--The patient is often aware of the
+causes that bring on an attack. Such causes should be avoided. A great
+many people who are afflicted with this trouble are not only careless in
+their eating, eating anything and everything and at all times--at meal
+time and between meals--but also careless in their habits of life.
+Patients should avoid excitement, like card parties, etc., staying up
+late, or reading exciting books. The meals should be regular, no food
+taken that is hard to digest. Pies, cakes, puddings, gravies, ham, pork,
+sausage, and fried foods must be avoided. Rich, greasy foods will not do
+for such persons to eat. Strong tea and coffee are bad. Plenty of water
+should be taken between meals. At meals it is better to take no water
+unless it is hot water. Every morning on arising it is well to drink a
+large quantity of either cold or hot water. This washes out the stomach,
+bowels and kidneys, and stimulates them to better perform their functions.
+The bowels must be kept regular, one or more passages a day and at a
+regular hour. Sometimes, especially in younger persons, the eyes are at
+fault and may need glasses. Frequently it is caused by overwork in school
+in young girls, especially during their menstrual periods. Social duties
+cause them in many women, and then strong tea or coffee, or headache
+powders, or tablets, are taken to keep up or to stop the pain, making the
+patient more liable to the attacks in the future; and then still more tea,
+coffee, and headache remedies are taken until the patient is a slave to
+the remedies taken to help her. A great many of these headaches can be
+helped by simple measures, and the time between the attacks, in about all
+cases, made longer if the patient will but work with the physician, not
+only at the time of the attack, but in the interval. The clothing should
+be comfortable. The feet should always be kept dry. This applies
+especially to neuralgia. In fact the above measures of prevention and care
+apply to all kinds of headaches and neuralgias. Prevention is worth more
+than the cure.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Sick Headache, Hop Tea Will Relieve.--"Hop tea is
+very good if a good strong decoction is made. A wineglassful may be taken
+every half hour or hour until relieved." This is very easily prepared, as
+the hops may be purchased at any drug store.
+
+2. Sick Headache, a Favorite Remedy for.--"Aconite liniment or aconite
+rubbed on the forehead will relieve the pain in the head almost instantly.
+One drop of the tincture of nux vomica in a teaspoonful of water every
+five or ten minutes will quickly relieve." Nux vomica is good only when
+the headache comes from constipation and stomach trouble and too high
+living.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 275]
+
+3. Sick Headache, Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia for.--"For a nervous
+headache there is nothing better for immediate relief than fifteen or
+twenty drops of the aromatic spirits of ammonia." This relieves the pain
+and quiets the nerves and stimulates the heart.
+
+4. Sick Headache, Camphor Application for.--"A very simple but effective
+remedy is a cloth wet with spirits of camphor and sprinkled with black
+pepper applied to the head gives almost instant relief."
+
+5. Headache, Soda and Peppermint for.--"One teaspoonful (level) of soda in
+two-thirds glass of hot water, add five or eight drops of oil of
+peppermint and a little sugar. Drink quite warm. This has been often tried
+and proven to be a success." The soda will relieve any gas in the stomach
+and the peppermint aids digestion and relieves sickness of the stomach.
+
+6. Sick Headache, Lemon Good for.--"One lemon before breakfast will help
+to keep off sick headache. Have never found a remedy to cure sick
+headaches. A sack of hot salt will always help the pain." The lemon will
+help to tone up the stomach and the salt applied to the head will help the
+pain by relieving the congestion. It is always well to take a good
+cathartic after a spell of sick headache.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Sick Headache.--
+
+1.  Antipyrine               25 grains
+    Citrate of Caffeine      10 grains
+    Bromide of Potash        25 grains
+
+Mix and make into five powders. One powder as needed. (You might take
+second one in three hours.) This is not good when it is bilious sick
+headache. In fact, it would make it worse. It is good for sick headache
+and neuralgia due to eye or nerve strain, but then the first remedy,
+antipyrine, can be left out. It is not needed. I would then put twice as
+much of the bromide of potash, fifty grains, and take a powder every two
+hours until better.
+
+2.  Citrate of Caffeine    1/2 dram (30 grains)
+    Phenacetine             60 grains
+    Bicarbonate of soda     60 grains
+    Aromatic powder         12 grains
+
+Mix and make twelve powders. Take one every three hours. This is good.
+Sometimes it is depressing on the heart for some people, due to the
+phenacetine. Acetanilid can be substituted in same dose.
+
+(The homeopathic treatment is very successful in relieving spells of sick
+headache. See chapter on Homeopathy.)
+
+3. Sodium Phosphate, taken every morning, about one-half to one
+teaspoonful in hot water. It is good for the bowels and liver.
+
+4. Prescription for the Liver and Bowels in Sick Headache.--
+
+    Sulphate of soda       30 grains
+    Salicylate of soda     10 grains
+    Sulphate of Magnesia    1 grain
+    Benzoate of Lithia      5 grains
+    Tincture of Nux Vomica  3 minims
+    Distilled water         4 ounces
+
+This mixture should be made up in large quantity and placed in a siphon by
+one of the concerns which charge soda water, and from one-quarter to
+one-half a glass of this water, at ordinary temperature, is to be taken
+every morning at least one-half an hour before breakfast; enough being
+taken to insure an adequate bowel movement during the forenoon. This ought
+to be a good combination to use regularly.
+
+[276 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+5. Dr. Hare gives the following recommendations. Probably no single source
+of pain compares in its frequency to headache, chiefly because it is
+essentially a symptom of diseases or functional disturbances.
+
+It may come from constipation or eye strain, from brain disease, anemia,
+uremia, too much blood in the head, etc. In many cases a mild laxative to
+thoroughly empty the bowels is necessary. Sometimes the urine will be
+deficient in solids and liquids, so that the effete and poisonous material
+are retained in the blood, which produce headache. For such cases if the
+urine is acid, the frequent use of Vichy water, to which is added a little
+bicarbonate of potassium, about five grains to a drink, as a diuretic will
+prove of great service. If the urine is alkaline (and this you can tell by
+using a red litmus paper which will turn blue if it is alkaline) ten grain
+doses of benzoate of ammonium three (3) times a day are often useful.
+
+NERVE TUMORS (Neuroma).--A morbid increase in the tissue-elements of the
+peripheral (the external surface) nerves.
+
+Varieties. True and False Nerve Tumors.--True nerve tumors (neuromata) are
+composed of nerve-fibres provided with a medullary (marrow) sheath or of
+nerve tissue; false nerve tumors are composed of other structure than
+nerve tissue, are usually of secondary origin, extending to the nerve from
+nearby structures.
+
+Symptoms.--The true nerve tumors may be hereditary or due to wounds or
+blows and amputation. They may give rise to no symptoms, or may cause
+intermittent pain. Pressure increases this pain, when the condition of the
+nerve fibre is interfered with. Loss of local sensation and power may
+develop. It is sometimes possible to feel the little nodular growths, and
+they can be seen when they are superficial. They may give no pain, or they
+may become very sensitive. They may become chronic and they are very
+liable to do so. Some of them may disappear.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Nerve Tumor.--The severe forms should be cut
+out; others can be let alone.
+
+
+
+NEURITIS (Inflammation of the Nerves. Neura-Nerves; Itis-Inflammation.
+Inflammation of the Bundles of Nerve Fibres).--Nagel describes it as "an
+inflammation of the nerves of an acute or chronic nature, associated with
+more or less degeneration, change in the nerve fibrils of the affected
+nerves."
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 277]
+
+Causes.--An injury to the nerves, frequent muscular strains, exposure to
+cold. Inflammation can extend to the nerve from adjacent inflamed
+structures. Pressure can cause it. Fractures of bones cause it by
+compression and it is also caused by infectious diseases, such as
+rheumatism, typhoid fever, syphilis, etc. In some cases it simply appears
+without apparent cause.
+
+When the disease process involves the nerve sheaths and connective tissue
+structures in particular, an interstitial neuritis results; when the
+disease locates itself in the nerve fibrils it gives rise to
+"parenchymatous neuritis" (main part of the nerve is inflamed).
+
+Simple Neuritis.--This means that a single nerve of a group of adjacent
+nerve trunks is affected. If a number of nerves are affected at the same
+time it is called Multiple Neuritis or Polyneuritis.
+
+Causes.--(a) Exposure to cold. This is a very frequent cause, as for
+example, in the facial (face) nerve. (b) Traumatism,--that is, wounds,
+blows, injuries caused by fractures and dislocations; pressure from
+tumors, sleeping with the head resting on the arms. Pressure from
+crutches, "crutch paralysis." (c) Diseases involving the nerves due to
+extension of inflammation from nearby structures, as in neuritis of the
+facial nerve due to decay of the temporal bone.
+
+Symptoms.--The constitutional or general symptoms are usually slight. The
+pain is the most important symptom, being of a boring in the parts to
+which it is distributed. This pain may be very distressing, or of a
+stabbing character, and is usually felt in the course of the nerve; or it
+may cause little inconvenience. Sometimes the skin is red and swollen over
+the affected parts. There is impaired nerve function and as a result of
+this the muscles supplied by these nerves become weak, and occasionally
+paralyzed. In severe cases they may become atrophied and an eruption often
+appears along the course of the nerve. Sometimes the hair and nails are
+not properly nourished, causing falling out or grayness of the hair and
+loss of the nails. This neuritis may extend from the peripheral (external)
+nerves and involve the larger nerve trunks or even reach the spinal cord.
+This rarely occurs in neuritis from cold, or in that which follows fevers;
+but it occurs most frequently in neuritis caused by blows, wounds, etc.,
+(traumatic).
+
+Duration.--This varies from a few days to weeks or months. If the primary
+cause can be remedied it usually ends in full recovery. Sometimes it is
+followed by the chronic form.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Neuritis.--The first thing to do is to try to
+remove the cause. Then absolute and continued rest of the affected part.
+If one has a sore hand it will be rested, if possible; so it must be with
+the sore and inflamed nerve.
+
+For the Attack.--After having placed the part in absolute rest, moist heat
+applied to it frequently brings great relief. Sometimes a mustard plaster
+applied along the sore part does good. This produces a counter irritation
+and thus draws some of the congestion from the congested, inflamed nerve.
+Ice is more effective in some cases than heat. The bowels should be kept
+open daily with salts. Build up the general health with tonics; no alcohol
+can be used. If it shows a tendency to become chronic, use massage,
+electricity or change of climate. Atrophy (shrinking) of the muscles is
+likely to follow if the disease continues long and for this massage and
+electricity must be given.
+
+[278 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment. Preventive.--A person who has once had neuritis must exercise
+all care to keep from taking cold or exposing themselves to severe cold
+winds and storms. Wet clothing will be apt to cause its return. Damp
+houses are bad. The climate should be dry and not changeable. There should
+be enough and proper kind of clothing to keep the body heat at the normal
+point. Plenty of rest and sleep are required. These cautions also apply to
+rheumatism and neuralgias.
+
+Multiple Neuritis.--Other names: Polyneuritis, Disseminated Neuritis,
+Peripheral Neuritis. Meaning--Multiple neuritis is an inflammatory disease
+of the peripheral (toward the end of the nerves or external nerves)
+nervous system. It varies much in extent and intensity and affects
+symmetrical parts of the body.
+
+Varieties.--These arise from differences in the nature, causes, severity
+and location of the disease process.
+
+Causes.--They are many. (1.) The poison that comes from infectious
+diseases such as typhoid fever, diphtheria, smallpox, leprosy, la grippe,
+etc. (2) From poisons such as alcohol, lead, arsenic; phosphorus, mercury,
+coal gas, etc. (3) From anemia, cancer, tuberculosis, syphilis,
+septicemia, diabetes. (4) From cold, over-exertion, etc.
+
+Symptoms.--Acute febrile multiple neuritis. A typical case: This comes on
+from exposure to cold, over-exertion, or in some cases spontaneously.
+There are chills, headaches, pains in the back, limbs and joints, and the
+case may be called rheumatism. Loss of appetite, coated tongue,
+constipation, and other symptoms of stomach and bowel trouble. The
+temperature rises rapidly, and may go to 103 to 104 degrees. The limbs and
+back ache, but intense pain in the nerves are not always constant. The
+pain is usually sharp, severe, and located in the limbs, and is worse from
+moving and pressure. There are tingling feelings in the hands, feet and
+body, and a feeling as if ants or insects were crawling over them, and
+there is also increased sensitiveness of the nerve trunks or entire limb.
+There is loss of muscular power, first marked, perhaps, in the legs, and
+it extends upwards and reaches the arms. Sometimes it first begins in the
+arms. In typical cases the extending muscles of the wrist and ankles drop.
+(Wristdrop and foot-drop). In severe cases there is a general loss of
+muscular power, producing a flabby paralysis. This may extend to the
+muscles that control speaking, swallowing and hearing resulting in
+impairment of these functions. The muscles soften and waste away rapidly.
+Disorders of nutrition are frequent, like watery swelling (oedema), glossy
+looking skin, sweating, hives, etc.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 279]
+
+Recovery.--The course of the disease varies considerably. In mild cases
+the symptoms disappear very soon. In the worst form the patient may die in
+a week or ten days. As a rule, in moderately severe cases after persisting
+for five or six weeks, the condition remains about the same for a few
+months, and then improvement slowly begins and recovery takes place in six
+to twelve months. In neuritis from alcohol drinking there is a rapid onset
+as a rule, with delirium and delusions. The result is usually favorable
+and after persisting for weeks or months improvement gradually begins, the
+muscles regain their power, and even in the most desperate cases recovery
+may follow. The mental symptoms are very severe in alcoholic cases.
+Delirium is common. It takes much longer for such cases to regain what
+they call their normal condition.
+
+Neuritis following diphtheria and other infectious diseases. The outlook
+in cases from these diseases is usually favorable, and except in
+diphtheria, fatal cases are uncommon. It is most common from diphtheria.
+Recovery, in neuritis from diphtheria, takes place in about three months,
+but some cases are fatal.
+
+Neuritis from lead.--The first symptoms are those of intestinal colic,
+lead line on the gums, "dropped-wrist." The recovery is quite gradual and
+the poison may be cast out in three to four months.
+
+In Neuritis from Arsenic.--We have disturbance of the stomach and bowels
+first, then the legs and arms are about equally affected, weakened; may
+recover in two to six months.
+
+Treatment for acute kind.--The first thing to do is to rest in bed and
+control the pain and acute symptoms. Hot applications help to relieve the
+suffering. Patient must be kept comfortably and constantly warm and quiet.
+Hot applications of lead water and laudanum.
+
+Medicines.--It may be necessary to use morphine to control the pain.
+Remedies such as antipyrine or aspirin are often used. A physician must be
+called. When the disease is caused by arsenic and lead and alcohol, of
+course you must remove the cause before you can hope for any improvement.
+
+Caution.--Any one can readily understand from reading this description
+that the thing to do is to be careful not to needlessly expose yourself to
+taking cold. One subject to rheumatism or neuritis, even in small degree,
+should take care not only not to take cold but not to overdo in laboring;
+cold, wet and over-exertion cause the majority of the acute attacks. But
+some are caused by diseases, such as diphtheria, typhoid fever, etc., and
+a great many cases of neuritis following these and other infectious
+diseases can be avoided if proper care is taken during and after these
+diseases. Such care can easily be taken. Keep your rooms warm and
+comfortable, and the patient in bed or in a comfortable room until all
+danger is past. How often I have heard a doctor blamed for such results
+when in most cases it is the patient's or nurse's fault. Certain results
+will follow certain diseases and only proper care can keep such results
+from following. Dropsy frequently follows even a light case of scarlet
+fever. Why? Simply because, on account of being a light case, the child is
+left to roam at will about the rooms and catches cold, takes la grippe. If
+people would only take care of themselves this disease would not leave so
+many lifelong victims. I have seen men and women who have just recovered
+from this disease stand on the street corners on a cold, damp day, and
+talk an hour, and the next day they wondered how they could possibly have
+taken cold. We cannot disobey the laws of nature safely. Persons who are
+subject to neuritis or rheumatism should be especially careful on cold,
+damp, wet days and of over-exertion.
+
+[280 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+GENERAL AND FUNCTIONAL BRAIN DISEASES. NERVOUS
+PROSTRATION. NERVOUS EXHAUSTION.
+NEURASTHENIA.
+
+NERVOUS PROSTRATION.--Is a condition of weakness or exhaustion of the
+nervous system, giving rise to various forms of mental and bodily
+inefficiency.
+
+Causes. 1. Hereditary causes.--Some children are born of parents who are
+weak themselves, and who have led fast lives through business or pleasure
+and these parents have given their offspring a weakened body, and the
+children are handicapped with a nervous predisposition and furnish a
+considerable proportion of "nervous" patients.
+
+2. Acquired.--It is acquired by continual worry and overwork, sexual
+indiscretion, excesses, irregular living and indiscretion in diet. A great
+many business men, teachers and journalists become "neurasthenics." It may
+follow infectious diseases, particularly influenza, typhoid fever and
+syphilis. It also follows operations sometimes. Alcohol, tobacco, morphine
+may produce a high grade of the disease, if their use is abused.
+
+Symptoms.--These are varied. The most prominent symptom is fatigue. The
+patient feels so tired and complains of being unable to do any mental
+labor. It is almost impossible to put the mind on one subject for any
+length of time. There are headache, dizziness, want of sleep, and there is
+great depression of spirits; patient is gloomy, irritable in temper with
+manifestations of hysteria. Sometimes there are marked symptoms of spinal
+trouble. Pain along the spine with spots or areas of tenderness. Pains
+simulating rheumatism are present. There is frequently great muscular
+weakness, great prostration after the least exertion, and a feeling of
+numbness, tingling, and neuralgic pains. In spinal symptoms, there is an
+aching pain in the back, or in the back of the neck, which is a quite
+constant complaint. Then there  are the anxiety symptoms in many cases.
+There may be only a fear of impending insanity or of approaching death, or
+of apoplexy, in simple cases. More frequently the anxious feeling is
+localized somewhere in the body, in the heart region, in the head, in the
+abdomen, in the thorax (chest, etc.). In some cases the anxiety becomes
+intense. They are so restless they do not know what to do with themselves.
+They throw themselves on the bed, complain, and cry, etc. Sometimes the
+patients become so desperate they commit suicide. Some patients do not
+wish to see anyone. Some patients cannot read, reading wearies them so
+much, or they get confused and dizzy and must stop. Some are very
+irritable. They complain of everything. Remember they cannot help it,
+usually. Some are easily insulted and claim they are misunderstood. The
+circulation may be disturbed in some cases. Then there is palpitation of
+the heart, irregular and very rapid pulse, pains, and feeling of
+oppression around the heart, cold hands, and feet. The heart's action may
+be increased by the least excitement and with the fast pulse and
+palpitation there are feelings of dizziness and anxiety and such patients
+are sure they have organic disease of the heart. No wonder. Flashes of
+heat, especially in the head, and transient congestion of the skin are
+distressing symptoms. Profuse sweating may occur. In women, especially,
+and sometimes in men, the hands and feet are cold, the nose is red or
+blue, and the face feels "pinched." Nervous dyspepsia is present in many
+cases. The digestion is poor and slow and constipation accompanies it.
+Sometimes there is neuralgia of the stomach. The sexual organs are
+seemingly affected, many men are "almost scared to death" and they use all
+sorts of quack remedies to restore their sexual vigor. Spermatorrhea is
+their bugbear. They usually get well if they stop worrying. In women there
+is the tender ovary and the menstruation may be painful or irregular. The
+condition of the urine in these patients is important. Many cases are
+complicated with lithaemia (sand-stone in the urine). It is sometimes also
+increased in quantity.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 281]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Nervous Prostration.--The patient must be
+assured and made to believe that the disease is curable, but that it will
+take time and earnest help on the part of the patient. Much medicine is
+not needed, only enough to keep the system working well. Encouragement is
+what is needed from attendants. Remove the patient from the causes that
+produce the trouble, whether it be business, worry, over-study, too much
+social duties, or excesses of any kind. The patient must have confidence
+in the physician, and he must be attentive to the complaints of the
+patient. It is the height of foolishness and absurdity for a physician to
+tell such a patient before he has thoroughly examined him or her that the
+troubles are imaginary. I believe that is not prudent in the majority of
+cases. I have heard physicians talk that way to such patients. I thought,
+what fools! The patient needs proper sympathy and sensible encouragement.
+You must make them believe they are going to get well. If you do not wish
+to do this, refuse such cases, or you will fail with them. If there are
+any patients that need encouragement and kindly, sympathetic, judicious
+"cheering up," these patients are the ones, and they generally are
+"laughed at and made fun of" by people who should know better. Remember
+their troubles are real to them, and are due to exhaustion or prostration
+of the nervous system and this condition, as before described, produces
+horrid feelings and sensations of almost every part of the body. The
+patient must be made to believe that he may expect to get well; and he
+must be told that much depends upon himself, and that he must make a
+vigorous effort to overcome certain of his tendencies, and that all his
+power of will will be needed to further the progress of the cure.
+
+[282 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+First, then, is rest.--Both mental and physical diversions, nutritious
+though easily digested food, and removal of baneful influences as far as
+possible. Physical exercise for the lazy. Rest for the anemic and weak.
+For business or professional men the treatment is to get away and far off,
+if possible, from business. It will often be found best to make out a
+daily programme for those that must remain at home, something to keep the
+mind busy without tiring, and then times of rest. The patient, if it is
+possible, should be away from home if home influences and surroundings are
+not agreeable. Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, of Philadelphia, has devised and
+elaborated a cure, called a rest cure, for the relief of this class of
+patients, and it is wonderfully successful especially in thin people. "Be
+the symptoms what they may, as long as they are dependent upon nerve
+strain, this 'cure' is to be resorted to, and if properly carried out is
+often attended with surprising results." "A bright, airy, easily cleaned,
+and comfortable room, is to be selected, and adjoining it, if possible,
+should be a smaller one for an attendant or nurse. The patient is put to
+bed and kept there from three to six weeks, or longer as may be necessary,
+and during this time is allowed to see no one except the nurse and doctor,
+since the presence of friends requires conversation and mental effort. The
+patient in severe cases must be fed by the nurse in order to avoid
+expenditure of the force required in the movement of the arms. No sitting
+up in bed is allowed and if any reading is done it must be done by the
+nurse who can read aloud for an hour a day (I have seen cases where even
+that could not be done). In the case of women, the hair should be dressed
+by the nurse to avoid any physical effort on the part of the patient. To
+take the place of ordinary exercise, two measures are employed, the first
+of which is massage or rubbing; the second, electricity. By the kneading
+and rubbing of the muscles and skin the liquids in the tissues are
+absorbed and poured into the lymph spaces, and a healthy blush is brought
+to the skin. This passive exercise is performed in the morning or
+afternoon, and should last from one-half to an hour, every part of the
+body being kneaded, even the face and scalp. In the afternoon or morning
+the various muscles should be passively exercised by electricity, each
+muscle being made to contact by the application of the poles of the
+battery to its motor points, the slowly interrupted current being used.
+Neither of these forms of exercise call for any expenditure of nerve
+force; they keep up the general nutrition. The following programme for a
+day's existence is an example of what the physician should order:
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 283]
+
+7:30 a. m.--Glass of hot or cold milk, predigested, boiled or raw as the
+case requires.
+
+8:00 a. m.--The nurse is to sponge the patient with tepid water or with
+cold and hot water alternately to stimulate the skin and circulation, the
+body being well wrapped in a blanket, except the portion which is being
+bathed. After this the nurse should dry the part last wetted, with a rough
+towel, using some friction to stimulate the skin.
+
+8:30 a. m.--Breakfast. Boiled, poached or scrambled eggs, milk toast,
+water toast, or a finely cut piece of mutton chop or chicken.
+
+10:00 a. m.--Massage.
+
+11:00 a. m.--A glass of milk, or a milk punch, or egg-nog.
+
+12:00 m.--Reading for an hour.
+
+1:00 p. m.--Dinner. Small piece of steak, rare roast beef, consomme soup,
+mutton broth, and any one of the easily digested vegetables, well cooked.
+
+3:00 p. m.--Electricity.
+
+4:30 p. m.--A glass of milk, a milk punch or egg-nog.
+
+6:30 p. m.--Supper. This should be very plain, no tea or coffee, but toast
+and butter, milk, curds and whey, or a plain custard.
+
+9 :30 p. m.--A glass of milk or milk punch.
+
+In this way the day is well filled, and the time does not drag so heavily
+as would be thought. If the stomach rebels at over feeding, the amount of
+food must be cut down, but when all the effort of the body is concentrated
+on respiration, circulation, and digestion a large amount of nourishment
+can be assimilated by the exhausted body, which before this treatment is
+undertaken may have had its resources so shattered as to be unable to
+carry out any physiological act perfectly. For the treatment to be
+successful the rules laid down should be rigidly followed, and the cure
+should last from three to six weeks or longer."
+
+HYSTERIA.--A state in which ideas control the body and produce morbid
+changes in its functions.
+
+Causes.--It occurs mostly in women, and usually appears first about the
+time of puberty, but the manifestations may continue until the menopause
+or even until old age. It occurs in all races. Children under twelve years
+are not very often affected. A physician writes: One of the saddest
+chapters in the history of human deception, that of the Salem witches,
+might be headed, "Hysteria in Children," since the tragedy resulted
+directly from the hysterical pranks of girls under twelve years of age.
+During late years it has been quite frequent among men and boys. It seems
+to occur oftener in the warm and mild climates than in the cold. There are
+two predisposing causes that are very important--heredity and education.
+Heredity acts by endowing the child with a movable (mobile) abnormally
+sensitive nervous organization. Cases are seen most frequently in families
+with marked nervous disease tendencies, whose members have suffered from
+various sorts of nervous diseases.
+
+[284 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Education.--The proper home education is neglected. Some parents allow
+their girls to grow up accustomed to have every whim gratified, abundant
+sympathy lavished on every woe, however trifling, and the girl reaches
+womanhood with a moral organization unfitted to withstand the cares and
+worries of every-day life. And between the ages of twelve and sixteen, the
+most important in her life, when the vital energies are absorbed in the
+rapid development of the body, the girl is often "cramming" for
+examinations and cooped in close schoolrooms for six or eight hours daily;
+not only that, but at home she is often practicing and taking lessons on
+the piano in connection with the full school work. The result too often is
+an active bright mind in an enfeebled body, ill-adapted to subserve the
+functions for which it was framed, easily disordered, and prone to act
+abnormally to the ordinary stimuli of life.
+
+Direct Influences.--Those influences that directly bring on the attack are
+fright, anxiety, grief, love affairs, and domestic worries, especially in
+those of a nervous nature. Diseases of the generative organs and organic
+diseases in general, and of the nervous system especially, may be causes
+of hysteria.
+
+Symptoms.--These may be divided into two classes: 1. Interparoxysmal or
+time between the paroxysms (spells). 2. Paroxysmal. During the time of the
+attack. First variety--The will power seems defective. In bad cases
+self-control is lost. The patient is irritable, and easily annoyed by the
+slightest trifle; is very excitable and easily moved to laughter or tears
+without any apparent cause for either. Easily discouraged and despondent.
+She wants lots of sympathy. Second--Loss of sensation is frequently
+present, and it is most commonly one-sided; it may involve certain parts,
+as one or two limbs, the trunk escaping, or part of one limb. Various
+spots of want of sensation (feeling) may exist. The skin of the affected
+side is frequently pale and cool and a pin prick may not cause bleeding.
+In some cases they feel the touch of the hand, but there is no feeling
+from heat. There may also be oversensitiveness to pain and of the skin. It
+may be one-sided or both, or only in spots. The left ovarian region is a
+common sensitive point; also over the breasts, lower positions of the
+ribs, on top of the head and over many portions of the backbone. Pain in
+the head is a very common and distressing symptom, and is usually on the
+top. Pain in the back is common. Abdominal pains may be very severe and
+the abdomen may be so tender as to be mistaken for peritonitis. Various
+parts of the body may have neuralgic pains. There may be intense pain
+around the heart. There may be complete blindness, the taste and smell may
+be disturbed or complete loss of hearing. Third--Paralysis is frequently
+present. It may be one-sided or only of the lower extremities, or only one
+limb. The face is usually not involved when it is on one side. The leg is
+more affected than the arm. Sensation is lessened or lost on the affected
+side. Paralysis of the lower extremities is more frequent than one-sided
+paralysis. The power in the limbs hardly ever is entirely lost; the legs
+may usually be moved, but the legs give way if the patient tries to stand.
+The affected muscles do not waste. The feet are usually extended and turn
+inward. Sudden loss of voice occurs in many cases. The paralysis is
+generally paroxysmal, and is frequently associated with contractures,
+shortening of the muscle. The contractures may come on suddenly or slowly,
+and may last minutes, hours, or months, and some cases even years.
+Movements of the hands, arms, etc., like the motions in chorea are often
+seen in the young. A trembling (tremor) is sometimes seen in these
+patients. It most commonly involves the hands and arms, more rarely the
+head and legs. These movements are small and quick. Fourth--Swallowing may
+be difficult on account of spasms of the muscles of the pharynx. The
+larynx may be involved and interfere with respiration. Indigestion in some
+form is often present. The stomach and bowels may be very much bloated
+with gas. There may be a "phantom tumor" in the intestine (bowel).
+Constipation may be very obstinate, vomiting may be present and persistent
+and hiccough present. The action of the heart may be irregular, and rapid
+heart action is common. The least motion may cause difficult breathing and
+false Angina Pectoris (heart pang); the urine is retained not infrequently
+in female patients.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 285]
+
+Symptoms of the Paroxysms.--Convulsive seizures are common manifestations
+of hysteria, and frequently present a great similarity to epilepsy. The
+prodromal (fore-running) symptoms are frequently present and may begin
+several days before the convulsion occurs. In milder forms, in which the
+cause may be due to a temporary physical exhaustion, or emotional shock,
+the fore-running symptoms are of short duration. The patient may become
+very nervous, irritable, impatient, have fits of laughing and crying,
+alternately, or have a feeling of a chill rising in the throat. The
+convulsion follows these symptoms. The patient generally falls in a
+comfortable place; consciousness is only apparently lost, for she
+frequently remembers what has taken place; the tongue is rarely bitten, In
+the milder forms the movements are apt to be disorderly. In the severe
+forms the movements are apt to be a lasting contraction of the muscles and
+the patient may have the head and feet drawn back and the abdomen drawn
+front. There then may follow a condition of ecstacy, sleepiness,
+catalepsy, trance, or the patient may show symptoms of a delirium with the
+most extraordinary sights of unreal things. These convulsions may last for
+several hours or days. Firm pressure over the ovaries may bring on a
+convulsion, or if made during a convulsion may arrest it. The disease is
+rarely dangerous to life, yet death has followed exhaustion induced by
+repeated convulsions or prolonged fasting. The duration of hysteria is
+very uncertain.
+
+[286 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+DURING A CONVULSION. The first thing to do is not to be frightened. A
+patient in a convulsion from hysteria very seldom injures herself during
+the convulsions. If you are sure it is hysteria, give a nasty tasting
+medicine, asafoetida is a splendid remedy, but not in pill form, for there
+is no taste or smell to them. Sometimes a convulsion may be arrested by
+the sudden use of ice to the backbone or abdomen or by dashing cold water
+in the face and chest, or by pressing upon the ovaries. When the hysteria
+is of a mild form it is sometimes a good plan, when the convulsion comes
+on, to place the patient in a comfortable position and then leave her, and
+when the patient comes to and finds herself alone and without sympathy,
+the attacks are less likely to be repeated. Sometimes if you watch a
+patient closely when she is seemingly unconscious, you will see, if you
+look at her very guardedly, that one eyelid is not entirely closed, and
+that the patient really sees much that is occurring around her. I am
+writing of real genuine hysteria, in which the patient is not quite right,
+not only physically but mentally,--especially the latter,--during the
+attack at least. For that and other reasons such patients should not be
+treated cruelly.
+
+Preventive Treatment of Hysteria.--In order to be successful in this line
+of treatment the cause must be found and treated. An English physician
+writes: "It is pitiable to think of the misery that has been inflicted on
+these unhappy victims of the harsh and unjust treatment which has resulted
+from false views of the nature of the trouble; on the other hand, worry
+and ill-health, often the wrecking of the mind, body and estate, are
+entailed upon the near relatives in the nursing of a protracted case of
+hysteria. The minor manifestations, attacks of the vapors, the crying and
+weeping spells are not of much moment, and rarely require treatment. The
+physical condition should be carefully looked into and the mode of life
+regulated, so as to insure system and order in everything. A congenial
+occupation offers the best remedy for many of these manifestations. Any
+functional disturbance should be attended to and a course of tonics
+prescribed. Special attention should be paid to the action of the bowels.
+The best preventive treatment is the one that is given early, when the
+girl is growing from childhood to girlhood. It should be begun even
+earlier. A weakly baby should be built up by proper food and outdoor life.
+Dainties should not be given to such a child. When the child is old
+enough, as some mothers think, to go to kindergarten school, keep the
+little one at home. It is plenty early enough to send such a child to
+school when she is seven years old. This early school work rushes the
+child, makes it nervous. If you should happen to listen to the heart of
+many young school children you would find it pounding away at a furious
+rate. Do not hurry a weakly child. Do not hurry or rush a young girl even
+though she is strong, from the ages of twelve to sixteen years. Our school
+system does just that. Instead of taking life easy when she is nearing the
+crisis (puberty) or is in that period, she is hurried and rushed and
+crammed with her school work; the girl frequently goes to school during
+this period, even when she is unwell and sits there for an hour or more
+with wet skirts and sometimes wet shoes and stockings. Every day I see
+girls of all ages go past my office here in this cultured city of Ann
+Arbor, without rubbers, treading through the slush and water. Is it any
+wonder they become sickly, become victims of hysteria and suffer from
+menstrual disorders? Dysmenorrhea must follow such carelessness, and the
+parents are to blame in many cases. Be careful of your children,
+especially girls at this age, care less for their intellectual growth, and
+pay more attention to their body development, even if it should happen to
+be at the expense of their intellectual development. A healthy body is
+better than all the knowledge that can be obtained, if it goes, as it too
+often does, with a body that is weak and sick. Outdoor life is necessary.
+Horseback riding is splendid; walking is also good exercise at a regular
+time each day."
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 287]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Hysteria.--If there is any womb trouble, it must
+be attended to. There is frequently trouble with the menses in cases of
+hysteria. It sometimes comes from anemia or simply comes without any
+special reason. Tonics like arsenic, iron, strychnine and cod-liver oil
+are needed for anemia. Iron valerate is good, in one grain doses, three
+times a day, in this disease, when the patient is not fleshy.
+
+1. The following is recommended by Dr. Goodell:
+
+    Of each one scruple (20 grains).
+      Quinine Valerate
+      Iron Valerate
+      Ammonia Valerate
+
+Make into twenty pills. Take one or two pills three times a day.
+
+(This is a good tonic in such cases.)
+
+2. Fowler's Solution of Arsenic in three to five drops doses is frequently
+used (three times a day) and is a good lasting tonic in cases where the
+patient has a very pale white looking skin.
+
+3. Asafoetida in three to five-grain pills is a splendid tonic in such
+cases, and in that form is pleasant to take. Take three during the day,
+before meals.
+
+4. Sumbul or musk root is a good remedy. Tincture in one-half dram doses
+three times a day. This is good when the patient is very nervous.
+
+5. The following is good when anemia is prominent:
+
+    Dried Sulphate of Iron        20 grains
+    Alcoholic extract of Sumbul   20 grains
+    Asafoetida                    10 grains
+    Arsenious acid               1/2 grain
+
+Mix thoroughly and make twenty pills, one after each meal.
+
+[288 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+6. Tincture of hops in doses of one-half to two teaspoonfuls is good for
+nervousness and sleeplessness, taken at bedtime. It can also be taken
+regularly four times a day in from one-half to one teaspoonful doses.
+
+7. General Cautions.--Proper, easily digested foods must be taken. Keep
+the bowels open daily. Let trash and dainties alone. Pies, cakes, and rich
+foods are an abomination for such patients. Candy is not to be eaten. Let
+novels alone. Go to bed at nine and sleep until six or seven. Bathe five
+or ten minutes every morning or evening in tepid water or cool water. The
+patient should be warmly clothed. Sleep in a pleasant, sunshiny and airy
+room. In severe forms of the disease the "Rest Cure" and feeding described
+under Nervous Prostration should be used.
+
+
+
+EPILEPSY. (Falling Sickness).--This is an affection of the nervous system,
+characterized by attacks of unconsciousness, with or without convulsion.
+
+Causes.--In a large proportion of cases the disease begins before puberty.
+It rarely begins after twenty-five. It is more liable to attack females
+than males. Heredity is thought by some to play a big role. Dr. Osler
+says: "In our figures it appears to play a minor role." Another doctor
+says: "Heredity plays an important role in the production of the disease.
+Besides epilepsy, insanity, migraine, alcoholism, near relationship of
+parents (consanguinity) and hysteria are among the more common ancestral
+taints observed." All factors which impair the health and exhaust the
+nervous system are predisposing causes. Injury to the head often causes
+it. Teething, worms, adherent foreskin and clitoris, closing of the
+internal opening of the womb, delayed menstruation, are sometimes the
+cause.
+
+Symptoms.--There are two distinct types. The major attacks--or "grand
+mal"--in which there are severe convulsions with complete loss of
+consciousness, etc.; and the minor attacks or "petit mal," in which the
+convulsive movements are slight and may be absent, and in which the loss
+of consciousness is often but momentary or practically absent. In some the
+attacks occur during the day; in others during the night, and they may not
+be noticed for a long time.
+
+Characteristic paroxysm of the Major attacks.--This may be ushered in by a
+localized sensation, known as the Aura, in some part of the body; but it
+may come without any warning and suddenly. The convulsions begin suddenly
+and at first are tonic, that is, it does not change but holds on. Thc
+patient falls unconscious regardless of the surroundings, and the
+unconsciousness may be preceded by an involuntary piercing cry. The head
+is drawn back and often turned to the right. The jaws are fixed (tonic
+spasm). The fingers are clenched over the thumb and the extremities are
+stiff. The breathing is affected and the face looks blue. The urine and
+bowel contents may escape; but this occurs oftener in the next stage. This
+tonic spasm usually lasts from a few seconds to a half minute when it is
+succeeded by the clonic spasm stage.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 289]
+
+Clonic spasm stage.--In this the contraction of the muscles is
+intermittent. (Tonic spasm is the opposite condition.) At first there is
+trembling, but it gradually becomes more rapid and the limbs are jerked
+and patient tosses violently about. The muscles of the face are in
+intermittent motion, the eyes roll, the eyelids are opened and closed
+convulsively. The jaws move forcibly and strongly, and the tongue is apt
+to be caught between the teeth and bitten. The blue look now gradually
+decreases. A frothy saliva, which may be bloodstained from the bitten
+tongue, escapes from the mouth. The urine and bowel contents may escape
+involuntarily. The length of time of this stage is variable. It may last
+two minutes. The contraction becomes less violent and the patient
+gradually sinks into the condition of deep sleep, when the breathing is
+noisy and stertorous, the face looks red and swollen, but no longer
+bluish. The limbs loose their stiffness and unconsciousness is profound.
+The patient, if left alone, will sleep for some hours and then awakes and
+complains only of a dull headache. His mind is apt to be confused. He
+remembers nothing or little of what has occurred. Afterwards the patient
+may be irrational for some time and even dangerous.
+
+The minor attack or "petit mal."--There is a convulsion; a short period of
+unconsciousness, and this may come at any time, and may be accompanied by
+a feeling of faintness or vertigo. Suddenly, for example, at dinner time
+the person stops talking and eating, the eyes are fixed and staring and
+the face is slightly pale. The patient usually drops anything he may be
+holding. The consciousness returns in a moment or two and the patient
+resumes conversation as if nothing had happened. In other instances there
+is a slight incoherency or the patient performs some almost automatic
+action. He may begin to undress himself, and on returning to consciousness
+find that he has partially disrobed. He may rub his beard or face, or may
+spit about in a careless way. An eminent physician states: "One of my
+patients, after an attack, was in the habit of tearing anything he could
+lay his hands on, particularly books; violent actions have been committed
+and assaults made, frequently giving rise to questions which come before
+court. In the majority of cases of "petit mal" (light attacks) convulsions
+finally occur, at first slight, but ultimately the grand mal (major
+attacks) becomes well developed, and the attacks may then alternate."
+
+Recovery.--The authority above goes on to say: "This may be given today in
+the words of Hippocrates: 'The prognosis in epilepsy is unfavorable when
+the disease is congenital (that is, existing at birth), when it endures to
+manhood, and when it occurs in a grown person without any previous cause.
+The cure may be attempted in young persons but not in old.' '' Death
+rarely occurs during the fit, but it may happen if the patient is eating.
+If the attacks are frequent and the patient has marked mental disturbance
+the conditions are unfavorable. Males have a better outlook than females.
+
+[290 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--What to do during the Attack of Epilepsy.--Keep
+the patient from injuring himself, loosen the clothing, take off the
+collar or anything tight about the neck. Place a cork or spool or
+tooth-brush handle between the teeth to keep the patient from biting his
+tongue, but attach a stout cord to the object and hold it in that way.
+
+Preventive and general treatment.--In the case of children the parents
+should be made to understand that in the great majority of cases epilepsy
+is incurable. The patients need firm but kind treatment. It does not
+render a person incapable of following some occupations. "Julius Caesar
+and Napoleon were subjects of epilepsy." The disease causes gradual
+impairment of the mind, and if such patients become extremely irritable or
+show signs of violence, they should be placed under supervision in an
+asylum. A person with this disease should not marry.
+
+Diet.--Give the patient a light diet at regular hours, and the stomach
+should never be overloaded. There are cases in which meat is injurious,
+and it should not be eaten more than once a day and at noon time. A
+vegetable diet seems best. The patient should not go to sleep until the
+digestion is completed in the stomach.
+
+Causes.--Should be removed if possible. Circumcision should be done,
+especially in the young. In case of a female child the "hood of the
+clitoris" should be kept free. Undue mental and physical excitement should
+be avoided. Systematic exercise should be taken. Baths in cold water in
+the morning, if possible, as the skin should be in good working condition.
+
+Medicines.--The bromides are the best, and should always be given under
+proper supervision of a physician or nurse.
+
+Caution.--I wish to add that parents should always attend to the seemingly
+harmless "fits" in their young children. It will not do to say they are
+due to teething or worms. If they are, the worms at least can be treated
+and that cause removed. They may be due to too tight opening in the penis.
+If that opening is small, or if the foreskin is tight it will make the
+child irritable and cause restless sleep. Attend to that immediately. The
+same advice applies to female children. The "cover" of the "clitoris" may
+be tight, making the little one nervous; loosen it. If your child keeps
+its fingers rubbing its private organs there is reason for you to have the
+parts examined and the cause removed as masturbation often starts in that
+way. The parts itch and the child tries to stop the itching. These little
+things often cause "big things" and I am sure "fits" can be stopped very
+often by looking after the private organs in both sexes.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 291]
+
+SHAKING PALSY. (Paralysis Agitans).--This is a chronic affection of the
+nervous system, characterized by muscular weakness, trembling and
+rigidity.
+
+Causes.--It usually occurs after the fortieth year, and is more common in
+men than in women. The exciting causes are exposure to cold and wet,
+business worries, anxieties, violent emotional excitement and specific
+fevers.
+
+Symptoms.--The four prominent symptoms are trembling, weakness, rigidity,
+and a peculiar attitude. It generally develops gradually, usually in one
+or the other hand. There is at first a fine trembling, beginning in the
+hands or feet, gradually extending to the arms, the legs and sometimes the
+whole body. The head is not involved so frequently. This trembling
+(tremor) consists of rapid, uniform "shakings." At first it may come in
+spells, but as the disease advances it is continuous. Any excitement makes
+it worse. It is very marked in the hands. The trembling generally ceases
+during sleep. The muscles become rigid and shortened; the head is bent and
+the body is bent forward; the arms are flexed (bent) and the thumbs are
+turned into the palms and grasped by the fingers; the legs are bent,
+movement soon becomes impaired and the extremities show some stiffness in
+motion. There is great weakness of the muscles and it is most marked,
+where the trembling is most developed. There is no expression on the face,
+and the person has a slow and measured speech. The walk is very peculiar,
+and in attempting to walk the steps are short and hurried. The steps
+gradually become faster and faster, while the body is bent forward and the
+patient must keep on going faster to keep from falling. It is difficult to
+go around in a short circle. The patient cannot change his position in bed
+easily. The mind is rarely affected.
+
+Recovery.--It is an incurable disease. It may run on for twenty years or
+more. There may be times of improvement, but the tendency is to grow,
+gradually worse.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Shaking Palsy.--This is simply to make the
+patient as comfortable as possible. Regulate the diet. The patient should
+not worry or have much exercise. Frequent warm baths are sometimes
+beneficial with gentle massage of the muscles.
+
+
+
+APHASIA.--A partial or total inability to express thoughts in words or to
+interpret perceptions.
+
+Varieties.--Motor and sensory aphasia.
+
+Causes.--Softening of the brain, tumors of the brain, lesions in syphilis
+especially, hemorrhage in the brain, blows on the head, and inflammation
+of the brain and its covering.
+
+Symptoms of Motor Aphasia.--The patient cannot make the muscles of the
+larynx, tongue, palate and lips perform their functions and produce
+speech. The patient knows what he wishes to say, but cannot pronounce it.
+This may be complete or partial. Complete, when the patient can only utter
+separate sounds. Partial, when the words are only slightly mispronounced
+and when some certain words cannot be pronounced at all. In some cases,
+nouns only or verbs cannot be pronounced. Agraphia, means inability to
+write down the thoughts. Sensory aphasia: word deafness. This is an
+inability to interpret spoken language. The sound of the word is not
+recognized and cannot be recalled; but sounds such as that of an engine
+whistle, or an alarm clock, are heard and recognized. Word-blindness: the
+person cannot interpret written language. Pharaphrasia: cannot use the
+right word in continued speech; the patient uses words but misplaces them.
+
+[292 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Recovery depends a great deal upon the cause.
+
+Treatment.--Treat the cause. If from syphilis, iodide of potash and
+mercury. If from an injury or tumors, operate if possible. Teach the
+patient how to speak, read and write. The result of this often gives you a
+pleasant surprise.
+
+[Illustration: Hand Nerves.]
+
+WRITERS' CRAMP. Causes.--This occurs much oftener in men than in women,
+and usually between the ages of twenty-five and forty. The predisposing
+causes are a nervous constitution, heredity, alcoholism, worry, etc. The
+chief exciting cause,--excessive writing, especially when it is done
+under a strain.
+
+Symptoms.--It usually begins with fatigue, weight, or actual pain in the
+affected muscles. In the spasm form the fingers are seized with a constant
+or intermittent spasm whenever the person grasps the pen. The neuralgic
+form is similar in symptoms but severe pain and fatigue comes with
+writing. The tremulous form: In this the hand when used becomes the seat
+of the decided tremor. The paralytic form: The chief symptoms are
+excessive weakness and fatigue of the part and these disappear when the
+pen is laid aside.
+
+Recovery.--If taken in time and if the hand is allowed perfect rest, the
+condition may improve rapidly. There is, however, a tendency to recur.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Writers' Cramps.--There must be absolute rest of
+the hand. General tonics, such as iron, strychnine, arsenic, and cod-liver
+oil may be needed to tone up the system.
+
+
+
+APOPLEXY.  (Cerebral Hemorrhage).  (Brain Hemorrhage). Causes.--Bleeding
+(hemorrhage) into the brain substance is almost always due to an affection
+of the walls of the large or small arteries of the brain, producing
+rupture and subsequent bleeding. Persons of fifty or over are more subject
+to it, and it is more common in men than in women. Any disease that will
+cause degeneration of the arteries, helps to cause it, such as nephritis,
+rheumatism, syphilis, gout and alcoholism. Nephritis is one of the most
+certain causes, because arterio-sclerosis (hardening and decaying of the
+walls of the arteries) and hypertrophy of the heart are associated with
+nephritis, etc.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 293]
+
+Direct Causes.--Straining at stool, heavy lifting, anger, rage, fright,
+etc.; paroxysm of whooping-cough or convulsions may cause it in children.
+
+Symptoms.--Sometimes the patient experiences headache, dizziness, paleness
+or flushing of the face, fullness in the head, ringing in the ears, etc.,
+temporary attacks of numbness or peculiar tingling in one-half of the
+body. When the bleeding takes place there is usually loss of
+consciousness. In the attack:--If the bleeding is extensive the patient
+falls suddenly into coma, and this may soon prove fatal. If the bleeding
+is slight at first and gradually increases, the patient is delirious at
+first, then one arm, then one side, and finally the whole body may become
+paralyzed, and unconsciousness, and even death may come from the paralysis
+of the heart and breathing nerve centers. In many cases the patient falls
+unconscious without previous warning. The face is red, the eyes injected,
+the lips are blue, the pulse is full and slow, and the breathing is slow
+and deep. The head and eyes may be strongly turned to the injured side.
+The pupils may be unequal. The paralysis may not be noticed while the
+patient is unconscious and is quiet. The urine and the bowels contents may
+pass involuntarily or the urine may be retained. Sometimes when the case
+is very grave the patient does not awake from his deep sleep (coma); the
+pulse becomes very feeble, respiration becomes changed, mucus collects in
+the throat, and death may occur in a few hours or days. In other cases the
+clot in the brain is gradually absorbed, and the patient slowly returns to
+consciousness. Sometimes relapses occur. In mild cases instead of deep
+coma, there may be only headache, faintness, nausea and vomiting.
+
+Subsequent Symptoms.--When the patient improves, consciousness returns,
+but there remains a half-side paralysis, hemiplegia, on the side and
+opposite to that of the seat of the injury in the brain. It may not take
+in the whole side, only a part. The gait is peculiar. In walking the
+patient supports the paralyzed arm. In many cases the paralyzed parts
+gradually regain their functions in a few weeks, but not always complete.
+The leg improves more than the arm. There is danger of other attacks. When
+the sleep (coma) is very deep, the breathing is embarrassed, with vomiting
+and prolonged half-consciousness and extension and complete paralysis,
+the danger to life is great.
+
+What can I do at once? Loosen the clothing around the neck and waist.
+Raise the head and shoulders and put cold to the head (ice bag if you have
+it) and warmth to the feet, legs and hands. Watch the bladder closely. The
+urine must be drawn frequently in this disease, especially if there is
+much paralysis. It may dribble away, but that is not enough. Look out for
+bed sores, especially if the sickness is a long one.
+
+[294 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+APOPLEXY. 1. Mothers' Remedies, Simple yet Effective Remedy for.--"Place
+the feet of the patient in hot water and mustard," This is a very simple
+treatment for such a serious disease, but very often will relieve as the
+hot bath will cause a reaction, take the pressure of blood from the brain
+and by this means has been known to save many lives.
+
+2. Apoplexy, Simple Injection for.-"Place dry salt on the tongue and give
+an injection as follows:
+
+    Warm water       1 quart
+    Common salt      2 teaspoonfuls
+    Brandy         1/2 ounce
+
+    This injection is recommended for any kind of a shock which affects
+    the circulation."
+
+    The injection of the bowels will relieve the congestion by drawing the
+    blood away from the brain.
+
+Medical treatment must be to regulate the diet, bowels, kidneys, and
+stomach. Restore the general health.
+
+Caution.--A person who has had an attack of this kind may have another.
+The mode of life must be changed in most cases. The patient must take
+things easy. The bowels, kidneys, stomach, and liver must work naturally
+and the stomach must not be overloaded. Too much meat must not be eaten;
+alcohol must be let alone; rich foods are prohibited. Hurry, worry, anger,
+fright, excitement, etc., are bad. Be lazy, take life easy, do not get
+over-heated, and sleep, sleep, SLEEP,--in a room where there is plenty of
+good air. Do not lift or strain to have a passage of the bowels. Stooping
+is injurious. The blood must be kept from the head. Take proper care and
+you are likely to live years longer. And now you may wonder why I give
+such cautions. Apoplexy is directly due to a breaking of the wall of a
+blood vessel, large or small; due to a weakening, or decay, or
+degeneration of the wall. This lets the blood into the substance of the
+brain and presses upon the nerve centers, causing the trouble and
+paralysis. Any wrong action tends to fill the blood vessels very full and
+the weakened wall bursts.
+
+
+
+PALSY. Paralysis.--A loss of movement, entire or partial, in the voluntary
+muscles of the body. When this loss of power is complete it is called
+paralysis; when it is not complete, paresis.
+
+Causes.--Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, tumors in these parts,
+accidents and injuries, poisons, apoplexy, etc.
+
+Symptoms.--The patient cannot make all the usual motions of the part. The
+affected muscles may waste after a time.
+
+Different Varieties.--
+
+(a) Paralysis of the ocular (eye) muscles.--The vision becomes double, the
+eyelids do not act normally, may droop. The eye may not move in every
+direction as it should.
+
+(b) Paralysis of the muscles of mastication (eating). Symptoms.--If
+paralysis is only on one side, it is difficult to chew; if on both sides,
+chewing is impossible. The jaw hangs down.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 295]
+
+(c) Paralysis of the facial (face) muscle.--This is a rather common
+occurrence, and is due to exposure to wet, and cold, diseases of the
+middle ear, tumors, etc. Symptoms:--The eyelids do not close tightly, and
+tears are continually trickling over the cheek; the corner of the mouth
+droops and the saliva runs out, etc. The mild cases last two or three
+weeks; the severe form from four to six weeks; the worst cases usually
+recover in a long time.
+
+(d) Paralysis of the muscles of the upper extremity.--There are various
+and many symptoms, but with all there is the same loss of the usual
+motion. That particular muscle does not do its special work; for instance,
+if the paralysis is of the deltoid muscle of the arm and shoulder, it is
+not possible to raise the arm, usually pain in the shoulder. The muscle
+soon wastes and the head of the arm bone (humerus) falls away from the
+shoulder, etc.
+
+(e) Paralysis of the muscles of the lower extremities.--Paralysis of the
+"Gluteus Maximus and Minimus." (Hip muscles). Lifting up of the thigh is
+difficult and so is walking up hill or rising from sitting position. The
+toes are turned out. The other muscles may be paralyzed and simply cannot
+do their usual duty.
+
+(f) Toxic (poison) paralysis. Lead paralysis.--It is hard to extend the
+fingers. The lead line is shown on the gums.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Palsy.--Remove the cause. Give salts and iodide
+of potash. Paralysis from arsenic, mercury, zinc or copper:--The symptoms
+are those of neuritis and are greatly similar in each kind. The spongy
+gums show mercury; the puffy face and diarrhea show arsenic poison. Remove
+the cause.
+
+
+
+CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN. (Diseases of the Cerebral (Brain) Circulation).
+(Hyperaemia).--The brain is too full of blood.
+
+Causes. For Active Congestion.--Over-exertion in study, etc.; chronic
+pletbora (too much blood in the blood vessels); from constant use of
+alcohol, tobacco, amyl nitrite, and from the stomach.
+
+For passive congestion.--Local obstruction to the return of blood from the
+brain. Prolonged mental and physical exertion with excesses and irregular
+living may cause it.
+
+Symptoms of active kind.--Head feels warm, face is red, the arteries in
+the neck beat hard, violent headache, ears ringing, very restless and does
+not sleep well.
+
+Symptoms of the passive form.--The headache is not so great; there may be
+stupor, drowsiness and dull intellect and very sleepy.
+
+Recovery.--Favorable if the cause is removed.
+
+Treatment for active congestion.--Keep the patient absolutely quiet in a
+dark, well aired room, with the head and shoulders raised, an ice bag or
+cold cloths to the head and warm applications to the hands and feet. A
+warm foot bath will aid in drawing the blood away from the head. Give
+salts (salines) to move the bowels. These take away a great deal of water
+from the blood and aid in relieving the congestion of the head.
+
+[296 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment for passive congestion.--Remove the cause if possible. Give a
+light nutritious diet; prohibit alcohol in any form; keep the bowels
+regular.
+
+
+
+CEREBRAL ANEMIA. (Too little blood in the brain). Causes.--Heart disease,
+general anemia, and mental excitement.
+
+Symptoms.--"Fainting spells," dizziness, the ears ring and there are spots
+before the eyes; nausea and vomiting may go ahead of the fainting spells.
+The face is pale, the pupils are dilated, the pulse is small and feeble,
+and there may be cold sweating on the body. If you can remove the cause
+the result is favorable.
+
+Treatment.--For the fainting fits:--Place the patient in the "lying down"
+position and this frequently restores consciousness; loosen any tight
+clothes, corset, waist, collar, etc. Give plenty of fresh air and do not
+crowd. Keep quiet yourself; do not get excited. In mild cases, mild
+stimulants may be necessary. Let the patient smell of camphor, put a cloth
+with camphor or ammonia near the nose. In other cases amylnitrite and
+strychnine may be necessary. Small doses of whisky or brandy frequently
+help. Remove the cause. Give tonics for general anemia.
+
+
+
+TUMORS OF THE BRAIN AND INFLAMMATION, Abscess, etc. Abscess.
+
+Causes.--This is always secondary and comes from some other part of the
+body. It comes often in young and middle life and is more common in males
+than in females. The most frequent cause is inflammation of the ear and
+the next is from fracture of the skull bones. It may be large or small.
+
+Symptoms.--May come slowly or quickly. After an injury to the head the
+symptoms may come on suddenly such as intense headache, delirium,
+vomiting, chills, high fever, and sometimes convulsions, and a very deep
+seeming sleep (coma). In chronic cases the symptoms are not so severe.
+
+Treatment.--An operation if the abscess can be reached. If not, an ice bag
+should be applied to the head; quiet the distress with narcotics.
+
+
+
+TUMORS OF THE BRAIN.--Varieties in order of their frequency. Gumma,
+tuberculous tumors, glioma, sarcoma, cancer, etc.
+
+Causes. Predisposing.--Men are about twice as often affected as women
+until fifty and then it is about equal. It is more frequent in early adult
+life. The exciting causes are blows and severe emotional shock.
+
+Gumma (in third stage of Syphilis) appear as a round, yellow, cheesy mass,
+usually beginning in the membranes and are usually seen between thirty and
+fifty. They come from syphilis.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 297]
+
+Tuberculous tumors. These appear as hard masses and vary in size. They may
+be single or many, and are situated in any part of the brain. More than
+half of the tumors appearing in children are of this variety.
+
+Glioma. "Glue-tumor." They come from tissue forming the basis of the
+supporting framework of the nervous tissue. This kind occurs often in the
+young.
+
+Sarcoma and Cancer are rare.
+
+Symptoms.--The most of the growths start in the membranes of the brain,
+and by compressing a certain part of the brain they produce their special
+symptoms such as headache, vomiting, inflammation of the nerves of the
+eye, double vision, blindness, the memory impaired, dullness and apathy,
+an irritable temper, and sometimes become demented. There is often vertigo
+or a sense of giddiness. There may be convulsions, and paralysis of some
+muscles. A general tuberculosis tendency or history of syphilis will help
+to make the diagnosis. In children it is more likely to be tuberculous.
+The result is more favorable in tuberculous growths in children and
+syphilitic tumors in adults. It may last from a few months to three years
+in a bad case.
+
+Treatment.--For gumma, caused by syphilis, iodide of potash and mercury
+should be given. In both kinds, syphilitic and tuberculous, a nutritious
+diet and general tonic treatment, such as cod-liver oil, iron, arsenic,
+and quinine should be given. The bowels must be kept open and special
+attention given to the digestion.
+
+For headache.--Ice bags, cold to the head, mustard to the nape of the
+neck.
+
+For Vomiting.--Mustard over the stomach. Surgery is necessary for some
+tumors that can be reached. You will naturally depend upon your attending
+physician for advice and treatment.
+
+
+
+SYPHILIS OF THE BRAIN. Causes.--The symptoms of syphilis of the brain,
+belong to the third stage of the disease, and are rarely ever observed
+until at least one year or longer from the time of the first lesion
+(chancre). It may be from ten to twenty years coming on. Both sexes are
+equally liable, and it may come at any age. Syphilis may produce a
+circumscribed tumor, a disease of the arteries or a general hardened
+infiltration of the brain. The tumors are small, yellowish, and cheesy in
+the center. They originate in the "Dura Mater" (covering) and spread to
+the brain structure proper. The disease of the arteries causes a
+thickening of these vessels, a narrowing of the blood channel in them,
+thus producing a clot.
+
+Symptoms.--Of gumma (syphilis tumors) at the base of the brain, are
+persistent headache, worse at night; sleeplessness, depression of the
+mind, memory impaired, vertigo, sometimes vomiting and paralysis of some
+of the nerves (third and sixth pairs). Violent convulsions, like epilepsy,
+appear in some cases.
+
+[298 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Symptoms when arteries are diseased.--Temporary loss of speech, numbness
+or weakness in one limb, the sight is disturbed, or vertigo; and, when the
+clot (thrombus) appears, symptoms of apoplexy, This is a common variety of
+syphilis of the brain.
+
+How to tell what the disease is.--The history of the patient will help. An
+apoplexy in a young person would suggest syphilis.
+
+Recovery.--The chances are better when the disease forms gumma (tumors)
+than when the blood vessels are diseased.
+
+Treatment.--Should be begun and properly carried on when the person has
+the primary sore (chancre), and then these after troubles may not follow.
+This is one of the diseases where the victim reaps a big harvest on
+account of the sexual sin, and in order to escape the bad results for
+himself, etc. he should go through a regular course of treatment when he
+first contracts the disease, perhaps for a year or more, This treatment
+should last as a rule for some years. It is late to begin when the brain
+symptoms show brain involvement. For this there must be radical and
+careful treatment with mercury and iodide of potash; with tonics and
+general building up treatment, and then even if the patient lives he may
+be a nuisance to himself and others.
+
+
+
+GENERAL PARESIS. (Paretic dementia. General Paralysis of the Insane.
+Softening of the Brain).--This belongs under diseases of the mind, but
+there are so many cases that a description of this disease may be
+instructive and interesting. One author says: "General paresis is a
+chronic, progressive, diffuse, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain),
+resulting in structural changes in the cerebral (brain) tissue, with
+involvement of the cortical, and meningeal, (covering) blood and lymph
+vessels, presenting characteristic symptoms, with progressive course and
+fatal termination usually within three years." There are three stages:--1.
+The period of incubation (the prodromal stage). 2. A stage of pronounced
+mono-maniac activity with symptoms of paralysis. 3. Stage of extreme
+enfeeblement with diminution and final loss of power. These stages run
+into each other. First stage in a typical case:--There are tremblings and
+slight trouble in speech and expression of the face. The mind has exalted
+and excited spells, etc.
+
+Symptoms.--The patient is irritable. The mental and moral character is
+unstable. His affairs are in confusion. He uses bad language, neglects his
+family, goes with drunkards and bad women, makes indecent proposals to
+respectable women of his acquaintance without realizing that it is
+improper. He cannot keep his mind on one thing. Speech is a little thick,
+indistinct and hesitating. Syllables are dropped or repeated, speech
+finally becomes undistinguishable. He is very excited; he thinks he is
+persecuted. He is a big fellow generally. He is a king, he is rich and
+mighty. This is the usual run. As the disease progresses he becomes
+feeble-minded more and more so continually. Persistent insomnia comes on
+early and frequently recurring, one-sided headache often goes with it.
+Sometimes there is an uncontrollable desire to sleep. Loss of
+consciousness is an early symptom. After severe attacks there may be
+one-sided paralysis (hemiplegia) which usually disappears in a few hours
+or days. Convulsions like epilepsy may appear early, but usually occur in
+the later stages. The pupils are mostly dilated, rarely contracted, and
+they are often unequal and react slowly to light. When the tongue is
+protruded it trembles and is put out in a jerky manner. The hands tremble,
+in the advanced stage. The speech is jerky and slow. Syllables are dropped
+and repeated. One early symptom is retention of the urine. There is
+another annoying symptom--a constant grinding of the teeth. The walk is
+very spasmodic, but in advanced stages it becomes slouching or dragging.
+The skin may be red or blue. When the feeble-mindedness is fully developed
+the mind does not perceive anything accurately. He sees imaginary things,
+and things that he does see do not appear to him as they are. Finally he
+has no mind.
+
+Treatment.--The end is sure. You can relieve the distress partly. Personal
+attention by a physician is needed.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 299]
+
+INSOMNIA.--Insomnia is not a disease, but a symptom of disease. It may,
+however, become so active, prominent, and important a symptom as to
+constitute a condition which merits individual management and treatment.
+
+Definition.--Insomnia is the term employed to denote actual or absolute
+sleeplessness, and also lack of fully restful sleep, which might be termed
+relative sleeplessness.
+
+Causes.--Organic causes. Disease of the brain and spinal cord. Toxic
+causes due to poison circulating in the blood which by irritation of the
+brain and cord (axis) and especially of the brain, cause such diseases as
+nephritis (chronic), jaundice, typhoid fever and consumption.
+
+Primary causes. Depend upon insanity.
+
+Nervous or simplest causes.--These are present in nervous persons and
+comprise the two conditions of congestion and anemia of the brain. The
+brain congestion is typified by the nerve-tire of the student; over-study
+and anxiety bring too much blood to the brain and necessarily too much
+activity and then insomnia. Anemia of the brain acts in the opposite
+manner. The brain cells are not properly nourished and hence irritated,
+and sleeplessness follows.
+
+SLEEPLESSNESS. Mothers' Remedies. 1. Hop Pillow Stops.--"People affected
+in this way will be very much benefited by the use of a pillow composed of
+hops, or cup of warm hop tea on retiring. The hops have a very soothing
+effect upon the nerves."
+
+2. Sleeplessness, Easy and Simple Remedy for.--"On going to bed, take some
+sound, as a clock-tick or the breathing of some one within hearing, and
+breathe long breaths, keeping time to the sound. In a very short time you
+will fall asleep, without any of the painful anxieties attending
+insomnia."
+
+[300 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+3. Sleeplessness, Ginger at Bedtime for.--"Ginger tea taken at bedtime
+soothes one to sleep," This is a very good remedy when the stomach is at
+fault. It stimulates this organ and produces a greater circulation,
+thereby drawing the blood from the head. This will make the patient feel
+easier and sleep will soon follow.
+
+4. Sleeplessness, Milk Will Stop.--"Sip a glass of hot milk just before
+retiring. This is very soothing to the nerves, and a good stimulant for
+the stomach,"
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--Remove the cause and be careful in using drugs. In
+the organic kind the treatment is not very successful. In the toxic kind
+drugs must be given to correct other diseases and also tonics given. For
+brain congestion and anemia kind other means must be used first, and the
+drugs as the last resort. Treatment of the congestive insomnia.--1. Hot or
+warm general body-baths are very advantageous to stimulate the circulation
+and restore its balance alike in congestion and anemic cases. After such
+baths the patient must go to bed at once and not get chilled in cold rooms
+or by drafts. They must be properly covered and kept warm.
+
+2. Cold spongings, cold shower baths, or cold plunge baths are given when
+the hot or warm bath does not produce the correct result. If this does not
+depress it is better than the warm bath. The person should be rubbed with
+warm rough towels until the skin is aglow. If he feels rested and quieted,
+the reaction is proper; if depressed, the treatment is too vigorous and
+not suitable.
+
+3. The patient should stand ankle deep in a tub of hot water and a "drip
+sheet," from water at 75 to 80 degrees temperature, thrown over him. Then
+rub the patient's back and abdomen hard and a general brisk rub-down
+immediately after leaving the tub. This treatment should quiet, not excite
+or depress.
+
+4. The cold abdominal pack is valuable. Flannel is wrung out in water, 75
+to 80 degrees temperature and laid in several thicknesses upon the
+abdomen; place a dry towel over this, cover all with oiled silk,
+overlapping widely in order to protect the bed. Tie or bandage all this
+firmly. The effect of this work is first that of a cold then of a warm
+poultice.
+
+5. Exercise. This should be in the open air when possible. A fast walk,
+horseback ride or ride on bicycle for a half hour before bedtime, followed
+by a rub-down will frequently give a good sleep. Dumb-bell, Indian club
+exercise, chest weight, are good in some cases.
+
+Diet.--A light easily digested supper is often better than a heavy meal.
+Sometimes a little eaten before bed-time will give sleep. A piece of
+toast, for instance. It draws the blood from the brain and more to the
+stomach.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 301]
+
+Medicines. If you must use them.--The bromides are the best. Sodium and
+strontium bromide are first choice. Twenty to thirty grains in water
+one-half hour before retiring. Chloral hydrate should not be used often.
+Sulphonal, trional, etc., should always be given with a little food-never
+alone. Sometimes bread pills do just as well.
+
+
+
+ANEMIC CONGESTION. Diet.--A light supper before retiring, like hot milk,
+broths, milk punch, etc., will very frequently promote sleep by removing
+the cause and quickening the circulation. Give nutritious, easy food to
+digest. The baths are not so valuable for this kind of insomnia. A cold
+sponge bath or plunge may be of service.
+
+Medicines.--Tonics are needed here as in regular anemia. The patient must
+be carefully treated, and very many of these cases can be cured. The
+patient must render all the aid he can give, and the physician should gain
+his confidence. If he does he will not need to give much medicine to put
+the patient to sleep, and if he does give it he can frequently use a
+Placebo with the same effect. Mind has an influence over mind. By
+"Placebo" is meant any harmless substance, as bread-pills, given to soothe
+the patient's anxiety rather than as a remedy.
+
+
+
+SLEEP WALKING.--There is a tendency to sleep walking in some families,
+often more than one child will do this to a greater or less extent. It is
+very extreme in some cases, and the next morning they do not know anything
+about it. The person is very seldom hurt and he can do some dizzy things.
+Many persons walk about in their sleeping room or simply get out of bed.
+Fatigue, worry, poor sleep, restlessness, nervousness, a hearty late
+dinner are aggravating causes. As age advances and the person becomes
+stronger, the patient will do less of it.
+
+Treatment.--Avoid over-eating, worry, over-study. The evening should be
+spent quietly. Such persons had better drop parties, late hours or
+anything that tends to cause worry, fatigue or nervousness.
+
+
+
+STAMMERING.--This may be inherited to some extent; excitement,
+nervousness, bodily fatigue, want of rest, etc., make it worse.
+
+MOTHER'S REMEDY. 1. Stammering, Easy Cure for.--"Read aloud in a room an
+hour each day. Repeat each word slowly and distinctly."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--The person should be taught early to talk slowly,
+and to do everything to control himself and not get nervous. There are
+schools for this trouble, and they seem to do good work. They teach the
+patients how to speak slowly, distinctly and to keep their minds off of
+themselves.
+
+
+
+HICCOUGH.--This is caused by intermittent, sudden contraction of the
+diaphragm; obstinate hiccough is a very distressing symptom and sometimes
+it is hard to control.
+
+302       MOTHERS' REMEDIES
+
+Causes.--Inflammatory causes. It is seen in gastritis, peritonitis,
+hernia, appendicitis, and in severe forms of typhoid fever. Irritative
+causes. Swallowing hot substances, local disease of the gullet near the
+diaphragm, and in many cases of stomach trouble and bowel disorder,
+especially when associated with gas (flatus). Specific causes: Gout,
+diabetes or chronic Bright's disease. Nervous (Neurotic) causes. Hysteria,
+epilepsy, shock, or brain tumors.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Hiccough. Vinegar for.--"One teaspoonful vinegar
+sipped carefully (so it will not strangle the patient) will stop them
+almost instantly."
+
+2. Hiccough, Sugar and Vinegar Stops.--"A few drops of strong vinegar
+dropped on a lump of sugar and held in the mouth until dissolved, will
+stop most cases of hiccoughs."
+
+3. Hiccough, Sugar Will Relieve Patient of.--"Place a little dry sugar on
+the end of the tongue and hold the breath. I have tried this remedy after
+others have failed and obtained instant relief."
+
+4. Hiccough, Simple Remedy for.--"Have patient hold both ears closed with
+the fingers, then give them three swallows cold water while they hold
+their breath."
+
+5. Hiccough, Home Remedy to Stop.--"Take nine swallows of cold water while
+holding the breath."
+
+6. Hiccough. Vinegar Stops.--"One teaspoonful of vinegar thickened with
+sugar and eaten slowly."
+
+7. Hiccough, Cinchona Bark in Peppermint Stops.--"Put about one-fourth
+teaspoonful of cinchona bark, powdered in two ounces of peppermint water,
+and give one teaspoonful every five or ten minutes until relieved, or
+three drops of camphor and aqua ammonia in wineglassful of water," These
+remedies are very good when the stomach is at fault, as they have a
+stimulating effect.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--Sudden start may check it in the light forms. Ice,
+a teaspoonful of salt and lemon juice may be tried. Inhalations of
+chloroform often relieve. Strong retraction of the tongue may give
+immediate relief. Spirits of camphor, one teaspoonful. Tincture of cayenne
+pepper one to two drops in water. Ten grains of musk by the rectum.
+Hoffman's anodyne one teaspoonful in ice water is very good.
+
+[NERVOUS SYSTEM 303]
+
+INJURIES TO THE HEAD. Concussion or Laceration of the Brain.--The brain
+may be injured by a blow on the head, or indirectly by falling fully upon
+the feet or sitting down hard upon the buttocks.
+
+Symptoms.--The person who is injured may lose his balance and fall, become
+pale, confused, and giddy, may have nausea and vomiting and recover. If
+the injury is more severe and there is a tear of the membranes of the
+brain or the brain itself, the patient will fall and lie quietly with a
+feeble and fluttering heart, cold, clammy skin, and apparent
+unconsciousness; he can be roused by shouting but will not reply
+intelligently. He will be able to move his limbs. The urine and contents
+of the bowels will be passed involuntarily. As he gets better he may
+vomit. He may soon return to entire consciousness, but still suffer from
+some headache, feel wearied, and tired, and not feel like exerting
+himself. This may continue for some time. Occasionally the results are
+more serious even after a long time has passed, and an abscess of the
+brain should be watched for, sometimes epilepsy or insanity follows. If
+the patient grows worse instead of recovering, either deep seeming sleep
+sets in or symptoms of inflammation of the covering (meninges) or the
+brain itself follows. Such injuries must be carefully watched, for you can
+not tell at first how severe they may prove to be.
+
+TREATMENT. What to do First.--Put the patient to bed without any pillow,
+and put around his body hot water bottles or bags, suitably covered. He
+should be kept quiet and free from excitement, and sleep should be
+encouraged. Hot water or ice water, when awake, as is most agreeable to
+the patient, may be given. Aromatic spirit of ammonia, during the shock is
+better for the patient to take than alcohol, for alcohol excites the
+brain; dose, one-half to two drams; the former can be given every ten
+minutes in a little water for about three doses. Surgical treatment may be
+necessary at any time.
+
+
+
+INJURIES OF THE SPINAL CORD. Concussion of the Spine.--A severe jarring of
+the body followed by a group of spinal symptoms supposed to be due to some
+minute changes in the cord, of an unknown nature.
+
+Causes.--Severe concussion may result from railway accidents or violent
+bending of the body, fall from a house, blow on the back, jumping, etc.
+
+Symptoms.--May come on suddenly, when it is due to a jar of the brain as
+well as the cord. Loss of consciousness, complete paralysis, small pulse,
+collapse, and within a few hours death may follow. In other cases
+improvement, though very slow, follows. Walking is difficult and the upper
+extremities are weak in these cases. There are pain and tenderness along
+the spine. Brain symptoms, such as headache, dizziness and fainting, may
+be present or absent.
+
+Treatment.--Absolute rest from the beginning, stimulants if necessary,
+electricity is useful.
+
+
+
+TRAUMATISM OF THE CORD. (Blows, etc.).--(Fractures and dislocations,
+gunshot and stab wounds, etc.).
+
+Symptoms.--They differ according to the place where the cord is injured.
+The motion and feeling power may be disturbed. There may be sudden
+complete paralysis of the upper and lower extremities depending on how
+severely the cord is injured, and how high up the injury is. The bladder
+and rectum may not act properly. The contents may be retained or
+"run-away." Death follows sooner or later if the injury is extensive. In
+some cases the symptoms are slight in the beginning, but increase in a few
+days, or they may suddenly increase a few months afterwards. In other
+cases, bad symptoms at first may gradually abate which is due to the blood
+clot having been absorbed.
+
+[304  MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+Recovery depends upon the extent of the injury and the constitution of the
+patient. It is always well to be careful about expressing an opinion about
+this injury.
+
+Treatment. Immediate.--Surgical treatment is necessary. Absolute rest is a
+necessity, and must be had for weeks according to the severity of the
+case. It may seem long and become tedious, but the case must have rest for
+a long time.
+
+ORGANIC DISEASES OF THE SPINAL CORD. Caisson Disease; Divers' Paralysis.
+Causes.--This affection occurs in divers, bridge builders, and others who
+are subject to increased atmospheric pressure. The symptoms develop on
+coming suddenly to the surface when the atmospheric pressure is greatly
+lessened.
+
+Symptoms.--They usually occur on the return to the surface of the water,
+or after a few hours have passed. There are pains in the ears and joints
+and nose-bleed. The pulse is slow and strong. Neuralgia of the stomach and
+vomiting often occur. Paralysis of one side, or of the lower extremities
+may occur. Brain symptoms may develop and death may follow in a few hours.
+In most cases recovery takes place in a few days or weeks.
+
+Treatment.--Persons who are engaged in such work should change very
+gradually from a great depth to the surface, and should not go into the
+outer air suddenly.
+
+
+
+MYELITIS.--Myelitis is an inflammation of the spinal cord.
+
+Causes.--It may occur at any age, and is more common in male than in
+female. The exciting causes are prolonged exposure to severe colds, too
+great mental and physical exertion, sexual excess, blows, bleeding into
+the cord, alcoholic excess, acute infectious diseases, syphilis, etc.
+
+Symptoms.--These depend upon the location of the inflammation and the
+severity. The onset may be sudden or gradual--when it is sudden, there may
+be a chill followed by a fever of 101 to 103 degrees--general feeling of
+illness, loss of appetite, with coated tongue and constipation. There may
+be over-sensitiveness to pain and touch. Pain may radiate from the back
+into the limbs, with numbing and tingling of the limbs. The urine may be
+retained or may dribble away. Usually there is obstinate constipation.
+There is frequently the feeling of a band around the body. Paralysis may
+follow in the lower extremities and higher up, sometimes, depending upon
+how high up in the cord the inflammation exists. This paralysis may cause
+no motion of the limbs or produce an exaggerated contracting of the
+affected muscles, the knees being drawn up on the abdomen and the heels
+touching the buttocks.
+
+[NERVOUS DISEASES 305]
+
+Recovery.--Chances for recovery depend upon the cause. Most cases are
+chronic and may last for years.
+
+Treatment.--Treatment depends also upon the cause. Rest in bed;
+counter-irritation, wet cupping, with care on account of bed sores. A
+water-bed from the first may prevent bed-sores. The urine must be drawn if
+it is retained. The medical treatment must be carefully given and a
+physician of experience should be obtained.
+
+
+
+LOCOMOTOR ATAXIA. Tabes dorsalis. Posterior Spinal Sclerosis).--A
+hardening (sclerosis) affecting the posterior parts of the spinal cord and
+characterized by incoordination, which means a condition where a person is
+unable to produce voluntary muscular movements; for instance, of the legs,
+etc., loss of deep reflexes to bend them back; disturbances of nutrition
+and sensation, and various affections of sight.
+
+Causes.--This is a disease of adult life, persons under twenty-five being
+rarely affected, and is more common in men than women (ten to one).
+Sometimes children suffering from hereditary syphilis have it. The chief
+predisposing cause is syphilis which precedes it in from seventy to
+eighty-five of the cases according to various authorities. Exposure to
+cold and wet, sexual and alcoholic excesses, mineral poisoning, and great
+physical exertion also exciting causes.
+
+Symptoms.--These are numerous. They appear in succession and with the same
+regularity.
+
+Stages.--Stages of pain; the stage of ataxia, peculiar gait; and the state
+of paralysis.
+
+1. Prodromal or forerunning; the stage of pain.--This consists of
+lightning-like pains in the lower extremities, numbness, formication
+(feeling of ants, etc., crawling), sensation of dead extremities; pins and
+needles in the soles of the feet and fingers, coldness, itching of arms
+and scrotum or other parts, a sensation of constriction around the chest,
+headache, pain in the small of the back and loins of an aching character
+may occur. These symptoms may constitute the only evidence of locomotor
+ataxia and last for years; but sooner or later there are added absence of
+knee cap bone reflex (knee jerk), and immobility of the pupil. The loss of
+the knee jerk is always observed in time. The pupil fails to respond to
+light while it still accommodates for distance, called Argyll Roberston
+pupil. There may be imperfect control of the bladder with slow, dripping
+or hasty urination. Later the control is not imperfect, but it may be
+painful. Inflammation of the bladder may occur which is dangerous. There
+is usually obstinate constipation and loss of sexual power. These symptoms
+may last for several months and years, and then the second stage symptoms
+appear.
+
+[306 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+2. Stage of Ataxia (Disturbance of motion).--The disturbance of motion
+(ataxia) is very marked, especially in the lower extremities; the walking
+becomes difficult and uncertain; there is difficulty in rising or rapid
+turning; the legs are wide apart; feet lifted too high and come down too
+forcibly; the length of the steps is irregular, and the body is
+imperfectly balanced. If the patient stands with his feet together and
+eyes closed he begins to sway, (Romberg's symptom), which is due to a
+defect in controlling the muscles from impairment of sensation. There may
+be imperfect use of the hands in dressing, writing, etc.; lancinating
+pains are marked in all cases and come on in paroxysms. The pains are
+mostly in the legs, but also occur in the arms, head, loins, back, and
+trunk. Then the sense of touch is partially lost. The prick of a pin may
+not be felt until a few seconds after being applied. This stage may last
+for years and remain at a "standstill;" but it is usually progressive, and
+advances to the third stage.
+
+3. The stage of paralysis is marked by a gradual change to the worse, and
+the patient must remain in bed, because he cannot get out. The lower and
+sometimes the upper extremities have lost a great deal of their power of
+sensation: The joints, mostly the knee and hip joints show on both sides
+of the body a painless swelling, owing to the great quantities of watery
+liquid there. Dislocations and fractures occur simultaneously. Bed-sores
+and peculiar ulcers on the sole of the foot also occur. The urine dribbles
+away constantly, for all control of the bladder is lost. Death occurs from
+exhaustion; bedsores, inflammation of the bladder, or pneumonia coming on
+as a complication.
+
+Treatment;--The only thing to do when the patient has this disease is to
+make him comfortable and arrest the progress of it, if possible. It is
+incurable, but treatment sometimes arrests the progress and at least
+lessens the suffering and prolongs life as long as it is worth living to
+them. I have given a longer description than was necessary, for I wanted
+men who live such fast lives to understand what it brings them for most
+cases are caused by syphilis. The description could have been made longer
+and other symptoms and complications put in. I think enough has been given
+and perhaps this description may deter some one from going the same road.
+
+The Diagnosis is made at first by the fatigue, peculiar pains, loss of the
+knee jerk, the peculiar pupil and history of syphilis. Later it is made
+from the ataxia; the peculiar walk, etc., and the bladder disturbances.
+
+
+
+HEREDITARY ATAXIA. Friedrich's Disease.--This peculiar disease is due to a
+degenerative disease of the posterior and lateral columns (parts) of the
+spinal cord, occurring in childhood, and often in several children of the
+same family.
+
+Causes.--More in boys than in girls and oftener in the country districts.
+Heredity is frequently a cause and it is traced to syphilis, epilepsy,
+alcoholism, and insanity in the ancestors. Several children of the same
+family may have it.
+
+Symptoms.--In very young children it is noticed that they are slow in
+learning to walk; the child staggers in trying to stand or to walk; it
+uses its hands clumsily, and has difficulty in speaking. The movements of
+the hands are peculiar, the hands move like in chorea, the speech is slow
+and drawling.
+
+Recovery.--Very doubtful, but they may last for years.
+
+[NERVOUS DISEASES 307]
+
+INFANTILE PARALYSIS. (Acute Anterior Polio Myelitis).--This is an acute
+disease occurring almost exclusively in young children with paralysis,
+followed by rapid dwindling of the muscles of the parts affected by the
+paralysis.
+
+Causes.--Found in children under three years old. It is more common in
+summer than in winter. It often follows scarlet fever, measles, and
+diphtheria.
+
+Symptoms.--The onset is usually sudden; often the child is put to bed at
+night seemingly well and in the morning is found paralyzed in one or more
+limbs. High fever or chills, general feeling of illness, pain all over the
+body, decided brain symptoms, like delirium or convulsions and
+intermittent contractions of the muscles may usher in the disease. These
+forerunning symptoms may last a short time or for several weeks, after
+which the paralysis is noticed, being extensive as a rule, and affecting
+one, two, or all of the extremities and sometimes the muscles of the
+trunk. This general paralysis soon disappears being left permanently in
+only one extremity, chiefly in one leg. The other symptoms disappear. The
+paralyzed part atrophies (wastes) rapidly. The disease is very rare in
+adults. If the paralysis does not show a decided change within the first
+few months, full recovery is doubtful.
+
+Treatment.--During the acute stage there must be absolute quiet and rest
+with a diet that is not stimulating, one that is easily digested; ice to
+the head or cold cloths, counter-irritation to the spine; electricity
+should be used after a few weeks. There is quite a good deal of this
+paralysis, and the case should receive careful attention from the start.
+
+
+
+TASTE.--Taste-Buds.--There are three kinds of papillae or eminences on the
+human tongue,--the circumvallate, the fungiform and the filiform. The
+circumvallate are from seven to twelve in number and lie near the root of
+the tongue, arranged in the form of a V, with its open angle turned
+forward. Each one is an elevation of the mucous membrane, covered by
+epithelium and surrounded by a trench. On the sides of the papillae,
+embedded in the epithelium, are small oval bodies called taste-buds. These
+taste-buds consist of a sheath of flattened, fusiform cells, enclosing a
+number of spindle-like cells whose tapering ends are prolonged into a
+hair-like process. As the filaments of the gustatory nerves terminate
+between these rod-like cells, it is probable that they are the true
+sensory cells of taste.
+
+[308 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+In the human tongue taste-buds are also found in the fungiform papillae,
+often seem as red dots scattered over its surface; and to an area just in
+front of the anterior pillar of the fauces. It is also possible that
+single taste-cells are scattered over the tongue, as the sense of taste
+exists where no taste-buds can be found.
+
+[Illustration: Taste Buds.]
+
+Many so-called tastes are really smells. This is easily proved by
+compressing the nostrils and attempting to distinguish by taste different
+articles of food.
+
+The taste sensation is greatest when the exciting substance is at the
+temperature of the body. There is no perceptible sweetness to sugar when
+the tongue has been dipped for a half-minute in water either at the
+freezing temperature or warmed to 50 degrees C. Neither is there any sense
+of taste until the substance is dissolved by the natural fluids of the
+mouth, as will be seen by wiping the tongue dry and placing sugar upon it.
+
+The four primary taste-sensations are bitter, sweet, sour and salt. These
+probably have separate centers and nerve fibers. Sweet and sour tastes are
+chiefly recognized at the front and bitter and alkaline tastes at the back
+of the tongue. The same substance will often excite a different sensation,
+according as it is placed at the front or back of the tongue.
+
+There are also laws of contrast in taste sensations. Certain substances
+will enhance the flavor of another and others will destroy it. Again,
+certain tastes may disguise others without destroying them, as when an
+acid is covered with a sweet.
+
+
+
+INSANITY. History.--The earliest reference to insanity is found in the
+book of Deuteronomy. Another reference is in Samuel where it speaks
+concerning David's cunning and successful feigning of insanity. "And he
+changed his behavior before them and feigned himself mad in their hands,
+and scrabbled on the door-posts of the gate, and let his spittle fall down
+upon his beard," Feigning insanity under distressing circumstances has
+been one of man's achievements throughout the centuries. It is spoken of
+in Ecclesiastes. Jeremiah says in regard to the  wine cup: "And they shall
+drink and be moved and be mad." Nations also were poisoned by the wine
+cup, for Jeremiah says, "Babylon has been a golden cup in the Lord's
+hands, that made all the earth drunken. The nations have drunken of her
+wine, therefore the nations are mad." Greek writers speak of cases of
+mental unsoundness as occurring with some frequency in Greece. The
+inhabitants of the Roman Empire were afflicted with mental unsoundness and
+Nero was considered crazy. In ancient Egypt there were temples and priests
+for the care of the insane.
+
+[NERVOUS DISEASES 309]
+
+Hippocrates, who lived four hundred years before Christ, was the first
+physician who seemed to have any true conception of the real nature of
+insanity. For many centuries later the masses believed that madness was
+simply a visitation of the devil. The insane, in the time of Christ, were
+permitted to wander at large among the woods and caves of Palestine. The
+monks built the first hospital or asylum for the insane six centuries
+after Christ.
+
+A hospital for the insane was established at Valencia in Spain in 1409. In
+1547 the hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem was established near London and
+was known as "Bedlam" for a long time.
+
+The first asylum to be run upon reform principles was St. Luke's of
+London, founded in 1751. About 1791 Samuel Hahnemann established an asylum
+for the insane at Georgenthal, near Gotha, and the law of kindness was the
+unvarying rule in the institution. Hahnemann says in his Lesser Writings:
+"I never allow any insane persons to be punished by blows or other
+corporeal inflictions." Pineli struck the chains from the incarcerated
+insane at the Bicetre, near Paris in 1792 or 1793.
+
+There has been a gradual tendency during the last century toward better
+things in the behalf of the insane. A hundred years ago they were treated
+with prison surroundings and prison fare. Then asylum treatment began to
+prevail. This means close confinement, good food, sufficient clothing and
+comfortable beds. Asylum care means the humane custody of dangerous
+prisoners. "From the asylum we move on to the hospital system of caring
+for the insane and this system recognizes the fact that the lunatic is a
+sick man and needs nursing and medical treatment in order to be cured.
+Hospital treatment has been gradually introduced during the past thirty
+years or more," and in time it will eventually supercede asylum treatment
+and prison or workhouse methods in the management of the insane
+everywhere.
+
+[310 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Causes of Insanity.--There are many and various causes. One author states:
+"Mental abnormality is always due to either imperfect or eccentric
+physical development, or to the effects of inborn or acquired physical
+disease, or to injurious impressions, either ante-natal or post natal,
+upon the delicate and intricate physical structure known as the human
+brain." Some physical imperfections, more than others, give rise to mental
+derangements, and some persons, more than others, when affected by any
+bodily ailment, tend to aberrated conditions of the mind. Some impressions
+more than others, are peculiarly unfortunate by reason of their crowding
+effects upon the brain tablets of a sensitive mind. To these natural
+defects and unnatural tendencies, we apply, in the general way, the term
+"Insane Diathesis." This diathesis may be inherited or acquired. Those who
+are born to become insane do not necessarily spring from insane parents or
+from an ancestry having any apparent taint of lunacy in the blood. But
+they do receive from their progenitors oftentimes certain impressions upon
+their mental and moral, as well as upon their physical being, which
+impressions, like iron molds, fix and shape their subsequent destinies."
+
+The insane diathesis in the child may come from hysteria in the mother. A
+drunken father may impel epilepsy, madness or idiocy in the child.
+Ungoverned passions, from love to hate, from hope to fear, when indulged
+in overmuch by the parents, may unloose the furies of unrestrained madness
+in the minds of the children. "The insane may often trace their sad
+humiliation and utter unfitness for life's duties back through a tedious
+line of unrestrained passion, of prejudice, bigotry, and superstition
+unbridled, of lust unchecked, of intemperance uncontrolled, of avarice
+unmastered, and of nerve resources wasted, exhausted, and made bankrupt
+before its time. Timely warnings by the physician and appeals to his
+clients of today, may save them for his own treatment, instead of
+consigning them to an asylum where his fees cease from doubling, and the
+crazed ones are at rest." The causes of the insane diathesis
+(constitution) are frequently traceable to the methods of life of those
+who produce children under such circumstances and conditions that the
+offspring bear the indelible birthmark of mental weakness. Early
+dissipations of the father produce an exhausted and enfeebled body; and a
+demoralized mind and an unholy and unhealthy existence in the mother, are
+causes. Fast living of parents in society is a fruitful cause of mental
+imperfections in their children. "The sons of royalty and the sons of the
+rich, are often weak in brain force because of the high living of their
+ancestry."
+
+The fast high livers of today are developing rapidly and surely, strong
+tendencies to both mental and physical disorders. Elbert Hubbard says of
+those who live at a certain hotel and waste their substance there, that
+they are apt "to have gout at one end, general paresis at the other, and
+Bright's disease in the middle."
+
+Drunkenness, lust, rage, fear, mental anxiety or incompatibility, "if
+admitted to participation in the act of impregnation will each, in turn or
+in combination, often set the seal of their presence in the shape of
+idiocy, imbecility, eccentricity, or absolute insanity."
+
+Diogenes reproached a half-witted, cracked-brained unfortunate with this
+remark, "Surely, young man, thy father begat thee when he was drunk."
+
+[NERVOUS DISEASES 311]
+
+Burton in his anatomy of melancholy states that: "If a drunken man begets
+a child it will never likely have a good brain," Michelet predicts: "Woe
+unto the children of darkness, the sons of drunkenness who were, nine
+months before their birth, an outrage on their mothers."
+
+Children of drunkards are often "sad and hideous burlesques upon normal
+humanity." Business worry may cause unsoundness in the offspring generated
+under such conditions.
+
+One father had two sons grow up strong and vigorous, mentally and
+physically, while a third son was weak, irresolute, fretful, suspicious
+and half demented. The father confessed to his physician that on account
+of business troubles he was half crazy and during this time the wife
+became pregnant and this half-crazy son was born and the father states
+that "he inherits just the state of mind I was then in." Many such cases
+could be mentioned. "A sound body and a cheerful mind can only be produced
+from healthy stock." Mental peculiarities are produced by unpleasant
+influences brought to bear upon the pregnant mother. The story is told of
+King James the Sixth of Scotland, that he was constitutionally timid and
+showed great terror at a drawn sword. His father was murdered in his
+mother's presence while she was pregnant. Children born under the
+influence of fear may be troubled with apprehensions of impending
+calamity, so intense that they may become insane at last. An instance is
+given of "an insane man who always manifested the greatest fear of being
+killed and constantly implored those around him not to hurt him." His
+mother lived with her drunken husband who often threatened to kill her
+with a knife.
+
+Other Causes of Insanity. Imperfect Nutrition.--Whatever tends to weaken
+the brain or exhaust the central forces of life must favor the growth of
+insanity. The brain is not properly nourished.
+
+Blows and Falls upon the Head.--Sometimes such injuries are forgotten, but
+they result infrequently in stealthily developed, but none the less
+dangerous, conditions, which may result in the derangement of all mental
+faculties. A child should not be struck on the head. Teachers or parents
+should not box a child's ears. One author says such a person "is guilty of
+slow murder of innocents."
+
+Fright is Another Cause.--Punishing a child by locking it in a dark room
+or by "stories of greedy bears or grinning ghosts produces, oftentimes, a
+mental shock that makes a child wretched in early life, and drives him
+into insanity at a later date." Overtaxing the undeveloped physical powers
+is another cause.
+
+[312 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Insanity is most Prevalent among the Working Classes.--Our factories,
+shops and stores frequently employ the young of both sexes and they are
+overtaxed by day and night and they become feeders of our hospitals for
+the insane. Another cause is forced education in the young. Our present
+school system tends to break down the body. The work may not be too hard,
+but the amount of anxiety and worry, which this work causes in the minds
+of sensitive children, tends to enfeeble them. Many children are
+sensitive, with nervous temperaments, and they are easily affected by the
+strain of mental toil. Delicate children should be kept in the open air
+and their physical condition should be considered more than their mental.
+Girls, especially, at the age of puberty, should be built up instead of
+rushed through a heavy routine of study. Herbert Spencer says: "On old and
+young the pressure of modern life puts a still increasing strain. Go where
+you will, and before long there comes under your notice cases of children,
+or youths of either sex, more or less injured by undue study." Here, to
+recover from a state of debility thus produced, a year's vacation has been
+found necessary. There you will find a chronic congestion of the brain
+that has already lasted many months and threatens to last much longer. Now
+you hear of a fever that has resulted from the over excitement, in some
+way, brought on at school. And, again, the instance is that of a youth who
+has already had to desist from his studies, and who, since he has returned
+to them is frequently taken out of his class in a fainting fit.
+
+Social pleasure also tends to weaken the system of parents who produce
+nervous and weakened children. Another great cause of insanity is the
+unnatural, improper and excessive use of the sexual organs, and diseases
+that often come from indiscriminate sexual relations. General paresis is
+very often caused by specific disease. I might go on and enlarge upon
+these causes, but enough has been written to give warning to those who are
+breaking nature's laws.
+
+Classification.--There are many classifications. I will mention only the
+leading names, such as Melancholia, Mania. Dementia, General Paresis.
+
+
+
+MELANCHOLIA (Sad Mania).--Melancholia is a disease characterized by great
+mental depression.
+
+Causes--Predisposition, physical disease, dissipation, work and worry,
+shock, brooding. In simple melancholia the mildest attack may be called
+the "blues."
+
+
+
+ACUTE MELANCHOLIA.--Is generally the result of some mental shock.
+
+
+
+CHRONIC MELANCHOLIA is the end of all other forms of mental depression.
+All these have their own peculiar manifestations and need a special line
+of treatment.
+
+
+
+MANIA.--This type of insanity means a raving and furious madness. There
+are many cases of this kind. The causes are many and may be the same as
+those which produce melancholia. In melancholia the shock, etc., causes
+depression, while in the mania the causes of mental injury tend to produce
+irritation and excitement. In dementia, the causes of insanity tend to
+exhaust the body and to mental failure, while in general Paresis "the
+shock of disease comes after long and unwise contact with worry, wine and
+women." Insufficient sleep often causes mania. It often follows after
+exhausting and irritating fevers. Long continued ill health, together with
+worry, etc., may cause it.
+
+      NERVOUS DISEASES       313
+
+To sum up, "mania" may result from any unusual shock or strain upon the
+nervous system; or it may come after any unusual mental excitement in
+business, politics or in religion. Such are the exciting or stimulating
+causes, but we must go back of the presence of worldly misfortune and
+trace the tendency to mental disorder through channels of hereditary
+influence. "Infants are born every day whose inevitable goal is that of
+insanity." What is said in the Bible about sins of the parents is true.
+
+
+
+DEMENTIA.--This term literally means "from mind," out of mind, and such a
+person is in a state of the most deplorable mental poverty. We all have
+seen such cases and some cases are not only very sad but disgusting.
+
+
+
+PRIMARY DEMENTIA comes on independently of any other form of insanity.
+
+
+
+SECONDARY DEMENTIA follows after some other form of insanity,--chiefly
+melancholia or mania. Dementia may be acute or chronic.
+
+
+
+SENILE (OLD AGE) DEMENTIA may be Primary.--Acute dementia attacks both
+sexes, but it occurs most often in females, though in a milder degree. It
+is a disease of youth, being rarely seen beyond thirty years of age. It
+seems to depend often upon exhausting influences operating at a period of
+rapid growth. Monotony of thought and feeling or want of mental food can
+also induce it. Children who are sent at an early age into factories often
+pass into the condition of acute dementia. Prison life also tends to
+produce such a condition. Acute diseases such as typhoid and other fevers
+are sometimes followed by acute dementia. Persons frequently go "out of
+their mind" suddenly in this age, and upon recovering from acute dementia,
+the patient finds a great "vacancy of memory."
+
+Chronic Dementia.--Shakespeare says, "Last scene of all, that ends this
+strange, eventful history, is second childishness and mere oblivion; sans
+teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything."
+
+"The Sans Everything."--Is the sad and hopeless obscuration by time or
+disease of the once bright, vigorous, scintillating mental powers of
+exhuperant and lusty youth. Everyone has seen such people who are
+partially or hopelessly demented. It may come from diseases, such as
+epilepsy and syphilis; alcohol produces it.
+
+Senile dementia is the result of old age and of acquired brain disease. It
+is different from simple old age or dotage. In old age the mind is
+weakened, but the patient is conscious of it, such a person forgets a name
+or date and gropes about in his memory to find it.
+
+The demented person is not conscious of loss of memory, but applies wrong
+names to persons, and serenely thinks he is right.
+
+The senile demented person does not realize his condition, and if there is
+any mental power left he cherishes delusions or false beliefs.
+
+The victim of old age is unconscious of his weakness.
+
+[314 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+GENERAL PARESIS.--Wine, worry and women produce a great many cases of this
+disease. The doctors claim a notorious criminal now committed to one
+asylum and about whom we have read so much, is a victim of this disease.
+
+First stage.--There is worry, anxiety, sleeplessness and melancholy.
+
+Second stage.--Stage of mania, wealth, power, and grandeur, alternating in
+some cases with attacks of temporary depressions.
+
+Third stage.--Patient passes into a condition of subacute or chronic
+mania, with a slow tendency to decadence of all the powers, idiotic.
+
+Fourth stage.--Stage of physical and mental failure and of death. Syphilis
+causes most cases. It usually develops between twenty-five and fifty
+years. The outlook for such cases is very unfavorable, as the patient
+usually dies from one to eight or ten years after the beginning of the
+disease.
+
+TREATMENT.--There have been great advances made in recent years in the
+treatment of persons mentally unsound. They should be placed under proper
+treatment at an early stage. The causes have been given so that preventive
+measures may be taken.
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES.
+
+RHEUMATIC GOUT. (Rheumatic Arthritis. Arthritis Deformans).--Cause.--It
+occurs most often from thirty to fifty-five, usually in women, generally
+at or after the change of life, and most frequently in those who have not
+had children. The involvement of the joints is most common in adult males.
+
+
+Exciting cause may be: Exposure to cold and wet, improper food, unhygienic
+surroundings, worry, blows and acute infections.
+
+Conditions.--Several joints are usually involved symmetrically. At the
+edge of the joints there is formation of new bone covered with cartilage,
+causing the enlargement of the bone and often partial loss of motion in
+that joint.
+
+Symptoms.--Several distinct types exist. 1. General progressive types
+which may be acute or chronic.
+
+Acute.--This occurs usually in women from twenty to thirty and at the
+change of life. It comes on like acute joint rheumatism, many joints being
+affected, permanent enlargement appearing early, redness of the joints
+rarely existing, the pain being very severe, some fever, feel very tired,
+with anemia, loss of flesh and strength. The first and later attacks are
+often associated with pregnancy, confinement or nursing.
+
+[CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 315]
+
+Chronic Type.--There is a gradual onset of pain or stiffness in one or
+more joints, usually of the fingers, then of the corresponding joints of
+the other side and then other joints. The swelling at first may be in the
+soft parts of the joints with effusion in the joints and tenderness. The
+pain varies from slight to severe. Periods of improvement and getting
+worse alternate; the joints becoming enlarged and deformed, often nearly
+stiff in partial bending on account of the thickened bone and soft
+tissues. The muscles that move the joint dwindle and there may be changes
+in the skin and nails of the parts affected due to the want of proper
+nourishment. Disturbances of the stomach and anemia are common. The heart
+is not affected. There may be only a few joints affected, or many, with
+great deformity, before the disease reaches the period of inactivity.
+
+2. Monarticular or one joint type.--This usually occurs in males over
+fifty; one joint or a few large joints may be affected, generally with
+shrinking of the corresponding muscles. If it occurs in the hip it is
+called Morbus Coxae Senilis,--Hip joint disease in the aged.
+
+Recovery.--The disease usually goes on with intervals of improvement and
+often results in great crippling and disability. In some cases it becomes
+permanent.
+
+General Treatment.--The climate should be warm and dry. The patient should
+avoid exposing himself; lead a general hygienic life, with as nourishing
+food as his digestion will permit. The chief line of treatment should be
+to improve the general health and relieve the pain. The stomach, bowels,
+and kidneys should be kept working well. Nourishing food should be taken,
+but its effect must be watched. Cod-liver oil to build up the system, iron
+and arsenic may be of value. Sometimes iodide of potash is good. Early and
+thorough treatment at Hot Springs offers the best hope of arresting its
+progress, the Hot Springs in Bath County, Va., and in Arkansas. Much can
+be done at home by hot air baths, hot baths, and compresses at night to
+the tender joints.
+
+Local.--Massage carefully given is helpful. The hot air treatment is good.
+Baking the joints is now frequently done.
+
+
+
+GOUT (PODAGRA).--A disorder of nutrition characterized by excess of uric
+acid in the blood, attacks of acute arthritis (inflammation of joints)
+with deposit of urate of sodium in and around the joints; with various
+general symptoms.
+
+Causes.--Heredity; male sex, usually appears from thirty to fifty and
+rarely under twenty; from continued use of alcoholic liquors, especially
+fermented, with little or no exercise; too much meat. Unhygienic living
+with poor food, and excessive drinking of ale and beer may be followed by
+the "poor man's gout." It is common in lead workers.
+
+Symptoms. Acute Type.--There is often a period of irritability,
+restlessness, indigestion, twinges of pain in the hands and feet; the
+urine is scanty, dark, very acid, with diminished uric acid and deposit
+when it is cooled. The attack sets in usually early in the morning with
+sudden intense pain in a joint of the big toe, generally the right; less
+often in an ankle, knee, wrist, hand or finger. The part swells rapidly,
+and is very tender, the overlying skin being red, glazed and hot. The
+patient is usually as cross as a wounded bear. The fever may be 103. The
+pain may subside during the day, and increase again at night. There is no
+suppuration (pus forming). The symptoms usually decrease, gradually, the
+entire attack may last from five to eight days. Scaling of the skin over
+the sore part may follow. After the attack, the general health may be
+improved, and the joint may become normal or but slightly stiff. It recurs
+at intervals of a few months commonly.
+
+[316 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Retrocedent Gout.--This is a term applied to serious symptoms which
+sometimes go with rapid improvement of the local joint conditions. There
+are severe pains in the stomach, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pain in the
+heart, difficult breathing, palpitation, irregular and feeble action of
+the heart with brain symptoms, probably from uraemia. These attacks often
+cause death.
+
+Chronic Gout, Causes, etc.--Frequent acute attacks; many joints, beginning
+with the feet, become stiff and deformed, perhaps with no motion. The
+overlying skin may ulcerate, especially over the knuckles. Dyspepsia,
+arterio-sclerosis, enlargement of the left ventricle of the heart and a
+great quantity of urine with low specific gravity are common. The patient
+is morose and irritable. Eczema, chronic bronchitis, frequently complicate
+the case.
+
+Death often occurs from uraemia, meningitis, pleurisy, pericarditis or
+peritonitis.
+
+Treatment, Preventive.--Live temperately, abstain from alcohol, eat
+moderately, have plenty of fresh air and sunshine, plenty of exercise and
+regular hours. These do not counteract the inherited tendency. The skin
+should be kept active, if the patient is robust, by the morning cold bath
+with friction after it; but if he is weak and debilitated, the evening
+warm bath should be substituted. The patient should dress warmly, avoid
+rapid alternations in temperature, and be careful not to have thc skin
+suddenly chilled.
+
+Diet in Gout.--Most persons over forty eat too much. Eat reasonably and at
+regular hours and take plenty of time to eat. Do not eat too freely of
+meats and avoid too much starchy and sugary foods. Fresh vegetables and
+fruits may be used freely, except cranberries and bananas.
+
+Dr. Osler of England says.--While all stimulants are injurious to these
+patients some are more so than others, particularly malted liquors,
+champagne, port and a very large proportion of all the light wines. Take
+large quantities of water on an empty stomach, mineral waters are no
+better than others, but treatment of chronic and irregular gout at springs
+gives the advantage of regular hours, diet, etc.
+
+[Illustration: A Skiagraph (X-RAY photograph) of the hand. Made for the
+purpose of locating piece of needle.  Photo by P. M. Campbell, Detroit,
+Mich.]
+
+      CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES       317
+
+Diet from a prominent hospital for gout patient:--
+
+May Take--
+
+Soups.--Fresh fish soups, vegetable broths clear.
+
+Fish.--Raw oysters, fresh fish, boiled.
+
+Meats.--Fat bacon, boiled or broiled chicken, game (all sparingly).
+
+Farinaceous.--Cracked wheat, oatmeal, rice, sago, hominy, whole wheat
+bread, or biscuits, rye bread, graham bread or rolls, crackers, dry toast,
+milk toast, macaroni.
+
+Vegetables.--Mashed potatoes, green peas, string beans, spinach, cabbage,
+cucumbers, cresses, lettuce, celery.
+
+Desserts.--Plain milk pudding, junket, rice and milk, sago and milk,
+stewed fruits, all without sugar.
+
+Drinks.--Weak tea (no sugar), milk, buttermilk, toast water, pure water,
+cold or hot.
+
+Must Not Take--
+
+Veal, pork, goose, duck, turkey, salted, dried, potted or preserved fish
+or meat (except fat bacon), eels, mackerel, crabs, salmon, lobster, eggs,
+rich soups, gravies, patties, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, asparagus,
+mushrooms, rhubarb, lemons, pickles, vinegar, fried or made dishes, rich
+puddings, spices, pies, pastry, sweets, nuts, dried fruits, tobacco,
+coffee, cider, malt liquors, sweet wines, champagne.
+
+Treatment.--In an acute attack raise the affected limb and wrap the "sick"
+joint in cotton wool; warm fomentations may be used. The wine or tincture
+of colchicum in doses of twenty to thirty drops may be given every four
+hours in combination with the citrate of potash, fifteen grains, or the
+citrate of lithium five to ten grains. Stop the tincture of colchicum as
+soon as the pain is relieved and then you can give wine of colchicum ten
+drops every four hours, watching for irritation of the stomach, bowels and
+kidneys.
+
+Dr. Hare of Philadelphia says.--For hospital practice a very useful
+mixture is made by adding one part of bicarbonate of sodium to nine parts
+of linseed oil. The joint is then wrapped in a piece of lint soaked with
+this concoction. In some cases oil of peppermint has been recommended. In
+chronic gout Dr. Hare also gives for diet milk and eggs, the white meat of
+chicken; fruits, cooked without sugar being added, are allowed. Tea and
+coffee being used only in moderation. If any wine is taken it must be
+followed by copious draughts of pure water and the last article should be
+used ad libitum. On the other hand, pastries and, more than all, sweet
+wines, are the worst things that such a patient can take, and must be
+absolutely prohibited.
+
+[318  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+RHEUMATIC FEVER (Articular Rheumatism).--Causes. This may be acute or
+chronic. It is an infectious disease characterized by inflammation of
+several joints. The joints are held in place by ligaments and are inclosed
+by a thin membrane. In this acute rheumatism these parts become congested
+and inflamed, there is redness and swelling, heat and pain. Fluid is
+passed into the joint sometimes and then the parts look watery
+(oeclematous). The inflammation and swelling cause great pain in the
+joint.
+
+Predisposing.--A damp climate, winter and spring, young adults and persons
+who are exposed to damp, wet and cold.
+
+Condition.--There is congestion of the soft parts of the joints and
+effusion into the joint cavities of a watery fluid. Endocarditis,
+pericarditis, myocarditis, pleurisy and pneumonia may complicate it. The
+first named, endocarditis, is very common and as the mitral valves become
+inflamed it is likely to leave valvular trouble unless carefully watched
+and treated at the time.
+
+Symptoms.--The invasion may be gradual, with a very tired feeling and
+often tonsilitis; but it is usually sudden, with pains, soreness in one or
+more joints and fever. The knees, ankles, elbows and wrists are much
+affected, but it frequently goes through almost every joint in the body
+and sometimes repeats the terrible dose. I know, for I had it twice. The
+suffering, torture and pain sometimes are simply indescribable and almost
+too hard to bear. The joints become hot, red, painful, swollen and tender
+to touch and motion. It seems to hurt worse when anyone comes near, for
+the patient is afraid of careless handling.
+
+Fever.--This runs from 102 to 104 and is modified by profuse perspiration
+with bad odor and, generally, it does not afford any relief. The urine is
+very acid, very thick and looks like thick, strong coffee. The symptoms
+frequently disappear partially from one joint or joints as they begin in
+other joints, attacking several in rapid succession, the fever varying and
+changing with the degrees of joint involvement.
+
+We may see the shoulder and hip, the elbow and wrist, knee and ankle,
+etc., all affected at once: Heart complications are frequent and bear
+close watching, for they are dangerous to life and the future health of
+the patient. The patient becomes very anemic and this progresses rapidly.
+When improvement does begin it is gradual; or the disease may become
+chronic. Care must be taken not to be too active when improvement sets in
+or you will cause a return by using the joints before they have become
+thoroughly well. I did the same thing in my anxiety to get out, but would
+never be as reckless again. Pain and stiffness of the joints often last
+long after convalescence has set in. One who has had this disease once is
+liable to another attack if he is not careful.
+
+[CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 319]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Articular Rheumatism.--A gentleman sends us the
+following treatment for articular rheumatism and writes as follows: "I
+send you the following treatment for articular rheumatism because I used
+it myself and was cured in a very short time, in fact, about ten days. It
+was a number of years ago in the early spring when my knee joints, ankles
+and wrists began to pain me and continued to become worse for about a
+week, at the end of which time both my knees were perfectly stiff. I sent
+for my physician; he wrapped my knees with common baking soda; taking long
+wide bandages he was enabled to have the baking soda a fourth of an inch
+thick around the knee, raising the bandage as he laid the soda on; after
+this was completed I had heavy wet hot cloths laid around my knee and
+renewed every fifteen or twenty minutes for probably eight or ten hours.
+In the meantime I was taking the salicylate of soda and the cathartic,
+veronica water, as directed below. The following day I sat up with my legs
+resting on a chair, straightened out, and hot flat irons at my knees. I
+began this treatment on Saturday, and the following Thursday was able to
+walk about and go out of town, and never had rheumatism since, but at two
+or three different times I suspected it was coming on and used the
+salicylate of soda and veronica water as a successful preventive; at least
+the rheumatism did not materialize.
+
+Veronica Water.--Dose:--Glassful every two and one-half hours till bowels
+are free, then one dose a day.
+
+Also
+      Salicylate of Soda       1 ounce
+      Water                    6 ounces
+
+Large teaspoonful every two hours with a quinine pill every other dose."
+
+2. Rheumatism, Cotton Excellent for Inflammatory.--"Take a roll of cotton
+batting and wrap the limb, or part of the body affected, as firmly and
+tightly as possible, without tearing the cotton, let it remain
+"twenty-four hours, then tighten it up by unwinding and rewrapping the
+cotton as tight as possible, as on the first application, and so continue
+every twenty-four hours until cured, which, in my case, was three days. I
+had been troubled with rheumatism for a long time, and was unable to walk.
+I tried everything, doctors and all, but nothing helped me. A lady from
+Cincinnati, who was visiting at a neighbor's, called at my house one day
+and learning what was the matter with me, advised me to put cotton on as
+stated above. I had no faith in it, but I had tried everything else and
+concluded I would try that, with the result that it cured me. Possibly if
+a case should require a longer time for a cure than mine it might be
+necessary, or be better, to replace the cotton with a fresh roll. The
+rewrapping every twenty-four hours is intended to keep the cotton batting
+firmly and tightly around the part affected as the swelling recedes."
+
+[320 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Prevention.--Wear flannel late and early. Keep from taking cold. Put off
+wet things of every kind immediately upon getting home and dry your body
+and put on dry well-aired clothes. Never sleep in a damp bed, under damp
+unaired clothes. When you go away from home do not sleep in a room or bed
+that has been unoccupied for any length of time, especially if there is no
+furnace in the house. Do not sit down in wet damp clothes, stockings,
+shoes, etc. Do not sit down anywhere to "cool off." It is inviting trouble
+and sickness. Do not lie on the damp ground, do not sleep on the first
+floor of an old damp house. Have plenty of sunlight and air in your
+sleeping room. These directions apply to the chronic cases also. It does
+not matter so much if one is wet or sweating as long as he keeps moving or
+working. On wash day do not dry your clothes in the kitchen or sitting
+room, or put them on your bed, unless they have been thoroughly dried,
+aired and warmed before using. These little things mean much in real life.
+
+PHYSICIANS' CAUTION for Articular Rheumatism.--Go to bed and remain there
+and do not get up too soon, for remember the parts are still tender when
+they may not be painful.
+
+Local Treatment.--1. There must be absolute rest. Remove the sheets from
+the bed and wrap woolen cloths or blankets about the patient and protect
+the inflamed joints from the weight of the coverings. Cover the joints
+with gauze or absorbent cotton, after putting on the parts a thick coating
+of ichthyol ointment.
+
+2. Sometimes hot fomentations are helpful in relieving the suffering;
+sometimes cold cloths are best.
+
+3. The following is good. Apply with cloths wrung out of it:
+
+    Carbonate of Soda    6 drams
+    Tincture Arnica     10 ounces
+    Glycerin             2 ounces
+    Water                9 ounces
+
+4.  Oil of Wintergreen       1 ounce
+    Compound Soap Liniment   8 ounces
+
+Mix.
+
+Rub the affected parts with oil of wintergreen and then wrap the parts in
+cotton wool and soak with the solution.
+
+5. "A layer or two of gauze saturated with methyl-salicylate is wrapped
+around the painful joints and covered with paraffin paper, or other
+impervious dressing, held in place by a bandage. This is renewed once or
+twice daily until the pain in all the joints is relieved."
+
+6. Internal.--Sodium salicylate or aspirin given until the pain and
+temperature are relieved; usually five to ten grains of sodium salicylate
+every three hours for an adult; or five grains of the aspirin every three
+hours.
+
+7. Dr. Hare recommends for the beginning in a strong, healthy individual,
+ten drops of the tincture of aconite at once in a little water, and follow
+it by a teaspoonful of a mixture containing fifteen drops of tincture of
+aconite and two ounces of water everyone-half hour, until perspiration on
+the skin betokens the circulatory depression through the action of the
+drug. I use aconite in this disease very often, but not in such doses as
+the first one. It seems to me that it is uselessly large. I use about
+one-tenth of a drop at a dose everyone to two hours during the first
+twenty-four hours.
+
+[CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 321]
+
+Nursing.--The nurse must have the patience of Job to attend a patient sick
+with this disease; but you must remember the suffering is awful. The
+patient may be very restless and the pillows may need rearranging every
+few minutes. Also be careful how you handle the patient. It hurts terribly
+to be even touched. A rough, hearty person has no business to care for
+such a patient. I allow patients to say anything they wish, for this is a
+painful disease. They may swear at me if they wish. I know how it is, for
+I was there twice, the last time for six long weeks. Have patience and
+courage and cheer your patient. Do not look cross or scold.
+
+Diet.--Milk mainly, broths, gruels, albumen water, oyster or clam broth,
+milk toast, buttermilk, kumiss. Do not give solid food. Water, lemonade,
+vichy or carbonated water.
+
+
+
+CHRONIC RHEUMATISM.--Causes.--Heredity may predispose to it. It is most
+common in those who are exposed to hard labor in the cold and wet;
+especially in women about middle age. It occasionally follows sub-acute,
+but rarely acute rheumatism.
+
+Symptoms.--Many large joints are usually affected; sometimes it may be
+only one joint; at times, the small joints only are affected. It may be
+only on the one side. It usually persists in the joints involved, but may
+attack others. The chief symptoms are stiffness of the joints, especially
+after a rest and this diminishes after some motion, also pain, which grows
+worse in damp weather. The joints may be tender to the touch, slightly
+swollen, rarely red. They may in time become entirely stiff and deformed.
+The general health may be good or there may be anemia, dyspepsia and
+valvular disease due to sclerosis,--hardening of the valves of the heart.
+
+Prognosis.--This is good as to life, but the disease is often progressive.
+
+Treatment. Preventive.--A warm, dry, unchangeable climate, good
+surroundings, good food; keep the stomach and bowels and kidneys in good
+condition, avoid taking cold. Do not sit down in a draft to "cool off." Do
+not go into a cool room in summer when you are warm or sweated. Do not
+sleep in a bed that has not been used for months and kept for "company."
+Do not dry your clothes in the kitchen and in that way make the whole
+house steamy and damp. Do not sleep under unaired damp covers or in a damp
+night dress. Always air and dry your bedding and night dress before using.
+Do not take a hot bath and go into a cool room to cool off, but wrap
+yourself up so as to be warm and cool off gradually. Any additional cold
+will cause more rheumatism.
+
+[322 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Sleeping rooms on the first floor are an abomination for rheumatic
+persons. Do not sit down in wet clothes, stockings or shoes. Take them off
+immediately on getting home, wipe yourself dry and put on dry garments.
+Care in such little seemingly foolish things will do wonderful things for
+a rheumatic person. I had two rheumatic attacks in my first year of
+practice. Since then I have learned caution and through a hard and busy
+life I have kept myself reasonably well by looking after such little aids
+and cautions as, the above. I never sit down for any length of time in
+damp or wet clothes, and if I can do that, persons that are not driven
+like doctors can do the same. These cautions apply to not only this kind
+of rheumatism, but to all kinds of rheumatism, neuralgias, and to
+inflammatory diseases, such as neuritis, tonsilitis, pneumonia, pleurisy,
+etc. Hot air baths, Hot Springs, massage will be more effectual in this
+disease than in the former. Iodide of potash also is very useful. Flannel
+underwear, heavy and light weight, is very beneficial in rheumatism. Great
+benefit can be derived at home by wrapping the affected joints in cold
+cloths, covering with a thin layer of flannel and protected by oiled silk.
+A great many cases are helped by using hot fomentations of hops, wormwood,
+smartweed, etc. Turpentine applied locally to the joints is effective, but
+it is very likely to injure the kidneys when used freely and in these days
+when there are so many diseases of the kidneys one must be careful or they
+will produce an incurable and serious disease in the place of one that is
+painful, but not necessarily dangerous. Many of the simple remedies have a
+good effect on the rheumatic troubles.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Rheumatism.--Dr. Hare gives the following to
+rub on large joints:
+
+1.   Ichthyol   1/2 to 1 ounce
+     Lard       1 ounce
+
+2.   Tincture of Aconite        6 drams
+     Tincture Arnica            1 ounce
+     Oil of Turpentine          l ounce (l or 2)
+     Soap Liniment enough for   8 ounces
+
+Use as a liniment three times a day. This can be used for some weeks.
+
+3.   Strong Water of Ammonia           6 drams
+     Oil of Cajeput                    1 dram
+     Tincture of Belladonna       1 to 2 ounces
+     Camphor Liniment enough for       8 ounces
+
+Use as a liniment.
+
+4.   Tincture of Aconite     1 ounce
+     Tincture Belladonna     2 drams
+     Strong Ammonia Water    4 drams
+     Chloroform Liniment     6 drams
+
+Used as a liniment on chronic or inflamed muscles or joints.
+
+5.   Iodide of Potash                 1/2 ounce
+     Compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla     3 ounces
+     Distilled Water                    3 ounces
+
+Mix and take a dessertspoonful in a glass of water two hours after meals
+for chronic rheumatism.
+
+[Illustration: Muscular System.]
+
+[CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 323]
+
+6. This is prepared by Parke, Davis & Co., and made into a syrup:
+
+    Red Clover         32 grains
+    Queen's Root       16 grains
+    Barberry           10 grains
+    Prickly Ash Bark    4 grains
+    Burdock Root       16 grains
+    Poke Root          16 grains
+    Honduras Bark      16 grains
+    Iodide of Potash    8 grains
+
+This portion to each fluid ounce of the syrup.
+
+7. The following is good:
+
+Equal parts of each of the following:
+    Blue Cohosh Root
+    Black Cohosh Root
+    Poke Root
+    Yellow Dock Root
+    Blue Flag Root
+    Prickly Ash Root
+    Burdock Root
+    Dandelion Root
+
+Bruise them thoroughly or grind them coarsely, steep and make a tea and
+drink freely of it. If you wish you can take three to five grains of
+Iodide of Potash to each dose. This may in time disorder the stomach and
+you may then stop it for a time. All these can be used in muscular
+rheumatism also. The food should not be rich or highly seasoned. Spices
+are bad for such patients. Pickles, mustard, etc., are best let alone.
+
+MUSCULAR RHEUMATISM.--This is a very painful affection of the voluntary
+muscles, called also neuralgia, or according to its location, torticollis
+(stiff neck, wry neck), pleurodynia, lumbago (rheumatism in the back).
+
+Causes.--Predisposed to it by previous attacks, having a rheumatic or
+gouty constitution (diathesis). It follows sudden exposure, hence it is
+most common in men.
+
+Symptoms.--Local pain in the muscles, sharp or dull, aching constant, or
+caused by certain movements and is usually relieved by pressure. It lasts
+from a few days to several weeks and frequently recurs. The common forms
+are: Lumbago. This affects the muscles of the back, and usually comes on
+suddenly with a sharp stich-like pain, and is chiefly seen in those who
+labor hard, often completely disabling them for a time.
+
+Torticollis (stiff or wry neck).--It is usually on the side or back of the
+neck. Comes from a draught of cold wind on the neck, etc.
+
+Pleurodynia, pain in the chest muscles, etc.--With pain in all movements
+of the chest, resembling intercostal neuralgia or pleurisy.
+
+[324 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Diet for Rheumatism from the Head Nurse of a Prominent Hospital:--
+
+May Take--
+
+Soups.--Mutton broth, chicken or beef tea, in small quantities.
+
+Fish.--Raw clams or oysters, fresh fish (whiter kinds) boiled.
+
+Meats.--Chicken, calf 's head, sweetbread, tripe, broiled fat bacon or
+broiled ham (all sparingly).
+
+Farinaceous.--Whole wheat, corn or brown bread, arrowroot, rice, dry
+toast, milk toast.
+
+Vegetables.--Spinach, green peas or cabbage (well boiled), celery,
+lettuce, cresses, radishes.
+
+Desserts.--Milk, rice or arrowroot pudding, (all without sugar), junket.
+
+Drinks--Tea (without sugar), buttermilk, pure water, plain with lemon or
+lime juice (no sugar).
+
+Must Not Take--
+
+Pork, veal, turkey, goose, duck, fried fish or salt meats, cooked oysters
+or clams, salted, dried, potted or preserved fish or meats (except fat
+bacon or ham), crabs, salmon, lobster, eggs, rich made dishes, gravies,
+potatoes, tomatoes, beans, asparagus, mushrooms, candies, rich puddings,
+pies, pastry, nuts, cheese, coffee, cider, malt liquors, wines.
+
+Treatment for Stiff Neck.--Wry Neck, (torticollis).--Warmth applied either
+dry or moist as hot salt bag or fomentations of hops, etc. Parke, Davis &
+Co., Detroit, now make a preparation called capsicine. This is very good
+for this trouble, rubbed on thoroughly as directed. It can be bought at
+most drug stores. It is also good for headaches and neuralgias. The same
+line of treatment, hot and cold applications, can be given for pain in the
+chest muscles (pleurodynia) and lumbago.
+
+A MOTHERS' REMEDY for Stiff Neck.--Hot Salt and Oil of Sassafras.--"If
+troubled with stiff neck, fill a bag with hot salt and sleep on it, or rub
+the neck with oil of sassafras which, by the way, is also excellent for
+lumbago and to scatter, not cure, rheumatism pains."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Rheumatism.--Preventive.--Avoid exposure as
+stated for other rheumatism. Rest the chest by strapping with adhesive
+plaster as in pleurisy. Porous plasters are good and liniments; sometimes
+help is obtained by rubbing freely with camphor. Hot dry or wet
+applications are frequently useful. Mustard plaster is very good when the
+space is not too great. Mix the mustard with the white of an egg and after
+it is taken off grease the part and keep on warm cloths. Hot foot baths
+and hot drinks of lemonade or teas, after which the person should go to
+bed and sweat and remain there for some hours.
+
+[CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 325]
+
+Liniment.--
+
+    Oil of Wintergreen       1/2 to 1 ounce
+    Compound Soap Liniment          8 ounces
+
+Mix and rub on thoroughly.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--Lumbago, Menthol Liniment for.--Apply the menthol
+liniment, cover with a thick cloth and put the hot water bottle next to it
+and go to bed. If up through the day have a cotton batting sewed to cloth
+and keep affected parts warm, using the liniment freely." The menthol
+liniment will be found an excellent remedy for lumbago, The menthol
+absorbs quickly and by applying the hot water bottle relief is sure to
+follow.
+
+1. Weak Back, Vinegar and Salt for.--"One tablespoonful of salt and one
+tablespoonful of vinegar to a quart of hot water. Bathe the back, then rub
+well with sweet oil and relief will soon follow,"
+
+2. Weak Back. Simple Remedy for.--"Aching may be relieved by taking a
+large pinch of buchu leaves, steep and drink. Sweeten if desired. Use a
+pint of water for steeping the leaves," This is a good remedy for a weak
+back, resulting from kidney trouble. The buchu leaves acts quickly on the
+kidneys and it is surprising to see how quickly the backache will
+disappear. You can purchase a two ounce package for five cents at any drug
+store.
+
+3. Weak Back, Good Liniment for.--
+
+    "Tincture of Aconite         1 ounce
+    Oil of Wintergreen         1/2 ounce
+    Tincture of Belladonna       1 ounce
+    Tincture of Arnica           1 ounce
+    Aqua Ammonia                 2 ounces
+
+Mix and use as a liniment."
+
+This is a very good liniment.
+
+4. Lameness, Chloroform Liniment for.--"Chloroform liniment is the best
+for all lameness and sore limbs."
+
+5. Lameness, Plantain Leaves and Cream for.--"Make ointment from plantain
+laves, simmered in sweet cream or fresh butter. This is very cooling."
+
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Rheumatism, Saltpetre Good in Cases of.--"One ounce
+of saltpetre to one pint of water. Take one teaspoonful of the above in a
+large glass of water, about six times daily." The saltpetre acts on the
+kidneys, carrying off the impurities in this way. Care should be taken not
+to continue this treatment too long at a time, as continued use would
+result in injury to the kidneys.
+
+2. Rheumatism, Rochelle Salts for.--"One teaspoonful rochelle salts in
+one-half glass water every other morning." This acts on the bowels and
+cleanses the system.
+
+3. Rheumatism, Flowers of Sulphur Will Relieve Pain of.--Sciatica is
+sometimes very much improved by wrapping the limb for one night with
+flowers of sulphur."
+
+[326 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+4. Rheumatism, Three Simple Ingredient Liniment for.--"One pint pure cider
+vinegar, one pint of turpentine, four fresh eggs, put the egg shells and
+all in the vinegar, let stand until the vinegar eats the eggs all up, then
+add the turpentine." This makes a fine liniment.
+
+5. Rheumatism, Sulphur Good for.--"Cases of chronic rheumatism are often
+relieved by sulphur baths and sulphur tea. Dose:--Powder sulphur and mix
+with molasses. A teaspoonful three times a day," Sulphur is a good blood
+purifier and laxative.
+
+6. Rheumatism, Horse-Radish for.--"An excellent and well-known remedy for
+rheumatism is to make a syrup of horse-radish by boiling the root and add
+sufficient sugar to make it palatable. Dose:--Two or three teaspoonfuls
+two or three times a day,"
+
+7. Rheumatism, Simple Remedy to Relieve Pain of.--
+
+    "Peppermint         1 ounce
+    Oil of Mustard    1/4 ounce
+    Vinegar             1 pint
+    White of one egg.
+
+Beat egg; stir all together."
+
+8. Rheumatism, Liniment for Chronic.--
+
+    "Olive Oil          1 pint
+    Sassafras Oil       2 drams
+    Camphor Gum         2 ounces
+    Chloroform        1/2 ounce
+
+Dissolve the camphor in the oil and when dissolved add the chloroform and
+four ounces of turpentine or rosemary. Rub the parts well night and
+morning. If the limbs are very sensitive to cold, add to the mixture two
+ounces of tincture of capsicum."
+
+9. Rheumatism, Herb Remedy for.--
+
+    Tincture Colchicum Seed    4 ounces
+    Gum Guaiacum               4 ounces
+    Black Cohosh Root          4 ounces
+    Prickly Ash Berries        4 ounces
+    Iodide Potash              1 ounce
+
+Dose for adult, one teaspoonful three times a day in wineglassful of water
+or milk."
+
+10. Rheumatism, Three Things that Will Help.--
+
+    "Best Rye Whisky           2 pints
+    Ground Burdock Seed      1/2 pound
+    Poke Berry Juice         1/2 pint
+
+Mix, shake well before using.
+
+Dose for adults, one and one-half or two tablespoonfuls night and
+morning." In severe cases take three times a day. This is a thoroughly
+tried remedy and is a very successful one.
+
+[ CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 327]
+
+11. Rheumatism, Good Liniment for.--
+
+    "Alcohol                1 ounce
+    Oil of Wintergreen      1 dram
+    Chloroform              5 drams
+    Gum Camphor           1/2 ounce
+    Sulphuric Ether       3/4 ounce
+    Oil of Cloves         1/2 dram
+    Oil of Lavender         1 dram
+
+Mix and apply externally for rheumatism and you will find it a very
+beneficial remedy."
+
+12. Rheumatism, Camphor and Alcohol for.--"Soak cotton batting in alcohol
+and camphor and apply on part." Application to the affected parts will
+frequently give relief in some rheumatic patients, when in others no
+relief is obtained by this method, it being necessary to take something
+internally.
+
+13. Rheumatism, Sweet Fern Tea Excellent for.--"Sweet fern tea taken three
+times a day. Dose, one cupful. Father has used this successfully himself."
+
+
+14. Rheumatism, Well-known Celery Remedy for.--"Celery tea several times a
+day with plenty of celery cooked or raw as a regular table food. Cut the
+celery in pieces, boil until soft in water and let the patient drink the
+tea, then make a stew of the remaining bits. If fresh celery cannot be
+obtained, celery preparations can be found at the drug store.
+
+15. Rheumatism, Flowers of Sulphur Relieves.--"Rheumatism is effectually
+removed by enveloping the limb one night with flowers of sulphur." The
+flowers of sulphur can be purchased at any drug store, and will give great
+relief, especially in severe cases.
+
+16. Rheumatism, Poultice for.--"Apply belladonna ointment to seat of pain,
+poultices applied very hot. Sulphur applied to painful part is very
+effective, after which the parts should be enveloped in flannel." The
+belladonna ointment acts like a fly blister, but not quite so severe. The
+ointment can remain on for some time without blistering. This treatment
+relieves by removing the inflammation from the sore parts.
+
+17. Rheumatism, Novel Relief for.--"The best remedy is electricity. It
+cured me; I used medical battery." Electricity has been known to help in a
+great many cases, but should be applied by a competent person.
+
+18. Rheumatism, Snake Root and Lemons Good for.--"Make use of lemon juice
+freely. Use decoction of black snake root, one ounce to pint of boiling
+water; a tablespoonful four times a day. Wet compress renewed every two
+hours applied to painful joints."
+
+The black snake root is a remedy that was used by the early settlers for
+this trouble. The wet compresses are very soothing, but care should be
+taken not to wet the bed clothing, as the patient would then take cold.
+
+[328 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+19. Rheumatism, Another Good Liniment for.--
+
+      Alcohol               5 ounces
+      Amber                30 drops
+      Tincture of Pinoum   30 drops
+      Hemlock Oil          30 drops
+      Tincture of Iron     30 drops
+      Aconite              30 drops
+
+DIABETES MELLITUS.--A disorder of nutrition in which sugar accumulates in
+the blood and is excreted in the urine, the daily amount of which is
+greatly increased.
+
+Causes.--Hereditary influences play an important role and cases are on
+record of its occurrence in many members of the same family. Men are more
+frequently affected than women, the ratio being about three to two.
+Persons of a nervous temperament are often affected. It is a disease of
+the higher classes. Hebrews seem especially prone to it. The disease is
+comparatively rare in the colored race; women more than men in the negro,-
+nine to six. In a considerable proportion of the cases of diabetes the
+patients have been very fat at the beginning of or prior to the onset of
+the disease. It is more common in cities than in country districts. The
+combination of intense application to business, over-indulgence in food
+and drink, with a sedentary life, seem particularly prone to induce the
+disease. Injury to or disease of the spinal cord or brain has been
+followed by diabetes. It is much more frequent in European countries than
+here. Acute and chronic forms are recognized in the former.
+
+Symptoms.--The only difference is that the patients are younger in acute
+forms, the course is more rapid and the wasting away is more marked. The
+onset of the disease is gradual and either frequent passing of urine (six
+to forty pints in twenty-four hours) or inordinate thirst attracts
+attention. When it is fully established, there is great thirst, the
+passage of large quantities of sugar urine, a terrible appetite, and, as a
+rule, progressive emaciation. The thirst is one of the most distressing
+symptoms. Large quantities of water are required to keep the sugar in
+solution and for its excretion in the urine. Some cases do not have the
+excessive thirst; but in such case the amount of urine passed is never
+large. The thirst is most intense an hour or two after meals. The
+digestion is generally good, but the appetite is inordinate. Pain in the
+back is common. The tongue is usually dry, red and glazed, and the saliva
+is scanty. The gums may become swollen. Constipation is the rule. The skin
+is dry and harsh and sweating rarely occurs. The temperature is under
+normal. In spite of the enormous amount of food eaten a patient may become
+rapidly emaciated. Patients past middle life may have the disease for
+years without much disturbance of the health; on the other hand I have
+seen them die after that age. Progress is more rapid the younger the
+person. Death usually occurs from coma of diabetes. This is most common in
+young patients.
+
+[CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 329]
+
+1. There is a sudden onset after exertion of weakness, feeble pulse,
+stupor, coma, death in a few hours.
+
+2. Sudden headache, coma, death in a few hours.
+
+3. After nausea, vomiting or a lung complication, there are headache,
+delirium, abdominal pain, rapid labored breathing, sweetish odor of the
+breath, stupor, rapid feeble pulse, coma and death within a few days.
+
+Recovery.--Instances of cure in true diabetes are rare.
+
+Treatment. Preventive.--The use of starchy and sugary articles of diet
+should be restricted in families with a marked disposition to this
+disease. Sources of worry should be avoided and he should lead an even
+quiet life, if possible, in an equable climate. Flannel and silk should be
+worn next to the skin, and the greatest care should be taken to promote
+its action. A lukewarm and, if tolerably robust, a cold bath should be
+taken every day. An occasional Turkish bath is useful.
+
+Diet.--Let the patients eat food of easy digestion, such as veal, mutton
+and the like, and abstain from all sorts of fruit and garden stuff. In
+Johns Hopkins' Hospital these patients are kept for three or four days on
+the ordinary ward diet, which contains a moderate amount of
+carbo-hydrates, in order to ascertain the amount of sugar excretions. For
+two days more the starches are gradually cut off. They are then placed on
+the following standard non-carbohydrate diet.
+
+Breakfast: 7:30, six ounces of tea or coffee; four ounces of beefsteak,
+mutton chops without bone, or boiled ham; one or two eggs.
+
+Lunch: 12:30, six ounces of cold roast beef; two ounces celery, fresh
+cucumbers or tomatoes with vinegar, olives, pepper and salt to taste, five
+drams of whisky with thirteen ounces of water, two ounces of coffee
+without milk or sugar.
+
+Dinner: 6:00 P. M., six ounces of clear bouillon; seven and a half ounces
+of roast beef; one and one-half drams of butter; two ounces of green salad
+with two and a half drams of vinegar, five drams of olive oil, or three
+tablespoonfuls of some well-cooked green vegetable: three sardines; five
+drams of whisky with thirteen ounces of water.
+
+Supper: 9:00 P. M., two eggs, raw or cooked, thirteen ounces of water .
+
+The following is a list of articles which a diabetes patient may take as
+given by one of the best authorities in the world on diabetes:
+
+Liquids: Soups.--Ox tail, turtle bouillon and other clear soups. Lemonade,
+coffee, tea, chocolate and cocoa; these to be taken without sugar, but
+they may be sweetened with saccharin. Potash or soda water and
+appollinaris, or the Saratoga-vichy and milk in moderation may be used.
+
+[330 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Animal Food.--Fish of all sorts, including crabs, oysters, salt and fresh
+butcher's meat (with the exception of liver), poultry and game, eggs,
+buttermilk, curds and cream cheese.
+
+Bread.--Gluten and bran bread, almond and cocoanut biscuits.
+
+Vegetables.--Lettuce, tomatoes, spinach, chickory, sorrel, radishes,
+asparagus, water-cress, mustard and cress, cucumber, celery and endives;
+pickles of various sorts.
+
+Fruits.--Lemons and oranges, currants, plums, cherries, pears, apples
+(tart), melons, raspberries and strawberries may be taken in moderation.
+Nuts, as a rule, allowable.
+
+Must Not Take--
+
+Thick Soups and Liver. Ordinary bread of all sorts (in quantity), rye,
+wheaten, brown or white. All farinaceous (starchy) preparations, such as
+hominy, rice, tapioca, arrowroot, sago and vermicelli.
+
+Vegetables: Potatoes, turnips, parsnips, squashes, vegetable-marrows of
+all kinds, beets, common artichokes.
+
+Liquids: Beer, sparkling wine of all sorts and the sweet aerated drinks.
+
+Medicines. Codeine.--A patient may begin with one-half grain three times a
+day, which may be gradually increased to six or eight grains in the
+twenty-four hours (under the doctor's care); withdraw it gradually when
+sugar is absent or reduced as far as possible.
+
+
+
+DIABETES INSIPIDUS.--A chronic affection characterized by the passage of
+large quantities of normal urine of low specific gravity.
+
+Causes.--It is most often found in young males and is probably of nervous
+origin. It may follow excitement or brain injury.
+
+Symptoms.--The onset is usually gradual. The urine is pale; ten to twenty
+quarts a day. Thirst, dryness of the mouth and skin. Appetite and general
+conditions are usually normal; sometimes there are feebleness and
+emaciation. Death usually occurs from some other disease.
+
+Treatment.--There is no known cure. Keep the general health in good
+condition according to the advice of your family physician.
+
+OBESITY.--An excessive development of fat; it may be hereditary. It occurs
+most frequently in women of middle age and in children. Its chief cause is
+excessive eating and drinking, especially of the starch and sugar foods
+and malt liquors, and lack of exercise. The increase of fat is in all the
+normal situations and the heart and liver are often large and fatty. The
+condition in general may be good or there may be inactivity of the mind
+and body. Disturbances of digestion and symptoms of a fatty heart. There
+is less power to resist disease. Death may occur from fatty infiltration
+of the heart, resulting in dilatation or rupture.
+
+[CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 331]
+
+Treatment.--Must be in regulating the diet. The person must avoid all
+excess in food and drink, and avoid especially foods that contain starch
+and sugar. There must be regular and systematic exercise, hot baths and
+massages are helps. Medicines made from the poke berry are much used and
+are successful in some cases.
+
+Diet.--The food of a fleshy person should be cut down gradually. Its bulk
+can be great, but its nourishing properties should be small. The diet for
+reduction of obesity should consist chiefly of bulky vegetables, but not
+too much of any one article or set of articles. The following list is
+recommended by Dr. Hare of Philadelphia:
+
+For Breakfast.--One or two cups of coffee or tea, without milk or sugar,
+but sweetened with a fraction of a grain of saccharin. Three ounces of
+toasted or ordinary white bread or six ounces of brown bread; enough
+butter may be used to make the bread palatable, not more than one ounce.
+Sliced raw tomatoes with vinegar, or cooked tomatoes without any sugar or
+fats. This diet may be varied by the use of salted or fresh fish, either
+at breakfast or dinner. This fish must not be rich like salmon or
+sword-fish, but rather like perch or other small fish.
+
+Noon Meal--Dinner.--One soup plate of bouillon, consomme julienne, or
+other thin soup, or Mosqueras beef-jelly, followed by one piece of the
+white meat of any form of fowl or a small bird. Sometimes a small piece,
+the size of one's hand, of rare beef, or mutton but no fat, may be
+allowed, and this should be accompanied by string beans, celery (stewed or
+raw), spinach, kale, cabbage, beans, asparagus, beets and young onions.
+Following this, lettuce with vinegar and a little olive oil (to make a
+French dressing), a cup of black coffee or one of tea, and a little acid
+fruit, such as sour grapes, tamarinds and sour oranges, or lemons may be
+taken, and followed by a cigar, if the patient has such a habit.
+
+Supper.--This should consist of one or two soft boiled eggs, which may be
+poached, but not fried, a few ounces of brown bread, some salad and fruit
+and perhaps a glass or two of light, dry (not sweet) wine, if the patient
+is accustomed to its use.
+
+Before Going to Bed.--To avoid discomfort from a sensation of hunger
+during the night, the patient may take a meal of panada, or he may soak
+graham or bran crackers or biscuits in water and flavor the mess with salt
+and pepper. The reduction of the diet is generally best accomplished
+slowly and should be accompanied by measures devoted to the utilization of
+the fat present for the support of the body. Thus, the patient should not
+be too heavily clad, either day or night, should resort to exercise, daily
+becoming more severe, and should not drink freely of water, unless
+sweating is established sufficiently to prevent the accumulation of liquid
+in vessels and tissues. Baths of the proper kind, cold or Turkish, should
+be used, if the patient stands them well. The bowels should be kept active
+by laxative fruit or purges. Salts are useful if drinks are thrown off
+rapidly. If proper exercise is impossible the rest cure with massage,
+electricity, passive exertion and absolute skimmed milk diet may be
+resorted to, particularly in those persons known as "fat anemics," who
+have not enough red corpuscles in their blood to carry sufficient oxygen
+to the tissues to complete oxidation.
+
+[332 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+CANCER.--(In the following article on cancer we quote in part from
+material issued by the Public Health Department of the State of Michigan).
+
+
+Cancer is curable if it be operated upon in its early stages.--If it be
+left to grow and develop, cancer is always fatal. It may be partially
+removed when in an advanced stage, and relief may be had for some time
+after operation; but beyond the early stage, cancer cannot at present be
+permanently removed, nor permanently cured. Permanent cure of a cancer is
+possible if the afflicted person obtains an early diagnosis and receives
+early attention from a skilled surgeon. The only permanent cure for cancer
+known at the present time is early surgical operation.
+
+Have Operations Failed to Cure?--Very few persons die from operations
+performed by skilled surgeons for the removal of cancer. Where cancer
+operation is done by experienced surgeons the fatality in America for the
+past fourteen years is less than one case out of a hundred, or in other
+words ninety-nine persons out of a hundred survive operation for cancer.
+Many persons have died from the return of the cancerous growth even after
+operation by a skilled surgeon, and this fact has led many persons to
+believe that operation for cancer is, therefore, unsuccessful, that it
+does not cure. This is not the fact. It is true that cancer often returns
+after operation, and that this method does not always effect a permanent
+cure; but it is not true that operations are, therefore, useless. The
+reason that operations do not remove cancers permanently in a great number
+of cases is that such cases do not submit to operation soon enough. The
+majority of persons suffering from cancer seek surgical aid too late. If a
+house is on fire and one refuses to turn in an alarm until the fire has
+spread from cellar to garret, neither blame nor disparagement must be
+placed upon the fire department if it failed to save the burning house. So
+with cancer; if the public refuses or neglects to operate for cancer at
+the time when it can be eradicated, the public cannot censure or belittle
+surgery. A cancer is like a green and ripe thistle. Pull up the green
+thistle and you have gotten rid of it. But if you wait until the thistle
+is ripe, and the winds have blown away the seeds, there is no use of
+pulling up that thistle. Early operations are successful. Late ones are
+not.
+
+No reliable surgeon claims to save his patient or cure him of cancer if
+the disease be in an advanced stage. But experienced surgeons do recognize
+the fact that cancer in its early stage can be permanently removed and a
+permanent cure can be effected by surgical operation. No other means of
+permanent cure are known.
+
+[CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 333]
+
+Caustic pastes applied to cancerous growths or sera, are sometimes
+successful in obliterating the cancer for a time; but they are not
+reliable for effecting enduring cures, and usually are merely palliative,
+The fact that a cancer does not return for three years after removal is
+not sure proof that it will not return; the return of a cancerous growth
+depends upon its state of development and other conditions at the time of
+removal from the cancer. In Johns Hopkins' Hospital forty-seven per cent
+of all patients with cancers of the breast operated upon remained well for
+three years or more, and seventy-five per cent of this forty-seven per
+cent were cured, being in the most favorable condition for cure at the
+time of the operation. But where conditions are not favorable at the time
+of the operation, many patients have a return of the cancer even after the
+three years of apparent cure have elapsed.
+
+What is Cancer?--A cancer is a growth of cancerous cells in a network of
+connective tissue. The cause of cancer is not known. It has not been
+proved to be communicable and the majority of investigators of this
+subject believe that it is not caused by a germ. Nor is it thought to be
+inherited. Out of 8,000 cases of cancer at Middlesex Hospital, London, no
+evidence of heredity was found. Until the cause of cancer is known, it
+cannot be prevented. The only safeguard lies in an early diagnosis of the
+condition and an immediate operation. Eminent investigators are carrying
+on extensive research and thousands of dollars are being spent annually to
+ascertain, if possible, what is the cause of this dread disease, and it is
+confidently believed that final success will crown this labor.
+
+When to Suspect Cancer and What to Do.--External or Exposed
+Cancer.--Cancer of the exposed or surface parts of the body, such as the
+skin of the lip, nose, cheek, forehead, temples, etc., is more readily
+recognized than internal cancer, and is therefore more liable to early
+operation and prompt cure. One rarely sees these forms of cancer in an
+advanced stage, because such cases are readily seen and recognized by
+physicians in the early stage of development, when operation can be
+sufficiently early to effect a lasting cure.
+
+The least malignant of all cancers is that kind which first exhibits
+itself by a hardening of the skin, forming a nodule looking pimple or a
+mole and having a dark red color, due to tortuous blood vessels, upon the
+sides of the nose near the eyes, upon the cheek bones, forehead or
+temples. This form of epithelioma is called rodent ulcer, flat epithelioma
+or cancroid and sometimes does little harm for many years, but should
+receive the attention of a physician familiar with cancer and its
+eradication.
+
+Deep or squamous cancer occurs on the lip, the tongue or the forehead or
+wherever the mucous membrane joins the skin, and is characterized by a
+hard, deep-seated sore formed upon any such part, growing down into the
+flesh and having a dark red or purplish-red color.
+
+[334 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+If such a cancer is suspected of being present, the patient should at once
+seek diagnosis from a competent physician. Cancer of the lip is more
+frequent in men than in women, occurring usually in the under lip and
+called "Smoker's Cancer." Any hard persistent nodule in the under lip
+should cause suspicion and should be taken to a skilled surgeon, as cancer
+of the under lip is easily removed when in its early stage of development.
+
+
+
+CANCER OF THE STOMACH.--The beginning of cancer of the stomach is very
+difficult to recognize and it is far safer and wiser, upon the appearance
+of the first suspicious symptom, to seek the aid of some physician skilled
+in cancer diagnosis than to ignore and neglect these early warnings of the
+disease. Although cancer of the stomach may occur in younger persons, it
+is usually met with in persons after forty years of age. Therefore, any
+person at this age who suffers from continuous indigestion or
+characterized by retention and prolonged fermentation of food in the
+stomach, should at once consult a competent physician. In the early stages
+of the cancer of the stomach the patient loses weight, but in the later
+stages there is more or less pain.
+
+Whenever a physician finds that a patient has a pappy, insipid taste with
+a furred, pale, rarely dry and red tongue, and is suffering from
+continuous, dull sensations or pain in the region of the stomach,
+periodically increasing to paroxysms, often induced by pressure or
+increased by it, together with a sensation of weight, drawing pains of
+varying character, and frequent pain in the shoulder, loss of appetite,
+frequent belching of fetid gas from the stomach, severe and frequent
+vomiting, often periodical, often occurring before partaking of a meal but
+more often afterwards with slight indigestion, but vomitus being more or
+less watery and containing mucus and blood, usually decomposed and
+recurring frequently, together with constipation of the bowels, the skin
+being sallow, yellowish, dry and flaccid, and losing weight and strength,
+he should suspect cancer of the stomach and where possible advise an
+immediate surgical operation for the removal of the cancer.
+
+
+
+CANCER OF THE UTERUS.--What women should know regarding it. The menopause
+or change of life comes on gradually, rarely suddenly. It is not preceded
+by excessive flowing or discharge or pain in a healthy woman.
+
+By cancer period is understood those years after forty, although rarely it
+may occur earlier. The first symptoms of uterine cancer are:
+
+1. Profuse flowing, even if only a day more than usual. Flowing or
+spotting during the interval or after the use of a syringe or the movement
+of the bowels.
+
+2. Whites or Leucorrhea, if not existing previously. If existing but
+getting more profuse, watery, irritating, or producing itching is a very
+suspicious symptom.
+
+[CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 335]
+
+3. Loss of weight, if no other cause is apparent. Pain in the region of
+the womb, back or side.
+
+If any of the above symptoms occur after the age of thirty-five or forty,
+a woman should seek relief and insist on thorough investigation of the
+cause and prompt treatment.
+
+Cancer is always at first a local disease and can be removed if early
+recognized and an absolute, permanent cure brought about.
+
+
+
+CANCER OF THE BREAST.--Eighty-one per cent of an tumors of the breast are
+cancer or become so. Whenever a woman feels a lump in her breast,
+particularly if she be at the cancerous age, she should consult a skilled
+physician at once and keep that breast under medical observation. If so
+advised by her physician or by a skilled surgeon, she should have an
+operation for the removal of the cancer, as it can be completely
+eradicated when operated upon in its early stages. If left to grow and
+develop it will get beyond the aid of even the most skillful surgeon.
+Early diagnosis plus surgery is the only hope for a cancerous person.
+Operation offers a most hopeful outlook for those afflicted with cancer.
+It is more important to make an early diagnosis in cancer of the breast
+than it is in appendicitis.
+
+
+
+CANCER (CARCINOMA).--This is very malignant. This kind is divided into two
+classes, Scirrhus and Epithelial.
+
+1. Scirrhus cancer. This is a hard, irregular growth of moderate size. Its
+special seat is the breast, the pyloric (smaller) end of the stomach and
+in few instances the glands of the skin.
+
+Soft Medullary or Encephaloid cancer. This type resembles brain tissue
+both in appearance and consistence. It appears quite soft and may be
+mistaken for an abscess. In form, it differs according to the organ
+attacked. Special seats: The testicle, liver, bladder, kidney, ovary, the
+eye and more rarely the breast.
+
+Colloid cancer; jelly-like substance.--The cancer cells have undergone a
+degeneration in one of the preceding varieties. The material it contains
+is a semi-translucent, glistening, jelly-like substance. Its special
+seats are the stomach, bowel, omentum, ovary and, occasionally, the
+breast.
+
+Diagnosis.--This kind is very rare before thirty years of age and common
+after forty. They involve the gland early, contrary to what the sarcoma
+variety does. Innocent growths occur, as a rule, in younger patients, do
+not grow so rapidly, do not become adherent to neighboring parts and do
+not ulcerate.
+
+2. The Epithelial Cancer (Carcinoma).--These always spring from free
+epithelium-clad surfaces, as the skin, and mucous membranes or from the
+glands of the same. These growths appear with great frequency at the
+points of junction of mucous membranes and skin surfaces, probably because
+these parts are subjected to more frequent and varied forms of mechanical
+and chemical irritation, Special seats: Skin surfaces, the nose, the lower
+lip, the penis and scrotum, the vulva, the anus (mucous surfaces), tongue,
+palate, gums, tonsils, larynx, pharynx, gullet, bladder, womb.
+
+[336 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--l. Cancer, Simple Remedy for.--"Give a teaspoonful of
+sarsaparilla tea four times daily, made with two ounces of sarsaparilla
+root and quart of water boiled to one pint and apply to cancer growth a
+poultice made of carrots scraped or mashed cranberries." These simple
+remedies will relieve and often cure growths taken for cancers, but if it
+is really a cancerous growth no medicine will help and a physician should
+be consulted at once.
+
+2. Cancer, Nettles and Laudanum Will Help.--"Take the juice of common
+nettles inwardly and mix a little laudanum with the juice and rub the
+parts outwardly. Cancer has often yielded to this treatment." This remedy
+will no doubt help an ugly looking ulcer, repeatedly taken for cancer, by
+the patients themselves and frequently the doctor. It is always well to
+give this simple home remedy a trial, at least, for it is frequently
+admitted by the medical fraternity to-day that ugly ulcers are often
+treated in this way as cancers, sometimes to the lasting detriment of the
+sufferer. Then why not try some efficient home remedy like the above until
+you are certain that it is a cancer?
+
+
+
+TUMORS.--A tumor is a new growth which produces a localized enlargement of
+a part, or an organ, has no tendency to a spontaneous cure, has no useful
+function, in most cases tends to grow during the whole of the individual's
+life. Clinically, tumors are divided into the benign and the malignant.
+
+A benign tumor is usually composed of tissues, resembling those in which
+it originates.
+
+A malignant tumor usually consists of tissues widely different from those
+in which it originates; its growth is rapid and therefore often painful;
+it infiltrates all the surrounding tissues, however resistant, even bone,
+because it is never encapsulated; it thus early becomes immovable; the
+overlying skin is apt to become adherent, especially when the breast is
+involved. Sooner or later it usually infects the group of lymphatic glands
+intervening between it and the venous circulation and from these new
+centres, or directly through the veins, gives rise to secondary deposits
+in the internal organs.
+
+Some varieties. 1. Fibrous tumors; these consist of fibrous tissues. 2.
+Fatty tumors (or lipomata); these consist of normal fat tissue. 3.
+Cartilaginous tumors; consist of cartilage. 4. Osseous (bony) tumors. 5.
+Mucous tumors (myxomata). 6. Muscular tumors (myomata). 7. Vascular tumors
+(Angeiomata). 8. Nerve tumors (Neuromata).
+
+Malignant Sarcoma (Sarcomata).--These are a variety of tumors. The result
+of these varies with the location of the tumor. If located in the jaw, an
+operation may cure it. If in the tonsil or lymphatic gland, it destroys
+life rapidly. If in the sub-cutaneous tissue, it may be repeatedly
+removed, the system remaining free, or the amputation of the limb involved
+will probably cure the disease.
+
+[Illustration: Circulatory System.]
+
+[CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES 337]
+
+TUMORS.--Diagnosis. It is uncommon under thirty, quite common after.
+Epithelioma of the lower lip is limited almost entirely to men. If, then,
+a man of from forty to seventy develops a small tumor in the lower lip
+which ulcerates early, it is likely to be the cancer. The same applies to
+some extent to the tongue. These growths and sores need attention early.
+
+Treatment.--The best treatment is early free removal of the entire growth
+before the glands are involved.
+
+
+
+DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
+
+HEART DISEASE, Emergency Treatment.--For collapse or fainting, loosen
+clothing, lie down, rub camphor on forehead, and keep quiet.
+
+To Revive When Fainting.--Smell of camphor or aromatic spirits of ammonia.
+Put one to two teaspoonfuls of whisky or brandy in eight teaspoonfuls of
+hot water, and give one or two teaspoonfuls at a time and repeat often.
+Some are not accustomed to stimulants and it may strangle them, so give it
+slowly. Pulse is weak in such cases, calling for stimulants.
+
+2. Pearls of Amylnitrite. Break one in a handkerchief and put the
+handkerchief to the patient's nose so that he may inhale the fumes.
+
+Stimulant.--A person with heart valvular trouble should always carry
+pearls of amylnitrite. Inhale slowly so as not to get too much of it at
+once.
+
+
+
+HEART FAILURE.--The pulse may be slow and weak or fast and weak.
+
+Digitalis.--Give five drops of the tincture in a little water. Another
+dose can be given in fifteen minutes. Then another in an hour, if
+necessary.
+
+
+
+PALPITATION OF THE HEART.--Irregular or forcible heart beat action usually
+perceived by the person troubled.
+
+Causes.--Hysteria, nervous exhaustion, violent emotions or sexual
+excesses; overdose of tea and coffee: alcohol or tobacco.
+
+Symptoms.--There may be only a sensation of fluttering with that of
+distention or emptiness of the heart. There may be flushing of the skin,
+violent beating of the superficial arteries, with rapid pulse, difficult
+breathing and nervousness. Attack lasts from a few minutes to several
+hours.
+
+[338 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.-l. Palpitation of the Heart, Tea of Geranium Root
+for.--"Make an infusion of geranium root, half an ounce in pint of boiling
+water, strain, cool, and give wine glass full three or four times a day."
+The geranium root will be found to be an excellent remedy where female
+weakness has caused the palpitation of the heart.
+
+2. Palpitation of the Heart, Hot Foot Bath and Camphor for.--"Place the
+feet in hot mustard water and give two grains camphor every two or three
+hours, or two drops aconite every hour. This remedy is very good and is
+sure to give relief."
+
+3. Palpitation of the Heart, Valuable Herb Tea for.--"All excitement must
+be avoided. Where there is organic disease, all that can be done is to
+mitigate the severity of the symptoms. For this take the following herb
+tea: One ounce each of marigold flowers, mugwort, motherworth, century
+dandelion root, put in, two quarts of water and boil down to three pints;
+pour boiling hot upon one-half ounce of valerian, and one-half ounce of
+skullcap. Take a wineglassful three times a day. Let the bowels be kept
+moderately open and live principally upon vegetable diet, with plenty of
+outdoor exercise."
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Heartburn, Home Remedy for.--"A few grains of table
+salt allowed to dissolve in the mouth and frequently repeated will
+sometimes give relief." People who have too little acid in the stomach
+will be much benefited by this remedy.
+
+2. Heartburn, Soda a Popular Remedy for.--"One-half teaspoonful soda in
+glass of water. Everybody uses this in the neighborhood."
+
+3. Heartburn, Excellent Remedy for.--
+
+    "Powdered Rhubarb       1/2 ounce
+    Spirits of Peppermint.    2 drams
+    Water                     4 ounces
+    Bicarbonate of Soda     1/2 ounce
+
+Dose--One Tablespoonful after meals."
+
+The bicarbonate of soda relieves the gas and swelling of the stomach,
+while the rhubarb has a tonic action and relieves the bowels. The spirits
+of peppermint stimulates the mucous membrane.
+
+4. Poor Circulation, Remedy for Stout Person.--"Ten cents worth of salts,
+five cents worth of cream of tartar; mix and keep in a closed jar. Take
+one teaspoonful for three nights, then skip three nights." This is an
+old-time remedy known to be especially good, as the salts move the bowels
+and the cream of tartar acts on the kidneys, carrying off the impurities
+that should be thrown off from these organs.
+
+PHYSICIAN'S TREATMENT FOR PALPITATION.--When caused by valvular trouble,
+digitalis can be given as above directed under heart failure.
+
+When Caused by the Stomach.--From gas or too much food, take salts to move
+the bowels. Hot whisky is good when caused by gas; or soda, one
+teaspoonful in hot water is also good when gas causes palpitation.
+
+[CIRCULATORY DISEASES 339]
+
+Difficult Breathing.--If caused by gas, soda, hot whisky or brandy will
+relieve. If caused by too fast beating of the heart, give digitalis as
+above directed. If caused by dropsy, the regular remedies for dropsy. If
+the dropsy is due to scanty urine you can use infusion of digitalis, dose
+one to four drams; or cream of tartar and epsom salts, equal parts, to
+keep the bowels open freely.
+
+PHYSICIAN'S CAUTIONS:--Quiet the patient's mind and assure him there is no
+actual danger; moderate exercise should be taken as a rule with advantage.
+Regular hours should be kept and at least ten hours out of twenty-four
+should be spent in lying down. A tepid bath may be taken in the morning,
+or if the patient is weakly and nervous, in the evening, followed by a
+thorough rubbing. No hot baths or Turkish bath. Tea, coffee and alcohol
+are prohibited. Diet should be light, and the patient should avoid
+overeating at any meals. Foods that cause gas should not be used. If a
+smoker the patient must give up tobacco. Sexual excitement is very
+pernicious, and the patient should be warned especially on this point.
+Absolute rest for the distressing attacks of palpitation which occur with
+nervous exhaustion. In these cases we find the most distressing throbbing
+in the abdomen, which is apt to come after meals, and is very much
+aggravated by the accumulation of gas.
+
+Diet.--A person with heart disease should not bring on palpitation from
+over-eating or eating the wrong kind of food. Such a person dare not be a
+glutton. The diet must be simple, nutritious, but food that is easily
+digested. Any food that causes trouble must be avoided; starchy foods,
+spiced foods, rich greasy foods, are not healthy for such a person. The
+stomach must be carefully treated by such a patient. The bowels should
+move daily. The kidneys should always do good work and pass enough urine
+and of the right color and consistency. Stimulants like alcohol, tea and
+coffee are not to be used. Weak cocoa is all right in most cases. Hot
+water, if any drink must be taken, at meals. Such a patient in order to
+live and live comfortably, must take life easy. He cannot afford to run,
+to over lift, or over exert, to walk fast upstairs, hurry or to "catch the
+car." He must not get angry or excited. Games of all kinds that have a
+tendency to make him nervous must be avoided. The same caution applies to
+exciting literature. In short, a patient with organic heart disease must
+be a drone in the hum of this busy, fast-rushing life, if he would hope to
+keep the spark of life for many years. Sleep, rest and quiet is a better
+motto for you than the strenuous life.
+
+[340  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Heart.--The heart is the central organ of the entire system and
+consists of a hollow muscle; by its contraction the blood is pumped to all
+parts of the body through a complicated series of tubes, termed arteries.
+The arteries undergo enormous ramifications (branchings) in their course
+throughout the body and end in very minute vessels, called arterioles,
+which in their turn open into a close meshed network of microscopic (very
+minute) vessels, termed capillaries. After the blood has passed through
+the capillaries it is collected into a series of larger vessels called
+veins by which it is returned to the heart. The passage of the blood
+through the heart and blood vessels constitutes what is termed the
+circulation of the blood. The human heart is divided by a septum
+(partition) into two halves, right and left, each half being further
+constricted into, two cavities, the upper of the two being termed the
+auricle and the lower the ventricle. The heart consists of four chambers
+or cavities, two forming the right half, the right auricle and right
+ventricle, and two forming the left half, the left auricle and left
+ventricle. The right half of the heart contains the venous or impure
+blood; the left the arterial or pure blood. From the cavity of the left
+ventricle the pure blood is carried into a large artery, the aorta,
+through the numerous branches of which it is distributed to all parts of
+the body, with the exception of the lungs. In its passage through the
+capillaries of the body the blood gives up to the tissues the material
+necessary for their growth and nourishment and at the same time receives
+from the tissues the waste products resulting from their metabolism, that
+is, the building up and tearing down of the tissues, and in so doing
+becomes changed from arterial or pure blood into venous or impure blood,
+which is collected by the veins and through them returned to the right
+auricle of the heart.
+
+From this cavity the impure blood passes into the right ventricle from
+which it is conveyed through the pulmonary (lung) arteries to the lungs.
+In the capillaries of the lungs it again becomes arterialized by the air
+that fills the lungs and is then carried to the left auricle by the
+pulmonary veins. From this cavity it passes into that of the left
+ventricle, from which the cycle once more begins. The heart, then, is a
+hollow muscular organ of a conical form, placed between the lungs and
+enclosed in the cavity of the pericardium. It is placed obliquely in the
+chest. The broad attached end or base is directed upwards, backwards and
+to the right and extends up to the right as high as the second rib and the
+center of the base lies near the surface underneath the breast bone. The
+apex (point) is directed downwards, forward and to the left and
+corresponds to the space between the cartilage of the fifth and sixth
+ribs, three-fourths of an inch to the inner side, and one and one-half
+inches below the nipple, or about three and one-half inches from the
+middle line of the breast bone. The heart is placed behind the lower two-
+thirds of the breast bone and extends from the median line three inches to
+the left half of the cavity of the chest and one and one-half inches to
+the right half of the cavity of the chest.
+
+Size: In adults it is five inches long, three and one-half inches in
+breadth at its broadest part and two and one-half inches in thickness.
+Weight in the male ten to twelve ounces; in the female eight to ten. It
+increases up to an advanced period of life. The tricuspid valve (three
+segments) closes the opening between the right auricle and right
+ventricle. Pulmonary semilunar valves guard the orifice of the pulmonary
+artery, keeping the blood from flowing back into the right ventricle. The
+mitral valve guards the opening to the left ventricle from the left
+auricle. The semilunar valves surround the opening from the left ventricle
+into the aorta and keep the blood from flowing back. If any one of these
+valves becomes diseased it may not thoroughly close the opening it is
+placed to guard and then we have a train of important symptoms.
+
+[CIRCULATORY DISEASES 341]
+
+
+PERICARDITIS.--This is an inflammation of the pericardium, the sac
+containing the heart.
+
+Primary or First Causes.--They refer in this disease to a peculiar
+constitution. Children that have a tuberculous constitution are more
+liable to this disease. Acute rheumatism or tonsilitis are the causes and
+this trouble follows or goes with them. Infectious diseases also cause it.
+
+Symptoms.--Slight pain in the heart region, fever moderate. These subside
+or effusion may set in and this usually occurs with acute rheumatism,
+tuberculosis and septicemia. Sometimes these symptoms are absent.
+
+Treatment of Pericarditis.--The patient must rest quietly in bed and a
+doctor should be in attendance. An ice bag placed over the heart
+frequently gives relief and quiets the distress and pain. There is apt to
+be liquid in the sac (pericardium) and to lessen the tendency to this
+there should not be much drink or liquid food taken. There should be what
+is called a dry diet. (See Nursing Department for this.)
+
+
+
+ENDOCARDITIS.--Inflammation of the lining of the heart chiefly confined to
+the valves; it may be acute or chronic.
+
+Simple Kind, Cause.--Occurs at all ages, but most often in children and
+young adults. It most frequently comes with acute rheumatism, chorea,
+tonsilitis, scarlet fever, and pneumonia. The valves in the left heart are
+most often affected, the mitral simply swollen or bearing small growths.
+
+Symptoms.--If it is caused by acute rheumatism, there may be higher
+temperature, without increase of joint symptoms. Heart beats faster and is
+irregular. It may run into chronic valvular disease.
+
+Treatment of Endocarditis.--Preventive.--Much can be done to prevent this
+disease by closely watching the patient having the disease that causes it.
+The heart should be closely watched. Acute inflammatory rheumatism is a
+frequent cause and the heart must be watched continually in this disease.
+When the patient has this disease he must be quiet and in bed. This is
+essential. A doctor must be called, for the disease is serious and
+dangerous.
+
+Diet.--Should be liquid. Milk or preparations made with it is the usual
+diet. Care must be taken that the stomach and bowels be not disordered.
+Gas collecting in the stomach causes much distress to one who has
+endocarditis or valvular disease.
+
+Caution.--Avoid early exertion after getting well.
+
+[342 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CHRONIC ENDOCARDITIS.--Usually occurs in persons under middle age.
+Generally follows acute endocarditis. It may be caused by syphilis,
+alcoholism, gout, and prolonged over-exertion. The edges of the valve
+become thickened and then the thickened parts separate and cannot meet
+exactly and therefore fail to close the opening they are set to guard.
+
+CHRONIC VALVULAR DISEASE.--Results of valve lesions. Narrowing of a valve
+causes increased difficulty in emptying the chamber of the heart behind
+it. Insufficiency of a valve allows the return of the blood through the
+valve during the dilation of a chamber, thus increasing the amount of
+blood entering the chamber beyond the normal. Either trouble causes
+dilation of the chamber and compensatory hypertrophy. Enlargement of its
+wall must take place in order to perform the extra work demanded
+constantly, for the normal reserve force of the heart muscles can
+accomplish the extra task only temporarily. This enlargement increases the
+working power of the heart to above normal, but the organ is relatively
+less efficient than the normal heart, as its reserve force is less and
+sudden or unusual exertion may cause disturbance or failure of the
+compensation acquired by the enlargement. If this loss of reserve force is
+temporary, compensation is restored by further enlargement and by
+diminution, by rest, of the work demanded of the heart. Any valvular
+lesion, whether a stenosis (narrowing) of the outlet or insufficiency from
+the moment of its origin, leads to certain alterations in the distribution
+of pressure upon each side of the affected valve. If the body of the heart
+itself did not possess a series of powerful compensatory aids, that is,
+the power of making good a defect or loss, or restoring a lost balance, to
+improve this relation of altered pressure, then every serious lesion at
+its very beginning would not only cause serious general disturbances of
+circulation, but very soon prove fatal. Without compensation of the power
+of making good the defect or loss, the blood in every valvular disease or
+lesion would be collected behind the diseased valve. The heart's reserve
+power prevents to a certain extent such a dangerous condition; the
+sections of the heart lying behind the diseased valve work harder,
+diminish the blood stoppage and furnish enough blood to the peripheral
+arteries. The reserve force is used in stenosis to overcome the obstacle,
+whereas in insufficiency it must force more blood forward during the
+succeeding phase through the diseased valve. To effect this increased work
+permanently, anatomic changes in the heart are bound to follow. The
+changes consist in hypertrophy (enlargement of the heart muscle) and
+dilatation of the different chambers. Under this head, compensation, is
+included the increased filling and increased work of certain heart
+chambers with their resulting dilatation and hypertrophy. But this
+compensation cannot last forever. It fails sometimes and certain symptoms
+follow as hereafter related. Therefore persons who have valvular disease
+and who have been informed that the heart has adapted itself to the
+condition by enlarging of its walls and chambers and thus forming the
+condition called compensation, should be very careful of their mode of
+living and not put any undue or sudden strain upon the heart that might
+destroy the conditions that make compensation continue. In the following
+pages symptoms are given showing what happens when compensation continues
+and when it fails.
+
+[CIRCULATORY DISEASES 343]
+
+AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY OR INCOMPETENCY.--The valves are not doing their work
+thoroughly.
+
+Symptoms.--They are often long absent; headache, dizziness, faintness,
+flashes of light, difficult breathing, and palpitation on exertion, and
+pain in the heart region may occur early. The pain may be dull and
+localized, or sharp and radiating to the neck or left arm. When
+compensation fails, we have difficult breathing, which is worse at night,
+swelling of the eyes and feet, cough, anemia. Sudden death is more common
+in this than with any other valvular disease. You can hear a soft blowing
+sound by listening with your ear.
+
+
+
+NARROWING (Aortic Stenosis).--Caused by chronic endocarditis, etc. Their
+valve segments are usually adherent to each other by their margins and are
+thickened and distorted.
+
+Symptoms.--When compensation is gone, diminished blood in the brain causes
+dizziness and faintness.
+
+
+
+MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY OR INCOMPETENCY.--This is the most common valvular
+disease. The segments of the valve may be shortened and deformed. There is
+often stenosis (narrowing) caused by this deformity. The effects are
+regurgitation, flowing back of blood from the left ventricle into the left
+auricle, which is also receiving blood from the lungs, causing dilatation
+of the auricle and its enlargement to expel the extra blood; dilatation
+and other enlargement of the left ventricle occurs on account of the large
+quantity of blood forced in by the auricle; obstruction to flow of blood
+from pulmonary veins due to extra blood in left auricle, hence dilatation
+and enlargement of right ventricle which forces blood through the lungs;
+dilatation and enlargement of right auricle.
+
+Symptoms.--If compensation is slightly disturbed we have blueness
+(cyanosis), clubbing of the fingers, hard breathing on exertion, and
+attacks of bronchitis and bleeding from the lungs. If compensation is
+seriously disturbed we are likely to have the blueness (cyanosis) more
+marked, heart beat feeble and irregular, constant hard breathing, with
+cough and water or bloody sputum, dropsy in the feet first and going up
+and involving the abdomen and chest cavities.
+
+
+
+MITRAL STENOSIS.--This is the narrowing of the valve opening. It is most
+common in young persons, chiefly females. The narrowing of the valve
+opening may be due to thickening or hardening of the valve segments,
+adhesion of their edges, thickening and contraction of the tendinous cords
+of the valve ring.
+
+Symptoms.--Similar to mitral insufficiency, but they develop slower and
+those symptoms of venous congestion of the lungs, liver, etc., are more
+marked; bleeding from the lungs is more common.
+
+[344 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+TRICUSPID (VALVE) INSUFFICIENCY.--Cause.--Usually due to dilatation of the
+right ventricle in mitral disease or with lung emphysema or other
+obstruction to the lungs' circulation.
+
+TRICUSPID STENOSIS (NARROWING).--Rare except in cases from the time of
+birth.
+
+Recovery from the valvular disease, depends upon the degree of
+compensation maintained and is best when this is acquired spontaneously.
+This is to be judged by the heart action. The prognosis is poor in
+children. It is better in women than in men.
+
+Treatment (a) While Compensated.--Medicine is not necessary at this
+period. The patient should lead a quiet, regulated, orderly life, free
+from excitement and worry; and the risk of certain death makes it
+necessary that those suffering from a disease of the aorta should be
+especially warned against over-exertion and hurry. An ordinary healthy
+diet in moderate quantities should be taken, tobacco and stimulants not
+allowed at all.
+
+The feelings of the patient must control the amount of exercise; so long
+as no heart distress or palpitation follows, moderate exercise will be of
+great help. A daily bath is good. No hot baths should be taken and a
+Turkish bath absolutely prohibited. For the full-blooded, fleshy patient
+an occasional dose of salts should be taken. Patients with a valvular
+trouble should not go into any very high altitudes; over-exertion, mental
+worry and poor digestion are harmful.
+
+(b) The stage of broken compensation. Rest. Disturbed compensation may be
+completely restored by rest of the body. In many cases with swelling of
+the ankles, moderate dilatation of the heart and irregularity of the
+pulse, the rest in bed, a few doses of the compound tincture of cardamon
+and a saline purge suffice within a week or ten days to restore the
+compensation. For medicine a doctor must be consulted as each individual
+case must be treated according to its peculiar symptoms.
+
+
+
+FATTY HEART.--This occurs often in old age, prolonged, infectious, wasting
+disease, anemia, alcoholism, poisoning by phosphorus and arsenic.
+
+
+
+ANGINA PECTORIS.--True angina, which is a rare disease, is characterized
+by paroxysms of agonizing pain in the region of the heart, extending into
+the arms and neck. In violent attacks there is the sensation of impending
+death. Usually during the exertion and excitement, sudden onset of
+agonizing pain in the region of the heart and a sense of constriction, as
+if the heart had been seized in a vise. The pains radiate up the neck and
+down the arm. The fingers may be numb. The patient remains motionless and
+silent, the face usually pale or ashy with profuse perspiration. Lasts for
+several seconds or a minute or two.
+
+[CIRCULATORY DISEASES 345]
+
+Treatment.--Live an absolutely quiet life, avoid excitement and sudden
+muscular exertion. During the attack, break a pearl of amylnitrite in a
+handkerchief and inhale the fumes. These should always be carried. If no
+relief is had in a minute or two chloroform should be given at once. It is
+dangerous and you must look to your physician for advice and treatment.
+
+
+
+ARTERIOSCLEROSIS.--A localized or diffused thickness of the inner coat and
+then of the other coats of the arteries. Arteries look lumpy and are
+crooked, dilated with stiff, thin or calcified walls. All coats,
+especially the middle, show degeneration. It usually comes in later life.
+
+Treatment.--Regulate the mode of life, avoid alcohol, excess of eating,
+drinking, exertion, excitement and worry. Keep the bowels and kidneys
+acting regularly. There is no medicine for it.
+
+
+
+ANEURISM.--This is a local dilatation of an artery. A local tumor.
+
+Treatment.--Absolute rest, restrict fluids. There is always danger from
+rupture.
+
+
+
+MYOCARDITIS.--This is an inflammation of the muscle substance of the
+heart. It may be acute or chronic.
+
+Causes.--Endocarditis and pericarditis in the course of rheumatism; acute
+fevers like typhoid, etc.; clots lodging in the heart arteries, coming
+from diseases such as septicemia and pyemia.
+
+Symptoms.--The heart is weak. The pulse is rapid, small and irregular,
+palpitation and fainty sensations come on suddenly during the course of
+diseases mentioned. The outlook is serious and life may end suddenly.
+
+Treatment.--The same as that given for endocarditis. Absolute rest is
+necessary. A good nourishing diet must be given and a doctor is always
+needed.
+
+
+
+PHLEBITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE VEINS.--Causes.--Some irritation of the
+vein, as a puncture or any other injury accompanied by infection.
+
+Symptoms.--Pain and tenderness along the course of the vein with
+discolored skin and acute swelling (watery) below the obstruction. Pulse
+rapid, high temperature, chills, dry and brown tongue and pain.
+
+Treatment.--Absolute quiet is necessary, with the affected limb elevated.
+Lead and laudanum wash should be applied, or hot antiseptic fomentations
+if an abscess is forming. An abscess should be opened, keep up the
+patient's strength.
+
+[346 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+VARICOSE VEINS (Varix).--This term means an enlarged, elongated, tortuous,
+knotty condition of the veins. The term "varicose veins" is restricted in
+general use to the veins of the extremities, and especially those
+belonging to the lower extremity. The disease begins with a slow dilation
+of the vein, which gradually becomes thickened and tortuous. The inner
+lining membrane or coat of the vein is altered, the valves are shortened
+and thus rendered insufficient to support the column of blood. The outer
+coat becomes thickened. The varicose conditions affect chiefly the
+superficial veins.
+
+Predisposing Causes.--They are most frequent in the female sex. The
+tendency increases as the age advances. Obstruction. Anything that
+obstructs the full return of blood in the veins, as tight garters below
+the knee, etc. Standing work may bring it on.
+
+Exciting Causes.--Tumors in the pelvis; diseases of the heart and lungs;
+pregnancy. These all obstruct the full return of blood in the veins.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT FOR VARICOSE VEINS.--Palliative.--Remove the cause
+if possible. Treat the heart and lung troubles. Remove the pelvic tumors.
+In pregnancy, the woman afflicted with this trouble should not be much on
+her feet, but should remain lying down in bed as much as possible. This
+position removes the weight of the pregnant womb from the veins and allows
+a free return of the venous blood. An elastic bandage, or a perfectly
+fitting elastic stocking, supports the veins, equalizes the circulation
+and turns the flow to the deeper veins, which do not, as a rule, become
+varicose. This silk stocking should be made to order. This treatment gives
+much comfort in chronic varicose veins.
+
+
+
+DISEASES OF THE EYE AND EAR
+
+The first thing we notice in looking at the eye may be the lids and at
+each edge are the eyelashes. When this edge becomes inflamed it is called
+Blenharitis Marginalis or inflammation of the margin of the eyelids. It is
+called thus from the name of the eyelid "Blepharon;" It is always means
+inflammation.
+
+If we turn down the lower lid and turn up the upper, we see a red membrane
+called the conjunctiva (connecting). This is the mucous membrane of the
+eye. It lines the inner surface of both lids and is reflected over the
+fore part of the Sclerotic and Cornea--two other coats of the eye, The
+palpebral or eyelid portion of the conjunctiva is thick, opaque, highly
+vascular (filled with blood vessels) and covered with numerous papillae.
+It turns back (reflects) over the Cornea, but it consists only of a very
+thin structure (epithelium) forming the anterior layer of the cornea and
+is, in health, perfectly transparent. Upon the sclerotic it is loosely
+attached to the globe. When the conjunctiva becomes inflamed it is called
+(Conjunctiv(a)itis) conjunctivitis. The sclerotic-cornea forms the
+external tunic (coat) of the eyeball, the sclerotic being opaque and
+forming the posterior five-sixths of the globe; the cornea, which forms
+the remaining sixth (the front white part that is plainly seen) being
+transparent. The sclerotic (means dense and hard) serves to maintain the
+form of the globe, the eyeball.
+
+[EYE AND EAR 347]
+
+The cornea.--This is almost circular in shape. It is convex anteriorly and
+projects forward from the sclerotic in the same manner that a watch glass
+does from its case. This layer covers what we call the pupil.
+
+The second tunic or coat (membrane) is formed from behind forward by the
+Choroid, the ciliary body and the Iris. The choroid is the vascular and
+dark coat covering the posterior five-sixths of the globe. The ciliary
+body connects the choroid to the circumference of the iris. The iris is
+the circular muscular septum (division) which hangs vertically behind the
+cornea, presenting in its center a large rounded opening, the pupil.
+
+The choroid is a thin highly vascular membrane of a dark brown or
+chocolate color and is pierced behind by the optic nerve and in this
+situation is firmly adherent to the sclerotic.
+
+The ciliary body comprises three muscles for its make-up and connects the
+choroid to the circumference of the iris.
+
+The Iris (rainbow) has received its name from its various colors in
+different individuals. It is a thin, circular shaped, contractile curtain,
+suspended in the aqueous (watery) humor behind the cornea and in front of
+the lens, being perforated a little to the nasal (nose) side of its centre
+by a circular opening, the pupil, for the transmission of light. By its
+circumference it is continuous with the ciliary body, and its inner or
+free edge forms the margin of the pupil. The anterior surface of the iris
+is variously colored in different individuals and marked by lines which
+converge toward the pupil.
+
+The Retina.--This is a delicate membrane, upon the surface of which the
+images of external objects are received. Its outer surface is in contact
+with the choroid; its inner, with the vitreous (glass) body. Behind it is
+continuous with the optic nerve; it gradually diminishes in thickness from
+behind forward. The retina is soft, semi-transparent and of a purple tint
+in the fresh state. Exactly in the centre of the posterior part of the
+retina corresponding to the axis of the eye, and at a point in which the
+sense of vision is most perfect, is an oval yellowish spot, called after
+its discoverer, the yellow spot or Macula lutea of Sommering.
+
+Refracting Media.--The aqueous humor completely fills the anterior and
+posterior chambers of the eyeball. The anterior chamber is the space
+bounded in front by the cornea; behind by the front of the iris. The
+posterior chamber is a narrow chink between the peripheral part of the
+iris, the "suspensory ligament" of the lens and the "ciliary processes."
+
+[348 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The vitreous body forms about four-fifths of the entire globe, It fills
+the concavity of the retina and is hollowed in front, forming a deep
+cavity, for the reception of the lens. It is perfectly transparent and of
+the consistency of thin jelly. The fluid from the vitreous body resembles
+nearly pure water. The crystalline lens enclosed in its capsule is
+situated immediately behind the pupil, in front of the vitreous body. The
+lens is a transparent, double-convex body. It is more convex on the
+posterior than on the anterior surface. The rays of light go through this
+body and converge to a point at the back of the retina.
+
+BLEPHARITIS MARGINALIS.--This means a chronic inflammation of the margin
+or edge of the eyelids accompanied by congestion, thickening and
+ulceration of the parts and the formation of scales and crusts.
+
+Causes.--The underlying cause is often an inflammation of the conjunctiva
+where the proper care is not taken in cleansing the roots of the lashes
+when the discharge collects.
+
+Other causes are keeping late hours, smoke and dust.
+
+Symptoms.--The red swelling along the roots of the lashes is often the
+only symptom. This comes and goes at the least excuse, such as eye strain,
+late hours, dust and wind. Scales and dust form in the severe forms, of
+the disease. It is most common in children, extends over many years and
+may finally result in the loss of the lashes, with the edge of the lid,
+thickened, reddened and turned out.
+
+Treatment.--This is tedious. Fit glasses if there is eye strain, reform
+the mode of life and attend to any constitutional disease that may tend to
+make it worse.
+
+Local treatment.--Keep the parts thoroughly clean. The edges of the lids
+should be washed carefully with soap and warm water or mild solution of
+borax or soda until the crusts are all cleaned off and then use at night
+an ointment composed of the following ingredients:
+
+    Yellow oxide of Mercury       2-1/2 grains
+    Petrolatum                    2-1/2 drams
+
+Mix and make an ointment and rub on the edge of the lids every night,
+first cleaning them. The conjunctivitis must be cured.
+
+
+
+STYE (HORDEOLUM).--This is a swelling beginning in a gland or glands at
+the edge of the lid and pus forms finally.
+
+Causes.--Inflammation of the edge of the lid, stomach trouble, run down
+condition, poorly fitted glasses, when glasses should be worn to relieve
+the eye strain.
+
+Symptoms.--Itching and burning feeling followed by a red swollen area
+(lump) at the edge of the lid. Later it comes to a point and discharges.
+
+Cause.--Styes usually run their course in a few days or a week; another
+frequently follows. When it does not reach the pus stage, it often leaves
+a hard swelling (blind stye).
+
+[EYE AND EAR 349]
+
+MOTHER'S REMEDY. 1. Stye.--Home Method to Kill.--"To hasten the pointing
+of a stye apply hot compresses for fifteen minutes every two hours. As ill
+health may be the cause, a tonic may be needed; glasses properly fitted
+should be worn and a boric acid eyewash used until long after the stye has
+disappeared." Applying hot compresses will relieve the congestion and
+gives much relief. Ill health produces a poor circulation of the blood and
+a good tonic will be found beneficial. Styes are frequently produced by
+need of glasses.
+
+Treatment.--Treat the stomach and system if necessary. Ice or cold cloths
+against the stye may abort it. If it goes on, hot fomentations will hasten
+it. It should then be opened up and scraped out. It will soon heal then
+and will not leave a lump.
+
+
+
+ACUTE CATARRHAL CONJUNCTIVITIS (Pink Eye).--Definition.--This is an acute
+inflammation of the mucous membranes under the eyelids, and there is
+congestion (too much blood), swelling and a discharge of mucus and pus.
+
+Causes.--Exposure to wind, dust, smoke, or irritating foreign substance,
+cinder, sand, etc. It may occur in epidemic form and then is contagious
+and is called "pink eye."
+
+Symptoms.--The lids appear stiff to the patient, the light causes
+discomfort and the patient fears it. Burning feeling as if there was some
+dirt, etc., under the lid, not much pain, but discomfort especially in the
+evening. The lids look swollen and red. The conjunctiva on the cornea is
+reddened and that on the lid is thickened, reddened and rough. The
+discharge collects at the roots of the lashes or lies on the conjunctiva.
+The lids are stuck together in the morning. The sight is slightly affected
+by the discharge on the cornea, which is otherwise clear. Sometimes little
+(minute) ulcerations are seen.
+
+Course.--It may run into a chronic conjunctivitis. One eye is usually
+attacked a few days before the other. The first stage lasts a few hours or
+a day and then the discharge follows which may last a few days or a week
+or more.
+
+Treatment.--First: Use gauze or cotton and dip in ice or cold water and
+apply to the eyelids. A wash of hot water can be used to cleanse the eye
+or ten to sixty grains (one teaspoonful) of boric acid to an ounce of
+water can be used as a wash also.
+
+The following remedies are good in combination as follows:
+
+    Alum                  3 grains
+    Sulphate of Zinc      2 grains
+    Distilled Water       1 ounce
+
+Mix and drop one drop into the eye two or three times daily. A weak
+solution of tea can be used also as a wash. Anoint the lids at night with
+white (tube) vaselin.
+
+[350 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE OF NEWLY BORN (OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM).--This is a
+severe inflammation of the conjunctiva in the new born infant, usually due
+to a discharge from the mother and it is characterized by a discharge of
+pus.
+
+Causes.--Mild cases may come from a less violent form of infection from
+the mother's discharge from the vagina, or from outside causes. The
+majority of the severe cases is due to a poison (the gonococcus
+infection).
+
+Symptoms.--The first symptoms are swelling and redness, usually of both
+eyes, usually occurring a few days after birth. Soon the discharge appears
+and shortly becomes creamy pus, which runs from the eyes when the swollen
+lids are partly opened. As the disease continues to advance, the membrane
+of the lid is thickened, red and velvety looking and the conjunctiva
+(membrane) in the eye is swollen, puffy and watery.
+
+The disease may last from two to six weeks or longer.
+
+If the pus is not cleaned from the eye, the cornea may look dim and ulcers
+may appear. If the ulcer eats through the cornea the iris is apt to be
+caught in the opening and in the scar resulting from the ulcer. The cornea
+may later bulge and protrude or the disease may involve the whole eye in
+an inflammation which may destroy it.
+
+The result generally depends upon how soon treatment is begun. If attended
+to early the great majority of cases recover. It is serious to neglect
+early treatment for this disease. It causes a great many cases of
+blindness and generally the cases are neglected too long. Treatment must
+begin before the disease begins. Immediately at the birth of the child,
+when if there is any poison in the eye due to a discharge in the mother's
+vagina, it can be immediately cleansed.
+
+TREATMENT PREVENTIVE. What to do first.--As soon as the child is born and
+before its eyes are opened the discharges should be carefully wiped away
+from the lids with small squares of cotton or gauze, pieces wrung out of a
+weak solution, three per cent (three parts to one hundred of warm, boiled,
+water) of boric acid. The eyes should not be exposed to the light. At the
+first both the eyes should be bathed and the same piece of linen should
+not be used for both eyes.
+
+As soon as any redness appears the eye should be frequently bathed with
+this warm, weak solution of boric acid and sometimes cold compresses
+should be used by taking squares of folded gauze or masses of absorbent
+cotton. Take them cold from a block of ice and lay them over the eyes, and
+keep constantly changing to keep them cold. This relieves the congestion
+and prevents a great amount of blood from flowing and settling
+(congestion) there. When pus appears in the eye it should be cleansed
+every half hour at least. You can do this by letting the solution run over
+it from a medicine dropper. After being allowed to trickle from the outer
+to the inner angle (corner) of the eye, it will then run down beside the
+nose and can be caught in a piece of  absorbent cotton or sponge. If there
+is a great amount of pus in the eye, the eye may have to be washed out in
+this manner, every fifteen minutes, day and night, so that the cornea will
+be kept clean. If this must be done a small fountain syringe with a glass
+tube (eye-dropper) attached will cause a steady flow of the solution. The
+boric acid can be increased to five or ten grains to the ounce of water.
+If only one eye is diseased the other eye may be covered.
+
+[EYE AND EAR 351]
+
+All cloths, etc., should be burned at once and the basin which has held
+them, filled with carbolic acid solution of the strength of one part acid
+to twenty parts water. The nurse's hands should be thoroughly scrubbed in
+hot water and soap and disinfected in the same strength of carbolic acid
+solution, as the disease is very contagious and dangerous to adults. An
+attendant should not touch her face or hair with her hands unless they
+have been washed quite clean. The conjunctiva should be brushed with a
+solution of nitrate of silver of two per cent strength (two parts to one
+hundred of distilled water) and then neutralized with a salt solution, not
+strong enough to burn.
+
+When the cornea is diseased one per cent solution of atropine may be
+necessary once or twice a day.
+
+Caution.--In the cities this disease is disastrous in its results to the
+sight of babies. This is due to the want of necessary care. Persons who
+must be with the patient should be very careful not to get any of the
+discharge upon their clothes or person, as it is very contagious.
+
+
+
+ULCER OF THE CORNEA.--Causes.--Poor general health is an underlying cause
+or the cornea itself may be poorly nourished. Ulcers are common among the
+poor classes. They often begin through a rubbing of the cornea by a
+foreign body. They also come from diseases of the conjunctiva. Weakly
+babies are easily affected.
+
+Symptoms.--The light hurts the patient; there is a feeling of something in
+the eye. When the ulcer is over the pupil the sight is impaired. The
+eyeball shows a ring of pink congestion about the cornea, with congestion
+of the conjunctiva. The form of the ulcer may be irregular, circular, etc.
+
+
+Course.--The simple ulcers heal in a week or two. Infected ulcers may
+spread, or they may sink deeply into the substance of the cornea and eat
+through. The danger to the sight depends upon the kind and severity of the
+ulcer. There is apt to be more or less film over the eye for some time and
+if the ulcer eats through it may destroy the sight.
+
+Treatment. Preventive.--When the cornea has been injured and there has
+been some rubbing off of its tissue (abrasion) mild antiseptic solution in
+the form of eye drops should be used. Boric acid, as much as will dissolve
+in warm, distilled water and some dropped in the eye three or four times a
+day. If there is a foreign body in the cornea, clean instruments should be
+used to remove it. The cocaine used to render the eye painless must be
+pure.
+
+[352 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+General Treatment.--If the patient is "run down" the general system should
+be built up.
+
+Local Treatment.--One to two per cent solution of Atropine should be put
+into the eye three to six times a day to keep the pupil dilated and
+prevent it from adhering to the cornea. Hot fomentations repeated
+according to the severity of the case and the amount of "easing" they
+give. A three per cent solution of boric acid should be used for cleansing
+purposes. The bowels should be regular. The patient should remain in one
+room.
+
+
+
+FILM ON THE EYE PTERYGIUM.--This is a growth beginning near the inner or
+outer corner and extending with its point towards the center of the
+cornea.
+
+Symptoms.--The patient only complains when it has advanced toward the
+center of the cornea and the vision is lessened or cut off. It occurs more
+often from the inner corner. It keeps growing for many years and may cease
+advancing at any time.
+
+Treatment.--Surgical treatment is often necessary. Dr. Alling says:
+"Dissect off the growth from the cornea and sclera coats, leaving the base
+attached (toward the corner of the eye) and bury its point under the
+undermined conjunctiva below. If the growth is dissected off the cornea,
+which may readily be done, and then cut off (towards its base) it would
+recur."
+
+
+
+IRITIS. (Inflammation of the Iris.)--This is an inflammation of the iris,
+characterized by congestion, small pupil and posterior synechia.
+
+Causes.--It occurs in the second stage of syphilis, second to eighteenth
+month, from rheumatism, diabetes, gout, injury, and without any known
+cause (idiopathic).
+
+Symptoms.--More or less severe pain in the eye, forehead and temple, worse
+in the night and early morning especially. There is fear of the light and
+the eyes water very much. The sight is affected and there may be some
+fever. On examination the lids are found swollen and red, the eyeball
+shows congestion in the cornea and ciliary body, with some congestion of
+the conjunctiva. The cornea looks hazy. The anterior surface of the iris
+looks muddy and does not look so fine and delicate. The pupil is small and
+the light does not make it contract readily. If atropine is put in the eye
+(one per cent solution) the pupil will not dilate regularly, because at
+different points the pupillary edge of the iris is held to the lens by an
+exudate that lightly holds it.
+
+Course and Recovery.--The disease may occur at any age, but it is most
+common in children. It may last from one to six weeks.
+
+Chances of recovery are good if treatment is begun early. There is a
+tendency to recurrence.
+
+[EYE AND EAR 353]
+
+MOTHER'S REMEDY.--1. Iritis.--Sensible Remedy for.--"Doctor the blood with
+sulphur and lard, a teaspoonful three times a day. Refrain from using the
+eyes. This disease is said to be brought on by rheumatic fever, and
+rheumatism is a disease of the blood." This is a very serious disease and
+a physician should be called.
+
+Treatment. What to do first.--Confine the patient in a darkened room and
+if the attack is severe in bed.
+
+Local Treatment.--Dry or moist heat should be applied, according to the
+ease they give. Leeches are good in severe cases placed near the outer
+corner of the eye. Atropine usually made of about the strength of two to
+four grains Atropine to an ounce of water; or one per cent (1 to 100) may
+be used, and it should be dropped into the eye from three to six times a
+day. The pupil must be dilated and kept so from the beginning to keep the
+adhesions from forming between the iris and lens. If too much is used the
+throat and tongue will feel dry, face will flush, and there will be
+dizziness and a rapid pulse. Stop it until that effect is gone and then
+cautiously use it again. The bowels should be kept open.
+
+The diet should consist of milk to a great extent. Water of course can be
+taken freely. Soups, broths, gruels, etc., can be used if desired; but
+meats should be withheld for a time unless the patient runs down.
+
+Caution.--If a person has any of the special symptoms above mentioned it
+would be prudent to begin treatment at once. The great danger is permanent
+adhesion of the iris to other parts, especially the lens, and the dilating
+and contracting power may be lost.
+
+
+
+INJURIES OF THE IRIS.--Concussion of the eyeball may produce an irregular
+dilation of the pupil. This is due to paralysis of the sphincter muscle of
+the pupil, but it generally disappears. The edge of the pupil may be torn
+in the form of one or more rents, or the iris may be separated from its
+root at its circumference, leaving a clear space, or it may be entirely
+torn from its attachment.
+
+Perforating wounds are accompanied by injury to the lens and other
+structures; when the cornea is wounded it is often complicated by falling
+of the lens. When a small foreign body passes through the cornea and iris
+a small opening may be seen. The greatest danger from wounds is due to
+infection and if it reaches the iris, it may produce violent iritis. If
+the lens is displaced or absent the iris being without support, will
+tremble with every movement of the eye. In some cataract operations, if
+there is a loss of the "Vitreous" body a part of the iris may be folded
+upon itself, thus enlarging the pupil in that point.
+
+[354 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CATARACT.--This is an opacity of the crystalline lens or its capsule. The
+lens is not clear and bright and keeps the light from going through it.
+Then it is called opaque.
+
+SENILE CATARACT.--The vast majority of these cataracts are found after the
+age of fifty. They simply come without any known cause. Of course, injury
+can cause a cataract and it is then called traumatic cataract.
+
+Symptoms of Senile (Old Age) Cataract.--Blurred vision, flashes and
+streaks of light, dark spots, double vision. There is no pain. Eye strain
+due to imperfect sight. Sometimes the first symptom is ability to read
+without glasses (second sight). This is due to the increased refractive
+power of the lens from swelling. The lens looks a little whitish through
+the pupil opening and looks more so as time goes on.
+
+Course.--The progress is slow. It usually takes a number of years before
+it is "ripe" for operation. They may remain in the same condition
+sometimes. In this kind of cataract both eyes are affected sooner or
+later, although one eye may be fully matured before the other is much
+changed.
+
+The result of an operation depends upon the condition of the eye. The eye
+should be free from evidence of disease. "The anterior chamber should be
+of normal depth. The pupil should react to light. There should be a
+homogeneous (all alike) white or gray opacity immediately back of the
+pupil, with no shadow from the edge of the pupil (except in cases of
+sclerosis, already mentioned). A candle carried on all sides of the
+patient while the eye is fixed, should be properly located by him. The
+tension of the eyeball should be normal."
+
+The operation is very frequently done and it is very successful. The
+patient should be ready and willing to place himself in the charge of the
+operator and do as he says.
+
+
+
+SYMPATHETIC INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE.--(Sympathetic Ophthalmia.)--A
+condition in which the healthy eye becomes the seat of a destructive
+inflammation transferred from the other eye which has been the subject of
+a similar inflammation usually following a perforating injury of the
+eyeball. The injured eye is called the exciting eye; the other, the
+sympathetic eye.
+
+This is a rare disease, but it may occur when one eye is injured or
+diseased and on the first indication of trouble in the injured eye the
+other eye should be closely watched for symptoms of sympathetic trouble so
+that if can be removed.
+
+Symptoms in the Exciting Eye.--This is more or less congested and painful;
+when pressure is made upon the upper lid, it shows tenderness. The tension
+is not as strong; the pupil may be blocked with an exudate.
+
+In the Sympathizing Eye.--There is an inflammation involving the choroid,
+ciliary body and iris. There is pain, tenderness, small blocked pupil and
+sight is poor.
+
+[EYE AND EAR 355]
+
+Course.--It usually appears between the third week and the sixth month
+after the original injury. "The extreme limits are two weeks and twenty
+years." The sound eye is likely to be attacked when the exciting eye is in
+a state of active inflammation.
+
+Treatment.--The "exciting eye" should be enucleated (taken out) before any
+signs of sympathetic inflammation appears in the healthy eye. If it has
+appeared, enucleation will be of no value; at all events if there is
+vision in the exciting eye, the operation should not be done then.
+
+INFLAMMATION OF THE RETINA FROM BRIGHT'S DISEASE (Albuminuric
+Retinitis).--The retina is a very delicate structure and we are often able
+to diagnose Bright's disease from the peculiar effect it produces upon the
+retina.
+
+Causes.--The cause is usually Bright's disease, (nephritis) and usually
+the chronic Interstitial variety. Pregnancy causes it sometimes.
+Interference of the vision, sight, is what the patient complains of. This
+may be very slight, when you consider the great changes occurring in the
+retina. Such patients are subject to attacks of temporary blindness of
+uremic origin. The vessels of the retina are swollen and tortuous.
+Bleeding and shining white patches are scattered through the back part of
+the eye and a peculiar arrangement of glistening white dots around the
+yellow spot. This disease shows itself late in Bright's disease and the
+patient is not likely to live more than two years after the appearance of
+this eye lesion.
+
+Treatment.--It sometimes occurs during pregnancy. Then the question of
+inducing premature labor arises. There is no local treatment that can be
+of any use when it is caused by Bright's disease.
+
+
+
+FITTING GLASSES.--This is done by lenses and prisms, etc.
+
+Lens.--A lens is made of glass and prisms graded in strength, one surface
+curved, and has the power of refracting or changing the direction of the
+rays of light. A prism is wedge-shaped and bends rays of light towards its
+base. A great many people are troubled with their eyes, much more than
+years ago. We even see little children wearing glasses. It is unfortunate,
+but true, that even more children and grown people should wear them.
+Fitting glasses is an art in itself. It takes more ability to fit glasses
+well than it does to operate well. Poorly-fitted glasses are not only
+annoying to the wearer, but dangerous. Glasses rest the eyes, not tire
+them. When the eyes water and feel tired or strained, even after using
+them but little, glasses are needed. Headaches are frequently caused by
+the eye strain. When glasses are needed it does not pay to put off getting
+them and the person needing them should go to one competent to properly
+fit them. A great many eyes are hard to fit, and they need not only
+ability to fit them well, but time and attention must be given to fitting
+them properly.
+
+[356 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+SQUINT OR STRABISMUS.--Both lines of sight are not directed towards the
+same object of fixation.
+
+Internal or Convergent Squint.--Where one eye is turned inward toward the
+nose.
+
+External or Divergent Squint.--One eye turns outward toward the temple.
+Squinting upward and downward are uncommon.
+
+Causes of Convergent (Internal) Squint.--It generally appears between two
+and five years; at first periodically, later constantly. The patient is
+generally far-sighted.
+
+Treatment.--Internal squint in very young children may be treated by
+covering the well eye and forcing the child to use the other. When the
+child is old enough, proper glasses should be worn. Operation can be done
+when needed and is generally successful.
+
+External (Divergent) Squint.--This may appear at any age and is often
+associated with near-sightedness. An operation is necessary and the
+tendons on both sides must generally be cut and properly placed. Parents
+should always attend to a child who has this trouble. The operation is not
+difficult to perform and it will not only, as a rule, give the child good
+sight, but better looks. Parents who are able to have an operation or
+glasses fitted when needed, and who neglect their children, should be
+punished; they are guilty not only of neglect, but cruelty.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Inflammation of the Eye. 1. Chickweed a Relief for.--
+"The juice of chickweed is good for inflammation of the eyes, when dropped
+into them."
+
+2. Inflammation of Eyes, Sassafras, Excellent Remedy for.--"Take sassafras
+bark and make into a tea. Apply this externally to the eyes, and it will
+be found very beneficial for this trouble." This is a very good remedy, on
+account of its oily soothing nature.
+
+3. Inflammation of Eyes, Tried Remedy for.--
+
+    Boric Acid                        10 grams
+    Camphor Water (not spirits)      1/2 ounce
+    Water                            1/2 ounce
+
+Apply this with a soft cloth.
+
+This trouble usually results from or is associated with constitutional
+disease and requires treatment for same, but the above wash is good for
+local applications. This prescription was given me by an oculist."
+
+4. Inflammation of Eyes, Common Potato Will Cure.--"Scrape raw potato and
+apply to the temple until relieved." This helps to draw the blood away and
+relieves the inflammation.
+
+5. Inflammation of Eyes, Milk Curd Relieves.--"Make a curd of sweet milk;
+that is, set it on the stove till it forms a curd; then add quite a little
+alum and wash eyes." The milk is very soothing and the alum acts as an
+astringent. Care should be taken in using this remedy that none of the
+mixture gets into the eyes.
+
+[EYE AND EAR 357]
+
+6. Inflammation of Eyes, Wild Hairs Cause.--"A few years ago, I had
+trouble with my eyes. They felt as though there was something in them
+scratching the eye-ball. I went to an eye specialist, and he gave me two
+little vials of medicine to drop into my eyes six times a day. I doctored
+with him several months, and while the medicine reduced the inflammation
+largely, it did not relieve the scratching sensation in the eyes. Then I
+was away from home for about ten days and did not use the medicine, and
+when I returned my eyes were very much inflamed, and very painful. I
+visited the doctor again, and he said I had a little ulcer on the eyeball,
+and he pulled out several hairs or winkers from the eyelid. I asked him if
+wild hairs were the cause of the ulcer and he admitted they were. After a
+few days' more treatment by the doctor I learned of a neighbor who
+understood a little about wild hairs in the eyelid and had him examine my
+eyes. He pulled out more wild hairs, and my eyes got well. Ever since
+then, when my eyes begin to hurt me as though there was some foreign
+substance in them, I go to my neighbor and he pulls out the wild hairs,
+and that was the trouble with my eyes. My experience in obtaining this
+knowledge cost me twenty dollars in fees to the eye specialist, which I
+could have saved by going to my neighbor at first,"
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--Sore Eyes. 1. Rose Leaves Rest.--"Steep rose leaves
+and apply often." Apply the leaves as a fomentation and relief will soon
+follow. This is very soothing and very easily applied.
+
+2. Sore Eyes, Soothing Remedy for.--"Use a wash of borax and water.
+One-half teaspoonful to a cupful of water." This is very good.
+
+3. Sore Eyes. Slippery Elm Excellent for.--"This is a very soothing
+dressing far the eyes. You can buy a small package of the slippery elm at
+any drug store, and prepare it by making a tea and using externally.
+
+4. Sore Eyes, Common Remedy for.--"Use a wash night and morning of common
+table salt and water." This is often sold by druggists for 10 or 15 cents
+an ounce under a medical name.
+
+5. Sore Eyes, Elder Berry Flowers Relieve.--"In a severe case of
+inflammation of the eyes apply a poultice of elderberry flowers; bathe the
+eyes with warm water and witch-hazel." This remedy was given by a mother
+who tried it a great many times and always had success.
+
+6. Sore Eyes. Borax and Camphor Good Wash for.--"Borax one teaspoonful,
+spirits of camphor fifteen drops, distilled water one-half cupful. This
+makes a fine wash for sore eyes, and is perfectly harmless."
+
+[358 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+7. Sore Eyes, Tested Eye Wash for.--
+
+    "Hydrastis (Golden Seal Root)     1/2 ounce
+    Best Green Tea                    1/2 ounce
+    Sulphate of Zinc, Pulverized        1 dram
+
+Steep the root and tea for a few minutes in a pint of boiling water; while
+cooling add the sulphate of zinc; when cold strain well and bottle. Use as
+an eye wash three times a day. In severe cases a poultice is useful, made
+of pulverized slippery elm and warm milk and water. All eye washes should
+be used with caution and especially those containing belladonna or caustic
+solutions,"
+
+8. Sore Eyes, Borate of Soda and Camphor Water Relieves.--
+
+    "Borate of Soda               2 grains
+    Camphor Water (not spirits)   1 ounce
+
+Mix, drop one or two drops in the eye four times a day.
+
+Camphor water is made by allowing the gum to dissolve in water instead of
+alcohol, also saturate lint in this mixture and apply on the eyes."
+
+
+
+EAR AND ITS DISEASES.
+
+The external ear is called auricle or pinna. It is an oval funnel-shaped
+organ. The canal leading in to the membrane (drum) is called the external
+auditory meatus. It extends inward about one and one-quarter inches and
+terminates in a membrane.
+
+Membrane Tympani (drum) which separates the external ear from the tympanic
+cavity. To examine the drum, you must pull the ear backward and outward to
+make the canal straight.
+
+Membrane Tympani (the drum) Membrane.--This is situated at the inner end
+of the canal and separates it from the tympanum or middle ear. It is
+placed like the membrane in the telephone. It is pearly gray in color.
+This membrane not only serves as a protection to the delicate structures
+within the tympanum, but also receives the sound vibrations from without
+and transmits them to the ossicular (bony) chain of the middle ear.
+
+The Tympanum or Middle Ear.--This cavity just beyond the drum, which forms
+the greater part of its outer wall, is an irregular cavity, compressed
+from without inward and situated in the petrous bone. The mastoid cells
+lie behind. It is filled with air and communicates with the nose-pharynx
+(naso-pharynx) by the eustachian tube. The upper portion of this cavity,
+the attic, lies immediately below the middle lobe of the brain, separated
+from it by a thin layer of bone, which forms the roof of the cavity. This
+cavity is separated from the internal ear.
+
+[EYE AND EAR 359]
+
+The Eustachian tube.--This is the channel through which the middle ear
+communicates with the pharynx. With an opening in the anterior of the
+middle ear, a bony canal passes from this point, inward, forward, and
+downward through the petrous bone, when it merges into a cartilaginous
+canal, which terminates in a funnel-shaped protuberance, with a slit-like
+orifice, located in the nose pharynx. This is the eustachian tube. It is
+lined with mucous membrane like the throat. The air goes up from the
+throat, through this canal to the middle ear. The mucous membrane of the
+middle ear is continuous with that of the nose-pharynx through the
+eustachian tube. So you can readily understand how easy it is for an
+inflammation of the throat to extend to the middle ear through the
+eustachian tube.
+
+The posterior wall which has the greatest height, reveals in its upper
+portion a passage (antrum) through which the vault of the tympanum (attic)
+communicates with the cells of the mastoid process, situated posteriorly.
+From this description you see how near to each other these parts are
+placed and when one becomes diseased the disease can extend to the other
+part or parts. The brain is separated from some of these cavities by a
+very thin shell of bone, and the disease can soon affect the brain through
+infection or breaking through the thin structures that separates the
+parts.
+
+Diseases of the middle ear and the mastoid are always to be considered
+serious, and should be very closely watched. A child with a running ear is
+in danger, for it may at any time become closed up and serious.
+
+
+
+ECZEMA OF THE EXTERNAL EAR (Auricle).--This is an inflammatory disease of
+the skin, and in the poorer classes it is very frequent. It is quite a
+common disease in old age. It develops in other parts of the body at the
+same time in a certain percentage of cases.
+
+Causes.--Soaps, alkalies, foreign bodies in the ear, removing ear wax and
+a chronic discharge from the middle ear. There is a tendency to it in some
+families; stomach trouble, improper food are also causes.
+
+Symptoms.--Itching,--and this is very pronounced,--burning feeling. The
+part is somewhat reddened, fluid oozes out, crusts form, the skin
+thickens, and scales. Sometimes it swells very much.
+
+Treatment.--Regulate the bowels, give a simple easily digested and proper
+food for children and adults. Cleanse the inflamed skin gently with
+castile soap and tepid water once a day. Cloths dipped in some cooling
+lotion, such as the lead and opium wash, or in plain water to which has
+been added a little alcohol or eau de cologne, should be wrapped around
+the inflamed ear during the acute stage and they should be kept wet. Clean
+vaselin, etc., is good to put on the scabs. The ear should be covered as
+before directed to keep dirt, dust, etc., out.
+
+[360 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+HARDENED WAX OR IMPACTED CERUMEN.--This mass may be mixed with foreign
+bodies or be made up of "wax" alone.
+
+Symptoms.--A large mass of wax may remain in the ear for many years
+without causing any special loss of hearing so long as the plug does not
+rest against the drum and there remains a passage between the mass so that
+the sound-waves can strike the drum. Generally the hearing gradually grows
+less. Loss of hearing may take place suddenly, as after washing the head,
+or after a general bath, or after an attempt to clean the ear with the end
+of a towel. Patients will often say the dullness of hearing appeared
+suddenly. This no doubt was due to the fact that the mass of wax was
+displaced against the drum suddenly by an unusual movement of the head or
+the jaws, or the mass became swollen through fluids getting into the
+canal. If the canal is filled there will be more or less deafness, ringing
+in the ear, and there may be piercing pain produced by the hardened mass,
+especially if the jaws are moved from side to side. If the mass is
+thoroughly and carefully removed, the hearing may entirely return if it
+was caused by this wax.
+
+Treatment.--The mass is best removed by syringing the hardened plug and
+softening it gradually. Removing it with a currette and forceps without
+softening it may do injury to the parts. The syringe and hot sterilized,
+boiled water should be used for some time, and the patient asked
+occasionally if there is any faintness or dizziness caused by it. It often
+comes, in a lump after the water has been used for some time. A strong
+solution of bicarbonate of sodium is also good to use.
+
+
+
+FOREIGN BODIES IN THE EAR.--These are not of frequent occurrence. In the
+case of children these bodies may comprise such objects as pebbles, beads,
+beans, pieces of rolled paper, fly, bed-bug; insect of any kind may get
+into ear of adults. If they reach the drum a very unpleasant sensation is
+produced by the attempt to escape. Sometimes a layer of wax may gather
+around the dead object. These bodies should be removed, for their presence
+may produce a swelling or soreness in the canal. If the object is a dried
+pea or bean the syringe should not be used. The object must be carefully
+removed. Sometimes an operation is necessary to remove the object.
+
+
+
+DISEASE OF THE MIDDLE EAR.--The ordinary cold in the head rarely runs its
+course without one of the eustachian tubes at least is involved to some
+extent.
+
+
+
+SIMPLE INFLAMMATION OF THE EUSTACHIAN TUBE.--Causes.--Acute colds,
+inflammation of the nose and pharynx, tonsilitis.
+
+Symptoms.--The ear may feel full and numb, roaring in the ear may occur.
+There may be pain on swallowing, shooting up through the tube.
+
+[EYE AND EAR 361]
+
+Treatment.--Remove the cause. Treat the nose and pharynx. Spray and gargle
+with solutions advised for throat trouble. If it continues the throat
+should be examined for adenoids, enlarged turbinate bones and so on.
+
+
+
+ACUTE CATARRHAL INFLAMMATION OF THE MIDDLE EAR. Causes.--Acute coryza,
+acute pharyngitis, influenza, scarlet fever, inflammation of the
+eustachian tube, gargling, bathing, employing the nasal douche or
+violently blowing the nose.
+
+Inflammation of the eustachian tube is, in many cases, simply the first
+stage or onset of this disease. The congestion extends beyond the tube and
+involves to a greater or less degree this cavity. If it continues for a
+few hours or an entire day, the watery elements of the blood will begin to
+escape from the distended vessels into the tissues of the mucous membrane
+and ooze out upon its free surface. If this is copious enough pressure may
+be developed within the cavity, middle-ear, to cause pain. These cases
+vary much in severity. In the mildest ones there may be a few twinges of
+pain in the affected ear, but nothing more; and even in the most severe
+cases the pain does not last longer than a few hours, although it may
+return on several successive days. Very many of the earaches of young
+children, from two to ten years of age, are due to this disease. The pain
+is very likely to come on late in the afternoon or during the night, while
+earlier in the day the child may be free from pain. In the milder forms
+the condition of the drum is similar to that existing in inflammation of
+the eustachian tube. It is not then much changed from normal. There may be
+more congestion than in this condition. In a fairly severe case the
+membrane (drum) a few hours after the onset presents a most striking
+change. It is a picture of obstructed venous (dark blood) circulation of a
+high degree. In some cases one or more of these distended veins may
+rupture and form a blood tumor in the external ear canal. The drum is red
+and more or less swollen.
+
+Treatment.--Very little is needed for this kind, except care and watching.
+Use the simple hot water in the ear carefully or poulticing when there is
+pain with onions, bread and milk, and puncture of the drum if it bulges or
+is too tense. Hot water for gargle, steaming of the pharynx. Keep the
+patient in a room with an even temperature. The patient must not take cold
+as it might extend farther.
+
+Recovery.--The outcome is usually good in this disease if proper care is
+taken; Generally in a few weeks the inflammation is gone and the hearing
+is restored.
+
+[362 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+SEROUS MUCOUS EXUDATION INTO THE MIDDLE EAR.--The disease just described
+is often associated with an (exudation) watery oozing of fluid into the
+middle ear, but the following condition is different. Sometimes a
+comparatively normal middle ear is found to contain a variable amount of
+either fluid or mucus, or a fluid which represents a combination of both.
+The failure of the fluid to absorb is due first to the fact that the
+drainage through the eustachian tube is still obstructed; second, that the
+absorbing process in the cavity is not acting normally.
+
+Symptom.--Sudden change from somewhat poor to good hearing and the
+reverse. It is due to the changing in the position of the fluid. The
+hearing may be normal when the head is thrown far backward, for the fluid
+then escapes into the antrum, or when the chin is resting upon the chest.
+
+Another symptom that is peculiar is a feeling of something moving in the
+ear. This is only felt when the head is moved suddenly. Sometimes the
+patient says: "I went in bathing and got some water into my ear, and I am
+unable to get it out." He thinks the water went into the ear by the way of
+the external ear canal. It was due to the chilling of the surface of the
+body, or the water accidentally entered into the ear through the mouth, or
+nose, throat, and eustachian tube, and this caused an exudation of fluid
+to take place in the middle ear. Hearing gurgling sounds in the ear during
+coughing, sneezing and swallowing is an important symptom. The drum on
+being examined varies greatly. The simplest case is seen when fluid
+contained in the cavity is small in quantity and consists of a thin serum.
+The upper level of this fluid can then be seen like a hair crossing the
+drum in a more or less horizontal direction. It retains its horizontal
+position when the patient moves his head backward and forward.
+
+Treatment.--The fluid can be evacuated by an opening made into the drum,
+but it usually accumulates again. The proper treatment is to treat the
+diseased condition of the nose and throat, as described in other parts of
+this book.
+
+
+
+CHRONIC CATARRHAL INFLAMMATION OF THE MIDDLE EAR.--The expression, acute
+inflammation of the middle ear, is rightly employed when it is applied to
+a case in which the underlying cause is of a temporary nature, as for
+example, a cold in the head, and mild attack of influenza, perhaps also in
+an attack of hay fever. But when the causes are of a more permanent
+character and the middle ear continues for an indefinite period to be the
+seat of all sorts of disturbances the combination of these different
+diseased phenomena receives the name of chronic catarrhal inflammation of
+the middle ear.
+
+Causes.--Troubles (lesions) located in the upper pharynx, the
+naso-pharyngeal (nose-pharynx) vault and the nasal passages. Adenoids may
+cause it.
+
+The course of this disease has of recent years been growing more
+favorable, because the causes are being removed more and more.
+
+Symptoms.--Symptoms of the acute inflammation would be present, and
+impairment of hearing which sometimes comes so gradually as not to be
+noticed by the patient. It will be better and then worse. A harassing,
+hissing, blowing, ringing, usually accompanies it. Pains soon or later add
+to the discomfort. One side is usually affected first.
+
+[EYE AND EAR 363]
+
+Treatment.--It must be devoted to removing the causes just mentioned.
+Restore the general health. Abstain from alcohol, tobacco and excess of
+all kinds. Active outdoor exercise, horseback riding, mountain climbing,
+rowing, walking, etc., are great health producers.
+
+
+
+ACUTE SUPPURATIVE INFLAMMATION OF THE MIDDLE EAR.--This inflammation of
+the middle ear is one in which, at an early stage of the disease, the free
+liquid poured out assumes a pus-like character. At the onset the mucous
+membrane of the eustachian tube and middle ear becomes first congested and
+afterward oedematous (watery swelling). Then a serous or a bloody-serous
+fluid is poured out into the middle ear; and finally this assumes all the
+outward characteristics of pus. In a few exceptional cases this pus fluid
+will find a sufficient passage through the eustachian tube; but in the
+great majority of cases this passageway becomes closed almost at the very
+beginning of the attack, and then the free exudation; under an ever
+increasing pressure and on account of the softening and breaking down of
+the tissues of the drum forces an opening for itself directly through the
+drum membrane.
+
+Causes.--The same causes that produce the acute variety will produce this
+variety of the disease. It occurs more frequently during the spring and
+fall months as the result of changes in the climate. Acute and chronic
+catarrh of the nose and pharynx are causes. It frequently occurs in
+connection with scarlet fever and measles. It complicates nose and
+pharyngeal diphtheria.
+
+Symptoms.--Pain in the ear is the most striking symptom noticed by the
+patient. In infants and young children of two or three years of age it may
+appear and not be recognized until a slight discharge appears at the
+opening of the external ear. The child is feverish, fretful and peevish,
+seemingly suffering great pain, and the parents think it is, not very sick
+or has only an earache. Sometimes physicians fail to recognize the trouble
+until the discharge appears in the external ear. The symptoms are more
+severe at night. Any physical or mental exertion increases the plain. The
+pain is sometimes very severe, and a spontaneous or artificial rupture of
+the drum eases the suffering very quickly in some cases, and a bloody,
+serous, pus-like discharge escapes into the external ear canal. Often a
+patient will say: "I felt something give away in the ear, a watery
+discharge appeared, and the pain soon subsided." In many cases the rupture
+of the drum gives little or no relief from suffering. This is due in some
+cases to the small and insufficient size of the opening in the drum. If
+the pain persists, after a free opening has been made, it may indicate
+that pressure exists in some cavity or cavities other than the middle ear
+proper. A sensation of fullness and sometimes of throbbing or pulsation in
+the affected ear; roaring, singing, whistling, etc.; impairment of
+hearing; increased pain, when the jaws are opened and shut, are symptoms
+of minor importance. If there are no complications after free discharge
+sets in the pain disappears, the fever gradually returns to the normal
+point, and the patient drops to sleep. In the course of a week or two the
+discharge subsides and if the rupture is not too extensive the wound will
+close and the patient will soon be well. Frequently, however, on account
+of disease of one or more of the bony parts, the wall of the middle ear or
+the mastoid cells, the discharge continues for weeks and may become
+chronic in its character.
+
+[364 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+Treatment.--Apply heat or cold first. Open the bowels.
+
+How to apply heat.--With the patient lying on his side with the affected
+ear turned upward, fill the external ear canal with hot water (about 105
+degrees F.), then place immediately over the affected ear a hot flaxseed
+meal poultice, five or six inches square and one-half inch thick, and
+spread a folded blanket or shawl over the whole to keep it warm as long as
+possible. Bread and milk with catnip, or onions will do if flaxseed is not
+at hand. The flaxseed holds the heat longer. Water is a good conductor of
+heat, and that which fills the external auditory (ear) canal may rightly
+be considered as an arm of the poultice which extends down to the drum
+itself.
+
+Leeches also can be applied in front and below the tragus (front of the
+opening). If the symptoms do not improve under this treatment and
+especially if the drum is bulging, an opening should be made at the
+bulging point of the drum. The canal is now syringed with a warm
+antiseptic solution--like one part listerine, etc., to twenty parts of
+warm boiled water, with a clean syringe, or warm boiled water can be used
+alone. If there is any odor carbolic acid one part, to fifty or sixty of
+water can be used. A strip of sterile gauze is put into the canal for
+drainage and protection. This syringing can be done from two to four to
+five times a day, and gradually decrease the number of times as the
+discharge lessens. It must be syringed and dressed often enough to allow a
+free discharge and produce cleanliness.
+
+Recovery.--The result of this disease cannot be told at the outset. The
+majority of such attacks end favorably, with care and treatment; this in
+persons of good constitution and health. It may run ten days to three to
+six weeks. In tuberculous patients the result is not so favorable.
+Recovery follows as a rule in this disease following scarlet fever and
+measles, but not so quickly, and there may be a discharge for some time,
+due to chronic disease of the ears, etc.
+
+Complications and results.--In the majority of cases, in ordinarily
+healthy persons, this disease runs its course without doing any great
+amount of damage to the organ of hearing, and without involving any
+structure lying outside of the middle ear proper. In scarlet fever,
+measles, la grippe, or nasal diphtheria, actual destruction of tissue
+often takes place in some part of the middle ear before it is recognized.
+Sometimes it results the same way even when it is discovered in time.
+
+Caution.--A person who has had this disease should be very careful not to
+take cold. The patient should take plenty of time to get well and strong.
+The diet should be liquid mostly.
+
+[EYE AND EAR 365]
+
+CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE INFLAMMATION OF THE MIDDLE EAR.--An inflammation that
+forms pus; hence called suppurative. This is an inflammation that has
+become chronic (continued) and has one characteristic at least that is
+very noticeable, and that is the discharge. This may last for an
+indefinite period. The acute suppurative (pus-forming) inflammation just
+described in the foregoing pages, may have inflicted various kinds and
+degrees of damage upon the mucous membrane which lines the cavities, and
+as a result of the conditions thus established there will be a discharge
+which may last an indefinite time.
+
+Causes.--Improper or lack of treatment for the acute suppurative
+inflammatory attack. This is the chief cause. The first attack may have
+been caused by scarlet fever, measles, etc. They are prone to become
+chronic, especially if not recognized early and treated properly.
+
+Symptoms.--The main symptom is the discharge from the ear. This may be
+abundant or scanty. It may stop for a time and begin again. The hearing
+may be slightly or seriously impaired. Such patients are not accepted by
+life insurance companies.
+
+Treatment.--Cleanliness of the parts and perfect drainage must be secured.
+Syringing with one to fifty carbolic acid solution (acid one part, warm
+water fifty parts) is good treatment. The opening in the drum should be
+made large enough to give free discharge to the pus in the middle ear.
+
+The patient's strength must be built up if necessary.
+
+
+
+INFLAMMATION OF THE MASTOID' CELLS. (Acute or Chronic Mastoiditis).--This
+disease represents one of the most serious terminations of an acute or a
+chronic suppurative inflammation of the middle ear. This is fortunately a
+comparatively rare event. There are, however, quite a good many cases of
+this terrible disease.
+
+Causes.--It occurs as a primary or secondary disease. The first condition
+is rare and the result from injury, exposure to cold and dampness, or from
+syphilis or tuberculosis. Secondary disease is catarrhal or pus-like in
+form. This results from an extension of middle ear disease through the
+antrum, as a rule. The disease may develop at any time and endanger the
+life of the sufferer.
+
+Symptoms.--Dull constant pain behind the ear and tenderness on pressure,
+more severe at night, the tenderness is very apt to be followed in a short
+time by redness and swelling of the skin in the same region. The pus may
+drain from the mastoid into the middle ear cavity. If this does not happen
+it may swell behind the ear and break through some other place. It may
+involve the structures within the brain. If meningitis develops, the
+patient has headache and later it becomes very severe. Lights hurts the
+eyes, The patient is restless, sleepless, may have nausea and vomiting and
+a constant high temperature. The neck is stiff and rigid. If there is more
+brain involvement (phlebitis) there will be sudden rise of temperature,
+followed by a rapid fall of temperature and attended by profuse sweating
+and chills,--a dangerous condition. There can be abscess of the brain
+also. In abscess of the brain symptoms are less severe and localized; the
+rigid neck and fear of light and vomiting are absent.
+
+[366 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+Treatment.--If seen early it may be aborted. If an examination of the drum
+shows bulging, an incision of the drum head should be made. If an opening
+is there it should be enlarged, if necessary. Cold applications are
+valuable and should be applied directly over the mastoid behind the ear.
+Sometimes hot applications are better, hot poultices, cloths, etc.,
+syringing the canal with hot water. These applications, etc., should be
+constantly used for a day or, so, unless unfavorable symptoms set in, when
+if a marked improvement, especially in the local tenderness and pain, has
+not occurred, an operation should be done and the mastoid opened.
+
+The diet should be liquid (milk), nourishing and sustaining. Bowels should
+be kept open.
+
+This disease must be carefully watched. It is not only dangerous to life,
+and very quickly, but it is full of disagreeable and dangerous
+possibilities, lifelong discharge from the ear, an external fistulous
+opening, a permanent paralysis of the facial nerve, abscess in the brain.
+Brain symptoms, paralysis and pus symptoms do not now preclude an
+operation on the mastoid for mastoid disease. The patient should be
+closely watched and an operation performed as soon as called for.
+
+I have given a longer description of the diseases of the ear than I
+intended when I began this part of the work. Diseases of the ear are
+becoming quite frequent, and the subject is important. I did not give much
+general medical treatment because I consider the local treatment is of
+more importance in a work of this kind. In treating the baby, I shall give
+more medical treatment. I shall treat the disease also, especially in
+relation to the baby. There can be more local applications used than those
+given. If the hot treatment is thought best, not only hot water and
+poultices of many kinds can be used, but fomentations of hops, etc., and
+hot water cloths alone. The intent of such treatment is to keep hot moist
+applications to the part continually. The use of laudanum in poultices
+used for ear trouble is not recommended because its soothing power may
+obscure symptoms that might appear and be dangerous in themselves and need
+quick and thorough treatment. The syringing of hot water into the external
+canal is often of great help. Five to ten grains of boric acid can be used
+in an ounce of water. If there is much odor to the discharge, you can use
+one part of carbolic acid to fifty parts of boiled water. The water should
+not be used too hot. One teaspoonful of the acid to fifty teaspoonfuls of
+water, or that proportion. After using the hot water, the canal should be
+filled with gauze for protection and drainage. For the fever, the first
+twenty-four hours, one-tenth to one drop of aconite can be used every one
+to three hours. By putting one drop in ten teaspoonfuls of water you get
+one-tenth of a drop at a dose.
+
+[EYE AND EAR 367]
+
+DEAFNESS.--This is usually the result of a disease and is merely a
+symptom. Diseases of the middle ear, rupture of the drum membrane, and
+large ulceration of this membrane cause it. Ear wax causes temporary
+deafness. Diseases of the throat and nose cause it very often, and
+deafness frequently accompanies catarrh of the nose. Adenoids cause it
+sometimes, especially in children.
+
+Treatment.--The only way to prevent this trouble is to treat the disease
+that causes it. Discharge from the ear, due to ear disease should be
+treated from the first or it may cause permanent deafness in that ear.
+Many cases of scarlet fever leave deafness behind in one ear at least.
+This trouble should be closely watched during an attack of scarlet fever,
+and in other infectious diseases and proper treatment given.
+
+Chronic deafness is hard to cure; so often some of the deeper parts of the
+ear are diseased. When a person recognizes that his hearing is growing
+less acute he should have his ear examined. People often let the trouble
+go too long before beginning treatment.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Deafness. 1. Quick and Effective Remedy for.--"Five or
+ten drops of onion juice put in the ear several times a day is very good.
+If there is any pain in the ear, add a drop or two of laudanum, or you may
+just use two or three drops of glycerin with the other ingredients. In
+about an hour after treating the ear in this manner, syringe it well with
+warm castile soap suds or warm milk."
+
+2. Deafness. Often Tried Remedy for.--"Take one dram each of tincture of
+lobelia, tincture of gum myrrh, oil of sassafras, tincture of opium and
+olive oil, mix and apply lint wet with the liniment in the ear, night, and
+morning, then syringe out with warm water and castile soap."
+
+3. Deafness, My Mother, in Galt, Found Mullein Good for.--"Small blossoms
+of mullein, fill bottles and cork, hang in sun till oil forms, drop three
+drops every third day in the ear for three or four weeks. We tried this
+successfully in our family."
+
+
+
+EARACHE.--The general belief exists that earache is something which is
+quite harmless and entirely different from a genuine inflammation of the
+ear. This belief is strengthened by the fact that the great majority of
+earaches subside without inflicting any harm upon the ear. As soon as a
+discharge appears, in many cases, there is relief. If a discharge appears,
+the earache was the result of an inflammation in the ear. So-called
+earache lasts but a short time, and can be relieved by either hot or cold
+applications; but when the earache continues for a day or more it is an
+indication of more than pain in the ear and if a thorough examination is
+made there will, no doubt, be found disease of the ear that is causing the
+earache. Then the disease proper should be treated.
+
+[368 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment.--Hot or cold applications are of benefit. With the patient
+lying upon the well ear, fill the canal with hot water (105 degrees F.).
+Then place over the ear a flaxseed poultice or a roasted onion poultice,
+four to five inches square and one-half inch thick and spread over all a
+folded shawl. Bread and milk makes a good poultice also. A hot bran bag or
+a hot salt bag is good. The heat must be continuous.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Earache, Hot Raisin for.--"Hot raisins sometimes
+relieve earache. Soak them in hot milk and change frequently." This is an
+excellent remedy. The raisins should be placed in the ear canal, and they
+are sure to give relief.
+
+2. Earache, Flax and Cornmeal for.--"Flaxseed and cornmeal in oil." Take
+equal parts of flaxseed and cornmeal and mix together, then add enough
+sweet oil to moisten this mixture. This should be applied hot and kept so
+by repeating as each poultice is cold. This will be found very beneficial.
+
+
+3. Earache, Soothing Home Remedy for.--"Glycerin and laudanum heated and
+dropped in the ear. Hot poultice of hops inclosed in cotton bag and
+applied to the ear is very soothing." The glycerin and laudanum will give
+temporary relief and the hops poultice retains the heat, which is one of
+the essential things in earache.
+
+4. Earache, Horse-radish Leaves for.--"Steaming the face and ear with
+crushed horseradish leaves will give relief and soothes one to sleep."
+When through steaming the face the horseradish leaves should be applied to
+the face and ear as a poultice. This is very soothing.
+
+5. Earache, Onion Sure Cure for.--"The heart of an onion." Roast the
+heart of an onion and put in the canal of the ear. Then apply heat to the
+outside of the ear and relief will soon be obtained.
+
+6. Earache; Temporary Relief for.--
+
+    "Gum Camphor   1/2 dram
+    Olive Oil      1/2 ounce
+    Glycerin       1/2 ounce
+
+Mix and drop in ear."
+
+This is good to relieve, but should not be continued, as this oily
+substance lodges in the ear and may cause trouble.
+
+7. Earache, Sweet Oil and Pepper for.--"Take a piece of cotton batting,
+cover with sweet oil, then cover that with black pepper, inserting into
+ear." This is a good remedy.
+
+8. Earache, Steaming With Hot Water for.--"Steam the ear and side of the
+head with cloths wrung out of hot water; put feet in hot mustard water; do
+not put anything in the ear but keep steaming it and you will find relief
+in a few hours, even if it is a gathering."
+
+
+[Illustraion: SKELETON.]
+
+[DEFORMITIES 369]
+
+9. Earache, Castor Oil for.--"Put a drop of castor oil in the ear. Fill
+hot water bag and warm the ear that aches."
+
+10. Earache, Fresh Warm Milk for.--"The warm milk from a cow will cure
+earache and has also been known to cure deafness." While still warm from
+the cow drop a little in the ear.
+
+
+
+DEFORMITIES.
+
+HARE-LIP.--This is due to the fact that the flesh or bony parts do not
+quite properly unite. It may form a single or double hare-lip, or
+complicated, or it may involve the soft parts, or the hard (bony) and soft
+parts at the same time. It is always to one or the other side of the
+middle line. It is double hair-lip in about one-tenth of the cases, and
+when double it is frequently complicated with cleft palate.
+
+Symptoms.--Upon examination you notice that there is a split in the lip,
+either partly through the lip or entirely, so that the bone is exposed; or
+the slit goes not only through the lip, but also through the bone.
+
+Operation.--This is necessary, and it is quite successful. The best time
+is between the third and sixth month, especially when it is a simple case.
+In some cases of double hair-lip, when the child cannot take the breast
+and has to be fed, early operation should be done if the child is strong.
+The operation for a simple hare-lip is very easily and quickly done. For
+complicated cases it takes longer, and of course is not without some
+danger. It should be done, for a child is a pitiable sight with this
+deformity. When grown up it is a source of great annoyance and shame.
+
+
+
+CLEFT PALATE.--The bones that form the hard palate do not unite in the
+median line and a longitudinal opening is left in the roof of the mouth.
+This is called Cleft Palate.
+
+Symptoms.--Of course, upon examination this split is seen. It may involve
+not only the hard palate, but also the soft palate and uvula. It is then
+generally accompanied by single or double hare-lip. When the severe forms
+occur they cause great trouble. Fluids pass freely into the nose, and
+unless the child is carefully fed by hand it will soon die, as it is
+unable to suck. In the less severe forms the child soon learns to swallow
+properly, but when he learns to speak he cannot articulate properly and
+his voice is nasal.
+
+Treatment.--For this reason an early operation is advisable, not so early
+as for hare-lip, but before the child has learned to speak, say between
+the age of three and four when faulty speech (articulation) may be
+overcome by successful closure of the palate. When the operation is done
+late, the patient will not be able to overcome the bad habits of
+articulation acquired in his childhood.
+
+[370 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Operation.--The anaesthetic is necessary. The end of one-half of the cleft
+palate is seized with an instrument and the edge freely pared with a thin
+bladed sharp knife; same with the other half. Then the stitches are put in
+of silk worm, gut or wire. The patient is fed on liquid food for three or
+four days, and afterwards on soft food until the stitches are removed.
+They are removed about the sixth or eighth day, and the wound should be
+completely healed.
+
+
+
+CROOKED FEET. Talipes.--There are many varieties. The treatment should be
+begun, under the instructions of a physician, and continued from infancy
+and many a good foot can be obtained.
+
+
+
+KNOCK KNEE. (Genu Valgum).--This is due to an overgrowth of the internal
+knuckle (condyle) on the knee joint, and curving inward of the shaft of
+the thigh-bone (femur) in its lower parts, with relaxation and lengthening
+of the ligaments of the knee joint.
+
+It usually shows itself soon after the child begins to walk, but may not
+do so until puberty,--rarely later. It is due in the child to rickets; in
+the latter form, it is caused by an occupation that requires continued
+standing, by a person of feeble development of the muscles and ligaments.
+"Flat-foot" is often associated with it and, at times, may be the real
+cause. It may affect one or both knees, may be so slight as to escape
+detection, except upon a very careful examination, or so severe as to
+separate the feet very widely and render walking difficult and wobbling.
+In children other symptoms of rickets can generally be found. If not
+severe it may often get better spontaneously as the rickets condition
+improves and the general strength increases. This result is common in the
+cases occurring later, from standing if the general condition improves.
+
+Treatment.--Should be begun early and both general and local treatment
+should be given. The quicker the treatment is begun, the quicker will be
+the recovery and the deformity will be less. The ordinary medical and
+hygienic treatment should be given for rickets.
+
+Local Treatment.--This is mechanical, supplemented by baths, rubbing,
+friction, electricity and preceded, if necessary, by attending to the
+bones. If the rickets is still active, and the bones are soft and
+yielding, standing and walking should be forbidden, the limb should be
+straightened by manipulation and the correct position secured and
+maintained by an outside splint and bandage. Sometimes operative measures
+are needed.
+
+
+
+
+BOW LEGS. (Genu Varum).--This is the opposite of knock knees, and the
+deformity usually affects both limbs, the knees being widely separated.
+The disease begins in early childhood; the cause is rickets, and the
+deformity is the direct result of the weight of the body and muscular
+action.
+
+[DEFORMITIES 371]
+
+Treatment.--Spontaneous recovery occurs; but if the case is at all severe,
+and the child is young enough that the bones have not become firmly set in
+the abnormal curves, mechanical treatment should be employed to bring the
+limbs to a better position. This may be done by plaster of paris or
+braces. This must be used intelligently and continuously. Children should
+not be allowed to walk so early, especially those of slow development.
+
+CLUB FOOT (Talipes).--Varieties:
+
+1. The heel may be drawn up and the foot extended (Talipes Equinus).
+
+2. The foot may be flexed, bent up, (Talipes Calcaneus).
+
+3. The foot may be drawn inward, adducted, (Talipes Varus).
+
+4. The foot may be drawn outward, abducted, (Talipes Valgus); or, two may
+be combined, extended, and drawn inward (Equino Varus).
+
+In the congenital (born with it) variety the displacement is almost always
+one of adduction, that is, drawn inward, with commonly some elevation of
+the heel. It generally affects both feet, but it may be confined to one
+and if only one is affected, the right is oftener affected than the left.
+The deformity varies. At the time of birth and for some months afterwards
+the deformity can usually be corrected by proper manipulation, but later,
+if left to itself, it becomes in greater or less measure fixed, because of
+the muscular contraction, and developed changes in the shape of the bones.
+
+Cause--It is not known.
+
+Treatment is successful if it is begun early. Each case should be treated
+as it needs. The treatment should be varied to suit each case. Bandaging
+or adhesive straps properly applied has been used with success. Sometimes
+the leg must be kept motionless by plaster of Paris or gutta-percha
+bandages. They must be frequently removed and reapplied. In older cases
+the tendons must be cut and braces applied. Parents are careless who
+neglect such a case for even one month.
+
+
+
+INTOXICANTS AND SUN STROKES
+
+ALCOHOLISM. Acute Symptoms.--The face is flushed, the breath has the odor
+of liquor, the pulse is full and bounding with deep respiration. Reason,
+memory, judgment and will are first stimulated and then blunted. The
+drinker's peculiarities are exaggerated, the person becoming affectionate
+or quarrelsome. There is a loss of coordination as shown by the
+staggering, swinging, the relaxation of the muscles, and finally deep
+sleep, with snoring breathing. The person is unconscious, but can be
+partly aroused and will mutter when questioned or disturbed. The pupils
+are contracted or dilated, and they will dilate when the face is slapped.
+The urine is increased, but it is often retained.
+
+[372 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM.--This results from protracted or periodic "sprees."
+
+Symptoms.--The face is red, the capillaries are dilated, eyes are watery,
+conjunctiva is congested. There is chronic inflammation of the stomach,
+which is characterized by morning vomiting; there is often hardening of
+the liver, trembling of the hands and tongue; the memory is weakened and
+judgment and will as well, especially until a stimulant has been taken;
+often the person is irritable, careless, with loss of moral sense and in
+extreme cases dementia. Peripheral neuritis is more common in men than in
+women. It begins with sharp pain and tingling in the feet and hands;
+paralysis affects the lower extremities, then the upper, and is most
+marked in the further muscles of the limbs. The pain may be very severe,
+with great tenderness. There is Arteriosclerosis (hardening of walls of
+the arteries); often heart dilation.
+
+DELIRIUM TREMENS.--This is a brain manifestation of chronic alcoholism
+occurring in steady drinkers after excessive drinking or sudden withdrawal
+of alcohol, or after sudden excitement or accident, pneumonia or other
+illness, or lack of food.
+
+Symptoms.--There are restlessness, insomnia (sleeplessness), mental
+depression, then active delirium with great restlessness, talking,
+muttering, hallucination of sight and hearing. He thinks he sees objects
+in the room such as rats, mice, or snakes, and fancies that they are
+crawling over his body, has them in his boots, etc. The terror inspired by
+these imaginary objects is great, and has given the popular name of
+"horrors" or "snakes" to the disease. You must watch the patient
+constantly, or he may try to jump out of the window or escape. The patient
+may think he hears sounds and voices, threats of imaginary enemies. There
+is much muscular "shakings," the tongue is coated with a thick white fur
+and, when protruded, trembles. The pulse is rapid and soft, sleeplessness
+is a constant feature. Favorable cases improve in the third or fourth day,
+the restlessness abates, the patient sleeps and the improvement sets in.
+The shakings persist for some days, the hallucinations disappear
+gradually, and the appetite returns. In the more serious cases, the
+sleeplessness (insomnia) persists, the delirium is incessant, the pulse
+becomes more frequent and feeble, the tongue dry, the prostration is
+extreme and death takes place from gradual heart failure.
+
+Treatment.--In acute alcoholic cases special measures are seldom required,
+as the patient sleeps off the effect of his "spree." If there is deep
+profound alcoholic coma, it may be proper to wash out the stomach and if
+symptoms of collapse occur, the limbs should be rubbed, and hot
+applications made to the body.
+
+[INTOXICANTS AND SUN STROKES 373]
+
+Chronic Alcoholism.--This is different; withdraw the alcohol and
+substitute strychnine, one-thirtieth of a grain three or four times a day,
+nourishing food, confinement in a sanitarium if necessary. Give the
+bromides for the restlessness and sleeplessness. Drugging of the liquor
+with apo morphine or tartar emetic.
+
+MOTHER'S REMEDY. Drunkenness. 1. Effective as Cure for.--
+
+    "Arsenious Acid       19 grains
+    Bromine Water         sufficient
+    Tribromide of Gold    14 grains
+    Distilled Water       sufficient
+
+Ten drops of this solution for injection, which equals one thirty-second
+grain of gold tribromide." This is an active tonic, powerful sedative and
+destroys the appetite or cravings for alcoholic stimulants; the medicine
+is to be taken regularly four or five times a day for several weeks until
+the alcohol is out of the system even though he may appear cured. This is
+a good remedy, but should be given under the supervision of a doctor.
+
+Treatment.--The patient must be put into a bed and carefully watched;
+withdraw alcohol at once unless the pulse is too feeble. Procure rest and
+sleep for the patient. How? In mild cases, thirty grains (one-half dram)
+of bromide of potassium, combined with tincture of capsicum five to ten
+drops, may be given every three hours. Call a doctor for the rest. One
+hundredth grain hyoscine hypodermically is sometimes good; one-fourth
+grain morphine hypodermically is sometimes given. For heart weakness:
+Aromatic spirits of ammonia.
+
+
+
+MORPHINE HABIT. (Morphinomania--Morphinism).--This is usually acquired by
+the repeated use of the hypodermic syringe for pain. It is also used by
+the mouth or opium smoking.
+
+Symptoms.--At first it causes a sense of well-being and exhilaration, but
+it must be gradually increased to produce the result; when the effect
+wears off, the person feels weary, mentally and physically; has nausea,
+slight distress in the stomach region or pain like intestinal colic.
+Another dose relieves these feelings, eventually the person becomes thin,
+his face is sallow, the pupils are dilated or unequal, except when he is
+under the influence of the drug. His appetite is poor with indigestion.
+Sometimes itching of the skin, restlessness; irritable, disturbed sleep,
+and a tendency to lie about everything.
+
+Treatment.--The patient must be taken from home and friends and be
+constantly watched. The drug should be withdrawn gradually and nourishing
+food given at stated intervals.
+
+
+
+COCAINE HABIT.--The drug is taken as a snuff, hypodermically, or in sprays
+and often the habit is formed when given as sprays, etc., in disease.
+
+Symptoms.--Large doses cause great excitement, sometimes convulsions,
+followed by weak heart and respiratory weakness, general prostration,
+convulsions and coma.
+
+The cocaine habit causes emaciation, anemia, disturbances of the stomach,
+etc., disordered heart action, weakness of the body and mind, nervous and
+great depravity.
+
+Treatment.--Same as for the morphine habit.
+
+[374 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CHLORAL HABIT. Symptoms.--After a slight primary exhilaration there is
+depression of the mind and body; skin eruptions, bad breath, spongy gums,
+poor appetite, indigestion, bad nutrition, permanent dilation of the
+cutaneous (skin) blood vessels, intermittent pulse, blunting of the higher
+mental faculties, restlessness, sleeplessness, irritability, sometimes
+dementia.
+
+Treatment.--Same as for morphine.
+
+LEAD POISONING. (Plumbism-Saturnism). Causes.--It is common in lead
+smelters and grinders, painters, glaziers, and plumbers, whose hands are
+not washed before eating. The lead is absorbed by the mouth, skin and
+lungs. It may be taken into the system by drinking water, cider, etc., in
+new lead pipes, or from hair-dyes or cosmetics containing lead.
+
+Symptoms of Acute Case.--These develop rapidly from continued exposure.
+There is rapidly progressing anemia, with acute neuritis, epilepsy,
+convulsions or delirium or with severe stomach and bowel symptoms.
+
+Chronic Cases. Symptoms. 1.--Anemia, lead line on the gums, paralysis,
+colic, and brain symptoms.
+
+2. Blue-black line of lead in the gums near the teeth.
+
+3. This is preceded by an obstinate constipation. It resembles severe
+intestinal colic. There may be vomiting.
+
+4. Paralysis. This is the result of peripheral neuritis, localized or
+generalized. Wrist drop and many other symptoms of local and general
+paralysis.
+
+TREATMENT. Prevention.--The hands and finger nails of the lead workers
+should always be thoroughly cleaned before eating. Use respirators if lead
+is present in the form of dust.
+
+For chronic poisoning remove the cause. Potassium iodide, five to ten
+grains three times a day. Not to be given in acute cases or when the
+symptoms are very severe, until what is in the bowels is removed.
+
+Constipation.--For this give a half ounce of epsom salts before breakfast
+when needed, or repeat in small doses.
+
+For pain.--Heat over the abdomen and give morphine, if necessary.
+
+
+
+FOOD POISONING. (Bromototoxismus).--Food may contain the specific
+organisms of disease, as of tuberculosis or trichinosis; milk and other
+foods may become infected with typhoid bacilli, and so convey the disease.
+Animals (or insects or bees) may feed on substances that cause their flesh
+or products to be poisonous to man. Meat poisoning. Eating sausage or pork
+pie or headcheese has caused poisoning. Poisoning from impure milk, shell
+fish, pellagra, from using altered maize, etc.
+
+[INTOXICANTS AND SUN STROKES 375]
+
+Symptoms.--Acute inflammation of stomach and bowels, with great
+prostration, ending in collapse. In shell fish poisoning, there are
+numbness, weakness, dilated pupils, rapid and feeble pulse, temperature
+under the normal and collapse.
+
+Treatment.--In all cases empty the stomach by emetics or stomach tube and
+the bowels by cathartics. Stimulate if necessary.
+
+
+
+HEAT STROKE.--Called also heat exhaustion; thermic fever, coup de Soleil.
+A condition produced by exposure to excessive heat.
+
+Heat Exhaustion.--This is caused by continued exposure to high
+temperatures, especially while working hard.
+
+Symptoms.--Prostration with cool skin, temperature often below normal,
+95-96, pulse is small and frequent, sometimes restlessness and delirium.
+The person need not necessarily be exposed to the direct rays of the sun,
+but the condition may come on at night, or while at work in close,
+confined rooms.
+
+Treatment of indoor heat exhaustion.--Aromatic spirits of ammonia one to
+two drams and strychnine; avoid alcohol. If the temperature is below
+normal, (98.6) a warm bath can be given. Rest in bed in a well ventilated
+room.
+
+
+
+SUNSTROKE. Heat Stroke, Thermic (heat) Fever.--This occurs in persons
+chiefly who, while working very hard are exposed to the sun. Soldiers who
+are marching with their heavy accoutrements are very liable to be
+attacked. In large cities the most of the cases are confined to workmen
+who are much exposed and at the same time, have been drinking beer and
+whisky.
+
+Symptoms.--The patient may be struck down and die very soon with symptoms
+of failure of the heart, difficult breathing and coma. This kind is most
+frequent in soldiers. In ordinary cases there may be failure to perspire,
+premonitory headache, dizziness, sometimes nausea and vomiting, colored or
+poor sight (vision); insensibility follows, which may be temporary or
+increased deep coma. The face is flushed, the skin is dry and hot, the
+pupils are temporarily dilated, then usually greatly contracted, the pulse
+is rapid and full, and the temperature ranges from 107 to 110 degrees or
+higher. The breathing is deep, labored and snoring (stortorous). Usually
+there is complete muscular relaxation, with twitchings, jerkings, or very
+rarely convulsions may occur. In fatal cases, coma (deep sleep) deepens,
+the pulse becomes more frequent and feeble, the breathing becomes more
+hurried, shallow and irregular and death may occur within twenty-four to
+thirty-six hours. In others, the consciousness returns, the temperature
+falls, the pulse and breathing become normal and recovery may be complete
+or leave bad results. The patient may be predisposed to future attacks or
+suffer from weakness or headache, and disturbance of the mind when ever
+the weather is warm.
+
+[376 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Prognosis.--The death rate is higher when treatment is delayed, and when
+alcohol has been used as a beverage.
+
+MOTHER'S REMEDY. Sunstroke, Quick Method to Relieve.--"Apply alternately
+hot and cold applications to forehead and base of the brain or back of the
+neck, place the feet in warm mustard water, and apply mustard to the
+stomach and calves of legs. This remedy was tried by my brother's wife,
+who is a trained nurse. She says it is very effective," The hot and cold
+applications help to draw the blood from the brain. Placing feet in warm
+mustard water will help to give relief.
+
+Treatment.--Avoid exposure and alcohol. For a mild case--Rest in a cool
+place, cool sponging, aromatic spirits ammonia or strychnine if needed for
+the prostration.
+
+For severe cases.--The temperature must be reduced as rapidly as possible.
+Pack the patient in a bath of ice. Rubbing the body with ice is an
+excellent procedure to lower the temperature rapidly. Ice water enemata
+(injections in bowel) may also be employed. If ice cannot be obtained
+strip the patient and sprinkle him with water until the temperature is
+reduced. Use a thermometer to see it does not go too low. Ice cap or cold
+water to the head. Keep working for hours.
+
+Medicine.--Glonoin, 1/100 to 1/200 grain is of help in severe cases.
+
+
+
+ACCIDENTS, EMERGENCIES AND POISONS
+
+COLLAPSE.--1. Place the patient flat on his back.
+
+2. Raise the feet and lower his head, unless blueness of the face occurs.
+
+3. Make the patient warm by applying warm coverings and hot water bottles,
+bricks or wood.
+
+4. Enema of strong coffee.
+
+5. If necessary the legs and arms can be bandaged beginning at the feet
+and hands and then bandage up. Use above in order given.
+
+
+
+FAINTING.--Place the patient on her back, with the head low and feet
+raised unless the face is flushed. The face is generally pale.
+
+Loosen the clothing about the waist, throat, etc.
+
+Plenty of air and no crowding around the patient.
+
+      ACCIDENTS AND POISONS       377
+
+Cold water on the face with cloths. It is not necessary to wet her all
+over. Ammonia or camphor near the nostrils to inhale. Lie still for some
+time and do not attempt to rise while still feeling dizzy or faint.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Sea Sickness, Red Pepper and Molasses Relieves.--
+"A teaspoonful of red pepper mixed with molasses and taken in one dose is
+considered one of the best remedies for this trouble."
+
+2. Sea Sickness, Peppermint an Excellent Relief for.--"A teaspoonful of
+essence of peppermint put in a tumbler of hot water, sipped occasionally,
+is both a preventive and cure for sea-sickness."
+
+Sea Sickness.--Dr. Hare, of Philadelphia, says: "The bromides should be
+used in the dose of five to ten grains three times a day for several days
+before the patient sails to quiet the vomiting center." After sea sickness
+begins the following combination is good:
+
+   (a)   Citric Acid           2 drams
+         Distilled Water       4 ounces
+         Make a solution.
+
+  (b)    Bromide of Potash        1 dram
+         Bicarbonate of Potash    1 dram
+         Distilled Water          4 ounces
+         Make a solution.
+
+Then a tablespoonful of each of these solutions should be added to one
+another and taken during effervescence. Lemon juice can be used in place
+of citric acid in the first combination.
+
+
+
+DOG BITES (Not Rabid).--Treat the same as for any torn wound, wash out
+thoroughly with hot water and an ounce of salt in a pint of water. There
+is no danger of hydrophobia from the bite of a dog, cat or any animal
+unless that animal has hydrophobia. No one can take hydrophobia from an
+animal that does not have it. (See Hydrophobia).
+
+
+
+POISONED WOUNDS. Mosquito Bite.--Remove the sting in the wound. Diluted
+vinegar applied to the bites is sometimes of help. Camphor is also good.
+
+Snake Bite.--Naturalists have discovered twenty-seven species of poisonous
+serpents and one poisonous lizard; eighteen species of these are true
+rattlesnakes; the remaining nine are divided between varieties of the
+moccasin, copperhead or the viper. The poisonous lizard is the Texan
+reptile known as the "Gila Monster." In all these serpents the poison
+fluid is secreted in a gland which lies against the side of the skull
+below and behind the eye, from which a duct leads to the base of a hollow
+tooth or fang, one on each side of the upper jaw; which fang, except in
+the case of vipers, is movable and susceptible of erection and depression.
+When not in use the fang hugs the upper jaw and is ensheathed in a fold of
+mucous membrane. In the vipers the fang is permanently erect. In the case
+of biting the contents of the poison sac are forcibly ejected through the
+hollow fang.
+
+[378 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Symptoms of a Snake Bite.--The symptoms are similar in bites of poisonous
+snakes. Pain in the wound, slight at first, but becoming more severe, with
+rapid swelling and spotted discoloration in the vicinity of the wound.
+Symptoms of heart and lung depression soon show themselves by feeble and
+fluttering pulse, faintness, cold sweating, mental distress, nausea and
+vomiting and labored breathing. Death may occur very soon in intense
+poisoned cases, but more frequently the struggle extends over a number of
+hours.
+
+Treatment.--First thing to do.--When the bite is on a limb, tie the limb
+above the bite toward the body and twist the ligature so tight that the
+circulation is cut off, or checked. Then cut the wound open very freely.
+When the bite is on the body, make a free cut, and when this cannot be
+done suck the wound vigorously, which can done without danger, if there
+are no cracks or abrasions of the lips or mouth, as the poison is harmless
+when taken into a well mouth. If a hot iron is at hand apply it freely
+within the wound and this may take the place of the knife or suction. Salt
+put in the cut wound will be of help, or fill the wound with permanganate
+of potash and inject a solution of the same, diluted three-quarters with
+water, around the wound. Strychnine one-fifteenth of a grain every two
+hours until the symptoms are better. This is not given until the symptoms
+of snake poisoning have shown themselves.
+
+If such agents are not at hand, brandy or whisky should be given freely.
+The pulse will show when the patient has had enough.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. INSECT AND OTHER BITES.--1. Simply Use Pepper for Dog
+Bite.--"My son had his hand bitten by a dog and it was over a week before
+it was brought to my notice. The sore was then filled with green pus and
+the pain went up to his jaw, so we were afraid of lockjaw. I had him
+cleanse it thoroughly in a basin of warm saleratus water, then filled and
+thickly covered it with black pepper. The pain stopped almost instantly.
+It seems as though pepper would smart a cut terribly, but it does not."
+This is a good remedy and worth trying. The black pepper did not smart the
+wound because the flesh was dead.
+
+2. Bites, Tobacco Good for Dog.--"Immediately wash the parts with clear
+water; then take leaf or cut tobacco and bind over the part bitten,
+changing it two or three times a day for a week. This effectually absorbs
+the poison. It is a good prevention of any future trouble."
+
+3. Bites, Ammonia Good for Insect.--"Rub the affected parts with ammonia,
+which will draw out the poison. For mosquito bites have often used baking
+soda. This always gives relief and is very cooling."
+
+4. Bites, Baking Soda for Insect.--"Cover the affected parts with baking
+soda and keep moist." A mud poultice is an old tried remedy.
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 379]
+
+5. Bites, Hartshorn Old Time Remedy for.--"Apply hartshorn or spirits of
+ammonia to part which neutralizes the formic acid, the active principle of
+the poison." This is an old-time remedy and will always give relief if
+applied immediately.
+
+6. Bites, Carbolic Acid Draws Poison from.--"Bathe frequently in a weak
+solution of carbolic acid." The carbolic acid is a very good remedy and
+seldom fails to cure, but if you do not happen to have the acid, use
+vinegar, and it will have practically the same effect.
+
+7. Bites, Alum and Vinegar Good Remedy for.--"Alum and vinegar. Purchase
+five cents' worth of powdered alum and dissolve in a pint of vinegar and
+apply freely. This is a very good remedy."
+
+8. Bites, Salt Water for Mosquito.--"Take salt and water in a little dish
+and keep wetting the bite for a few moments. This will soon destroy the
+poison," This will be found a very simple but effective remedy, especially
+in children or small babies, as we mothers all know how very annoying a
+mosquito bite is to children. The salt water will remove all the poison
+and at the same time relieve the itching and swelling. Care should be
+taken not to make it too strong for a small baby.
+
+9. Bites, Spirits of Ammonia for Snake.--"Strong spirits of ammonia
+applied to the wounds of snake bites or rabid animals is better than
+caustic. It neutralizes the poison." Enough of the ammonia should be used
+to irritate the parts. It is harmless treatment and should be used freely.
+
+STINGS, MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Leaves of Geranium Good for Bee or
+Wasp.--"Bruise the leaves of geranium and bind on the affected part. This
+has proved an excellent, though simple remedy."
+
+2. Stings, Simple Remedy for.--"Take a dresser key or any with a good
+sized hole and press over the sting. If used very soon this will remove
+the stinger, then cover with wet salt."
+
+
+
+DISLOCATIONS.--A dislocation is the putting out of joint some bone, such
+as the elbow or shoulder bone or bones. The bone has slipped out of its
+socket. They are called after the joints involved.
+
+General Causes.--Blows, sudden contraction of the muscles; also due to
+some diseases of the joints.
+
+General Symptoms.--There is a deformity at the joint, pain and sometimes
+it is not possible to make all the joint movements.
+
+General Treatment.--Of course it is to replace the bone, as soon as
+possible, before there is much swelling, inflammation and consequent
+adhesions.
+
+
+
+DISLOCATION OF THE JAW.--It is not possible to close the mouth. The chin
+is too far forward. The jaw may turn toward the other side in one-sided
+dislocation.
+
+[380 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment.--Hold something hard between the teeth in front so that when
+the jaw snaps in place your thumbs will not be bitten. A piece of wood as
+thick as your fingers will do. Stand in front of the patient, who should
+be sitting in a high chair. Put your thumbs in the mouth upon the lower
+jaw two-thirds of the length backwards, and your forefingers directly
+underneath the jaw; with the thumbs press down and with the fingers pull
+forward.
+
+[Illustration:
+Oblique Bandage of Jaw.
+Medicated Cotton can readily be applied with this
+style of Bandage.
+Bandaging and Photograph by
+DR. W. E. ZIEGENFUSS, of Detroit.
+Done expressly for this book.]
+
+Sometimes it is necessary to hold the jaw in place for some days. For that
+purpose the bandage for a broken jaw can be used.
+
+
+
+SHOULDER JOINT DISLOCATION.--There is a depression of the skin over the
+cavity. The shoulder is flattened. The bone of the arm points to where the
+head of the bone is.
+
+Treatment.--Carry the elbow to the side with the forearm at right angles
+to the arm: turn the arm around until the forearm points away from the
+body. Then carry the arm up from the body until it is level with the
+shoulder. In this position gradually rotate the arm again and then bring
+the arm to the side, with the forearm across the chest, hand pointing to
+the other shoulder when it should be bandaged by pieces of bandages three
+inches wide passing around the arm, elbow and body. A pad should be placed
+under the hand to keep it from making the flesh sore.
+
+
+
+FINGER OR THUMB DISLOCATION.--If the joint is dislocated forward pull the
+front part forward and backward. If it is dislocated backwards, pull the
+front part of the finger forward and upward. If reduced immediately this
+needs no bandaging.
+
+
+
+FRACTURES.--They are simply broken bones or cartilage, usually applied
+popularly to a broken bone.
+
+Varieties.--Simple fracture means a break of the bone only.
+
+Compound fracture is where the broken bone sticks out through the skin.
+
+      ACCIDENTS AND POISONS       381
+
+Comminuted is where the bone is broken into small parts.
+
+Impacted is where one part of the broken bone is driven into the other
+part.
+
+Green stick break. This is not really a break, but only a bending of the
+bone, seen mostly in children.
+
+Bandages for fractures can be made of muslin. They should be six to eight
+to twelve yards long for large bones.
+
+Width. For a finger one inch.
+       For arm or head two and one-half inches.
+       For the leg three to four inches.
+       For the body six to eight inches.
+
+An old sheet can be used and the ends of the strips sewed together and
+then wrapped tight in a roll, with the ravelings from the sides removed.
+The bandage should be started from the end of the limb, wrapped towards
+the body. They should not be wrapped so tightly as to shut off
+circulation,
+
+Padding.--This should be of cotton. In case of necessity, handkerchiefs,
+towels, pieces of muslin, cloths; hay or grass can be used temporarily.
+
+Splints.--In emergencies splints can be made from shingles, pasteboards or
+even bark.
+
+How to Take Hold of a Broken Leg or Arm.--Never take hold of it from
+above, but slip the hands underneath, and then take a firm but gentle hold
+at two points a short distance from the break on each side, and all the
+while making slight extension with the hand on the end part (distal part)
+so as to keep the ends from rubbing together, and lift with both hands at
+the same time slowly and evenly until the limb is in the required
+position. Then apply the emergency treatment. This is to help keep the
+broken parts in place until proper care can be given, or to assist in
+safely and comfortably moving the patient to the place desired. Support
+the broken limb with something smooth and stiff, such as a thin narrow
+shingle, three inches wide perhaps, or thin board, stout pasteboard, or
+the bark of trees, and padded with something soft, such as cotton, wool,
+hay, straw, leaves, which can be held by bandages of required width, or
+handkerchiefs folded in triangular shape, or by strips of linen, muslin,
+ribbon or anything with which the splint can be temporarily held fast.
+
+For the Forearm.--Two padded splints three to four inches wide and long
+enough to take in the hand also should be applied, one to the thumb, and
+the other to the back of the forearm, slight extension being made by
+pulling on the patient's hand. This pulls the broken end in place. Tie on
+the splints over the hand, wrist and just below the elbow. Two or three
+wraps of adhesive plaster or five or six wraps of a bandage or
+handkerchief or towel folded and pinned will temporarily hold the limb in
+place. Put on a sling reaching from the finger tips to beyond the elbow.
+
+[382 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+For the Arm.--Put on two padded splints from the shoulder to the elbow,
+one in front and the one behind, and bind on at the bottom and top. Then
+place the forearm on the chest pointing to the well or sound shoulder and
+bind the arm with bandages or a long towel to the body.
+
+For a Broken Leg.--Pull on the foot gently to make slight extension, and
+lift the leg on a pillow or some sort of pad, and tie this firmly about
+the leg; or broad strips of wood may be padded and placed on either side
+of the broken leg and securely tied.
+
+For a Broken Thigh, Upper Leg.--The splint should extend from under the
+arm to the ankle, padded and bound to the body and to the leg by means of
+long towels or pieces of sheeting applied six inches apart. If the patient
+is in a wagon and no splint can be had, bags of dirt or sand applied
+around the thigh will hold some. But there is always something at hand to
+use as a splint and to bind the splint to the leg.
+
+For a Broken Collar Bone.--Place the patient on his back if he is to be
+moved and put a firm pad in the arm pit and bind the arm to the side with
+the forearm across the chest; or if you have a roll of adhesive plaster
+two or three inches wide, after putting a pad in the arm pit (sometimes
+this is not necessary) put the adhesive strip around the arm midway to the
+shoulder. The arm should be lifted up and a little back. Run the strip of
+adhesive plaster around the body and fasten to the first part. Then put
+another strip fast to the band around the arm and run this down around the
+bent elbow and over the forearm placed on the chest, the fingers pointing
+to the sound shoulder. This strip can pass over the sound collar bone and
+fasten to the strip about the body. If it is put on properly, the injured
+part will feel comfortable.
+
+Broken Ribs.--Put on a towel, about eight to twelve inches wide. This
+should go around the body and be pinned tightly; or, if you have a roll of
+adhesive plaster, two and one-half to three inches wide, use this. Start
+at the backbone, at the lowest point necessary, about two ribs below the
+broken one, and carry it straight across the chest to the breast bone; put
+on about eight of such strips, lapping each about one-half inch. Fasten
+the ends with a strip running up and down one-half on the flesh and the
+other half on the strip. This is to keep the strips from slipping any. The
+arms should be held up while the strips are being applied.
+
+A Broken Jaw.--Take a strong piece of muslin, long enough to reach around
+the neck and eight inches longer. Split this through the center to within
+about seven inches of the center of the band. Put this unsplit part above,
+over and under the chin. Tie the upper tails around the neck and run the
+under tail pieces up in front of the ear to the crown of the head. Tie
+each end on the back part of the head to the pieces left over after tying
+back of the neck.
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 383]
+
+Broken Nose.--Put the parts in place by pressure and moulding. It is
+easily done. Do not hurry. Put a strip of adhesive plaster across the
+bridge of the nose over the break reaching to the cheek.
+
+If the injury causes bleeding, the wound should be washed with clean linen
+and boiled water and covered with clean linen. To wash the wound, one
+teaspoonful of salt to one pint of boiled water. Salt is usually at hand.
+
+If an artery is cut, this bleeding must be stopped. The blood spurts out.
+Press your hands hard on the back of the thigh towards the body of the
+wound. Another should tie some cloth around the thigh above the wound
+tightly. It can be made tighter by putting a stick under the band and
+twisting it around as much as possible. Raise the leg high up and put the
+head low. If the cut is below the knee or on the foot, bend the leg back.
+First put a pad or your fist in under the knee joint and bend leg over the
+pad or your fist. Sometimes the spurting artery can be caught or pressed
+upon with your finger. If the arm is injured, bandage as for the thigh. If
+the forearm, the same as for the leg.
+
+If a finger is cut clean off, pick the piece up and wash it and the stump
+clean and then place the cut off part against the stump and tie on, or
+stick on with adhesive plaster. It sometimes grows fast.
+
+
+
+SPRAINS.--Sprains or wrenches of the joints are caused by a twist or a
+blow. The injury consists in the tear or rupture of a number of the fibres
+of the ligaments.
+
+Symptoms.--Severe pain, the joint is practically useless for a time;
+swelling, heat and later the joint discolored from effusion of the blood
+into the tissues.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Sprains, Ointment for.--"The bark of bittersweet
+with chamomile and wormwood simmered in fresh lard make an excellent
+ointment for sprains and swellings."
+
+2. Sprains, Vinegar and Bran Poultice for.--"Make a poultice with vinegar
+and bran only, or with the addition of oatmeal, or bread crumbs. As the
+poultice becomes dry it should be moistened with vinegar."
+
+3. Sprains, Turpentine Most Common Remedy for.--"Rub the injured part with
+turpentine and keep warm and you will find this remedy to be one of the
+best to keep proud flesh out that has ever been used. I always have
+turpentine in my home and find that I have to use it often, and it always
+does as I said above, if once used you will never be without it."
+
+4. Sprains, Quick Relief for.--"Bathe the parts with hot water as hot as
+one can bear it and relief comes at once." This is an old tried remedy,
+but if hot water does not give relief use cold water.
+
+5. Sprains, Relieves Pain of.--"Put warm woolen cloth over sprain, drip
+hot water as hot as can be borne on cloth for half hour. Bathe with
+spirits of camphor."
+
+[384 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+[Illustration: Method of applying Bandage to the Arm.]
+
+[Illustration: Spiral Bandage of the Finger.]
+
+[Illustration: Simple Method of applying Bandage for Sprained Ankle.]
+
+Bandaging and Photographs by DR. W. E. ZIEGENFUSS, of Detroit.
+Done expressly for this book.
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 385]
+
+6. Sprains, Quick Application for.--"A poultice of stiff clay and
+vinegar." Add enough vinegar to the clay to make a nice moist poultice.
+The clay is exceptionally good for swellings and sprains.
+
+7. Sprains, Turpentine Liniment for.--"Equal parts of spirits of
+turpentine and vinegar and the yolk of one egg make a valuable liniment in
+cases of sprains, bruises and rheumatism poultice. Take common salt, roast
+it on a hot stove till dry as possible. Take one teaspoonful each of dry
+salt, venice turpentine and pulverized castile soap. Excellent for felon,
+apply twice daily until open." This is a very good liniment and if applied
+often will draw, which is one of the essential things for a felon.
+
+8. Sprains, Old English White Oil.--
+
+    "Alcohol        1/4 pint.
+    Turpentine      1/4 pint.
+    Hartshorn       1/2 ounce.
+    Oil Origanum      1 ounce.
+
+For sprains and rubbing around sores."
+
+9. Sprains, Arnica Much Used for.--"Tincture of arnica." This should be
+diluted with water about one and one-half for adults and one and
+three-fourths for a child. This is one of the best known remedies for
+sprains that can be obtained. Apply freely to the bruise or sprain.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Sprains.--Rest for a time (for some weeks). The
+parts should be raised to lessen the blood supply. Hot applications,
+through fomentations, or cold evaporations, lotions, massage later, and
+support with a pad and a firm bandage, in some cases. When there is not
+much swelling, a plaster of Paris bandage is sometimes applied at once in
+order that absolute rest can be secured.
+
+1. Tincture of Arnica.--This is an excellent remedy for sprains When the
+part is much swollen and looks bluish is when it is especially beneficial.
+It can be used full strength by saturating cloths and applying either hot
+or cold, or diluted to half strength.
+
+2. Hot Water.--Applied with soaked cloths on the part is very grateful in
+some cases. It should be kept hot and plenty of water on the part all the
+time. This should be applied for hours. Between the soakings, the parts
+should be dressed with the lead and laudanum wash, and rubbed with
+ichthyol ointment or camphor and laudanum liniment.
+
+3. Cold Applications.--Cold water.--Some patients are more benefited by
+the cold applications. The part should be elevated and a cloth wrung out
+of ice cold water, or an ice bag should be kept on the part.
+
+4. Lead and Laudanum Wash.--This should not be used if the skin is broken.
+Then the laudanum, three-fourths water, can be used alone. Composition of
+lead and laudanum wash, proportions four parts of undiluted lead water,
+diluted with sixteen parts of water to one of laudanum. This can be made
+stronger in the laudanum.
+
+[386 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+5. Fomentations of hops, or smartweed or wormwood, etc., are also good.
+
+6. Vinegar and Hops--Turpentine Liniment.--This can be used later, for
+stimulating purposes.
+
+[Illustration: Most efficient way of Bandaging Eyes
+showing how Bandage may be lifted from one eye.]
+
+[Illustration: Usual Spiral Reverse Bandage of the Arm.]
+Bandaging and Photographs by DR. W. E. ZIEGENFUSS, of Detroit.
+Done expressly for this book.
+
+The following is a liniment made by an old gentleman I used to know. I was
+well acquainted with him while he was living, and I know he was a good,
+competent man. Following is the recipe:
+
+    "Oil of Amber              l ounce.
+    Oil of Wormwood            1 ounce.
+    Oil of Tansy               1 ounce.
+    Camphor Gum                2 ounces.
+    Ammonia                    2 ounces.
+    Oil of Spike               1 ounce.
+    Small piece castile soap.
+    Spirits of Wine            1 pint.
+
+Rub in thoroughly. In some cases it should be diluted one-fourth to
+one-half strength. Full strength for much pain.
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 387]
+
+BURNS. SCALDS.--
+
+A Burn is caused by dry heat.
+
+A Scald is caused by moist heat.
+
+A superficial burn, upon a young child, that involves the third of the
+body will almost certainly prove fatal, while a very deep burn, provided
+it is localized, may not be so serious, unless important nerves and blood
+vessels have been destroyed.
+
+Burns may be divided into three degrees:
+
+First degree are those burns that only affect the outer or superficial
+layer of the skin, producing a redness with some small vesicles.
+
+Second degree burns: These extend through the true skin and blisters
+result.
+
+Third degree burns: This goes down underneath and involves the deeper
+tissues. Charring and destruction of tissue takes place.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Burns, Linseed Oil for.--"Quick application of
+linseed oil." The oil forms a coating and is very soothing.
+
+2. Burns, Common Soda for.--"There is nothing better than common baking
+soda for burns and scalds; apply a thick coating of dry soda. Bind a cloth
+over it, and keep on until the pain ceases, after which any good healing
+salve will do."
+
+3. "Apply crushed onion poultice; cover to keep out the air. This will
+soon extract the heat and pain." Onions seem to possess many medicinal
+properties. They are very soothing, and in a case of scalds keep out the
+air and relieve the pain.
+
+4. Burns, Molasses Takes Pain from.--"Apply New Orleans molasses to the
+burn and cover with flour. This forms a coating over the affected parts,
+keeping the air from it, thereby relieving the burning. This is an
+excellent remedy and one easily prepared."
+
+5. Burns, Butter a Relief for.--"Spread butter on the affected parts and
+bandage well. This is one of the remedies our grandmothers used to use and
+is a good one."
+
+6. Burns, Oil of Peppermint Draws Fire Out of.--"Apply oil of peppermint;
+it will take the fire out almost immediately."
+
+7. Burns, Sweet Oil and Cotton Batting Relieves.--"Saturate cotton batting
+in sweet oil and cover the burns and keep covered until the fire is out. I
+had my hand burned with steam until the skin peeled off, and this remedy
+relieved the smarting."
+
+8. Burns, Vinegar Prevents Blistering from.--"Vinegar applied every few
+minutes will keep it from blistering." This is a remedy always at hand,
+and will do just what it says.
+
+[388 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Scalds, Elder Berries Soothing for.--"The flowers of
+the black elder berries and the bark all possess valuable medicinal
+properties. An ointment made by stirring the fresh flowers into melted
+lard or vaselin and occasionally stirring it, will be found an excellent
+remedy for scalds or burns." It is not only soothing, but forms a coating
+thereby keeping the air out.
+
+2. Scalds, Alum for Slight.--"Put a teaspoonful of alum in a pint of
+water, and bathe the parts frequently. Keep the parts well wet with this
+solution which extracts the heat in a remarkable manner and soothes the
+patient into a calm and refreshing sleep." This remedy is most always at
+hand and will relieve if the case is not too severe.
+
+3. Scalds, Scraped Potatoes will Relieve.--" A few raw potatoes scraped or
+grated and beaten in a bowl, then add a dram of laudanum; apply to the
+affected parts as you would a poultice."
+
+4. Scalds, Crackers and Slippery Elm as Poultice for.--"Apply a poultice
+of cracker and slippery elm, made of raspberry leaf tea. Guard against
+taking cold." Use enough of the raspberry tea to make a soft mixture. This
+is very soothing, and keeps the air from the scald which is one of the
+essential things in order to get relief.
+
+5. Scalds, Raisins' and Lard with Tobacco Helps.
+
+   "One pound Raisins, chopped.
+    One pound Lard.
+    Five cent package of Chewing Tobacco.
+
+Mix all together and let this simmer about three hours slowly, strain it
+and put in a jar."
+
+6. Scalds, Sweet Oil Soothing for.--"I know of nothing better than equal
+parts of sweet oil and lime water." This is very good and should be
+applied freely.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Superficial Bums.--Exclude the air; protect and
+treat the parts is the theory of treatment.
+
+Superficial Burn.--When the skin is not broken, bicarbonate of soda may be
+sprinkled thick over the burn, then wrap the part in moist gauze, lint or
+linen, and over this a layer of common cotton, and hold in place with a
+bandage. Flour can be used in place of the soda. Oatmeal flour, rice
+flour, etc., will do also. The objection to all powders is that the moist
+gauze, etc., will make the flour form cakes and make removal painful and
+difficult. Applications in liquid form are therefore better.
+
+Liquid Forms.--If the blisters are large, open them with a clean
+(sterile-boiled) instrument (scissors or knife) and absorb the fluid with
+a clean gauze. Then dissolve bicarbonate of soda in water--a saturated
+solution. This term means as much soda as the water will dissolve. Then
+gauze, lint or linen pads may be wrung out of this solution or the same
+strength of boric acid solution and applied. Put over this a layer of
+clean cotton and hold in place by a bandage or strip of adhesive plaster.
+(Keep parts always moist). Baking soda will do about as well as
+bicarbonate of soda.
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 389]
+
+Oil and ointments are also very beneficial. Spread the ointments or oil
+over the burn thick and cover with lint or soft linen, and change
+frequently to keep from smelling badly.
+
+1. Carron oil made of equal parts of lime-water and linseed oil is good.
+
+2. Carbolized oil or simple pure sweet oil is good.
+
+3. Cosmoline, Vaselin, Pineoline (salves) are all good; they cover and
+protect.
+
+4. Cold cream is very good.
+
+5. Thick lather from any good pure soap spread over the part thick and
+then covered with the cloth dressing. This is very good and is always at
+hand.
+
+6. Dr. Douglas, of Detroit, very strongly recommends the following simple
+remedy: One teaspoonful of common salt to one pint of boiled water, used
+comfortably warm. Old clean muslin or gauze cloths of several thicknesses
+should be dipped in this solution and spread evenly over the sores in
+several layers and over this oiled paper or paraffine paper should be
+applied to prevent evaporation or drying and bind all with a bandage. The
+covering should not be too thick or it might make the part too warm. This
+should be avoided in all dressings.
+
+This salt water dressing can be moistened and changed when necessary.
+
+7. Beeswax ointment. (Dr. Douglas).-
+
+    "Benzoinated Lard    6 ounces.
+    Yellow Beeswax       1 ounce.
+    Salicylic Acid       20 grains."
+
+Mix the wax in a tin cup, then add the lard, when all is melted remove
+from the fire and stir till cool, then add the salicylic acid and continue
+stirring until cold. This makes an excellent covering, excludes the air.
+
+8. Ointment of Oxide of Zinc is very good. The following are the
+ingredients:
+
+    "Oxide of Zinc        2 drams.
+    Lanoline              5 drams.
+    Alboline              1 dram.
+    Salicylic Acid       10 grains.
+
+Mix, and make ointment and apply."
+
+The following is not very pleasant to think about, but farmers have
+frequently used it: Cow manure as a poultice.
+
+Another: The inner bark of elder boiled in cream. Use the salve resulting.
+This is good for burns and sores.
+
+Another: Slippery elm bark tea boiled down so it will be thick and oily,
+is very good.
+
+[390 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Some claim that immersing the part in milk and keeping it so is a very
+good remedy. We know that cream is, but it will soon become rancid.
+
+Remedies must be of an oily covering nature to do good, or else do it by
+their antiseptic qualities like salt, boric acid, etc.
+
+Another:
+
+    "Picric Acid         75 grains.
+    Alcohol              20 ounces.
+    Distilled Water       2 pints.
+
+    Mix and apply."
+
+Cleanse the burns of dirt and charred clothing and then soak strips of
+clean gauze in this solution and apply to the part. Place over this a pad
+of dry absorbent cotton which can be fastened by a light bandage or
+adhesive straps. The dressing dries rapidly, and may be left in place for
+several days. Then moisten it with the same solution so as to soften the
+dressing and remove it. Then apply a fresh dressing of the same kind and
+leave on a week. This dressing soon relieves the pain, prevents the
+formation of matter (pus), hastens healing and, leaves a smooth surface.
+The dressing stains the hands so it is best applied with rubber gloves.
+This is good for all degree burns.
+
+For Severe Case.--There may be and is shock and great weakness after some
+burns. The patient should be put to bed and given strong black coffee, or
+if you have it one teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a glass
+of water. Hot water bags and jars should be applied to the feet and one
+teaspoonful of paregoric may be given to an adult for the pain. Give the
+patient ice to hold in his mouth, as he is very thirsty. Cold water and
+milk to drink also. If the burn is severe put oil cloth or rubber on the
+bed to protect the bed from the wet dressing. Do not put a night-shirt or
+pajamas on him, as it pains to remove and renew the dressings, if such are
+used as need frequent removal and renewal. Cover warmly, but keep covers
+lifted so that their weight will not give unnecessary pain. The bowels can
+be kept open with soap-suds enemas. Watch carefully, especially a man, if
+urine is passed and enough in quantity. It must be drawn if it is not
+passed within twelve hours.
+
+For Third Degree Burns.--In this kind there is a great shock. Stimulate
+the patient with whisky, etc. Put one ounce in a glass one-half full of
+water, and give two teaspoonfuls frequently, dependent upon how much
+stimulant the patient has ever used; or an enema of one ounce of hot
+coffee can be given.
+
+The first dressings may be the same, but when the patient is stronger
+others should be used.
+
+Warm Baths are now used when the deep tissues are burned, and the sloughs
+and charred material are removed.
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 391]
+
+When convenient, begin with a warm tub bath, with boric acid added to the
+water--handful to the tub. This is good for stimulating purposes, and
+also to relieve pain and for cleansing the surfaces before the
+applications of the dressings, these can be of those recommended.
+
+When the air passages have been scalded by hot steam or hot liquids, the
+steam of lime-water, not too hot, may soothe.
+
+Burns from Acid.--Soda, chalk, whiting, sprinkled over the surface of the
+skin and covered with moist coverings of gauze. Egg albumen is also good
+applied, on the part.
+
+Bums from Alkali (like potash or strong ammonia).--Vinegar poured over the
+part, or dress with a mild solution of boric acid. One teaspoonful to four
+ounces of water.
+
+
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Bruises, Cold Water Prevents Coloring.--"Bathe the
+parts in cold water, prevents turning black and blue."
+
+2. Bruises, Kerosene Relieves the Pain of.--"Bathe freely with kerosene."
+
+3. Bruises, Turpentine to Keep Proud Flesh from.--"Rub the injured part
+with turpentine and keep warm, and you will find this remedy to be one of
+the best to keep proud flesh out and gangrene that has ever been used. I
+always have turpentine in my home, and find that I have use for it often.
+If once used you will never be without it."
+
+4. Bruises, Bread and Vinegar Quick Remedy for.--"Apply a poultice made of
+hot vinegar and bread. A girl bruised her fingers with some iron rings in
+a gymnasium. She applied this poultice at night, and they were well in the
+morning. Since then I always use it for a bruise."
+
+5. Bruises, Good Liniment for.--"Where inflammation is under the thin
+covering of the bone, dissolve chloral and camphor gum together. They
+dissolve each other by putting together, and looks like glycerin. Apply
+very little with tip of finger, put absorbent cotton on and bind up with
+pure gum rubber band to keep it from evaporating as it is very volatile.
+Rubber band must not be too tight, as it will cut off the circulation."
+
+6. Bruises, Liniment Used in Ohio for.--"Five cents' worth spirits
+ammonia, five cents' worth spirits turpentine, whites of two eggs beaten,
+one cup cider vinegar, two cups rain water." This gentleman from Ohio says
+he has used the liniment for many years, and his neighbors have used it
+with the utmost success. He recommends it as the best he ever used.
+
+
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT. Bruises.--1. Tincture of Arnica applied from
+one-half to full strength is very good.
+
+2. Alcohol about two-thirds strength is also very good, gently rubbed in
+the parts.
+
+3. Cold or hot water applied with cloths.
+
+4. Raw beefsteak (lean) is excellent. Place it on the bruise.
+
+5. Lead and laudanum wash if the skin is not broken. Of course bruises
+usually disappear in time. The above remedies will help. Heat applied at
+some distance from the parts relaxes the surrounding vessels and promotes
+absorption of the blood in the bruise.
+
+[392 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CUTS. WOUNDS.--They are named cut (incised); contused, such as made by a
+blunt instrument.
+
+Lacerated or torn, when the tissues are torn or ragged.
+
+Punctured, stab-wounds, when made by a pointed instrument.
+
+Treatment.--There may be pain, gaping (opening) of the edges and bleeding.
+In order to gape, the cut must pass through the deep skin. Cuts or wounds
+that do not go deep leave little or no scar. Such require only a little
+antiseptic dressing like this remedy:
+
+    "Boric Acid      1/2 ounce.
+    Boiled Water       1 pint."
+
+Wash the cut thoroughly and cover with gauze or clean linen. Cuts or
+wounds should always be washed first with boiled water, cooled enough to
+use. Do this with absolutely clean muslin, absorbent cotton or gauze and
+boiled water. After being thoroughly cleansed and washed with hot water
+and cloths, a thick pad of muslin, absorbent cotton or gauze thoroughly
+soaked with the boric acid solution, (strength one-half ounce of boric
+acid to a pint of boiled water) should be applied on the wound, and for an
+inch or two around it. Over this lay a thick layer of absorbent cotton or
+muslin, bandage all securely with a bandage or adhesive strap, so the
+dressing cannot slip.
+
+[Illustration: Hand Arteries.]
+
+Gaping Wounds generally need stitches. These should be put in deep enough
+to draw the deep edges together. If that is not done, a pocket will be
+left where the parts are not together and "matter" may form there. Plaster
+will not draw the deeper parts of wounds together. They should then be
+covered the same way as superficial wounds; of course the wound should be
+thoroughly cleansed in the same way before the stitches are put in. Such
+wounds unless they are large, need not be dressed for a day or two, unless
+there is soreness or pain. If the wound is sore and throbs it should be
+redressed immediately. Some discharge will no doubt he found penned in,
+and needs a drain through which to escape. This does not usually happen,
+and if it does, the wound was infected (poisoned) and then needs dressing
+once or twice a day, and full vent given to any discharge that may be
+present. The dressing immediately over the wound should then be thick and
+soft so as to absorb the discharge that may be present. The stitches are
+usually removed in small wounds the third or fourth day. This is easily
+done, with a sharp pointed scissors or knife; put one point underneath the
+stitch next to the knot, cut it off and with the forceps take hold of the
+knot and pull it out gently. It comes away easily as a rule.
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 393]
+
+Torn Wounds should be trimmed. That is, cut away the torn pieces and then
+stitch together as for other wounds. Of course all the tissue possible
+should be saved and only ragged flesh should be cut away. This would die
+anyway, and prove a foreign body, and would be very apt to cause pus.
+These wounds should be dressed the same way as previously directed.
+
+Sometimes bleeding may cause trouble. Usually, hot water constantly
+applied will stop it. Pressing above the part will often stop bleeding. If
+an artery is cut it will spurt red blood. The artery should be tied and
+pressure made upon the limb above the cut toward the body; or tying the
+limb tight. If a finger or toe is cut and bleeds much, press on each side.
+The arteries are there. Put the limb high and the head low. Bandaging a
+limb tight, beginning at the end, often stops bleeding. Stimulants' are
+sometimes necessary for a time.
+
+Punctured Wounds.--From a sharp pointed instrument, nail, etc. The first
+thing to do is to cleanse the wound thoroughly with hot water and about
+one-half ounce of salt to a pint of water. Keep this up constantly for
+one-half hour. Then if it is from a nail, put on a bread and milk poultice
+hot, and keep changing it every ten minutes to keep it good and hot. Keep
+this going for at least an hour. Salt pork can then be put on and kept on;
+or a cloth dipped in hot salt water can be applied, and kept on for a few
+hours when it can be dressed as other wounds are. There should be no
+throbbing pain the next day. A wound of this kind should be dressed every
+day, with great care in the matter of cleanliness. It is lack of
+cleanliness that usually causes trouble, either the poison that gets into
+the wound at the time of injury or that is allowed to get in and infect
+the wound afterwards. Clean hands, tools, basins, dressings and boiled
+water are essential to a quick healing.
+
+Rusty Nail Wound, Simple Guard Against Serious Results from.--"Every
+little while we read of someone who has run a rusty nail in his foot or
+some other part of his person, and lockjaw has resulted therefrom. All
+such wounds can be healed without any fatal consequences following them.
+It is only necessary to smoke such wounds or any wound or bruise that is
+inflamed, with burning wood or woolen cloth. Twenty minutes in the smoke
+will take the pain out of the worst case of inflammation arising from any
+wound I ever saw." Put on a poultice of bread and milk, changing every
+five or ten minutes. After this bind on salt pork and keep on for several
+days.
+
+[394 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Cuts, Iodoform and Vaselin Salve for Barb Wire.--
+
+    "Iodoform     1 teaspoonful.
+    Vaselin       1 ounce."
+
+Before applying the above salve it is very necessary to cleanse the
+affected parts with a solution made of one teaspoonful of salt to a pint
+of water. If the iodoform is offensive to some people, you may use the
+vaselin alone, although the iodoform is known to be one of the best
+healing remedies that can be obtained.
+
+2. Cuts, Turpentine Good in Small Quantities for.--"For cuts and any open
+wound pour turpentine in and put a piece of absorbent cotton on and soak
+well with the liniment, tie up, and leave it so until dry, then pour on
+some more." Care should be taken in using turpentine, not to put too much
+on the wound, as it may cause proud flesh in some people; a little of it
+is very healing and effective.
+
+3. Cuts, Tincture of Myrrh for Fresh.--"Use freely of the tincture of
+myrrh by saturating a cloth and applying to the parts affected." This
+tincture of myrrh may be purchased at, any drug store, and is a very
+effectual remedy for fresh wounds of any description. It is slightly
+contracting, and has great healing qualities.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Bleeding, Unusual Way to Stop.--"If fresh, sprinkle
+full of black pepper. It will not smart, and is soon healed. If not fresh,
+clean with a weak solution saleratus and cover while wet with pepper. This
+has been tried many times in our home and has never failed."
+
+2. Bleeding, Cobwebs to Stop.--"Make a pad of cobwebs and apply to cut. I
+have never found anything to equal this remedy." This simple remedy has
+been known to save many lives, and can always be obtained. As most
+housekeepers know; cobwebs are easily found in every home, and perhaps
+after reading this remedy they will not seem such a pest as heretofore, if
+we stop to think that at some future date our baby's life might be saved
+by using them.
+
+3. Bleeding, Powdered Alum and Hot Water Stops.--"A heaping teaspoonful of
+powdered alum, placed in a teacup of water will stop the flow of blood in
+ordinary wounds, where no large artery has been cut. This will be found
+very beneficial for children, when their finger has been cut and bleeding
+badly." Alum is something that should always be kept in the home, using it
+in a case of emergency when there is no time to run to the drug store.
+
+4. Bleeding, Salt and Flour Successful Remedy for.--"Equal parts of fine
+salt and flour placed on cut. I have seen this tried and it proved
+successful." The salt will stop the bleeding by its astringent action and
+mixed with flour forms a coating over the cut.
+
+5. Bleeding, Boracic Acid Excellent for.--"Bind up in boracic acid
+powder." The boracic acid is very healing and a good antiseptic, which is
+one of the important things to be attended to in a bad cut or wound.
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 395]
+
+6.--Bleeding, Tobacco Will Stop.--"Bind in tobacco." Very few people know
+that the nicotine in tobacco is very healing, and by applying it to a cut,
+not only stops the flow of blood, but heals.
+
+
+
+THINGS IN THE EAR; Buttons, Beads, etc.--The bent hairpin is good to use
+for removing these objects, unless it is too far in. Sometimes the object
+can be washed out with a stream of water. This will kill and destroy
+insects. A small stream from a pitcher will do, if there is no fountain
+syringe handy. Water should not be used for corn, peas or beans, for if
+they are not removed the water will cause them to swell up and enlarge. A
+competent person should then be called, but no injury will be done for a
+few hours.
+
+
+
+GAS from wells, cisterns, mines, illuminating gas and coal gas.
+
+Treatment.--Fresh pure air. Open all windows in the house and remove
+patient from a house filled with coal gas. Artificial respiration: Inject
+salt enemas; teaspoonful of salt to one pint of warm water.
+
+
+
+FITS. (Convulsions).--Loosen all clothing. Put something hard between the
+teeth to keep the patient from biting his tongue. Allow plenty of sleep
+afterward.
+
+
+
+IN-GROWING TOE-NAILS. Causes.--Pressure from improperly fitting shoes, or
+a wrong way of cutting the nails. The flesh along the nails becomes
+inflamed. Toe-nails should be cut straight across, and not trimmed too
+closely at the corners.
+
+Treatment.--Wear broad-toed shoes with low heels. The high heels push the
+toes against the shoe and besides are unhealthy and dangerous in walking.
+
+Hot poultices will relieve the inflammation and pain. Soak the toe in hot
+water and push the flesh back from the nail. Cotton under the edge and
+corner of the nail helps to keep it away. Dust a boric acid powder, mixed
+with an equal quantity of starch flour, on the parts. Mennen's borated
+talcum powder is good.
+
+MOTHER'S REMEDY. 1. In-growing Toe-Nail, Popular Remedy for.--"Shave a
+little common laundry soap and mix with a little cream and pulverized
+sugar, work to the consistency of salve and apply to the affected part
+night and morning. It will take off the proud flesh in about ten days and
+then heal. This is a good salve for bed-sores or cuts, that, have dirt in
+them, and will also draw out a splinter. To prevent in-growing toe-nails,
+scrape the center of the nail very thin and cut a V in the top. This will
+allow the nail to bend and the corners will have a chance to grow up and
+out. Avoid short shoes and stockings." Anyone suffering from this dreaded
+thing will be willing to try anything that will give relief. The above
+treatment is always at hand, and has been known to cure in severe cases.
+
+[396 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+FALLS.--If one has had a severe fall and is wholly or partially conscious,
+move as little as possible, in case of broken bones. Remain in a
+comfortable position until proper aid can be given. If unconscious
+stimulation may be necessary.
+
+
+
+FIRE in Clothing.--Keep quiet, and away from a draught. Wrap anything
+handy around him and roll him. Leave only the head and face uncovered.
+Keep mouth closed.
+
+
+
+CHOKING. (Foreign bodies in the larynx).--Produce vomiting. Give an
+emetic, warm water, melted lard, vaselin or one teaspoonful of mustard in
+one-half glass of warm water and drink. Tickle the throat with your finger
+or a feather. For a child, sometimes by taking hold of the feet with the
+head down and give a few slight jerks frequently expels the foreign body.
+Slap patient's back. The last resort is an operation,--tracheotomy.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Choking, Fish Bone to Stop.--"A fish bone stuck in
+the throat can often be dislodged by swallowing a raw egg or raw oyster."
+
+2. Choking, Simple Remedy to Stop.--"Hold both hands high above the head.
+If necessary tap gently between the shoulders."
+
+3. Choking, Pennyroyal Tea and Lard Relieves.--"Pennyroyal tea and hog's
+lard; drink hot." The pennyroyal may be purchased at any drug store for
+ten cents. Make a tea of this, then add the hog's lard. As we all know,
+that this will produce vomiting and relax the tissues so that any foreign
+matter will come out.
+
+4. Choking, Grease and Meat Common Remedy for.--"Warm lard, or any kind of
+grease, and give the patient. Have seen it used with success." The warm
+grease will usually cause vomiting, and in that way remove the foreign
+matter.
+
+In the Gullet.--An emetic is good to give if the body cannot be reached
+with the hand. Doctors use forceps or another instrument called a probang.
+Pennies will go down into the stomach and pass out through the bowels and
+usually cause no trouble. Fish bones can generally be reached with the
+finger or crochet hook. This is also good for foreign bodies in the nose,
+such as beans.
+
+
+
+THINGS IN THE NOSE. Corn, Peas, Beans, Buttons, etc.--Children frequently
+get such things in their nose and also ears. They should be removed soon
+and then there will be no harm done. They have been known to remain for
+years, and they have been the cause of catarrh. A small curved hair-pin
+makes a good instrument to use and is always handy. Also a crochet hook,
+though not so good, for it will not bend as well as the hair-pin. The
+mother should sit facing a window or open door. The child should be placed
+on its back with its head resting between the mother's limbs and an
+assistant holds the child's hands. Its legs will be hanging down. The
+light now shines into the nostril and the bent hair-pin can be slipped
+over the foreign body and easily hooked out. The head must be held quiet
+by the mother. The mother can do this herself, with one hand holding the
+head quiet and with the other can introduce the hair-pin and remove the
+object. But the position of the child must be reversed with the head
+between her knees and the light shining in the nose; or place the child on
+a bench or cradle or buggy, head on a pillow, and to the light. Hold the
+head and legs quiet; by kneeling by the child's side, you can easily see
+the object and remove it. If they are too far back, they can be pushed
+over into the throat, but parents should never attempt to remove an object
+in the nose they cannot see. Sometimes causing sneezing with a feather or
+pepper will expel the object.
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 397]
+
+TREATMENT OF THE DROWNED, SUFFOCATED OR ELECTRICALLY SHOCKED. Accidents,
+etc.--The one action of first importance in the treatment of the drowned,
+the suffocated or the electrically shocked is to restore breathing. This
+must be done by expelling from the lungs the poison or water which has
+caused the trouble, and by establishing artificial respiration. Avoid
+delay. One moment may lose or save a life.
+
+Schaefer Method of Effecting Artificial Respiration In Case of
+Drowning.--After an investigation and comparison of the different methods
+of artificial respiration, Schaefer suggests one which is by far the
+simplest and easiest and at the same time one of the most effective and
+least injurious to the patient. In describing it he says: "It consists in
+laying the subject in the prone posture, preferably on the ground, with a
+thick folded garment underneath the chest and epigastrium, (region above
+the stomach). The operator puts himself athwart or at the side of the
+subject, facing his head (see plate) and places his hands on each side
+over the lower part of the back (lowest ribs). He then slowly throws the
+weight of his body forward to bear upon his own arms and this presses upon
+the thorax of the subject and forces air out of the lungs. This being
+effected, he gradually relaxes the pressure by bringing his own body up
+again to a more erect position, but without moving his hands." These
+movements should be repeated regularly at a rate of twelve to fifteen
+times per minute, until normal respiration begins or until hope of its
+restoration is abandoned. Some claim there is no hope of restoring
+respiration after half an hour of artificial respiration. Others claim
+there is a chance of saving the patient even then, and say that artificial
+respiration should be kept up for two or three hours.
+
+[398 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+TO RESUSCITATE THE DROWNED.--First: Lose no time in recovering the body
+from the water. Always try to restore life; for while ten minutes under
+the water is usually the limit, still persons have been resuscitated after
+being under water for thirty or forty minutes. Do not lose time by taking
+the body to a place of shelter--operate immediately.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Schaefer Position to be Adopted for Effecting
+Artificial Respiration in Case of Drowning.]
+
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 399]
+
+Second: Quickly lay the person prone, face downward with stomach resting
+on a barrel or roll of clothing, so the head will be lower than rest of
+the body and the water will run out from the throat and lungs. Wipe dry
+mouth and nostrils. Wrap the corner of a handkerchief about the forefinger
+and clear the mouth of all mucus and slimy substance back as far as the
+top of the throat. Rip open the clothing on chest and back and keep the
+face exposed to the air. Separate the jaws and keep them apart with a
+cork, stone, or knot in a handkerchief.
+
+Third: Remove the roll of clothing from underneath the stomach of the
+patient. Kneel by the side of or across the patient. Place your hands over
+the lowest ribs. Lean forward and put your weight straight over the lowest
+ribs. Exert this pressure for three seconds. To count three seconds, say:
+"One thousand and one, one thousand and two; one thousand and three,"
+
+Fourth: Do not remove the hands from the ribs; but release the pressure
+from the ribs for two seconds, by squatting backward. To count two
+seconds, say: "One thousand and one, one thousand and two,"
+
+Fifth: Again exert pressure straight over the lowest ribs for three
+seconds. Alternate thus (three seconds pressure and two seconds release),
+about twelve times a minute, until breathing is restored. This method of
+resuscitation at once expels water and produces the identical results of
+normal breathing.
+
+Sixth: If another person is at hand to assist, let him do everything
+possible to keep the body warm, by sheltering it from the wind, rubbing
+hands and soles of feet, making hot applications. Warm the head nearly as
+fast as the other parts of the body to avoid congestion. Camphor or
+ammonia may be applied to nostrils to excite breathing.
+
+Seventh: Do not give up too soon. Any time within two hours you may be on
+the point of reviving the patient without there being any sign of it. Send
+for a physician as soon as possible after the accident. Prevent friends
+from crowding around the patient and excluding fresh air.
+
+AFTER-TREATMENT.--After breathing is restored, remove the patient to a
+warm bed where there is free circulation of fresh air. Administer in small
+doses stimulants (hot coffee, ginger tea, hot sling) being careful not to
+let the patient choke or strangle. There is danger that the patient may
+suffer congestion of the lungs and have great difficulty in breathing.
+When this occurs, a large mustard plaster should be placed over the lungs.
+
+
+HOW TO KEEP FROM DROWNING.--To keep from drowning it is advisable, but not
+necessary, to know how to swim. The human body in the water weighs little
+more than a pound; so that one finger placed upon a piece of board, an oar
+or a paddle, will easily keep the head above water, and the feet and the
+other hand can be used to propel the body toward the shore. It is all
+important for the person in the water to breathe and keep a cool head, and
+the mouth closed.
+
+[400 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+HOW TO FIND DROWNED PERSONS.--Make a board raft, ten or twelve feet
+square. Cut a round hole in the center, eight or ten inches in diameter.
+Lie down on the raft with the face over the hole, covering the head with a
+coat or shawl, to exclude the light. By this contrivance the rays of the
+light are concentrated directly under the raft, and objects of any size
+can be seen a considerable distance below the surface. Tow the raft over
+the place where the drowned person is supposed to be. If the body has just
+gone under and no raft can be provided at once, dive or drag the bottom
+with line and hooks. The important object is to rescue the body at the
+earliest possible moment. If the body is not rescued, it will rise to the
+surface within a week or ten days.
+
+Three hundred lives are lost in Michigan every year from drowning. If by
+studying and learning how to carry out the directions in this article, you
+can be a life saver at some critical moment, the few moments spent in
+careful reading will be well repaid. Master the directions so that you
+will be able to do everything possible in case of accident.
+
+ELECTRIC SHOCK, ETC.--In suffocation by smoke or any poisonous gas, as
+also by hanging if the neck is not broken, and in suspended breathing from
+effects of chloroform, hydrate of chloral, or electric shock, remove all
+obstructions to breathing, instantly loosen or cut apart all neck and
+waist bands, taking special pains to keep the head very low, and placing
+the body face downward, to prevent closure of the windpipe by the tongue
+falling back. Then proceed to induce artificial respiration the same as in
+drowning, described above.
+
+BATHING IN SEWAGE POLLUTED WATERS IS DANGEROUS.--Cases have been reported
+where typhoid fever has been contracted by bathing in streams below cities
+and villages. Probably this occurred through accidentally or carelessly
+taking the infected water into the mouth. No person should bathe in an
+ordinary stream just below any city or village, or other source of sewage
+or privy drainage, or in any harbor or lake near the entrance into it of a
+sewer or the drainage of a privy.
+
+POISONS
+
+An antidote is something given that counteracts poison, such as soda,
+chalk, magnesia, soap, whiting, milk mixed with magnesia, soda diluted,
+etc., followed by whites of eggs and bland drinks such as flaxseed tea,
+slippery elm tea, quince seed tea, and sweet or castor oil given after
+regular antidote.
+
+For Shock, inject hot black coffee into the rectum.
+
+Emetic is some medicine given to produce vomiting. The simplest emetic is
+mustard and warm water. If one does not know what poison has been taken,
+the best thing to do is to give an emetic first.
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 401]
+
+Mustard.--One-half ounce or four teaspoonfuls for an adult, one to two
+teaspoonfuls for a child, of mustard to a cup of warm water may be given
+and repeated every ten or fifteen minutes until free vomiting is produced.
+
+
+Salt and warm water may be used in the same way. Tickling the throat with
+a finger or a feather produces vomiting.
+
+Goose grease, lard, lard drippings, vaselin, all in large amounts.
+
+Other medicines: Sulphate of zinc, ten to twenty grains at a dose, in a
+cup of warm water; or fluid extract of ipecac fifteen to thirty drops, or
+syrup of ipecac one teaspoonful.
+
+Poisons may be divided into corrosive and irritant.
+
+Corrosive poison: This is a poison that is likely to eat or burn through
+organic tissue immediately.
+
+Irritant poison acts more slowly and produces inflammation which later may
+result in suppuration and perforation.
+
+An emetic or stomach pump cannot be used in some poisons, such as suphuric
+acid, because the tissues are quickly injured by the acid and the emetic
+and pump would only injure farther.
+
+
+
+ACONITE. Symptoms.--Sudden collapse; slow, feeble, irregular pulse, and
+breathing; tickling in the mouth and the extremities, giddiness, great
+muscular weakness; pupils generally dilated, may be contracted; mind is
+clear.
+
+Antidotes: Solution of tannic acid, twenty drops to a glass of water, to
+wash out the stomach.
+
+Treatment.--Stimulants, whisky or brandy; digitalis, artificial
+respiration, warmth and friction of the body. Lie in recumbent position.
+
+
+
+ALCOHOL. Symptoms.--Stupid, confused, giddy, staggers, drowsy, but can be
+aroused; full pulse, deep snoring, respiration, injected eyes, dilated
+pupils, low temperature.
+
+Emetics.--Strong hot coffee, inhale amyl nitrite; hot and cold douches.
+
+
+
+AMMONIA. Symptoms.--Intense inflammation of the stomach and bowels, often
+with bloody vomiting and purging; lips and tongue swollen; violent
+difficulty in breathing; characteristic odor.
+
+Antidotes.--Lemon juice and water, vinegar and water half and half.
+
+Treatment.--Milk, soothing drinks; sweet oil or castor oil, bland drinks
+like flaxseed tea, slippery elm, albumen (white of egg) water. The oil
+should be used last.
+
+
+
+ANTIMONY. Symptoms.--Metallic taste, violent vomiting, becoming bloody,
+feeble pulse; pain and burning in the stomach. Violent watery purging,
+becoming bloody; cramps in the extremities, thirst, great weakness;
+sometimes prostration, collapse, unconsciousness.
+
+Antidotes.--Tannic acid, twenty drops to a glass of water.
+
+[402 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment.--Soothing drinks, milk, white of egg and water, flaxseed tea,
+etc.; external heat.
+
+
+
+ARSENIC, Symptoms.--Violent burning in the stomach, nausea and vomiting,
+retching, thirst, purging of blood and mucus, suppressed urine, cramps in
+the legs, intense thirst, collapse.
+
+Antidotes.--Jeaunel's antidote.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics freely, mustard water, salt and warm water, goose
+grease, etc. White of egg and milk, and then sweet oil or castor oil.
+
+
+
+ARSENICAL POISONING, Chronic Cases, Causes.--Inhaling arsenic from dyes,
+in wall-paper, carpet, etc, Taking it in by the mouth in handling dyed
+paper, artificial flowers, etc., and in many fabrics employed as clothing.
+The glazed green and red papers used in the kindergartens also contain
+arsenic. The drug given in repeated and excessive doses causes poisoning
+sometimes.
+
+Symptoms.--Dry throat, watery swelling of the eyelids, sometimes coryza,
+nausea, burning vomiting, and burning watery diarrhea; skin eruptions,
+falling off of the hair, paralysis of the arms and legs, with wasting and
+numbness, but little pain, The legs are most affected, causing steppage
+gait.
+
+Treatment.--Remove the cause in these chronic cases and treat the
+symptoms. It may be best for a physician to prescribe treatment.
+
+
+
+ATROPINE. Symptoms.--Flushed face, red eyes, throbbing head, pulse fast,
+dizzy, staggering, hot and dry throat, dilated pupils, scarlet rash on the
+skin. Patient may be delirious and wildly so.
+
+Antidotes.--Tannic acid, twenty drops in glass of water. Emetics to
+produce vomiting, such as mustard water, salt and warm water, goose
+grease, vaselin, etc.
+
+Stimulants.--Coffee to drink or by enema, artificial respiration.
+
+
+
+BELLADONNA, Symptoms.--Flushed face, red eyes, throbbing head, pulse fast,
+dizzy, staggering, hot and dry throat, dilated pupils, scarlet rash on the
+skin. Patient may be delirious and wildly so.
+
+Antidotes.--Tannic acid, twenty drops in glass of water,
+
+Treatment.--Emetics to produce vomiting, such as mustard water, warm salt
+water, goose grease, vaselin, etc.
+
+Stimulants.--Coffee to drink or by enema, artificial respiration,
+
+
+
+BLUE STONE. Symptoms.--Vomiting and purging, taste of metal, severe pains,
+dizziness and headache and sometimes insensibility.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics such as mustard water, warm salt water, goose grease,
+vaselin, etc. Then white of eggs, followed by milk and soothing drinks,
+flaxseed tea, etc.
+
+
+
+BLUE VITRIOL. Symptoms.--Vomiting and purging, taste of metal, severe
+pains, dizziness and headache and sometimes insensibility.
+
+Antidote.--Jeaunel's antidote.
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 403]
+
+Treatment.--Emetics such as mustard water, warm salt water, goose grease,
+vaselin, etc., then white of eggs, followed by milk and soothing drinks,
+flaxseed tea, etc.
+
+
+
+CARBOLIC ACID. Symptoms.--Immediately burning pain from mouth to stomach;
+giddiness, loss of consciousness, collapse, partial suppression of the
+urine; characteristic odor and white color of lips, etc.
+
+Antidotes. Epsom salts or glaubers salts, and water very freely to drink;
+drink a pint of flaxseed tea. Later strong coffee or whisky and water as
+stimulants.
+
+External.--If burned externally by carbolic acid, apply immediately some
+oil-sweet oil, olive oil or any good oil at hand-or wash freely with
+baking soda water. Should the acid get into the eye continue application
+of oil or soda water and send for a physician. Hold lower lid down to
+prevent acid getting into pupil until you are sure all the acid is off of
+the lids.
+
+
+
+CHLORAL. Symptoms.--Deep sleep, livid look, pulse weak, breathing slow,
+pupils contracted during sleep, but dilated when awake, temperature low.
+
+Antidotes.--Permanganate of potash, four to five grains every half hour.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics at first, if seen early, such as mustard water, and
+warm salt water, vaselin, goose grease, etc. Keep person awake by walking,
+slapping and cold applications; give strong coffee enemas.
+
+
+
+COPPER. Symptoms.--Intense corrosion of the mouth and stomach, bleeding
+and cramps in the bowels.
+
+Treatment. Emetics.--Mustard water, warm salt water, lard, vaselin, etc.
+Then milk and eggs, black coffee enema.
+
+
+
+CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. Symptoms.--Burning heat in stomach and bowels,
+vomiting, diarrhea, with bloody stools, tongue white, shriveled:
+suppressed urine, gums sore, salivation.
+
+Antidote.--Milk or white of eggs; one egg for four grains of drug; milk,
+flour paste.
+
+Treatment.--Cause vomiting after the antidote has been given, and follow
+with soothing drinks, castor oil.
+
+
+
+CHEESE, Spoiled. Symptoms.--Vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, weakness, cold
+hands and feet.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics, such as warm water and salt until patient vomits
+freely; or mustard water, lard, vaselin, tickle throat with feather, etc.
+Enema to empty lower bowel; stimulants, such as strong coffee or whisky.
+
+
+
+DEADLY NIGHT-SHADE. Symptoms.--Flushed face, red eyes, throbbing head,
+pulse fast, dizzy, staggering, hot and dry throat, dilated pupils, scarlet
+rash on the skin. Patient may be delirious and wildly so.
+
+[404 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Antidotes.--Tannic acid, twenty drops in glass of water. Emetics to
+produce vomiting, such as mustard water, salt and warm water, goose
+grease, vaselin, etc.
+
+Stimulants.--Coffee to drink or by enema, artificial respiration.
+
+
+
+FOWLER'S SOLUTION. Symptoms.--Violent burning in the stomach, nausea and
+vomiting, retching, thirst, purging of blood and mucus, suppressed urine,
+cramps in the legs, intense thirst, collapse.
+
+Antidote.--Jeaunel's antidote.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics freely, mustard water, salt and warm water, goose
+grease, etc., then white of egg and milk and follow with sweet oil or
+castor oil.
+
+
+
+HYDROCHLORIC ACID, Symptoms.--The stomach and bowels are irritated and
+inflamed, the mouth may burn and bleed; swallowing is difficult; "coffee
+grounds" vomiting.; pulse feeble, clammy skin.
+
+Treatment.--Usually the first thing to do is to give an emetic. Send for a
+doctor and give an emetic. Then give chalk or, if necessary, take plaster
+from the wall, mix it with a glass of water. Also three or four eggs (raw)
+in a glass of milk can be taken.
+
+
+
+HELLEBORE, WHITE AND GREEN. Symptoms.--Pain and burning in the bowels,
+vomiting and diarrhea, slow weak pulse, pupils dilated usually.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics, such as mustard water, warm salt water, goose grease,
+vaselin, etc.; stimulants, strong coffee, brandy, whisky. Keep patient
+quiet and warm.
+
+
+
+IODINE. Symptoms.--Pain in throat and stomach, vomiting is yellow from the
+iodine, or blue if starch is in the stomach; color and odor of iodine on
+lips and in mouth.
+
+Antidote.--Starch or flour mixed into a paste with water, should be given
+and followed by emetics.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics, something to cause vomiting, warm salt water, mustard
+water, etc. Then sweating drinks, such as hot flaxseed or hop tea, etc.
+
+
+
+LYE. Symptoms.--Intense inflammation of the stomach and bowels, often with
+bloody vomiting and purging; lips and tongue swollen; violent difficulty
+in breathing; characteristic odor.
+
+Antidotes.--Lemon juice and water; vinegar and water, half and half.
+
+Treatment.--Milk, soothing drinks; sweet oil or castor oil, bland drinks
+like flaxseed tea, slippery elm, albumen (white of egg) water. The oil
+should be used last.
+
+
+
+LAUDANUM. Symptoms.--Excitement at first, soon weariness weighty limbs,
+sleepiness, pin-point pupils, pulse and breathing slow and strong, patient
+roused with difficulty and later it is impossible, snoring breathing.
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 405]
+
+Treatment.--This is a dangerous poison. A stomach pump should be used.
+Emetics, such as mustard and warm water or warm salt water or vaselin,
+etc. Keep patient awake, stimulants, coffee enemas, artificial
+respiration, etc.
+
+
+
+MERCURIC CHLORIDE. Symptoms.--Burning heat in stomach and bowels,
+vomiting, diarrhea, with bloody stools, tongue white, shriveled,
+suppressed urine, gums sore, salivation.
+
+Antidote.--Milk or white of eggs; one egg for four grains of drug, flour
+paste.
+
+Treatment.--Cause vomiting after the antidote has been given, then give
+soothing drinks and dose of castor oil.
+
+
+
+MORPHINE. Symptoms.--Excitement at first, soon weariness, weighty limbs,
+sleepiness, pin-point pupils, pulse and breathing slow and strong; patient
+roused with difficulty and later it is impossible; snoring breathing.
+
+Treatment.--This is a dangerous poison. A stomach pump should be used.
+Emetics, such as mustard and warm water or warm salt water, or vaselin,
+etc. Keep patient awake; stimulants, coffee enemas, artificial
+respiration, etc.
+
+
+
+NUX VOMICA. Symptoms.--Appear quickly. Terrible convulsions, in paroxysms,
+devilish grin, the body is curved backward, jaw set.
+
+Treatment.--Cause vomiting with warm salt water, warm mustard water, lard,
+vaselin, etc.; sixty grains of bromide of potash and thirty grains of
+chloral hydrate by the rectum. Dark quiet room.
+
+
+
+NITRIC ACID. Symptoms.--The stomach and bowels are irritated and inflamed,
+the mouth may burn and bleed; swallowing is difficult. "Coffee grounds"
+vomiting. Pulse feeble, clammy skin.
+
+
+
+OXALIC ACID. Symptoms.--Hot acrid taste; burning, vomiting, collapse, numb
+and stupid.
+
+Antidotes.--Lime or chalk.
+
+Treatment.--Medicines, soothing drinks, flaxseed tea, etc.
+
+
+
+OPIUM. Symptoms.--Excitement at first, soon weariness, weighty limbs,
+sleepiness, pin-point pupils, pulse and breathing slow and strong, patient
+roused with difficulty and later it is impossible, snoring breathing.
+
+Treatment.--This is a dangerous poison. A stomach pump should be used.
+Emetics, such as mustard water, or warm salt water or vaselin, etc. Keep
+patient awake, stimulants, coffee enemas, artificial respiration, etc.
+
+
+
+PARIS GREEN. Symptoms.--Violent burning in the stomach, nausea, and
+vomiting, retching, thirst, purging of blood and mucus, suppressed urine,
+cramps in the legs, intense thirst, collapse.
+
+[406  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Antidotes.--Jeaunel's antidote.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics freely, mustard water, warm salt water, goose grease,
+etc. White of egg and milk first, and then sweet oil or castor oil.
+
+
+
+PAREGORIC. Symptoms.--Excitement at first, soon weariness, weighty limbs,
+sleepiness, pin-point pupils, pulse and breathing slow and strong, patient
+roused with difficulty and later it is impossible, snoring breathing.
+
+Treatment.--This is a dangerous poison. A stomach pump should be used.
+Emetics such as mustard and warm water or warm salt water, or vaselin,
+etc. Keep patient awake, stimulants, coffee enemas, artificial
+respiration, etc.
+
+
+
+PHOSPHORUS MATCHES. Symptoms.--Vomiting and pain, the vomit may be
+luminous in the dark, characteristic odor, after several days deep
+jaundice, blood in vomited matter and bloody stools, pulse is rapid and
+weak.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics to cause vomiting such as warm salt water, warm
+mustard water, etc., followed by epsom salts in large doses; five to ten
+drops of turpentine.
+
+
+
+POTASH, CAUSTIC. Symptoms.--Intense inflammation of the stomach and
+bowels, often with bloody vomiting and purging; lips and tongue swollen;
+violent difficulty in breathing; characteristic odor.
+
+Antidotes.--Lemon juice and water, vinegar and water half and half.
+
+Treatment.--Milk, soothing drinks; sweet oil or castor oil, bland drinks
+like flaxseed tea, slippery elm, albumen water, white of egg water. The
+oil should be used last.
+
+
+
+POISONOUS PLANTS. Symptoms.--Vomiting, terrible weakness.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics such as warm mustard water, warm salt water, goose
+grease, vaselin, lard, etc.; strong coffee, brandy; heat to extremities,
+artificial respiration.
+
+
+
+ROUGH ON RATS. Symptoms.--Violent burning in stomach, nausea, and
+vomiting, retching, thirst, purging of blood and mucus, Suppressed urine,
+cramps in legs, intense thirst, collapse.
+
+Antidote.--Jeannel's antidote.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics freely such as warm mustard water, warm salt water,
+goose grease, etc. White of egg and milk first, and then sweet oil or
+castor oil.
+
+[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 407]
+
+SALTPETRE. Symptoms.--Intense inflammation of the stomach and bowels,
+often with bloody vomiting and purging; lips and tongue swollen; violent
+difficulty in breathing; characteristic odor.
+
+Antidotes.--Lemon juice and water, vinegar and water half and half.
+
+Treatment.--Milk, soothing drinks; sweet oil or castor oil, bland drinks
+like flaxseed tea, slippery elm, albumen (white of egg) water. The oil
+should be used last.
+
+
+
+SANTONIN. Symptoms.--Object looks blue, then yellow, ringing ears,
+dizziness.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics such as warm mustard water, warm salt water, goose
+grease, lard, etc.; stimulants, brandy, strong coffee.
+
+
+
+STRYCHNINE. Symptoms.--Appear quickly. Terrible convulsions, in paroxysms,
+devilish grin, the body is curved backward, jaw set.
+
+Treatment.--Cause vomiting, with warm salt water, warm mustard water,
+lard, vaselin, etc.; sixty grains of bromide of potash and thirty grains
+of chloral hydrate by the rectum. Dark, quiet room.
+
+
+
+SPOILED FOODS. Symptoms.--Vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, weakness, cold hands
+and feet.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics such as warm salt water until patient vomits freely;
+or mustard water, lard, goose grease, vaselin, tickle throat with feather,
+etc.
+
+
+
+SULPHURIC ACID. Symptoms.--The stomach and bowels are irritated and
+inflamed, the mouth may burn and bleed; swallowing is difficult. "Coffee
+grounds" vomiting. Pulse feeble, clammy skin.
+
+Treatment.--Usually the first thing to do is to give an emetic. Send for a
+doctor and give an emetic. Then give chalk or, if necessary, take plaster
+from wall, mix it with a glass of water. Also three or four eggs (raw) in
+a glass of milk can be taken.
+
+
+
+TARTAR EMETIC. Symptoms.--Metallic taste, violent vomiting, becoming
+bloody, feeble pulse; pain and burning in the stomach. Violent watery
+purging, becoming bloody; cramps in the extremities, thirst, great
+weakness; sometimes prostration, collapse, unconsciousness.
+
+Antidotes.--Tannic acid, twenty drops to glass of water.
+
+Treatment.--Soothing drinks, milk, white of egg and water, flaxseed tea,
+etc., external heat.
+
+
+
+TOBACCO. Symptoms.--Vomiting, terrible weakness.
+
+Treatment.--Emetics, such as warm salt water, warm mustard water, goose
+grease, lard, vaselin, etc.; then stimulants such as strong, coffee,
+brandy; heat to extremities, artificial respiration.
+
+
+
+WINE OF ANTIMONY. Symptoms.--Metallic taste, violent vomiting, becoming
+bloody, feeble pulse; pain and burning in the stomach. Violent watery
+purging, becoming bloody; cramps in the extremities, thirst, great
+weakness; sometimes prostration, collapse, unconsciousness.
+
+Antidotes.--Tannic acid, twenty drops to glass of water.
+
+Treatment.--Soothing drinks, milk, white of egg and water, flax seed tea,
+etc.; external heat.
+
+
+[408 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+HERB DEPARTMENT
+
+OVER ONE HUNDRED (100) MEDICAL HERBS
+Partially Illustrated, with Full and Detailed Explanation as
+to Their Internal and External Uses, Part to Be Used,
+When to Gather, Time of Flowering,
+Where Found, Preparation for Medicine,
+Teas, Etc., and Full Directions for Using.
+
+
+In preparing this department we have been governed by two essential
+observations. First, that the tendency in American and Canadian homes is
+to the return to the good old home remedies that mother and grandmother
+used so successfully. We have, therefore, tried to choose in this list of
+over one hundred herbs, the most common ones, ones that could be prepared
+at home easily and quickly and which would be perfectly safe for the
+average person to administer as medicine.
+
+Second, upon a close examination of the herb departments of practically
+all of the medical works or receipt books sold for family use today we
+discovered that only general information and directions were given. In
+this connection, we have endeavored, and we believe successfully, to
+supply what other books have neglected,--definite directions for the
+preparation, dose, etc. Should a physician leave a bottle of medicine at
+your home without directions you would not think of using it, and it is
+just as useless and indiscreet for a young mother to attempt to use herbs
+from the field without explicit directions for their preparation and
+administration.
+
+We give below a few important directions for gathering, keeping and
+preparation of herbs, etc., for reference when using herbs not in this
+list. Those in the list are explained under their respective headings.
+
+Drying and Preserving Roots, Herbs, Barks, etc.--Gather herbs when the
+weather is fine, when there is no dew upon them, when the flowers are in
+full bloom or the seeds are ripening. By gathering the herbs yourself you
+are assured of their being fresh although, if living in the city, you can
+purchase them ready prepared in ounce packages for about five cents at any
+drug store. Should you gather them yourself dry them in the shade, after
+which they should be kept from exposure to the air by wrapping up in paper
+or keeping in paper bags, tied and hung up in the attic or other dry
+place. If hanging exposed in your home for a long time watch them that
+moths do not gather in them and make their nests.
+
+
+[Illustration: BLOODROOT]
+[Illustration: ELDER FLOWERS]
+[Illustration: PLEURISY ROOT]
+[Illustration: SNAKE HEAD]
+[Illustration: SENECA SNAKE ROOT]
+[Illustration: GINSENG]
+[Illustration: MANDRAKE OR MAY-APPLE]
+[Illustration: WAHOO]
+[Illustration: SCOURING RUSH]
+[Illustration: BONESET]
+[Illustration: ROCK ROSE]
+[Illustration: TANSY]
+[Illustration: BEARBERRY]
+[Illustration: ST. JOHN'S WORT]
+[Illustration: WORMWOOD]
+[Illustration: TRUE CHAMOMILE]
+[Illustration: INDIAN TOBACCO OR LOBELIA]
+[Illustration: CANADA FLEABANE]
+[Illustration: MARSH MARIGOLD]
+[Illustration: AMERICAN WORMSEED]
+[Illustration: ELECAMPANE]
+[Illustration: MUSTARD]
+[Illustration: PARTRIDGE BERRY]
+
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 409]
+
+
+Roots should be dug in the spring when the sap is rising if you wish to
+make extract; or they may be gathered in autumn when they have ceased to
+vegetate. To dry for winter use they should be sliced, dried and kept from
+the air.
+
+Barks should be stripped when the tree is in full leaf and dried in the
+shade. The bark of the roots should be taken in the fall, when the sap has
+descended.
+
+Flowers and Seeds.--Flowers should be gathered when in full bloom and free
+from the dew and should be kept from exposure to the air. Be sure that
+seeds have fully matured; dry them also in a shady place and keep ready
+for use.
+
+Preparation of Herbs for Medicine.--There are many different methods of
+preparing herbs for medicine,--Infusion, Decoction, Fomentation, Ointment,
+Plaster, Poultice, Powder, Essence, Tincture, etc. Only five of these,
+Plaster, Poultice, Fomentations, Decoction and Infusion are commonly used.
+An infusion is more commonly called "tea."
+
+Infusion or Tea, to make.--Usually about one ounce of the herb to a pint
+of water is used for an infusion. Sometimes cold water is poured over the
+herb, but the most common method is to pour boiling water over the herb
+and let stand for a short time, just as you would make common tea for the
+table. Sometimes a little sugar may be added to make the tea more
+palatable. An infusion or tea should be used while fresh.
+
+Decoction, to make.--Make same as for infusion and boil for some time,
+just as you would make coffee.
+
+Essence, to make.--Take about an ounce of the essential oil of the herb
+and dissolve in a pint of alcohol.
+
+Fomentations, to make.--Dip cloths or heavy towels in the infusion or
+decoction, wring out and apply locally to part that you wish to cover.
+
+Ointments or Salve, to make.--An easy method to make a salve or ointment
+is to take about eight parts of vaselin or lard or any like substance and
+add two parts of the remedy you wish to use. Thus, if you were to make a
+sulphur salve you would use eight ounces of vaselin and two ounces of
+sulphur; stir and mix well while hot and when cool you would have a
+regular sulphur salve or ointment.
+
+Plasters, to make.--Bruise the leaves, root, or other part of the plant
+and place between two pieces of cloth, just as you would a mustard
+plaster, and apply to the surface you wish to cover.
+
+[410 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Poultices, to make.--Poultices are used to apply heat (moist heat), to
+soothe or to draw. Usually a soft substance is used, such as soap and
+sugar, bread and milk, mustard, etc. Some cause a counter-irritation, some
+draw the blood from a congested part and thus relieve pain. In the chapter
+on nursing many different poultices are given with methods of preparing
+them.
+
+Powder, to make.--The part to be used is crushed, pounded, or ground until
+it is made very fine. It is best to have substance dry if to be prepared
+for powder.
+
+Syrups, to make.--After preparing the substance for a tea boil for some
+time, then add considerable sugar and stir until all is nicely dissolved.
+To each pint of this syrup add one ounce of glycerin and seal up in
+bottles or cans as you would fruit.
+
+Tincture, to make.--Take one ounce of the powdered herb and add 4 ounces
+of water and 12 ounces of alcohol, let stand for two weeks. A dram of
+glycerin may be added. After standing for two weeks pour off liquid and
+bottle for use. If it is necessary for you to use a tincture we would
+advise that you buy it at a drug store, as it is not often made properly
+at home. The above is a safe method for making a tincture and would not be
+especially strong. Should the herb used have a very weak medicinal power
+one to four ounces of the herb may be used for the above amount of water
+and alcohol.
+
+
+
+ALDER, SPOTTED.--Snapping Hazelnut. Winterbloom. Witch Hazel. Hamamelis.
+
+Internally used for.--Falling of the womb, sore mouth, falling of the
+bowel, piles, bleeding diarrhea.
+
+Externally used for.--Sore eyes, ulcers, sores, enlarged veins, sprains,
+bruises and ivy poisoning.
+
+Part used.--Leaves and fresh bark.
+
+Gather.--In the fall.
+
+Flowers (when).--From September to November.
+
+Grows (where).--In all sections of the United States, especially in damp
+woods.
+
+Prepared (how).--As a poultice, ointment, decoction. Make a decoction by
+using one and one-half ounces of the fresh bark or leaves, boiled in a
+pint of water. The medicine can be bought at any drug store.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For sore mouth, throat, leucorrhea, falling of the
+womb and bowel, use the decoction strong locally. It should not cause any
+pain. For falling bowel, use a full strength injection and apply locally
+with cloths on the sore bowels. Used locally for bleeding from the nose or
+from pulling teeth. For piles, an ointment can be made by using strong
+decoction and cosmaline mixed. Apply decoction locally on varicose veins
+or varicose ulcers. It is often used in the form of "Pond's Extract." For
+diarrhea one to three ounces every three hours. Good also applied locally
+for burns, old sores, eczema, ivy poisoning, bruises.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 411]
+
+
+BALMONY. Snakehead. Fish Mouth. Turtlebloom. Bitter Herb. Salt Rheum Weed.
+Chelone Glabra.
+
+Internally used for.--Dyspepsia, weak digestive organs, jaundice.
+
+Part used.--Leaves are best for medical use.
+
+Gather.--In the fall.
+
+Flowers (when).--From July to late Autumn.
+
+Grows (where).--Found in the United States in wet grounds.
+
+Prepared (how).--Leaves made into a powder or tea. One ounce of the leaves
+to a pint of boiling water to make the tea. Let steep.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the powder, for above-named diseases,
+one-half to one even teaspoonful, four times a day. Dose of the tea for
+the above diseases, one to two ounces three or four times a day. The tea
+is the best to use. Gentian can be added to this remedy, if desired, when
+a more active bitter tonic is wanted. Use same amount of each and make
+into a tea. Dose of combination, one to two ounces before meals.
+
+
+
+BAYBERRY.--Wax Myrtle. Waxberry. Candleberry. Myrica Cerifera.
+
+Gather.--Collect it late in the fall, dry without exposure to moisture,
+pound with a hammer to separate the bark, powder and keep in dark, sealed
+vessels.
+
+Grows (where).--In damp places in United States, especially in New Jersey.
+
+Prepared (how).--As a powder, poultice, decoction. To make decoction use
+one ounce of the bark to a pint of water and boil.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For jaundice, use the decoction, one to three
+ounces, every two to five hours. For diarrhea and dysentery one-half ounce
+every two hours. For blood diseases and scrofula, take two ounces four
+times daily. Poultice for scrofulous tumors and ulcers, alone, or with
+elm. For sore throat, mouth and gums gargle freely with the decoction. A
+plaster can be made and used on ulcers. Dose of powder: twenty to
+thirty grains, three times a day.
+
+
+
+BEARBERRY. Upland or Wild Cranberry. Mountain Box. Red Berry. Arbutus Uva
+Ursi.
+
+Internally, used for.--Its special use is in kidney and bladder troubles.
+It may be used in diarrhea, dysentery, leucorrhea, but as stated it is
+better for cystitis, urinary trouble, etc., gonorrhea.
+
+Part used.--The leaves.
+
+Gather.--In autumn, and use only the green leaves.
+
+Grows (where).--On mountains and dry land in United States, Europe and
+Asia.
+
+[412 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Prepared (how).--As a powder or decoction. For decoction use one ounce of
+the leaves and boil in one and one-half pints of distilled water. Boil
+down to a pint.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--One to three ounces every two to four hours for
+gonorrhea, with bloody and mucous discharges and pain in the bladder. For
+cystitis one ounce every two hours. For kidney troubles one ounce four
+times a day. If taken long or in too large doses it irritates the kidneys.
+
+
+
+BEECHDROPS. Cancer Root. Epipegus Virginiana.
+
+Internally, used for.--An astringent for bleeding from the bowels and
+womb, and for diarrhea.
+
+Externally, used for.--Erysipelas and skin eruptions, ulcers, and also
+good as an injection in leucorrhea.
+
+Part used.--Roots and tops.
+
+Flowers (when).--In August and September.
+
+Grows (where).--All parts of North America.
+
+Prepared (how).--As a powder, decoction, and poultice. To make a decoction
+take one ounce of the root to a pint of water and boil. Keep adding water
+to make a full pint.
+
+Diseases, Doses, etc.--The decoction has been used in erysipelas, one-half
+to one ounce every two hours. Same dose for bleeding and diarrhea. Dose of
+powder ten to fifteen grains, four times a day. Decoction can be used
+locally in erysipelas. This is also good for ulcers and wounds, and for
+skin affections applied locally; or a poultice can be used. A poultice of
+this remedy, poke and white oak, equal parts, is very good for old sores.
+Useful locally also for sore mouth and throat, and as an injection for
+leucorrhea.
+
+
+
+BETHROOT. Birth Root. Ground Lily. Lambs Quarter. Wake Robin. Indian Balm.
+Three-Leaved Night-Shade. Trillium Purpureum.
+
+Internally used for.--Astringent, tonic, antiseptic. For bleeding from
+lungs, kidneys and womb, for leucorrhea and for confinement. Also for
+diarrhea, nose-bleed.
+
+Externally.--The root is used as a poultice for tumors, lazy ulcers,
+buboes, carbuncles, stings of insects.
+
+Part used.--The root. This contains volatile oil, tannic acid, etc.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--In May and June.
+
+Grows (where).--In middle western and southern states.
+
+Prepared (how).--As a poultice, powder and infusion. Use one to one and
+one-half ounce of root to a pint of boiling water for infusion.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For female weakness, bleeding, leucorrhea, and
+bearing down particularly, bloody urine, two to four ounces, of the strong
+tea, four times daily, and also used as an injection in leucorrhea, once
+daily. For bleeding from the lungs, one ounce every hour for a few doses.
+For dysentery and diarrhea boil one ounce in a pint of milk and use two
+ounces every two to four hours. Powdered root, given in hot water, may be
+used in doses of one-half to one teaspoonful three times a day, instead of
+infusion. Taken after confinement, use the infusion four times a day,
+smell of the red bethroots.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 413]
+
+BLACKBERRY. Dewberry or low blackberry. Red Raspberry.
+
+Internally, used for.--Tonic and astringent, diarrhea, bleeding from the
+bowels and womb, injection for leucorrhea.
+
+Externally, used for.--Gonorrhea, gleet.
+
+Part used.--Leaves of the raspberry and the bark of the other two.
+
+Flowers (when).--Spring.
+
+Grows (where).--Almost everywhere.
+
+Prepared (how).--Use one ounce of the leaves of raspberry or bark of
+either of the others, to a pint of water and boil to make a decoction.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For diseases mentioned, such as diarrhea, take one
+tablespoonful every four hours. For injection use the decoction. This is
+used once daily for leucorrhea, gleet, gonorrhea, falling of the womb and
+bowel. Internally it is also used as a diuretic.
+
+
+
+BLACK HAW. Viburnum Prunifolium.
+
+Internally, used for.--Tonic, astringent, diuretic and alterative. Tonic
+for the womb, for threatened abortion and prevention of miscarriage. Good
+for severe after-pains, and for bleeding from the womb.
+
+Part used.--Bark of the root.
+
+Flowers (when).--From March to July.
+
+Grows (where).--Most abundant in the middle states and southern.
+
+Prepared (how).--As an infusion and tincture (or fluid extract). Prepare
+infusion by adding one ounce of bark of the root to a pint of boiling
+water.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For threatened abortion or miscarriage use infusion
+three or four times daily, in two teaspoonfuls doses, a week or two
+before, it usually has occurred; or the tincture in ten to twenty drop
+doses five times daily. For bleeding from the womb take ten to twenty
+drops, four times daily, a few days before the time for the flow.
+
+
+
+BLOOD ROOT. Red Puceoon. Red Root. Sanguinaria Canadensis.
+
+Internally, used for.--Tonic, emetic, and for sick headache.
+
+Externally, used for.--Ulcers, ringworms and warts.
+
+Part used.--Root and should be kept dry.
+
+Flowers (when).--Appears early in March and April.
+
+Grows (where).--Most parts of United States in woods, groves, in shaded
+banks, in rich light soil.
+
+[414 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Prepared (how).--An Infusion and powder. For an infusion one ounce to one
+pint of vinegar.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of powder as an emetic, ten to twenty grains.
+Dose of infusion as an emetic one to four teaspoonfuls: For ringworm,
+tetter and warts, it is applied locally, freely. Applied to ulcers and
+growths, it often cures, and removes the growths. As a tonic for the
+stomach, the dose should be small, one to one and one-half teaspoonful of
+the infusion four times daily, and for sick headache it should be half as
+much and not repeated oftener than twice, a half hour apart.
+
+
+
+BLUE FLAG. Flower de Luce. Flag Lily. Snake Lily. Liver Lily. Iris
+Versicolor.
+
+Internally, used for.--Chronic liver troubles, sick or bilious headache,
+cathartic, catarrh of the upper bowel, jaundice, round worms, indigestion,
+chronic rheumatism.
+
+Part used.--The root. Make a tincture immediately or dry it quickly before
+the fire, clean, powder, and bottle tight for use.
+
+Gather.--In the fall. It must be kept fresh.
+
+Flowers (when).--May or June.
+
+Grows (where).--Found in all parts of the United States, growing in wet
+places, in meadows and borders of swamps. Prepared (how).--In powder,
+tincture or fluid extract. They can all be bought.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--As a cathartic, five to twenty grains of powder. If
+it nauseates, mix with it a few grains of capsicum or ginger. Dose of
+saturated tincture, ten to sixty drops. Fluid extract, twenty to sixty
+drops. For sick headache one drop doses every hour. For chronic liver
+troubles, five to ten drops of tincture, four times daily. Same dose for
+all chronic diseases. For round worms, large doses must be used, enough to
+move the bowels. Following is good for indigestion and biliousness: Fluid
+extract of blue flag and golden seal each; one-half ounce, simple elixir,
+one ounce. Take a dessertspoonful in hot water, before meals.
+
+
+
+BONESET.--Thoroughwort. Fever Wort. Sweating Plant. Cross Wort. Indian
+Sage. Ague Weed. Vegetable Antimony. Eupatorium Perfoliatum.
+
+Internally, used for.--Ague, malarial fevers, influenza, colds, tonic,
+cathartic.
+
+Externally, used for.--A fomentation.
+
+Part used.--The top and leaves.
+
+Gather.--When at its best in early autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--In August and September.
+
+Grows (where).--All over the United States.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 415]
+
+Prepared (how).--Powder. Infusion, one and one-half ounces to a pint of
+water.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For malarial fever, a hot strong infusion taken
+freely as hot as possible. Teacupful at a time often enough to produce
+sweating. Same way for colds and influenza. Use the cold infusion as a
+tonic and laxative. As a tonic it is useful after fevers, etc. Dose of
+powder ten to twenty grains. Dose of infusion two to four ounces. It can
+be combined with tansy and hops and makes splendid fomentation.
+
+
+
+BROOKLIME. Veronica Beccabunga.
+
+Internally, used for.--Scurvy and for the menses, obstructed menstruation.
+
+Part used.--Leaves and top.
+
+Gather.--Early autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--From April to August.
+
+Grows (where).--Eastern and northern states, and grows in small streams
+and near watercourses.
+
+Prepared (how).--As a decoction, and it may be used freely.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For scurvy used to purify the blood. It is used in
+decoction to regulate menstruation, and should be taken freely and warm
+and begun a day before the menstrual period.
+
+
+
+BUCHU. A South African plant of the genus Barosma.
+
+Internally, used for.--Bladder troubles. In irritable bladder and urethra,
+due to increased sand in the urine, inflammation.
+
+Part used.--Leaves.
+
+Gather.--Buy in drug store.
+
+Grows (where).--In Africa.
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion; make it by putting one ounce of the leaves to a
+pint of boiling water and let it steep.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose is two to four ounces, three or four times a
+day in chronic cases of bladder trouble, or one ounce every two or three
+hours in acute cases. It is very good when the urine is not free or is
+painful to pass. In acute and chronic inflammation, but more especially in
+the acute form. If it injures the stomach it can be used in alternation
+with pumpkin seed tea.
+
+
+
+BURDOCK. Arctium Lappa.
+
+Internally, used for.--Kidney troubles, rheumatism, syphilis, skin
+diseases. Must be used a long time.
+
+Externally, used for.--Can be used as an ointment.
+
+Part used.--Roots and seeds.
+
+Gather.--In the spring.
+
+Grows (where).--Almost everywhere.
+
+Prepared (how).--As a decoction, two ounces to a pint of water or fluid
+extract can be bought.
+
+[416 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of decoction: This should be used freely as it
+is not strong, one pint can be taken in twenty-four hours. Used as an
+ointment for skin diseases; the juice, of the leaves, is mixed with lard,
+cream or vaselin. This remedy is used frequently in combination with other
+blood remedies, for the above named diseases and is very beneficial.
+
+
+
+CARROT. Wild Carrot. Bird's Nest. Bee's Nest. Daucus Carota.
+
+Internally, used for.--Dropsy, chronic kidney troubles and gravel.
+
+Externally, used for.--Ulcers: as a poultice.
+
+Part used.--Roots and seeds. Garden carrot, only the root is used.
+
+Flowers (when).--June to September.
+
+Grows (where).--In neglected fields and by roadsides.
+
+Prepared (how).--In infusion (tea) by using one ounce to a pint of boiling
+water and allow it to steep, but not to boil.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose, two to four ounces of the infusion, three or
+four times a day, for diseases mentioned. When the infusion is made from
+the seeds the dose is only about one-third of a teaspoonful four times
+daily. For external use for troublesome ulcers, scrape or grate the root
+and apply to the ulcers.
+
+
+
+CATNIP. Catmint. Catwort. Nepeta Cataria.
+
+Internally, used for.--Sweating, nervous troubles, colic and tonic.
+
+Externally, used for.--Poultices and fomentations.
+
+Part used.--Leaves and top.
+
+Gather.--Early autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--June to September.
+
+Grows (where).--Grows in dry neglected places, about old buildings and
+fences.
+
+Prepared (how).--The infusion should be prepared by adding one ounce of
+the plant to a pint of boiling water, Do not let it boil, but only steep;
+stand only a few minutes; when wanted as a tonic, use it cold. When used
+for sweating purposes, etc., it must be used hot.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Drink as freely as the stomach will permit. It is
+frequently used for colic in babies in doses of half to one teaspoonful,
+warm. To produce sweating it should be used hot and freely taken. A
+combination of catnip, lady's slipper and skullcap, equal parts, either in
+the infusion or fluid extract, one dram doses, is good for nervous
+headache, hysteria, chorea. Leaves are used as a fomentation. The
+expressed juice of the plant is good for amenorrhea in one to two
+teaspoonful doses five times daily.
+
+
+
+CELANDINE.--Tetter Wort. Chelidonium Majus.
+
+Internally, used for.--Liver and skin troubles.
+
+Externally, used for.--Warts, corns, salt rheum.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 417]
+
+Part used.--Herb and root. Latter is the best.
+
+Flowers (when).--Throughout the summer.
+
+Grows (where).--In the United States in waste places.
+
+Prepared (how).--It is best used internally in the tincture, powdered
+root, or fresh juice.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For liver disease, it is especially good where the
+pain is under the right shoulder blade. Use the tincture in ten-drop doses
+three times a day. Externally rub the juice on the corn or wart. Make an
+ointment from the root and rub this on the skin for salt rheum. It is said
+to be good for piles also. Dose:--Powdered root ten to twenty to thirty
+grains. Tincture, ten to twenty drops, and of the juice ten to twenty
+drops.
+
+
+
+CHAMOMILE. Roman Chamomile. Anthemis Nobilis.
+
+Internally, used for.--Tonic in small doses, dyspepsia, colic, cramp,
+diarrhea, dysmenorrhea.
+
+Externally, used for.--Fomentation, boiled in vinegar and applied to
+painful swellings.
+
+Part used.--Leaves and herb.
+
+Gather.--When in bloom.
+
+Flowers (when).--Summer.
+
+Grows (where).--Native of Europe. It grows wild in the United States.
+
+Prepared (how).--As an infusion use a half ounce to a pint of boiling
+water, steep and take freely.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Use cold infusion in dyspepsia; warm infusion for
+colic and cramps, and for diarrhea in children, especially of the green
+kind of stools. Dose:--One teaspoonful every two or three hours. Good for
+nervousness in teething children. An oil also is used, two to five drops
+on sugar. This is given for colic, cramps, and in painful dysmenorrhea.
+
+
+
+CLEAVERS. Goose Grass. Catch Weed. Clivers. Bed Straw. Galium Aparine.
+
+Internally, used for.--Suppression of the urine, gravel, inflammation of
+the kidneys and bladder, and for scalding urine in gonorrhea.
+
+Externally, used for.--Freckles.
+
+Part used.--The plant.
+
+Gather.--Early autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--From June to September.
+
+Grows (where).--Common in the United States, growing on cultivated
+grounds, moist thickets, and along fences and hedges.
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion. Use one and one-half ounces of the herb in a
+pint of warm water and allow it to steep for two hours.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take two to four ounces of the infusion three or
+four times a day, when it is cold. The dose can be lessened and taken
+oftener. It may be sweetened with sugar when taken for the diseases named
+above. Also equal parts of cleavers, maidenhair, and elder blows, steeped
+in warm water for two or three hours and drank freely when cold forms an
+excellent drink in erysipelas, scarlet fever and measles. An infusion made
+with cold water is good to remove freckles; wash the parts several times
+daily for two or three months.
+
+[418 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CLOVES. Caryophyllus.
+
+Internally, used for.--Flatulent colic, diarrhea, cholera morbus,
+toothache, (oil of cloves).
+
+Gather.--Collect flowers in October and November, before they are fully
+developed and dry quickly.
+
+Grows (where).--In tropical climate.
+
+Prepared (how).--Boil two or three teaspoonfuls of the ground cloves in a
+half pint of milk.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Two to four teaspoonfuls every twenty to thirty
+minutes for gas colic, or diarrhea where the bowels need tone. The oil can
+be used in three to five-drop doses. Also good to place in hollow teeth.
+Put a little of the oil on cotton and insert into the tooth. It is also
+good to add to other medicines to stop griping and nausea.
+
+
+
+BLUE COHOSH. Squaw Root. Papoose Root. Blue Berry. Caulophyllum
+Thalictroides.
+
+Internally, used for.--Nervous affection, rheumatism, womb troubles, such
+as amenorrhea, leucorrhea; used previous to labor it is beneficial and
+also good for afterpains.
+
+Externally, used for.--Sore throat.   Part used.--Root.
+
+Gather.--Latter part of summer or in autumn.
+
+Grows (where).--All over the United States in low moist rich grounds, near
+running streams, in swamps, etc.
+
+Prepared (how).--As an infusion or decoction. It can be bought in the
+fluid extract form. Make a tea by adding one ounce of the root to a pint
+of boiling water. Decoction is made by allowing it to boil some length of
+time.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of fluid extract fifteen to thirty drops. Dose
+of tea, two to four ounces, three or four times daily. Dose of decoction,
+one-half the amount. When used in acute disease, the dose should not be
+more than one-fourth as much and given every one or two hours. For
+rheumatism it is especially valuable, when small joints like the fingers
+and toes are involved. It is very good in the chronic womb diseases named
+above. It should be used in small doses several weeks prior to labor. It
+is said to assist in making labor easier.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 419]
+
+BLACK COHOSH. Rattle Root. Black Snake Root. Squaw Root. Rich Weed.
+Cimicifuga Racemosa.
+
+Internally, used for.--Chorea, dependent upon rheumatism; rheumatism,
+amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, leucorrhea, afterpains.
+
+Part used.--Root.
+
+Gather.--Early in the autumn and dry in the shade.
+
+Flowers (when).--In June and July.
+
+Grows (where).--Native of United States. Grows in shady and rocky woods,
+rich grounds and on sides of hills.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powder; decoction, one ounce to a pint of water; and
+tincture.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of decoction half to one ounce; of powder ten
+to twenty grains. For chorea, use powder, twenty grains, three times a
+day. Use tincture or fluid extract or the decoction for womb affections.
+Dose of tincture, thirty to sixty drops three times daily. Fluid extract,
+ten to thirty drops three times daily; for afterpains give half as much
+about every three hours. In making the decoction you can make it stronger
+by boiling longer. The dose must then be less, according to the strength.
+This is a very useful remedy. For rheumatism, especially the chronic kind,
+it is often beneficial.
+
+
+
+COMFREY. Healing Herb. Gum Plant.
+
+Internally, used for.--An astringent and soothing agent in diarrhea,
+dysentery, coughs, lung affections, female weakness, leucorrhea, and
+urinary diseases.
+
+Externally, used for.--Bruises, ruptures, fresh wounds, sore breasts,
+ulcers and swellings.
+
+Part used.--Root.
+
+Flowers (when).--May or June.
+
+Prepared (how).--It is boiled in water or wine or it can be made into
+syrup. For external use bruise the root and apply it to the diseased part.
+
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the syrup one to four ounces, two or three
+times a day. For the diseases named it is best to take it in smaller doses
+and oftener, say four teaspoonfuls every hour or two; children in
+proportion.
+
+
+
+CORN SILK. Zea Mays.
+
+Internally, used for.--Diuretic, quieting to the urinary passages.
+Congested kidney, dropsy from heart disease, chronic nephritis,
+suppression of the urine, renal colic, haematuria, cystitis.
+
+Prepared (how).--Make a tea and drink freely. Fluid extract can be bought.
+
+Diseases., Dose, etc.--Dose: One to two teaspoonfuls of fluid extract
+three or four times a day, or drink freely of tea for above diseases.
+
+[420 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CRANBERRY (High). Cramp Bark. Viburnum Opulus.
+
+Internally, used for.--Cramps and spasms of all kinds, asthma, hysteria;
+cramps in the legs, especially during pregnancy, or at labor.
+
+Part used.--Bark.
+
+Gather.--Early autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--In June.
+
+Grows (where).--In Canada and northern United States, in low rich lands,
+woods, borders of fields.
+
+Prepared (how).--Use an ounce of the bark, powdered, to a quart of wine.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take half a wineglassful four times a day for
+continued use. For hysteria attacks, asthma spasms, less should be used
+and taken oftener for a few doses. The following combination is effective
+for the spasmodic attacks, above named: Cramp bark two ounces, scull cap
+and skunk cabbage one ounce each, cloves one-half ounce, capsicum two even
+teaspoonfuls. Powder all, and bruise and add to them two quarts of good
+native wine. Dose: one or two ounces two or three times a day; oftener and
+smaller doses for hysteria, etc. It should be taken for two or three
+months during pregnancy.
+
+
+
+CRAWLEY. Dragon's Claw. Coral Teeth. Fever Root. Chicken Toes. Albany
+Beechdrops. Corallorhiza Odontorhiza.
+
+Internally, used for.--Sweating purposes in fevers and inflammatory
+diseases, acute erysipelas, pleurisy, low stages of fevers, amenorrhea and
+dysmenorrhea, in afterpains, and suppressed lochia.
+
+Part used.--The root.
+
+Gather.--In the fall.
+
+Flowers (When).--In July. No leaves.
+
+Grows (where).--Found on barren hills and shady uplands in northern states
+and Canada.
+
+Prepared (how) .--Powder and keep it in well closed bottles.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of powder, from ten to twenty grains in hot
+water and repeated every hour or two as needed. Combined with blue cohosh,
+it is very beneficial in amenorrhea, etc., as above stated. In fevers,
+Culver's root can be added to it, if the bowels need regulating. It is
+also good for flatulent colic in twenty-grain doses. Some combine pleurisy
+root with it in pleurisy. It should be given in acute diseases every one
+to two hours as needed.
+
+
+
+CRANESBILL (spotted). Crowfoot. Tormentil. Storkbill. Alum Root. Geranium
+Maculalum.
+
+Internally, used for.--Second stage of dysentery, diarrhea in an infusion
+of milk; in bleedings, sore mouth, leucorrhea, gleet, menorrhagia and
+excessive mucous discharges, nose-bleed, bleeding from extracted teeth,
+piles, bleeding after labor, sore throat.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 421]
+
+Part used.--The root.
+
+Gather.--Collected in late autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--From April to June.
+
+Grows (where).--In United States in open woods, thickets and hedges.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powder. Use one and one-half ounces of the root and boil
+it in a pint of water or milk.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose: one to two tablespoonfuls. Use the watery
+decoction as a gargle for sore mouth and throat. For piles:--Inject a
+strong decoction and retain as long as possible; or apply an ointment of
+two ounces of the root to tobacco ointment seven ounces, and apply three
+or four times a day. Nose-bleed and bleeding from teeth extraction:--Apply
+the powder or strong decoction to the part. Bleeding from the womb:--
+Inject strong decoction or apply on gauze or cotton to inner womb.
+Decoction, two parts to one part blood root, forms a good injection for
+leucorrhea and gonorrhea. Good in latter stages of diarrhea and dysentery
+of children, boiled in milk, given in teaspoonful doses, every one to
+three hours.
+
+
+
+CULVER'S ROOT. Veronica. Black Root. Culver's Physic. Tall Speedwell.
+Leptandra Virginica.
+
+Internally, used for.--A laxative, bilious fever, dyspepsia due to
+inactive liver and bowels.
+
+Part used.--Root. Age impairs its virtues. The dried root is safest to
+use, if not too old.
+
+Gather.--In the autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--In July and August.
+
+Grows (where).--In limestone lands and in rich moist places, woods,
+thickets, and barrens.
+
+Prepared (how).--As a powder, extract and infusion. Fluid extract can be
+bought. To make decoction, use one ounce of the powdered root to one pint
+of water and let boil. If you use the green root put one ounce in cold
+water, and let it remain there for one hour.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the powder of dry root, one small
+teaspoonful as a cathartic. This will bring away a black tarry discharge.
+Then it is better to use the decoction; one to two teaspoonfuls every two
+hours. Dose of extract is one-fourth of a grain. This is a good form to
+give, when the liver is acting badly. Good also for indigestion, in this
+form when due to inactive liver and costive bowels.
+
+
+
+DANDELION. Leontodon Taraxacum.
+
+Internally, used for.--Liver when it is torpid and engorged. It is also
+laxative and tonic.
+
+Part used.--Root. The green plant is good to use in the form of greens.
+Milky juice is also good when fresh.
+
+[422 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Gather.--July, August and September.
+
+Flowers (when).--During spring and summer.
+
+Grows (where).--Everywhere, it seems.
+
+Prepared (how).--Juice is used, also infusion, extract and fluid extract.
+Infusion, two ounces of root to the pint of water.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion one to two ounces. Juice, ten drops
+to one-half teaspoonful. Extract, ten grains. Fluid extract, one to two
+teaspoonfuls. It should be taken often enough, when the liver is torpid,
+to move the bowels once or twice a day. If the infusion is used, begin
+with a half ounce and take every three hours; increase or decrease as
+necessary. The extract is pleasanter and less bulky and best to use in
+winter. Take two or three grains every three hours more or less.
+
+
+
+DEVIL'S BIT. False Unicorn Root. Drooping Starwort. Blazing Star. Helonias
+Divica. Somewhat similar to true unicorn root.
+
+Internally, used for.--Used mainly in womb troubles, strengthens the womb
+and prevents miscarriages. Good also for leucorrhea, amenorrhea and
+dysmenorrhea.
+
+Part used.--Root. Root is two to two and a half inches in length.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--June and July.
+
+Grows (where).--In low grounds in United States and Canada.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powdered root and decoction.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--It is a tonic to the womb and should be used for two
+months before the time the miscarriage usually occurs. For the other womb
+troubles, it should be taken four times a day. The fluid extract can be
+bought at any drug store, and can be used. Dose: Fifteen drops, four times
+daily. Dose of powder, ten to twenty grains. Decoction, one to two ounces.
+
+
+
+ELDER (Sweet). Black-berried Elder. Sambucus Canadensis.
+
+Internally, used for.--Erysipelas, kidneys, for sweating purposes, blood
+diseases and scarlet fever.
+
+Externally, used for.--Burns, scalds, ulcers, skin diseases and weak eyes.
+
+Part used.--Flowers and berries. Bark of the root also is used.
+
+Gather.--Gather when in flower and when berries are ripe.
+
+Flowers (when).--In summer.
+
+Grows (where).--Grows in all parts of United States and Canada.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 423]
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion, one ounce of the flowers or root to a pint of
+boiling water.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Use warm infusion for sweating and for erysipelas,
+half teaspoonful every three hours. Too much taken will move the bowels
+and also cause vomiting. Same for scarlet fever in adults. Infusion of the
+bark of the root may be taken in doses of half ounce twice daily, to act
+as a cathartic. Local, use inner bark of the limbs and steep with cream
+and apply freely and often for burns, sores, etc. For weak eyes make a tea
+from the flowers and use as an eye wash for children.
+
+
+
+ELECAMPANE. Inula Helenium.
+
+Internally, used for.--For sweating, expectorant, bronchitis, dyspepsia
+and dysmenorrhea.
+
+Part used.--Root of the second year.
+
+Gather.--Autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--In July and August.
+
+Grows (where).--In Europe and Japan. Cultivated in United States and grows
+in moist places and about houses. Prepared (how).--Use half ounce of the
+powdered root to a pint of boiling water and boil to make a decoction.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For bronchitis, dyspepsia and dysmenorrhea, take
+half ounce doses four times daily. For sweating and painful menses take
+two teaspoonfuls of the hot decoction every two hours until relieved.
+
+
+
+FLEABANE. Pridewood. Blood Staunch. Mare's Tail. Colt's Tail. Fireweeds.
+Erigeron Canadensis.
+
+Internally, used for.--Diarrhea, dysentery, gravel, painful urination,
+piles, bleeding from the womb and bowels.
+
+Part used.--The whole plant.
+
+Gather.--Collect while in flower.
+
+Flowers (when).--July and August.
+
+Grows (where).--In United States and Canada. In fields and meadows, by
+roadsides, etc.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powder, oil and infusion. To make infusion, use one ounce
+to pint of boiling water.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--The infusion, one to two ounces, should be used
+three or four times daily; powder, ten to twenty grains, the same. The oil
+is more effective in bleeding and dysentery and bleeding piles. Oil is
+very good, in doses of one to five drops every three hours for acute
+diseases, or three times a day for chronic cases. Put on sugar.
+
+
+
+GARLIC. Allium Sativum.
+
+Internally, used for.--Nervous children, coughs, colds, hoarseness, worms,
+croup, nervous vomiting.
+
+[424 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Externally, used for.--Poultice.
+
+Part used.--The bulb.
+
+Gather.--When ripe.
+
+Grows (where).--Native of Asia and Egypt; now cultivated.
+
+Prepared (how).--Juice, syrup, powder, or may be taken whole. Juice or
+syrup is the best form.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For coughs, bronchitis and worms, should be taken
+five times daily; croup, every half hour for a few doses. Nervous cough
+and vomiting only a few doses. Local.--Bruise bulbs and apply warm as a
+poultice in bronchitis, croup and tumors. For retention of urine, place a
+poultice in the perineum or over bladder on the abdomen. Dose of juice,
+twenty to thirty drops. Dose of syrup, ten drops to one teaspoon; this is
+very destructive to round worm.
+
+
+
+GENTIAN. Gentiana Lutea.
+
+Internally, used for.--Tonic appetizer, dyspepsia, ammenorrhea.
+
+Part used.--Root used and imported. Grows (where).--In the Alps.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powder, tincture and infusion. To make infusion, use one
+ounce of the root to a pint of boiling water.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of powder, ten to twenty grains. Tincture, one
+teaspoonful. Infusion, one to two ounces. Taken before meals for dyspepsia
+and loss of appetite. It should not be taken when the stomach is
+irritable. It is a good bitter tonic.
+
+
+
+GINSENG.--Red Berry. Five Fingers. Panax Quinquefolium.
+
+Internally, used for.--Gravel, general weakness, poor appetite.
+
+Part used.--Root.
+
+Flowers (when).--In May.
+
+Grows (where).--In United States, in rich soil and in shady places.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powder. Infusion is made by adding one ounce to a pint of
+boiling water.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--It should be taken three or four times a day for
+gravel or general weakness. As an appetizer it should be taken before
+meals. Dose of powder, ten to sixty grains. Dose of infusion, one to three
+ounces.
+
+
+
+GINGER. Zingiber Officinale.
+
+Internally, used for.--To increase gastric juice secretions, stimulating
+tonic, diarrhea, dysentery, flatulency, cramps and nausea.
+
+Externally, used for.--Ulcers.
+
+Grows (where).--Native of Asia.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powder. Infusion made by adding half ounce of the
+powdered or bruised root to a pint of boiling water.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 425]
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For diarrhea, dysentery and cholera infantum, mix it
+with rhubarb, equal parts, or take alone. If with rhubarb it should be
+stopped if it becomes too laxative. Used alone for want of tone of
+stomach, flatulency, cramps and colic. It tones up the stomach and bowels
+temporarily, but should not be used long or frequently. Dose of powder,
+ten to twenty grains. Dose of infusion, one to two ounces.
+
+
+
+GOLDEN SEAL. Orange Root. Yellow Puccoon. Ground Raspberry. Turmeric Root.
+Hydrastis Canadensis.
+
+Internally, used for.--Tonic in dyspepsia, chronic stomach and bowel
+trouble. Torpid liver, sore mouth; gonorrhea (injection), leucorrhea,
+gleet.
+
+Part used.--The root.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--In May or June.
+
+Grows (where).--United States and Canada.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powder, infusion, tincture, fluid extract. Use half ounce
+of root to a pint of boiling water for infusion.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Of the powder, five to ten grains; of infusion, one
+ounce; of tincture, half to one teaspoonful and of fluid extract, five to
+twenty drops. When it is called for, the tongue is generally coated
+whitish; it will soon clear that. Diarrhea, etc., due to stomach and bowel
+troubles are benefited by it. Two parts of the decoction of golden seal
+and one of cranesbill used as an injection is good for gonorrhea, gleet,
+and leucorrhea. Same is good for chronic cystitis. If too strong, weaken
+it. Good in this form, mixed with cranesbill, for diarrhea and dysentery;
+taken in two teaspoonful doses every three hours.
+
+
+
+GRAVEL PLANT. Gravel-Weed. Mountain Pink. Ground Laurel. May Flower.
+Trailing Arbutus. Epigea Repens.
+
+Internally, used for.--Gravel and irritable bladder, causes more urine to
+flow, just as buchu does.
+
+Part used.--The leaves.
+
+Gather.--In summer.
+
+Flowers (when).--Appear in April and May.
+
+Grows (where).--Canada and United States, on sides of hills with northern
+exposure.
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion, and fluid extract which can be bought. Use one
+ounce of the leaves to one pint of boiling water and let it steep to make
+an infusion.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose: One to two teaspoonfuls. For gravel, take one
+teaspoonful every three hours. For irritable bladder take half teaspoonful
+every three hours.
+
+[426 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+HOPS. Humulus Lupulus.
+
+Internally, used for.--Nervousness, sleeplessness, hysteria, in
+afterpains, to prevent chordee.
+
+Externally, used for.--Used as a fomentation in many inflammatory
+diseases.
+
+Part used.--Cones.
+
+Gather.--In the fall or when fully ripe.
+
+Grows (where).--Native of North America and Europe.
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion, tincture and fluid extract lupulin.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion, two to four ounces; tincture one
+to four drams. Fluid extract, five to twenty drops. For nervous troubles,
+take one ounce of the infusion, or one dram tincture, every hour or two
+until quiet; same for sleeplessness. In delirium tremens, infusion drank
+with some red pepper in it settles the stomach and quiets the craving for
+drink. Following is good for chordee, etc.:
+
+    Lupulin                   1 dram.
+    Camphor monobromate       1 dram.
+    Cocoa Butter, sufficient.
+
+Make twelve suppositories and insert one in rectum every three or four
+hours. Take at the same time, the infusion or tincture every two or three
+hours. Fomentations are good in pleurisy and many other inflammations.
+Inhale steam in throat and chest troubles.
+
+
+
+HORSE CHESTNUT. Aesculus Hippocastanum.
+
+Internally, used for.--Rheumatism. Used especially for piles.
+
+Part used.--Bark and fruit which contains tannin.
+
+Gather.--Late autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--In May and June, and fruit ripens late in autumn.
+
+Grows (where).--Native of Asia. Naturalized here.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powder of the rind of the root or powdered fruit.
+Decoction made of the bark by using one and one-half ounces to a pint of
+water and boiling.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose: For rheumatism two ounces, three times a day.
+For piles, make an ointment of the powdered nut and apply. This is very
+good.
+
+
+
+HOARHOUND. White Hoarhound. Marrubium Vulgare.
+
+Internally, used for.--Coughs, colds, bronchitis, chronic asthma,
+sweating, hoarseness.
+
+Part used.--Whole herb.
+
+Gather.--When fresh.
+
+Grows (where).--Naturalized in United. States. Grows in dry sandy fields,
+waste grounds, roadsides; etc.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 427]
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion hot and cold by adding one ounce to pint of
+water; fluid extract.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion, two to four ounces; fluid extract,
+one to two teaspoonfuls. A syrup is also made; dose, two ounces. Infusion
+used hot for sweating, freely and often; cold and chest troubles about
+every two to four hours; or use fluid extract. The hot infusion should be
+used in asthma, amenorrhea, and hoarseness.
+
+
+
+JUNIPER. Juniper Communis.
+
+Internally, used for.--Dropsy, and to increase flow of urine in kidney
+troubles.
+
+Part used.--Berries.
+
+Gather.--August.
+
+Flowers (when).--In May and June and ripe in August.
+
+Grows (where).--Grows in United States and Canada, in dry woods and hills.
+
+Prepared (how).--In infusion or oil. For infusion, use one ounce of the
+berries to a pint of boiling water. It can be made more effective by
+adding half ounce of cream of tartar to the infusion.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--It should be used within the twenty-four hours for
+above troubles, dropsy, etc. The oil can be bought and used in doses of
+five to twenty drops, three or four times a day.
+
+
+
+LADY'S SLIPPER. American Valerian. Yellow Umbel. Nerve Root. Yellow
+Moccasin Flower. Noah's Ark. Cypripedium Pubescens. Internally, used
+for.--Hysteria, chorea, nervous headache, nervousness, delirium,
+hypochondria.
+
+Part used.--The root.
+
+Gather.--In autumn, cleanse from dirt and dry in the shade. Virtue
+impaired by boiling.
+
+Flowers (when).--In May and June.
+
+Grows (where).--Most parts of United States in rich woods and meadows.
+
+Prepared (how).--In infusion, powder and tincture.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of powder, thirty to sixty grains in hot water.
+Tincture, one to two teaspoonfuls. Infusion, one to four ounces. For
+chronic cases large doses three or four times daily. For acute cases half
+as much every two or three hours. For nervous headache two doses, half
+hour apart. Following is a good preparation for nervous or sick headache:
+catnip, scullcap and lady's slipper, in powder, of each one-half ounce.
+Pour on a pint of boiling water and steep for fifteen minutes, and take
+half ounce every half hour, for three or four hours.
+
+[428 MOTHERS' REMIEDIES]
+
+LIFE ROOT. Rag Wort. Squaw Weed. Female Regulator. Senecio Gracilis.
+
+Internally, used for.--Mainly for menstrual disorders, when suppressed or
+too profuse, dysmenorrhea.
+
+Part used.--Root and herb.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--May or June.
+
+Grows (where).--Northern and western United States on banks of creeks and
+in low marshy grounds.
+
+Prepared (how).--In infusion, by adding half ounce to a pint of boiling
+water and let steep and take throughout twenty-four hours. Take four or
+five days before menstruation is expected.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea it may be combined
+in equal parts with savin and wild ginger, and take one to two ounces four
+times a day some days before menstruation. In menorrhagia--too much
+flow--cinnamon and raspberry leaves can be combined with it. Dose, two to
+four ounces four times a day.
+
+
+
+LOBELIA. Wild or Indian Tobacco. Emetic Herb. Puke Weed. Asthma Weed.
+Lobelia Inflata.
+
+Internally, used for.--Asthma, emetic for croup (but very weakening), and
+lung diseases.
+
+Part used.--Leaves and seeds. Dry carefully in the shade. Keep whole or
+powdered.
+
+Gather.--August or September.
+
+Flowers (when).--July to September.
+
+Grows (where).--Very common, growing in fields and roadsides.
+
+Prepared (how).--As an infusion, one ounce to pint of water, steeped; also
+tincture.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the tincture, five to ten drops. Infusion,
+one to two teaspoonfuls. It should not be used strong enough to produce
+vomiting, as it is too weakening. In small doses and given often in
+infusion it produces sweating and relaxation of the tissues, thus helping
+in asthma and lung diseases; For asthma, dose:--Ten drops of tincture
+every ten minutes at the onset until better or until there is a little
+nausea, and then lengthen the interval.
+
+
+
+MAIDENHAIR. Adiantum Pedatum.
+
+Internally, used for.--Expectorant, tonic and cooling uses; in fevers,
+erysipelas, and pleurisy, coughs, hoarseness, influenza.
+
+Part used.--Part above the ground.
+
+Gather.--In autumn. Grows (where).--In United States in deep woods, on
+moist rich soil.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 429]
+
+Prepared (how).--As a decoction or syrup. Take an ounce of the herb to a
+pint of boiling water and boil to make a decoction.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Use freely. For feverish conditions use one to two
+ounces every two hours. In coughs and hoarseness, take four to five times
+daily. For influenza and pleurisy enough to produce perspiration.
+
+
+
+MANDRAKE. May Apple. Wild Lemon. Indian Apple. Raccoon Berry. Podophyllum
+Peltatum.
+
+Internally, used for.--A cathartic, alterative action in liver troubles in
+chronic hepatitis; in blood diseases as syphilis, rheumatism; clears
+liver; for constipation.
+
+Part used.--Root.
+
+Gather.--In autumn soon after fruit has ripened.
+
+Flowers (when).--May and June and fruit ripens in September.
+
+Grows (where).--In all parts of the United States, in damp and shady woods
+and sometimes in dry and exposed places.
+
+Prepared (how).--In powder and tincture. To make tincture: Gather the
+fresh root before the fruit is ripe, chop and pound to a pulp, and weigh.
+Then take two parts of alcohol by weight, mix the pulp thoroughly with
+one-sixth of the alcohol and then add the rest of the alcohol. Stir all,
+pour into a well stoppered bottle, let stand eight days, in a cool place.
+Pour off, strain, filter.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--The resin, called podophyllin, can be obtained, and
+is used in one-fourth to one-eighth grain as a laxative; one-sixteenth of
+a grain can be taken four times a day for chronic liver trouble. Take ten
+drops of tincture four times a day for chronic diseases. Some can take
+more. For blood diseases., rheumatism, etc.
+
+
+
+MARSHMALLOW. Mortification Root. Altheae Officinalis.
+
+Internally, used for.--Hoarseness, gonorrhea, irritated bladder, acute
+dysentery, and diarrhea, blood in urine and gravel.
+
+Externally, used for.--Poultice for painful swellings, bruises, scalds,
+burns, poisons.
+
+Part used.--Root.
+
+Gather.--Autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--July to September.
+
+Grows (where).--Europe and this country.
+
+Prepared (how).--Poultice; cut up finely and apply hot. Decoction half
+ounce to two pints of boiling water and boil down to one pint.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take one to three ounces four times a day for
+chronic diseases, and one ounce every two hours for acute troubles
+mentioned above. It is a mild soothing drink and medicine.
+
+[430 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MARIGOLD. Calendula Officinalis.
+
+Externally, used.--As a local remedy for cuts and wounds, applied
+constantly, it is the best remedy I know.
+
+Part used.--Leaves and flowers.
+
+Gather.--When in full bloom.
+
+Grows (where).--Well-known garden plant.
+
+Prepared (how).--Make a tincture of the flowers and leaves, or buy it. To
+make tincture: Take the fresh leaves at the top of the plant with the
+blossoms and buds, chop and pound to a pulp, enclose in a piece of new
+linen and press. Shake the expressed juice, with an equal part of alcohol
+by weight, allow it to stand eight days in a well stoppered bottle, in a
+dark cool place and then filter.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Use freely on clean linen or gauze on wounds, cuts,
+etc.
+
+
+
+MILKWEED. Also called Silkweed. Asclepias Syriaca.
+
+Internally, used for.--Dropsy, retention of urine, scrofulous and
+rheumatic troubles.
+
+Part used.--Root. Plant gives out a milky juice when wounded.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--July and August.
+
+Grows (where).--Common in United States and grows in sandy fields, on the
+roadsides and on bank of streams.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powder, decoction and tincture. Decoction is made by
+using three ounces of the root to one quart of water, and boil.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take as directed four times a day. Dose of tincture,
+ten to thirty drops four times a day. Can be bought. Dose, of the powder,
+ten to twenty grains. Decoction, two to four ounces.
+
+
+
+MOTHERWORT. Leonurus Cardiaca.
+
+Internally, used for.--Menstrual disorders, nervousness, cramps,
+amenorrhea from colds, suppressed lochia, hysteria, pains peculiar to
+women, disturbed sleep.
+
+Externally, used for.--Used as a fomentation over womb in dysmenorrhea.
+
+Part used.--Tops and leaves.
+
+Gather.--Early autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--May and September.
+
+Grows (where).--In fields and pastures.
+
+Prepared (how).--Decoctions, use two ounces of dried herb to a quart of
+water and boil down to a pint.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--One to two tablespoonfuls every two hours. Smaller
+doses can be used for nervous women every hour, and when there are painful
+menstruations, suppressed lochia, hysteria, sleeplessness, etc.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 431]
+
+MUSTARD. Sinapis Alba.
+
+Internally, used for.--As an emetic, condiment, hiccough.
+
+Externally, used for.--Counter-irritation.
+
+Part used.--The seeds or leaves.
+
+Gather.--While fresh, so the leaves can also be used. Seeds when used
+should be ripe.
+
+Grows (where).--Almost everywhere.
+
+Prepared (how).--In many ways, poultices, plasters, etc.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Mustard leaves dampened with cold water are good for
+pleurodynia, lumbago, neuritis, cramps in legs, inflammations, croup,
+etc., applied locally. For apoplexy and convulsions, mustard poultices of
+the seeds to feet, and mustard foot baths, handful of ground mustard to
+hot water. Same is good in colds, sleeplessness, dysmenorrhea, headache.
+Mustard water is good for poisoning as an emetic. Hiccough: Teaspoonful of
+mustard in four ounces of boiling water, steep for twenty minutes, and
+take in four doses.
+
+
+
+OAK BARK. (Red and White). Quercus Alba.
+
+Internally, used for.--Leucorrhea, piles, diarrhea, sore throat and mouth.
+
+Externally, used for.--Sores on man or beast.
+
+Part used.--The bark; white oak is more astringent.
+
+Prepared (how).--Decoction.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--This decoction is used as an injection in
+leucorrhea, piles and as a gargle in sore mouth, etc. Its astringent
+property is due to the tannic and gallic acid it contains.
+
+
+
+ONION. Allium Cepa.
+
+Internally, used for.--Coughs, catarrh, croup, laxative.
+
+Externally, used for.--Poultice for boil, inflammation, earache, etc., raw
+and roasted and used locally.
+
+Part used.--Bulb. It contains many constituents, such as citrate of lime,
+allyl sulphide, volatile oils, sulphur.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Grows (where).--Native.
+
+Prepared (how).--As a poultice, raw; when boiled volatile oil is cast
+off.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Juice mixed with sugar is good for colds, coughs,
+catarrh, croup, chronic bronchitis. Roasted Spanish onion is good, eaten
+at bedtime, as a laxative; fried in lard and applied locally it makes a
+splendid poultice. Roasted in coals it makes a good poultice for earache,
+toothache, sore throat and sore chest.
+
+[432 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PARSLEY. Rock Parsley. Petroselinum Sativum.
+
+Internally, used for.--Dropsy, especially following scarlet fever,
+retained urine, painful urination, gonorrhea.
+
+Externally, used for.--Seeds and leaves sprinkled on the hair, in powder,
+destroy vermin. Bruised leaves applied as a fomentation, cure the bites or
+stings of insects.
+
+Part used.--Root, seeds and leaves.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Grows (where).--Cultivated.
+
+Prepared (how).--Infuse the whole plant, or a decoction can be made of the
+root and seeds.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Drink freely of the infusion or decoction. Dose, two
+to four ounces three times a day, or less dose and oftener. The oil can be
+bought and used, two to three drops three or four times, daily.
+
+
+
+PARTRIDGE BERRY. Squaw Vine. Checker Berry. One Berry. Winter Clover.
+Deerberry. Mitchella Repens,
+
+Internally, used for.--Dropsy, suppressed urine, tonic and alterative
+action on womb.
+
+Externally, used for--Cure for sore nipples.
+
+Part used.--The vine.
+
+Gather.--During the season.
+
+Flowers (when).--June and July.
+
+Grows (where).--In United States and Canada; in dry woods, among hemlock
+timber and in swampy places.
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion, tincture, fluid extract, decoction. Infusion,
+one ounce to pint of boiling water. Tincture: chop fresh plant and pound
+to a pulp and weigh. Then take two parts, by weight, of alcohol; mix pulp
+with one-sixth part of it thoroughly and rest of alcohol added, stir all
+well, pour into a well stoppered bottle and let stand eight days in a dark
+cool place; pour off, strain and filter.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of tincture, one-half to one teaspoonful. For
+chronic diseases take one to two ounces of infusion four times a day. For
+suppressed urine take half ounce every two hours. Dose of infusion, from
+one to two ounces every three hours. To tone the womb and make labor
+easier, the Indians used to take it several weeks before confinement. For
+sore nipple: two ounces (fresh, if possible) and make a strong decoction
+in a pint of boiling water. Boil down thick and apply on nipple after each
+nursing.
+
+
+
+PEACH TREE. Amygdalus Persica.
+
+Internally, used for.--Constipation, tonic to the stomach and bowels,
+leucorrhea, worms, inflammation of stomach and bowels, irritable bladder.
+haematuria, dysentery.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 433]
+
+Part used.--Leaves and kernels.
+
+Gather.--When ripe.
+
+Grows (where).--Cultivated.
+
+Prepared (how).--By infusion; put ounce of leaves in one pint of cold
+water and let it steep.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For inflammations take one tablespoonful of the cold
+infusion every hour or two. For bladder and urinary troubles and
+leucorrhea, put four ounces of the kernels in a quart of brandy;
+dose,--teaspoonful three or four times a day. For bowel troubles use half
+ounce of the flowers and half ounce of the kernels to a pint of water;
+boil to make a decoction and sweeten; dose,--teaspoonful occasionally,
+until relieved; for teething children and for worms use about five doses.
+
+
+
+PENNYROYAL. Squaw Mint. Tickweed. Hedeoma Pulegoides.
+
+Internally, used for.--Stimulant, sweating, menstrual troubles, suppressed
+lochia, suppressed menses, flatulent colic in children.
+
+Part used.--The herb. Gather.--In fall. Flowers (when).--June to October.
+
+Grows (where).--In dry sterile places in calcareous soils. In all parts of
+the United States, etc.
+
+Prepared (how).--An infusion, one ounce to a pint of boiling water and
+only steep, not boil.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Use infusion freely. Dose of oil two to five drops.
+For menstrual troubles, checked lochia and perspiration, take a hot foot
+bath in bed and drink freely of the tea until sweating occurs. It is
+frequently taken at bedtime for painful menstruation, etc.
+
+
+
+PEPPERMINT. Mentha Piperita.
+
+Internally, used for.--Tone stomach, colic, spasms, or cramps in stomach,
+to check nausea and vomiting.
+
+Externally, used for.--Fresh herb bruised and laid over the abdomen, to
+allay sick stomach and diarrhea of children.
+
+Part used.--The whole herb.
+
+Gather.--Early autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--July to September.
+
+Grows (where).--Native of England, cultivated here and grows wild in wet
+places.
+
+Prepared (how).--Essence, oil; infusion made by adding one ounce of herb
+to a quart of boiling water and steep.
+
+Disease, Dose, etc.--One to two ounces of infusion at a dose. The best
+form is the essence or oil. Dose of the essence five to ten drops; of oil
+one to five drops. It should be used carefully.
+
+[434 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PLANTAIN. Plantago Major.
+
+Externally, used for.--It is better used externally; the bruised leaves
+are good for poisonous wounds, bites of snakes, spiders and insects,
+ulcers, sore eyelids, salt rheum, erysipelas, poisoning from ivy and other
+skin affections.
+
+Part used.--Roots and tops.
+
+Flowers (when).--From May to October.
+
+Grows (where).--Well known and grows in rich moist places.
+
+Prepared (how).--Tincture, infusion, bruised leaves for external use.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Some claim the infusion is good for snake bites or
+the expressed juice can be used. This, to my mind, is doubtful and I would
+advise the usual remedies first. The tincture is good for some kinds of
+toothache, in one to two drop doses. The bruised leaves or the tea may be
+used for other diseases mentioned as poultice or wash.
+
+
+
+PLEURISY ROOT. Butterfly Weed. Wind Root. Tuber Root. Orange Swallow Wort.
+Asclepias Tuberosa.
+
+Internally, used for.--Pleurisy, pneumonia, catarrh, acute rheumatism,
+diarrhea, dysentery, sweating and expectorant, falling womb.
+
+Part used.--Root.
+
+Gather.--Autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--July and August.
+
+Grows (where).--In gravelly and sandy soils.
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion, one ounce to a pint of boiling water and let
+steep. Tincture; buy powder.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of powder, ten to thirty grains three times a
+day in womb diseases. For falling womb use one ounce pleurisy root and
+one-half ounce unicorn root (true), mix powder and give in twenty to
+thirty grain doses three times daily; and an injection of the same, in
+infusion, may be given once a day. For pleurisy, etc., in first stage give
+the warm infusion to promote sweating. Dose,--Four teaspoonfuls every half
+hour, until sweating is produced. Following is good for diarrhea and
+dysentery: Tincture pleurisy root two ounces, brandy one ounce, syrup of
+raspberry three ounces. Half to one teaspoonful everyone or two hours.
+
+
+
+POKE. Garget. Coakum. Pingeon Berry. Scoke. Phytolacca Decandra.
+
+Internally, used for.--Chronic rheumatism, syphilis, sore throat, sore,
+inflamed breasts, scrofula.
+
+Externally, used for--For fat people. Caked breasts, felons and tumors.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 435]
+
+Part used.--Root, leaves and berries.
+
+Gather.--Root late in November, cut in thin transverse slices and dry with
+moderate heat. Berries, when ripe.
+
+Flowers (when).--July to September.
+
+Grows (where).--Native of United States along fences in newly cleared
+spots, in cultivated fields, roadsides, etc.
+
+Prepared (how).--Juice of plant. Powdered root, poultice, fomentation.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--One to five grains of powdered root as an alterative
+in chronic blood diseases, syphilis, etc. Juice of plant, half teaspoonful
+three times a day, for same diseases can be used. For caked breasts one to
+three drops of the tincture every one to three hours, at same time
+applying the root (roasted in ashes until soft) mashed and applied as a
+poultice; good also for a felon or can apply a hot fomentation of the
+leaves instead.
+
+
+
+PRICKLY ASH. Toothache Tree. Xanthoxylum Fraxineum.
+
+Internally, used for.--Chronic rheumatism, syphilis, skin affections,
+dysmenorrhea.
+
+Externally, used for.--Decoction used as a wash or gargle in sore throat.
+
+Part used.--Bark and berries.
+
+Gather.--Autumn or earlier in some climates.
+
+Flowers (when).--April and May.
+
+Grows (where).--United States in woods, thickets and moist shady places.
+
+Prepared (how).--Tincture. Powder. Decoction of root one ounce to a pint
+of water and boil.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose,--half ounce every four to five hours. Tincture
+of the berries is also used for nervous diseases, dysmenorrhea, etc., in
+ten to thirty drops every two to four hours. Good also in blood diseases,
+four times a day. Powder for same troubles in doses of five to ten grains
+four times a day.
+
+
+
+PRINCE'S PINE. Wintergreen. Ground Holly. Pipsissewa. Rheumatism Weed.
+Chimaphila Umbellata.
+
+Internally, used for.--Kidney and bladder troubles, chronic rheumatism,
+syphilis, scrofula, gout, gleet.
+
+Part used.--Whole plant.
+
+Gather.--In autumn or late summer.
+
+Flowers (when).--June and July.
+
+Grows (where).--United States, etc., under the shade of woods and prefers
+a loose sandy soil enriched by decaying leaves.
+
+Prepared (how).--Decoction and tincture; put a pound of the dried herb
+into a quart of water and three quarts of spirits; let stand for twelve
+days, and then turn off the liquid. This makes a tincture. To make
+decoction use one ounce of plant to a pint of boiling water and boil.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take one to two ounces of the decoction three or
+four times a day; fluid extract can be bought, dose fifteen drops four
+times daily. Dose of tincture, one-half to one teaspoonful.
+
+[436 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+PUMPKIN. Cucurbita Pepo.
+
+Internally, used for.--For tape worm and for urinary troubles, suppressed
+or retained urine.
+
+Gather.--When ripe.
+
+Grows (where).--Common.
+
+Prepared (how).--A tea can be made of the seeds, or an oil gathered from
+them.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--A tea strong or weak as the age and case demand, may
+be given freely and is very effective. Do not bruise the seeds, as the
+virtue resides in the covering. An oil can be gathered from the seeds and
+is good for same purpose. Dose.--Six to twelve drops several times daily
+or three drops every two hours. For Tape worm, see article on another
+page. If it is best to take it as an emulsion get druggist to make it.
+Taken at night with fasting. In the morning take dose of salts. Watermelon
+seed tea is also good for kidney trouble.
+
+
+
+QUEEN OF THE MEADOW. Purple Boneset. Gravel Root. Trumpet Weed. Joe-Pye
+Weed. Eupatorium Purpureum.
+
+Internally, used for.--Gravel stone in the bladder, kidney or stone colic,
+or other urinary troubles.
+
+Part used.--The herb.
+
+Gather.--Autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--August to November.
+
+Grows (where).--In wet places in United States.
+
+Prepared (how).--Fluid extract; or an infusion, one ounce of the dried
+leaves or plant in a quart of boiling water and steep.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Half teacupful of the infusion may be taken every
+hour or two as hot as possible. This is a splendid remedy. Drug stores
+keep the fluid extract, which can be bought and given in doses of fifteen
+to thirty drops every three or four hours. Some claim it relieves the pain
+in the kidney stone colic; the Indians used it for that purpose.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 437]
+
+QUEEN'S ROOT. Queen's Delight. Yaw Root. Cock-up-Hat. Stillingia Sylvatica.
+
+Internally, used for.--Secondary syphilis, scrofula, chronic skin
+diseases.
+
+Part used.--The root.
+
+Gather.--Autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--April to July.
+
+Grows (where).--In United States, etc.
+
+Prepared (how).--An infusion of the fresh root, or use the tincture or
+fluid extract. One ounce of root to pint of water for infusion.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion one to two ounces. Tincture; dose,
+twenty to sixty drops. Extract; dose, ten to thirty drops; smaller doses
+given every two or three hours; larger dose three or four times daily.
+This is a good remedy. It can be given with other remedies like poke root,
+sarsaparilla, etc.
+
+
+
+RED CLOVER. Trifolium Pratense.
+
+Internally, used for.--Blood diseases and is often used with other
+remedies; good drank warm in whooping cough.
+
+Externally, used for.--Ulcers.
+
+Part used.--Blossoms.
+
+Gather.--When fresh.
+
+Flowers (when).--Throughout summer.
+
+Grows (where).--Common.
+
+Prepared (how).--In infusion and salve.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Use blossoms to make tea and drink freely; tea
+boiled down thick makes a good salve for ill-conditioned looking sores.
+
+
+
+ROCK ROSE. Frost wort. Frost Plant. Cistus Canadensis.
+
+Internally, used for.--Scrofula and blood diseases.
+
+Part used.--The herb.
+
+Gather.--In autumn early.
+
+Flowers (when).--From May to July.
+
+Grows (where).--In United States in dry sandy soil.
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion. Fluid extract. Decoction, use four ounces of
+the dried leaves to one quart of boiling water and boil.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion or decoction, one ounce three times
+a day. Fluid extract is the best form, can be bought and given in doses of
+half to one teaspoonful three or four times a day. The following
+combination is good one for secondary syphilis: Rock rose, turkey corn,
+Queen's root, equal parts; either the infusion, decoction or fluid
+extract.
+
+
+
+SAGE. Garden sage. Salvia Officinalis.
+
+Internally, used for.--To stop sweating in consumption, used cold; and
+used warm to sweat. Gargle in sore throat, colds, coughs, etc., alone or
+combined with sumach berries or vinegar, or honey or alum.
+
+Part used.--The leaves.
+
+Gather.--In early autumn;
+
+Flowers (when).--In June.
+
+Grows (where).--Cultivated.
+
+[438 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Prepared (how).--As an infusion cold or hot; half ounce of leaves to a
+pint of boiling water.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose, an ounce or two. To produce perspiration give
+warm. To check perspiration give cold, in smaller doses and oftener. For
+sore mouth, sore throat, tonsilitis and quinsy, use hot infusion strong as
+a gargle.
+
+
+
+SCOURING RUSH. Horse Tail. Shave Grass. Equisetum Hyemale.
+
+Internally, used for.--Dropsy, suppression of the urine, blood in the
+urine, gravel, gonorrhea and gleet.
+
+Part used.--The stalk.
+
+Gather.--Matures in June and July,
+
+Grows (where).--In wet grounds in river banks, hillsides, and borders of
+woods in United States.
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion, one ounce to the pint of water.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For above diseases drink in half ounce doses every
+two hours.
+
+
+
+SASSAFRAS. Laurus Sassafras.
+
+Internally, used for.--Syphilis, scrofula, skin eruptions, bland drink
+after poisoning,
+
+Part used.--The bark of the root.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--April and May.
+
+Grows (where).--Common.
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion of the bark, one ounce to a pint of water; as a
+mucilage made by using two parts of the pith to one hundred of water. Do
+not boil.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion, one to two ounces. Oil, five to
+ten drops on sugar for menstrual pain, and in painful urination. The
+mucilage is good for chest disorders, bowels, kidneys and for inflammation
+after poisoning, as a bland demulcent drink.
+
+
+
+SENECA SNAKE ROOT. Mountain Flag. Milk Wort. Seneka or Senega. Polyagla
+Senega.
+
+Internally, used for.--Second stage of bronchitis in aged people,
+bronchial asthma, coughs.
+
+Part used.--The root.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--June to August.
+
+Grows (where).--In United States in woods and on hillsides.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powdered root. For decoction use one ounce of the dried
+root to a pint of boiling water and let boil. You can buy the syrup and
+fluid extract.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the decoction, half to one ounce three or
+four times a day. Dose of the syrup, one to two teaspoonfuls.
+
+Dose of the extract, ten to twenty drops. This remedy is frequently used
+with other remedies for bronchitis and cough.
+
+[ HERB DEPARTMENT 439]
+
+
+SHEEP SORREL. Rumex Acetosa.
+
+Internally, used for.--Scurvy.
+
+Externally, used for.--Good for wens, boils, tumor, ulcers.
+
+Part used.--Plant.
+
+Gather.--Autumn.
+
+Grows (where).--Well known plant.
+
+Prepared (how).--Decoction; poultice made of roasted leaves.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Decoction, freely drank for scurvy. Poultices should
+be applied to above troubles.
+
+
+
+SKUNK CABBAGE. Swamp Cabbage. Meadow Cabbage. Polecat Weed. Fetid
+Hellebore. Dracontium. Ictodes Foetida.
+
+Internally, used for.--Asthma, whooping cough, nervousness, hysteria,
+convulsions of pregnancy.
+
+Part used.--Root.   Gather.--In autumn or early spring and dried
+carefully.
+
+Flowers (when).--March and April.
+
+Grows (where).--Various parts of United States in moist places.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powder. Tincture.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose: Five to ten grains of powder three times a
+day. A saturated tincture of the fresh root is much better, of which half
+a teaspoonful can be given everyone to four hours for above diseases.
+
+
+
+SKULL CAP. Madweed. Hoodwort. Blue Pimpernel. Scutellaria Lateriflora.
+
+Internally, used for.--Chorea, delirium, convulsions, neuralgia,
+restlessness, insomnia.
+
+Part used.--The whole herb.
+
+Gather.--Late summer while in flower.
+
+Flowers (when).--July and August.
+
+Grows (where).--In moist places.
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion, one ounce to the pint.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--The infusion may be drank freely, Fluid extract,
+dose, half to one teaspoonful, every two or three hours.
+
+
+
+SLIPPERY ELM. Red Elm. Ulmus Fulva.
+
+Internally, used for.--As a mucilage for stomach and bowel and urinary
+troubles when a mild, soothing demulcent drink is needed; in diarrhea,
+dysentery, coughs, painful urination, constipation.
+
+Externally, used for.--As a poultice.
+
+Part used.--Inner bark.
+
+[440 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Gather.--Early fall. Flowers (when).--In April.
+
+Grows (where).--In United States, in open elevated situations in rich firm
+soil.
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion of two ounces to pint of water. Mucilage made by
+using six parts of the dried bark to one hundred of water and allow to
+steep.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--The infusion and mucilage may be taken freely. The
+infusion can be injected for dysentery, diarrhea, gonorrhea, gleet and
+leucorrhea. Mucilage is taken after poisoning to allay inflammation of the
+membranes, etc. Eat bark or take prepared tablets for constipation.
+
+
+
+SPEARMINT. Mentha Viridis.
+
+Internally, used for.--Nausea and vomiting, internal and external scalding
+urine. For fever is superior to peppermint.
+
+Externally, used for.--For piles.
+
+Part used.--The herb.
+
+Gather.--Just as the flowers appear in dry weather, and dry in the shade.
+
+Flowers (when).--July and August.
+
+Grows (where).--United States in moist places.
+
+Prepared (how).--Warm or cold infusion.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Warm infusion, a handful of the herb to a quart of
+water and used freely to allay fever in inflammations, colds, etc. Cold
+infusion is good in highly colored or scalding urine. Local, saturate
+cotton with the strong infusion or diluted tincture, and apply to piles;
+use it hot.
+
+
+
+SPIKENARD. Spignet. Pettymorrel. Pigeon-weed. Aralia Racemosa.
+
+Internally, used for.--Coughs, colds, chronic rheumatism, syphilis.
+
+Part used.--Root.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Grows (where).--In dry rocky woods in United States.
+
+Prepared (how).--Decoction. Syrup.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Decoction, used freely in above diseases. It is an
+old home remedy. A syrup can also be made of it.
+
+
+
+SMARTWEED. Water Pepper. Polygonum Punctatum.
+
+Internally, used for.--Suppressed menstruation, to wash out the bladder,
+good for gravel, colds and coughs.
+
+Externally, used for.--Fomentations. Part used.--The whole herb.
+
+Gather.--Autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--August and September.
+
+Grows (where).--About brooks and streams.
+
+Prepared (how).--An infusion or a tincture made from the fresh plant. Use
+cold water to make infusion. Fomentations, simmer in water and vinegar.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion, one to three ounces. Tincture, one
+to two teaspoonfuls. Apply fomentations for colic, bloating of abdomen;
+used often with other plants externally. For menstruation give half
+teaspoonful of the tincture four times a day a week before menstruation.
+Use small doses for other troubles.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 441]
+
+
+SNAKE ROOT, VIRGINIA. Aristolochia Serpentaria.
+
+Internally, used for.--Sweating for feverish conditions where eruptions
+are tardy in coming out.
+
+Externally, used for.--For snake bites.
+
+Part used.--Root.
+
+Gather (when).--May and June.
+
+Grows (where).--Hill-sides, in rich shady woods.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powdered root. Infusion made by using four teaspoonfuls
+of the powdered root to a pint of water and let steep.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take two to three tablespoonfuls of the hot infusion
+every three to four hours. Dose of powdered root, ten to twenty grains in
+hot water.
+
+
+
+SOLOMON'S SEAL. Convallaria Multiflora.
+
+Internally, used for.--Female weakness, leucorrhea, menorrhagia.
+
+Externally, used for.--Poultice for piles.
+
+Part used.--Root.
+
+Gather.--Autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--May and August.
+
+Grows (where).--In United States and Canada, sides of meadows, high banks,
+woods, and mountain.
+
+Prepared (how).--Decoction, use one ounce of the root to pint of water and
+boil. Poultice, bruise the root.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the decoction, one to two ounces. Take less
+when it is taken oftener, as much as the stomach will bear. Make a
+poultice of the bruised root for piles and local inflammation.
+
+
+
+STONE ROOT. Horse Balm. Rich Weed. Knob Root. Hard Hack. Collinsonia
+Canadensis.
+
+Internally, used for.--Cramps, colic, dropsy, bladder troubles, gravel,
+leucorrhea.
+
+Externally, used for.--Poultice for bruises, blows, wounds, strains.
+
+Part used.--The plant.
+
+Gather.--Autumn.
+
+Grows (where).--United States and in Canada.
+
+Prepared (how).--In infusion and poultice, steep the root in a covered
+dish.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the infusion half to one ounce, three or
+four times a day.
+
+[442 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+STRAWBERRY. Fragaria Vesca.
+
+Internally, used for.--Gravel, gout, irritable bladder, nettle rash,
+eruption.
+
+Part used.--Fruit, roots, and leaves.
+
+Gather.--When ripe.
+
+Flowers (when).--Spring; April, May and June.
+
+Prepared (how).--As an infusion.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Leaves are astringent and good in infusion for sore
+mouth, diarrhea, and dysentery. Infusion of the root is a good diuretic
+and is effective in difficult urination and gonorrhea. Drink freely.
+
+
+
+STRAMONIUM. Thorn-Apple. Stink Weed. Jimson Weed. Apple Pern. Datura
+Stramonium.
+
+Internally, used for.--Used mainly for asthma.
+
+Externally, used for.--Piles.
+
+Part used.--Leaves.
+
+Gather.--When leaves are green and when flowers are in bloom.
+
+Flowers (when).--July to September.
+
+Grows (where).--Along roads, etc.
+
+Prepared (how).--Ointment. The leaves should be dried for smoking. It is
+rather dangerous.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For asthma, the leaves are mixed with tobacco leaves
+and smoked. It must be done carefully as it is poisonous. The leaves are
+good to cure piles when rubbed on them, or made into an ointment and used
+locally.
+
+
+
+SUMACH. Rhus Glabra.
+
+Internally, used for.--Sore mouth and throat, quinsy, diarrhea,
+leucorrhea, gonorrhea, suppressed urine.
+
+Part used.--Bark and fruit.
+
+Gather.--Autumn. Berries earlier.
+
+Flowers (when).--June and July.
+
+Prepared (how).--Make an infusion as usual. Use either bark or berries.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Fluid extract can be used and is safer; in doses of
+ten drops three times a day. The infusion will do as a gargle and a wash.
+
+
+
+SWEET FLAG. Calamus. Flag Root. Sweet Rush. Acorus Calamus.
+
+Internally, used for.--Disorders of the stomach, flatulency, dysentery,
+colic.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 443]
+
+Part used.--Root.
+
+Gather.--Late autumn or early spring, wash clean and dry with moderate
+heat.
+
+Grows (where).--Borders of small streams, ponds, wet meadows, swamp.
+
+Prepared (how).--Infusion made by scalding one ounce of the root in a pint
+of water.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose: One to three ounces, warm, for general
+troubles; give hot for colic. One-third to a teaspoonful of the root can
+be taken.
+
+
+
+ST. JOHN'S WORT. Hypericum Perfoliatum.
+
+Internally, used for.--Suppressed urine, chronic urinary affections,
+diarrhea, menorrhagia, hysteria, etc.
+
+Externally, used for.--Fomentations for caked breasts, hard tumors,
+bruises, swellings, stings and wounds.
+
+Part used.--Tops and flowers.
+
+Gather.--When fresh.
+
+Flowers (when).--From June to August.
+
+Grows (where).--In this country.
+
+Prepared (how).--Ointment. Infusion of powder or blossoms. Infusion one
+ounce to one pint of boiling water.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion, one to two ounces, three or four
+times daily or less. Powder; dose, thirty to sixty grains can be put in
+hot water and drank. Children's dose: Half to one teaspoonful. It should
+be taken three or four times daily in regular full doses for chronic
+diseases, and in half doses every two or three hours for acute diseases.
+Local.--Make an ointment of the tops and flowers, or boil down the
+infusion until thick, and make an ointment. First way is the best.
+
+
+
+TANSY. Tanacetum. (Sometimes called double tansy).
+
+Internally, used for.--Womb troubles and sweating, amenorrhea,
+dysmenorrhea, hysteria.
+
+Part used.--The whole herb.
+
+Gather.--In the summer.
+
+Flowers (when).--July to September.
+
+Grows (where).--Cultivated and also grows wild.
+
+Prepared (how).--As an infusion and fomentation. The oil can be bought. To
+make infusion use one ounce of the plant to one pint of boiling water and
+let steep.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the infusion one to two ounces. Oil, half to
+one drop. This oil is dangerous, so it must be taken carefully. For
+dysmenorrhea, take half ounce of infusion every hour or two. Same for
+hysteria. For amenorrhea, two ounces three times daily. For sweating, it
+should be taken in one to two-ounce doses and hot. Fomentations should be
+used hot and are good placed on the abdomen, over the womb, in painful
+menstruation.
+
+[444 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+TURKEY CORN. Wild Turkey Pea. Stagger-Weed. Corydalis Formosa.
+
+Internally, used for.--Tonic, diuretic and alterative, for syphilis and
+scrofula. (Eclectics esteem this a great remedy).
+
+Part used.--Root, small round ball.
+
+Gather.--While the plant is in flower.
+
+Flowers (when).--In March.
+
+Grows (where).--In rich soils, on hills and mountains, etc.
+
+Prepared (how).--Tincture. Infusion, four teaspoonfuls of the powdered
+bulb to one pint of boiling water and let steep.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the infusion, one to three ounces three or
+four times daily. Tincture, half to one teaspoonful. Tincture can be
+bought at a drug store.
+
+
+
+TURNIP, INDIAN. Jack-in-the pulpit. Wild Turnip. Dragon Root. Arum
+Triphyllum.
+
+Internally, used for.--Expectorant and sweating purposes in chest
+troubles. Also good for sore mouth and sore throat if given in honey or
+syrup.
+
+Part used.--Root.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--From May to July.
+
+Grows (where).--Common in South America in all moist and damp places.
+
+Prepared (how).--Dry the root and powder it and give in honey or make into
+a syrup or given in powder.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--For sweating use powder in hot water, ten grains
+three times a day or smaller dose oftener. For bronchitis, etc., use in
+syrup or in honey, three or four times a day, five to ten grains at a
+dose. Same way for sore mouth and throat.
+
+
+
+TRUE UNICORN ROOT. Star Grass. Colic Root. Ague Root. Crow Corn. Aletris
+Farinosa.
+
+Internally, used for.--Its tonic influence upon the womb to prevent a
+tendency to miscarriage, for amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, falling, also for
+chlorosis.
+
+Part used.--The root.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--June and July.
+
+Grows (where).--Most parts of United States, usually in dry sandy soils
+and barrens.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 445]
+
+Prepared (how).--Powdered root. Tincture. Fluid extract.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Powdered root, five to ten grains three times a day.
+Saturated tincture, two to five drops, three times a day. Fluid extract,
+five to ten drops. Tincture and fluid extract can be bought at any drug
+store. For the above diseases it should be taken regularly four times a
+day. The fluid extract is the best form in which to take it and is often
+given by doctors.
+
+
+
+WAHOO. Indian Arrow Wood. Burning-Bush. Spindle Tree. Enonymus
+Atropurpureus.
+
+Internally, used for.--Dyspepsia, torpid liver, laxative, tonic.
+
+Part used.--The bark of the root.
+
+Gather.--Autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--In June.
+
+Grows (where).--In woods and thickets.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powder. Tincture.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of powder, ten to twenty grains; saturated
+tincture, one to two teaspoonfuls; extract, one to five grains. This is a
+good remedy; smaller doses can be given every two hours for dyspepsia and
+liver complaint. It is often combined with remedies, like dandelion,
+yellow dock, burdock.
+
+
+
+WILD CHERRY. Prunus Virginianus.
+
+Internally, used for.--Tonic, dyspepsia, scrofula.
+
+Part used.--The bark of the root.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--In May.
+
+Prepared (how).--Powdered bark or infusion. One ounce of bark to one pint
+of cold water to make infusion, allow it to stand for a few hours.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take of infusion one to three ounces four or five
+times a day. Dose of powdered bark, one to two teaspoonfuls in hot water.
+For tonic action and for dyspepsia it should be taken oftener and in half
+the given doses.
+
+
+
+WILD YAM. Colic Root. Dioscorea Villosa.
+
+Internally, used for.--Bilious colic.
+
+Part used.--Root.
+
+Gather.--In autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--June and July.
+
+Grows (where).--United States and in Canada, twining over bushes and
+fences, thickets and hedges.
+
+Prepared (how).--Decoction of the root. Pour a pint of boiling water on
+two ounces of the bruised root, let steep slowly for half hour, strain.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Give half cupful of decoction every twenty minutes
+for bilious colic. Some have given half a pint at once in a severe case.
+
+[446 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+WORMWOOD. Artemisia Absinthium.
+
+Internally, used for.--Worms, jaundice, dyspepsia, amenorrhea and
+leucorrhea.
+
+Externally, used for.--Bruises, local inflammations.
+
+Part used.--Tops and leaves.
+
+Flowers (when).--In July and August.
+
+Grows (where).--United States.
+
+Prepared (how).--Fomentations. An infusion is made by adding thirteen of
+the herbs to a pint of cold water.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion one to four teaspoonfuls. Use
+fomentations for bruises and local inflammation.
+
+
+
+WORMSEED. Goose Foot. Stinking Weed. Chenopodium Anthelminticum.
+
+Internally, used for.--Worms, round worms.
+
+Part used.--Seeds and herb.
+
+Gather.--In late autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--July to September.
+
+Grows (where).--United States, in waste places.
+
+Prepared (how).--Oil.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--Four to eight drops of oil to be given night and
+morning, for four or five days, and then followed by a purgative.
+Combination: Oil of wormseed one ounce, oil of tansy one ounce, spirits of
+turpentine one and one-half ounce, castor oil one pint. Dose for a child,
+a teaspoonful every hour until it operates; for an adult one
+tablespoonful. Powdered herb: Dose, half to one teaspoonful.
+
+
+
+YARROW. Milfoil. Thousand Leaf. Achillea Millefolium.
+
+Internally, used for.--Bleeding from the lungs, kidneys, piles, dysentery,
+menorrhagia.
+
+Part used.--The herb.
+
+Flowers (when).--Nearly whole summer.
+
+Grows (where).--Europe and America in fields, woods, pastures.
+
+Prepared (how).--Decoction, half ounce of plant to six ounces of water and
+boil down to three ounces. Juice of the herb is also used.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--In menorrhagia either can be used, as well as in
+other diseases. Tablespoonful of decoction every hour. The expressed juice
+in two or three tablespoonful doses may be taken three times a day.
+
+[HERB DEPARTMENT 447]
+
+YELLOW DOCK. Rumex Crispus.
+
+Internally, used for.--Skin disease, scrofula, syphilis, scurvy.
+
+Externally, used for.--Fresh root bruised in cream is good applied to
+ulcers, tumors and itch.
+
+Part used.--The root.
+
+Gather.--Early autumn.
+
+Flowers (when).--June and July.
+
+Grows (where).--In pastures, dry fields, etc.
+
+Prepared (how).--One ounce root to a pint of boiling water. Let steep.
+
+Diseases, Dose, etc.--One or two ounces, three times a day; or half ounce
+every three hours. This is a good remedy. Some people should commence with
+smaller doses.
+
+[448 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+HOMEOPATHY
+
+THE TREATMENT OF ABOUT ONE HUNDRED TWENTY
+DISEASES ACCORDING TO HOMEOPATHY
+
+In cities and in most towns Homeopathic medicine will be found in drug
+stores in their special preparations. Some drug stores handle Homeopathic
+medicines exclusively.
+
+MEDICINES.--Homeopathic medicines should be kept in a dry cool place. Do
+not leave them standing open among odors or exposed to bright lights. The
+following are among those common for home use:
+
+List of Remedies.
+
+      Aconitum                Colocynthis           Phosphorus
+      Antimonium crudum       Cuprum metallicum     Pulsatilla
+      Antimonium tartaricum   Gelsemium             Rhus toxicodendron
+      Apis                    Hepar Sulphuricum     Sanguinaria
+      Arnica radix            Hyoscyamus            Sepia
+      Arsenicum               Ipecacuanha           Silicea
+      Belladonna              Lycopodium            Spigelia
+      Bryonia                 Mercurius             Spongia
+      Chamomilla              Natrum muriaticum     Sulphur
+      China                   Nux Vomica            Veratrum album
+      Cina                    Opium
+      Cinchona (see China)    Phosphoric acid
+
+Fluid for External Use.
+
+      Arnica.                 Calendula.
+
+Care of Medicine in the Sick Room.--Use a clean tumbler and when not using
+cover the tumbler with a small saucer or piece of cardboard. Set it in a
+cool place and where it is free from odors, as liquid medicines exposed
+are likely to take up such impurities.
+
+[HOMEOPATHY 449]
+
+DIRECTIONS FOR USING HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES.
+
+They are prepared in two forms, Dilutions and Triturations (powdered
+form). From the triturations tablets are made. When we write "3X dil."
+that means 3X dilution; when we write "3X trit." that means 3X
+trituration. The 3X means or indicates the strength of the medicine. We
+have different dilutions and triturations, as IX, 2X, 3X, 4X, etc.,
+according to the strength of the medicine used and we say dil. or trit.,
+for dilution or trituration, depending upon the form to be used. Tablets
+are handier to use than the triturations or powder. In this book when I
+write trituration I shall always expect you to use it in the form of
+tablets. Instead of giving directions in every disease how to prepare the
+medicine, I will give it here.
+
+When you use the medicine in the dilution (liquid) form, you put ten to
+fifteen drops of the dilution (say the 2X or any one) in a glass half full
+of water and give one to two teaspoonsful everyone-half to one to two or
+three hours, as the case may be, according to the age of the patient, etc.
+This is for acute cases.
+
+For chronic cases.--You give medicine three or four times a day, one to
+two teaspoonfuls at a time. When you use it in trituration (tablet) form,
+you give one to two tablets at a dose every one-half to one, two or three
+hours, etc. In chronic cases three or four times a day, one or two
+tablets.
+
+For the beginning of a common cold.--Aconite 2X dil. Put ten drops in a
+glass half full of water and take two teaspoonsful every one-half hour for
+three doses, then every three hours for twelve hours. Tincture of camphor
+in drop doses is also good.
+
+If throat feels raw and sore.--I give three tablets of Mercurius bin. 2X
+trit. (tablet form) in alternation with the Aconite for three doses. Then
+stop it.
+
+
+
+LA GRIPPE.--Gelsemium IX dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water
+and give one to two teaspoonfuls everyone-half to two hours. Feels sick,
+achy and bad all over; generally good at the beginning.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. if throat is raw and sore, throbbing, beating arteries,
+tickling annoying hard cough.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). When throat is sore with much saliva,
+sticky sweat which does not relieve.
+
+Bryonia 2X dil. Grip with cold on chest, hurts to cough.
+
+Phosphorus 3X dil. In bronchial tubes under breast bones.
+
+Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) stopped nose, watery burning discharge;
+feverish, thirsty and restless; chills and fever.
+
+
+
+STOMATITIS.--Meaning a simple inflammation of the mouth.
+
+Mercurius sol. 3X trit. (tablet form). Give one to two every one to three
+hours, according to the case.
+
+[450 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+APHTHAE (Thrush) in Children.--l Mercurius sol. 3X trit. (tablet form).
+Indicated when it extends downward and produces diarrhea. Give one tablet
+every four hours for a few days.
+
+2. Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Give one tablet every two to four
+hours, when the parts look bluish and livid, with great weakness, much
+thirst and restlessness, with burning watery diarrhea.
+
+In Adults.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Give about two tablets every
+three hours when the edge of the tongue is ulcerated and whitish with
+violent burning pains.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Give two tablets every three hours, when
+the ulcerated gums discharge a fetid matter; loose teeth or teeth feel
+long, much sticky saliva in mouth.
+
+
+
+GLOSSITIS. Inflammation of the tongue.
+
+Aconite 2X dil. if there is much fever, fast pulse, dry skin.
+Prepare:--Put ten drops in a glass half full of water and give one to two
+teaspoonfuls everyone to three hours.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) indicated in most cases. Take two tablets
+every two to four hours.
+
+
+
+DISEASES OF THE TEETH.--Chamomilla 1X dil. Put ten drops in one-half glass
+full of water and give one to two teaspoonfuls everyone to three hours.
+This is especially good in cross, nervous, teething babies.
+
+Aconite 2X dil. Prepared and given as above stated. When there is much
+fever, dullness and stupor.
+
+Mercurius sol. 3X trit. (tablet form). When the teeth are sore and feel
+too long; one to two tablets everyone to three hours.
+
+
+
+DISEASES OF THE GUMS.--Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form) is good when
+teeth are ulcerated and decayed. Take one to two tablets every three
+hours. Or use,
+
+Mercurius sol. 3X trit. (tablet form) if there is much saliva in the mouth
+and teeth feel too long.
+
+
+
+UVULA, INFLAMMATION OF.--Aconite 2X di1. Ten drops of this in a glass half
+full of water and give one to two teaspoonfuls everyone to three hours,
+when there is fever, furred tongue, dry and hot skin.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil., prepared and given same as Aconite, instead of Aconite
+when the parts are red, congested and painful.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Good when the parts are much swollen,
+sore and very sensitive, darkish, with much sticky saliva in the mouth.
+
+
+
+THROAT, INFLAMMATION OF.--Aconite 2X dil. Ten drops in a glass one-half
+full of water and give two teaspoonfuls everyone to three hours, in the
+first stage attended by fever, hot and dry skin.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. Is better in second stage, when there is some sweating,
+parts are red and swollen that interfere with swallowing.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Given when there is much saliva with
+pain, soreness and difficulty in swallowing.
+
+[HOMEOPATHY 451]
+
+PHARYNGITIS, Inflammation of the Pharynx.--
+
+Aconite 2X dil., Belladonna 3X dil., and Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form)
+according to symptoms given above.
+
+
+
+TONSILS, TONSILITIS AND QUINSY.--Aconite 2X dil. In the first twenty-four
+hours when there is fever, full pulse and dry skin.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. instead, when there is much redness and swelling of the
+parts with much trouble in swallowing, great pain. Prepared as above
+directed and given.
+
+Hepar Sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to two
+to three hours when suppuration is threatened and where there is constant
+throbbing and pain in the tonsil.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets everyone to three
+hours, when the trouble continues after suppuration, parts are dark red
+and much thick sticky saliva and foul breath.
+
+
+
+ENLARGED TONSIL (Chronic).--Baryta Carb. 3X trit. (tablet form). Take one
+to two tablets daily for some time.
+
+
+
+DIPHTHERIA.--Antitoxin is the best remedy.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. Ten to fifteen drops in one-half glass of water and
+give two teaspoonfuls every one to two hours when there is fever, marked
+inflammation of the tonsils, no spots as yet, red face and throbbing
+arteries.
+
+Kali bichrom 2X trit. (tablet form). Put ten to fifteen tablets in a glass
+half full of water and give one to two teaspoonfuls every one to two
+hours, when the discharge is thick and stringy.
+
+Mercurius protoid 2X trit. (tablet form). Prepare and give same way as
+Kali bichrom when membrane is dark, foul odor, tongue thick and pasty.
+
+
+
+ESOPHAGUS, INFLAMMATION OF.--Aconite 2X dil. if there is much fever.
+Belladonna 3X dil. If there is much local pain.
+
+
+
+GASTRITIS, ACUTE INFLAMMATION.--Aconite 2X dil. Put ten drops or fifteen
+drops in a half-glass of water and give when there is active and violent
+inflammation with full and rapid pulse, shivering and bilious vomiting.
+
+Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Give one to two tablets every one to
+three hours. Where there is great soreness and burning, much thirst,
+vomiting, dry, red and cracked tongue.
+
+Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to three
+hours. When there is a dull pain and nausea, but no active vomiting;
+especially good in cases from drinking.
+
+[452 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CHRONIC GASTRITIS.--Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form), one to two
+tablets four times a day when there is much emaciation and when there is
+much desire to vomit.
+
+Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets after meals when it
+is caused by intemperance, eating too highly seasoned food, too much tea
+and coffee. Bowels are generally constipated.
+
+Pulsatilla 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets after meals, when it
+is caused by rich, greasy foods, such as cakes, pies, puddings, pork and
+greasy gravies.
+
+Carbo veg. 3X trit. (tablet form). Two tablets after meals when there is
+much wind (gas) in the stomach.
+
+Bryonia alb. 2X dilution, ten drops put in a glass half full of water and
+take two teaspoonfuls after every meal and before retiring, when the
+stomach is sore to touch, food feels like a load in the stomach, with sour
+water coming up.
+
+
+
+HEART-BURN.--Nux vomica 3X trit. (tablet form), Mercurius vivus 3X trit.
+(tablet form), Bryonia alb. 2X dil. are main remedies.
+
+
+
+GASTRALGIA (Cardialgia).--Pains in the stomach.
+
+Nux vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) with pressure and cramps in the stomach,
+more particularly if the patient uses coffee, tea and liquors, or is
+troubled with piles, constipation, with indoor life and headaches, two
+tablets every half hour until better.
+
+Ignatia 3X trit. (tablet form) especially for morose, nervous females,
+same dose as Nux Vomica, and same way.
+
+Pulsatilla 3X trit. (tablet form). Two tablets every half hour until
+better. When brought on by rich food, as pork, pies, cakes. It is
+especially good in blonde women with scanty and painful menstruation.
+Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). One tablet everyone to three hours. It is
+especially good in brunette type with irregular and painful menstruation.
+
+
+
+VOMITING.--Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). For acid vomiting, one
+tablet dry on the tongue every fifteen minutes.
+
+Ipecac 3X trit. (tablet form) for bilious vomiting.
+
+Cocculus 2X dil. for vomiting from riding. Ten drops in a half glass full
+of water; take one teaspoonful every ten minutes until better.
+
+Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every ten minutes until
+better when the vomit is watery, burning liquid, patient is very restless
+and thirsty. Generally found in disease.
+
+
+
+ENTERITIS.--Acute inflammation of the small intestines.
+
+Aconite 2X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water and give one
+to two teaspoonfuls everyone to three hours. When it is at the
+commencement, caused by cold, with dry skin, dry tongue and fever.
+
+Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to two
+hours, when the pains are burning, tearing, cutting in the bowels,
+restless and anxious, vomiting and thirsty.
+
+[HOMEOPATHY 453]
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. Prepare and give as usual. When the ordinary symptoms
+are accompanied by delirium or spasms with throbbing head.
+
+Chamomilla 1X dil. For children during teething, with foul green diarrhea.
+
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets everyone to three
+hours with usual pains, pasty, coated tongue, foul breath, painful
+diarrhea with it.
+
+Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to three
+hours. Caused by sudden suppression of piles, especially in drinkers and
+high livers, with lazy habits.
+
+
+
+LARGE INTESTINE, INFLAMMATION.--Aconite 2X dil. at the beginning. Chilly,
+fever, hot dry skin, usual symptoms and dose.
+
+Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to
+three hours, with retching, vomiting, intense thirst, great prostration.
+
+Mercurius viv. 3X trit. (tablet form) same dose as Arsenicum. Stools are
+green and watery, with much pain before and after stools.
+
+Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) constipated bowels, nausea and vomiting.
+
+
+
+DYSENTERY AND DIARRHEA.--Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two
+tablets every one to two hours when there is pain before stool and
+relieved by the passage.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) same dose, etc. When there is pain and it
+is not relieved by the passage, stool is sometimes slimy, bloody and very
+little in quantity.
+
+Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to
+three hours. The person is very restless, thirsty, anxious, vomiting, and
+burning watery stool.
+
+Podophyllum 3X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water; take two
+teaspoonfuls every hour or two; especially good in children with large
+watery mealy stools of so large quantity of mealy liquid that the mother
+wonders where it all comes from.
+
+Mercurius corr. 3X trit. (tablet form) instead of Mercurius 3X trit.
+(tablet form) when the bladder also is affected.
+
+
+
+CHOLERA INFANTUM:--Chamomilla 1X dil. in teething children, with sour
+mucous vomiting, frequent greenish stools.
+
+Mercurius vivus 3X trit. (tablet form). For mucous, painful slimy stools,
+child strains at every stool, sometimes mixed with blood. Pain is not
+relieved by a stool.
+
+Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every one to three
+hours, for watery burning vomiting and same kind of stools, very restless,
+thirsty and drawn looking.
+
+[454 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CHOLERA MORBUS.--Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets
+on tongue every fifteen minutes until better, when there is watery burning
+vomiting, with terrible thirst, great prostration.
+
+Veratrum alb. 2X dil. in water, etc. When there is vomiting with great
+prostration, cold hands and feet, cold sweat.
+
+
+
+APPENDICITIS.--Aconite 2X dil. at the beginning.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. after the first twenty-four hours.
+
+Bryonia alb. 2X dil. Pains are sharp, shooting, better quiet. Can
+alternate with Aconite or Belladonna.
+
+Mercurius Viv. 3X trit. (tablet form) given later.
+
+
+
+CONSTIPATION.--Correct diet and habits.
+
+Bryonia 2X dil.
+
+Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form).
+
+Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form).
+
+Opium 6X dilution. Taken 4 times daily.
+
+
+
+COLIC.--Colocynthis 1X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water
+and give two teaspoonfuls every fifteen minutes until better. When the
+pains are cutting, pinching, cramping, as if the bowels were pierced with
+knives in the region of the navel and when the patient bends forward.
+
+Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every half hour
+until better. When there is constipation, acid vomiting, distended
+abdomen.
+
+Chamomilla 1X dil. Colic in stomach region and is caused by bad food. Face
+flushed, in teething children.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every hour, when the pain is
+in the liver, patient vomits much bile and has a diarrhea, both bilious
+and fecal, with straining.
+
+Podophyllum 3X dil. Ten drops in a half glass of water, two teaspoonfuls
+every hour when the liver is too active, too much bile, colic is
+aggravated by the bilious vomiting--jaundiced skin, bitter taste in the
+mouth.
+
+
+
+PAINTER'S COLIC.--Opium 6X dil. As usual, prepared, and given every one to
+two hours, when the constipation is obstinate, hard abdomen, with intense
+pain, griping and pinching.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. same way. When bowels feel constricted or seem as if
+grasped by the finger nails.
+
+[HOMEOPATHY 455]
+
+PILES.--Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet after each meal and
+before retiring. Constipation with pain in the lower back and in the lower
+part of the rectum; piles may protrude and be sore.
+
+Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form) Tablet at night in connection with Nux
+Vomica in the morning.
+
+Aloes 3X dil. One drop of it four times a day when the piles are very
+painful, and in the lower part of the bowels, and lots of them.
+
+
+
+BOWEL FALLING (Prolapsus ani).--Tincture Cina is good when caused by
+worms, one-tenth to one drop of the tincture every two hours.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) when caused by dysentery or loose bowels.
+
+Mercurius Corr. 3X trit. (tablet form) when caused by dysentery. Last two
+use 3X; one to two tablets every two hours.
+
+
+
+WORMS.--Tincture of Cina from one-tenth drop to two drops four times a day
+for pin (seat) (thread worms) and round worms.
+
+Symptoms.--Boring of the nose, livid, semi-circle under the eyes, restless
+sleep, cross, etc.
+
+
+
+CHOLERA ASIATIC.--Aconite first stage.
+
+Tincture Camphor in drop doses second stage every fifteen minutes.--Follow
+with Arsenicum, Veratrum alb.
+
+Carbo veg. 3X trit. (tablet form) third stage.
+
+
+
+PERITONITIS.--Aconite 2X dil. at first.
+
+Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet from) when patient is thirsty, very restless.
+Dose every hour.
+
+Bryonia alb. 2X dil. Prepare. Pains worse from motion,--cutting shooting;
+constipated.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) Later, skin yellow, coated pasty tongue.
+
+
+
+DROPSY.--After scarlet fever. Apis Mel. 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet
+every two hours.
+
+In feet, ankles, and abdomen.--Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One
+tablet every three hours.
+
+
+
+LIVER, INFLAMMATION (Hepatitis) Bryonia 2X dil. Prepare as usual and give,
+etc. When some fever; lies on affected side. Severe pains when moved.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every two to four hours,
+after first remedy, when heavy odor from the breath, dry mouth, bitter
+taste, yellow (pasty) coated tongue, yellow color of skin.
+
+Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form), etc. When severe pains in region of
+liver extending to the back; nausea, vomiting and constipation.
+
+
+
+LIVER, ENLARGED.--Phosphorus 3X dil. Prepare and give two teaspoonfuls
+every four hours.
+
+[456 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+BILIOUSNESS, LIVER.--With vomiting of bile and mucus use Nux Vomica 3X
+trit. (tablet form) one every three hours, also from stimulants and over
+feeding.
+
+Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form) when associated with piles. One tablet
+night and morning.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Two tablets four times a day, when
+associated with white costive stools and depression of spirits.
+
+
+
+BILIOUS DIARRHEA.--Give Podophyllum 3X dil. one drop every three hours.
+
+
+
+BILIOUS ATTACKS.--In children brought on by teething, cold or anger give
+one drop of Chamomilla 1X dil. every three hours.
+
+Chelidonium 3X dil. Is good for chronic liver disease, when there is a
+thick yellow coating on the tongue, pains, aching under right shoulder
+blade, also constipation. Give two drops four times a day of 3X dil.
+
+Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). Liver troubles of drinkers. Use two
+tablets every three hours.
+
+
+
+JAUNDICE.--Aconite 2X dil. Beginning from taking cold. Nux Vomica 3X trit.
+(tablet form). Constipation prominent. Chamomilla IX dil. From fright,
+anger, teething.
+
+
+
+DISEASE OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.--Coryza, cold in the head.
+
+Aconite 2X dil. Prepare as usual. Use first twenty-four hours.
+
+Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every hour for burning watery
+discharge from the nose; nose stopped up, discharge makes nose sore.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets everyone to three
+hours, for thick mucous discharge.
+
+
+
+CATARRH, CHRONIC.--Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form). Use tablets; take about
+four times a day.
+
+Kali Bich 3X trit. (tablet form) thick crusts from ulcers in the nostrils,
+one tablet four times a day.
+
+
+
+LARYNGITIS, (Inflammation of the Larynx).-Aconite 2X dil. In first
+twenty-four hours; give one to two drops every hour.
+
+Belladonna 2X dil. (second day) after aconite; give same way.
+
+Kali Bich 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets everyone to three
+hours when hoarseness is present.
+
+
+
+CHRONIC LARYNGITIS.--Belladonna 3X dil.
+
+Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form).
+
+Phosphorus 3X dil.
+
+[HOMEOPATHY 457]
+
+CROUP.--Aconite 2X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water, and
+give two teaspoonfuls every fifteen minutes in alteration with Spongia 3X
+trit. (tablet form) one at a dose. If there is no fever the Spongia can be
+used alone. Cough is hard, rasping, barking, sawing.
+
+Hepar sulph, 3X trit. (tablet form), This can be used in place of Spongia
+in light haired children. Cough may be a little looser than the spongia
+cough.
+
+
+
+BRONCHITIS, ACUTE AND CHRONIC.--Aconite 2X dil. Ten drops, etc. One to two
+teaspoonfuls everyone to three hours in first stage for the fever, etc.
+
+Belladonna 2X or 3X dil., etc., same. Chilly, dry throat and dry cough,
+soreness, and rawness beneath the breast bone, pain in the head.
+
+Phosphorus 3X dil. etc, Constant cough, pressing feeling under breast
+bone, a little mucus expectorated.
+
+Tartar Emetic 3X trit. (tablet form), One tablet every four hours. Better
+for old people and chronic cases, when the cough is loose and much
+rattling from mucus. Also good in children for capillary bronchitis.
+
+
+
+INFLUENZA.--Gelsemium 1X dil. generally at the beginning twenty-four hours
+one drop every hour.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. for sore throat.
+
+Phosphorus 3X dil. for bronchitis.
+
+Bryonia 2X for the lungs.
+
+
+
+WHOOPING-COUGH. (Pertussis).--Belladonna 2X or 3X dil. Ten drops in a
+glass half full of water and two teaspoonfuls given every one to three
+hours for sudden tight, violent cough, with sore throat, headache and nose
+bleed.
+
+Cuprum Met. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every hour, for the
+violent forms causing convulsions.
+
+Hyoscyamus 1X dil. Ten drops in a half glass of water; a dessertspoonful
+after each paroxysm until they get better. This is indicated when the
+paroxysms are frequent but not so violent, and when they are worse at
+night; no fever, mucus of a thick greenish color; and when the cough
+produces a sparkle or spots before the eyes.
+
+
+
+PNEUMONIA, Inflammation of the Lungs.--Aconite 2X dil., etc. every hour
+for first twenty-four hours.
+
+Bryonia 2X dil., etc. Given same way, when the patient lies quietly, hurts
+to move, stitching pain in chest when coughing and attended by a pain in
+the head. Goes well after Aconite. Aconite and Bryonia are frequently
+alternated every hour.
+
+Phosphorus, 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet everyone to three hours.
+Tight cough, with little mucus.
+
+[458 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PLEURISY, Inflammation of the Pleura.--Aconite 2X dil., etc., one to two
+teaspoonfuls every hour, for the chill and fever, dry hot skin, full
+bounding pulse, shortness of breath. First stage.
+
+Byronia 2X dil. One to two teaspoonfuls every hour. Head aches as if it
+would split open, sharp stitching pain in the affected side. Constipation.
+
+
+
+PLEURODYNIA, (Intercostal Neuralgia).--Belladonna 3X dil. Bryonia 2X dil.
+
+
+
+ENDOCARDITIS.--Inflammation of inner lining of the heart.
+
+Aconite 2X dil.
+
+Spigelia 3X dil.
+
+Cactus 3X dil.
+
+
+
+ANGINA PECTORIS.--Cactus 2X dilution.
+
+Spigelia 3X dil.
+
+Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form).
+
+
+
+PALPITATION.--Aconite 2X dil. One drop. Arising from excitement.
+
+Chamomilla 1X dil. and Nux Vomica 3X dil. (tablet form) caused from anger.
+
+Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) for palpitation from indigestion.
+
+Pulsatilla 3X dil. (light haired people).
+
+
+
+PULSE INTERMITTENT.--Give digitalis, spigelia 2X dil. Gelsemium 2X dil.
+
+
+
+VEINS VARICOSE.--Hamamelis locally is good.
+
+Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form) for varicose ulcers.
+
+
+
+
+SPLEEN, ENLARGEMENT.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) two tablets three
+times a day.
+
+China 3X di!. Two drops four times a day.
+
+Bryonia 2X dil. One drop four times a day. Worse on motion and on touch.
+
+
+
+KIDNEY (NEPHRITIS). (Inflammation of the Kidneys).--Aconite 2X dil. Ten
+drops in a glass half full of water and two teaspoonfuls everyone to two
+hours, when there is much fever.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. can follow.
+
+
+
+BRIGHT'S DISEASE.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet four times
+a day.
+
+
+
+DIABETES MELLITUS.--Phosphoric acid 3X dil. Two drops four times a day.
+
+
+Uranium nitrate 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet three times a day.
+
+[HOMEOPATHY 459]
+
+
+CYSTITIS (Inflammation of the Bladder).--Acute and chronic. Aconite 2X
+dil. One drop everyone to two hours first twenty-four hours.
+
+Cantharis 3X dil. For painful urination, and small amount; one to two
+drops every two hours.
+
+
+
+RENAL CALCULI.--Sand in the urine. Lycopodium 30X trit. (tablet form). One
+tablet three times a day, for red sand.
+
+Sarsaparilla 2X dil. Two drops three times a day for white sand.
+
+Berberis Vulgaris (tincture). One drop four times a day for thick urine,
+pain in the back running down to the bladder.
+
+
+
+HEMATURIA.--(Blood in the urine). Aconite 2X dil., etc., beginning, when
+there is fever.
+
+Cantharis 3X dil. Ten drops every two hours. Urine pains in passing little
+at a time.
+
+Terebinth 3X dil. When the urine has a good deal of blood in it.
+
+
+
+RHEUMATISM.--Acute inflammatory. Aconite 2X dil. At first, and when new
+joints are attacked.
+
+Belladonna 2X or 3X dil. When the parts throb and beat, and are swollen a
+bright red.
+
+Bryonia 2x dil. Pains are cutting, lancinating. Worse on least motion and
+touch; better by rest.
+
+Rhus tax 6X dil. Parts sore and stiff, but better, for a time, when moved
+a little. Opposite to Bryonia.
+
+
+
+GOUT.--Aconite 2X dil. At first for the fever.
+
+Colchicum 3X dil. every two hours.
+
+For chronic and muscular Rheumatism; above remedies are good but given
+four times a day.
+
+
+
+ERYSIPELAS.--Belladonna 3X dil. Bright red color, pain in head and eyes;
+full throbbing, bounding pulse.
+
+Rhus tax 6X dil. When swelling is dark and in the form of vesicles.
+
+Apis Mel 2X trit. (tablet form) for puffy swollen kind. Urine is generally
+light yellow color and lessened. Give a tablet generally every hour.
+
+
+
+ACNE.--Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). When caused by menstruation in dark
+haired women.
+
+Pulsatilla 3X dil. For blondes, and when caused by rich foods.
+
+
+
+HIVES.--Apis Mel. 2X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every two
+hours.
+
+
+
+ITCH.--Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form). One tablet four times daily and
+sulphur ointment.
+
+[460 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+ECZEMA.--Graphites 6X trit. (tablet form).
+
+Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form).
+
+Rhus tox 6X trit. (tablet form).
+
+Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form).
+
+
+
+PEMPHIGUS.--Cantharis 3X dil. Dose every two hours.
+
+
+
+PSORIASIS.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Rhus tox 6X tablet.
+
+
+
+IMPETIGO.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Rhus tox 6X, Graphites 6X.
+
+
+
+BOILS.--Belladonna 2X dil. Hepar sulph 3X tablets.
+
+
+
+CARBUNCLE.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form).
+
+
+
+SCURVY.--Carbo Veg. 3X trit. (tablet form). Mercurius 3X tablet.
+
+
+
+SCARLET FEVER.--Belladonna 3X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of
+water and give two teaspoonfuls every two hours for usual kind.
+
+Apis Mel. 2X trit. (tablet form). One to two every three hours when the
+kidneys secrete less and there is some dropsy.
+
+
+
+MEASLES.--Aconite 2X dil. in the beginning.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. for sore throat, dry spasmodic cough, headache
+delirium.
+
+Bryonia 2X dil. When lungs are sore and hurts much to cough.
+
+
+
+CHICKEN POX.--Aconite 2X dil. for fever stage. Rhus tox 6X trit. (tablet
+form). Tablet every three hours.
+
+
+
+SMALL POX.--Aconite 2X dil. for fever. Tartar Emetic 3X trit. (tablet
+form). 2 Tablets every two hours after fever is low.
+
+
+
+FEVER, INTERMITTENT, AGUE, ETC.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form).
+
+Natrum Mur. 30X trit. (tablet form) especially after Quinine has failed.
+
+
+
+INFANTILE REMITTENT FEVER.--Aconite 2X dil.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil.
+
+Mercurius 3X tablet.
+
+
+
+INFLAMMATORY CONTINUED FEVER.--Aconite 2X dil. for the fever.
+
+Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One every two to three hours for the
+stomach.
+
+[HOMEOPATHY 461]
+
+TYPHOID FEVER.--Gelsemium 1X dil. Ten drops in a half glass, etc., 2
+teaspoonfuls every hour, generally good in beginning stage.
+
+Arsenicum 3X. trit. (tablet form). One to two everyone to three hours,
+later when there is sunken countenance and eyes; dry, cracked, tongue,
+burning thirst, restless, burning and involuntary diarrhea.
+
+Rhus tox 3X dil. Delirium, nose bleed, sordes on teeth, brown dry tongue,
+wants to change position often, muttering, drowsy sleep, picking at
+things.
+
+
+
+YELLOW FEVER.--Tincture Camphor drop doses every hour followed by
+Belladonna and Arsenicum.
+
+
+
+CONGESTION OF BRAIN.--Aconite 2X dil. Prepare, and give one to two
+teaspoonfuls everyone to two hours.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. Prepare and give one to two teaspoonfuls everyone to
+two hours. When head bounds and throbs much.
+
+Bryonia 2X dil. Aggravated by motion; more fullness in the forehead;
+bilious temperament.
+
+
+
+BRAIN, INFLAMMATION OF.--Aconite 2X dil. at beginning.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. This follows well after Aconite.
+
+Chamomilla 2X. Good in teething children.
+
+
+
+CORD, INFLAMMATION OF (Myelitis).--Aconite 2X dil. At beginning.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. and Bryonia 2X dil. following.
+
+
+
+SPOTTED FEVER (Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis).--Aconite 2X dil.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil.
+
+Bryonia 2X dil.
+
+Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form).
+
+
+
+AP
+
+OPLEXY.--Belladonna 3X dil. When arteries beat violently at first.
+
+
+
+WATER ON THE BRAIN (Acute Hydrocephalus).--Helleborus nig. 3X dil.
+
+
+
+HEADACHE (Cephalalgia).--Belladonna 3X dil. One to two drops every half
+hour until better. Pounding throbbing headache, eyes red, and pain.
+
+Bryonia, 2X dil. same way. Stomach trouble, headache, worse on motion, in
+forehead, full forehead, bilious feeling.
+
+Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two every one-half to two hours.
+Begins in morning after eating, nausea, especially when from too much
+coffee, liquor, etc.
+
+Gelsemium 2X dil. For nervous headache.
+
+[462 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+SICK HEADACHE.--Bryonia 2X dil. Vomiting (bilious) worse from motion.
+
+Pulsatilla 3X dil. Blondes with menstrual troubles.
+
+Iris vers. 2X dil. Ten drops in water. Bilious sick headache, frequent
+nausea and vomiting.
+
+Sanguinaria 2X dil. Ten drops, etc. Dose every fifteen minutes to an hour.
+Stomach sick headache. Nausea and vomiting of stomach material, sick waves
+from stomach to head.
+
+Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form) for brunettes; bilious jaundiced appearance.
+
+Spigelia 2X dil. Neuralgic headache, one sided, in one eye, heart
+palpitates.
+
+
+
+CONVULSIONS, IN CHILDREN.--Belladonna 3X dil. Ten drops in a half glass of
+water, one teaspoonful every half hour to one hour. Flushed face with
+wandering look, half open, staring eyes.
+
+Chamomilla 2X dil. Spasms during teething, screaming, tossing, restless
+sleep, irritable cross children.
+
+Cina 1X dil. Two drops every half  hour. When caused by worms.
+
+Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). When caused by indigestion from a
+hearty meal; constipated bowels.
+
+
+
+ST. VITUS' DANCE (Chorea).--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) emaciated,
+tired girls, weak.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. suited to rugged looking girls, with rush of blood to
+the head.
+
+Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) constipated, stomach bad.
+
+Pulsatilla 3X dil. For blonde girls, menstrual troubles.
+
+Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). For brunettes, menstrual troubles.
+
+
+
+NEURITIS (Inflammation of the Nerves).--Aconite 2X dil. when caused from
+cold or congestion.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. sore to touch and movement.
+
+Arnica 2X dil. when caused by injury,
+
+Rhus tox ex trit. (tablet form) when caused by strain.
+
+
+
+NEURALGIA or pain in the nerves, Tic douloreux infra-orbital. Facial,
+intercostal, sciatic, etc.
+
+Aconite 3X dil. when caused by cold, fever, hot dry skin.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. Beating throbbing pain, red parts, faceache, pain in
+the eyeballs, bright eyes.
+
+Arsenicum 3X trit. tablet form. Periodical in character, burning pain,
+relieved temporarily by heat, aggravated by cold.
+
+[HOMEOPATHY 463]
+
+TOOTHACHE.--Aconite 2X dil. Fever, heat, and from cold or wet.
+
+Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) when cold brings on a paroxysm or
+aggravates the pain.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. Throbbing pain, great in extent, aggravated by heat.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Hollow teeth, ulcerated, feel too long.
+
+Pulsatilla 3X dil. Persons of blonde type, menstrual troubles.
+
+
+
+SCIATICA.--Rhus tox 6X trit. (tablet form). Pains better on motion, must
+move.
+
+Bryonia 2X dil. must keep quiet.
+
+Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) restless, burning, shooting pains.
+
+
+
+LUMBAGO.--Rhus tox 6X trit. (tablet form).
+
+Bryonia 2X dil.
+
+
+
+PALPITATION OF THE HEART.--Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) from over
+eating, drinking, sedentary life.
+
+Pulsatilla 3X dil. Blondes who have menstrual troubles also when caused by
+fat greasy foods.
+
+Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). Brunette type, womb troubles.
+
+
+
+EYES, Simple Inflammation of.--Aconite 2X dil. First stage.
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. Second stage.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) when there is a thick discharge.
+
+
+
+EYES, weak and watery.--Ruta 3X dil. (may need glasses).
+
+
+
+EYES, stye on lids. Pulsatilla 3X dil. Four times daily.
+
+
+
+EARS, boils in the canal.--Belladonna 3X dil. hourly doses.
+
+Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form) when suppuration (pus formation)
+appears.
+
+
+
+EAR, inflammation or.--Aconite 2X dil. First stage, followed by
+
+Belladonna 3X tablet; then Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form) or
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form).
+
+
+
+DISEASES OF WOMEN.
+
+METRITIS, (inflammation of the womb)--Aconite 2X dil. followed by
+
+Belladonna 3X dil. when the skin is moist.
+
+Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) when there is a thick discharge.
+
+
+
+MENSES, suppression of.--Aconite 3X dil. when caused by cold.
+
+Caulophyllum 3X dil. can alternate this with aconite every hour.
+
+[464 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+OVARY, inflammation of.--Aconite 2X dil.
+
+Apis Mel 2X trit. (tablet form). These can be alternated.
+
+
+
+DYSMENORRHEA, Painful Menstruation.--Cocculus 2X dil. Put ten drops in a
+glass half full of water and give two teaspoonfuls every fifteen minutes.
+
+Caulophyllum 3X dil. can be used if Cocculus fails.
+
+Pulsatilla 3X dil. used in blondes.
+
+Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form) used in brunettes.
+
+
+
+MENORRHAGIA (too much flow).--Sabina 3X dil. pains between sacrum and
+pubic bones most, bright red blood.
+
+Ipecac 3X dil. especially when there is much nausea.
+
+China 3X dil. especially when it is a chronic case.
+
+
+
+WHITES, Leucorrhea. Pulsatilla 3X dil. In blondes.
+
+Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). In brunettes.
+
+China 3X dil. When it follows loss of blood, long sickness, malaria, etc.
+
+
+
+MUMPS.--Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Tablet everyone to three hours.
+
+Pulsatilla 3X dil. When it goes down. Give every hour.
+
+
+
+NIGHT SWEATS.--China 2X dil. and Phosphoric acid 3X dil. These can be used
+alternately, giving each one three times a day.
+
+[PATENT MEDICINES 463]
+
+PATENT MEDICINES AND SECRET FORMULAE
+
+About One Hundred and Twenty Medicines in Common Use,
+How to Prepare Them and Their Approximate Cost.
+
+In giving the following recipes and formulae to the public, we wish to
+offer a word of explanation. Many, in fact, most of the above are the
+exact formulae. Others were secured from analysis by reliable institutions
+and you need entertain no doubt whatever as to their reliability as far as
+chemical analysis could determine their ingredients. Some of the patent
+medicines are changed a trifle from time to time to conform with the Pure
+Food Laws, etc. We can supply many others not in this list and will be
+pleased to do so to our subscribers at any time upon request.
+
+ALLEN'S WORLD'S HAIR RESTORER.
+
+    Sulphur                   l-1/2 drams
+    Plumbi Acetatis               2 drams
+    Glycerin                      3 ounces
+    Water, flavored to make   6-1/4 ounces
+
+Dissolve the plumbi acetatis in the water then add the glycerin and
+sulphur. Any aromatic water may be used for making the restorer.
+
+The above amount would cost about 20 cents.
+
+
+
+RELIEF FOR ASTHMA.
+
+    Powdered Lobelia             1 ounce
+    Powdered Stramonium Leaves   1 ounce
+    Powdered Saltpeter           1 ounce
+    Powdered Black Tea           1 ounce
+
+Mix and sift. Burn and inhale the fumes.
+
+The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+ANTI-CONSTIPATION PAD.
+
+    Podophyllum                              3 ounces
+    Aloes, powdered                        1/2 ounce
+    Extract Colocynth compound, powdered   1/2 ounce
+    Croton Oil                               1 dram
+    Oil of Sassafras                         1 dram
+    Black Root                             1/2 ounce
+    Lady's Slipper                         1/2 ounce
+
+Mix. Wear pad directly below pit of stomach.
+
+The above amount would cost about 50 cents.
+
+[466 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+BLOOD AND LIVER REGULATOR.
+
+    Potassii Iodidi                 1/2 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Senna             1/2 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Cascara Sagrada   1/2 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Sarsaparilla      1/2 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Stillingia        1/2 ounce
+    Simple syrup to make              8 ounces
+
+Dose: One teaspoonful three times daily.
+
+This is conceded by all to be one of the finest combinations for
+regulating blood and liver known.
+
+The above amount would cost about 75 cents.
+
+
+
+AYER'S CHERRY PECTORAL.
+
+    Acetate of Morphia      3 grains
+    Tincture Sanguinaria    2 drams
+    Wine Antimony           3 drams
+    Wine Ipecac             3 drams
+    Syrup Wild Cherry       3 ounces
+
+Mix.
+
+The above amount would cost about 35 cents.
+
+
+
+SALVE FOR BOILS AND OLD SORES.
+
+    Rosin             1 ounce
+    Beeswax           1 ounce
+    Mutton Tallow     4 ounces
+    Copper Acetate    1 dram
+
+Melt the rosin, tallow and wax together, then add the copper acetate, stir
+until cool.
+
+The above amount would cost about 50 cents.
+
+
+
+AYER'S HAIR VIGOR.
+
+    Plumbi Acetate           3 drams
+    Flowers of Sulphur       2 drams
+    Glycerin                14 drams
+    Water enough to make     1 quart
+
+The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+BURNS AND SCALDS.
+
+    Raw Linseed Oil      3 ounces
+    Lime Water           3 ounces
+    Acidi Carbolici     15 drops
+
+This preparation for burns is used in all hospitals and is prescribed
+every day by the best physicians in the United States.
+
+The above amount would cost about 20 cents.
+
+[PATENT MEDICINES 467]
+
+AYER'S SARSAPARILLA.
+
+    Fluid Extract Sarsaparilla       3 ounces
+    Fluid Extract Queen's Root.      3 ounces
+    Fluid Extract Rumex Crispus      2 ounces
+    Fluid Extract Mandrake           2 ounces
+    Sugar                            1 ounce
+    Iodide Potassium                90 grains
+    Iodide Iron                     10 grains
+
+The above would cost about $1.00.
+
+
+
+FOR AGUE, CHILLS AND FEVER.
+
+    Quinine                       2 drams
+    Tincture Chloride Iron        6 drams
+    Simple Syrup                  2 ounces
+    Fowler's Solution Arsenic   128 drops
+    Glycerin to make              8 ounces
+
+Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful three times a day in chronic ague.
+
+The above amount would cost about 60 cents.
+
+
+
+ROYAL CATARRH CURE.
+
+    Muriate of Berberine            0.65 parts
+    Acidi Carbolici                 1.35 parts
+    Common Salt                    98.00 parts
+    Total (parts by weight)       100.00 parts
+
+The above amount would cost about 15 cents.
+
+
+
+FOR CATARRH OF LONG STANDING.
+
+    Menthol               10 grains
+    Gum Camphor           10 grains
+    Chloroform            10 drops
+    Oil Petrolatum         8 ounces
+
+This prescription is used by the most successful specialists and
+physicians. You can have this filled for about 25 cents and the aboline
+atomizer, which is used in administering the medicine, can be bought
+cheaply.
+
+
+
+BARKER'S BONE AND NERVE LINIMENT FOR MAN OR BEAST.
+
+Cures rheumatism, sprains, bruises, chilblains, etc. We have made an
+examination of the foregoing liniment and find it to be essentially a
+liquid petroleum product, containing large quantities of camphor and
+turpentine, and with smaller quantities of oil of tar and probably oil of
+thyme. The bottle is square and deeply paneled and holds two fluid ounces
+of a dark colored fluorescent liquid. The following formula, according to
+H. W. Snow, makes a preparation not to be easily distinguished from the
+original:
+
+    Camphor                                  70 grains
+    Oil of Tar                              1/2 fluid dram
+    Oil of Thyme                              1 fluid dram
+    Oil Terebenthene                          2 fluid drams
+    Franklin Oil (Black oil,
+      lubricating oil) sufficient to make     2 fluid ounces
+
+The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+[468 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CATARRH OINTMENT.
+
+    Eucalyptol           4 drops
+    Terebene             8 drops
+    Menthol              4 grains
+    Cosmaline to make.   1 ounce
+
+Mix. Good.
+
+This ointment will cure any ordinary catarrhal trouble of the nasal
+cavities unless too far advanced.
+
+The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+LAXATIVE BROMO-QUININE TABLETS.
+
+    Aloin                 1/9 grain
+    Podophyllin           1/9 grain
+    Sodii Bicarbonatis      1 grain
+    Quinine Sulphate        1 grain
+    Acetanilid              2 grains
+
+Mix. The above makes one capsule.
+
+Would cost about 25 cents for 25 capsules.
+
+
+
+CATHARTIC AND SURE CURE FOR CONSTIPATION.
+
+    Fluid Extract Rhamnus Purshiana   1 ounce
+    Syrup Rhubarb                     1 ounce
+    Simple Syrup                      2 ounces
+Mix.
+
+Dose: Teaspoonful four times a day. Is a sure cure for constipation and
+the very best cathartic and laxative.
+
+The above amount would cost about 35 cents.
+
+
+
+BRINKERHOFF SYSTEM OF TREATING PILES AND OTHER DISEASES OF THE RECTUM.
+
+There have been so many inquiries of late concerning the above treatment
+that we deem it a duty to tell our readers, as nearly as possible, of what
+the alleged specific treatment consists. The following is the Brinkerhoff
+secret pile remedy or injection:
+
+    Carbolic Acid       1 ounce
+    Olive Oil           5 ounces
+    Zinci Chloridi      8 grains
+
+Mix.
+
+The above amount would cost about 40 cents. Inject into the largest piles,
+eight drops; into the medium sized piles from four to six drops; into
+small piles from two to three drops; into club-shaped piles near the anal
+orifice two drops. He directs hot sitz baths for cases where violent pains
+follow an injection. He recommends an interval of from two to four weeks
+between each injection.
+
+[PATENT MEDICINES 469]
+
+COUGHS.
+
+    Hydrochlorate Ammonia      1 dram
+    Syrup Pruni Virginani      1 ounce
+    Syrup Squills              1 ounce
+    Tincture Opii Camphor    1/2 ounce
+    Syrup Tolu               1/2 ounce
+    Syrup Rock Candy to make   4 ounces
+
+Mix.  Dose: Teaspoonful every three to four hours.
+
+This cough remedy is simple, but very effective remedy for coughs, such as
+are generally experienced after catching a severe cold. Keep bowels open
+with good cathartic.
+
+The above amount would cost about 45 cents.
+
+
+
+COLIC, CHOLERA AND DIARRHEA.
+
+    Laudanum                   2 drams
+    Oil Cloves                 15 drops
+    Oil Cassia                 15 drops
+    Compound Tincture Catechu   4 drams
+    Alcohol to make            4 ounces
+
+Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful every ten minutes to produce vomiting.
+
+This prescription is said to be one hundred years old, and has cured
+thousands of dysentery and diarrhea, as well as other bowel troubles.
+
+The above amount would cost about 35 cents.
+
+
+
+LYDIA PINKHAM'S COMPOUND.
+
+    High Cranberry Bark     1/2 pound
+    Partridge Berry Vine    1/2 pound
+    Poplar Bark             1/4 pound
+    Unicorn Root            1/4 pound
+    Cassia                  1/4 pound
+    Beth Root                 3 ounces
+    Sugar                     3 pounds
+    Alcohol                   1 pint
+    Water, sufficient quantity.
+
+Reduce the six first named ingredients to Number Forty powder, add boiling
+water enough to cover, let stand till cold, and then percolate with water
+until two and one-half gallons of liquid are obtained. To this add the
+sugar, bring to a boil, remove from the fire, strain, and when cold add
+the alcohol.
+
+The above amount would cost about $2.70 or about 40 cents per pint.
+
+
+
+CROUP.
+
+    Powdered Alum            2 drams
+    Honey Strained         1/2 ounce
+    Syrup Simple             1 ounce
+    Mucilage Acacia to make  2 ounces
+
+Mix. Dose: Take one teaspoonful as required.
+
+The above amount would cost about 30 cents.
+
+[470 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+SMITH'S ELECTRIC OIL.
+    Chloroform           1 ounce
+    Sassafras Oil        2 ounces
+    Linseed Oil          8 ounces
+    Cotton Seed Oil      1 pint
+
+Mix. The above, nearly two pints, would cost about 60 cents.
+
+
+
+EARACHE.
+
+    Tincture Opium      1 dram
+    Olive Oil         1/2 ounce
+    Glycerin          1/2 ounce
+    Mix.
+
+This is another prescription you should have made up and keep on hand, as
+children are very subject to earache, especially in the winter.
+
+The above amount would cost about 15 cents.
+
+
+
+BULL'S BLOOD SYRUP.
+
+    Potas. Iodid                  12 drams
+    Red Iodide of Mercury          2 grains
+    Tincture of Poke Root          3 drams
+    Compound Syrup of Stillingia   6 ounces
+    Simple Syrup to make           1 pint
+    Mix.
+
+The above, about three 8-ounce bottles, would cost about $1.25.
+
+
+
+SORE EYES.
+
+    Acetate Lead     2 grains
+    Sulphate Zinc    2 grains
+    Glycerin         1 dram
+    Pure Water       1 ounce
+
+Mix. Good.
+
+Drop a few drops in the eye, once or twice daily. For inflamed or
+granulated sore eyes there is no better remedy.  The above would cost
+about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+CALIFORNIA LINIMENT.
+
+    Tincture Myrrh        1 ounce
+    Tincture Capsici      1 ounce
+    Sweet Spirits Nitre   1 ounce
+    Sulph. Ether          1 ounce
+    Chloroform          1/2 ounce
+    Tincture Arnica       1 ounce
+    Oil Spearmint         2 drams
+    Oil of Wintergreen    2 drams
+    Oil Lobelia           1 dram
+    Aqua Ammonia        1/2 ounce
+    Alcohol to make       1 quart
+    Mix.
+
+The above, about four 8-ounce bottles, would cost about $1.50.
+
+[PATENT MEDICINES 471]
+
+
+CONSTIPATION.
+
+    Fluid Extract Cascara Sagrada   1 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Wahoo             1 ounce
+    Neutralizing Cordial            2 ounces
+
+Mix. Dose: One-half teaspoonful three times a day (more or less).
+
+This prescription is one of Dr. John Pitzer's of St. Louis, dean of the
+faculty of the Missouri Medical College.  The above amount would cost
+about 50 cents.
+
+
+
+CANCER PASTE.
+
+I will tell you how I made it for the last twenty-three years. Take equal
+parts (by weight) of chloride of zinc, pulverized bloodroot, and wheat
+flour; mix well, add enough water to form a paste; spread the paste, just
+the size of the sore, on a rag and apply, put olive oil around the ulcer
+before applying, in order to protect the sound tissues. Leave the paste on
+as long as the patient can bear it. Then remove and if convenient apply a
+mild poultice or salve. In six or eight days the cancer will come out; if
+it leaves a smooth and healthy surface, all is well; if not, repeat the
+application until all diseased tissue is removed. This has never failed
+me, but remember that many so-called cancers are not cancers at all; then
+again, some are so malignant that this paste and all others will not cure,
+but all the cases I have had for twenty-three years were healed. One that
+I have on hand now, on the lower lip of a man thirty-four years old, is
+stubborn, but I hope it will finally yield. I will be pleased to furnish
+any further information in my power.--Jer. Hess, M. D., in Med. World.
+
+    Arsenic          2 ounces
+    Sulphur          2 ounces
+    Zinc Sulphate    2 ounces
+    Rochelle Salts   2 ounces
+
+Of each equal parts; add yolk of one egg, till of the consistence of
+paste; bake with slow heat, until dry, and then pulverize. When desired
+for use mix again with egg, and apply as paste or on cloth.
+
+The above amount would cost about 35 cents.
+
+
+
+COLIC IN INFANTS.
+
+      Dewee's Carminative       1 ounce
+
+Dose: One week old, three to five drops; one month old, five to ten drops;
+three months old, ten to twenty drops.   One ounce would cost about 15
+cents.
+
+[472 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+LOMBARD SECRET CANCER REMEDIES.
+
+Dr. J. L. Horr says in Boston Medical and Surgical Journal: "Having
+without solicitation on my part, become possessed of the knowledge of the
+'secret remedies' employed by the late Doctor Lombard, the 'famous cancer
+doctor' of Maine, I feel it my privilege, as a member of a scientific
+profession that has only for its object the advancement of knowledge and
+the relief of suffering to make a simple statement of the remedies and
+methods which were employed in the so-called 'treatment of cancer.' The
+remedy employed, if the cancer was small, was the inspissated juice of
+leaves of the phytolacca decandra (garget) which was applied in the form
+of a plaster until sloughing took place. The after treatment was some
+dressing like simple cerate. If the tumor had attained considerable size,
+Dr. Lombard first used a paste composed of chloride of zinc and pulverized
+sanguinaria until an eschar was produced and then the same plaster as
+before was applied until the mass sloughed away. The knowledge of these
+remedies was given to me by Dr. Lombard himself, while I was attending him
+during his last illness and a few days before his death."
+
+CORNS.
+
+    Salicylic Acid      1 dram
+    Muriate Ammonia     1 dram
+    Acetic Acid       1/2 dram
+    Lanoline            1 dram
+    White Wax           1 dram
+    Lard to make        1 ounce
+
+Mix. Excellent remedy.  The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+CARTER'S LITTLE LIVER PILLS.
+
+For headache, torpid liver, constipation, and the complexion take one pill
+every night. As a purgative take four to eight. Weight of twelve pills
+about seven and one-half grains of which probably two to two and one-half
+grains is sugar coating. They contain Podophyllin and aloes made into a
+pill and coated with sugar. On the above we deduce the following formula
+as closely resembling the original:
+
+    Podoph (resin)          1-1/2 grains
+    Aloes (Socotrine)       3-1/2 grains
+    Mucilage of Acacia      sufficient
+
+Mix; divide into twelve pills and coat with sugar.
+
+The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+FOR DIARRHEA, FLUX AND DYSENTERY.
+
+To one teaspoonful of Epsom Salts add eight drops of laudanum in
+one-fourth glass of water. An excellent medicine.  The above amount would
+cost about 5 cents.
+
+[PATENT MEDICINES 473]
+
+CASTORIA.
+
+    Senna                 4 drams
+    Manna                 1 ounce
+    Rochelle Salts        1 ounce
+    Fennel Seed       1-1/2 drams
+    Sugar                 8 ounces
+    Oil of Wintergreen      sufficient
+    Boiling Water, enough to make 8 fluid ounces or a half-pint.
+
+Pour the water over the ingredients, then cover and macerate until cool,
+after which strain, add the 8 ounces of sugar and dissolve by agitation;
+add enough oil of wintergreen for suitable flavoring.
+
+The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+DYSPEPSIA TONIC.
+
+    Tincture Gentian Compound    2 ounces
+    Tincture Rhubarb             2 ounces
+    Tincture Ginger            1/2 ounce
+    Essence Peppermint           2 drams
+    Sodium Bicarbonate         1/2 ounce
+    Water to make                8 ounces
+
+Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful after meals.
+
+For acute cases of indigestion where the stomach and bowels are full and
+distended, or sour stomach and spitting up of food, this will relieve at
+once; and with continued use relieve entirely.  The above amount would
+cost about 50 cents.
+
+
+
+MADAME RUPERT'S FACE BLEACH.
+
+Analysis assigns the following composition to this cosmetic:
+
+    Corrosive Sublimate       1 grain
+    Tincture of Benzoin       7 grains
+    Water                    10 ounces
+
+Mix. The above amount would cost about 15 cents.
+
+
+
+TO REMOVE BLOTCHES AND PIMPLES FROM THE FACE.
+
+    Acidi Carbolici        20 drops
+    Powdered Borax          1 dram
+    Listerine               1 ounce
+    Alcohol                 1 ounce
+    Aqua Rose to make       8 ounces
+    Mix.
+
+For young ladies, this will prove more beneficial than any face
+preparation on the market. It is very refreshing and will remove black
+heads, tan and blemishes, leaving the skin clear and smooth.  The above
+amount would cost about 50 cents.
+
+
+
+CHAMBERLAIN'S COLIC, CHOLERA, AND DIARRHEA REMEDY.
+
+    Tincture Capsici   2-1/2 ounces
+    Tincture Camphor       2 ounces
+    Tincture Guaicum   1-1/2 ounces
+
+Mix. The above amount would cost about 50 cents.
+
+[474 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+FEMALE REGULATOR.
+
+    Carbonate Iron               1 ounce
+    Tincture Gentian Compound    2 ounces
+    Powdered Rhubarb           1/2 ounce
+    Powdered Cinchona            1 ounce
+
+Mix. Add to one pint Sherry Wine. Dose: Teaspoonful three to four times a
+day.
+
+We warrant this to be one of the best tonics that can be procured for
+general female weaknesses.
+
+The above amount exclusive of pint of sherry wine, would cost about 50
+cents.
+
+
+
+CUTICURA OINTMENT.
+
+The much advertised "Cuticura Ointment" has been found to consist .of a
+base of petroleum jelly, colored green, perfumed with oil of bergamot and
+containing two per cent of carbolic acid.  Four ounces would cost about 25
+cents.
+
+
+
+FLUX.
+
+    Prepared Chalk           2 drams
+    Tincture Catechu        1/2 ounce
+    Tincture Opii           1/2 ounce
+    Aqua Cinnamon to make     8 ounces
+
+Mix.  Dose: One-half to one teaspoonful every three hours. For adults,
+only. The above amount would cost about 40 cents.
+
+
+
+CUTICURA RESOLVENT.
+
+This preparation is said to be:
+
+    Aloes, Socot           1 dram
+    Rhubarb Powdered       1 dram
+    Potas. Iodidi         36 grains
+    Spirits Frumenti       1 pint
+
+Macerate over night and filter.
+
+The above amount exclusive of whisky would cost about 15 cents.
+
+
+
+FOR FEVER.
+
+    Quinia Sulp   50 grains
+    Capsicum       6 grains
+
+It will make twenty-five capsules. Mix. Dose: One every three hours.
+
+This has been used for years. You should keep the bowels open to remove
+the cause. The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+[PATENT MEDICINES 475]
+
+
+ELY'S CREAM BALM.
+
+This is a proprietary article, largely advertised in the Eastern states,
+and meets with rapid sales and is used for catarrh. The directions are to
+dip the little finger into the balm and insert up the nostrils giving two
+or three inhalations. It is as follows:
+
+    Thymol                 3 grains
+    Bismuth Carbonatis    15 grains
+    Oil of Wintergreen     2 minims
+    Vaselin to make        1 ounce
+
+The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+FOR SORE THROAT.
+
+    Listerine            2 ounces
+    Glycerin            1/2 ounce
+    Pure Water to make    4 ounces
+
+Mix. Use as a gargle.
+
+This will cure any ordinary case, but do not mistake sore throat for
+diphtheria. The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+FELLOW'S HYPOPHOSPHITES.
+
+    Glucose                     1 lb.
+    Simple Syrup                1 pint
+    Hypophosphite Calcium     128 grains
+    Hypophosphite Potassium    48 grains
+    Ferri Sulp                 48 grains
+    Sulphate Manganese         32 grains
+    Sulphate Quinine           14 grains
+    Sulphate Strychnine         2 grains
+    Water                      sufficient
+
+Dissolve the calcium and potassium hypophosphites in two fluid ounces of
+warm water. Add to one ounce of water, three fluid ounces of the syrup and
+dissolve in the mixture, by the aid of heat, the remainder of the salts.
+Mix the solutions and set by a few hours, covered, to deposit the sulphate
+of calcium which is formed. Filter into bottle containing the remainder of
+the syrup, wash the residue with an ounce of boiling water, mix filtrate
+and washings with the syrup; dissolve the glucose in the mixture, and add
+through the filter enough water to make two pints. The formula would be
+improved by substituting for the glucose, a refined extract of malt like
+that prepared by Gebe, in Germany. The proportion of the medicinal
+ingredients in the syrup it is true is small; I shall not warrant it to
+perform miracles of cure. It is simply offered as a substitute for
+Fellow's Hypophosphites; whatever therapeutic efficiency that nostrum has,
+we may count upon obtaining equally from this syrup.
+
+The above, about four pints, would cost about $1.00.
+
+
+
+GENERAL TONIC.
+
+    Citrate of Iron and Quinine   2 drams
+    Simple Syrup                  2 ounces
+    Pure Water                    2 ounces
+
+Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful four times a day.
+
+This tonic is good to build up the system and to make rich, new blood.
+People who feel tired and do not rest well at night cannot use a better
+remedy.
+
+The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+[476 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+GENUINE WHITE OIL LINIMENT.
+
+    Carbonate of Ammonium    19 drams
+    Camphor                  20 drams
+    Oil of Turpentine        21 drams
+    Oil of Origanum          20 drams
+    Castile Soap             19 drams
+    Water to make         1-1/2 pints
+
+Mix.  The above amount would cost about 60 cent.
+
+
+
+HEADACHE.
+
+    Acetanilid              160 grains
+    Citrate Caffein           1 dram
+    Sodae Bicarbonatis       15 grains
+    Tartaric Acid             5 grains
+    Simple Elixir to make     4 ounces
+
+Mix.  Dose: One-half to one teaspoonful half hour apart for two doses.
+
+Two doses of this remedy will generally relieve any headache. Be careful
+of this. It is good but all these are sometimes dangerous. The above
+amount would cost about 35 cents.
+
+
+
+GOOD SAMARITAN LINIMENT.
+
+    Oil of Sassafras        2 drams
+    Oil of Hemlock          2 drams
+    Spirits of Turpentine   2 drams
+    Tincture of Capsicum    2 drams
+    Tincture of Myrrh       1 ounce
+    Laundanum               2 drams
+    Oil of Origanum         2 drams
+    Oil of Wintergreen      1 dram
+    Gum Camphor            1/2 troy ounce
+    Chloroform               3 drams
+    Alcohol, to make         1 pint
+
+Mix. The above amount, about twenty ounces, would cost about 90 cents.
+
+
+
+HEARTBURN.
+
+    Tincture Nucis Vomicae       1 ounce
+
+Dose: Take five drops three times a day before meals. This is good.
+
+The above amount would cost about 15 cents.
+
+[PATENT MEDICINES 477]
+
+
+GRANDMOTHER'S OWN COUGH REMEDY.
+
+One green paneled bottle contains seven and one-half fluid ounces of a
+brownish-yellow, semi-clear, very sweet, thickish liquid, of a tarry
+odor, and pronounced taste and smell of chloroform. From a close
+examination we have ascertained that an exactly similar preparation is
+easily made In the following way:
+
+    Rub well together:--
+
+    Liquid Tar                 5 grains
+    Fluid Extract Hemlock      1 fluid dram
+    Powdered White Sugar       2 ounces av.
+
+    and add
+
+    Alcohol                  1/2 fluid ounce
+    Aquae                  1-1/2 fluid ounces
+    Molasses                   3 ounces av.
+    Fluid Extract Ipecac       8 minims
+
+    Mix well and add finally
+
+    Chloroform       1 fluid dram
+
+    Mix.  The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+HEART DISEASES, FLUTTERING, PALPITATION, ETC.
+
+    Tincture Digitalis        2 drams
+    Elixir Valerian           1 ounce
+    Simple Syrup to make      4 ounces
+
+Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful at once. In ten minutes another, and afterward
+every four hours for twenty-four hours or less.
+
+When there is fluttering or palpitation of the heart, do not get excited
+but use the above, it is the best thing you can use in this trouble.
+
+The above amount would cost about 30 cents.
+
+
+
+GREEN MOUNTAIN SALVE.
+
+    Resin                 1 pound
+    Burgundy Pitch        1 ounce
+    Beeswax               1 ounce
+    Mutton Tallow         1 ounce
+    Oil of Hemlock        2 drams
+    Balsam Fir            2 drams
+    Oil Origanum          2 drams
+    Oil of Red Cedar      2 drams
+    Venice Turpentine,    2 drams
+    Oil Wormwood        1/2 dram
+    Copper Acetate       2 drams
+
+Melt the first articles together, and add the oils; having rubbed up the
+copper acetate with a little oil, put it in with the other articles,
+stirring well; then put into cold water and work until cold enough to
+roll.
+
+The above amount, over thirty-six ounces, would cost about 50 cents.
+
+
+IRON TONIC BITTERS.
+
+    Elixir Calisay and Iron   4 ounces
+    Alcohol                   1 ounce
+    Pure Water                2 ounces
+    Syrup Simple              1 ounce
+
+Mix.  Dose: One teaspoonful four times a day.
+
+The above amount would cost about 35 cents.
+
+[478 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+GUNN'S RHEUMATIC LINIMENT.
+
+    Oleum Olivi     1 ounce
+    Oil Cedar       1 ounce
+    Oil Amber       1 ounce
+
+Take camphor gum one-half ounce; rub in a mortar with alcohol or sulphuric
+ether till pulverized, and while damp add
+
+    Oleum Olivi   1/2 ounce
+    Turpentine    1/2 ounce
+    Laudanum      1/2 ounce
+
+After which add the first three articles.  The above amount would cost
+about 40 cents.
+
+
+
+ITCH OINTMENT.
+
+    Lac. Sulphur   160 grains
+    Naphthaline     10 grains
+    Oil Bergamot     4 drops
+    Cosmoline        1 ounce
+    This is good.
+
+Rub Lac. Sulphur into fine powder, sift it into the melted cosmoline and
+stir until nearly cool, then add napthaline and oil bergamot.  Stir until
+cool.
+
+The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+HAINES'S GOLDEN SPECIFIC FOR OPIUM HABIT.
+
+    Myrica Cerif              8 ounces
+    Ginger Powdered           3 ounces
+    Capsicum, powdered      1/2 ounce
+    Mix.  The above amount would cost about 40 cents.
+
+
+
+KIDNEY AND LIVER CURE.
+
+    Fluid Extract Cascara Sagrada    1 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Uva Ursi           1 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Buchu              1 ounce
+    Tincture Gentian Compound      1/2 ounce
+    Syrup Simplicis to make         16 ounces
+
+Mix.  Dose: Teaspoonful four times daily or less dose if bowels move too
+freely.
+
+The above amount would cost about 80 cents.
+
+
+
+DR. B. W. HAIR'S ASTHMA CURE:
+
+    Potassii Iodidi                                    1 ounce
+    Tar Water                                         16 fluid ounces
+    Carmel sufficient to color light brown or about   30 grains
+
+The above amount would cost about 60 cents.
+
+[PATENT MEDICINES 479]
+
+
+LINIMENT.
+
+    Chloroform                  3 drams
+    Oil Cloves                  1 dram
+    Tincture Opii               1 ounce
+    Oil Sassafras               2 drams
+    Aromatic Spirits Ammonia    2 drams
+    Alcohol to make             6 ounces
+    Mix. This is excellent.
+
+This liniment is for household use; in sprains, bruises, cuts, and bites
+from insects it cannot be excelled. It is a very fine liniment to keep on
+hand.
+
+The above amount would cost about 50 cents.
+
+
+
+HALL'S HAIR RENEWER.
+
+    Sulphur Precipitated   1/2 dram
+    Lead Acetate           1/2 dram
+    Sodium Chloride          1 dram
+    Glycerin                 4 ounces
+    Bay rum                  1 ounce
+    Jamaica rum              2 ounces
+    Water enough to make     8 ounces
+
+The above amount, nearly pint, would cost about 35 cents.
+
+
+
+LINIMENT.
+
+    Camphor Gum                1/2 ounce
+    Tincture of Capsid         1/2 ounce
+    Oil of Turpentine          1/4 ounce
+    Water Ammonia, U. S. P       5 ounces
+    Alcohol enough to make      12 ounces
+
+Dissolve camphor gum and turpentine in alcohol and add balance of
+ingredients. Do not use internally.  The above amount would cost about 35
+cents.
+
+
+
+HAMBURG DROPS.
+
+    Powdered Socotrine Aloes   1-1/2 ounces
+    American Saffron             1/2 ounce
+    Tincture Myrrh                16 ounces
+
+Macerate for fourteen days and filter through paper.
+
+The above amount would cost about $1.00.
+
+
+
+LIVER PILLS.
+
+    Aloin                  5 grains
+    Podophyllin           10 grains
+    Capsicum Powder        5 grains
+    Extract Nux Vomica    10 grains
+    Henbane                1 grain
+
+Mix. Make fifty pills.  Dose: Take one or two at night.
+
+This little pill is one which you can always depend on and in old chronic
+cases, torpid liver and constipated bowels, these pills if kept up will
+make a permanent cure. The above amount would cost about 40 cents.
+
+[480 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+HAMLIN'S WIZARD OIL.
+
+    Alcohol                 1 pint
+    Gum Camphor             1 ounce
+    Oil Sassafras          1/2 ounce
+    Tincture Myrrh         1/2 ounce
+    Tincture Capsicum      1/2 ounce
+    Chloroform             1/2 ounce
+    Mix.
+
+I consider this recipe as harmless (and useful too) as Hamlin's famous
+Wizard Oil, and I believe it is as perfect an analysis as we can get.
+
+The above amount would cost about 60 cents.
+
+
+
+NEW YORK SUN CHOLERA CURE.
+
+    Essence Peppermint     1 ounce
+    Laudanum               1 ounce
+    Tincture Rhei          1 ounce
+    Tincture Camphor       1 ounce
+    Tincture Capsicum      1 ounce
+
+Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful every ten minutes for three doses if necessary.
+
+This preparation has a national reputation, and is certainly the very best
+preparation you could keep on hand for immediate relief from cramps,
+colic, and diarrhea, and no family should be without it. This preparation
+alone is worth the price of the book.
+
+The above amount would cost about 50 cents.
+
+
+
+HINKLEY'S BONE LINIMENT.
+
+    Oil of Wormwood         40 minims
+    Oil of Hemlock           2 drams
+    Oil of Thyme             2 drams
+    Oil of Turpentine        4 drams
+    Fluid Extract Capsicum   1 dram
+    Alcohol to make          4 ounces
+    Mix.  The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+NERVOUSNESS.
+
+    Tincture Chloride of Iron     1 ounce
+    Aromatic Spirits Ammonia      1 ounce
+    Compound Spirits Lavender     l ounce
+
+Mix. Good when run down. Dose: Fifteen drops four times a day.
+
+People suffering from nervousness, fainting spells or shortness of breath,
+can obtain relief from a few doses of this medicine.  The above amount
+would cost about 30 cents.
+
+[PATENT MEDICINES 481]
+
+HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT.
+
+The formula for this preparation is said to be:
+
+    Yellow Wax   2-1/2 drams
+    White Wax    2-1/2 drams
+    Terebinth        6 drams
+    Lard            13 drams
+    Sweet Oil       19 drams
+
+Mix.  The above amount would cost about 40 cents.
+
+
+
+NEURALGIA.
+
+    Acetanilid           160 grains
+    Sodium Bicarbonate    15 grains
+    Tartaric Acid          5 grains
+    Simple Elixir          4 ounces
+
+Mix.  Dose: Teaspoonful at a dose. Should not take more than two doses.
+Shake bottle.  The above amount would cost about 30 cents.
+
+
+
+KELLOG'S RED DROPS.
+
+    Spirits of Camphor       1 ounce
+    Spirits of Origanum      1 dram
+    Oil of Sassafras         1 dram
+    Oleum Terebinth          2 drams
+    Color Tincture (about)   2 ounces
+    Mix.  The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+PAIN KILLER-EXTERNAL.
+
+    Chloroform                 3 drams
+    Tincture Opii              3 drams
+    Tincture Camphor           3 drams
+    Aromatic Spirits Ammonia   3 drams
+    Spirits Vini Gallici       4 ounces
+
+Mix. Do not use internally. Good liniment.
+
+The above amount would cost about 35 cents.
+
+
+
+KICKAPOO INDIAN OIL.
+
+    Camphor Gum                1/2 ounce troy
+    Oil Turpentine               1 fluid dram
+    Oil Peppermint             1/2 fluid dram
+    Oil of Wintergreen         1/2 fluid dram
+    Tincture Capsicum          1/2 fluid ounce
+    Alcohol sufficient to make   1 pint
+
+The above amount would cost about 60 cents.
+
+
+
+POISON OAK AND IVY.
+
+    Zinci Oxide          1 dram
+    Bismuth Sub. Nit.    1 dram
+    Carbolic Acid       10 drops
+    Glycerin             2 ounces
+
+Mix. This is excellent.  There are a number of remedies, but this is the
+best known for poison oak.  The above amount would cost about 20 cents.
+
+[482 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+RHEUMATISM, INTERNAL USE.
+
+    Iodide Potash                         1/2 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Phytolacca Decandra       1 ounce
+    Compound Syrup Sarsaparilla to make     8 ounces
+
+Mix. For Chronic Rheumatism.
+
+This is the oldest rheumatism remedy known. Rheumatism being a blood
+disease, requires constitutional treatment.  The above amount would cost
+about 80 cents.
+
+
+
+MITCHELL'S EYE SALVE.
+
+    Saxoline Snow White     175 grains
+    White Wax                65 grains
+    Zinc Oxide           22-1/2 grains
+    Oxide of Mercury      2-1/2 grains
+    Oil of Lavender           5 drops
+
+Melt the white wax and saxoline together, and stir constantly while
+cooling. As soon as the mass begins to solidify incorporate the oxides and
+oil of lavender.
+
+The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+SCROFULA.
+
+    Iodide Potash                   192 grains
+    Fluid Extract Queen's Root        1 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Prickly Ash Bark  1/2 ounce
+    Fluid Extract Yellow Dock         1 ounce
+    Compound Syrup Sarsaparilla       8 ounces
+
+Mix.       Dose: Teaspoonful four times a day.
+
+We do not claim this remedy will cure every case of scrofula, but will
+give relief, and if continued for several weeks will generally produce a
+cure. The above amount would cost about 75 cents.
+
+
+
+MOTHER SIEGEL'S SYRUP.
+
+    Conc. Decoction of Aloes (1 to 4)   60.0 m.
+    Borax                                1.3  gm.
+    Capsicum, Powdered                   0.13 gm.
+    Gentian, Powdered                    2.3  gm.
+    Sassafras Oil                        0.3  gm.
+    Wintergreen Oil                      0.12 gm.
+    Rectified Spirits                    7.5  gm.
+    Fluid Extract Taraxici               7.5  gm.
+    Syrup                              125.  gm.
+
+The above amount would cost about 40 cents.
+
+
+
+SCALD HEAD.
+
+    Acidi Boracici   2 drams
+    Salol            2 drams
+    Balsam Peru      1 dram
+    Carbolic Acid   20 drops
+    Vaselin          1 ounce
+    Lanoline         2 ounces
+
+Mix. This is excellent.  First wash the head thoroughly with castile soap
+and apply morning and night. The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+[PATENT MEDICINES 483]
+
+
+PATTERSON'S EMULSION OF PUMPKIN SEEDS.
+
+Patterson's Emulsion of Pumpkin Seeds is said to be a good emulsion for
+expelling tapeworms. Take two ounces of pumpkin seeds, peel and pound to a
+paste with sugar, then add by degrees eight fluid ounces of water, the
+whole to be taken in two or three draughts at short intervals.  The above
+amount would cost about 25 cents or less.
+
+
+
+TAPE WORM.
+
+    Powdered Kamalia    3 drams
+    Syrup Simple        3 ounces
+
+Mix. This is very good. Two doses of this mixture hardly ever fails to
+bring the worm. Give oil and turpentine two hours after the last dose.
+
+The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+SOUTHERN CHOLERA CURE.
+
+    Tincture Laudanum or Opii    1 ounce
+    Tincture Capsicum            1 ounce
+    Spirits Camphor              1 ounce
+    Chloroform                 180 minims
+    Alcohol to make              5 ounces
+
+Mix.  Dose: One-half to one teaspoonful fifteen minutes apart for two
+doses or one-half to one teaspoonful every four hours.  The above would
+cost about 40 cents.
+
+
+
+PARRY'S COMPOUND SARSAPARILLA BLOOD PURIFIER.
+
+    Turkey Corn Root      1/4 lb.
+    Stillingia Root       1/4 lb.
+    Sarsaparilla Root     1/4 lb.
+    Yellow Dock Root.     1/4 lb.
+    Sassafras Bark          2 ounces
+    Simple Syrup            1 qt.
+    Diluted Alcohol         4 ounces.
+    Iodide of Potassa     1/4 lb.
+    Water                 sufficient
+
+Percolate roots and bark with diluted alcohol, add syrup, then iodide of
+potassa. Dissolve in water to make 6 gallons.  The above amount, six
+gallons, would cost about $2.00.
+
+TOOTHACHE.
+
+    Gum Camphor          1 grain
+    Chloral Hydrate      1 grain
+    Oil of Cloves        2 drams
+    Chloroform to make   1 ounce
+
+Mix. Put on some cotton and put around the tooth. No physician can give a
+better prescription for toothache than this.
+
+The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+[484 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+PERRY DAVIS'S PAIN KILLER.
+
+    Gum Myrrh           7-1/5 ounces
+    Cayenne Pepper          2 ounces
+    Gum Opium            1-3/5 ounces
+    Gum Benzoin          1-1/5 ounces
+    Gum Guaiac             3/5 ounce
+    Gum Camphor              2 ounces
+    Alcohol enough to make   1 gallon
+
+The above amount would cost about $3.50 or 45 cents per pint.
+
+
+
+WHOOPING COUGH.
+
+    Extract Belladonna        1 grain
+    Powdered Alum           1/2 dram
+    Mucilage Acacia           1 ounce
+    Syrup Scillae           1/2 ounce
+    Syrup Simple to make      4 ounces
+
+Mix. Dose: Ten drops to use for whooping cough. It has been in use for
+years and some of our best doctors employ it in their practice. The above
+amount would cost about 30 cents.
+
+
+
+BRODIE'S LINIMENT FOR ASTHMA.
+
+    Oil of Queen's Root   4 drams
+    Oil of Cajeput        2 drams
+    Oil of Lobelia        1 dram
+    Alcohol               1 ounce
+
+Mix. Bathe the chest and throat three times a day.  The above amount would
+cost about 35 cents.
+
+
+
+JOHNSON'S LINIMENT.
+
+    Chloroform              4 drams
+    Sulph. Ether            4 drams
+    Oil Spearmint       2-1/2 drams
+    Oil of Wintergreen  2-1/2 drams
+    Tincture Myrrh          1 ounce
+    Tincture Capsicum       1 ounce
+    Tincture Arnica         1 ounce
+    Water of Ammonia        2 ounces
+    Alcohol enough to make 32 ounces
+
+Mix.  The above amount would cost about $1.10.
+
+
+
+SAGE'S CATARRH REMEDY.
+
+    Powdered Hydrastis Canadensis      1 ounce
+    Powdered Borax                    10 grains
+    Sodium Chloride                   10 grains
+    Ferro-cyanuret of Iron            sufficient to color
+
+Mix. The above is the formula of Dr. Sage, and sold by him to Dr. Pierce,
+of New York, for $500.00.  The above amount would cost about 35 cents.
+
+[PATENT MEDICINES 485]
+
+
+SAUL'S CATARRH REMEDY.
+
+    Tincture of Benzoin Compound     1 ounce
+    Tincture of Tolu                 1 ounce
+    Chloroform                     1/2 dram
+    Sulphuric Ether                1/2 dram
+    Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia      4 drams
+    Oil of Tar                     1/2 dram
+    Rectified Spirits            2-1/2 ounces
+
+Mix. Use with Cutler's Inhaler. The above amount would cost about 40
+cents.
+
+
+SEVEN SUTHERLAND SISTERS' HAIR GROWER.
+
+    Stearns' Bay Rum                  7 fluid ounces
+    Dist. Extract of Witch-Hazel      9 fluid ounces
+    Sodium Chloride                   1 dram
+    Hydrochloric Acid (5 per cent)    1 drop
+    Magnesia                          sufficient
+
+Mix the bay rum and distilled extract of witch-hazel, and shake with a
+little magnesia; filter, and in the filtrate dissolve the salt and add the
+hydrochloric acid. The agitation with magnesia causes the preparation to
+assume a yellow color; but by rendering it very slightly acid, with one
+drop of five per-cent hydrochloric acid, this color all disappears. The
+above amount would cost about 50 cents.
+
+
+
+SKINNER'S DANDRUFF MIXTURE.
+
+    Hydrate of Chloral   1 dram
+    Glycerin             4 drams
+    Bay Rum             16 drams
+
+The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+ST. JACOB'S OIL.
+
+    Gum Camphor              1 ounce
+    Chloral Hydrate          1 ounce
+    Chloroform               1 ounce
+    Sulp. Ether              1 ounce
+    Laudanum               1/2 ounce
+    Oil Origanum           1/2 ounce
+    Oil Sassafras          1/2 ounce
+    Alcohol enough to make   1 gallon
+
+Mix. The above amount, eight pints, would cost about $2.25 or 30 cents per
+pint.
+
+
+
+SYRUP OF FIGS.
+
+    Senna Leaves              7 ounces
+    Coriander Seed            3 ounces
+    Figs                     12 ounces
+    Tamarind                  9 ounces
+    Cassia Pulp               9 ounces
+    Prunes                    6 ounces
+    Glycyrrhizae            3/4 ounce
+    Essence Peppermint      3/4 ounce
+    Syrup Simple, to make   1/2 gallon
+
+The formula omits directions; but probably a water extract should be made
+of the drugs, so as to measure about four pints, and in this dissolve
+eight pounds of sugar to make the syrup. The above amount, four pints,
+would cost about $1.00.
+
+[486 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+THOMAS'S ELECTRIC OIL.
+    Gum Camphor          1 dram
+    Oil Wintergreen      1 dram
+    Oil Origanum         1 dram
+    Chloroform           2 drams
+    Tincture Opium       2 drams
+    Oil Sassafras        2 drams
+    Oil Hemlock          2 drams
+    Oil Turpentine       2 drams
+    Balsam fir           2 drams
+    Tincture Guaiacum    2 drams
+    Tincture Catechu     2 drams
+    Alcohol, to make     1 pint
+    Alkanet              sufficient to color
+
+Mix. The above amount would cost about 40 cents.
+
+
+
+KELLY'S TONIC.
+
+    Tincture Nux Vomica                2 drams
+    Dilute Nitro-hydrochloric Acid     3 drams
+    Compound Tincture Cinchona     1-1/2 ounces
+    Compound Tincture Gentian          3 ounces
+
+Mix. Dose: Two drams in water three times a day.
+
+The above amount would cost about 35 cents.
+
+
+
+VAN BUSKIRK'S FRAGRANT SOZODONT.
+
+The following formula may be regarded as making an article identical with
+the original in all essential features:
+
+    Alcohol                 1 fluidounce
+    Water               1-1/4 fluidounces
+    Soap                  120 grains
+    Oil of Gaultheria       2 minims
+    Red Sanders           sufficient
+
+Dissolve the soap in the mixture of alcohol and water; add the color,
+perfume with oil of wintergreen, add enough water to make the fluid
+measure three ounces.
+
+The above amount would cost about 15 cents.
+
+The following is suggested as a similar article to the Fragrant Sozodont
+powder, which accompanies the liquid.
+
+    Infusoria1 Earth         40 grains
+    Orris Root              125 grains
+    Precipitated Chalk      200 grains
+    To make                 365 grains
+
+Perfume very tightly with Oil of Cloves.  The above amount would cost
+about 10 cents.
+
+[PATENT MEDICINES 487]
+
+
+WATT'S ANTI-RHEUMATIC PILLS.
+
+    Powdered Aloes                  4 drams
+    Powdered Gamboge                4 drams
+    Powdered Hellebore              2 drams
+    Powdered Guaiac               1/2 dram
+    Hydrargyrum Chlorid Mite      1/2 dram
+    Precip. Sulphide of Antimony   15 grains
+    Oil of Cloves                 1/2 fluid dram
+    Soap                            1 dram
+    Spirits of Camphor.          sufficient
+
+Mix. Make into five-grain pills. The above amount would cost about 50
+cents.
+
+
+
+WHITE'S COUGH SYRUP.
+    Syrup Tolutani            4 drams
+    Glycerini                 8 drams
+    Hive Syrup               12 drams
+    Syrup Ipecacuanhae       12 drams
+    Tincture Lobelia         12 drams
+    Tincture Opii Camphor    12 drams
+    Extract Pilocarpi Fluid   4 drams
+    Ammonia Chloridi          2 drams
+
+Mix.  Dose: Take a teaspoonful three times during the day, and every hour
+or two before going to bed.  The above amount would cost about 60 cents.
+
+EDWARD'S ALTERATIVE AND TONIC BITTERS.
+
+    Fluid Extract of Hops           2 ounces
+    Fluid Extract of Red Cinchona   2 ounces
+    Fluid Extract Sarsaparilla      6 drams
+    Fluid Extract Golden Seal       6 drams
+    Fluid Extract of Podophyllum    4 drams
+    Oil of Wintergreen              6 drams
+    Oil Sassafras                   3 drams
+    Oil of Peppermint               2 drams
+    Oil of Lemon                    2 drams
+    Sugar                          12 ounces
+    Alcohol                         1 quart
+    Water enough to make            6 quarts
+
+The above amount would cost about $1.75.
+
+
+HARTER'S WILD CHERRY BITTERS.
+
+    Wild Cherry Bark       1 ounce
+    Yellow Cinchona Bark   1 dram
+    Orange Peel            2 drams
+    Cardamon Seed          1 dram
+    Wild Ginger          1/2 dram
+    Alcohol Dilute        12 ounces
+    Honey                  2 ounces
+    Syrup                  2 ounces
+
+Percolate the drugs in moderately fine powder, with the dilute alcohol and
+when six pints are obtained add the honey and syrup.
+
+The above amount would cost about 40 cents.
+
+[488       MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+HAMBURG BREAST TEA.
+
+    Marshmallow Flowers    2 ounces
+    Glycrrhiza Root        6 drams
+    Iris Florentina        2 drams
+    Coltsfoot              1 ounce
+    Mullein Flowers      1/2 ounce
+    Anise Seed           1/2 ounce
+
+Mix.  The above amount would cost about 25 cents.
+
+
+
+PAINE'S CELERY COMPOUND.
+
+    Celery Seed                 2 ounces
+    Red Cinchona Officinalis    1 ounce
+    Orange Peel               1/4 ounce
+    Coriander Seed            1/4 ounce
+    Lemon Peel                1/4 ounce
+    Hydrochloric Acid          15 min.
+    Alcohol                     5 fluid ounces
+    Glycerin                    3 fluid ounces
+    Water                       4 fluid ounces
+    Syrup                       4 fluid ounces
+
+Grind the solids to No 40 power, mix the acid and the water, add the
+glycerin and alcohol, and in the menstruum so prepared macerate the powder
+for twenty-four hours; then percolate, adding enough alcohol and water in
+the proportion given to make twelve fluid ounces. Finally add the syrup,
+and, if necessary, filter. The above amount would cost about 60 cents.
+
+
+
+RADWAY'S PILLS.
+
+    Aloes       4 parts
+    Jalap       2 parts
+    Zingiber    2 parts
+    Myrrh       2 parts
+
+Make into a mass with mucilage and divide into two grain pills, of which
+about four dozen are put into each box. The above amount would cost about
+35 cents.
+
+
+
+BRITISH OIL.
+
+    Petroleum          1 ounce
+    Oil Juniper        1 dram
+    Oil of Terebinth   1 ounce
+    Oil Amber          4 ounces
+    Linseed Oil       12 ounces
+
+Mix.  The above amount would cost about 50 cents.
+
+
+
+PIERCE'S COMPOUND EXTRACT OF SMARTWEED.
+
+    Smartweed             10 drams
+    Alcohol                6 ounces
+    Water                  2 ounces
+    Camphor           22-1/2 grains
+    Oil of Hemlock         30 drops
+    Oil of Sassafras       30 drops
+
+Extract the smartweed with the alcohol and water and to the liquid
+obtained add the camphor and oils.  The above amount would cost about 30
+cents.
+
+[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 491]
+
+
+WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT.
+
+I
+CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF
+DISEASES OF WOMEN,
+With Advice regarding the Health of
+YOUNG WOMEN AND GIRLS
+
+II
+OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY
+INCLUDING NURSING THROUGH PREGNANCY AND
+CONFINEMENT; PREPARATION, DIET,
+CARE OF CHILD, ETC., ETC.
+
+"Sickness is the vengeance of nature for the violation of her laws,"--C.
+Simmons.
+
+Our busy life, our manner of dress, with all its attending demands are
+causing havoc with the health of women who are under its terrible strain.
+The number of women undergoing operations in our public and private
+hospitals from day to day bears witness to the ravages of the strenuous
+social life and mute testimony of the neglect of the laws of nature. Good
+health is the fruition of eternal vigilance and a blessing that money
+cannot buy. The conduct and health of our women represents the life of our
+nation; individually, in a measure at least, health governs the happiness
+of the home. Steele says: "All a woman has to do in this world is
+contained within the duties of a daughter, a sister, a wife, and a
+mother." But how many girls grow to womanhood untaught; enter wifehood in
+ignorance, and assume motherhood wholly unprepared for the duties that are
+thrust upon her. It would be out of place in a work of this nature, a
+family table book, to take up all the questions involved in such a
+subject; we can only leave with you a word of warning. Before puberty the
+girl should be taught to lead a life that will make her strong and healthy
+to prepare her for the coming strain upon her system. Once she has reached
+puberty parents should remember, above all things, that HEALTH is far more
+important than high grades in school. Do not offer prizes for high marks
+and otherwise add to the pressure of the present school system. Relieve
+her of worry, do not add to it. A cheerful mind, plenty of fresh air and
+sunshine is more important at this period than school work. We have paid
+special attention to "Causes" in this department; may we ask you, Mother
+and Daughter, to read "CAUSES" of disease and thus render unnecessary in
+later life, drugs, medicines, headache tablets and, perhaps, operations.
+
+[490 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Pelvis. It is so called from its resemblance to a basin, is stronger
+and, more massively constructed than either the skull or chest cavity; it
+is a bony ring, interposed between the lower end of the spine, which it
+supports, and the lower extremities, upon which it rests. It is composed
+of four bones, the two innominated, (nameless), which bound it on either
+side and in front, and the Sacrum and Coccyx, which complete it behind.
+Further description will be given in the department of Obstetrics. The
+cavity of the pelvis contains the bladder, the rectum, and some of the
+generative organs peculiar to each sex and some windings of the small
+intestine; they are partially covered by the peritoneum (lining membrane
+of the abdominal cavity).
+
+Anatomy of the Female Genital Organs.--The external genital organs, to
+which the term vulva is usually given, consist of the mons veneris, labia
+majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, meatus urinarius, hymen, fossa
+navicularis, fourchette and perineum.
+
+Mons Veneris.--This is a rounded eminence surmounting the pubic bones, and
+is composed of fatty tissue, covered by skin and hair.
+
+The Labia Majora.--There are two more or less prominent longitudinal folds
+of cutaneous (pertaining to the skin) tissue, covered by hair and mucous
+membrane, which is continuous with the mucous membrane of the genital
+organs and urinary tract. They join at each extremity, forming the
+anterior and posterior commissures (uniting together). Between the
+posterior commissure (union) and the margin of the bowel is a space of
+about an inch in extent, the Perineum. It is important to remember this
+part, for it is often torn in labor, to a greater or less extent.
+
+The labia are the analogue of the scrotum in the male.
+
+The Labia Minora.--These are two smaller folds situated within the labia
+majora, extending from the clitoris, downward and outward for about one
+and one-half inches on each side of the vaginal opening. At their
+convergence at the clitoris each lip (labium) divides into two folds and
+these surround the glans (clitoris) forming its covering (prepuce) above
+and the bridle (frenum) below. These lips (labia) are composed of mucous
+membrane covered by a thin epithelial layer. They contain a network of
+vessels and numerous large mucous crypts (small sacs or follicles) which
+secrete a quantity of (fatty) matter.
+
+[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 491]
+
+The Clitoris.--This is an erectile structure, the analogue anatomically of
+the cavernous body of the penis, and is an elongated organ partially
+covered by the anterior extremities of the labia minora and connected on
+each side with the rami (slender process of the bone) of the pubic bones
+and the ischia (two bones) by a band. The clitoris is surmounted by a
+small tubercle (a small nodule) of spongy erectile tissue, the "glans
+clitoris," Two cavernous bodies of erectile tissue enclosed in dense
+fibrous tissue compose the body of the organ.
+
+The Vestibule.--This is the smooth surface of triangular form situated
+between the clitoris and the entrance to the vagina. The labia minora
+bound it on either side. It contains the opening of the urethra.
+
+The Hymen is a thin fold of mucous membrane of half moon in shape
+(semi-lunar) and is spread across the lower opening of the vagina.
+
+The Glands of Bartholin are small oblong bodies, two in number, situated
+on each side of the commencement of the vagina above the deep fascia band
+like tissue. Each gland has a single duct and by this duct opens the inner
+surface of the adjacent labia minoris just external to the hymen. They are
+made up of mucous glands and a colorless tenacious fluid is secreted by
+them, which lubricates the vagina. These glands sometimes become diseased.
+Hence the description.
+
+The Vagina.--This is a membranous canal and extends from the vulva to the
+uterus (womb) and connects the external and internal organs of generation.
+It is four to six inches in length, the anterior wall being from one to
+two inches shorter than the posterior. It lies in the cavity of the pelvis
+in front of the rectum, behind the bladder and follows first the line of
+axis of the cavity of the pelvis, and afterwards the axis of the outlet.
+
+The vagina consists of an internal mucous lining (membrane) continuous
+above with the mucous membrane lining the womb and below with the covering
+of the labia majora. The next covering (inward) is a muscular coat
+consisting of two layers--an external longitudinal and an internal
+circular. There is a layer of erectile tissue between the muscular coat
+and mucous lining. The lower end of the vagina is surrounded by a band of
+striped muscular fibers comprising the sphincter muscle of the vagina
+(sphincter vagina).
+
+The internal organs of generation, more commonly called the pelvic organs.
+These comprise the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries.
+
+[492 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The womb is the organ of pregnancy, and receives the fruitful egg (ovum),
+supports it during its development and expels it at the time of labor
+(parturition). In form it is pear-shaped, weighs from 12 drams to 3 ounces
+and is situated in the pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum,
+with its base upwards and its apex, smaller end downward. Its upper broad
+extremity is called the fundus--base of the organ, and the lower,
+constricted, narrowed portion is called the Cervix (neck or constricted
+portion). The body of the womb gradually becomes narrower from the fundus
+to the Cervix.
+
+Its anterior surface is covered on its upper three-quarters by the
+peritoneum, while the lower fourth is connected with the bladder. The
+peritoneum covers the whole of the posterior surface. The womb is held up
+(suspended) in the pelvis by ligaments; two anterior, womb and bladder
+(utero-vesical), two posterior, womb-sacral (utero-sacral), two lateral
+broad ligaments, and two round ligaments. The womb sacral (utero-sacral)
+which holds the womb well up in the hollow of the sacrum and the round
+ligaments which keep the womb well forward enter most actively into the
+support of the womb. The round ligaments are strong muscular fibrous cords
+and serve to hold the womb forward. When pregnancy exists they increase in
+size with the womb, and keep the fundus forward in its excursion upwards
+into the abdominal cavity, and after confinement, become smaller with the
+womb, guiding the womb back again to its regular position. The broad
+ligaments are little more than reflection of the peritoneum serving to
+support the vessels that nourish, as they go to and from the womb.
+
+The womb has three coats, enclosing a central cavity. This cavity of the
+womb is small by comparison with the size of the organ and it communicates
+with the Fallopian tubes by two minute openings at each side of the body,
+and with the vagina below, through the mouth or opening of the womb.
+
+The external coat of the womb is called servos, derived from the
+peritoneum; the middle or muscular coat, which forms the chief substance
+of the womb, consists of bundles of unstripped muscular fibers intermixed,
+with loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves; the
+internal or mucous coat is continuous through the fringed extremity of the
+fallopian tubes, with the peritoneum, and through the mouth of the womb
+(os uteri) with the mucous membrane of the vagina. This mucous membrane is
+lined in the body of the womb by epithelium arrayed in columns (Columnar
+Epithelium) which loses its ciliated (eye-lash) movement character during
+pregnancy. In the lower half of the Cervix, the epithelium (this kind of
+cell lines all canals having communication with the external air) is of
+the stratified (arranged in layers) variety. The appendages of the womb
+are the fallopian tubes, the ovaries and their ligaments and the  round
+ligaments. The fallopian tubes convey the ova (eggs) from the ovaries to
+the cavity of the womb. They are two in number, one on each side, situated
+in the free border of the broad ligaments and extend from each horn, an
+excrescence of the womb that looks like a horn, of the womb outward to the
+sides of the pelvis; each is about five inches in length, and has a small
+canal beginning at the womb in a very small opening called the internal
+mouth (ostium internum). This canal gradually widens to its ending, the
+abdominal mouth (ostium abdominal) by which it communicates with the
+peritoneal cavity, the timbrae. A series of fringe-like processes
+surround this mouth or opening and this farther end is known as the
+fimbriated extremity. The tube has three coats, serous or external or
+peritoneal; the middle or muscular, continuous with that of the womb, and
+an internal or mucous coat continuous also with the lining of the womb and
+peritoneum (covered with ciliated Columnar Epithelium).
+
+[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 493]
+
+The Ovaries.--They are analogues, anatomically, of the testes in the male.
+They are two egg-shaped bodies situated one on each side of the womb on
+the posterior aspect of the broad ligament, below and behind the fallopian
+tubes; each is connected by its anterior margin to the broad ligament;
+internally to the womb by the ovarian ligament, externally to the
+fringe-like extremity of the fallopian tubes by a short cord-like
+ligament. They are white in color; about one and one-half inches long,
+three-quarters of an inch wide and one-third of an inch thick and weigh
+about two drams each.
+
+The ovarian ligament extends from the inner side of the ovary to the
+superior angle of the (Uterus) womb. The round ligaments, two in number,
+are about five inches long and are situated between the layers of the
+broad ligament, one on each side of the womb in front and below the
+fallopian tube. They pass forward and outward from the womb through the
+internal abdominal ring, along the groin canal and out at the external
+abdominal ring.
+
+I have given a lengthy description of these organs; I think it will repay
+a careful reading. To understand a disease one should understand the
+organs that are subject to the disease.
+
+
+
+CAUSES OF DISEASES OF WOMEN.
+
+Dr. Child says among primitive people, woman is notoriously free from many
+of the diseases to which her sister in our present-day civilization is
+especially prone. As we ascend the scale of civilization, departing from a
+natural and adopting an artificial mode of life we find nature enacts due
+penalties for the transgression of her laws. The female among savage
+tribes has every advantage and opportunity to develop physical perfection,
+and her endurance suffers little, if any, by comparison with the male. How
+different is our modern system when the young girls are sent early to
+school and subjected daily to long hours of study, often in badly
+ventilated class-rooms, for nine months in the year, and this at the time
+of puberty, one of the most important periods of their life when they need
+plenty of out-door exercise. Surely, as Goodell says, "If woman is to be
+thus stunted and deformed to meet the ambitious intellectual demands of
+the day, if her health must be sacrificed upon the altar of her education,
+the time may come when to renew the worn out stock of the Republic it will
+be necessary for our young men to make matrimonial excursions into lands
+where educational theories are unknown."
+
+[494 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Menstruation.--Many of the disorders of menstruation are due to
+carelessness and neglect of this function. There should be rest of both
+body and mind at this time, and especially at puberty. Rest is seldom
+allowed, but the daily routine is gone through, regardless of what may
+happen.
+
+Dress.--The way the abdomen is now constricted, and this is now a
+prominent feature of women's mode of dress, is without doubt an important
+predisposing cause in female diseases. This contraction of the normal size
+of the cavity of the abdomen, with the subsequent compression and
+displacement of its organs, must of necessity produce dynamic (powerful)
+changes in the pelvis that cannot be otherwise than injurious to the
+pelvic organs. Tight lacing or any lacing, aside from the remote effects
+so unnatural a practice must produce, causes marked atrophy (dwindling) of
+the abdominal muscles. These are often so weakened that during labor they
+cannot properly assist the uterus (womb) in effecting delivery, and as a
+result instrumental interference, with its attendant dangers becomes
+necessary.
+
+Prevention of Conception.--This is a very common practice among civilized
+women, and it has a most destructive effect upon the pelvic organs, as
+well as upon the general system.
+
+Criminal abortion.--The chief danger from the criminal interruption of
+pregnancy is sepsis (absorption of poisons) into the system. This may be
+acute in character and have a fatal termination, or chronic in nature,
+leading to permanent injury of the womb and fallopian tubes, sterility and
+chronic invalidism.
+
+Child birth.--Pelvic diseases frequently come from injuries received
+during labor.
+
+Venereal diseases.--Dr. Child says, "Syphilis exerts its usual baneful
+influence, but gonorrhoea is responsible for more pathological (diseased)
+lesions (conditions) in the female pelvis than any other one factor. Its
+attack, if not resulting in ultimate loss of life, always leaves the
+tissue in an impaired condition, from which resolution (returning to
+natural condition) is rare. It is doubtful if a woman once infected with
+gonorrhoea ever recovers from its ravages. As a cause of sterility its
+power is beyond estimation."
+
+
+
+INFLAMMATION OF THE VULVA.--(Vulvitis).--An acute or chronic inflammation
+of the vulva (external genitals) either from a specific, like gonorrhoea,
+or non-specific cause.
+
+Causes.--Veit says, "Seventy-five per cent of the cases are caused by
+gonorrhoea."
+
+Other Causes.--Accumulation and decomposition of discharges from the womb
+and vagina, inflammation of the inner lining of the womb and of the
+vagina. Foul, putrid discharges from neglected supports (pessaries) and
+tampons in the vagina; sloughings from cancer may act as exciting causes.
+Contact with ammoniacal and sugar urines has a similar effect.
+
+[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 495]
+
+In Infants.--It is usually due to want of cleanliness in failing to remove
+decomposing urine and feces. Mothers often allow soiled, foul smelling
+diapers to remain for a long time on the baby.
+
+Symptoms and Condition of the Parts.--In the acute stage the mucous
+membrane around the opening of the vagina is red, swollen, painful and
+bathed in pus. The glands in the groin and glands of Bartholin are usually
+enlarged and tender. The glands of Bartholin and those around the urethra
+may become infected and fill with pus. The fatty glands of the labia
+majora are also sometimes affected and then appears the disease called
+Follicular Vulvitis (in the chronic stage secretion is abundant). The
+parts feel hot and there is more or less burning and itching. Walking
+makes the trouble worse, due to rubbing of the parts. Passing of urine
+increases the distress.
+
+When the disease is caused by gonorrhoea it is more extensive and involves
+the vagina, urethra, the glands around the urethra and glands of
+Bartholin. This gland infection frequently results in an abscess.
+
+Treatment.--In the acute form the patient should go to bed and remain
+there for some time. The parts should be kept constantly moist with a wet
+antiseptic dressing, listerine, hot water, etc., applied to the vulva and
+kept there.
+
+1. If there is much pain the following solution may be used:
+
+    Acetate of lead      1 dram
+    Laudanum           1/2 ounce
+
+Water enough for six ounces.
+
+Mix and apply constantly with sterile cloths.
+
+2. For chronic form Dr. Child says, "The vulva should be shaved, thoroughly
+cleansed and a mild ointment applied daily thereafter," such as:
+
+    Salicylic acid     20 grains
+    Oxide of zinc       2 drams
+    Petrolatum      enough for 1 ounce
+
+Mix and make an ointment and apply daily.
+
+If it is due to irritating discharges that cannot be checked, cleanse the
+parts thoroughly and use the Zinc ointment to protect.
+
+
+
+ITCHING OF THE VULVA.--Vulvae or Pruritus.--This intense itching is the
+characteristic symptom. With the itching there is more or less swelling of
+the parts and extreme nervous irritability.
+
+Causes.--This is doubtful; some think it is a purely nervous condition.
+
+Parts irritable.--The upper angle of the labia majora and the mons veneris
+are the usual locations. The skin is inflamed thickened, raw, from the
+continual scratching."
+
+Symptoms.--The itching and burning are almost unbearable at times,
+beginning most often around the clitoris, coming in paroxysms and made
+worse by warmth and motion.
+
+In chronic cases the skin is a little thickened and looks dull and dry and
+is covered with small cracks and scratches, the result of the patient's
+efforts to stop the itching.
+
+[496 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment.--Systematic, general tonic treatment. Diabetes, gout,
+irritating discharges from the vagina and rectum should be removed. Pin
+worms and highly acid urine sometimes cause it in children. Internally the
+bromides to quiet the nerves and arsenic to build up the system should be
+given.
+
+Local.--Strong solutions of corrosive sublimate (1 to 1000), nitrate of
+silver, tincture of iodine, and cocaine ointment give temporary relief.
+
+Sometimes an operation is necessary.
+
+
+
+CYSTS OF THE VULVA.--A cyst is a cavity containing fluid and surrounded by
+a covering (capsule). The duct (canal) of the gland of Bartholin, situated
+in the labia majora, sometimes closes and the secretions of the gland are
+not cast out, thus forming the cyst.
+
+Cause.--The closing is nearly always the result of gonorrhea.
+
+Condition.--The cyst is formed in the duct, the gland itself being
+affected rarely. It contains a thin sticky mucus. If the cyst arises in
+the gland, the swelling is more deeply situated. These cysts may be
+attacked with an acute inflammation and finally pus is formed in them, and
+a very painful abscess is the result,
+
+Symptoms.--There are no symptoms except from the size of the swelling
+unless an abscess occurs. Then there is an acute local pain, quite tender
+on pressure, and often high fever.
+
+Treatment.--If the cyst is large it should be removed, especially if it
+causes annoyance. If it becomes inflamed, rest in bed and cold
+applications are indicated. If it goes on to an abscess, a free cut should
+be made, the abscess scraped and good drainage given. Sometimes it is best
+to use pure carbolic acid in the walls of the cyst.
+
+
+
+INFLAMMATION OF THE VAGINA, (Vaginitis).--Vaginitis is an inflammation of
+the mucous membrane of the vagina.
+
+Varieties.--l. Catarrhal or simple 2. granular; 3. gonorrheal; 4.
+diphtheritic, and 5. senile.
+
+1. Catarrhal or simple form.--This is the most usual form. There is a
+general redness of the membrane with swelling and increased secretion.
+
+2. Granular.--This is an advanced stage of the simple type, and is due to
+long continued or repeated attacks.
+
+3. Gonorrheal form.--Is due to infection by the gonococcus of Neisser (due
+to gonorrhea). This form is hardest to cure and may continue for years or
+life, The infection may extend to the womb, fallopian tubes and peritoneal
+cavity and produce inflammation of the womb (endometritis) pus in the
+tubes, (pyosalpinx) and peritoneal cavity. This is more common than even
+some physicians realize.
+
+[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 497]
+
+4. Diphtheritic--Due to diphtheria, not frequent.
+
+5. Senile type.--This comes only after the change of life.
+
+Symptoms.--There is pain in the lower abdomen. Passing of urine is
+frequent and is attended with smarting and burning pain. There is a
+feeling of heat and burning in the vagina, and a copious discharge of
+mucus and pus. In the gonorrheal variety the urinary disturbances are most
+marked.
+
+In gonorrheal variety the symptoms date from a distinct onset, last
+longer, do not yield so rapidly to treatment, and complications, such as
+enlarged glands in the groin and in the vulva and vagina, inflammation of
+the lining of the womb and fallopian tubes, inflammation of the bladder,
+often make their appearance early.
+
+Treatment (in acute cases).--Rest in bed and prolonged vaginal injections
+of a solution of corrosive sublimate (1 to 4000 strength) three times a
+day. If the gonorrheal poison is present in the pus, the walls of the
+vagina, cervix and cervical canal should be dried and thoroughly painted
+with a twenty per cent solution of nitrate of silver. The patient should
+be in the knee-chest position for this treatment.
+
+In chronic cases the gonorrhea poison (gonococcus) is found most
+frequently just behind the posterior lip of the cervix and here the silver
+solution should be applied very thoroughly.
+
+
+
+VAGINISMUS.--This is a painful reflex muscular contraction of the vaginal
+orifice, and is most often observed in patients of a nervous and sensitive
+temperament. Treatment.--Any local cause of irritation should be removed.
+If there is no local irritation, the opening should be dilated under an
+anesthetic. Tonics, exercise, and a complete change of scene are
+beneficial.
+
+
+
+DISEASES OF THE CERVIX.
+
+
+TEAR OF THE CERVIX (Laceration).--This is a tear in the lower part of the
+cervix. There may be one or more. The left one-sided tear is the usual
+form. Next comes the tear on both sides (bilateral). Tears on front and
+behind are not frequent. Tears are found in about thirty per cent of women
+who have had children.
+
+Causes.--The majority of cases are caused by labor, and is due to a cervix
+that is not perfectly dilated. Very hurried, quick labors cause it
+sometimes, but the greatest injuries are due to the various operations for
+delivering the child through a cervix that is not fully dilated.
+
+Symptoms. Immediate and remote.--On the immediate, when the tear is
+severe, there is bleeding; later, sub-involution, that is, the womb does
+not return to its normal size and weight.
+
+Remote symptoms.--Leucorrhea, thick and mucus in character; profuse
+menstruation and inability to become pregnant. When the tear has extended
+through the internal opening the woman win not be able to carry the child
+to full term, even if she becomes pregnant.
+
+[498 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Treatment.--Tampons of ichthyol (ten per cent), mixed with glycerin,
+introduced twice a week against the cervix and permitted to remain
+forty-eight hours will often afford relief.
+
+The tear should be repaired after child-birth, if possible. If not then,
+and if it does not heal, it should be repaired later when the tear extends
+through the internal (opening) or in case of extensive raw surface on the
+cervix.
+
+
+
+INFLAMMATION OF THE CERVIX.--This is an inflammation of the mucous
+membrane lining the canal of the cervix (cervical canal), known as
+Endocervicitis; it may be acute or chronic. The acute form is seen most
+often as a part of a general infection involving both womb and cervix, and
+will be described later. The chronic form is a very common condition and
+it is difficult to treat.
+
+Cause.--Injury and tear of the cervix.
+
+Symptoms.--Leucorrhea, profuse and frequent menstruation, pain in the back
+and loins. On examination a string of thick mucus is seen at the external
+opening (os) of the cervix; and of women who have borne children there are
+usually signs of tear and rawness of the cervix present; (Endometritis
+usually produces a thin watery discharge, while gonorrhea produces a
+thick, pus-like discharge).
+
+Treatment.--Hot vaginal douches, containing one dram of sulphate of zinc
+to one pint of water, used every night for ten minutes. Hot water with
+witch-hazel, about four drams to the pint, is also good. Tincture of
+iodine applied locally twice each month. White oakbark tea used as an
+injection once a day for this trouble; also good for vaginitis.
+
+
+
+INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING OF THE WOMB. Endometritis.--Endometritis is an
+inflammation of the lining membrane of the womb, with a tendency to extend
+to the lining membrane of the fallopian tubes and to the peritoneum. These
+are the acute and chronic varieties.
+
+Causes.--It may occur during an acute skin disease eruption, like that of
+scarlet fever, and occasionally upon exposure to cold during menstruation.
+The most frequent exciting causes are the microorganisms, like the
+gonorrhea poison, etc.
+
+Acute Variety.--The whole mucous lining is inflamed. In severe cases the
+whole mucous lining is destroyed and the deeper muscular tissues of the
+womb are invaded.
+
+Gonorrheal Variety. Symptoms.--There is general pain in the lower bowel
+region, in spells at first, later constant, with rapid rise of temperature
+and pulse. A purulent (pus) discharge appears early from the cervix,
+usually about the second day, and difficult and burning passing of urine
+are early symptoms. There is inflammation of the vagina accompanying it in
+about fifteen per cent of the cases, while inflammation of the fallopian
+tubes, pus in the tubes, and local peritonitis are common results.
+
+[ WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 499]
+
+MOTHER'S REMEDY. Inflammation of the Womb. 1. A Good Tonic for.--"For
+inflammation of the uterus or ovaries try a hot sitz bath every day for a
+week, and then every other day. In case of hemorrhage this bath is
+invaluable, and will relieve when all other means have failed. It can be
+taken during the hemorrhage, or at frequent intervals between times.
+Remember, one should always lie down after a sitz bath. If desired you may
+give aconitum tincture. Dose:--Two drops in a half glass of water,
+tablespoonful doses every ten to thirty minutes according to the severity
+of the case." If a woman has taken a severe cold, then the aconite should
+be given, but under no other condition.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--Dr. Child advises that the cervix be
+dilated, and the interior of the womb, cervical canal and vagina swabbed
+out with a ten per cent silver nitrate solution. Subsequently vaginal
+douches (1 to 5000) corrosive sublimate solution followed by a salt
+solution, one dram of salt to a pint of water, should be given for at
+least one week. Keep the bowels open.
+
+
+
+SEPTIC PUERPERAL ENDOMETRITIS.--This is an inflammation of the inner
+lining of the womb that occurs after child-birth during the first few
+weeks, and is due to a poison.
+
+Symptoms.--The attack usually begins with a chill, preceded by a regular
+increase of the temperature and pulse. The face looks flushed at first,
+but it soon becomes pale and the patient has an anxious look, as the
+disease goes on. There is very little pain, if any. The discharge that
+always follows labor is diminished or stops and has no odor, if there is
+any discharge.
+
+The death rate is from five to twenty-five per cent.
+
+Treatment.--Never scrape out (curette) the womb for this disease. The womb
+should be washed out with a hot salt solution, one teaspoonful of salt to
+one pint of water, and then packed with ten per cent iodoform gauze. This
+solution should also be injected hot into the rectum and frequently. The
+bowels should move freely, and if necessary injections may be given for
+that purpose.
+
+The strength must be kept up by a liquid diet. Milk, brandy and
+strychnine, if necessary; 1/100 of a grain of strychnine can be given
+every four hours. Milk should be given every half hour, about two ounces
+at one time: or more if it agrees well.
+
+The gauze should be removed gradually, beginning on the third day and
+ending on the ninth day.
+
+In this disease the interior of the womb is smooth and contains no broken
+down or foreign tissue. In the next disease, Putrid Endometritis, it is
+far different, for this is caused by the presence of dead material, such
+as parts of the after-birth, left in after labor, or sloughing tumors.
+This material becomes putrid (rotten), and thus causes the disease called
+"Putrid Endometritis."
+
+[500 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PUTRID ENDOMETRITIS.--An inflammation of the inner lining of the womb
+caused by putrid (rotten), decaying material.
+
+Symptoms.--A chill is sometimes present at the beginning. The fever is
+high, pulse bounds and feels hard and strong, the face is flushed but
+there is little or no pain. The discharge from the womb, unless it is
+blocked by a clot, is foul smelling. The flow after childbirth is scanty,
+sometimes suppressed. The womb and ovaries are not very tender.
+
+Treatment.--The first thing to do, of course, is to get the dead material,
+such as parts of an after-birth, clots, shreds, etc., out of the womb, and
+then scrape the rough surfaces. This must be done carefully and with
+perfectly clean tools and liquids of every kind. Then wash the womb
+thoroughly with the hot salt solution. One teaspoonful of salt to one pint
+of boiled water. After this pack the womb with ten per cent iodoform
+gauze, which may be bought in this strength. Remove this from the womb
+about the third to the ninth day. The bowels should be kept open.
+
+Diet.--Should be of milk or at least of liquids only. The patient can be
+given whisky or brandy and 1/60 grain of strychnine every four hours if
+needed.
+
+
+
+MALIGNANT DISEASES OF THE WOMB.--Cancer or carcinoma is a malignant
+disease of the neck (cervix) of the womb.
+
+Causes.--The immediate cause is not yet known. Tears and erosions
+(scraping off and making raw) are supposed to act as direct causes.
+
+Symptoms.--Bleeding is the early and very important symptom. After the
+change of life (menopause) is over if bleeding occurs and continues it is
+a very bad sign and the womb should be examined immediately. Later, a
+watery bloody discharge appears, with pain, loss of weight and general
+weakness. Pain is not an early symptom. It appears when the disease has
+spread to the nearby tissue.
+
+Treatment.--The only thing to do is to operate and the earlier the better.
+The womb and all its belongings should be removed. If this is done early
+it is very successful. If the case is too far advanced, the only thing to
+do is to make the patient as comfortable as possible.
+
+For the pain, morphine or opium should be given.
+
+For the discharge, hot water and corrosive sublimate (1 to 2000) is the
+strength to be used. This should be used daily as an injection into the
+vagina.
+
+Cancer of the Body of the Womb is found in only about two per cent of womb
+cancers.
+
+Treatment.--An early operation is then necessary. The chances of obtaining
+a cure if operation is done is better even than in cancer of the neck of
+the womb. There is less chance for the adjoining structures to be affected
+so early and readily.
+
+[ WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 501]
+
+FIBROID TUMORS OF THE WOMB or Fibromata, Frequency.--Some observers state
+that twenty to forty per cent of all women over thirty-five years have one
+or more of these tumors. They are not malignant. They are more common in
+women who are sterile, unable to become pregnant. They appear early in
+life and attack all classes. They appear oftener in the body of the womb
+than in the neck. When in the body of the womb the back wall is the common
+site. A covering of loose fibrous tissue surrounds the growth. Few blood
+vessels appear in the tumor, nourishment being received from the
+surrounding tissues. Their growth is slow, except during pregnancy, when
+they grow rapidly. There are three varieties named according to their
+location and the structure covering: or surrounding them. 1. Interstitial;
+2. sub-mucus; 3. sub-peritoneal or sub-serous.
+
+1. Interstitial.--They are in the substance of the womb wall. They are
+usually many and vary in size.
+
+2. Sub-mucus (under the mucous membrane).--They project into the cavity of
+the womb, are covered by mucous membrane and are attached to the womb by a
+broad base or pedicle. This is sometimes cut off spontaneously, and then
+the tumor is expelled from the womb.
+
+3. Sub-peritoneal.--They are under the peritoneum, which forms its outer
+cover.
+
+Causes.--Are not known. They are more frequent between thirty and forty.
+
+Symptoms.--Difficult monthly sickness, too much blood flowing from the
+womb, unable to become pregnant, sometimes, and abortion. Bleeding comes
+more from the sub-mucus variety generally. Pain is caused by the size and
+weight and by pressure upon the bladder, rectum and the nerves. Death
+rarely results except from the complications.
+
+MOTHER'S REMEDY. 1. Ulcers of the Womb, Common Wood Cactus for.--"Common
+wood cactus tea. Take wineglassful three times a. day." Should remove all
+thorns, chop fine and boil in sufficient water; add gin to make dose more
+pleasant.
+
+Treatment.--Operation is needed when the symptoms are pressing. The
+sub-mucus variety may make an early operation necessary on account of
+their location.
+
+Symptoms Calling for an Operation.--Size of the tumor; from the pressure
+symptoms; persistent bleeding from the womb. Sometimes it is necessary to
+remove the entire womb, especially in the interstitial variety, for the
+walls of the womb may be filled with the tumors.
+
+[502 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+SUBINVOLUTION OF THE WOMB.--This simply means that the womb, after
+miscarriage or child-birth, fails to return to its normal size and weight.
+
+Causes.--This is frequently due to getting up too soon after labor.
+
+Symptoms.--Menstruation or too much flow of blood (menorrhagia), dull,
+heavy feeling in the pelvis, backache or leucorrhea.
+
+Results.--The womb frequently becomes misplaced.
+
+Treatment.--Proper supports should be put in after the womb has been
+placed in its proper position.
+
+If seen early enough some cases can be cured by tampons of ichthyol used
+three times a week and prolonged hot water injections at bed time. Cotton
+soaked in ichthyol and glycerin are frequently of benefit three times a
+week used as a tampon. The patient should not be on her feet much, or be
+active. Witch-hazel water can be added to the hot water injection if so
+desired.
+
+
+
+DISEASES OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBES.--These are named after their discoverer,
+Fallopian, an Italian anatomist. These tubes begin at the part of the body
+of the womb that extends out like a horn. This is on the sides near the
+top of the body of the womb. They are two in number and extend outward on
+each side for about four inches; each end forms a fringe or finger shape
+to catch the egg, as it emerges from the ovary. Through the center there
+is a tube or canal, and the inner lining of the womb continues on and
+lines this canal, the mucous membrane of the Fallopian tubes. When this
+lining or membrane becomes inflamed it is called Salpingitis or
+Inflammation of the Fallopian tubes. Salpingitis is derived from two
+words: Salping, meaning tube; ltis, meaning inflammation; Fallopian was
+the discoverer. Thus we have Salping(x)itis, or Inflammation of the
+Fallopian tubes. Unfortunately in medical description it is generally
+called Salpingitis.
+
+
+
+SALPINGITIS. Inflammation of the Fallopian Tubes.--It may be either acute
+or chronic in character.
+
+Condition.--The tissues of the tubes become swollen when the inflammation
+runs into the pus stage; the finger-shaped end (outer end) is usually
+closed by adhesions, the pus accumulates in the tube and we have pus in
+the tube, or what is technically called [pyo. (pus) Salpinx (tube)]
+Pyosalpinx. In long standing cases the pus is absorbed or degenerates into
+a thin watery fluid, forming watery fluid in the tube or [hydro (water)
+Salpinx (tube)]--hydrosalpinx.
+
+The tube may become attached to neighboring organs. The pus or fluid may
+drain occasionally into the womb and vagina. It may go into the bladder or
+bowels.
+
+Causes.--It is usually caused by invading germs from the womb. Gonorrhea
+is the cause of the most cases.
+
+Symptom.--This disease follows the same kind of an infection in the womb
+and vagina; the patient complains of pain in the region of the tube, a
+little to the side or sides of the womb, and the pain is made worse by
+motion, exercise or long standing. If it is the acute variety, the
+temperature rises, the pulse grows faster, and sometimes there is nausea
+and vomiting.
+
+[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 503]
+
+The Symptoms of the Chronic Variety are due to congestion and adhesions.
+There is a constant pain in the region of the tube and the patient
+protects herself when she walks, rides or sits down. There are difficult,
+painful monthly periods and too much flow. The history shows gonorrhea or
+septic infection, that is, disease caused by the absorption of products of
+putrefaction.
+
+Treatment of the Acute Kind.--First thing is absolute rest and quiet in
+bed. Then prolonged hot injections in the vagina of hot water, and if you
+wish, one teaspoonful of listerine, etc., in each injection. Put a
+hot-water bag to the sore side, or fomentations of different remedies,
+like hops, catnip, pennyroyal, smart-weed. The applications should not be
+of great weight. The bowels should be kept open.
+
+For Chronic Variety.--This frequently calls for an operation. When the
+symptoms are due to inflammation in the tube alone, ten per cent strength
+of ichthyol and glycerin tampons placed behind the lower part of the womb
+three times a week do much to improve the condition.
+
+This is an unfortunate disease, and it must be closely watched for
+symptoms that may arise from a pus condition. There are many cases of this
+kind in our public hospitals, and when they are due to gonorrhea they may
+have been caused by the husband who had an acute or latent gonorrhea--an
+attack he thought cured.
+
+
+
+DISEASES OF THE OVARY.
+
+Inflammation of the Ovary or Ovaritis.--This is an inflammation of the
+ovary and it may be either acute or chronic.
+
+In the acute form the ovary is slightly enlarged and the follicles on the
+circumference are distended and filled with thick fluid or pus.
+
+In the chronic variety the ovary may be small and contain cysts; there is
+a destruction of the follicles and a hardened condition develops. The
+function of the ovary is then impaired.
+
+Causes.--Gonorrhea, septic infection from adjacent tissues, acute fever
+diseases, mumps, and peritonitis. Falling (prolapse) often gives rise to
+chronic inflammation.
+
+Symptoms.--Pain in the lower abdomen (pelvis), difficult and painful
+menstruation, too much monthly flow (menorrhagia), and painful
+intercourse.
+
+Treatment.--Ichthyol (ten percent) and glycerin tampons placed behind the
+lower back part of the womb three times a week. The bowels should be kept
+open with salts. The diet should be milk or liquid. Sometimes an operation
+is necessary. In the department on operations this subject will be touched
+upon in regard to operations.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--Change of the mode of life, and proper hygienic
+measures will generally be all that is needed.
+
+[504 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+TUMORS OF THE OVARY.--Cystoma is the most common tumor of the ovary. The
+word "cystoma" means a cyst tumor, or cystic tumor. A cyst means a cavity
+containing fluid and surrounded by a covering (capsule). Ovarian cyst or
+tumors is often seen in print these days. Ovarian tumor takes in the
+cystic variety, cancer and sarcoma, two malignant tumors.
+
+Symptoms.--These depend upon the size of the tumors. The large tumors are
+generally cystic. Examination of the vagina shows the pelvis filled by a
+tense, watery, fluctuating mass. Examining the abdomen, the abdomen is
+seen more or less distended by a regular swelling, and sometimes this is
+enormous. The abdomen is rounded and there is no bulging at the sides like
+there is in ascites (dropsy). The navel is not prominent. The tumor can be
+outlined. It cannot be in ascites.
+
+Treatment.--In bygone years tapping was done for these tumors. If it gets
+large or the health fails, an operation should be performed. This is very
+successful in uncomplicated cases. Inside of two months the patient is
+about well. I know I have saved many lives of women by recommending an
+operation for such tumors.
+
+For the congested ovary, treatment by tampons and medicine often helps. I
+have frequently given a medicine called Apis-Mel for this condition and
+with success. I give it in tablets of 1/100 of a grain regularly four
+times a day.
+
+
+
+MENSTRUATION AND ITS DISORDERS.--Normal menstruation occurs monthly in the
+female. There is a flow of blood from the cavity of the womb. The time for
+its beginning is different in different countries, it being earlier in
+warm climates, ten to twelve years, and later in cold ones (fifteen to
+seventeen years); the average is fourteen years.
+
+Pregnancy suspends menstruation and often nursing the child does, also.
+Menstruation continues longer in robust, healthy women. Change of life
+(Menopause) occurs usually between forty and fifty years. The healthy girl
+and woman comes around every twenty-eight to thirty days. This is the
+usual time. The flow lasts from two to eight days and the quantity is
+about one ounce each day. A slight feeling of weight and fullness in the
+lower abdomen (pelvis) should be the only symptom present in a healthy
+female. The blood lost should not cause any special degree of weakness.
+
+
+
+PREMATURE MENSTRUATION. Too early menstruation.--Premature or precocious
+menstruation is when it occurs before puberty. This is in part hereditary,
+but bad associations may be a cause of this early menstruation.
+
+Treatment.--The cause, if possible, should be removed. The nerves should
+be kept quiet by rest and, if needed, general tonics like iron, arsenic,
+and nux vomica prescribed and given.
+
+[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 505]
+
+DELAYED MENSTRUATION.--This is often caused by slow development of the
+generative organs. The girl may not come around until seventeenth to
+nineteenth year.
+
+Causes.--It may be due to heredity. Lack of proper nourishment and proper
+exercise are the most important causative factors.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--l. Obstruction of Monthly Flow.--An herb
+combination for.
+
+    Poplar Bark        2 ounces
+    Ginger           1/2 ounces
+    Bayberry           1 ounce
+    Cinnamon         1/2 ounce
+    Anise Seed       1/2 ounce
+    Golden Seal      1/4 ounce
+
+Mix well and give a teaspoonful in a cup of boiling water sweetened with
+sugar two or three times a day. Excellent in obstructions of the monthly
+periods, debility, loss of appetite, etc. This combination is fine when
+used as a tonic. It is stimulating and has been known to cure many severe
+cases.
+
+2. To Promote the Menses, Smartweed for.--"Smartweed is good to promote
+the menses. Always steep in cold water; never boil. Dose.--Two
+teaspoonsful every hour. Be sure to take warm."
+
+
+
+VICARIOUS MENSTRUATION (In place of).--When menstruation is absent or
+suppressed, bleeding sometimes occurs periodically, from the ear, nose,
+any existing raw surface, leg, ulcer, and from the respiratory (breathing)
+tract, and also from the bowels.
+
+
+
+AMENORRHEA.--This is absence of menstruation.
+
+Causes.--Delayed puberty, anemia (want of proper blood) chlorosis (green
+sickness). diabetes, malaria, tuberculosis and acute illness may cause it.
+Sometimes change of climate causes it and nursing baby too long.
+
+Symptoms.--If it is associated with atresia, that is, want of the normal
+outlet, of course no signs of flowing can show, but colicky, cramp-like,
+monthly pains appear in the lower abdomen. These increase in severity as
+the retained blood distends the womb.
+
+Treatment.--If there is no opening for the vagina or cervix one must be
+made, by operation. If it is due to anemia or chlorosis, Blaud's pills
+will benefit. The following is the formula:
+
+    Dried Sulphate of Iron      2 drams
+    Carbonate of Potash         2 drams
+    Syrup--Sufficient quantity to make forty-eight pills.
+
+    Take one to three pills three times a day, after meals.
+
+
+
+MENORRHAGIA.--Too much bleeding at the monthly periods. If it occurs
+between the monthly periods it is called Metrorrhagia, womb-bleeding at
+any time, especially between the periods.
+
+Causes.--These may be constitutional or local, the latter being the most
+important.
+
+Local Causes.--These are inflammation of the womb, displacements of the
+womb, malignant disease of the womb, fibroid tumors and disease of the
+ovaries.
+
+[506 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Symptoms.--Sudden or gradual increase in the amount of blood lost at the
+monthly periods. Then secondary anemia, weakness and run-down feeling.
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT. 1. Profuse Menstruation, an Easily Prepared Herb
+Remedy for.--
+
+    "Cranesbill Root    1 ounce
+    White Poplar Bark   2 ounces
+    Bistort Root        1 ounce
+    Golden Seal         1 ounce
+    Geranium          1/2 ounce
+    Cloves            1/2 ounce
+    Ginger            1/2 ounce
+    Ground Sugar      1/2 pound
+
+Mix. This compound is excellent for complaints of weak females, such as
+leucorrhea, bearing-down, or profuse menstruation, etc. Dose: One
+teaspoonful of the powder, in a half cup of boiling water three times a
+day. Drink the clear liquid only." Any woman suffering with, female
+trouble will find the above combination very beneficial.
+
+2. In young girls and women who are not married, thirty drops of the fluid
+extract of Ergot three times a day. This medicine will cause the womb to
+contract. Hot douches can be given to married women. If the bleeding is
+severe it may be necessary to pack the vagina with sterile gauze. Ergotin
+ten to twenty drops, may be needed, given hypodermically. If it is due to
+constitutional causes, like anemia, a played-out feeling, paleness.
+weakness, etc., a tonic treatment is needed.
+
+3. Blaud's pills will do well. This is the formula:
+
+    Dried sulphate of iron       2 drams
+    Carbonate of potash          2 drams
+    Syrup                enough to make a mass
+
+Mix and make forty-eight pills. Take one to three, three times a day after
+meals.
+
+4. If the appetite is poor, bitter tonics such as gentian, quassia,
+cinchona, or nux vomica are needed.
+
+    Compound Tincture Cinchona      2 ounces
+    Compound Tincture Gentian       2 ounces
+
+Mix. Take one teaspoonful before meals, in a little water.
+
+5. Tincture of nux vomica in doses of two to three drops after meals is a
+good stomach and bowel tonic.
+
+6. Golden seal root made into a tea is good in some cases, especially if
+the tongue is much coated.
+
+7. Oil of Erigeron or flea-bane is good for oozing bleeding. Dose: Three
+to five drops in a capsule every four hours.
+
+8. Oil of cinnamon in one dose of one-half dram is good where flea-bane
+oil cannot be used or obtained; usual dose, one to five drops. An infusion
+can be made of the cinnamon bark and drank freely.
+
+[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 507]
+
+9. Cranesbill (Geranium maculata). The fluid extract is splendid when
+diluted three or four times with boiled water, used locally for bleeding
+from the womb, or as an injection for the same; or an infusion can be made
+of the plant and injected into the vagina. The local cause mentioned
+should be treated. The displacement should be corrected.
+
+
+
+DYSMENORRHEA or Difficult Menstruation.--This term means difficult and
+painful monthly periods. The pain may occur before, during or after the
+periods.
+
+Causes.--It may be caused by a narrow cervical canal, the canal from the
+inner womb to the vagina. This is often very narrow and almost closed.
+Again it is produced by the womb being turned back and bent on the canal,
+thus partially closing it. This causes the blood to be retained in the
+womb and then the womb contracts to expel the blood, pains being the
+natural result. Diseases of the womb and ovaries also cause it. Sometimes
+the membrane of the womb is cast off in the form of shreds or even a cast
+of the inner womb.
+
+Symptoms.--The flow may be scanty, moderate or profuse, often clotted. The
+pain varies. It may be slight before the flow, or the first day or two, or
+it may be severe, agonizing and continuous for one or two days, or during
+the whole period and sometimes for some days after there may be pains.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Painful Menstruation, a Good Tonic for.--"This may
+be relieved by sitting over the steam of a strong decoction of tansy,
+wormwood, and yarrow, and fomenting the abdomen with the same. Then take
+the following in wineglassful doses:--One ounce each of ground pine,
+southern wood, tansy, catnip and germander, simmering in two quarts of
+water down to three pints and pour boiling hot on one ounce of pennyroyal
+herb, strain when cold and take as per dose above."
+
+2. Painful Menstruation, a Home Remedy for.--"Let the patient take an
+active cathartic; then when put to bed let a half cup of hop tea be given;
+and a douche of one quart of hot water into which ten drops of laudanum
+have been dropped, be injected." A cathartic is not necessary in all
+cases. If the bowels have been moving freely do not take one. The douche
+will give great relief providing the woman can take one while
+menstruating. Some women can and some cannot.
+
+[508 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--If the womb is displaced it should be corrected.
+Any disease of the womb or ovaries should be treated. If the canal is too
+much closed, gradual and careful dilation between the periods, will often
+remove this cause in time. The bowels should be kept regular at all times.
+
+1. For the attack.--Never take opium or alcohol for it in any form; it is
+so easy to form the habit and a doctor who gives it is simply dodging
+effective general and local treatment between the periods. If it is due to
+taking cold, or from any local cause, the following  treatment is good:
+The patient should take a hot sitz bath, being well covered by a blanket,
+while in the tub and afterwards, and should immediately get into bed as
+soon as the buttocks are dried and remain there well covered. A turpentine
+stupe is now to be used, prepared as follows: Place a tin cup containing
+the turpentine in a vessel containing hot water. This will keep the
+turpentine warm. Dip a piece of flannel into very hot water and wring it
+out in a twisted towel, and after it is perfectly dry and no dripping, dip
+it into the hot turpentine and wring it out again to free it from too much
+of the drug. Apply the cloth while hot and allow it to remain until it
+causes discomfort. Then withdraw it or it will blister the skin if left on
+too long. Fomentations wrung out of teas like hop, pennyroyal, smart-weed,
+etc., applied and kept warm often do much good. At the same time
+pennyroyal tea can be drank freely. A five-cent package can be bought at
+any drug store. Hot lemonade will help also. The object is to produce
+relaxation of the tissues through the local applications and tea drinking.
+If there is constipation, the bowels should be moved freely with epsom
+salts, half ounce dose, in the morning before breakfast. If there is much
+pain a belladonna suppository, one-half grain of the extract, can be
+inserted into the rectum.
+
+2. If the patient's nervous system is run down the "Rest Cure" will be of
+benefit, and medicines to strengthen the nerves. Exercise, outdoor life,
+horseback riding are of great benefit in toning the system.
+
+3. Fluid extract of blue cohosh is a good medicine in this disease,
+especially if there is some rheumatism during the interval. One or two
+drops every hour will be enough.
+
+4. Tincture of Pulsatilla in doses of three drops every hour is good for
+the pain, especially in blonde girls and women.
+
+5. Tincture of Cocculus I have found to be of great benefit. Put five
+drops of a good pure tincture into a glass half full of water and give two
+teaspoonfuls every ten to fifteen minutes until relieved. This I give in
+cases I am called to and have not the time then to find out what the real
+cause may be.
+
+
+
+DISPLACEMENTS.--Turning back or retro-displacements. This includes retro-
+version and retro-flexion. Retro-version means turning back, in plain
+terms. Retro-flexion means bending back, bending of the body of the womb,
+or the neck, backward. Retro-flexion is more common than retro-version.
+
+Causes.--Some are congenital, that is, from birth, and a few are the
+result of some injury, falls or blows. It is more often found in
+child-bearing women, and this may be due to the fact that the womb has not
+returned to its normal size and weight, and therefore there is more weight
+for the ligaments to hold up. The ligaments often relax and do not support
+the womb as thoroughly as before.
+
+Symptoms.--Backache, a sense of weight in the lower abdomen, difficult
+menstruation, leucorrhea, sterility, or repeated abortion and
+constipation. The constipation is often due to the womb lying on the
+rectum.
+
+[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 509]
+
+Treatment.--This is to replace the womb and keep it in position. Supports
+of various kinds are used to keep the womb in position after it has been
+replaced, They must fit thoroughly and give no pain or any discomfort
+whatever. They are called supports or pessaries. If they are fitted
+properly they do much good. They should be removed often (every month) and
+not allowed to grow fast or cause sores in the vagina. There are the ring
+support and the stem variety and others. The stem variety can be taken out
+and replaced by wearer at any time. They are made to buckle around the
+abdomen. They are bungling but effective. The ring kind should be
+introduced by a competent person who should see that it is of correct size
+and shape, and worn with comfort. Sometimes these supports fail to cure
+when adhesions and other diseases exist; it may be impossible to wear
+them.
+
+Operations.--One operation is to break up the adhesions, the body of the
+womb brought forward and sewn (sutured) to the abdominal wall. Another
+operation is to shorten the round ligaments in the inguinal (groin) canal.
+These are the usual operations, and they are quite successful.
+
+
+
+FALLING OR PROLAPSE OF THE WOMB.--The womb may come down and remain in the
+vagina (incomplete falling). When the womb escapes at the vulva it is
+called a complete falling (prolapse or procidentia).
+
+For the Incomplete Kind.--Replace the womb and wear a support for months.
+
+For the Complete Falling.--Replace the womb. The patient should remain in
+bed with daily, hot, prolonged vaginal injections of water for a few
+weeks. The injection daily of white oak bark tea, of the strength of one
+ounce of the bark to a pint of hot water, is often of great benefit.
+
+If these measures fail to cure, an operation may be necessary.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Falling of the Womb. Unicorn Root for.--"Make a
+strong tea of unicorn root, and take a half teaspoonful three times a day,
+This is an excellent remedy for falling of the womb," This is very easily
+prepared and not bad to take, and in addition to this use an injection of
+witch-hazel or golden seal.
+
+2. Falling of the Womb, a Fine Herb Combination for.--"Peach leaves,
+mullein leaves and hops made into a tea, and a pint used twice a day as an
+injection often cures when other remedies fail." We all know that this
+combination of herbs is healing and especially in female trouble. The
+hops, especially, are very soothing to the affected parts.
+
+3. Falling of the Womb, a Physician's. Treatment.--"Knee-chest position.
+Get down on the knees and put chest and chin to the floor. Retain this
+position about three minutes several times a day." This is a splendid
+thing to do, and is recommended by all physicians.
+
+[510 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+4. Falling of the Womb, a Never Failing Remedy for.--"Ague root (Aletris
+Farinosa) is a valuable agent to prevent tendency to miscarriage and
+falling of the womb. It is especially useful for the purpose of restoring
+the activity of the generative organs giving them vigor and healthy
+action. Dose of the tincture is from six to ten drops three times a day
+and of the powdered root five to eight grains." This is an old tried
+remedy, and is frequently used by physicians alone or in combination with
+other remedies.
+
+5. Falling of the Womb, White Oak Bark for.--"A mild infusion of white oak
+bark, or of alum or tannin, used in quantities of a pint, as a douche,
+will often give immediate relief."
+
+
+
+LEUCORRHEA. (The Whites).--This is an over-secretion from the glands that
+pour out their contents into the vagina or the cervical canal of the womb.
+
+Causes.--It is dependent upon many causes. Tear of the neck of the womb
+(cervix), displacements, inflammation of the womb and vagina, a run-down
+condition of the system from any cause. The character of the discharge
+varies.
+
+From a Torn Cervix, the discharge is thick and mucus-like in character.
+
+In Inflammation of the Canal of the Cervix.--A thick mucus discharge also
+comes from this trouble.
+
+Inflammation of the Body of the Womb.--The discharge is thin and watery.
+If the Inflammation is Caused by Gonorrhea the discharge would partake of
+the pus-like variety.
+
+Symptoms.--Local: is of course mainly the discharge or the irritation
+often produced by it, especially if it is thin. It then irritates the
+parts. The patient will be run down. It will be hard to do anything,
+frequently the patient is very nervous and irritable.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Leucorrhea, Slippery Elm for.--"The immediate cause
+of leucorrhea is either congestion or inflammation of the mucous membrane
+of the vagina or womb, or both. It is not a disease, but a symptom of some
+vaginal or uterine disorder; hence, general or specific tonics may be
+needed but appropriate injection as auxiliary treatment will very much
+assist in cure. The patient should bathe frequently and freely expose
+herself to the sunshine, and have good ventilation in the house. If the
+vaginal passage is very tender and irritable, an infusion, or tea, of
+slippery elm bark is very soothing and may be used freely with a vaginal
+syringe. Whatever injection is employed, should be preceded by the free
+use of castile soap and warm water to thoroughly cleanse the parts."
+Always lie down after an injection.
+
+[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 511]
+
+2. Leucorrhea, Glycerin for.--"One part glycerin to six parts water is a
+very soothing lotion when there is much tenderness, pain or heat in the
+vagina. A teaspoonful of tartaric acid in a pint of warm water is a
+specific, in some cases, acting like magic. Whatever lotion is employed,
+always use it warm. After cleansing with soap suds, the medicated lotion
+of not less than two ounces should be injected."
+
+3. Leucorrhea, Common Tea for.--"A very simple remedy that every woman has
+in the home is a decoction of common tea; used as an injection twice daily
+is very beneficial." The tea has an astringent action and the tannin
+contained in the tea leaves is very effective. This remedy is a harmless
+one, and every woman suffering with this disagreeable disease should give
+this remedy a trial.
+
+4. Leucorrhea, Witch-hazel for.--"Cleanse the parts well with clear warm
+water, then inject two quarts of warm water in which has been dropped a
+tablespoonful of witch-hazel." This is a very good remedy and sure to give
+relief.
+
+5. Leucorrhea, White Oak Bark for.--"White oak bark one ounce, water one
+pint. This makes a very good injection and will be found very effective,"
+
+6. Leucorrhea, a Good Herb Remedy for.--"Inject into the vagina with a
+female syringe, a tea of bistort or beth root, and cranesbill, night and
+morning and take the following night and morning in wineglassful doses.
+
+    White Pond Lily Root.   2 ounces
+    Unicorn Root            2 ounces
+    Wahoo Root              1 ounce
+    Golden Seal             1 ounce
+    Cinnamon                1 ounce
+
+Add three pints of water, simmer to one quart, pour boiling hot upon one
+ounce of grated nutmeg, one-half ounce ginger, powdered, one half pound of
+granulated sugar. Exercise in the open air and nourishing food are
+indispensable."
+
+7. Leucorrhea, Common Vinegar for.--"Two tablespoonfuls vinegar in two
+quarts of water (warm or hot), used as a douche at bedtime, until cured,"
+This will cure some mild cases and has an astringent action.
+
+8. Leucorrhea, an Easily Prepared Remedy for.--"Red oak bark tea used with
+syringe; follow with hot water." Steep the red oak bark and make a tea of
+it, using about two or three teaspoonfuls of the bark to a pint of hot
+water. This acts as an astringent and the red oak bark contains a good
+deal of tannin which is very beneficial in cases of this kind.
+
+9. Leucorrhea, Home-Made Suppositories for.--"Take a small piece of
+medicated cotton, and saturate in pure glycerin and insert in the vagina
+at night, after a warm salt injection has been taken to thoroughly cleanse
+the parts." So many women of today are careless about taking injections,
+at least once or twice a week. Many of these diseases could be avoided in
+the beginning by women being more cleanly. This saturated cotton acts as a
+suppository absorbing the mattery secretion and in that way relieves the
+congestion.
+
+[512 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+10. Leucorrhea, a Good Home Remedy for.--"Cleanse the parts affected with
+warm water with a little castile or ivory soap in it, by means of an
+injection. Then inject a full syringe of the mixture, made by dropping a
+tablespoonful of extract of witch-hazel (Pond's is best) into warm water;
+repeat each night until cured." The injection of soap and water is one of
+the essential things to do for leucorrhea, as it cleanses the parts
+thoroughly and the witch-hazel is very soothing and healing.
+
+11. Leucorrhea, a New York Doctor's Remedy for.--"Fluid extract of Oregon
+grape root (sometimes called mild grape) mixed with a simple syrup and
+given in teaspoonful doses, three times a day, is recommended by Dr. W. W.
+Myers, as a curative for leucorrhea."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--First is to do away, if possible, with local
+disease, like inflammations, tear of the cervix, etc. The general system
+should be built up with tonics. The same treatment as for anemia and
+chlorosis will be usual for this trouble. Refer to those diseases.
+
+Local.--The vagina should be kept as clean as possible with the hot water
+injections. To the hot water many simple remedies can be added with much
+benefit.
+
+1. One ounce of white oak bark in a pint of boiling water makes a good
+injection for this trouble. Before any medicine is used the vagina should
+always be washed out by an injection of warm water. Then follow with the
+indicated injection and retain it as long as possible.
+
+2. Tannic acid and glycerin, equal parts, one ounce to two quarts of warm
+water, is a good injection.
+
+3. Lloyd's Golden Seal is splendid, used in the proportion of four
+teaspoonsful to a pint of warm water.
+
+4. This combination gives good service:--
+
+    Sulphate of Zinc   1 dram
+    Sulphate of Alum   1 dram
+    Glycerin           6 ounces
+
+Put a tablespoonful to each quart of warm water and use as injection.
+
+It is well to remember the injections must be given in large quantities,
+and used in a fountain syringe. A gallon can be used at one time.
+
+5. Witch-hazel in warm water makes an excellent injection in many cases.
+It can be used in the proportion of one-fifth water of witch-hazel to
+four-fifths of warm water.
+
+6. Many other simple remedies may be named, Cranesbill is one. Vaginal
+cones are now made for leucorrhea. These are used about every third night
+and a thorough injection taken the next day. There are many varieties,
+most of them are good and can be bought at any drug store.
+
+[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 513]
+
+MENOPAUSE. (Change of Life). The active menstrual life lasts on an average
+for thirty years and ends between forty and fifty years of age. The courts
+have recognized the age of fifty-three years as the limit that a woman can
+become pregnant.
+
+The onset of the change of life, may be sudden or gradual. The organs
+shrink and waste. The womb shrinks and part of its muscular tissue
+disappears and its walls become thin, soft and relaxed. The ovaries become
+small and harder. The vagina shortens and also becomes narrower. Sudden
+mental shock, wasting disease or change of climate, may cause a sudden
+appearance of the change of life.
+
+Symptoms.--Many women hardly notice any change, as it comes on gradually.
+Other women have all kinds of bodily and mental symptoms, and some are
+afraid of becoming insane. The heart palpitates readily, feelings of heat
+and cold, flushes of heat of the face, followed by sudden sweating. Rush
+of blood to the head so quickly sometimes as to make the patient lose
+temporary consciousness. The spirits are very much depressed,
+sleeplessness is common in some women.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Change of Life, a Useful Herb Remedy for.--
+"Motherwort is one of the most useful herbs to relieve obstructed
+menstrual flow. There is no better herb for cleansing the womb and
+removing obstructions in the female at change of life. Dose: A
+wineglassful of the decoction three times a day."
+
+2. Change of Life, excessive Flowing. An Old Tried Remedy for.--"One ounce
+of nutmeg, grated, one pint Jamaica rum. Mix well and shake before taking.
+Dose :--One teaspoonful three times a day as long as necessary." I tried
+this remedy upon the advice of a physician at the time of "change of life"
+and was very soon relieved, so I heartily recommend it.
+
+3. Change of Life. Good Advice From an Experienced Mother.--"The first and
+most important point to consider is the general health of the patient. If
+the general health can be sustained there will be no danger attending this
+critical period of life. Therefore whatever form of disease may manifest
+itself the one object should be to seek a remedy in time. Take special
+pains to preserve general good health and take care not to overwork, take
+plenty of outdoor exercise and keep up a regular action of the bowels.
+Purify the blood with tonics if necessary."
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--Exercise, fresh air, with freedom from worry,
+anxiety and care. Many women at this time of life need much encouragement,
+and cheerful company is a good tonic. Prominent annoying symptoms should
+be met with the proper medicine. Irregular bleeding of the womb at this
+time or after should lead to an examination as to its origin.
+
+[514 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+CYSTOCELE--Cystocele is simply a tumor formed by the bladder pressing into
+the walls of the vagina. The bladder descends into the pelvis on account
+of relaxation or destruction of its normal support. The anterior wall of
+the vagina yields.
+
+Causes.--Tear of the perineum allows the bottom of the pelvis to relax.
+Undue relaxation of the ligaments of the bladder and of the floor of the
+pelvis, with over distention of the bladder, are responsible for the
+majority of the cases.
+
+Symptoms.--Weight and dragging feeling. A tumor can be felt in the vagina.
+It decreases when the bladder is emptied.
+
+Treatment.--Supports are suitable in some cases (Skene's pessary). An
+operation is necessary in many cases.
+
+
+
+RECTOCELE.--The muscle that holds up the lower end of the rectum is
+relaxed or torn and this deprives the lower end of the rectum of its
+support so that during expulsion of the feces forward distention of the
+anterior wall of the rectum into the vagina results. The posterior wall of
+the vagina is carried before the advancing anterior rectal wall, and
+appears at the entrance of the vagina as a bulging tumor which is
+increased in size with every effort of the rectum to cast out the feces.
+
+Causes.--Hard child-birth (labor) and the long time the head of the child
+was resting on the perineum. This resulted in an overstretching or tear of
+the muscle that holds up the lower end of the bowel and the parts were
+necessarily weakened.
+
+Symptoms.--It is hard to entirely empty the rectum because of the presence
+of the tumor. This is soft, rounded, increasing and decreasing in size and
+disappears upon pressure.
+
+Treatment.--Keep, if possible, the tumor from getting larger, regulate the
+bowels.
+
+An operation may be necessary to restore the parts to their normal
+condition. A physician must be consulted.
+
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 515]
+
+
+OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY
+
+Small bodies are contained in the ovaries. These are called eggs or ova.
+The human egg is about 1/125 of an inch in diameter. This egg enlarges and
+one or more escape from the ovaries, usually about the time of the monthly
+sickness, and are caught by the ends of the Fallopian tube, enter its
+canal and are carried into the womb. After they have arrived in the womb
+they are, as a rule, cast off with the secretion and leave the body. If in
+the course of its travel from the ovaries, through the tube to the womb,
+the female ovum or egg meets with the male elements, fertilization or
+impregnation may take place. If then it is not cast off it generally
+lodges in the womb and pregnancy has begun. The male and female elements
+are usually supposed to meet in the outer portion of the Fallopian tubes,
+fertilization then taking place; but this can occur any place from the
+ovary to the womb. When the fertilized egg enters the womb it is usually
+arrested in the folds of the womb membrane nearest the opening of the tube
+and at once attaches itself to the womb wall. The folds by which it is
+surrounded then grow forward and their edges unite over the egg or ovum
+forming a sac--the decidua reflexa. Then follows the development of this
+ovum and with it the development of the womb, and this growth or
+development constitutes the process which is called pregnancy.
+
+The Embryo or impregnated egg is nourished in the womb by measures
+preparing for it. The placenta or after-birth forms during the third month
+of pregnancy. Its function is to furnish nourishment breathing
+(respiration) and excreting power to the embryo or impregnated egg. The
+fully developed after-birth is a roundish spongy mass with a diameter of
+about eight inches and weighs about one pound. It is usually thickest at
+the center, the edges thinning out to the membranes. The inner surface is
+smooth and glistening and is covered by a membrane (amnion) and beneath
+this two arteries and a vein branch in all directions.
+
+The cord is attached to the inner surface of the after-birth and is of a
+glistening white color, varying in thickness, and is about twenty-two
+inches long, but it may be longer or shorter. It contains two arteries and
+a vein, which run in a somewhat spinal course.
+
+DEVELOPMENT AT DIFFERENT MONTHS.--
+
+First month.--There are indications of the eyes, mouth and anus. The
+extremities are rudimentary. The heart is 4/10 of an inch long.
+
+Second month.--It is now about one inch long. The eyes, nose and ears can
+be distinguished. External genitals. There are suggestions of the hands
+and feet.
+
+[516 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Third month.--The ovum is now the size of a goose-egg. Fingers and toes
+separate, nails look like fine membranes. The neck separates the head from
+the body. The sex can now be told. Length is five inches. Weight about 460
+grains.
+
+Fourth month.--Six inches long and now weighs 850 grains. Short hairs are
+present. Head equal to about one-fourth entire body. May perceive
+quickening.
+
+Fifth month.--Ten inches long; weighs eight ounces. Eyelids begin to
+separate. Heart sounds can be heard. Quickening takes place.
+
+Sixth month.--Twelve inches long; weighs 23-1/2 ounces. There is hair on
+the head, eyebrows and eyelashes are present. Testicles show near the
+abdominal rings (openings).
+
+Seventh month.--Fifteen inches long; weight 41-1/2 ounces. Pupillary
+membrane disappears.
+
+Eighth month.--Sixteen inches long; weight 3-1/2 pounds. Left testicle has
+descended into the scrotum. Nails protrude to end of finger tips.
+
+Ninth month.--Eighteen inches long; weighs 4-1/2 to 7 pounds. Features are
+complete.
+
+While this growth goes on in the embryo the womb itself shows changes. The
+virgin womb averages 2-3/4 inches in length, 1-3/4 inches in width and 1
+inch in thickness and weighs about 12 drams. At term (confinement) the
+womb is about 14 inches long, 10 inches wide, and 9-1/2 inches thick. This
+increase in size is necessary for its growing contents and is due to both
+an enlargement of its tissues (hypertrophy) and to an increase in the
+number of its cells (hyperplasia). The muscular fibres are elongated to
+about 11 inches, and they are five times thicker than they are in a womb
+that is not pregnant. The cervix or neck of the womb participates but
+little in these changes, and remains practically the same until a few
+weeks before confinement. It becomes softened as the result of congestion,
+and the glands are more active, secreting a thick glairy mucus. The canal
+also is more or less dilated.
+
+While this process is going on in the womb, various other conditions show
+themselves, sometimes in the parts of the body so distant that it may not
+be easy to discover the connection with the womb. Almost any part of the
+body is liable to show changes from its normal condition; and yet some of
+these changes are so constant and regular as to be regarded as signs of
+pregnancy. It must not be forgotten, however, that sure signs of
+pregnancy, such as cannot be induced by other causes, are very limited,
+especially in the early months.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 517]
+
+Changes occur in the genital organs that may lead a physician to suspect
+that pregnancy may exist; but the first symptom that attracts the
+attention of the woman, is the passing of the monthly period. This is not
+an absolute sign of pregnancy, since other things or conditions may cause
+it. The effect of the mind upon the body may cause it, and it also occurs
+sometimes in early married life without any appreciable cause, unless it
+may be then due to the effect upon the nervous system of the marital
+relation. Again, the monthly sickness sometimes continues in a greater or
+less degree, during a part or even the whole of pregnancy. Usually this
+discharge is due to some diseased condition of the cervix. The fear of
+impregnation in unmarried women after illicit intercourse will
+occasionally suspend menstruation for one or two months.
+
+Nausea and Vomiting.--Another symptom upon which considerable dependence
+is placed is the morning sickness (nausea and vomiting). While this
+symptom is common, yet its absence does not prove that the woman is not
+pregnant. Some women go through the whole pregnancy without any sign of
+this symptom.
+
+Nausea accompanied or not by vomiting may appear at the very time of
+conception, but it usually appears about the fourth or fifth week of
+pregnancy and continues until the sixteenth week or longer. In some cases
+it may last but a short time, in others it may continue until confinement.
+It may be light or severe; It generally manifests itself upon arising in
+the morning and subsides in a short time, but it may occur at any time of
+the day and continue during the entire waking hours. It may be absent
+entirely and, in rare instances, manifest itself in the husband alone. I
+have known of one such case. This nausea may be excited only by various
+odors or sights or may be caused by constipation. An increased secretion
+from the salivary glands usually accompanies the stomach disturbances and
+in some cases it may amount to salivation. An irresistible desire for
+certain articles of food or drink, generally of a sour or acid nature, is
+often developed. Indigestion, gas in the bowels and belching of gas are
+frequently present. The appetite is often capricious or it may be entirely
+lost (anorexia).
+
+Breasts.--Changes in the breasts also constitute a sign of pregnancy. As
+an early symptom, there may be a feeling of fullness, sometimes pain. They
+become larger and firmer from the development of the individual lobules,
+which have an irregular knotty feel. A fat deposit takes place between the
+lobules and in the other parts of the breast. The nipples increase in
+size, are harder to the touch, become more prominent. A few drops of a
+turbid fluid, colostrum, may be pressed from the nipple as early as the
+third month. The veins under the skin become larger and more conspicuous.
+The rose-colored circles (rings) around the nipples are broadened and are
+slightly elevated above the surrounding skin and there is a marked
+increase in their pigmentation, the color varying with the complexion of
+the individual from reddish pink to brown and black. These changes usually
+occur at the beginning of the third month, and if  the woman has already
+had a child the question of pregnancy has been decided by inspection of
+these breast changes.
+
+Bladder.--This is sometimes irritable in the later months, causing a
+frequent desire to pass urine. It sometimes occurs in the second or third
+week and is sometimes followed, later, by an inability to retain the urine
+which escapes at any time. This, however, is not frequent.
+
+[518 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Abdominal changes.--There is a slight flattening of the lower abdomen at
+the second month, due to the sinking of the womb. There is also a slight
+retraction (drawing back) of the navel. After the third month, when the
+womb begins to ascend out of the pelvis, a progressive enlargement of the
+abdomen begins and continues until near the end of pregnancy, when the
+womb again sinks and the so-called lightening occurs. The protrusion of
+the abdomen is more marked usually on the right side. There is often an
+increased deposit of fat in the lower portion of the abdomen, as well as
+on the hips and thighs. The navel may protrude after the sixth month,
+
+Pigmentation.--Pigmentation or darkening of the middle line of the abdomen
+begins by the eighth or twelfth week, and a dark band about 1/8 of an inch
+wide extends from the pubis (bone) to and around the navel or even higher.
+This shows plainer in brunettes, where it is quite conspicuous.
+Discolorations also appear on other parts of the body, especially on the
+face, "moth patches."
+
+Quickening.--This is caused by the movement of the child (foetus) in the
+womb. The impact of the enlarging womb, through the child (foetal)
+movements, against the abdominal wall about the sixteenth week of
+pregnancy gives rise to this sensation called quickening. Some women claim
+to have experienced this sensation at a much earlier date, and by some it
+is not felt at all. Gas in the bowels and contraction of the muscles of
+the abdomen may give a chance for mistakes. In the later months of
+pregnancy, the movements sometimes become so violent as to produce
+perceptible movements of the womb and the abdominal muscles, and sometimes
+they are the cause of the pain.
+
+The Blood.--The blood is increased in quantity and slightly altered in its
+composition. The water, fibrin and white corpuscles are increased; the red
+cells are at first relatively diminished, but later return to normal.
+
+Nervous System.--The nervous system is over sensitive and the disposition
+of the woman may undergo a radical change, mental exaltation and
+depression are often exhibited.
+
+Constipation is the Rule.--Neuralgias in different parts of the body,
+especially in the face and teeth, are common. Palpitation of the heart and
+difficulty in breathing may be experienced. A discharge from the vagina is
+almost always present, due to the increased circulation in the cervix and
+vagina.
+
+The Foetal Heart-beat.--This is the one positive sign of pregnancy and it
+may be heard as early as the sixteenth to the twentieth week. It has been
+compared to the ticking of a watch under a pillow. It ranges in frequency
+from one hundred and ten to one hundred and fifty to a minute.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 519]
+
+Pelvic Signs.--As early as the first month of pregnancy a faint violet
+color of the anterior wall of the vagina just below the opening of the
+urethra may be distinguished. In the third month this color has become
+purplish and pronounced. This sign is present in eighty per cent of cases.
+There is also a more or less marked lividity of the vaginal portion of the
+cervix from the first month of pregnancy. Also there is softening of the
+cervix as early as the sixth week, and as pregnancy advances the whole of
+the cervix is softened.
+
+Duration of Pregnancy.--This is for all practical purposes two hundred and
+eighty days.
+
+How to Determine Date of Confinement.--The best rule is to count backward
+three months from the first day of the last menstrual period and add seven
+days to it. To be more accurate, in April and September only six days
+should be added; in December and January, five days; and in February, four
+days.
+
+Position of the Womb.--At four months the top of the womb has risen above
+the pelvic brim bone in front; at five months, it is midway between the
+bone (pubic) and the navel; at six months, it is at the navel; at seven
+months, it is four fingers breadths above the navel; at eight months, it
+is midway between the navel and the bottom of the breast bone; at nine
+months, it is to the breast bone; from the middle to the end of the ninth
+month, the top of the womb sinks to about the position occupied at the
+eighth month.
+
+Twins occur about once in ninety to one hundred and twenty, triplets once
+in one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, and quadruplets once in
+three hundred and seventy-one thousand one hundred and twenty-six
+pregnancies. The causes are unknown. Twin conception is more common in
+women who have borne children, and more so in the elderly than in the
+young, first bearing women (primiparae).
+
+Sex.--Children from the same ovum (egg) are always of the same sex. Of
+twins in general, more than one-third are males, less than one-third are
+females, and in the remaining one-third both sexes occur. The after-birth
+is always, at least at first, double.
+
+Diagnosis.--In twin pregnancy the symptoms and disorders of pregnancy are
+apt to be exaggerated, and watery swelling above the pubic bone is almost
+always present in the latter months. The abdomen is larger and broader and
+there may be a depression dividing the abdominal wall in two spaces. The
+womb is much distended and the walls are thin.
+
+Hygiene of pregnancy.--In pregnancy the dividing line between health and
+disease is often so shadowy that every care should be given the pregnant
+woman, not only that she shall escape dangers that may come, but that the
+future health of the coming baby may be safeguarded.
+
+The care taken in pregnancy therefore should include attention to
+clothing, food, exercise, rest, sleep, functions of all excreting organs,
+the breasts, nervous system and the mind.
+
+[520 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Clothing.--This should be worn loose. The heavier garments should not be
+held by the waist but suspended from the shoulders. Flannels, if possible,
+should be worn next the skin excepting, possibly, during the warmest
+weather. Every precaution should be taken not to take cold or to chill the
+surface of the body, as this might bring on an acute trouble of the
+kidneys. As soon as the womb has risen out of the pelvis during the fourth
+month, the corset should be absolutely abandoned, since pressure upon the
+enlarging womb tends to cause acute Bright's disease and uraemia, and
+these troubles are always to be guarded against. During the later months
+of pregnancy, when the abdominal enlargement is great, a linen or elastic
+bandage may be worn with great comfort, but it must be so put on as to
+support and not press upon the womb.
+
+Food.--The food of the pregnant woman should be simple, wholesome,
+nutritious, of the kind that is easily digested and enough to satisfy the
+demands of her system; excessive eating should be avoided. A mixed diet is
+to be preferred, but the diet should be of such kind as to help to
+overcome the constipation, usual in pregnancy. Meat should not be eaten in
+as great quantities. It not only tends to produce more constipation but
+also has injurious effect upon the kidneys, and anything that in any way
+puts a greater burden upon the kidneys in pregnancy should be avoided. All
+foods that are likely to produce indigestion, heart burn, or irritation of
+the stomach and liver, such as sweets, fried, greasy, highly spiced foods;
+greasy rich gravies, or pastry should not be eaten.
+
+The heartiest meal should be taken near midday and the stomach, especially
+at night, should never be overloaded. Water should, be drank freely, as it
+tends to overcome the constipation and wash out the kidneys. Some women do
+better with lighter meals and taken more frequently. Some do better by
+taking their breakfast before rising.
+
+Bathing.--Extremes in hot and cold bathing should be avoided. The skin
+should be kept active by daily comfortable baths, followed by a brisk
+rubbing with a rough towel. The Bowels and Bladder.--The bowels, as before
+stated, are usually constipated and should be kept open by coarse foods,
+fruit and, when necessary, mild laxatives; mineral waters and enemas
+especially should not be given. It should not be forgotten that in some
+women injections into the bowel are liable to bring on contractions of the
+womb.
+
+No woman, and especially no pregnant woman, should ever neglect the
+bowels, as much discomfort and ill health are caused by improper
+eliminations of the bowel contents. The bladder should also have proper
+care. This is apt to be irritable during the early and later months of
+pregnancy, owing to being pressed upon by the womb. A mild inflammation
+arises in some cases. The woman should take plenty of water, either pure
+or effervescing, to induce sufficient secretion  in the kidneys, and also
+to flush them. This is also very good for an irritable bladder. In order
+that the physician may keep himself informed regarding the condition of
+the kidneys, the urine of every pregnant woman should be examined, both
+chemically and microscopically, every two weeks from the beginning of
+pregnancy; during the late months of pregnancy the urine analysis should
+be made weekly. Catherized specimens should be used because leucorrheal
+discharges, so common in pregnancy, may give the albumin reaction. If the
+above advice of Dr. Manton, of Detroit, was followed in every case there
+would be fewer cases of trouble during the confinement. I remember one
+case; the lady was seven months along when I was called. She was feeling
+badly and complained much of her eyes; an analysis of the urine showed
+thick with albumin. The failure of her sight was due to thc condition of
+her kidneys. If the urine had been examined early and often, her condition
+might have been prevented. Watch the kidneys, have the urine examined
+frequently and carefully.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 521]
+
+Exercise, Rest and Sleep.--Plenty of exercise in the open air should be
+taken daily, without this health cannot be maintained. It should not be
+violent or so great as to fatigue and overtire. Slow riding in a carriage
+and walking will give the best results. Horseback riding and riding in an
+automobile should be avoided. The woman should sit out of doors as much as
+possible. Plenty of sleep is also necessary. Eight hours are not too much
+at night, and lying down an hour or two during the forenoon and afternoon
+is very restful and desirable.
+
+The Vagina.--When there is a profuse discharge of leucorrhea, a daily
+vaginal douche is necessary. This should consist of a quart of warm
+solution (as much as the water will dissolve) of boric acid, or an equal
+amount of mild carbolic acid (one to eighty). The temperature of the
+solution should be about 100 degrees F., and it should be injected slowly,
+and without any force to the stream.
+
+It is also best to remain in the recumbent position for some time after
+the injection, to rest.
+
+The Breast and Nipples.--These should be bathed once or twice daily in
+cool or tepid water until the last month or two of pregnancy. Astringent
+application should not be applied to the nipples to harden them. If the
+nipples are small, undeveloped or retracted they should be pulled out
+several times daily by the fingers and gently rubbed, and this will
+usually stimulate their growth. Cocoa butter or castor oil may be applied
+during the last month.
+
+Nervous System and the Mind.--The pregnant woman is very susceptible to
+annoying conditions of the social and domestic surroundings; such should
+be removed, if possible, and excitement of every kind should be avoided.
+Everything should be made bright and comfortable around her, cheerfulness
+should be the rule in the home and she should be treated with every care
+and consideration. Surroundings will influence the coming baby's future.
+
+[522 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Disorders of Pregnancy.--Nausea and vomiting.--The simple nausea and
+vomiting of pregnancy needs no treatment. This kind generally disappears
+by the third or fourth month, but it may persist in a mild form during the
+greater part of pregnancy. Generally the regulation of the diet and
+attention to the bowels are all that is necessary to be done for this
+trouble. Foods should be chosen carefully and only such foods taken that
+agree with the stomach and lessen the constipation. Sometimes taking a
+light breakfast in bed saves the usual morning sickness. It is best then
+to remain lying for some time after eating. When the condition is annoying
+the following powder will give much relief: powder Ingluvin, oxalate of
+cerium, of each five grains. Mix thoroughly and take one, every one or two
+hours as needed. A physician should be consulted if this trouble is very
+severe.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Pregnancy, A Great Aid for.--"Soothing syrup or
+Mother's friend, while pregnant. Two ounces each of cramp bark, blue
+cohosh, slippery elm, raspberry leaves, squaw vine, orange peel and bitter
+root. Simmer gently in sufficient water to keep herbs covered for two
+hours, strain and steep gently down to one quart. Let it stand to cool,
+then add one cup granulated sugar, and four ounces alcohol. Dose.--One
+tablespoonful two or three times a day for several weeks before the birth
+of the child. This has been thoroughly tried and causes an easy birth
+where difficulty has been expected."
+
+2. Nausea of Pregnancy, Menthol and Sweet Oil for.--"Vomiting and nausea
+of pregnancy; a twenty per cent solution of menthol in sweet oil; use ten
+drops on sugar when nausea appears." The menthol acts on the stomach and
+quiets it. This will be found very beneficial.
+
+3. Pregnancy, Bouillon or Broth for.--"Was weak and generally run down.
+Family physician warned me I would never survive the birth of another
+child. I bought each day several beef bones and boiled them for three
+hours. I also bought chicken feet, scalded them and scraped them until the
+outside skin peeled off, then boiled the chicken feet with the bones. Skim
+surface from time to time. I would then heat up a raw egg in a glass and
+fill glass with this broth and drink it warm." This lady would take a
+glass whenever thirsty or six or seven times a day. She increased in
+strength immediately, within a year was the mother of a healthy baby girl
+now nineteen years old and believes her life was saved by the above.
+Anyone will find this worth trying.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 523]
+
+Indigestion and Heart-burn.--This should be treated the same as under
+other conditions. Diet, habits, should be regulated. The bowels and
+kidneys should be regulated and do their eliminating work. For heart-burn
+the popular remedy, magnesia may be taken or dilute hydrochloric acid with
+nux vomica. One teaspoonful or effervescing citrate of magnesia dissolved
+in water and drank, is a convenient remedy. Also, five drops of diluted
+hydrochloric acid in water, taken after meals, through a tube, and one or
+two drops of nux vomica before meals is beneficial. The following is an
+excellent combination from Dr. Hare, of Philadelphia:
+
+    Dilute Hydrochloric Acid                      2 drams
+    Essence of Pepsin                             1 ounce
+    Compound Tincture of Gentian enough to make   4 ounces
+
+Mix. Take one or two teaspoonfuls in a little water with meals.
+
+In cases where it is impossible to eat anything the patient must be fed by
+the rectum. In such cases a doctor must be called. Fortunately such severe
+cases are very rare. The following for rectal feeding is given by Dr.
+Manton, of Detroit, and is a good combination. Give every four hours:
+
+    Liquid Beef Peptonoids                  3 drams
+    White of an Egg
+    Whisky                                  3 drams
+    Beef Tea or Warm Water enough to make   3 ounces
+
+The rectum should be washed out once or twice daily in the interval
+between the feeding.
+
+Teeth.--The teeth are often affected during pregnancy, softening and
+decaying rapidly, causing severe neuralgia. The teeth should be cleaned
+frequently during the day to get rid of the secretions of the mouth, and
+at night before retiring. Milk of magnesia should be held in the mouth for
+a few minutes; cavities in the teeth should be stopped with a temporary
+filling. Teaspoonful of lacto phosphate of lime can be taken three times a
+day with benefit.
+
+Constipation.--The enlarging womb pressing upon the rectum and also
+irregularity in diet causes constipation at this time. Daily free bowel
+movements are necessary to prevent the kidneys from overworking. As stated
+before, the diet should be strictly regulated. Cascara sagrada cordial is
+a good mild laxative to take, if necessary.
+
+Difficult Breathing.--This usually comes late in pregnancy and is due to
+the pressure of the womb upon the diaphragm; the patient should avoid
+excitement and sleep with the shoulders well elevated. In the ninth month
+the womb drops lower and the breathing is better.
+
+Varicose Veins and Piles.--Varicose veins: These are due to the pressure
+on the veins so that the return flow of blood is impeded and occur as a
+rule late in pregnancy. They are seen oftenest on the inner side of the
+thighs, the lower extremities, the vulva, and in the region of the anus.
+As a rule, they do not give much trouble. When they become painful or
+inflamed the patient should lie down, with the legs elevated and use water
+of witch-hazel applied with cloths. Elastic stockings, properly fitted,
+give much relief when the trouble is on the thigh and leg.
+
+[524 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Piles.--When these are troublesome the rectum should be emptied by a small
+dose of salts, and the parts thoroughly washed with warm water, the piles
+pushed back and local lotions applied (see treatment of piles). Hot
+fomentations of witch-hazel frequently give great relief to the piles as
+well as to the varicose veins. Regular movements of the bowels usually
+will prevent piles. Piles will not usually give rise to much trouble
+unless constipation exists.
+
+Albumin in the urine. (Albuminuria).--While the urine of about six to ten
+per cent of all pregnant women contains albumin, the appearance of this
+symptom should always be regarded with apprehension. Women who are in
+their first pregnancy are most frequently affected. If the woman has had
+disease of the kidneys before her pregnancy began this symptom will likely
+appear in the early months; if it is caused by pressure, etc., it may not
+appear until after the sixth month, but both acute and chronic.
+inflammation of the kidneys may develop at any period of pregnancy. Dr.
+Manton, of Detroit, states, "In the majority of cases, the albuminuria is
+due to the so-called kidney of pregnancy, in which there is no
+inflammation, but a fatty infiltration of the epithelial cells associated
+with anemia of the organ." The urine may also contain casts. Whatever the
+cause it indicates a condition of insufficiency of the kidney which may
+lead to serious consequences to the mother and it is also injurious to the
+(foetus) child. If this symptom develops suddenly the danger to both is
+greatly increased. For this reason physicians should urge pregnant women
+to have their urine examined frequently, especially during the later
+months of pregnancy.
+
+Treatment.--Regulation of the diet; in pronounced cases the diet should
+consist entirely of milk and the patient should take three or four quarts
+in twenty-four hours. Meats, pastry and sweets must be prohibited, but
+vegetables such as squash, spinach, salads may be added to the dietary in
+ordinary cases. Vichy water may be taken alone or with the milk, and may
+be taken freely. The bowels should be kept open with citrate of magnesia
+(one to two teaspoonfuls in water) or epsom salts in peppermint water.
+Exercise in the open air can be taken in moderation. Warm clothing should
+be worn and flannel next the skin; exposure to cold and draughts should be
+carefully avoided. If the more special symptoms appear, such as persistent
+headache, vertigo, ringing in the ears, black or bright spots floating
+before the eyes, dimness of vision, an abortion of miscarriage should be
+induced without delay. Fortunately such cases are rare and with care from
+the beginning seldom occur. Pregnant women should inform their family
+physician at the beginning of pregnancy of their condition, and in the
+great majority of cases serious troubles can be prevented. Physicians
+expect this information and receive it as a matter of course, and no woman
+should hesitate to inform her physician either personally or through her
+husband.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 525]
+
+Abortion, Miscarriage, Premature Labor. (Accidents of pregnancy).--These
+three terms indicate a premature expulsion of the products of conception.
+Let us medically define these terms as follows; Abortion implies expulsion
+of the foetus before the sixteenth week. Miscarriage, the expulsion
+between the sixteenth and twenty-eighth weeks. Premature labor designates
+the time of expulsion as between the twenty-eighth week to within a few
+weeks before the normal termination of pregnancy. Miscarriage is the term
+popularly used for the accidental loss of the products of conception.
+Abortion, in the popular mind, expresses the intentional loss of the
+products of conception. Abortion in the medical sense, takes place about
+once in every four or five pregnancies. It occurs more frequently in those
+who have borne children, occurring generally in the third or fourth
+pregnancy, or toward the end of the child-bearing period, and it takes
+place more frequently between the ninth and sixteenth week, when the
+after- birth is in process of formation; and it is more liable to occur at
+the time of the month when the normal menstruation would be due. It should
+be borne in mind also that abortion occurring at this period is quite
+dangerous to the mother's future health, and also dangerous to life; so
+that at the first indication of abortion a physician should be called for
+this trouble, because it needs care, both to prevent it and to assist the
+woman to a successful ending when it is impossible to prevent it. This is
+more dangerous to life than confinement at full term, and is apt to leave
+behind a tendency to recurrence at the same time in the future
+pregnancies, and also makes the woman liable to inflammatory conditions of
+the womb.
+
+Causes.--Abortion may be induced by many causes due to the mother, father,
+and child. Among maternal causes may be mentioned any serious disease,
+especially fevers, when accompanied by a rash on the skin, such as
+smallpox, measles, scarlet fever. It is hard for a pregnant woman to go
+through one of these diseases, without having an abortion. Syphilis,
+tuberculosis, malaria, organic heart and kidney disease, diabetes, anemia,
+and systemic poisoning also are causes; nervous disturbances as shock,
+fright, sorrow, convulsions, chorea; mechanical causes, violent exercise,
+lifting, blows, falls, coughing, vomiting; local causes, as wrong position
+of the womb, inflammation of the womb, etc.; all are causes.
+
+Causes. Due to the Father. Paternal.--Syphilis, alcoholism, lead
+poisoning, excessive venery, extremes of youth or old age.
+
+Foetal Causes.--Disease of the after-birth, other parts, of cord, death of
+the foetus, placenta pravia, and yet many women are subjected to falls,
+blows, etc., who carry their child to full term.
+
+[526 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Symptoms.--These vary with the period of pregnancy where they occur. In
+the earlier months the symptoms are those of profuse menstruation,
+sometimes accompanied by more pain perhaps than usual. The ovum is then so
+small that it escapes notice. In the profuse flow there may be
+unaccustomed clots of blood; when this trouble occurs later in pregnancy
+there are two constant symptoms which, together with the history of the
+case, render the diagnosis easy. These prominent and constant symptoms are
+pain and bleeding. The symptoms may be preceded by a bearing down feeling
+in the lower abdomen, with backache, frequent calls to pass urine, and a
+discharge from the vagina, that is a mixture of mucus and water. After
+these symptoms last for a shorter or longer time, labor pains set in, the
+bleeding increases and the contents of the womb are discharged. The ovum
+may be expelled whole when it looks like a huge blood clot, or it may be
+expelled partly and the membranes left behind; or the embryo (child)
+alone, surrounded by the transparent membrane, escapes.
+
+If the after-birth has formed it may be cast off entire or piecemeal. The
+embryo (child) alone may escape, the neck of the womb contracts and shuts;
+bleeding persists for an indefinite period, for weeks and weeks, until the
+health of the poor woman is seriously affected. Persistent bleeding of
+this kind is almost always due to the retention of portions of the
+after-birth or membranes, and should prove to the woman that there is a
+serious condition existing which should be speedily corrected. A physician
+should be called who should make a thorough examination; and if such a
+condition as above described is found, should free the womb from its
+retained products, which are not only sapping the woman's life, but also
+rendering the future health of the womb very uncertain.
+
+Threatened Abortion.--If a bleeding takes place in the woman who is
+pregnant, abortion may be assumed to threaten; a careful examination will
+usually settle this matter.
+
+Inevitable Abortion.--The abortion is probably inevitable if the bleeding
+becomes persistent and free, the cervix softens, the womb dilates and the
+labor pains set in. Still in spite of all these conditions, the bleeding
+and pain may cease, and the pregnancy go on to full term, The result of
+these cases, if carefully and properly treated, is favorable as far as the
+mother is concerned.
+
+Treatment. Preventive. In women where repeated abortions have occurred,
+the cause should be diligently sought for. If syphilis exists the
+treatment should be begun at the beginning of pregnancy. But when no
+special cause can be found, and an irritable condition of the womb is
+suspected to be present, the patient must be kept quiet in bed, especially
+at the time when menstruation would normally occur. She should also be
+guarded against lifting, fright, worry, over-exertion; and medicines like
+bromide of potash, five to fifteen grains at a dose, given to quiet and
+allay the nervous irritability.
+
+Treatment of Threatened Abortion.--The patient should go to bed, lie down
+and remain there, and if possible be not only quiet physically, but also
+quiet mentally. The main remedy is opium, and if necessary to obtain a
+quick action it can be given hypodermically in the form of morphine.
+Otherwise, laudanum may be given by the mouth, twenty drops, repeated
+cautiously, every three or four hours as required, or it can be given in
+thirty-drop doses combined with a couple of ounces of starch water by the
+rectum. Extract of opium in pill form, one grain three times a day by the
+month; or a suppository of opium, one grain, may be inserted into the
+rectum every four to six hours. After the bleeding and pain have ceased,
+the emergency is probably passed; but rest in bed and quiet should be the
+routine for one or more weeks, and the patient should always rest in bed
+at the usual time of the menstrual period, during the remainder of the
+pregnancy.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 527]
+
+Treatment of the Inevitable Abortion.--If the cervix is hard and the canal
+is not dilated, especially if the bleeding is free, the vagina should be
+packed full at once, if possible, with iodoform gauze. Rolls five yards
+long and two inches wide can be bought perfectly adapted to this purpose.
+A speculum should be used (Sims' or Graves') and the gauze should first be
+packed tightly into corners (fornices) around the cervix, then over the
+cervix and well down to the outlet. This should be held in place by a
+proper (T) bandage. The gauze can be removed in from twelve to twenty-four
+hours, and the ovum will generally be found lying upon the upper part of
+the packing, or in the canal that is now dilated, from which it can easily
+be removed. Sometimes it is necessary to repack and allow it to remain for
+another twelve hours as the canal has not been sufficiently dilated by the
+first packing. This packing not only causes the canal to dilate but
+usually stops the bleeding. After the ovum has been expelled an antiseptic
+vaginal douche should be given twice a day for a week or longer.
+
+If at the first examination the cervix is found softened and the mouth of
+the womb is open, but the womb has not yet expelled its contents, the
+sterile (clean) finger may be introduced into the womb and the ovum and
+membranes loosened and taken away, while this is being done counter
+pressure should be made over the abdomen. After the womb has been cleared
+of all its contents an antiseptic solution should be used, carefully, in
+the womb to wash it out, and this followed by washing out of the vagina.
+The after treatment is the same as that for labor at full term. The woman
+should remain in bed at least ten days.
+
+Placenta Praevia.--The after-birth is placed in the lower part of the
+womb; (after-birth before the child). This is a dangerous condition and
+terrible bleeding may occur. It occurs about one time out of every one
+thousand. The main symptom is bleeding and this may occur at any period of
+pregnancy. It usually appears from the seventh to the ninth month. The
+outset is without any appreciable reason and without pain. The amount of
+blood lost at the first attack may be so slight as to escape notice or
+copious enough to endanger the life of the mother. This flow may occur at
+any time during these months, and it may be small or great. If during the
+course of pregnancy the bleeding occurs at intervals in the increasing
+amount, the greater will be the loss of blood during the labor.
+
+Treatment.--There is little danger of dangerous bleeding before the
+seventh month, and a waiting treatment may be adopted, but the woman
+should be closely watched and told what the trouble is, so she will be
+willing to remain quiet. Rest in bed, the avoidance of all muscular
+exercise and quieting medicines may enable the mother to carry the child
+until it can live, when pregnancy must be quickly terminated. If the child
+is dead the womb must be emptied at once. After the seventh month an
+expectant treatment is no longer allowable, and authorities declare the
+pregnancy should be terminated without delay. The mother is in great
+danger from sudden free flow. This treatment must be given by an
+experienced hand and only a physician can do it. If the pregnancy is
+allowed to continue to full term the danger to the woman is very great, as
+the mortality runs from thirty to sixty-five per cent; but under modern
+treatment it has been brought down to five to ten per cent. The death rate
+of the child is between fifty and seventy-five per cent.
+
+[528 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Labor.--Labor may be defined as the physiological termination of pregnancy
+whereby the mature foetus (child) and its appendages (after-birth, etc.),
+are separated from the maternal organism.
+
+Premonitory Signs of Labor.--Premonitory signs of labor, usually observed
+from one to two weeks before the onset of the labor pains, is a sinking
+down of the womb in the abdomen, whereby some of the unpleasant features
+of pregnancy are relieved, and the so-called "lightening" takes place. The
+waist line becomes small, the breathing is easier and the general
+well-being of the woman is better, so that her friends are attracted by
+her feeling of relief. But as a result of the womb descent and the
+consequent pressure, irritation of the bladder and rectum may occur, and
+she may have frequent calls to empty these organs. The vagina secretes
+more actively, the veins enlarge, some dropsy may appear in the
+extremities, and the womb contractions of pregnancy, which have been
+painless, begin to cause more and more discomfort.
+
+These false pains recur at regular intervals of hours or even days, and
+generally at night, last for a varying period and usually disappear in the
+morning. They often deceive the woman and lead her to the belief that the
+labor has already begun; but examination of the cervix will reveal that
+this is not so. It is well to bear in mind that the true labor pains
+usually begin in the back, extend down to the thighs and often around to
+the front and they recur at regular intervals, and with increasing
+intensity.
+
+The beginning of labor is characterized by recurring pains at regular
+intervals and of increasing severity. There is also a discharge from the
+vagina of mucus, and this is sometimes tinged with blood, "the show." If
+an examination is now made, it will be found that the cervix (neck of the
+womb) is shortened, and that the mouth of the womb is beginning to dilate.
+At the beginning, the pains are usually in the back and spread to the
+abdomen and down the thighs; but they may be felt first in the abdomen.
+They return every half hour or twenty minutes, but as labor goes on the
+interval is shortened, so that toward the end of the second stage when the
+child is being born, they appear to be continuous, and the patient feels
+as if she is encircled by a belt of pain; however, with all this, she will
+bear the suffering easier and better for she knows that progress is being
+made, and that she will soon be over the pains and the child born. A pain
+rarely lasts more than one minute.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 529]
+
+STAGES OF LABOR.--First stage extends from the beginning of labor until
+the mouth of the womb is dilated. Second stage, from the complete dilation
+until the complete birth of the child. Third stage, from the birth of the
+child until the expulsions of the after-birth--Placenta.
+
+The First Stage.--The first stage varies greatly in different women. The
+average duration of this stage is from ten to fourteen hours in the woman
+with the first child, and six to eight hours in the woman who has borne
+children. During this stage the woman prefers to remain on her feet, sit,
+stand or walk about. The amount of pain experienced varies greatly,
+according to the temperament of the patient; in nervous women it may be
+excessive. The pains now have nothing of that bearing down character which
+they afterward acquire; they are described as "grinding," are usually felt
+in the front. The genitals become bathed with secretions, which are
+sometimes tinged with blood. This is an especially trying period to a
+young wife, for she cannot see that the pains are doing any good, only
+making her restless, tired and nervous. Little can be done by the
+physician in this stage except to encourage and explain what is really
+being accomplished by these seemingly futile pains and by tact and proper
+encouragement, a physician tides this stage over and gives great comfort
+to the needy patient. This stage ends with the opening and dilation of the
+mouth of the womb and the second or expulsive stage sets in, with pains
+altered in character.
+
+Second Stage.--The pains now become more frequent and severe and last
+longer, and the patient now manifests a strong desire to expel the
+contents of the womb. The woman now feels better in bed and when the pains
+come she involuntarily bears down, with each contraction she sets her
+teeth, takes a deep breath, fixes the diaphragm, contracts the muscles of
+the abdomen and bears down hard if you allow her to do so. The knowledge
+that she is working to overcome an obstacle gives her some satisfaction
+and she feels that she is accomplishing something by the efforts she is
+making. The physician can aid greatly by suggesting to the patient how to
+use the pains and how much bearing down to do. He can tell her when not to
+bear down, and so save her strength for the next real pain when bearing
+down will do good. Although the pains are really harder in this stage,
+nervous women suffer no more, for their mind is now concentrated upon the
+work at hand. Sometimes at the beginning of this stage the patient feels
+chilly or has a severe chill; a hot drink and more covering counteract
+this. Another phenomena is the escape of the waters and a lull in the
+pains for a little time, when they come on more effectively than before as
+the womb contracts down upon the child and is not hindered by the "bag of
+water." The pains keep on at intervals until the child is born and the
+physician can now be of help by guiding, directing and assisting the birth
+of the head. This stage averages about two hours.
+
+[530 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Third Stage.--The birth of the head is very soon followed by the shoulders
+and the rest of the body, and the woman is now at comparative rest. The
+cord is now tied and cut and the child laid away, if all right, in a warm
+place until it can be washed and dressed. Following the birth of the child
+there is a short resting period, the contractions of the womb cease and it
+becomes smaller through retraction. After a few minutes the pains begin
+again, the after-birth separates from its attachment in the womb, and
+together with the membranes is extruded into the vaginal canal and vulvar
+opening; whence it can be easily delivered by pressing upon the abdomen
+over the lump (womb) and by guiding the after-birth with the cord. This
+should be done slowly so that the membranes will all come away with the
+after-birth.
+
+This should always be examined to be certain that everything has come
+away. A greater or less amount of clots of blood come with the
+after-birth. The contraction of the womb stops the bleeding, one hand
+should be kept on the abdomen over the womb, to see that it remains hard
+and retracted. The womb moves under the hand. If it softens, gentle
+rubbing should be kept up and the womb will soon remain contracted. This
+stage averages about fifteen minutes.
+
+
+
+MANAGEMENT OF LABOR.--Preparation of the Bed.--The bed should be high,
+springs not soft, with a firm and smooth mattress. It should be placed so
+that both sides are accessible. The bed should be made up on the right
+side as a rule, as the woman usually lies on her left side when delivered.
+Place a rubber, or an oil cloth sheet, over the mattress, and over this an
+ordinary muslin sheet and secure this with safety pins to the corners of
+the mattress. This is the permanent bed; on top of this is the second
+rubber sheet and this is covered with another muslin sheet and both held
+by safety pins. This is the temporary bed. Plenty of hot and cold boiled
+water should also be at hand. Frequently only a temporary bed is made with
+rubber or oil cloth underneath, blanket and sheet above this. They should
+be fastened so that the movements of the woman will not disorder them.
+These can be removed after the confinement and new, clean warm clothes put
+in their place. The objection to this is the woman may be too tired to be
+moved, while, with the permanent and temporary bed arrangement she need
+not be moved at all, only lifted, while the temporary bed is being removed
+and she is then let down easily upon clean bedding.
+
+Preparation of the Patient.--The patient, if she desires, can take a full
+bath. The bowels should be moved thoroughly with a soap and water
+injection so that the rectum will be fully emptied. This makes labor not
+only easier, but pleasanter, as no feces will be discharged during labor.
+The bladder should also be emptied. The external organs should be
+scrupulously cleansed and bathed with some antiseptic solution, like
+glycothymoline, listerine, borolyptol, etc. A fresh suit of underwear may
+then be put on and over this a loose wrapper.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY  531]
+
+Examination of the Patient.--The physician needs to satisfy himself as to
+the position of the child, etc. This can be done by an examination of the
+abdomen and also of the vagina. He must determine whether the child is
+alive, its position, the condition of the cervix and mouth of the womb. In
+making such examination a routine plan should be adopted. The coat must be
+removed, the shirt sleeves turned up and the hands and arms washed with
+soap and water. The abdomen should be thoroughly palpated (felt) and
+listened to with the ear or stethoscope to determine the character of the
+child's heart beat, whether it be very slow, one hundred and twenty or
+less, or a very rapid one, one hundred and fifty or more. It may indicate
+danger to the child and necessitate a hurried delivery. After these things
+have been done, the hands and arms must again be thoroughly washed and
+sterilized, the fingers anointed with carbolated vaselin and the
+examination of the vagina made.
+
+This cleanliness is necessary, and if this plan were carried out by
+everyone connected with the patient during the whole confinement, there
+would be fewer cases of "child-bed" fever, with its resultant diseases.
+The patient should lie on her back with the knees drawn up. There is no
+need for any exposure now, for the covering can be held up by an attendant
+so that it will not touch the physician's hands. The soft parts are now
+separated by the fingers of one hand while the examining fingers are
+introduced into the vagina. These fingers should never touch any external
+part and especially the parts near the anus. If the cervix is found to be
+long and the canal still undilated, or only slightly so, and especially if
+it is the first child (primipara), the physician's presence is not needed
+and he may safely leave for an hour or two. But if the mouth (os) of the
+womb is dilated to the size of a silver dollar he should on no account
+leave the house.
+
+Frequent examination of the vagina should not be made. In ordinary cases
+during the first stage, the woman should be up and encouraged to walk
+about the room, to sit or assume any comfortable position. During a pain
+she may stand beside the bed resting her hands upon something or kneel in
+front of the bed or chair. The standing position assists in the birth. The
+bladder should be emptied frequently, as a distended bladder retards labor
+and may even stop the womb contractions. The pains become more frequent
+and severe as the end of this stage approaches and each contraction is now
+accompanied by straining or a bearing down effort on the part of the
+woman, and as a rule the membranes rupture spontaneously about this time.
+An examination of the vagina should now be made with the woman in bed, and
+if the membranes have not broken and the womb is completely dilated as
+shown during the pain, they may be ruptured by pressing against them with
+a finger-nail during a pain. Sometimes we use every means to retain the
+membranes intact, but that is when protection for the child is needed for
+sometime longer. If the suffering is very severe, during this stage,
+fifteen grains of chloral hydrate, well diluted with water, may be given
+every fifteen or thirty minutes until sixty grains have been given. (This
+medicine should never be given to a person with heart trouble). I find one
+drop doses of the tincture of Gelsemium every fifteen to thirty minutes of
+benefit, especially if the womb does not dilate well, or the patient is
+very nervous. The patient may receive and can receive light nourishment
+during this stage.
+
+[532 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Management of the Second Stage.--After the rupture of the membranes the
+labor proceeds faster and a termination may be expected within a
+reasonable time. There is a short lull in the pains, usually, after the
+waters have escaped and during this time the patient should remove her
+clothing and put on a night dress, and to prevent its being soiled roll it
+well up under the arms and retain it there. After labor it can be very
+easily pulled down and made comfortable for the patient. A folded, clean,
+sterile sheet is now placed about the body and extremities and held in
+place by a cord around the waist. The opening in the sheet should be in
+the right side, as this will allow the assistance being given as needed.
+The powerful force of the abdominal muscles is now brought into action;
+the force is best utilized with the woman lying on her back.
+
+She should now be encouraged to bear down during the pains and she will be
+greatly assisted by pulling on a sheet or long towel tied to the foot of
+the bed, or by holding the hand of the nurse. A support for her feet
+frequently aids the woman. Pressing low on her back relieves her to some
+extent. In the intervals between the pains she should rest, do nothing,
+and be perfectly passive. It is now that an anesthetic may be used to
+relieve the suffering. She should not be put completely under its
+influence for that is not only unnecessary, but injurious. Chloroform when
+used should be given on a handkerchief opened and loosely held over the
+woman's face, and administered drop by drop on the handkerchief. The
+handkerchief should be placed over the face at the beginning of the pain
+and be taken away as soon as the pain is stopped. The woman inhales the
+chloroform during the pains and their sharpness is blunted. Given in that
+way it is not considered dangerous. It should only be pushed to
+unconsciousness during a forceps delivery, and even then it is not always
+necessary to render the woman unconscious. I have used the forceps without
+giving an anesthetic. They should be placed without causing any special
+pain, and assist in delivery without causing any more pain when the head
+is down low. Of course if the forceps must be used when the head is high
+up a greater amount of anesthetic is needed.
+
+Dr. Manton, of Detroit, says:--"The dangers of anesthetics are the same
+when employed for obstetric purposes as in surgery, and then use should be
+governed by the same rules in each instance." As soon as the head begins
+to dilate the vulvar opening, the patient should be turned on her left
+side with her knees drawn up and her body lying diagonally across the bed,
+with the buttocks close to and parallel with the edge. This position
+allows the physician to give better assistance and is no harder for the
+patient.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 533]
+
+The physician with his hands thoroughly sterilized and with a clean
+sterilized gown, seats himself on the edge of the bed and watches the
+progress of the labor, ready to assist the woman at any moment. And at
+this time he can do much by words of encouragement and proper directions
+to the laboring woman how to use her pains so as to get the most from
+them; and also by manipulation of the soft parts and the head. The head
+advances more and more with each succeeding pain, and the perineum is put
+on the stretch, each contraction is followed by a resting pause during
+which the head slips back a little and relieves the perineum. Tear of the
+perineum is liable to take place when the head is about to escape through
+the vulvar opening, especially if the contractions are strong, the woman
+bears down forcibly and the interval between the pains is short, so that
+the head is forced out before the parts have time to completely dilate and
+soften. Here is where the physician's work comes in, by holding the head
+back and fully flexed (bent), chin upon the breast, and keeping the back
+of the head (occiput) well up towards the bone in front (pubic arch) until
+thc perineum is completely dilated.
+
+The effect of the pains can be lessened, if necessary, also, by telling
+the woman to open her mouth and not to bear down during the pain for a few
+times. In this way the perineum will dilate properly and be torn little,
+if at all, and perhaps much future trouble for the woman saved. I always
+tell my patient why I ask her to do certain things in labor and I have
+never found any woman who, when able, was not willing to do as I asked. A
+torn perineum is not desirable, because even when sewn up immediately
+after labor, it may not unite thoroughly, and thus cause displacements of
+the womb in the future. A little time and care at the time of labor will
+save the perineum and every woman is willing to do her share when the
+conditions are plainly explained to her. It takes only a few minutes
+longer, and only a few more pains to bear. When the head begins to stretch
+the opening, the left hand of the physician should be carried over the
+woman's abdomen and between the thighs, her right leg being supported by a
+pillow placed between her knees, and this left hand presses the back of
+the head (occiput) forward and against the "pubic arch." The right hand
+may also press the head upward by being placed against the posterior
+portion of the dilated perineum. The edge of the perineum should now be
+closely watched. A small towel wrung out of a bowl of hot water placed
+handy on a chair, should be held constantly against the perineum to hasten
+the softening and dilatation of these tissues. Plenty of hot water and
+small towels should be at hand. The head advances with each pain and again
+recedes until the parts are properly dilated, and the perineum slips
+backward over the child's face.
+
+[534 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+If torn, it should be sewed before the physician leaves, as it can be done
+easily and without pain to the mother. As the head of the child emerges,
+the anesthetic should be pushed, or the woman told to open her mouth and
+cry out. This lessens the pain and the child's head emerges slower, and
+the perineum is saved. The child's head should be received in the hand.
+After the head is born, there is a lull for a few moments. Then the
+shoulders rotate into the proper position and are easily born. There may
+then be a flow of watery fluid for a few seconds. Before this time the
+physician has examined to see whether the cord is around the child's neck,
+released it if it has been, and also cleaned out the child's mouth. The
+child usually cries a little about this time and it is soon seen whether
+it needs quick attention. The perineum should be guarded also while the
+shoulders are being born as it can be torn by them. The shoulders are
+generally born without any help. The child's head is held in the
+physician's hand. As soon as the body is born, the child should be laid
+upon the bed behind the mother's thighs, and the cord pulled down to
+prevent it pulling upon the after-birth. After the beating in the cord has
+ceased, generally from five to ten minutes have elapsed, the cord is then
+tied, tight enough so it will not bleed afterward, about one or one and
+one half inches (some say more) from the body and tied a second time an
+inch or so from the first ligature, and the cord cut between the two
+ligatures. Care should be taken so as not to cut a finger or toe of the
+baby. If the cord is very thick it is best to pinch it at the point of
+tying and the contents stripped away before the first ligature is applied.
+After the cord is cut it should be wiped off to determine that bleeding
+from the vessels has been permanently cut off, and if not it should be
+tied again. The child is now taken up by placing the back of its neck in
+the hollow between the thumb and forefinger, and the other hand over the
+backbone. It should then be placed in a warm receiving blanket, and put in
+a safe place.
+
+Management of the Third Stage,--The contractions of the womb are renewed
+and with the second or third the after-birth may be expressed. The top
+(fundus) of the womb is grasped by the hand through the relaxed abdominal
+walls, and squeezed, and at the same time make a downward pressure. The
+after-birth is loosened from the womb and slides through the vagina and
+outlet, and it may be caught in a tray which has been placed between the
+patient's legs, or by the hand and given a few twists in order to roll the
+membranes together; while this is being done, gentle rubbing should be
+applied to the womb, when the membranes will slip out without tearing; no
+drawing on the cord should be done in delivering the after-birth.
+
+From the time of the birth of the head to the delivery of the after-birth
+the womb must be controlled by the firm pressure of the hand on the
+abdomen. It is well for the nurse, when the after-birth is separating from
+the womb to follow the womb, throughout this whole stage, by keeping her
+hand upon it and if, while the physician is attending to the child, the
+womb softens and enlarges she should at once notify him. There may be
+bleeding within the womb. After the womb is empty, friction should be made
+over the womb whenever it softens at all in order to stimulate the womb to
+perfect contraction, and it should be kept up at intervals for one hour
+after the after-birth and membranes have been delivered.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 535]
+
+THE CHILD.
+
+The eyes should be washed soon and normal respiration established. If the
+child does not breathe well, cold water may be sprinkled in the face and
+chest and if this fails, immersions in hot water at 106 degrees F., and
+sprinkling with cold water must be resorted to. If necessary, artificial
+respiration must be given. Slap the child on the back and move the arms up
+and down by the side a few times, or breathing into the child's mouth.
+
+Another method.--Face the child's back, put an index finger in each
+arm-pit and the thumbs over the shoulders, so that their ends over-lap the
+collar-bone and rest on the front of the chest, the rest of the fingers
+going obliquely over the back of the chest. The child is suspended
+perpendicularly between the operator's knees. Its whole weight now hangs
+on the first fingers in the arm-pit; by these means the ribs are lifted,
+the chest is expanded and inspiration is mechanically produced. The infant
+is now swung upward till the operative's hands are just above the
+horizontal line, when the motion is abruptly, but carefully, arrested. The
+momentum causes the lower limbs and pelvis of the infant to topple over
+toward the operator. The greater part of the weight now rests on the
+thumbs, which press on the front of the chest, while the abdominal organs
+press upon the diaphragm. By these two factors, the chest is compressed
+and we get expiration, mechanically. After five seconds the first position
+is resumed again, and the lungs expand and fill with air. This process may
+be repeated several times until the breathing seems to be going naturally,
+and with delicate infants it should be the last resort.
+
+After the breathing has been established the child should be wrapped in a
+warm flannel with hot water bags or cans near it, and left until the
+mother has been cared for. Infants at birth are covered with a white
+greasy substance, vernix caseosa, or cheesy varnish; it is removed by
+applying olive oil, vaselin or fresh lard, and afterward rubbing the skin
+gently with a soft cloth. The eyes and mouth should be washed out with
+pure warm water--or a saturated solution of boric acid, used. Separate
+squares of soft linen being used for this purpose. If the baby is born too
+soon or is very small, weak and undeveloped, it should be given an oil
+bath, only, and then wrapped in cotton wool and kept at a temperature of
+not less than 80 degrees F., for ten days or two weeks.
+
+[536 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+To a fully developed child the first bath may be given at once. Have
+everything ready before beginning, a foot tub, warm soft towels, warm
+water, castile soap, olive oil or vaselin, small squares of muslin or
+linen, dusting powder, a dressing for the navel and clothing, the latter
+consisting of a diaper, a flannel band, a shirt, long woolen stockings, a
+loose long sleeved flannel petticoat and a simple soft white outside
+garment, the two last, long enough to more than cover the feet. The infant
+should be wrapped in flannel and only the part which is being bathed at
+the moment should be exposed. The eyes are first bathed separately and
+with different cloths, and afterward the face, no soap being used; the
+head is then washed with warm water; very little soap should be used with
+infants as it is more or less irritating, and it is likely to injure the
+fine texture of the skin. Next, one should carefully clean the parts
+behind the ears and the crevices of the neck, arm-pits and joints and
+those between the buttocks and the thighs, and it is well to notice if all
+the natural openings are perfect; finally the baby is put down into the
+tub of warm water at about 96 degrees F., and washed off, with the head
+and back firmly supported with the left arm and hand during the bath. The
+baby is lifted out in a minute of two, held face downward for a moment and
+rinsed off with clean warm water. It is then wrapped in a warm towel and
+flannel and dried by patting, not rubbing. It is best to do all this on a
+table, instead of on the lap, and it should be large enough to hold a bath
+tub, every thing necessary for the bath and a pillow upon which to place
+the baby. Everything then can be done without stooping and with greater
+comfort to the child. Powder should not be used except where there are
+signs of chafing, when stearate of zinc is the best to use.
+
+The navel is then dressed. A hole is cut in the center of a square of
+sterilized lint or linen which is slipped over the cord and folded about
+it; the cord is then laid toward the left side, and over it is put a small
+sterilized cotton pad which is held in place by the flannel bandage and
+just tight enough to hold. The binder may be kept on by sewing it smoothly
+with half a dozen large stitches, thus doing away with any danger of being
+injured from the pins. A binder should only be tight enough to hold the
+dressing for the navel. After the cord drops off the looser knitted band
+should be used. The infant is not bathed in the tub again until after the
+cord has been dried up and ready to drop off, which usually occurs on the
+fifth or sixth day, although it may not drop off for nine days. The cord
+should not be redressed in the meantime. (See Baby Department for further
+directions).
+
+
+
+THE MOTHER.
+
+The first duty of the physician, following the third stage of labor, is to
+see that the womb is well contracted and control of this organ should be
+continued for at least one hour after delivery. This generally prevents
+excessive loss of blood. If necessary to promote womb contraction one
+teaspoonful of ergot can be given. After the womb has been kept in a state
+of contraction, the room should be rid of all evidences of labor and the
+woman made comfortable. The buttocks and thighs which have been soiled
+during the labor should be bathed with warm water and soap and the
+external genitals sprayed with an antiseptic solution, then dried with
+sterile gauze or cotton, the dressing applied to the vulva and the
+temporary bed removed, her night dress pulled down and the patient thus
+lying in a clean, comfortable bedding. The woman may then have a cup of
+weak tea, hot milk or broth and be left to rest; but during the first
+sleep the womb should be carefully watched lest it relax and serious, if
+not fatal, bleeding occur. In a normal confinement the dressings need not
+be changed, as a rule, oftener than six times in twenty-four hours, for
+the first few days. As soon as convenient after the first toilet is
+finished the physician sterilizes his hands and with the patient on her
+left side introduces  one finger into the rectum and the thumb into the
+vagina to discover the condition of the perineum. Washing out of the
+vagina is not necessary as a rule.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 537]
+
+The binder is considered indispensable, and should be made of unbleached
+muslin and wide enough to extend from the pubic (bone) to the breast-bone,
+and long enough to go around the patient's body and slightly lap. The
+binder should be pinned or sewed tightest in the middle, but it should not
+be so tight as to press upon the womb and crowd it backward or to either
+side. It acts as a splint to the muscles and assists in resting them to
+their natural condition.
+
+Rest.--Complete rest of the body and mind is essential to the well being
+of the lying-in woman. She is better off without any company, and should
+see no one except her family for the first week or two. Outside visitors
+should be prohibited. The lying-in room should be kept free from noise and
+confusion, and the patient should be protected from annoyances of every
+kind. She should remain lying on her back for a few days and immediately
+following delivery she should not have a pillow for her head. Sleep is
+very necessary and desirable, and mild medicines should be given to
+produce it, if necessary. It is best not to sit up in the bed until the
+womb shall have had time to become smaller, and has resumed its natural
+position behind the pubis. Among the upper classes, when it takes the womb
+longer to regain its normal size, three weeks is a good rule to go by
+before sitting up in the room, and she should remain in her room until the
+end of the fourth week. Among healthy women of the laboring class, whose
+muscular system has not been injured by "culture" and social excesses, the
+womb and appendages regain their normal proportions more rapidly; but even
+they should remain in bed two weeks.
+
+AFTER-PAINS.--Women who have borne children frequently suffer from the
+after-pains, occurring at irregular intervals, for two or three days and
+they may give rise to much distress. A few drops of spirits of camphor on
+a lump of sugar will often give relief when they are not severe. Also a
+drop of tincture of blue cohosh taken every two or three hours is
+valuable.
+
+THE BLADDER.--If the patient is not able to pass urine it should be drawn
+once in eight or twelve hours or oftener if required. A No.7 rubber
+catheter is best. After it has been used, it should be sterilized by
+boiling and then kept in a bichloride solution (1-2000). It should be
+washed off with boiled water again before being used to remove the
+bichloride solution and greased with sterile oil. The parts should be
+exposed to pass the catheter, the labia separated by the finger and thumb,
+and the opening of the urethra and surrounding parts bathed clean with an
+antiseptic solution; unless you are clean decomposing discharges from the
+vagina may be introduced into the bladder and a cystitis set up. The care
+of the bladder is very important. It is not so sensitive after the labor
+and the woman may have urine when she does not think so. Sometimes she
+passes a little after trying and then thinks there is no more in the
+bladder. Even the attendants are deceived sometimes. I once had a case
+where the mother was the nurse. At each visit I inquired as to the amount
+of urine passed. I was told each time it was sufficient. She suffered
+severely the second day in the evening. I went to see her and against the
+protests of the mother I used the catheter and took away an enormous
+quantity of urine. In such cases the bladder should be emptied slowly to
+save the woman from shock.
+
+A physician cannot always depend upon the patient's knowledge of her
+condition even in such matters and sometimes even the nurse is at fault.
+
+[538 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+THE BOWELS.--There should be a movement of the bowels the second or third
+day, and a soap and water enema containing a small teaspoonful of spirits
+of turpentine and one-half ounce of glycerin, will usually be sufficient.
+Later cascara cordial, castor oil, etc., may be used. Should the breasts
+be much swollen and painful and fever arise, saline laxatives are needed
+for two or three days, such as citrate of magnesia, rochelle salts,
+hunyadi water or seidlitz powder may be given.
+
+Care of the Breasts.--Careful attention should be given them from the
+first. The nipples should be bathed after labor, with an antiseptic lotion
+(bichloride, 1-2000), dried and then covered with castor oil, a small
+square of clean sterile gauze being laid over each to protect the
+clothing. Bathe the nipples before and after each nursing with a warm
+saturated solution of boric acid and dry them carefully. The breasts may
+be supported by a binder, made of a strip of muslin sufficiently wide to
+extend from above to well below the breasts. If they are heavy and sagging
+place a layer of cotton at the outer border of each breast and they should
+be raised toward the middle line, the binder being pinned only tight
+enough to hold without pressing upon them. The breasts should not be
+pressed upon by anything. Shoulder straps can be pinned or sewed on the
+binder if it has a tendency to slip down. Should the breasts be much
+swollen relief can be obtained by massage with warm olive oil and by the
+use of a breast pump. The tips of the fingers only should be used in
+giving massage and the stroke should be light, from the circumference to
+the center. Roughness and pressure must be avoided.
+
+
+
+INFLAMMATION OF THE BREAST, Abscess; Broken Breast.--This usually results
+from germs. The breast inflames, the milk tubes are choked and distended,
+there may be fever. There is sometimes severe local pain, hard swelling
+and an abscess forms and if this breaks it is called broken breast.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 539]
+
+Treatment, Preventive.--Support breast with a binder. The milk should not
+be allowed to accumulate and cake. The breasts and nipples should be kept
+clean and dry. Breast pump should be used if necessary to get out the
+surplus milk. If the lumps continue and are painful, put cold applications
+to the breast. Have child nurse at the other breast. If it continues and
+will suppurate, apply moist heat, such as fomentations or poultices, and
+then open thoroughly. Poke root makes a splendid poultice for caked
+breasts. I have great faith in it. At the same time I give of the tincture
+one drop doses every hour. It is a splendid remedy and the poultice and
+remedy frequently stop the trouble. Inflammation of the breasts sometimes
+occurs in babies, generally in the first weeks. The swelling can be
+reduced by mild rubbing with warm carbolized oil used every day. Do not
+rub hard enough to hurt the baby. After the rubbing, absorbent cotton with
+carbolized oil should be applied and cover all with a thick layer of
+cotton held on with adhesives. If the breasts form pus they must be
+opened.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Sore Breasts, a Never-Failing Remedy for.--"Take a
+pint of raw linseed oil and four ounces tincture of camphor, mix and apply
+a cloth saturated in the liniment to the affected parts, taking care that
+the whole surface of the inflamed parts is covered with the liniment. When
+the breasts become swollen or painfully inflamed, apply the liniment often
+to prevent gathering." Even if they have gathered it is an excellent
+outward application. It allays pain, is extremely soothing and seldom
+fails to effect a cure.
+
+2. Swollen Breasts, an Herb Treatment for.--"Chamomile flowers one ounce,
+marshmallow roots one ounce, bruise and boil in one quart of water down to
+a pint. Foment the breast with this liquor as hot as can be borne; and
+then place the flowers and roots in a cloth and apply as a poultice."
+
+3. Sore Breasts, a Hot Poultice for.--"Apply hot pancakes made of sour
+milk, saleratus and wheat flour, large enough to cover affected parts.
+Keep them changed often enough, so they will not be cold. This is an
+excellent remedy to steam out the inflammation." This is an old tried
+remedy and one to be relied upon. The steaming relieves the swelling and
+inflammation and gives relief quickly.
+
+4. Caked Breasts, Fresh Hops for.--"Fry one pint of fresh hops in a half
+cup of lard until the lard is a rich brown, then strain, set away to cool
+and use as a salve."
+
+5. Sore Breasts, a Poultice of Peach Leaves for.--"Take enough peach tree
+leaves to mix well with meal and water to the consistency of a poultice."
+This poultice should be applied hot, but should only be used in cases
+where the breast has matter or pus in it.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--l. Sore Nipples, a Good Wash for.--"Brandy and water
+mixed together and put on the nipples will harden them but should be
+washed off before the child nurses. If they are cracked, apply glycerin
+with starch, or arnica ointment."
+
+2. Sore Nipples, Good Family Ointment for.--"Four ounces of white wax, one
+ounce bayberry wax, three ounces of spermaceti, one pint olive oil. Mix
+briskly over a slow fire, taking care to stir it briskly until cool." This
+is an excellent ointment for mothers when troubled with sore nipples; it
+moistens the skin and forms a coating. It is good for dry, scurvy, chapped
+hands, blotches on the face and all sores which require a mild ointment,
+but should be assisted with internal remedies when the case requires it.
+
+[540 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Lochia.--By this term is meant the discharges from the womb and soft
+parts after labor. They are mixed with blood at first and contain dark
+clots, mucus, shreds of the after-birth and pieces of the membrane. They
+become paler in color from the end of the third to the sixth day. After
+this the color is yellow, greenish and contains pus and fatty cells, with
+a little blood. This discharge varies in different women. In those who
+menstruate freely and do not nurse they are usually copious; when
+decomposed, they smell badly and the odor is penetrating. The flow may
+cease entirely between the second and sixth week. It is increased by
+exertions at about the time the patient begins to move about.
+
+Diet.--This should consist at first of liquid, unstimulating food, given
+in small quantities and frequently. If the baby does not nurse, the
+liquids should be restricted. Some women on the first day can take milk,
+milk toast, or if desired, dry or buttered toast with coffee, tea, weak
+cocoa, according to the patient's taste. Water may be given if desired. On
+the second and third days, simple soups or any of the following may be
+added to the dietary: Meat broths, beef tea, soft boiled or poached eggs,
+raw or stewed oysters (no vinegar or spices) and some simple dessert, such
+as boiled custard or junket. During the next few days, chicken (white
+meat), scraped beef or mutton in small quantities, baked potato, rice and
+cereals may be given and by the end of the week a gradual return to the
+ordinary diet may be made. Should there be any tendency to constipation,
+the bowels should be opened by a simple enema (as before stated) or
+glycerin enema, etc.; or by one or more doses, 2 drams, of the compound
+licorice powder repeated in three or four hours, if necessary; or a half
+ounce of castor oil, or a half glass of hunyadi water. Cooked fruits for
+the constipation may also be given.
+
+Bleeding After Delivery, Post-Partum Hemorrhage.--Bleeding from the womb
+occurring six hours after delivery is called post partum and after that
+time, is known as puerperal child-birth bleeding or hemorrhage.
+
+Causes.--A relaxed condition of the womb, the retention of clots or parts
+of the membranes, etc., in the womb, a full rectum or bladder, fibroid
+tumors, deep tears of the cervix.
+
+Symptoms.--If the bleeding is profuse, the pulse is fast, the woman looks
+pale, anxious and feels cold, restless, gaping, usually it comes from a
+relaxed, softened and enlarged womb.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 541]
+
+Treatment.--In severe forms no time must be lost in securing contraction
+of the womb and the method employed for expelling the after-birth should
+be employed to expel clots. Grasp the womb over the abdomen, employ firm
+but gentle kneading, pressing downward. The pillows should be removed, the
+foot of the bed elevated twelve to eighteen inches, a preparation of ergot
+given by the mouth or hypodermically in the thigh. If these measures fail
+the hand and arm should be sterilized and inserted in the womb, all clots,
+etc., removed and pressure made over the abdomen on the womb while the
+hand is still there. This pressure and presence of the hand close the
+bleeding vessels in the womb. The hand should remain, while the kneading
+goes on externally, on the womb.
+
+This kneading should be kept up until the womb contracts. The hand can
+then be removed from the vagina, while gentle kneading is slowly kept up
+over the womb. The womb should be closely watched for hours after.
+Bleeding very seldom occurs again, but it might. If the bleeding is more
+of an oozing, an injection of very hot water, 120 degrees F., through a
+long douche nozzle, directly into the womb cavity may be given. This is
+very effective for any kind of bleeding. Lemon juice or boiled vinegar can
+be added to the injection. Everything used must be perfectly clean or
+child-bed fever may be caused by these measures. After the womb has
+thoroughly contracted, it is sometimes of benefit to place a rubber bag
+filled with cold water over the pubic bone to prevent subsequent
+relaxations of the womb. Weakness can be met by hypodermics of whisky or
+brandy and strychnine, one-thirtieth of grain, injected hypodermically to
+stimulate the heart.
+
+Pulse and Temperature.--The temperature may rise one to one and one-half
+degrees without the case being abnormal. The pulse falls after labor,
+ranging between sixty and seventy. A rise of temperature, a rapid pulse, a
+flushed face, a chill, pain or tenderness of the abdomen, and abnormal
+increase or decrease of the discharge, bleeding, or offensive odor of the
+discharge should cause suspicion of child-bed (puerperal) fever. This is a
+grave condition and results from infection which has taken place during
+labor or afterward. The septic matter may be carried in on the fingers or
+instruments by the physician or attendants, etc. The most usual sources
+are unclean hands, instruments and clothing which come in contact with the
+woman's genitals. The attack is usually ushered in during the second to
+the fourth day by a chill, or chilly sensations, etc., rise of
+temperature, rapid pulse, accompanied by headache and a feeling of
+weariness. The discharge may be increased at first, but later diminished
+and may cease; or it may be abundant, frothy and of a very fetid odor.
+Secretion of milk may fail, the bowels are usually constipated, pain in
+the abdomen develops.
+
+Treatment.--If the interior of the womb is smooth, a single antiseptic
+womb injection should be given; if it contains foreign material or is
+rough, it should be scraped and then a douche given. This must be done
+carefully and with absolute cleanness. Turpentine stupes should be placed
+hot on the abdomen for the pain, or where cold feels more grateful the ice
+bag or cloths wrung out of cold or ice water should be applied over the
+abdomen, and covered with several thicknesses of flannel and changed as
+soon as they become heated. Medicines to relieve the pain may be given.
+Hot and cold sponging may be given to reduce the temperature, a little
+alcohol can be added to the water or the cold or hot pack may be used.
+
+[542 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Diet.--This should be nourishing and supporting, and at first, liquid and
+consist largely of milk; but concentrated broths, jellies, and liquid
+beef, peptonoids, are useful. Stimulants should be given in these septic
+conditions. From one to two ounces of whisky may be given every three to
+four hours in the form of milk punch and, if possible, as much red or port
+wine also. Women in this condition can stand this treatment. Salines
+(salts) should be given to keep open the bowels.
+
+
+
+CONVULSIONS. (Eclampsia).--All forms of convulsions may occur during
+pregnancy. They may occur during pregnancy and during labor. These are
+usually the result of kidney trouble. The attacks occur most often during
+the last three months of pregnancy. Their frequency is one to three
+hundred to one to five hundred cases. It occurs oftener in the first
+pregnancy, three to one.
+
+Treatment.--Inhalation of chloroform to control the convulsion. Morphine
+in one-half grain dose can be given if no chloroform is handy. Place the
+patient in a hot water or vapor bath, or wrap blankets wrung out of hot
+water around her, and pile the bedding on until a profuse sweat is
+started. The sweating aids in eliminating the poison. Change the hot wet
+blankets as often as necessary. If the convulsions do not cease the womb
+must be emptied of its contents. If the convulsions occur during labor
+they should be treated in the same manner. The mortality then is about
+seven per cent. Chloral hydrate in thirty to sixty grain doses in three
+ounces of water may be injected into the rectum if the other remedies
+fail.
+
+
+
+MILK LEG.--This is due to infection. It usually arises from an extension
+of a blood clot (thrombosis) of the womb or pelvic veins, to the thigh
+(femoral) vein, resulting in a partial or complete obstruction of the
+vein. It may come in less frequent cases, from a lymphatic infection.
+
+Symptoms.--They may develop at any time between the tenth and thirtieth
+days or even later. These are general feelings of weariness, stiffness and
+soreness of the leg, especially when it is moved. There may first be pain
+in the region of the groin; or pain from the ankle to the groin and
+followed by swelling. The skin of the leg becomes markedly swollen, white
+and shiny. Later there is pitting on pressure, but not at first, because
+the skin is extremely stretched. Fever may accompany the attack, but it
+will subside long before the swelling of the leg has disappeared.
+
+The vein may be felt as a hard lash-like cord, a red line of inflammation
+marking its course along the inner and under side of the thigh. The
+disease may last weeks, depending upon the severity of the trouble. The
+affected leg is disabled for a number of months after recovery. Recovery
+takes place as a rule. Absorption of the clot takes place, or the vessel
+remains closed, and another (compensatory) circulation is established.
+
+[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 543]
+
+Treatment.--The patient should lie in bed with the leg elevated and
+swathed in flannel or cotton wet with some quieting lotion. The following
+is a good lotion:--
+
+    Compound Soap Liniment       6 ounces
+    Laudanum                 1-1/2 ounces
+    Tincture Aconite Root      1/2 ounce
+    Tincture Belladonna        1/2 ounce
+
+Wet the flannel or cotton with this. After the acute symptoms have passed
+the following ointment may be put on the leg:--
+
+    Ichthyol               45 grains
+    Iodide of Lead         45 grains
+    Chloride of Ammonium   10 grains
+    Alboline                1 ounce
+
+The parts should not be rubbed lest a clot be loosened and travel in the
+general circulation and thus endanger life.
+
+Diet.--Should be supporting. Salts for the bowels.
+
+[544 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+ALL ABOUT BABY
+
+QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
+
+
+Preparation, Outfit, Nursing, Formulas for Preparation of Milk
+for Bottle-Fed Infants; Weaning, Teething, Diet Through
+Childhood, All the Baby Diseases, etc., from the Best Medical
+Authority, Infant Hospitals and Nurses.
+
+
+How long does pregnancy usually last? Two hundred and eighty days.
+
+How can the time be reckoned? Count back three months from the first day
+of the last menstruation and add seven days to the date thus obtained. To
+be more accurate, you should add only six days in the months of April and
+September, five days in December and January, and in February four days.
+
+What time of pregnancy does the form begin to change? It changes a little
+the first two months. It is flatter and lower down. After the third month
+there is a progressive enlargement.
+
+What is quickening, and when first felt? It is a motion, of the foetus
+(child) in the womb, imparted to the abdominal walls, and is felt from the
+sixteenth to the twentieth week. It has been said to have occurred earlier
+in some cases.
+
+Can you foretell twin pregnancy? Not to a certainty.
+
+Can a mother influence her child as to character and temperament before
+birth? Authorities differ very much upon this point. The child inherits
+the physical characteristics of its parents. The frame of the mother's
+mind, some think, can be given in some degree to her offspring.
+
+Will nervousness be inherited by the child? Not invariably; if the mother
+is fretful, irritable, cross, repining, etc., her child may be puny, cross
+and irritable, etc.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 545]
+
+Do you believe in influences transmitted before birth (parental
+influences?) All must admit that there is a great deal in heredity, and
+the characteristics of parents are shown in their children.
+
+Can a mother mark her baby? This is another disputed question.
+
+When should the family physician be informed of the woman's condition? The
+first month.
+
+Why? So that the woman will know how to live properly, and also that he
+will be given the urine twice each month to examine. This is for her
+protection and is necessary, because anything that may be wrong with the
+kidneys can be corrected much easier, and diet, etc. can be arranged to
+prevent future trouble.
+
+What kind of diet should a pregnant woman have? She should eat only
+healthy articles of food. Stimulating, highly seasoned, rich, greasy foods
+should be avoided. Constipation is frequently present and the diet must be
+chosen with reference to that also. She should not restrict herself to one
+line of diet unless it is necessary.
+
+Should she take a daily bath, if so, what kind and when? Yes, if it does
+her good. The pores of the skin should be kept open so that the kidneys
+will have less work to do. Spray and baths should be taken cold or
+lukewarm. Hot baths or Turkish baths are to be avoided. The time should be
+at the woman's convenience. Morning is preferable, if she does not feel
+the need of sleep.
+
+Should she take a daily nap and when? Yes, one or two hours in the
+forenoon, and also in the afternoon.
+
+Should she take exercise? Yes, exercise is necessary. This promotes the
+proper circulation of the blood, favors rest and sleep, relieves the
+"blues," tones the whole system, gives her good wholesome air and makes
+everything look better. It should not be violent. Slow walking and riding
+in an easy carriage. She should not ride a horse, run, jump, dance, or do
+any jerky or violent exercise; no heavy lifting or reaching up.
+
+What about clothing? The clothing should be perfectly loose and
+comfortable. Garters and corsets are injurious, especially when the
+pregnancy has reached four or five months. The weight of the clothing
+should be borne by the shoulders instead of the hips. Special waists can
+be made for pregnant women. There should be no pressure on any part,
+especially on the womb and breasts.
+
+What is the meaning of the word enciente? The Roman women were accustomed
+to wear a tight girdle about their waists which was called a cincture.
+This they removed when they were pregnant. They were then said to be
+incincta, or unbound. The term enciente is derived from this, and is
+frequently used to indicate pregnancy.
+
+What are the main symptoms of miscarriage? Pain and bleeding.
+
+[546 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Does it usually come on suddenly? Not as a rule. There are premonitory
+symptoms such as bearing down feeling in the pelvis, backache, frequent
+desire to pass water, a discharge from the vagina, and sometimes a little
+bloody flow.
+
+At what period is it most common? Between the ninth and sixteenth weeks
+when the after-birth is forming.
+
+What are the causes of miscarriage? Diseases of the womb, disease in the
+father, constipation, falls, over-exertion, violent emotions, such as
+shock, fright, anger, blows on the abdomen, over-lifting, reaching up,
+sewing on machine.
+
+What is the first thing to do? Lie down, rest and send for a doctor.
+
+Is it ever possible to stop it? Yes, and often.
+
+Do the breasts need any special care? The nipple, if much drawn in and
+small, should be "pulled out" once or twice daily. It will do to rub sweet
+oil on the breasts every evening in order to relieve the tightness and
+discomfort, especially after the pregnancy has advanced some months.
+
+Are there any diseases to which a pregnant woman is more subject? None. The
+kidneys need more watching.
+
+Can any dentistry be done during pregnancy? Not if it makes her very
+nervous; but toothache can cause more harm from a diseased tooth than if
+it were treated carefully.
+
+Why do pregnant women suffer from "varicose" veins? The enlarged womb
+presses upon the veins and thus obstructs the return flow of the blood. It
+is not so common during the first pregnancy.
+
+Can anything be done for this trouble? The woman should lie down a good
+part of the time if possible, and also wear a perfectly fitting elastic
+stocking. They can be had of any size and length. The limb should be
+measured for them.
+
+Does oiling and massaging the body do good? Some women claim it does; it
+certainly puts the muscles in better condition and strengthens the muscles
+of the abdomen which have so much part in the labor.
+
+What is the morning sickness and are all women subject to it? Nausea and
+vomiting without any cause. No; many escape it entirely.
+
+At what period of pregnancy does it usually occur? During the early months
+it is more frequent and troublesome.
+
+How long does it usually last? Usually three or four months, but it may
+last during the whole pregnancy.
+
+What can be done for it? In some cases arranging the diet to prevent and
+cure constipation relieves it. For fuller treatment see this heading under
+Obstetrics.
+
+Does it ever endanger life? Not often, but a physician should be called if
+it is bad.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 547]
+
+Can any strict rules be laid down for this trouble? No, but the food
+should be as concentrated as possible; egg-nog, ice cream, a bit of rare
+steak, etc., raw oysters, gruels, meat broths, etc., if liquids are well
+borne. It is surprising how little will keep up some women during
+pregnancy.
+
+When and how often should the urine be examined? From the beginning and
+twice each month, and every week after the fifth month.
+
+When should the nurse be called? Long enough before the expected time to
+get everything ready.
+
+What is lightening? It is caused by the womb sinking down lower in the
+pelvis the last month, and this lightens the pressure upon the diaphragm
+and lungs.
+
+What are false pains? They occur during the last few weeks of pregnancy at
+irregular intervals and are usually in the abdomen.
+
+What is the bag of waters? It is a sac containing the fluid in which the
+child floats while in the womb. The amount of fluid varies from a pint to
+a gallon or more. When it ruptures there is a sudden flow of liquid, more
+or less continuous flow. It may occur at the very beginning of labor and
+is one of the signs of labor.
+
+What are the other signs of approaching labor? A profuse discharge of
+mucus from the vagina, and this may be tinged with blood. The "show" pains
+begin generally in the back and are quite regular, one every twenty
+minutes or half hour. (Dilatation of the womb).
+
+How should the baby be first washed? See Obstetrics.
+
+What clothing should be put on? See Obstetrics chapter.
+
+Care of the eyes.--Wipe the eyelids with clean gauze and water. If there
+has been much discharge from the vagina during pregnancy, the child's eyes
+should be washed cleanly and also one or two drops of the one per cent
+solution of silver nitrate should be put into each eye as a preventive.
+(See Obstetrics).
+
+How often should the baby's bowels move? Two or three times daily for the
+first week, and then once or twice a day.
+
+What is the appearance of the stool? It is soft, yellow and smooth and
+should not contain any lumps.
+
+How about the urine? It should pass from six to ten times a day, and it
+should be colorless.
+
+What is the average weight of a healthy baby? Seven to seven and one-half
+pounds.
+
+Does it lose any weight during the first week? Yes, generally a few
+ounces, then it begins to gain at the rate of four to six ounces each
+week.
+
+Should the newly-born babe have its eyes exposed to the light? The eyes
+are very sensitive, and the sun or artificial light should not be allowed
+to shine on them. The first day the baby is deaf, but his hearing develops
+and becomes very acute so that he is very much disturbed by sudden, sharp
+noises.
+
+[548  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+What is the "soft" spot on a baby's head? This is called the "fontanelle."
+Do not touch this spot. This closes in time. At six months of age the
+fontanelle is somewhat larger than it was at birth because the brain
+expands faster than the boney matter deposited around the edges in the
+skull bones. After this another deposit of bone goes on more rapidly than
+the growth of the brain substance, and by sixteen or eighteen months the
+opening should be entirely closed.
+
+When should the baby be given the second tub bath? Not until the cord has
+dropped off.
+
+How and when should this be given? The room should be warm. The head and
+face should be washed first and dried; then the body soaped and the infant
+placed in the tub with its head and body well supported by the hands. The
+bath should be given quickly with no special rubbing, drying with a soft
+towel. (An hour after feeding).
+
+What should be the temperature of the bath? One hundred degrees F. for the
+first few weeks, later ninety-eight F. After six months ninety-five F.;
+during the second year from eighty-five to ninety degrees F.
+
+What should you use in giving the bath? Soft, clean sponges or smooth
+cloths. There should be separate pieces for each eye, for the head, face
+and buttocks.
+
+What are the objections to sponges? They are very apt to become dirty and
+are hard to keep clean.
+
+When should the daily bath be omitted? In the case of infants who are
+delicate and feeble, when the bath seems to harm them; in all forms of
+acute sickness, unless the bath is directed. In eczema and many other
+forms of skin diseases a great deal of harm is often done by soap and
+water or water baths.
+
+How should a genuine bath be given? If possible the bath should be given
+in front of an open fire, in a room where the temperature is from seventy
+to seventy-two F. and the draughts kept off by a large screen. Have
+everything at hand with which to give the bath. A folding rubber bath-tub
+is the best, next a papier-mache one; or if tin must be used, put a piece
+of flannel in the tub to protect the baby from the tin. If necessary place
+the tub on a low table, place another low table to the right of the one on
+which the tub sets, and on this table should be the baby's basket
+containing a soft brush, different sizes of pins in a pin-cushion, several
+threaded needles, a thimble, squares of soft linen, absorbent cotton,
+wooden tooth-picks, a powder-box and puff, or a powder-shaker containing
+pure talcum powder, a box of bismuth subnitrate, one of cold cream, a tube
+of white vaselin, a dish containing castile, ivory, or pure French soap
+should be placed by the basket on the table; also a cup containing a
+saturated solution of boric acid; two cheese-cloth washcloths, a soft
+towel, a thermometer to test the water, several toothpicks on which a
+little absorbent cotton is twisted, and the rolled flannel band. Then a
+basin containing warm water, 98 to 100 degrees F., also one with cold
+water. The baby-clothes should be hung on a rack close at hand.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY  549]
+
+How to take care of a sore navel.--If it looks red or has a thin discharge
+coming from it, wash it carefully twice a day with saturated solution of
+boric acid; or if pus is there use a 1-5000 solution of bichloride of
+mercury. Use for a dusting powder one part of salicylic acid and nineteen
+parts of starch on it. It needs a physician's attention if it does not
+soon heal.
+
+Do any physicians advocate a daily bath before the cord drops off? Yes;
+but not a full tub bath.
+
+When does the cord drop off? In from five to ten days.
+
+Does soap hurt a baby's skin? Some doctors claim it does.
+
+Is it necessary to use a powder after the bath? No, if all moisture is
+removed, there is no need of powder. The skin can be kept cleaner and
+healthier without it.
+
+
+
+GENITAL ORGANS.
+
+When is circumcision needed? Usually when the foreskin is very long and
+very tight, so that one must use force to push it back, and always if it
+produces local irritation.
+
+How should you clean the genitals of a female child? Use good absorbent
+cotton and warm water, with a solution of boric acid if necessary, about
+two teaspoonfuls to a pint of warm water. This should be done once a day.
+
+Is the hood of the clitoris ever too tight? Yes, and it needs to be
+loosened and kept so, or it will produce irritation and sometimes
+convulsions.
+
+How should you wash the genitals of a male child? In infants and children,
+this should be attended to daily. The foreskin should be pushed back and
+the parts washed with absorbent cotton and water. Tight foreskin and
+unclean parts induce trouble and bad habits.
+
+
+
+TREATMENT FOR SORE EYES.
+
+How should a newly-born baby's eyes be treated? They should be kept clean
+with a soft cloth and warm water. Do not use the same piece of cloth for
+both eyes.
+
+Should redness and pus appear in the eye or eyes a few days after birth,
+what should be done? Use a piece of soft linen or absorbent cotton and wet
+it in a solution of boric acid or salt (one-half teaspoonful to one pint
+of water, warm) and wash out the eye or eyes, and if pus appears, use a
+stronger solution of boric acid (ten grains to eight teaspoonfuls of
+water.) If the lids stick together grease them with vaselin from a tube
+and rub in at night. If the sore eyes are severe send for a physician as
+it may be the beginning of ophthalmia neonatorum.
+
+[550 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Sore Eyes, Mothers' Milk for.--"There is nothing as
+good as mother's milk." This is very soothing and healing and seems to
+work better than medicines in small babies.
+
+2. Sore Eyes. A Nurse from New York sends the following remedy for.--"Take
+a cup of water that has been boiled and cooled and dissolve in it one
+teaspoonful boracic acid powder. Bathe the eyes thoroughly and often." A
+nurse in New York state, gives this recipe, and says she has been a nurse
+for several years and has never had a case of sore eyes which did not heal
+with this treatment.
+
+How is washing out the baby's mouth done? Use a swab made by twisting some
+absorbent cotton upon a toothpick. The folds between the gums and lips and
+cheeks may be gently and carefully cleaned twice a day unless the mouth is
+sore.
+
+If a baby cries while nursing, what is the cause? It may have a sore
+mouth. What is thrush or sprue? Patches looking like little white threads
+or flakes appear inside the cheeks.
+
+What is the cause of sore mouth? It is usually due to uncleanness and
+carelessness. It may come in delicate babies without any special reason.
+Babies who suck a "pacifier" or a rag with sugar in it are very apt to
+have the disease. Bottle-fed babies get it because of uncleanness of the
+nipple and bottle.
+
+Should the baby continue to nurse? Yes, but the mother should thoroughly
+cleanse her nipple with a solution of boric acid after each nursing.
+
+What should be done for it? It should be washed before and after every
+feeding with a solution of baking soda or boric acid of the strength of
+one even teaspoonful to twenty-four teaspoonfuls of water, or listerine,
+one teaspoonful to twenty-four teaspoonfuls of warm water, can be used.
+(This will be treated more fully later under diseases). A solution of
+borax (twenty grains to eight teaspoonfuls of water) can be applied every
+two hours with a camel's hair brush. Borax, sage and honey are good old
+remedies.
+
+Should the scalp have special care at birth? It should then and afterward
+be kept clean to keep scurf from accumulating. It should be wet before the
+body is immersed in the bath. The hair should always be dried carefully;
+brush first with a soft towel and then with a fine, smooth hair-brush.
+Never use a comb on an infant's head.
+
+Should any dressing be put on the scalp? No, for if the hair is washed and
+brushed, the oil from the scalp will keep it soft, glossy and healthful.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 551]
+
+
+QUESTIONS AND REMEDIES FOR SORE MOUTH. CANKER. THRUSH.
+
+
+Explain more about thrush or sprue? It is an inflammation of the mouth
+where small particles looking like milk curds appear on the tongue, gums
+and cheek. This is really a more severe type of sore mouth, and is of a
+fungus origin.
+
+Causes of sore mouth. Uncleanness, failing to keep the mouth--especially
+of bottle-fed infants--and the nipples and bottles, clean. Babies who are
+allowed to suck a "pacifier" or rag with sugar on it. Thrush is parasitic
+in origin and is always due to uncleanness in bottles, nipples and the
+mouth, and is commonly associated with the stomach trouble. Diarrhea
+frequently goes with it.
+
+(See Mothers' Remedies for Sore Mouth, Canker, etc., in general
+department).
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Thrush. Severe Sore Mouth. 1. Boric acid in a
+saturated solution (five teaspoonfuls to a pint of distilled water) is a
+specific for it.
+
+Dr. Tuley, of Louisville, Ky., says:
+
+2.    Powdered Borax     8 teaspoonfuls
+      Strained Honey     3 teaspoonfuls
+      Mix thoroughly.
+
+3.    Glycerin           1 ounce
+      Distilled water    1 ounce
+      Boric Acid         2 drams
+
+4. Golden seal diluted one-half with boiled water makes an excellent mouth
+wash. Also a weak solution of alum. Use a piece of absorbent cotton or
+soft linen on your little finger or small round piece of wood and dip in
+solution and apply. Dr. Douglas, of Detroit, advises the use of a soft
+brush. This should be boiled after using.
+
+5. In Mild Cases of Sore Mouth.--The medicines need not be as strong as
+for thrush. One teaspoonful of boric acid or baking soda to a pint of
+boiled water is usually sufficient; wash after each nursing or four or
+five times a day.
+
+6.   Powdered Borax       1 teaspoonful
+     Powdered Sugar       4 teaspoonfuls
+
+Put a pinch on the tongue every two or three hours. The child's tongue
+will work it around. This avoids the pain from washing, etc.
+
+7. Another Mouth' Wash.--
+
+     Borax               1/2 teaspoonful
+     Tincture of Myrrh   1/2 teaspoonful
+     Glycerin              1 teaspoonful
+     Boiled water       enough for one ounce.
+
+Apply gently to the inside of the mouth several times a day in thrush or
+any form of sore mouth or gums. Use a camel's hair brush.
+
+[552 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+WHAT CARE SHOULD BE GIVEN THE DIAPERS?
+
+A diaper should never be used more than once without washing. It should be
+removed as soon as it is wet and placed in a covered pail in the bathroom,
+etc., and washed at the first opportunity. Pure white soap only should be
+used, and the diapers should be thoroughly rinsed and boiled. Dry them in
+the sun and air and never before the nursery fire. They should be warmed
+before they are again used. Unclean, soiled diapers frequently cause
+chafing.
+
+Should a baby cry while passing urine? No; it may be too acid, alkaline,
+too little of it or too concentrated, or have sand in it. Examine the
+diapers.
+
+How about bands for the baby? Straight pieces of flannel, twenty-two by
+five inches or wider. They may be knitted.
+
+How long should they be worn? The snug bands, flannel or knitted should be
+worn, not tight, three months; then if one is worn it should be loose. It
+may prevent rupture and bowel trouble.
+
+Do you approve of rubber diapers as an outside covering? No, because they
+confine the dampness cause more sweating of the parts and may thus cause
+chafing, etc.
+
+How large should a diaper be? A diaper should be twice as long as wide.
+They may be different sizes, eighteen by thirty-six inches, twenty-two by
+forty-four, or twenty-seven by fifty-four.
+
+
+
+CHAFING.
+
+Chafing is a very common trouble in infants. What causes chafing? A wet
+diaper left on too long; not drying the folds of the flesh properly; too
+much and too strong soap in the bath, or in the diapers when they are
+washed, or failure to wash the child clean.
+
+Where are the places where baby is most likely to chafe? The buttocks, in
+the folds of the neck and in the groins.
+
+How can you prevent chafing? Use very little soap; no strong soap; rinse
+the body carefully; dry thoroughly after rinsing; use clean diapers; use
+dusting powder in the folds of the flesh, especially in fat babies.
+
+If the skin is very sensitive, what then? Do not use any soap, but use
+bran or salt baths.
+
+How can you prepare a bran bath? Place one pint of wheat bran in coarse
+muslin or cheese-cloth bag and put this in the bath water. It should then
+be squeezed for five minutes until the water looks like porridge.
+
+How is a salt bath prepared? One teaspoonful of common salt to each two
+gallons of water.
+
+If the parts are chafed what should we do? Do not use any soap, and give
+only bran or salt baths or use pure olive oil and no water at all on the
+chafed parts. Dry the parts carefully with old, soft linen and dust them
+with a powder made of starch and talcum--equal part--with one-fourth as
+much boric acid, all carefully mixed together. Or use starch two parts and
+boric acid one part. Pure stearate of zinc powder is also good. Keep a
+little piece of soft linen between the folds of the flesh, so they will
+not be irritated by rubbing together.
+
+[Illustration: Portait of Ardis]
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 553]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDY.--1. Chafing in Infants, Mutton Tallow for.--"Five cents'
+worth of mutton tallow, melted. Apply at night." If there is a tendency to
+chafe during the day, use talcum powder, putting the mutton tallow on at
+night when the child will be quiet, giving it an opportunity to heal.
+
+How shall I take care of the buttocks to prevent chafing? This is the most
+common place for chafing, as it is so frequently wet and soiled; hence all
+napkins should be renewed as soon as wet and soiled and the parts always
+kept perfectly clean.
+
+What is prickly heat, and how caused? Fine, red pimples appear, caused by
+excessive sweating and from irritation of flannel underwear.
+
+How should I treat it? Muslin or linen should be worn next to the skin.
+The entire body sponged frequently with vinegar and water (equal parts)
+and plenty of starch and boric acid powder used; starch, two parts; boric
+acid (one part) should be put on.
+
+(See Mother's Remedies under "Prickly Heat," General Department.)
+
+
+
+CLOTHING FOR THE BABY.
+
+The chest should be well covered with soft flannel, the limbs protected,
+but not cramped, the abdomen supported by a band, not too tight. The
+clothing should be neither too tight nor too loose. No pins should be
+used, but all bands should be fastened to the body. The petticoats should
+be supported by shoulder straps.
+
+How should a baby be held during dressing? It should lie on the lap until
+quite old enough to sit alone. Draw the clothes over the child's feet and
+do not slip them over the head.
+
+Why use the band, and how long should it be worn? It protects the abdomen,
+but its main use is to support the abdominal walls in very young infants
+and thus prevents rupture. The snug flannel band should not be worn more
+than four months. Then in healthy infants a knitted band may be used and
+worn up to eighteen months. If the baby is thin and the abdominal organs
+are not protected by fat, they may be troubled with diarrhea and need
+protection. In such condition, the band may be worn until the third year.
+
+
+
+BABY'S FIRST WARDROBE.
+
+Four to six dozen diapers (bird's-eye cotton), two to three shirts (wool),
+four flannel skirts, two white skirts (nainsook), two to four night
+dresses (outing flannel), six day dresses, two wrappers, six pairs of
+socks, four to six flannel bands, two flannel sacks, two shawls or
+afghans. The dresses to be worn after the first four or six weeks. Of
+course this can be less or more elaborate, according to the conditions and
+circumstances of the parents, etc.
+
+[554 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+What changes should be made in the clothing in summer? The thinnest gauze
+flannel undershirts should be worn, the outside garments to be changed for
+the changing weather. They should not be kept too hot in the middle of the
+day, while in the morning and evening extra wraps should be used.
+
+Should older children go with bare legs? There is no objection, if they
+are strong and well, to doing this in warm weather.
+
+What kind of underwear should be worn in cold weather? Next to the
+heaviest is thick enough.
+
+Do children require heavy flannels? Not as a rule, as they usually live in
+the nursery and they sweat readily while playing. When they go
+out-of-doors, coats and leggings render thick flannels unnecessary.
+
+Are many children too thinly clad in the house? Very few. The usual
+mistake is excessive clothing and too warm rooms. These cause them to take
+cold so easily.
+
+
+
+GENERAL DRESSING FOR DIFFERENT SEASONS.
+
+At night baby may have a warm sponge bath, a fresh band, shirt and skirt
+put on. In the winter he should sleep in a flannel nightdress and this can
+be made with a drawing string or button on the bottom so that he cannot
+expose his feet. In the summer he can wear a cotton night-dress and after
+the third month the skirt may be left off in very warm weather. By the
+time baby has entered his second month he may wear simple little "Bishop"
+dresses instead of his plain slips. At the end of the third month, the
+flannel band may be discarded, usually, and a ribbed knitted one used. The
+band should be of wool in the winter, and of silk and wool in the summer.
+It should be put over the child's feet when he is being dressed each
+morning, and be changed for a fresh one at night, if  possible. If the
+baby is healthy he may begin going out in March, if the days are mild and
+there are no stormy cold winds. Begin by letting him stay out one-half
+hour during the warmest part of the day, then one hour, etc. When there is
+much melting snow he should not be taken out. In cold weather the baby's
+cap and cloak should be lined with flannel or lamb's wool. Woolen mittens
+should cover his hands. A veil is not necessary.
+
+Cap for Baby's Ears.--If baby's ears stand out from his head a
+considerable distance, it can be corrected best when he is young. A
+skeleton cap is made for this purpose. This can be bought or the mother
+can make one out of thin lawn or pieces of broad tape. It should fit
+snugly in order to do any good and be worn for some time.
+
+Drooling.--If the baby drools much he is apt to wet any little bib he may
+wear and take cold by having damp clothing next to his throat and chest.
+Cut a piece of material now made (Linite, by Johnson & Johnson) in the
+shape of a bib, and bind with tape. This can be worn underneath the bib.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 555]
+
+Short Clothes About the Fifth Month.--Short clothes should be prepared for
+the baby's wear at the beginning of the fifth month, and may consist of a
+shirt, knitted band with shoulder straps, flannel skirt made on a cotton
+waist, in summer or a flannel one for cold weather, and having a row of
+small flat buttons, on to which the white petticoat may be buttoned; a
+diaper, and a simple white dress. For summer, white cotton stockings
+should always be worn, woolen ones in the winter; and they should be long
+enough so that they may be pinned to the diaper. Moccasins or soft kid
+shoes should be the first kind worn. At night a baby (in short clothes)
+should sleep in a shirt, band, diaper and a night-dress of cotton in
+summer, and flannel in winter. The change to short dresses should not be
+made in very cold weather; and if the baby is born at such a time as to
+make it necessary, he may be put into short clothes as early as the end of
+his third or fourth month, rather than to wait until later and make the
+change in mid-winter.
+
+Clothing in Summer.--Even in summer, the baby should have clothing which
+contains some wool. A mixture of silk and wool or cotton and wool may be
+used for the shirt, band and skirt. The band should never be left off; the
+shirt may be left off in the hottest weather and the long ribbed band with
+shoulder-straps may take its place, but the abdomen must be covered by
+means of the band. The nightdress should now be of cotton and the skirt
+left off at night, but the band and the thin skirt should be worn. Long,
+white cotton stockings reaching to the napkin should be worn all summer,
+and not short socks.
+
+The head should be kept cool, therefore do not use a sunbonnet which shuts
+out all of the air. Muslin caps and light pique hats provide enough shade,
+if the baby-carriage has a parasol.
+
+Creeping aprons can be used for babies. They are made of fine gingham and
+may be put over the dress or worn without one in very warm weather. Make
+them so as to button all the way down the back, and they sometimes have an
+elastic or draw-string run into the hem at the bottom of the apron so that
+the white skirts may be kept clean.
+
+For early fall, two or three little jackets of light flannel or cashmere
+can be made; and the baby can wear one of these either over or under his
+white dress in the morning or evening when it is cool. The baby should be
+in the house by six o'clock unless the weather is exceptionally warm. In
+the fall, if he has been accustomed to having his nap on the piazza, in
+his carriage, a screen should-be placed around the carriage to protect him
+from any possible draught. After the first of October, in chilly days, he
+should have his nap in the house.
+
+[556 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Winter.--A year-old baby in winter should wear a medium weight wool shirt,
+knit band with shoulder-straps, a flannel skirt on a flannel waist, white
+skirt buttoned on to the waist of the flannel skirt, woolen stockings
+pinned to the diaper, laced shoes, a white dress of some cotton  material
+and for very cold days, a little flannel, or cashmere sack. At night
+should be worn a band, shirt, diaper and flannel night-dress long enough
+to keep his feet warm. For an outing in the winter he should have on a
+light, but warmly lined coat; a wadded lamb's wool lining is best, but it
+is expensive, and flannel may be used. His bonnet should be lined with
+flannel; and leggings and mittens should be of wool.
+
+First Half of Second Year.--A baby of this age may wear a thin gauze shirt
+with short sleeves, but he should wear under it the ribbed silk and wool
+band and also his flannel petticoat during the summer. Summer complaint is
+often kept off by such clothing.
+
+Second Half of Second Year.--A baby of this age is too young to walk in
+the streets in the winter, and his feet cannot be protected from the damp
+and cold sidewalks by the usual roomy shoes. When in the go-cart instead
+of his carriage, his legs should be well covered, so that dampness and
+wind will not chill and give him a cold. A large bag having a draw-string
+at the top is an excellent thing to use for the lower part of baby's body
+while in the go-cart, and the strings should be drawn up and tied under
+his arms. This bag may be made of any material (warm) from eiderdown,
+cloth, flannel to felting; or it may simply be made of an old crib blanket
+and a small carriage robe placed over it. Baby's ears should be covered at
+this age on very cold days, when out. The baby girl should wear a lined
+bonnet, well covering her eyes. Tam O'Shanter caps of angora wool can be
+made and pulled down over the eyes for both girls and boys alike; or a
+soft felt hat with rosettes of ribbon lined with flannel sewed onto the
+elastic can be made for the boy to protect the head and ears.
+
+By the time baby is two years old, diapers should be given up and little
+drawers used instead. It may be frequently necessary to use diapers at
+night for several months longer, although if the baby be taken up at ten
+or eleven o'clock p. m. he will frequently go all night without urinating.
+
+
+First Half of Third Year.--Children of this age should be put into
+night-drawers, cotton ones in summer and flannel ones either with or
+without feet, in winter. Tiny overalls or "rompers" are now used a good
+deal for both boys and girls while at play.
+
+Second Half of Third Year.--Now he can walk in the street for a little
+while each day, even in winter, having his legs protected by warm leggings
+and with small rubbers for his shoes when the walks are at all damp.
+Woolen leggings should be used.
+
+Children should not be allowed to race about in their night-drawers and
+bare feet. They should also have little wrappers and bedroom slippers.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 557]
+
+What About the Nursery? The furnishings should be very simple. No
+unnecessary hangings or upholstered furniture. A large room, well
+ventilated and one in which the sun shines at some part of the day. The
+shades should be dark, but no extra hangings or curtains. Nothing should
+be allowed about the baby's crib but what can be washed. The air should be
+kept pure. There should be no plumbing, no drying of napkins or clothes,
+no cooking of food, and no gas burning at night. A small wax candle will
+do for all usual purposes.
+
+What kind of heat is best? An open grate fire is best; next, heat from a
+Franklin stove. Steam heat is bad in a nursery. Never use a gas stove
+unless for a few minutes during the morning bath.
+
+What should the temperature be during the day? From 66 to 68 degrees with
+the thermometer hung three feet above the floor. It should never be
+allowed above 70 F. At night, not below 65 F. during the first three
+months. After that it may go to 55 F., and after the first year it may go
+to 50 and even to 45 F.
+
+Does the fireplace furnish enough ventilation? No, the principal
+ventilation must be from the windows.
+
+How soon can you leave the windows open at night? Usually after the third
+month, except when the outside temperature is below the freezing point.
+How often should the nursery be aired? At least twice a day, after the
+baby has had his bath in the morning and also before putting him to bed
+for the night. This ventilation should be done thoroughly and the baby
+should be moved to another room. In the meantime, any time the child is
+out of the room it should be aired.
+
+How can you ventilate the room at night? During the winter, while the baby
+is young, the sleeping room may be ventilated at night by opening a window
+in an adjoining room; or if the weather is not very severe, a window board
+may be used, or a frame on which has been tacked heavy muslin; this may be
+from one to two feet high and put into the window like an ordinary
+mosquito screen. In summer, a screen around baby's crib will furnish all
+needed protection from the open windows.
+
+How does a room that is kept too warm affect the baby? He becomes pale,
+loses his appetite, has some indigestion, gains no weight, perspires very
+much and takes cold easily.
+
+How early in baby's life may airing indoors be commenced, and how long
+continued? When the baby is one month old. For fifteen minutes at a time
+at first and may be lengthened ten to fifteen minutes daily. This airing
+may be continued in all kinds of weather.
+
+Will the baby take cold? Not if the period is at first short and the baby
+becomes accustomed to it gradually. It is a cold preventive.
+
+How should such an airing be given? The baby should be dressed with bonnet
+and tight coat and placed in a crib or carriage which should stand a few
+feet from the window; all the windows should be thrown open for baby's
+airing. Doors should be closed to prevent draughts.
+
+[558 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+How soon can baby be taken out of doors? In summer when one week old, with
+eyes thoroughly shaded. In spring and fall usually in about one month; in
+winter, when about three months old, on pleasant days, and kept in the sun
+and out of the wind.
+
+What time of day is best? A baby may go out almost any time in the early
+summer and early autumn between 6 A. M. and 7 P. M. In winter and early
+spring a young child only between ten or eleven and three.
+
+Can this be done in all kinds of weather? When the winds are sharp and the
+ground covered with melting snow, and when it is very cold, the baby
+should not go out. If the thermometer is below 32 degrees F., a child
+under four month's should not go out. If below 20 degrees F., a baby under
+eight month's should not go out.
+
+What care should be taken? The wind should never blow in the baby's face,
+its feet and legs should be properly covered and warm and the sun should
+never be allowed to shine directly upon its eyes either sleeping or
+waking.
+
+Does this outing do the baby any good? The fresh air renews and purifies
+the blood, and this is just as necessary for its health and growth as
+proper food.
+
+How does it show in the baby? The appetite is good, also the digestion.
+The child sleeps better and all signs of health are seen.
+
+Is it better for the baby to be carried by the nurse in this airing? No,
+for it can be made more comfortable in its carriage and as well protected
+from exposure.
+
+Is there any objection to a baby sleeping out of doors in the daytime? No,
+it needs only to be kept warm and out of draughts. A covered inclosed
+porch is a good place.
+
+What can be done for a child that takes cold easily? The room should be
+kept cool when it sleeps, the clothing should be light so that he will not
+perspire so freely. Every morning the chest and back should be sponged
+with cold water, 50 to 60 degrees F.
+
+How should such a sponge bath be given? The child should stand in a tub
+containing a little warm water, and a large bath sponge filled with cold
+water should be squeezed over the body two or three times. Follow this
+with vigorous rubbing with a towel until the skin shows quite red. This
+may be given at least at three years old. For infants the temperature
+should be 65 to 70 degrees F.
+
+
+
+WEIGHING BABY FREQUENTLY.
+
+Why is it necessary to weigh the baby regularly? To be able to tell how it
+is doing. This is especially necessary during the first year.
+
+How frequently should this be done? During the first six months every
+week, and during the last six months at least once in two weeks; once a
+month during the second year.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 559]
+
+How rapidly should the baby' gain weight during the first year? During the
+first week it loses a few ounces, after this it shows a gain of four to
+eight ounces a week up to the sixth month, then two to four ounces a week,
+up to the twelfth month.
+
+Do bottle-fed infants gain so rapidly? Very seldom during the first month,
+but after that with favorable air and circumstances, the gain is quite
+regular, and they may gain faster during the latter part of the first
+year, because the nursing baby loses weight at weaning time.
+
+Why do they not gain so rapidly at first? Because it takes a few weeks for
+the stomach to become accustomed to cow's milk and until this is
+accomplished it is necessary that the milk be made very weak or
+indigestion will result.
+
+What is a baby's average weight at birth? Seven to seven and one-half
+pounds.
+
+How much should it be at different months at this average birth? At three
+months it should be twelve to thirteen pounds; at six months fifteen to
+sixteen pounds; at nine months seventeen to eighteen pounds; at one year
+twenty to twenty-two pounds. A healthy baby will usually double its weight
+at five months and at twelve months it will nearly triple its weight.
+
+Should a healthy baby gain steadily in weight during the first year? He
+usually does, but not regularly in every week during the year. There are
+periods when most infants do not gain any weight. This is most often seen
+from the seventh to the tenth month and frequently occurs when the child
+is teething and sometimes in the very hot weather.
+
+Is gaining regularly in weight a sure sign that the child is thriving
+normally? Not always, some infants' foods produce weight, but not strength
+nor development in other respects.
+
+Can the regular gaining in weight guide us as much in the second year? The
+gain after the first year is not so continuous; interruptions occur during
+change of seasons, sometimes without any apparent cause.
+
+How soon should a child hold its head up? During the fourth, and sometimes
+in the third month, as a rule. If the body is supported the head can be
+held erect.
+
+How early does a baby notice things? During the second month he shows
+pleasure by smiling and will turn his head in the direction of a sound.
+They should be kept quiet, or their sleep will be broken.
+
+What will it do at three months? It will recognize its nurse or mother,
+and will smile and "coo" when she approaches, and now for the first time
+the tear glands become active and the baby cries with tears. At this age
+when taken out he should lie out straight in a heavy folded blanket, or
+hair pillow, having a small thin pillow under his head; a hot water bag
+should be near his feet; a light woolen blanket or afghan should be put
+into the carriage and the baby placed upon it, then it should be carefully
+wrapped around him and the outer carriage robe tucked in. These wraps
+should be modified according to the weather. Babies should not perspire
+much for they will take cold readily; so the covering should not be too
+heavy.
+
+[560 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+When does the baby laugh aloud? From the third to the fifth month.
+
+When does it first notice toys, etc.? From the fifth to the seventh month.
+At four months he is able to hold his head without support. He begins to
+use his hands better. He will often grasp an attractive object; he will
+throw it on the floor and expect it to be picked up for him. And also
+frequently shows signs of fear at the end of the fourth month, and
+strangers will scare him. He can now be played with for a little time
+every day, but never before bedtime. The best time is after the morning
+nap. Do not toss him about, but be gentle with him or you will make him
+nervous and sleepless at night.
+
+What is baby's condition at the fifth month? He is now a bright lively
+fellow, and may sit in a half upright position in his carriage or in his
+chair for a short time each day. When in his chair he should be tied in, a
+soft pad or pillow should be at his back to support him. He now enjoys
+exercise on a bed or in a large clothes basket, and may even have one toy
+at a time to play with. Do not shake rattles at him. It tires him. His
+naps now grow shorter gradually, but he should take two daily; a long one
+of two or three hours in the morning and about one hour in the afternoon.
+He should not sleep late in the afternoon, or he will not sleep as well at
+night. He now "drools." This is a sign of teeth coming, and baby will bite
+his fingers and put everything he can hold in his mouth. He may form the
+sucking habit now, and if he does, put a small toy in his hand, or dip his
+thumb in a solution of quinine or aloes. The habit of thumb sucking is an
+ugly one. Another way to stop it is to bind a piece of cardboard on the
+arm and long enough to reach a little above or below the elbow. Then the
+arm cannot be bent.
+
+Should the baby use an ivory or rubber ring to bite on when teething? A
+special cracker is now made in the form of a ring; it is quite hard and
+composed mostly of malt sugar and is intended for teething babies to bite
+on.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.-1. Teething, What One Quebec Mother did for.--"Rub
+paregoric on the gums. This always eased my children."
+
+2. Teething, Novel Canadian Method to Aid in.--"Put a thimble on your
+finger and when holding the baby rub his gums gently with it, and let him
+chew on it. This cuts the gums and starts bleeding when the baby doesn't
+think of it."
+
+How early should a baby be able to sit and stand alone? At seven to eight
+months he is usually able to sit erect and support his body. He first
+attempts to bear the weight upon his feet at nine to ten months, and at
+eleven to twelve months babies can stand without assistance.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 561]
+
+When should a child walk without help? At twelve to thirteen months he
+attempts to walk. At fifteen to sixteen months the average child is able
+to run alone.
+
+What conditions postpone this? Premature birth, a delicate constitution,
+or prolonged illness and especially chronic or digestive disturbances.
+Rickets is a common sign of late sitting, standing or walking.
+
+Should you urge a child to walk? No; his muscles and bones may not be
+ready. He will walk soon enough if able.
+
+How early does a child begin to talk? Generally a child can say papa and
+mamma at one year. The end of the second year the average child is able to
+put words together in short sentences.
+
+If a child does not attempt to talk in two years, what should be
+suspected? Child may be a deaf-mute or mentally deficient. It is sometimes
+seen in children who are very backward.
+
+
+
+SPECIAL CARE OF THE BABY.
+
+Baby will be sensitive to light, even the first day. Do not allow the sun
+to shine in his eyes, or gas or electric light if that must be used. The
+baby's skin may change to yellow for a few days, but this soon passes away
+and frequently there is scaling. The fine soft hair usually comes out and
+is replaced later by a second growth. The open spot on the head should not
+be touched. When the head is out of shape or is swollen, this need not
+cause worry for it will soon disappear. Mold it a little. Do not allow the
+baby to lie in one position, as the soft skull may become flattened or all
+the hair rubbed off in one place. The baby sleeps about nine-tenths of the
+time, but he should be wakened regularly for his food and kept awake while
+taking it. This will soon become a regular habit to him, and he will wake
+of his own accord in a short time. Do not allow the baby to fall asleep
+nursing at the breast or while taking food in his bottle. He will not get
+enough nourishment and will want to nurse too often. Also if he is
+bottle-fed the milk is apt to grow cold and cause colic. He should be
+taught to nurse slowly and if he tries to nurse too fast the breast or
+nipple should be taken away for a minute, and then given again. The baby
+should nurse from fifteen to twenty minutes. A certain amount of crying is
+necessary for a baby if he is to be strong and healthy. It exercises his
+lungs. "Soothing syrup" should never be given to quiet him.
+
+[562 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+THE CRY-HOW TO DISTINGUISH IT.
+
+The cry of pain is strong, sharp, but not continuous, often accompanied by
+contractions of the features and drawing up of the legs. The cry of hunger
+is a continuous, fretful sound, after feeding or sometime before the next
+feeding. The cry of temper is loud and strong, accompanied by kicking or
+stiffening of the body, and, this should never be given away to from the
+first. The cry of a sick child is feeble and whining. Baby should not be
+rocked to sleep, nor carried about the room.
+
+Baby's First Meal.--He should be placed to the breast as soon as the
+mother can have him. He will not get much milk for the first few days, but
+he should be given the breast four or five times daily. He needs what is
+then secreted and it is also good for the mother to try to nurse as soon
+as possible. The baby may be given a few teaspoonfuls of boiled water
+between nursing, but no teas. At the third day the milk is usually
+established, and the baby should nurse regularly every two hours up to 10
+p. m., and twice at night. He should not sleep in his mother's bed, but
+have his own crib and be taken to her at nursing time. There is danger of
+baby being smothered sleeping with its mother, and it will not sleep so
+well. As a rule it is best to wash baby's mouth out before nursing, and
+the mother's nipple should also be wiped off with a little boric acid
+solution.
+
+Baby's Bed.--As before stated, baby should sleep in his own crib, an iron
+or brass crib without rockers is best. A screen or plain white curtain of
+some wash material may be used to protect him against draughts. If this
+cannot be had, he may sleep while very young in a large clothes basket
+placed on two chairs. The crib should have a good woven wire mattress and
+a pair of heavy airing blankets should be placed on top of the crib,
+folded so as to fit the mattress; a square of rubber or any waterproof
+material should come next, then a cotton sheet, a quilted pad, a second
+sheet, a pair of wool crib blankets and a light counterpane. This should
+be removed at night and a comfortable afghan be used in its place. The
+pillow should be of hair, never of feathers or down, about one inch thick.
+The bed clothes should be aired thoroughly and the heavy airing blanket be
+washed occasionally and thoroughly dried and aired before it is again
+used. The blanket can hang on a line out of doors on a bright sunny day
+for an hour or two; in this way the blanket will be kept cleaner and will
+last comfortably until baby is three years old. The baby should never be
+put in a cold bed; warm the sheets before the fire just before putting
+baby in his bed (or crib) or place a hot water bag between them until they
+are warm. Now (second month) the baby is old enough to use his chair, not
+to soil his napkin. Place a small chamber on the mother's lap and hold the
+child on it, supporting his head and back. Do this exactly the same hours
+every day, morning and afternoon, directly after a meal. This training
+should be continued, as the position alone often goes a great way in
+helping to over-come constipation or any tendency to irregularity of the
+bowels that may exist. They cannot be taught not to wet the napkin until
+they are some months older.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 563]
+
+The baby needs water as much as any adult person. Boil a fresh supply
+daily and cool and keep it in a covered dish or bottle. A little,--four to
+eight teaspoonfuls,--should be offered to the baby between each meal. It
+can be given from a spoon, a medicine dropper, or taken from a nursing
+bottle, and either hot or cold. This aids in overcoming constipation and
+teaches a breast-fed baby to use a nursing bottle, which will be of much
+benefit should sudden weaning be necessary.
+
+During the second month his meals should be given every two and one-half
+hours during the day, having eight meals in twenty-four hours of three to
+four ounces at each meal. At night he should be fed at ten and two.
+
+Meals for the Third Month.--Baby should be regularly nursed or fed every
+three hours up to ten p. m. Then have one meal at two or three a. m., and
+nothing more until seven a. m. If bottle fed he should be given three and
+one-half to four ounces at each feeding.
+
+Fourth Month.--If the mother is nursing her baby, it is a good plan now to
+teach him how to use the bottle. Some doctors advise one bottle feeding
+each day from the start, for, should the mother's milk suddenly fail, or
+should she be obliged to stop nursing for any reason, there will be no
+struggle, which would be very hard for the baby if it happened in hot
+weather. Also the gradual accustoming of the digestive organs to the cow's
+milk before weaning must be commenced and does away in some degree, at
+least, with the danger from indigestion from the cow's milk given
+regularly.
+
+Fifth Month.--Night feeding should now be discontinued; he should be
+taught to sleep from ten p. m. to seven a. m. There may be a few nights of
+crying and a struggle when the night feeding is first stopped, but he will
+soon learn to sleep without waking for his meal. He should be fed every
+three hours until ten p. m., and if bottle fed he should be given five to
+six and one-half ounces at each meal, making six meals in twenty-four
+hours.
+
+Sixth Month.--The baby sleeps about two-thirds of the time. He shows signs
+of increasing intelligence. The baby should now accustom itself to taking
+either condensed milk or only the best prepared foods once or twice daily.
+The mother may become ill or unable to nurse for some reason, or wish to
+take a journey, etc., and baby is then prepared for emergencies.
+
+When the baby is seven months old he will need more exercise than a
+clothes basket will afford. An exercise pen should be made.
+
+Teeth.--As soon as the teeth come they should be kept clean, otherwise
+they will decay, milk is likely to remain in the mouth, turn sour and
+gradually destroy the enamel of the teeth.
+
+With a soft linen cloth or a piece of absorbent cotton dipped in a
+solution of boric acid wash out the mouth and teeth, twice a day at least,
+carefully. A soft brush may be used later when baby has eight or ten
+teeth, and a little finely prepared chalk may be put on the brush, if
+there are any specks on the teeth. The baby should have three meals in
+twenty-four hours of six or seven ounces at each meal, if bottle-fed.
+
+[564 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Eighth Month.--Baby should be allowed to creep on the floor a little or in
+his pen. It is good exercise and it will benefit him, but he should not be
+urged to do it. Many mothers give baby potato, etc., at this period; this
+is bad, as potato is hard to digest on account of having so much starch.
+Bread and cakes are also prohibited; convulsions are often caused by such
+food. Milk gruel and broths are enough for the baby and he will thrive
+using them. Baby should feed every three hours up to ten p. m., six and
+one-half to seven and one-half ounces at each meal.
+
+Mosquito Bites.--If baby is bitten by mosquitoes wash the spot off with a
+little camphor water, soda water, or a wet compress of witch-hazel should
+be kept on the bite or boracic acid or soda solution. Keep the baby from
+scratching the part by fixing his hands; scratching will further poison
+the part.
+
+Flies.--They often carry germs of disease on their legs and wings, and
+they frequently light on baby's mouth or on the nipple of the nursing
+bottle. Diseases can be contracted in this way. The windows should be
+screened. Everything that the fly has touched should be washed with some
+light antiseptic solution.
+
+Ninth Month.--His long morning nap should be encouraged and he should
+sleep in the early afternoon. If the baby is heavy his little moccasin or
+kid shoes will not now support his ankles and he should have a shoe with a
+piece of stiffening at the side. The shoe should have no heels; laced
+shoes fit better and should be preferred. The baby (bottle-fed) can take
+seven to eight ounces of the proper food every three hours until ten p. m.
+
+Tenth Month.--He can now take a little beef juice, beginning with one
+teaspoonful once a day and soon twice a day; then increase to two
+teaspoonfuls at a time and keep on until he is taking eight teaspoonfuls
+daily.
+
+This should be given between his regular meals. Some babies cannot take
+beef juice; orange juice may then be tried, strained through cheesecloth
+or fine muslin and be given at first in doses of one teaspoonful and
+increased until baby gets the juice of one-half an orange.
+
+If the mother is nursing baby and he has been given one bottle of milk
+daily, as advised for a four-months-old babe, he can now have two bottle
+feedings daily. Every healthy baby should be weaned when one year old, and
+it is better to do it gradually in this way. The baby's food should now be
+given him every three and one-half hours up to ten p. m., thus making five
+meals in twenty-four hours of seven to eight ounces at each meal.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 565]
+
+Eleventh Month.--Baby can now have added to his diet another cereal like
+farina well cooked,--twice as long as the directions advise and it should
+be half solid when finished. Begin with one teaspoonful and then try two.
+This should be given in addition to his beef juice or orange juice. It
+should come between his regular meals, which should now be given at
+four-hour intervals. He should take eight or nine ounces to a meal.
+
+Twelfth Month.--Baby should go to bed at six p. m., and take long morning
+nap. He should have five meals a day of such food as directed later.
+
+
+
+INFANTS' FEEDING.
+
+What is the best food for an infant? Mothers' milk.
+
+What is the composition of mothers' milk? About thirteen parts solids and
+eighty-seven parts water.
+
+Name the solids? Fat, sugar, proteids and salts.
+
+What is sugar? Milk sugar or "lactose."
+
+What are the proteids? The curd of the milk, which is very similar to the
+white of an egg, and is the muscle making element in the milk.
+
+Is it necessary to have all these elements? Yes.
+
+What benefit is the fat? It is needed for the growth of the bones, nerves,
+fat of the body and also for producing heat.
+
+Give the use of sugar? It is needed to produce heat and make fat in the
+body.
+
+Use of the proteids? They are needed for the growth of the cells of the
+body, such as those of the blood, the various organs of the muscles.
+
+What do the salts do? Help in the growth of bone.
+
+What is the use of water? Water keeps the food minutely subdivided or in
+solution, so that the infant's delicate organs can digest it. It also
+enables the body to get rid of the waste material.
+
+
+
+NURSING.
+
+Should all mothers make an attempt at nursing their babies?  Yes, as a
+rule.
+
+What are the most important conditions that may prevent nursing?
+Tuberculosis now or in the past or, in fact, any other serious chronic
+diseases; very delicate health herself. Some acute disease like typhoid
+fever or cancer.
+
+How soon after labor should the baby be put to the breast? As soon as the
+mother is able to have it.
+
+What is the food called that it then obtains? Colostrum.
+
+What does this do? It aids in cleaning the baby's system.
+
+Should the mother nurse the baby inclining or lying? Yes.
+
+Does nursing drain the mother? Not if she is reasonably well. It is a
+natural process.
+
+[566 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+If the mother cannot nurse immediately after labor, what should you feed
+baby? The baby will not starve in a few days. Give it warm water regularly
+every few hours, or a little cream and warm water.
+
+Are there any impediments to nursing? Sometimes the baby is tongue-tied.
+
+Is the baby ever too weak to nurse? Yes.
+
+What should be done in that case? Draw the milk from the breast and feed
+it through a free flowing nursing bottle. Such babies are generally born
+prematurely.
+
+Are the mother's nipples ever at fault? Yes, they are; poorly developed,
+retracted, that the baby's tongue cannot surround it to draw upon it.
+
+What can be done for them? They should be drawn out, and sometimes a breast
+pump is needed for this.
+
+Should the nipples be treated after nursing? They should be dried and
+clean clothing put against them. Some recommend washing them with a mild
+solution of boric acid.
+
+Are they ever so tender that nursing is painful? Yes.
+
+What can be done for this? The nipples should be drawn out before
+confinement; if neglected use the following: Compound tincture of benzoin
+one-half ounce. After each nursing wash them clean with warm water or
+water and a little alcohol and after drying them, put on the tincture of
+benzoin with a camel's hair brush. It will not hurt the baby.
+
+What can be done with cracked nipples? Apply benzoin as before directed,
+and use a glass or rubber nipple shield until it gets well.
+
+How can caked breasts be prevented? The breasts should be kept emptied and
+well protected, both while nursing and during the intervals. Empty with a
+breast pump if necessary.
+
+If mother's clothes are wet by the excess milk, what can she do? Use a
+breast-pump and drink and eat less fluid; eat more solid.
+
+Should a baby nurse at both breasts? It is better.
+
+If the breast contains pus, what can be done? Nurse at the other breast,
+but if both breasts are affected it must stop breast nursing.
+
+Should an infant nurse from a mother who is taking medicine? Not as a
+rule.
+
+When will the mother be able to nurse again? It is hard to tell. If the
+child is six months old the child should be weaned if the mother is
+seriously ill, and children with delicate stomachs should always be
+weaned, when the mother is sick.
+
+If the mother has not enough nurse, what can be done?--Nurse partly and
+feed it the rest.
+
+Can the milk secretion be increased? Yes, by regulating the mother's diet.
+She should drink freely of good cow's milk and have an occasional bowl of
+gruel, soup, etc.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 567]
+
+How long can you wait to see if the mother can have milk? It is well to
+wait several days, nurse all there is and supply the deficiency by bottle
+feeding.
+
+How often should the baby nurse at first, and how long? Every four or five
+hours for the first few days--usually nurses fifteen to twenty minutes;
+one night nursing.
+
+When is there a full secretion of milk? Usually on the third day.
+
+How often should the baby be nursed afterward? After the third day every
+two hours and twice at night.
+
+How often during the rest of the year? For two to three months every two
+to two and one-half hours during the day, two times at night; three to
+five months about every three hours up to ten p. m.; and one time at
+night; five to twelve months every three to three and one-half or four
+hours and not at night.
+
+Is it necessary as a rule to give additional food the first few days? No;
+give plenty of water.
+
+What important things should be attended to in nursing? First, a regular
+time night and day. Second, nipples should be kept clean.
+
+What should a nursing mother eat? Her diet should be simple and plentiful,
+and lots of fluids; she should have three regular meals a day, and gruel,
+cocoa, or milk at bedtime and sometimes between meals. She can use
+cereals, most soups, most vegetables; avoid sour tart fruits, salads,
+pastry, and desserts. She may eat egg, meats once or twice daily, but in
+most cases but once. Tea and coffee if taken should be very weak, and
+ordinarily no wine or beer.
+
+Are fruits eaten by the mother likely to injure baby? Sour fruits do in
+some cases, but sweet fruits and most fruits that are cooked do not, and
+are useful for the bowels.
+
+Should the mother take special care of herself? Yes, she should lead a
+simple, natural, happy life, with outdoor exercise, as soon as possible
+after the confinement. She should make her bowels move daily by food and
+habit; she should not worry, should sleep plenty and should nap for an
+hour during the middle of the day.
+
+Will the milk of the mother be affected by nervousness? Yes, more so than
+by her diet; worry, anxiety, fatigue, loss of sleep, household duties,
+society functions, have an injurious effect upon the child. Mother's
+grief, excitement, anger, passion, act upon the child through the milk.
+
+How does the return of the menstruation affect the milk? The quantity is
+lessened, the infant is not satisfied. Sometimes the quality is affected
+and the child may suffer from restlessness, colic, and acute indigestion.
+
+Should regular menstruation prohibit nursing? Not always; as a rule both
+functions do not go together. If the child thrives, it can keep on
+nursing, although it might be well to feed the infant, at least partly,
+during the period.
+
+[568 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+How can you determine that the baby is well nourished? Good color, sleep
+for two hours after nursing, is quiet, good-natured and comfortable when
+awake; has normal bowel movements, three stools daily and gains gradually
+in weight.
+
+How can you tell when a baby is poorly nourished? It neither gains nor
+loses weight; it is listless, tired, indifferent, cross, fretful,
+irritable and sleeps poorly. It looks pale, anemic, and it becomes soft
+and flabby. If the milk is scanty, it nurses long; at other times it tries
+the breast and turns away seemingly disgusted.
+
+What should be done? This depends upon the conditions; should the child
+gain nothing for three or four weeks or lose weight, immediate weaning may
+be necessary; at least other food must be given in addition to the breast
+food. Feeding may be alternated with the breast nursing.
+
+How do the symptoms show when the mother's milk disagrees? The child, is
+in constant discomfort; it sleeps little, is restless, cries much, gulps
+up gas, passes it by the bowels, or it accumulates in the bowels causing
+colic. There may be vomiting, but more often bowel trouble. The bowels may
+be constipated but usually there is diarrhea--frequent, loose, green,
+with mucus and gas.
+
+What should you do in such a case? If the child does not gain or loses
+weight and there is little chance of improvement in the mother's milk, the
+child should be weaned immediately. If the child gains in weight, try a
+little longer to improve the mother's milk.
+
+Why do some babies nurse so often? The milk does not satisfy.
+
+When the baby has thrush, should the mother take special care of the
+breasts? Yes, they should be cleaned after every nursing.
+
+How much does the baby's stomach hold at birth? Six to seven teaspoonfuls.
+
+Is vomiting a healthy sign in infants? Frequent vomiting is not natural;
+see if his bands are too tight; find out if he has been danced or handled
+after nursing.
+
+When is it harmful? When it is frequent. If it comes up directly after a
+meal looking just as it was when taken, the child may be over-fed.
+
+What can be done? Reduce the quantity, or do not let it nurse so long or
+so often. If vomiting takes place a half hour after feeding, in sour
+swelling masses, it may be getting food too rich in cream, and then the
+time between nursings should be lengthened; or dilute the breast milk by
+giving one to two teaspoonfuls of plain boiled water, barley water, five
+or ten minutes before nursing; the mother should eat less hearty food,
+especially of meat.
+
+If baby has frequent colic, what is the cause? The milk has too much
+proteids.
+
+What should be done? Eat less meat, keep quiet, and happy, do not worry,
+etc.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 569]
+
+How many stools does a healthy baby have daily? About two.
+
+What color? Yellow color and pasty consistence.
+
+If a nursing baby has too many stools, what change should be made in the
+mother's diet? She should eat food that would cause costive bowels in her.
+
+
+
+LOOSE STOOLS IN NURSING BABIES.
+
+They are caused by the mother eating improper food. If the stools are very
+yellow, foul, greasy or ropy the mother is eating food that produces too
+much fat (cream) in her milk. If curds appear there is not enough fat, and
+too much of the proteids (skim milk). When the stools are very green with
+much mucus in them, the food should be reduced.
+
+If a nursing baby is constipated, what can be done? More boiled water
+should be given between nursing. The mother should take exercise at least
+two hours each day out of doors; her bowels should move every day, even if
+she must take a laxative. She should take plenty of pure, rich milk,
+cocoa, oatmeal and cornmeal gruels, and some kind of tonic if she is weak.
+Tea and coffee should not be used. Ripe fruit (not tart), some green
+vegetables and a little meat can be eaten. Starchy foods should be
+avoided. Sometimes baby does not get enough nurse. Then she should be fed
+and given plenty of pure water between meals.
+
+If a nursing baby has frequent colic attacks, what should be done? The
+food is probably too strong. The mother should eat food that will produce
+less fat (cream) in her milk. The baby can be nursed at longer periods for
+a time; or give an ounce of hot water just before nursing. The mother
+should take plenty of exercise, enough sleep and have a free movement of
+her bowels, so as to keep well and free from nervousness.
+
+
+
+WEANING.
+
+When and how should this be done? This may usually be begun at nine or ten
+months by substituting one feeding a day for one nursing. Later two
+feedings, etc., until weaning is gradually accomplished. Some advise one
+bottle feeding regularly each day much earlier, as before stated.
+
+Give reasons for weaning earlier? Some serious illness of the mother,
+pregnancy, but the main reasons usually are that the child is not
+thriving.
+
+When should the weaning be completed? Generally at one year, It may be
+advisable to wait longer in warm, damp weather.
+
+Is there any danger in nursing longer? Yes, as the milk is scanty; the
+child may get rickets or anemia.
+
+Is gradual weaning the best method? Yes.
+
+[570 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Should a wet nurse be preferred to bottle feeding? Yes, if you are sure
+you can get a good and perfectly healthy wet nurse. Her habits, etc., must
+be unobjectionable--she should be chosen by a physician.
+
+When should a "weaned" child use the bottle, and when the cup? If the
+weaning is done at the eighth or ninth month the bottle should be used; if
+weaning is done from the tenth to the eleventh month, the baby should be
+taught to drink or be fed with a spoon.
+
+How can you overcome some of the difficulties of weaning? As before
+recommended, by feeding every nursing infant once a day or by giving water
+regularly from out a feeding bottle, as this accustoms the baby to the
+bottle. This is very good, for the mother is sometimes away at nursing
+time, for a few hours and the baby can be fed, and when weaning comes, it
+is much easier.
+
+How soon should a child stop nursing from a bottle? If the child is well
+this should be begun at the end of the first year, and after it is
+fourteen months old, it should not have the bottle except at the night
+feeding.
+
+What is the objection to longer bottle nursing? They become attached to
+the bottle and refuse solid food when it is proper to give it. They get
+the bottle habit; also, it is troublesome and unnecessary. Then they will
+not take milk in the future, when the bottle is finally taken from them;
+an exclusive milk diet for children of two to three years old often
+results in poor nutrition and anemia.
+
+Give the process of training a child to give up the bottle? There is
+little trouble if it is begun at the right time; pour the milk in a small
+cup or glass and the child will drink little by little. Give only a small
+portion of the food in this way, at first, and the balance from the
+bottle. The child will in a few weeks time learn to drink out of the cup
+without difficulty. If the child is two or three years old, take the
+bottle away entirely and let the child get hungry, and give it only milk
+in the cup and nothing else. Some children may go for a day without food,
+but hunger will master them finally. As soon as he has learned to drink
+milk from his cup, cereals and other solid foods are gradually added to
+his dietary and the child has not only been taught to give up his bottle,
+but he has also a training which is often necessary.
+
+Can you give a baby just weaned as strong cows' milk as one of the same
+age who has been fed upon cows' milk from birth? Not generally; it would
+be almost certain to cause indigestion. You must remember that the change
+in food is a great one, and the feeding should be begun with a weak milk
+and increased gradually in strength as the baby becomes accustomed to the
+cows' milk.
+
+What are the proper proportions for an infant weaned at four or five
+months? About the same as that given to a healthy bottle-fed baby of two
+months, except the quantity should be larger. The food can be gradually
+increased, in most cases, so that by the end of two or three weeks the
+usual strength can be given.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 571]
+
+What strength is given to a bottle-fed baby of two months? From the top of
+a quart bottle of pure milk, that has stood from three to six hours, skim
+carefully off the top six ounces and then pour off three ounces of milk
+and mix them with the top milk (first skimmed off) making nine ounces in
+all; add to this nine ounces twenty-four ounces of boiled water in which
+you should have dissolved four teaspoonfuls of granulated sugar, or six or
+seven teaspoonfuls of milk sugar; add a pinch of salt and a pinch of
+bicarbonate of soda, or else two ounces of lime water.
+
+Give the proper proportion for a baby who is weaned at nine or ten months?
+About the same as for a bottle-fed baby of four or five months. The
+increase to be as above given.
+
+What is the formula for a bottle-fed baby of four months? For a healthy
+baby, six ounces of top milk skimmed from the top of a quart bottle of
+milk, six ounces of milk, then poured off, twenty-four ounces of barley or
+oatmeal gruel, six teaspoonfuls of milk sugar or three of granulated
+sugar, a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda or if lime-water
+is used instead take one ounce of lime-water to each twenty of the milk or
+gruel. He should have four ounces of this mixture every three hours up to
+ten p. m., and then one meal at about two a. m.; none until six or seven
+a. m.
+
+Will a child lose weight when placed upon this diet? It will often do so
+for a week or more, but he will soon gain gradually and regularly.
+
+
+
+SPECIAL MONTHLY RULES FOR A BOTTLE-FED BABY.
+
+Formula of food.--For the first month: skim off carefully the top six
+ounces from a quart bottle of pure milk, add to this twenty-four ounces of
+boiled water, in which water three teaspoonfuls of granulated or six
+teaspoonfuls of milk sugar have been dissolved, and then add a pinch of
+soda, or else one and one-half ounces of lime-water. Mix all these
+ingredients thoroughly, and then pour the correct quantity into each of
+ten clean nursing bottles. Tightly cork these bottles with clean cotton,
+and they can all be pasteurized or heated to a temperature of 155 degrees
+F. (Some say higher).
+
+What strength is given to a bottle-fed baby of two months? From the top of
+a quart bottle of pure milk that has stood from three to six to eight
+hours, skim carefully off the top six ounces and then pour off three
+ounces of milk and mix them with the top milk (first skimmed off) making
+nine ounces in all; add to the nine ounces, twenty-four ounces of boiled
+water in which you should have dissolved four teaspoonfuls of granulated
+sugar, or six or seven teaspoonfuls of milk sugar; add a pinch of salt and
+a pinch of bicarbonate of soda, or two ounces of lime-water.
+
+[572 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Formula for the third month.--(This is often used), Carefully skim off the
+top six ounces from a quart bottle of pure milk, then pour off six ounces
+of milk, twelve ounces in all, and now add twelve ounces of boiled water
+in which three teaspoonfuls of granulated or six of milk sugar have been
+dissolved, with a pinch of soda or else two ounces of lime-water; add then
+twelve ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel, divide into eight bottles,
+pasteurize, etc.; cool quickly and place where the temperature is 50
+degrees F., until meal time, when one of the bottles should be warmed by
+placing it in warm water. Pour a little out in a spoon to test the warmth,
+etc.; when the milk is lukewarm remove the cotton cork and attach the
+rubber nipple. He should be fed regularly and equally every three hours up
+to ten p. m., then have one at two or three a. m., and nothing until seven
+a. m. He should get three and one-half to four ounces at each meal, so
+that much should be put in each bottle.
+
+What is the formula for a bottle-fed baby of four months? For a healthy
+baby, six ounces of top milk skimmed from the top of a quart bottle of
+milk, six ounces of milk then poured off, twenty-four ounces of barley or
+oatmeal gruel, six teaspoonfuls of milk sugar or three of granulated
+sugar, a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda; or if
+lime-water is used instead, take one ounce of lime-water to each twenty of
+the milk and gruel. He should have four or five ounces of this mixture
+every three hours up to 10 p. m., then one meal at about 2 a. m. None
+until 6 or 7 a. m.
+
+Will a child lose weight when placed upon this diet? It will often do so
+for a week or more, but he will soon gain gradually and regularly.
+
+Formula for the fifth month.--Skim off the top six ounces as before, then
+pour off nine ounces of milk and mix it with the top-milk, add twenty-four
+ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel, a pinch of salt, four teaspoonfuls of
+granulated or seven of milk sugar, a pinch of bicarbonate of soda and
+proceed as before. He should be fed every three hours during the day until
+10 p. m. Give five to six and one-half ounces at each meal, making six
+meals in the whole twenty-four hours.
+
+Formula for sixth month.--Six ounces of the top-milk skimmed off from a
+quart of pure milk, ten ounces of milk then poured off. Twenty-four ounces
+of barley or oatmeal gruel, in which has been thoroughly dissolved four
+teaspoonfuls of granulated or seven of milk sugar, a pinch of bicarbonate
+of soda, and a pinch of salt. Pasteurized as before, etc. Give baby from
+four to six ounces at each meal every three hours up to 9 or 10 p. m. If
+the day is exceedingly warm, pour out one or even two ounces from each
+bottle of the regular mixture and substitute boiled water for it. If the
+baby is inclined to vomit, it will be better during the hot weather to use
+less of the top milk, four, or five ounces instead of six or eight, and
+add so much more gruel. Barley gruel is better than oatmeal gruel unless
+baby is constipated. Again if the baby has delicate digestive organs, one
+meal each day during the very hot weather, can be made of mutton broth
+prepared as follows: Cut up one pound of neck of mutton, one pint of cold
+water and a pinch of salt; this is cooked very slowly for three hours
+until half a pint is left, adding a little water from time to time as it
+boils away; strain through muslin and allow to cool, and when cool take
+off all of the fat. Add this to an equal quantity of barley water and feed
+lukewarm to the baby from the nursing bottle. These measures may ward off
+summer complaint and assist in teething.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 573]
+
+Formula for the seventh month.--From a quart of pure milk carefully skim
+off the top six ounces, pour off fifteen ounces of the milk and add
+twenty-one ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel to which has been added
+dissolved four teaspoonfuls of granulated or seven of milk sugar, a pinch
+of bicarbonate of soda. Give six or seven ounces at each meal and six
+meals in twenty-four hours.
+
+Formula for the eighth month.--Skim six ounces of top-milk as before
+directed, pour off seventeen ounces of milk, add twenty-one ounces of
+barley or oatmeal gruel, four of granulated or seven teaspoonfuls of milk
+sugar, a pinch of salt and bicarbonate of soda. Give six and one-half to
+seven ounces every three hours up to 10 p. m.
+
+Formula for the ninth month.--Use six ounces of top-milk skimmed off as
+before, twenty ounces of milk poured off, twenty-two ounces of either
+barley or oatmeal gruel, a pinch of bicarbonate of soda and salt added to
+the gruel, and five teaspoonfuls of granulated or eight of milk sugar
+dissolved in boiled water and put in the gruel. Give seven or eight ounces
+of this every three hours up to 10 p. m.
+
+Formula for tenth month.--The milk in a quart bottle is stirred and thirty
+ounces of this is taken and twenty ounces of either barley or oatmeal
+gruel is added to it, to which three teaspoonfuls of granulated or seven
+of milk sugar, a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda have
+been added. Feed the child every three and a half hours up to 10 p. m.,
+making five meals in twenty-four hours, and seven to eight ounces at each
+meal.
+
+Formula for eleventh month.--Stir up the entire quart of milk, add
+thirteen ounces barley or oatmeal gruel and to this add one tablespoonful
+of granulated or two of milk sugar dissolved in boiled water, a pinch of
+salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda. Treat as used; eight or nine
+ounces are given at each feeding, and five feedings given during the
+twenty-four hours.
+
+Formula for twelfth month.--Stir up the entire quart of milk; add eleven
+ounces of gruel, one tablespoonful of granulated or two of milk sugar, a
+pinch of salt and bicarbonate of soda. The child should now have five
+regular meals daily, arranged about as follows: Six a. m., nine ounces of
+this modified milk; 8 a. m., teaspoonful of prune jelly or strained juice
+of an orange; 10 a. m., seven ounces of the modified milk and two
+tablespoonfuls of a well cooked cereal; 2 p. m., five ounces of beef juice
+or six ounces of mutton or chicken broth, or else a coddled egg (alternate
+on different days), five or six ounces of modified milk and a small piece
+of zwieback; 6 p. m., nine ounces of modified milk; 10 p. m., ten ounces
+of modified milk.
+
+[574 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+BARLEY AND OATMEAL GRUELS.
+
+How is barley gruel made? Rub up one teaspoonful of the flour with a
+little cold water, and then stir this into a pint of boiling water, add a
+pinch of salt and boil it fifteen minutes, strain if it is at all lumpy.
+
+How is oatmeal gruel made? In the same way, but use two teaspoonfuls of
+the flour.
+
+
+
+SPECIAL RULES OF FEEDING AND NURSING FOR EACH
+MONTH IN CONNECTION WITH THE FORMULA GIVEN.
+
+How can milk be pasteurized? A regular pasteurizer can be bought for three
+dollars; or the bottles, ten or less, can be placed in a pot partly filled
+with water which is rapidly brought to the boiling point about 155 degrees
+F. These bottles are filled with each regular feeding before being put in
+the water. The milk should not boil. Then remove the pot from the fire and
+allow the bottles to stand in it for one-half hour, then take them out and
+cool them as quickly as possible by allowing first warm and then cold
+water to run over the outside of the bottles; when they are cold, place
+them on ice or where the temperature is about 50 degrees F., and keep them
+until meal-time. Then one of the bottles is placed in warm water until the
+milk is lukewarm, the cork can then be removed and the nipple applied.
+These ten bottles were equally filled with the modified milk as prepared
+under the formula for the first month.
+
+How much modified milk should be placed in each bottle? For the first week
+of life one to two and one-half ounces are placed in each of the ten
+bottles, and two or three and one-half ounces for the last two weeks of
+the first month.
+
+What should be done if the baby vomits or has curds in his stools? Use a
+little less cream and a little more water. Remember, two tablespoonfuls
+equal one ounce.
+
+What kind of bottles should be used? Round cylindrical bottles with the
+ounces marked on them.
+
+What color of nipples? Black rubber nipples.
+
+How should the bottle be treated when emptied? Rinse it out with cold
+water and then allow it to stand full of cold water with a pinch of soda
+or borax in it.
+
+How should the bottles be prepared before the food for the whole day is
+put in them and pasteurized, etc.? They should be thoroughly rinsed in hot
+soap suds, and then rinsed and boiled in clear water for ten minutes.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 575]
+
+What about the nipples? Rinse them first in cold then in hot water and
+allow them to stand in a covered cup of boric acid solution or borax water
+solution one teaspoonful to a pint of water. Once or twice each day they
+should be turned inside out and scrubbed with a brush and water. The hole
+in the nipple should be only large enough for a rather coarse needle to go
+through. The hole in the nipple can be made by such a needle heated red
+hot and then run through the nipple.
+
+When can you begin to add barley and oatmeal gruel to the baby's milk? In
+the third month. The gruel should be made daily. If the child is not
+constipated use barley gruel; if constipated use the oatmeal gruel.
+
+If you cannot get the flour, how can you prepare the gruel from the grain?
+Take two teaspoonfuls of barley or three of oatmeal and allow it to soak
+over night in cold water; add one quart of cold water the next morning and
+boil steadily down to a pint, (for about four hours), then strain through
+muslin.
+
+Do some physicians advise feeding nursing babies one or two meals daily,
+beginning the fourth month? Yes.
+
+What strength should it be? Use the formula for bottle-fed babies of the
+first month and the same amounts.
+
+How can you calculate the amount necessary? Take one-eighth or one-fourth
+either for one or two meals daily of the separate ingredients mentioned in
+the formula for the first month.
+
+Following order may be as follows: First give baby three ounces of the
+formula, and if all goes well in a day or two give him three and one-half
+ounces and miss one meal at the breast. After one week if the baby is well
+suited, give him three ounces of the formula for the two-months-old baby;
+wait a few days, then give him four ounces of this formula at the one
+meal. Then in a week's time if all goes well, give him four ounces of the
+formula for the three month's baby. Use this for one week, and then give
+him four and one-half ounces of the same formula. If after another week is
+past, there are no signs of indigestion, give him four ounces of the
+four-month formula, and if he enjoys this very much wait for a day or two
+and then increase the amount to four and one-half ounces of the same
+formula, and then to five ounces; as he grows older give him of the same
+formula as the bottle-fed infant of the same age, and the same amount at
+the one feeding; if he vomits or has curds in his stools or colic keep him
+on a weak formula longer than formerly advised.
+
+If you have fed a breast-fed baby one meal a day from the bottle when can
+he be given two feedings from the bottle? During the tenth month.
+
+
+
+COWS' MILK.--Does cows' milk contain all the elements present in the
+mother's milk? Yes, but in different proportions.
+
+Why not use prepared foods? They are not thought so good, and are more
+likely to produce poor nutrition.
+
+What is, the difference between cows' milk and mothers' milk? Cows' milk
+contains nearly three times as much casein (curd) or cheesy matter, and
+only about one-half as much sugar.
+
+[576 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+What kind of cows should be selected? They should be healthy and the milk
+should be clear and fresh.
+
+Is it best to select Jersey cows? The milk from Jersey and Alderney cows
+is generally too rich; common grade cows are best.
+
+Should the milk be from one cow? It should be from the mixed or herd milk
+since that varies little from day to day.
+
+How fresh should the milk be? In winter it should not be used after it is
+forty-eight hours old; in summer not after it is twenty-four hours old,
+and sometimes it is unsafe in a shorter time.
+
+How should the milk be cared for at the dairies? It must be kept clean and
+free from being contaminated. Cows, milkers and stables must all be kept
+clean, and the milk must be carried in sealed bottles; those that handle
+the milk must not be near a contagious disease; all milk pails, bottles,
+cans, etc., used for the milk must be steamed and boiled before being
+used.
+
+Should it be immediately cooled after leaving the cows? Yes, and kept at a
+temperature of about 50 degrees F.
+
+How should the family care for it after it is delivered fresh from the
+cows? Strain it for infants through a thick layer of absorbent cotton or
+through several thicknesses of cheese-cloth into quart jars or milk
+bottles, covered and cooled immediately. This is best done by placing the
+bottles in ice water or cool spring water that comes up to their necks and
+allow them to remain there at least one-half hour. What you wish to use
+for the children who drink plain milk you may pour into one-half pint
+bottles, and these should be placed in an ice chest or in the coolest
+possible place. The first rapid cooling is very important and adds greatly
+to the keeping qualities of the milk, for the milk loses its heat quickly
+when cooled in water, but very slowly when it is simply placed in a cold
+room. After standing for four or five hours or longer, the top milk can be
+strained off; the cream may be removed after waiting twelve to sixteen
+hours.
+
+How should it be cared for when received in bottles? The temperature of
+the milk is always raised during the delivery, so it should be cooled as
+before described. If it was bottled at a dairy the cream or top milk can
+be removed in an hour or two.
+
+How should milk and cream be cared for by the family when purchased in
+bulk? This milk should never be used for infants, as it is liable to be
+contaminated. Both cream and milk should at once be poured into vessels,
+covered and kept in a cool place. There will not be much cream or top milk
+upon such milk.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 577]
+
+How should refrigerators be treated? The inner portion should be of metal.
+An ordinary metal refrigerator, as sold, if encased in a wooden box makes
+the best kind. A covering of felt and heavy quilting can be made for the
+refrigerator which can be removed easily when wet or soiled--it must be
+kept absolutely clean. The compartments for the milk should be so arranged
+that the milk bottles be either in contact with the ice or near it. The
+supply of ice should always be abundant, or the temperature of the milk
+will not be low enough. The temperature should not be higher than 50
+degrees F.; it is oftener 60 to 65 degrees F. To tell the temperature, use
+a nursery thermometer and this should be used from time to time to know
+what temperature the milk is in. Milk is often spoiled in too warm
+temperatures in refrigerators, and also in unclean refrigerators. Many
+cases of sickness are caused by it. The refrigerator should carry a
+temperature of near 50 degrees F., and be absolutely clean, and the
+compartment for the milk should be absolutely separated from other food
+compartments.
+
+
+
+MODIFIED COWS' MILK.
+
+Can cows' milk be fed to infants without being modified? No; because,
+although the elements are similar to those in mothers' milk, they are not
+identical, and are present in different proportions.
+
+Is this a matter of great moment? Yes, for very few infants can digest
+cows' milk unmodified.
+
+What does modifying cows' milk mean? It is changing cows' milk so as to
+make it more nearly like mothers' milk.
+
+What is this changed milk called? Modified milk; and the original milk is
+known as "plain milk," "whole milk," "straight milk" or "milk."
+
+State the principal differences between cows' milk and mothers' milk?
+Cows' milk contains a little more than half as much sugar. It contains
+nearly three times as much proteids (curds) and salts, and the proteids
+are different and much harder to digest. The reaction is decidedly acid,
+while the mother's milk is faintly acid or neutral.
+
+Any other things of importance to consider? Yes; mothers' milk is always
+fed fresh and sterile, while cows' milk is always more or less
+contaminated by dust or germs which increase rapidly with the age of the
+milk in proportion to the amount of dirt in it and with any increase of
+temperature at which the milk is kept. So pasteurization and sterilization
+are done to destroy the effect of germs.
+
+How can the acidity of cows' milk be overcome? By adding lime-water or
+bicarbonate of soda.
+
+How much lime-water should be used? About one ounce to twenty ounces of
+food.
+
+How much bicarbonate of soda? About twenty grains to twenty ounces of food.
+
+Suppose there is a tendency to constipation in the infant? You can then
+use Phillip's milk of magnesia, or some other good preparation, adding
+one-half to one teaspoonful to each twenty ounces of food.
+
+How can the sugar be increased? By adding milk or granulated sugar to the
+cows' milk.
+
+[578 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+How much milk sugar is added to twenty ounces of food? About one ounce
+will do for the first three or four months. This makes it between six and
+seven per cent sugar.
+
+How should you prepare the sugar? Dissolve it in boiled water and strain
+if there is a deposit after standing, by pouring it through a layer of
+absorbent cotton one-half inch thick placed in an ordinary funnel.
+
+Is not granulated (cane) sugar recommended also? Yes; but all infants
+cannot use it. It is cheaper, but a good article of milk sugar should be
+bought. It costs from twenty to sixty cents per pound. The cheap variety
+contains many impurities.
+
+But if cane sugar is used, how much is needed? Usually about one-half or a
+little over one-half as much as milk sugar, or about one half ounce to
+twenty ounces of food.
+
+What occurs if too much is used? The sugar is likely to ferment in baby's
+stomach and cause colic. The milk is made too sweet.
+
+If you continue to overfeed granulated sugar, what happens? Gas, colic,
+restlessness, uneasiness, lining of the bowels becomes reddened and
+irritated; the redness shows externally around the rectum, and in severe
+cases around the hips.
+
+Unless the amount of sugar is now reduced, what occurs? There follow
+frequently watery, splashy stools with much gas and foul odors.
+
+Is cane or granulated sugar safe to use after six months? It does not
+usually produce so much trouble later on.
+
+Suppose milk sugar produces irritation? The quantity used should be
+reduced to one ounce to twenty-five ounces of food or even less for a
+short time.
+
+As a rule should milk sugar be preferred the first six months?  Yes.
+
+What are the best grades of milk sugar? Merck's, Mallinkrotz's, or
+Squibb's.
+
+Is sugar added to sweeten and make the milk palatable? No; although it
+does that, its use is to furnish one of the needed elements for the growth
+of the baby, and it is required by young infants in the largest quantity.
+
+How do we know that this is true? Because in good mothers' milk the amount
+of sugar is greater than that of the fat, proteids, and salts combined.
+
+As cows' milk has nearly three times as much proteids (curds) and salts as
+mothers' milk, how can these be diminished? By diluting the cows' milk.
+
+How much should cow's milk be diluted for a very young infant?  Diluted
+twice will give almost the same proportion of proteids present as in
+mothers' milk, but as the proteids of cows' milk are so much harder for
+the infant to digest, the milk should, in the beginning, be diluted five
+or six times for most infants.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 579]
+
+Does the diluted cows' milk with lime-water and sugar added resemble
+mothers' milk? No; for this mixture does not contain enough fat.
+
+How can this be remedied? By increasing the fat in the milk before it is
+diluted.
+
+How is this done? By adding top milk or milk and cream.
+
+What is the top-milk? It is the upper layer of milk, one-third or one-half
+of milk removed after it has stood a certain number of hours,--six to
+eight hours.
+
+How is the strength of the top-milk measured? By the fat it contains. A
+ten per cent milk contains a ten per cent of fat; a seven per cent milk
+contains a seven per cent of fat.
+
+Are these strengths used for infant feeding? Yes, they are most used.
+
+What increases the percentage of fat in the top-milk? 1. The longer time
+it stands. 2. Manner of its removal. 3. Number of ounces removed. 4.
+Thickness of the milk used.
+
+When is top-milk removed? If milk is fresh from the cow or before the
+cream has risen, is bottled and rapidly cooled, it may be removed in four
+hours. It does not make much difference in bottled milk, and it may stand
+much longer.
+
+How should top-milk be removed? Skim carefully off with a spoon, or cream-
+dipper (specially prepared) holding one ounce. It may be taken off with a
+glass or rubber syphon, never pour it off.
+
+How can ten per cent top-milk be obtained from the different kinds of
+cow's milk? From rather poor milk (three to three and one half per cent
+fat) remove the upper eight ounces from a quart.
+
+How can it be obtained from good average milk (four per cent fat?) Remove
+the upper eleven ounces or one-third.
+
+From rich Jersey milk (five and five one-half per cent fat)? By removing
+sixteen ounces or upper one-half from the quart.
+
+How is seven per cent top-milk obtained? 1. By removing the upper eleven
+ounces or one-third of a quart from poor milk. 2. By removing the upper
+half from average milk. 3. By removing two-thirds or about twenty-two
+ounces from rich Jersey milk. As stated before the seven per cent and ten
+per cent are the two kinds generally used.
+
+If top-milk is treated in this way, is it like the human milk? The
+proportion of the fluids and solids are about the same, but the elements
+are different. The curd (albuminous element) is still different in
+structure and action from the same element in human milk. The curd of
+human milk when it is met by the gastric juice in the stomach coagulates
+in minute particles, and the pepsin acts upon this very readily, but the
+curd of cows' milk being much coarser and firmer coagulates under these
+conditions, into large hard clots or masses, and these are quite
+indigestible if the child's stomach is sour from an under amount of acid
+being present.
+
+[580 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+How can we prevent this? By adding some bland and nonirritating substance
+to the milk which will mingle with the particles of curd and separate them
+until the gastric juice can act upon each separate particle and digest it.
+
+What can we use for this purpose? Barley or oatmeal water or gruel is
+best.
+
+What is cream? It is the part of the milk containing the most fat.
+
+How is cream now obtained? By skimming after it has stood for twenty-four
+hours, "gravity cream"; by a separator, and it is then known as
+"centrifugal cream"; (most of the cream now sold in cities is "centrifugal
+cream").
+
+How much fat has the usual "gravity cream?" Sixteen to twenty per cent.
+
+How much fat is contained in cream removed from the upper one fifth of a
+bottle of milk? About sixteen per cent.
+
+How much does the usual centrifugal cream contain? Eighteen to twenty per
+cent fat.
+
+How much does the heavy centrifugal cream contain? Thirty-five to forty
+per cent fat.
+
+Should the milk be boiled for babies in the summer time? No, not usually.
+
+
+
+FOOD FOR HEALTHY INFANTS.--FOR EARLY MONTHS.
+
+These directions, etc., are for healthy infants. Directions for such as
+are suffering from digestive disturbances will be given later. I have in
+preceding pages given formulas for feeding children. I give these
+additional, because not all children can be fed the same way and it may be
+well to have the two sets of formulas.
+
+What important parts are to be remembered when we are modifying cow's milk
+for the early month's feeding? That sugar is the most easily digested, fat
+comes next, while the proteids (curd) are the most difficult.
+
+What relation should the fat and proteids bear to each other during the
+earlier periods? Usually in healthy infants the fat (cream) should be
+three times the proteids (curds). Some healthy infants do not digest fat
+so well and they should have only twice as much fat as proteids
+(curds--skim-milk).
+
+What per cent milk must be used to obtain three times as much fat as
+proteids?
+Ten per cent milk.
+
+How can we obtain ten per cent milk? As top milk, described on another
+page, or by using plain milk and ordinary cream (sixteen per cent), in
+equal parts mixed; or it may be obtained directly from the milk
+laboratories.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 581]
+
+Which is better to do, use the top-milk or mix plain milk and ordinary
+cream? If the milk is fresh from the cows, it is best then to use the
+top-milk, because the food can then be made up after it is only a few
+hours old.
+
+If one uses bottled milk, in cities, the upper third may be used, but if
+milk and cream are bought separately it is usually more convenient to mix
+these, as cream will not rise uniformly upon the milk a second time.
+
+What per cent milk must be used to obtain twice as much fat as proteids?
+Use for dilution a seven per cent milk, that is, milk containing seven per
+cent fat, as in this milk the fat is just twice the proteids.
+
+How is this obtained? Same as top-milk, described on another page; or by
+mixing three parts of plain milk and one part of ordinary cream (sixteen
+per cent), or by obtaining it directly from the milk laboratories.
+
+How should we prepare the food for the early months? Granted you make up
+twenty ounces at a time, first obtain the ten per cent, or seven per cent,
+milk to be used, then take the number of ounces of this called for in the
+formula desired. One must remember that to make twenty ounces of food one
+ounce of milk sugar (or three even tablespoonfuls) and one ounce of
+lime-water must be used. The rest of the food is boiled water and the per
+cent milk.
+
+FIRST SERIES--Five formulas for early months for ten per cent milk:
+   Formulas.            1         2        3         4          5
+   10 per cent milk    2 oz.     3 oz.    4 oz.      5 oz.     6 oz.
+   *Milk Sugar         1 oz.     1 oz.    1 oz.     1 oz.      1 oz.
+   Lime-water          1 oz.     1 oz.    1 oz.     1 oz.      1 oz.
+   Boiled water       17 oz.    16 oz.    15 oz.    14 oz.    13 oz.
+                    -----       -----     -----     -----     -----
+                     20 oz.     20 oz.    20 oz.    20 oz.    20 oz.
+
+*The milk sugar takes no space as it is always dissolved in the boiled
+water.
+
+How can we strengthen this food? By gradually increasing the milk (top
+milk) and decreasing the amount of water.
+
+SECOND SERIES--Of five formulas for the early months from the seven per
+cent milk. This is weaker in fat (cream), etc., about one-third:
+
+   Formulas.            1         2        3         4         5
+   7 per cent, milk    2 oz.      3 oz.    4 oz.     5 oz.     6 oz.
+   Milk Sugar          1 oz.      1 oz.    1 oz.     1 oz.     1 oz.
+   Lime-water          1 oz.      1 oz.    1 oz.     1 oz.     1 oz.
+   Boiled water       17 oz.     16 oz.    15 oz.   14 oz.    13 oz.
+                     -----       -----     -----    -----     -----
+   Food              20 oz.      20 oz.    20 oz.   20 oz.    20 oz.
+
+How can I decide which series of formulas to use? A strong child with good
+digestion can be given from the first series, ten per cent milk.
+
+A smaller, weaker child, and whose digestion is not so good, or with one
+who has tried the first series and did not do well, should use the second
+series of formulas.
+
+[582 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+What is the reason the food is made so weak at first? The infant's stomach
+is made to digest mother's milk, not cows' milk, so we must begin with
+weak cows' milk, and the infant's stomach can thus be trained to digest
+it. Strong milk would be very liable to seriously upset the child's
+digestion.
+
+How rapidly can I increase the food in strength, that is, go from formula
+1 to 2, 3, 4, and 5, of either series? This can not be told, absolutely.
+It depends upon the infant, how it bears the food. Usually you can begin
+on formula one on the second day, formula two on the fourth day; three,
+after seven or ten days, but after that make the increase slower. If the
+infant is large, strong and of good digestion, he may be able to take of
+formula five by the time he is three or four weeks old. A weak child, or
+one with feeble digestion must go much slower, and such an one may not
+reach formula five until it is three or four months old. Mothers should
+remember it is safer to increase the strength of the food very gradually;
+some infants should have an increase of only one-half ounce instead of one
+ounce; thus: three to three and one-half ounces, etc. Two or three days
+should be allowed at least between each increase of food.
+
+May I not go by a general rule in increasing the food? Yes, increase the
+food when the infant is not satisfied, but is digesting well.
+
+How does an infant show this? He drains the bottle hungrily and cries when
+it is taken away. He may begin to fret a half hour or so before the time
+for the next feeding. He often sucks his fingers immediately after
+feeding.
+
+If I wish to prepare more than 20 ounces of food, what proportions shall I
+use? To make 25 ounces, add one-fourth more of each ingredient. To make 30
+ounces, add one-half more of each ingredient. To make 35 ounces, add
+three-fourths more of each ingredient. To make 40 ounces, double each
+ingredient.
+
+For example, 25 ounces of food would call for--2-1/2 ounces of milk; 1-1/4
+ounces of milk sugar; 1-1/4 ounces of lime-water; 21-1/4 ounces of boiled
+water.
+
+For 30 ounces of food, proportions would be--Milk, 3 ounces; milk sugar,
+1-1/2 ounces; lime-water, 1-1/2 ounces; boiled water, 25-1/2 ounces.
+
+How much more should be made at one time? Five ounces may be made, but the
+first few days only two or three ounces of the additional should be given;
+four ounces the next two days, and after two days more may give the five
+ounces additional that has been made; that is, twenty-five ounces in all.
+
+How much increase can be given at each feeding? Not more than one-quarter
+of an ounce.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 583]
+
+
+FOOD FOR HEALTHY INFANTS DURING THE LATER MONTHS.
+
+
+How long shall I continue this proportion, that is, the fat three times
+the proteids (curd)--skim-milk? Usually for three or four months.
+
+What changes shall I then make in the food? After you are using formula
+five of the first series; that is, six ounces of the ten per cent milk in
+twenty ounces of milk, increase the fat slowly, for the proportion of fat
+(three per cent), is near the limit for healthy children.
+
+How then shall I strengthen the milk? By raising the percentage of
+proteids (curds, skim-milk).
+
+How can I do this? Use the formulas derived from the seven per cent milk
+and discontinue the ten per cent milk.
+
+THIRD SERIES.--Five formulas for seven per cent milk for the later months--
+      Formulas.        1         2         3         4         5
+    7 per cent milk   7 oz.     8 oz.     9 oz.     10 oz.    11 oz.
+    *Milk Sugar       1 oz.     1 oz.     1 oz.    3/4 oz.   1/2 oz.
+    Lime-water        1 oz.     1 oz.     1 oz.      1 oz.     1 oz.
+    Boiled water     12 oz.    11 oz.    10 oz.      4 oz.     3 oz.
+    Barley Gruel      0 oz.     0 oz.     0 oz.      5 oz.     5 oz.
+                     -----      -----    -----      -----      -----
+                     20 oz.    20 oz.    20 oz.     20 oz.     20 oz.
+
+*(As the milk sugar is dissolved in the boiled water the quantity is
+twenty ounces instead of twenty-one.) Oatmeal gruel can be substituted for
+barley gruel if there is constipation. To increase the food to
+twenty-five, thirty, or thirty-five ounces increase the milk ingredients
+by 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and for forty ounces using two times as much.
+
+How shall I increase the food during this period? Beginning with formula
+one of this series, which should usually follow five of the first or
+second series, you can usually make the increase in ten days to No. 2; in
+two weeks you can use No. 3; but proceed more slowly to four or five when
+you have reached them. The same formula may be continued sometimes for
+three or four months with no other change, except an increase in the
+quantity of the food, that is from twenty ounces to twenty-five, etc.
+
+Is it necessary or important to reduce the proportion of fat as it is at
+first, reduced in passing from formula five of the first series to formula
+one of the third series? It is not necessary.
+
+How much is this reduction? From 3 to 2.50 per cent.
+
+How much increase of fat is there from the fifth formula of the second
+series to the first formula of the third series? From 2.00 to 2.50 per
+cent.
+
+Can the first decrease be avoided? Yes, by taking off at first the upper
+thirteen ounces as top-milk, and using in a twenty-ounce mixture seven
+ounces of this in place of formula No. 1, and also by using for the next
+increase the upper fifteen ounces as top-milk--taking of this eight ounces
+in a twenty-ounce mixture in place of formula No. 2. Then follow three of
+this third series. This is only done when you think the formulas two and
+three of the third series do not give enough fat.
+
+[584 MOTHERS' REMEDIES.]
+
+Can I add any other food about the sixth or seventh months?  Yes, foods in
+the form of gruel, and have this take the place of part of the boiled
+water and part of the sugar. Oatmeal and barley gruels can be added.
+
+Can I make further changes at ten or eleven months? The proteids
+(skim-milk) may be further increased, sugar and lime-water reduced until
+plain milk is given.
+
+How can I do this? Give at first one feeding of plain milk and barley
+gruel daily; later two feedings, then three feedings, etc. For example,
+suppose one infant was being fed with modified milk as formula 4 or 5,
+series 3, six feedings daily. The plain milk diluted with boiling water
+would take the place of one such feeding at first, then two, three, four,
+etc., feedings. Such changes to be made at intervals of two weeks.
+Proportions of milk and barley gruel should be, at first, about five and
+one-half ounces milk, two and one-half ounces barley gruel; later six
+ounces milk, three ounces barley gruel and then seven ounces milk, two
+ounces barley gruel until plain milk is alone used, and this can usually
+be reached at twelve to thirteen months. For five months' infants a pinch
+of soda may be added to each feeding when the lime-water is omitted. It is
+not generally necessary, however.
+
+Do some infants dislike the milk after the milk sugar has been omitted?
+Yes; for such 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoonful of granulated sugar may be added for
+a time to each feeding and gradually reduced.
+
+
+
+RULES FOR USING THESE FORMULAS.
+
+They are only for healthy infants. Begin always with a weak formula,
+especially with an infant previously nursed at the breast, with one just
+weaned and with infants who have poor digestive powers, or whose digestive
+powers are unknown. Should the first formula tried be too weak the food
+can be strengthened every three or four days until the right formula is
+found. If the food is made too strong at first an attack of indigestion is
+liable to follow.
+
+How shall I increase the strength of the food? This should be done very
+gradually. Do not advance more than one formula in the given series. It is
+frequently better to make the increase in half steps. Say when it is from
+three to four, give three and one-half, and then four.
+
+How rapidly can I increase the quantity of food? This should not be more
+than one-fourth ounce in each feeding, one to one and one-half to two
+ounces daily.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 585]
+
+When should the amount of food be increased? An increase may be necessary
+every few days in the early weeks, but the same formula is often continued
+for two or three months during the later months.
+
+What signs in the infant demand an increase? The infant is not satisfied,
+does not gain in weight, but it has good digestion--that is, it does not
+vomit and has good stools.
+
+When should I not increase the food? So long as the child is satisfied,
+gains four to six ounces weekly, even when the quantity and strength of
+the food is considerably below the average.
+
+Should you then increase the food if the child seems somewhat hungry, but
+still gains from eight to ten ounces weekly? It is not always a safe rule
+to be guided by the appetite.
+
+How can I know whether to increase the strength or the quantity of the
+food? In the early weeks it is well first to increase the strength, the
+next time the quantity of the food, then the strength, then the quantity,
+etc. The quantity chiefly should be increased after the fourth or fifth
+month.
+
+Should a slight stomach discomfort or disturbance follow after the food
+has been strengthened, what shall I do? If the disturbance is marked and
+continues and the infant does not seem able to accustom itself to the new
+food, you should go back to the weaker one and the next increase should be
+smaller.
+
+Should I be worried if the gain in weight for the first few weeks of
+artificial feeding is slight, or even no gain? Not as a rule; if the
+infant loses no weight, sleeps well, is comfortable, does not suffer from
+vomiting, nausea, colic, you can feel sure the baby is doing well and is
+becoming used to his new food. As his appetite improves and his digestion
+is stronger the food may be increased every few days. Then the weight will
+soon increase.
+
+Is constipation likely to occur from such a weak food? This is very often
+seen owing to the fact of their being little residue in the bowels, so if
+he has a daily stool, even if it is small and dry, it need not cause worry
+as it soon passes away with the using of stronger food.
+
+What circumstances indicate that the food should be reduced? When the
+child becomes ill from any causes, or when there are any marked symptoms
+of indigestion.
+
+How can I reduce the food? If there is but a slight disturbance and the
+daily food has been prepared, pour off one-third from each bottle just
+before each feeding and replace this quantity of food with boiled water;
+if the disturbance is more severe, immediately dilute the food at least
+one-half and also reduce, at the same time the quantity given; for a
+severe attack of indigestion, omit the regular food altogether and give
+only boiled water until a doctor has been called.
+
+How shall I return to the original formula after it has been reduced for a
+disturbance of digestion? The increase must be very gradual after the
+immediate reduction. After a severe attack of indigestion, the milk should
+not be made more than one-fifth the original strength, and ten days or two
+weeks should elapse before the original strength food is given and, as
+stated, there should be a gradual slow increase.
+
+[586 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+ABOUT ADDING OTHER FOODS TO MILK.
+
+How long shall I continue the modified milk? Usually for about six months;
+but if the infant is doing well you can continue it for ten or eleven
+months. If the infant has trouble in digesting cows' milk other foods can
+be added at three or four months or even at the beginning.
+
+What food can I first use? Barley, oatmeal, arrowroot, and farina.
+
+Is it better to make them from the flour? Yes, they are more simple to
+prepare from the flour.
+
+How shall I cook them? Cook them separately, and when used they take the
+place of some of the boiled water.
+
+(For another way, see former pages.)
+
+How shall I prepare barley gruel water? Take one teaspoonful of the flour
+and rub it up with a little cold water, and then stir this into a pint of
+boiling water; add a pinch of salt and boil it fifteen minutes; strain if
+it is lumpy. Oatmeal gruel is made the same way, only using two
+teaspoonfuls instead of one.
+
+Barley Jelly.--One rounded tablespoonful of the flour, mixed with a little
+cold water, is added to one pint of boiling water containing a pinch of
+salt; cook twenty minutes in a double boiler and strain. A thinner gruel
+(barley water) is made by using half of the quantity of flour.
+
+How much of the gruel can I use? If prepared by the last method one-sixth
+to one-half the total quantity of food; if the barley water is used it
+can be used in greater quantity if desired, as it is weaker by half.
+
+Which one shall I use? Barley and oatmeal are generally used; oatmeal is
+more laxative.
+
+What is their value as infant foods? Their chief value is to prevent the
+curd from coagulating in the stomach in hard masses, thus rendering it
+more digestible.
+
+Would you advise this addition for all infants? No, for it does not agree
+with them all, and so it cannot be recommended for all infants.
+
+Can I give anything more during the first year? Beef juice, white of an
+egg, and orange juice.
+
+How and when may I use the beef juice? It may be begun at ten or eleven
+months in infants who are strong and thriving well. Two teaspoonfuls may
+be given daily, diluted with same amount of water, fifteen minutes before
+the midday feeding; in two weeks it may be doubled; and six teaspoonfuls
+can be given, in four weeks. Two or three tablespoonfuls is all that can
+be given a child of one year.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 587]
+
+Is beef juice of value in delicate pale infants? Yes, of much value, and
+it is more important for them, and it may sometimes be given them at five
+or six months in one-half the quantity mentioned.
+
+When shall I give the white of egg (albumen) or albumin water? When the
+conditions are similar to those requiring beef juice especially in infants
+who digest the proteids (curd) with difficulty. You can give the one-half
+of the white of one egg at six months, and soon the entire white of one
+egg can be given.
+
+What is the best way of preparing this? By coddling the egg.
+
+Describe the way of preparation? Place a fresh egg with the shell on in
+boiling water and immediately remove all from the fire. The egg cooks
+slowly in the water for seven or eight minutes as the water gradually
+cools, and the white part becomes like jelly. Give the white with only a
+pinch of salt--it can be easily separated from the yolk.
+
+When can I give orange juice? Usually about the eleventh or twelfth month,
+and it should be given about one hour before the feeding. You can begin
+with two teaspoonfuls at first, then one tablespoonful at a time, and
+later three or four tablespoonfuls. Orange juice is very good when
+constipation exists--strain it always, and it must be always fresh and
+sweet.
+
+
+
+OVER NURSING.
+
+Mothers who have a very large supply of milk are very likely to overfeed
+their babies if the milk is of good quality. This will drain the mother's
+strength. Some mothers allow their babies to nurse to relieve the
+uncomfortable feeling. If the infant vomits the surplus immediately they
+are not injured. Where the baby does not vomit, the surplus food passes
+into the bowels and causes colic and green and yellow gassy stools. If the
+mother's milk is too rich, only, and not too much and the baby vomits,
+this can be corrected by giving the baby some boiled water before each
+meal. The baby will not nurse so much then.
+
+
+
+OVER-FEEDING.
+
+What do you mean by this term? The infant gets too much food, and this is
+chiefly done at night.
+
+Can I depend upon the infant's natural desire for food as to the quantity
+to be given? Not always, the habit of over-eating is frequently acquired,
+and is frequently seen in infants with a good digestion.
+
+What harm results from over-feeding an infant? The food lies in the
+stomach or bowels, undigested, ferments, and causes gas and colic, and if
+the over-feeding is long continued, serious trouble arises. The baby
+becomes restless, fretful, irritable, sleeps badly, stops gaining weight
+and may lose weight.
+
+[588 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+
+LOSS OF APPETITE.
+
+What may cause this? Over-feeding or the use of milk too rich in fat.
+
+What can I do for this trouble? If the child is well, offer food to him at
+regular hours only. Do not coax or force him to eat even though he takes
+only one-half or one-third of his usual quantity. Lengthen the intervals
+between the feedings. It may be necessary with a child under a year old to
+reduce the number of feedings to three or four in twenty-four hours. Give
+water at more frequent intervals, weaken instead of strengthening the
+food.
+
+
+
+FOODS FOR SPECIAL CONDITIONS.
+
+Some infants with weak digestive powers, and those suffering from various
+forms of indigestion, have often much trouble in digesting the fat of
+milk. To meet such troubles a series of formulas are given obtained from
+plain milk.
+
+FOURTH SERIES-Formulas containing four per cent fat:
+                1      2     3       4       5       6       7       8
+Plain Milk     5 oz.  6 oz.  7 oz.  8 oz.   9 oz.   10 oz.  12 oz.  14 oz.
+*Milk Sugar    1 oz   1 oz.  1 oz.  1 oz  3/4 oz.  3/4 oz. 1/2 oz. 1/2 oz.
+Lime-water     1 oz.  l oz.  1 oz.  1 oz.   1 oz.    1 oz.   1 oz.   1 oz.
+Boiled water  14 oz. 13 oz. 12 oz.  7 oz.   6 oz.    5 oz.   2 oz.   0 oz.
+Barley Gruel.  0 oz.  0 oz.  0 oz.  4 oz.   4 oz.    4 oz.   5 oz.   5 oz.
+              -----  -----  -----   -----   -----   -----    -----   -----
+              20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz.  20 oz.   20 oz.   20 oz. 20 oz.
+
+*(Milk sugar is not counted in totals.) If more than twenty ounces are
+needed get the proportions by adding one-fourth, one-half, three-quarters,
+or double each ingredient.
+
+Why does an infant so often vomit some of its food soon after feeding? The
+quantity may be too large or too rich food, the baby may feed too fast,
+the hole in the nipple may be too large, the clothing too tight, or you
+may press upon its stomach in moving the baby.
+
+What are the causes of and changes needed for stomach troubles?  It is
+usually a symptom of indigestion and is frequently caused by too much fat
+or sugar.
+
+How can I remedy this? Reduce the fat or sugar, and increase the
+lime-water. Avoid the formulas made from the top-milk, or cream and milk.
+Those made from the seven per cent milk are not so likely to cause
+trouble; but you had better, if the symptoms are severe, use formulas of
+the fourth series.
+
+What symptoms indicate that the baby is getting too much fat (cream)?
+Vomiting and yellow, foul, greasy, or ropy stools.
+
+How much shall I reduce the milk sugar? Use only one-half ounce to twenty
+ounces of food or leave it out altogether.
+
+How shall I know when to reduce the sugar, etc.? When there is excessive
+formation of gas in the stomach, causing distention and pain, or belchings
+of gas, and often a sour stomach. Reduce the amount of sugar and increase
+the lime-water one and one-half to two ounces in twenty ounces of food,
+increase intervals between the meats one-half hour and give less quantity.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 589]
+
+What food usually causes habitual colic? This is due to gas accumulating
+in the bowels, and is usually caused by the want of digestion of the
+proteids (curd).
+
+How shall I overcome this? Use a weaker formula. Use formula 4 or 3 of
+first series; or use partially pasteurized milk, or use barley water
+instead of plain water.
+
+If curds regularly or frequently appear in the stools, what changes shall
+I make? This usually accompanies colic, so use means just
+described--reduce the proteids (skim milk).
+
+How shall I modify the milk for chronic constipation? This is difficult to
+overcome, and it is more frequent when infants are fed upon a plain milk
+diet, variously diluted, than when seven or ten per cent milk is used and
+diluted to a greater degree. But you cannot use food containing more than
+four per cent fat, that is, eight ounces of ten per cent milk or twelve
+ounces of seven per cent milk in twenty ounces of food. In some cases
+ordinary brown sugar in one-half the quantity can take the place of milk
+sugar, or Mellin's food, malted milk or cereal milk can be used in the
+place of the milk sugar. Milk of magnesia can be used for lime-water as
+before directed. Orange juice can be given to infants over nine months
+old.
+
+What modifications should I make in very hot weather? The proportion of
+fat (top-milk or milk and cream mixed) should be less and when it is very
+hot, for a short period, it should be much less. Use seven per cent milk
+in place of ten per cent, that is, formulas from the second series, or
+plain milk, in place of the seven per cent milk, fourth series.
+
+If a child has good digestion, but gains very little or no weight, what
+changes in the food should I make? Increase the quantity of the food if
+the child seems hungry; or increase the strength of the food, if the child
+will not take a greater quantity; do not coax or force the baby to eat,
+give him more sleep; fresh air, etc.
+
+If there is no modified milk that will agree with the baby, what shall I
+do? If the infant is under four or five months old, a wet nurse would
+likely succeed. If a wet nurse cannot be obtained or if the child is older
+use some of the substitutes for cows' milk, like Borden's Eagle Brand,
+canned or condensed milk. This is better to use when the trouble is in the
+bowels and shows colic, gas, curds in the stools, constipation, or
+diarrhea. If it is due to indigestion it shows in vomiting, etc.
+
+How shall I use condensed milk? The directions are on the bottle. But if
+the baby is three or four months old, and has symptoms of indigestion,
+dilute its food with sixteen parts of boiled water, or sometimes barley
+water if there is no constipation. As the symptoms improve it can be made
+stronger, one to fourteen, one to twelve one to ten, one to eight, such
+changes to be made gradually.
+
+[590 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+How long can I use the condensed milk? Generally for a few weeks only as
+the sole food, then give one feeding a day of modified milk, for instance,
+No. 3 or 4 of the series; later two feedings and gradually increase until
+the milk feeding is entirely used.
+
+Why can I not continue to use condensed milk? It is very low in fat and
+proteids and has much sugar in it; children who take this food for
+sometime often gain rapidly in strength and weight, yet have not much
+resistance, and they are very prone to develop rickets and scurvy.
+
+Suppose baby is teething, has a cold, sore throat, etc., what change shall
+I make? Dilute the food for two or three feedings by using boiled water in
+place of an ounce or two of food; this much to be removed from the bottle
+before being given; if it is necessary to continue for several days, use a
+weaker formula.
+
+What changes shall I make in this for serious acute sickness? For,
+diseases with fever like measles, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc., dilute the
+food and reduce the fat (cream from top-milk). Give the food at regular
+intervals, but not so often. Do not force food in the early part of acute
+sickness.
+
+Suppose baby has acute gastritis, what changes shall I make? Stop all food
+and give boiled water, only, for ten or more hours, then try barley water
+or whey, but do not give any milk for at least twenty-four hours after all
+vomiting has ceased. When you again begin the modified milk use a small
+quantity with a low proportion of fat, and you can secure this by using a
+formula from the fourth series. You may also double the proportion of
+lime-water.
+
+If baby is attacked with intestinal indigestion accompanied by loose
+bowels, what food shall I give? If it has but two or three passages daily,
+lower the proportion of fat (cream, etc.), in the manner above directed,
+and boil the milk for five minutes. Dilute it still more if curds are
+present in the stools.
+
+But suppose the attack is more severe? If there is fever and the passages
+smell badly and are more frequent, stop all milk and use the diet given
+for acute gastritis. (Acute indigestion).
+
+Do other conditions besides the food influence digestion? Yes, use proper
+clothing, keep warm feet, regular habits, fresh air. Clean bottles and
+food, given at proper intervals and temperature, quiet surroundings and
+absence of excitement are needed.
+
+What common mistakes are often made in modifying milk and feeding infants?
+Never fail to follow the directions given for removing the top-milk.
+Remove all the top-milk of any given strength in making a formula, and
+not only the number of ounces needed for the formula. By using rich Jersey
+milk as if it were more common milk. The formulas given are based upon
+about four per cent fat. Food is very often increased too rapidly,
+particularly after stomach and bowel indigestion. The food in an infant of
+three or four months old attacked by acute indigestion should seldom be
+given in full strength for two weeks afterwards, only half steps should be
+taken like two to two and one-half, etc. Another mistake, when indigestion
+symptoms show the food is not reduced quickly enough; reduce the food
+immediately by at least one-half.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 591]
+
+How to prepare cows' milk at home; what is needed? Feeding bottles, rubber
+nipples, an eight-ounce graduated measuring glass, a glass funnel, a brush
+for bottles, cotton, alcohol lamp, a tall quart cup for warming bottles of
+milk, a pitcher for mixing food, a wide mouthed bottle of boric acid and
+one of bicarbonate of soda, a pasteurizer, and later a double boiler for
+cooking cereals will be needed.
+
+What kind of bottles shall I buy? A cylindrical graduated bottle with a
+wide neck holding about 8 ounces. This makes washing them easier. You
+should have as many bottles for use as the baby takes meals a day (ten at
+first).
+
+How shall I care for the bottles? Rinse them, as soon as the child is
+through nursing, with cold water, and let stand filled with cold water and
+a little bicarbonate of soda in the water. Before using them again wash
+them thoroughly with the bottle brush and hot soap suds and place them for
+twenty minutes in boiling water.
+
+What kind of nipples are best? Straight ones which slip over the neck of
+the bottle, of black rubber, and the hole should only be large enough for
+the milk to drop rapidly when the bottle is held upside down.
+
+How shall I care for the nipples? Boil new ones for five minutes at first.
+After using rinse them carefully in cold water and keep them covered in a
+glass containing a solution of borax or boric acid. Turn them inside out
+once a day and wash thoroughly with soap and water.
+
+(There is a slight difference in the directions given by different
+authorities as to cleaning bottles and nipples, but the general way is the
+same.)
+
+What kind of cotton shall I use for corking the bottles? Refined
+non-absorbent cotton is best, but the ordinary absorbent cotton will do.
+
+Which is the best--an alcohol lamp, or the Bunsen burner? The Bunsen
+burner is the best, cheaper and simpler if there is gas in the house.
+Should you use the lamp, put it upon a table covered with a plate of zinc
+or tin, or upon a large tin tray. The French pattern is the best.
+
+Give special directions now for preparing the food according to any of the
+given formulas? The hands must be clean, as well as everything else--food
+and utensils. First dissolve the milk sugar in boiling water, filtering,
+if necessary, then add to the boiled water and sugar the milk, cream, and
+lime-water, mixing all in the pitcher; a sufficient quantity for
+twenty-four hours is always prepared at one time. Divide this in equal
+quantities into the number of feedings for the twenty-four hours and cork
+the bottles with the cotton cork and cool the bottles rapidly, after
+having been pasteurized by standing first in tepid and then in cold water,
+and then place in an ice chest at 50 degrees F.
+
+[592 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+FEEDING DIRECTIONS.
+
+How shall I prepare the bottle at feeding time? Take one from the ice
+chest, warm it by placing it in warm water deep enough to cover the milk
+in the bottle. Then thoroughly shake it, remove the cotton cork, and
+adjust the nipple.
+
+How shall I know that the temperature of the milk is correct? Pour a
+teaspoonful from the bottle before adjusting the nipple, and taste it, or
+pour a few drops through the nipple upon the inner surface of the wrist.
+It should feel quite warm, but not quite hot; or a baby thermometer may be
+placed in the water where the milk stands, and the temperature should be
+between 98 and 100 degrees F.
+
+How can I keep the milk warm while the baby is feeding? Slip over the
+bottle a warm flannel bag with a draw-string.
+
+What position should a child be in when feeding? During the first few
+months, except at night, it had better be held in the arms; later it can
+lie on its side in the crib, but the bottle must then be held by the nurse
+until it is emptied, or the baby will nurse and sleep, and nurse and
+sleep, etc.
+
+How much time shall I give the baby for one feeding? Not longer than
+twenty minutes. Take the bottle away then and do not give it until the
+next feeding. Keep a sleepy baby awake, when well, until the food is
+taken, or remove the bottle.
+
+Can I play with the baby after feeding? Never. It may cause vomiting and
+indigestion. Baby should lie quietly and sleep if possible, or at least
+not be disturbed.
+
+
+FEEDING INTERVALS.
+
+How often shall I nurse or feed baby during the first month? Ten times in
+twenty-four hours at intervals of two hours during the day and two times
+at night.
+
+Why can I not feed baby oftener? Because it takes nearly two hours to
+digest a meal at two months, about two and one-half hours at five or six
+months, and if another meal is given before the former meal is digested,
+vomiting and indigestion will result. The following schedule is given by
+one authority on children for healthy infants for the first year:
+
+                            Night      No.       Quantity      Quantity
+                 Interval   feedings   of        for           for
+                 between    10 P. M.   feedings  one           24
+                 meals      to         in 24     feeding,      hours,
+                 by day.    7 A. M.    hours.    ounces.       ounces.
+ 2d to 7th day      2 hrs.     2       10      1 to 1-1/2      10 to 15
+ 2d to 3rd week     2 hrs.     2       10      1-1/2 to 3      15 to 30
+4th to 5th week     2 hrs.     1       10      2-1/2 to 3-1/2  25 to 35
+6th to 8th week   2-1/2 hrs.   1       8       3 to 5          24 to 40
+ 3d to 5th Month    3 hrs.     1       7       4 to 6          28 to 42
+5th to 9th month    3 hrs.     0       6       5 to 7-1/2      30 to 45
+9th to 12th month   4 hrs.     0       5       7 to 9          35 to 45
+
+This schedule is for healthy children. The smaller amounts are required by
+smaller children with weak digestion; the larger amounts are required by
+large children with strong digestion. The interval is from the beginning
+of one feeding to the beginning of the next feeding.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 593]
+
+How soon can I make the intervals at two and one-half hours?  Generally at
+five or six weeks.
+
+When may I increase it to three hours? Usually at eight weeks or two
+months.
+
+When should I lengthen the interval between feedings? When there is poor
+stomach digestion.
+
+How is this shown? By habitual vomiting or regurgitation of food long
+after nursing is finished; also when the baby has a very poor appetite so
+that it always leaves some of its food.
+
+When can I shorten the intervals? It is not generally advisable to feed
+any baby oftener than given by this schedule.
+
+
+
+REGULAR FEEDING.
+
+How can I teach baby to take regular meals? By commencing at birth to feed
+at exactly regular hours every day.
+
+Shall I awaken baby to feed it? Yes, for a few days. In a short time he
+will waken at the same hours himself.
+
+Should this regularity extend through the night? Only up to nine or ten
+o'clock. After ten let him sleep as long as he will.
+
+How soon can baby go without food from 10 p. m. to 7 a. m.? At four months
+usually and always at five or six months; night feeding causes
+restlessness and poor sleep.
+
+
+
+STERILIZED MILK.
+
+What do you mean by sterilizing milk? It means to heat milk so as to
+destroy the germs.
+
+Does cows' milk contain germs? Yes, even if it is handled faultlessly; but
+when carelessly handled the number of germs is enormous.
+
+Are all of the germs injurious? Most are harmless or cause only the
+souring of the milk.
+
+What other germs are occasionally present? Typhoid fever, diphtheria,
+scarlet fever, cholera, tuberculosis and many forms of diarrhea germs.
+
+Do I need to sterilize milk under all circumstances? When you cannot
+obtain it fresh in warm weather. Hence during warm weather in cities and
+towns; when you do not know that the cows are healthy or that the milk has
+been cleanly handled; when milk is kept over twenty-four hours, especially
+if there is no ice at hand. When there are epidemics of typhoid fever,
+scarlet fever, diphtheria, or any form of bowel disease accompanied by
+diarrhea.
+
+How many methods of heating milk are there? First, sterilizing, in which
+the milk is heated to 212 degrees F., for one hour or one and one-half
+hours. Second, pasteurizing, when you heat the milk to 155 degrees or 170
+degrees F. for thirty minutes.
+
+[594 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Will the temperature of 155 degrees F. for one-half hour be sufficient to
+kill the germs of the diseases mentioned above? Generally.
+
+How long will milk so treated keep on ice? Heated to 212 degrees F. for an
+hour will keep for two or three weeks; that heated (pasteurized) to 155
+degrees F. will keep for two or three days.
+
+Is cows' milk as digestible when sterilized? No, and it should be modified
+for infant feeding the same as milk not heated.
+
+When milk is heated for an hour to 212 degrees F. (sterilization), is it
+injured in any way? It is rendered harder to digest, and is more
+constipating; scurvy may be caused if it is used as the sole food for a
+long time. It is so objectionable that the method is not recommended for
+general use.
+
+When should I heat it 212 degrees F.? For use on long journeys of days
+traveling. Then you should heat for one hour upon two successive days,
+leaving the cotton stoppers in the bottles.
+
+Does heating milk to 155 degrees F. for one-half hour injure it in any
+way? It does not affect the taste or make it more constipating. The
+unfavorable effects, if any, are slight. Get clean and fresh milk and the
+effects will be really of no account.
+
+What pasteurizer would you recommend. Freeman's or Walker-Gordon.
+
+What shall I do with the milk after it has been pasteurized? Cool it
+quickly by placing the bottles in cold water--never leave them in the room
+where pasteurized, and never place them, when warm, in an ice chest.
+
+Why this caution? Because it requires from two to four hours to cool them
+in the air, or in the ice box, and during that time a good many
+undeveloped germs may mature and injure the keeping properties of the
+milk. You can cool the bottles of milk in cool water in from ten to twenty
+minutes if you change the water frequently, or if ice is put into the
+water.
+
+What is modified milk of the laboratories? It is milk containing fat,
+sugar, proteids, etc., in definite proportions put up, usually, according
+to a physician's directions.
+
+
+
+PEPTONIZED MILK.
+
+What is peptonized milk? Milk that has been partially digested.
+
+What part of the milk has been digested? The proteids (curd).
+
+Does this alter its taste? No, if it is peptonized for only ten minutes,
+but if it is fully peptonized the milk has a bitter taste.
+
+How can the bitter taste be avoided in partly peptonized milk? At the end
+of ten or fifteen minutes place the milk in a sauce-pan and raise it
+quickly to the boiling point; this kills the ferment so that the milk will
+not become bitter when it is warmed for feeding; or the milk can be cooled
+rapidly by placing the bottles first in cool and then in ice water; but in
+this way the ferment is not destroyed, and the milk may become bitter when
+warmed for feeding.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 595]
+
+How is milk peptonized? By the action of a peptonizing powder composed of
+a digestive agent known as the extractum pancreatis and bicarbonate of
+soda. This is added to the plain or diluted milk. This agent can be bought
+in tubes or tablets, and is the active ingredient of the peptogenic
+powder.
+
+Will you describe the process? Place the plain or modified milk in a clean
+glass jar or bottle, and then rub up the peptonizing powder or tablet with
+a tablespoonful of milk, and add it to the milk and shake the bottle.
+Place the bottle in a large pitcher or basin of water of about 110 degrees
+F., or as warm as the hand can bear comfortably, and allow it to remain
+for ten to twenty minutes if you wish to peptonize the milk but partially;
+or if you wish it completely peptonized let it remain for two hours.
+
+Is it better to peptonize the whole day's supply, or each bottle
+separately just before feeding? If you peptonize the whole day's supply at
+once raise the milk to the boiling point after it has been peptonized; if
+only the one feeding do not peptonize it more than ten minutes before
+feeding for the ferment will work while the child is feeding. It can be
+done either way.
+
+Is not the completely peptonized milk distasteful? Not so in the case of
+young infants; older infants will take a few feedings without objection,
+but it cannot be used for children much older than five months.
+
+How much of the agent should be used? For a single feeding of four ounces
+one may use one-eighth of a tube with a weak formula of milk or one-sixth
+with a stronger formula. For one pint of plain milk five grains of the
+extract and fifteen grains of bicarbonate of soda will be needed. This
+amount is usually put up in one tube or tablet. Less will be required in
+weaker formulas of modified milk.
+
+What advantages has peptonized milk? Partially peptonized milk assists
+greatly in digesting the curd of milk. Young infants sometimes have
+trouble in digesting the curd. When completely peptonized it is good in
+attacks of acute indigestion.
+
+How long may I give it? It may be used for a few days when completely
+peptonized; when partially peptonized it can be used for two or three
+months, and when you wish to give other food, leave off its use gradually
+by shortening the time of peptonizing and lessening the quantity of the
+powder used.
+
+[596 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+FEEDING DURING THE SECOND YEAR
+
+How many meals should a child have during the second year?  Five.
+
+Shall I prepare the milk for all day at one time? It is better to prepare
+the milk for all day during the second and third years. If you wish to
+modify it by adding cream, water, etc., prepare as done during the first
+year, and later when only plain milk is used, the quantities needed for
+the different feedings should be put into one or two bottles, pasteurized
+or not as necessary. In this way the different feedings are kept separate.
+Prepare the food as soon as possible in the morning alter the milk has
+been received.
+
+
+
+FOR A HEALTHY CHILD OF TWELVE MONTHS.
+
+6:30 a. m. or 7:00 a. m.--Milk, six to seven ounces, diluted with two or
+three ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel, and taken from a cup after
+thirteen months.
+
+9:00 a. m.--One to two ounces of orange juice.
+
+10:00 a. m.--Milk two parts, oatmeal or barley gruel one part, and from
+ten to twelve ounces in all may be given in a cup.
+
+2 :00 p. m.--One or two ounces of beef juice, or the white of one egg,
+slightly cooked, and later an entire egg or mutton or chicken broth, four
+to six ounces.
+
+6:00 p. m.--Same as 10 a. m.
+
+10:00 p. m.--Same as at 6:30 a. m., except the milk can be taken from the
+bottle.
+
+How long can this schedule be given? Until the fourteenth or fifteenth
+month, and then you can give the cereals thicker and with a spoon.
+
+Can I give other fruit juices at fourteen or fifteen months? Orange juice
+is the best, but the juice of ripe peaches, red raspberries or
+strawberries in the order given, is good. Strain all carefully through
+muslin, for the pulp or seeds might cause serious trouble. You may now
+give one to four tablespoonfuls of the orange or peach juice, and about
+one-half the quantity of the others.
+
+When shall I give the fruit juices? One hour before the second meal.
+
+What diet shall I give between fourteenth and eighteenth months?
+
+6:00 to 6:30 a. m.--Eight to ten ounces of plain milk from a cup.
+
+8:00 to 9:00 a. m.--Juice of one-half orange strained.
+
+10:00 a. m.--One, or later two or three tablespoonfuls of oatmeal or
+barley jelly, hominy cooked at least three hours, and on which you may put
+a little top-milk; a pinch of salt; no sugar and cup--about six ounces--of
+milk to drink; crisp dry toast, one piece.
+
+2:00 p. m.--Beef juice one to two ounces, a soft boiled; coddled or
+poached egg, and a tablespoonful of boiled rice, or mutton or chicken
+broth, four ounces; one or two pieces of stale bread or zwieback; and if
+most of the teeth are present, one scant teaspoonful of scraped rare beef,
+slowly increased to one tablespoonful, alternating with two ounces of beef
+juice and a salt-boiled or coddled egg. (Some advise a little prune jelly,
+apple sauce, a baked apple or junket as a dessert). No milk, but little
+water can be taken.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 597]
+
+6:00 p. m.--Two tablespoonfuls of thoroughly cooked farina, or cream of
+wheat or granum, or arrow-root, on which is a little top-milk; salt, but
+no sugar, and eight ounces of warm milk which may be taken from the
+bottle.
+
+10:00 p. m.--Warmed milk and eight to twelve ounces if necessary, by
+bottle.
+
+How shall I prepare the beef? Take round or sirloin steak and scrape it
+with a large spoon on both sides, so that you obtain the pulp only, salt
+it a little, and place it with a very tiny piece of butter in a saucer,
+cover it with another saucer, remove the cover from the boiling teakettle,
+and place the saucer in its place; let it steam until it is just heated
+through, as it must look rare when done, Give at first one teaspoonful and
+gradually work up to one tablespoonful, but do not begin this diet in
+midsummer. Give baby plenty of water to drink between meals, boil and
+cool.
+
+A diet for the eighteenth month to end of twenty-fourth month? Follow the
+same order. For most children milk at 10 p. m. is desirable; but if a
+child sleeps during the whole night it is not necessary to wake it at 10
+p. m. for the feeding.
+
+6:00 or 6:30 a. m.--Warmed milk ten to twelve ounces.
+
+9:00 a. m.--Two or three ounces of fruit juices.
+
+10:00 a. m.--Cereals similar to the last schedule; they need not be
+strained, but well cooked; crisp, dry bread, zwieback, warmed milk one
+cup.
+
+2 :00 p. m.--Beef juice and one egg or broth and meat; beef-steak, mutton
+chop or roast beef scraped, very stale bread or two pieces of zwieback;
+one or two tablespoonfuls of prune pulp, or baked apple and water, but no
+milk.
+
+6:00 p. m.--Farina, cream of wheat, or arrow-root well cooked with milk,
+salt, but no sugar; or milk or stale bread and milk.
+
+10:00 p. m.--If required, ten to twelve ounces of pure milk.
+
+What fruits may I give during this period? If the child has a weak
+stomach, only the fruit juices mentioned, but strong children may have in
+addition, baked apple, apple-sauce and prune pulp. Stew the dried prunes
+without sugar until they are very soft, and put all the fruit through a
+strainer thus removing all the skin; you may give one to two
+tablespoonfuls of this at one time. No cream should be given with the
+baked apple, and very little sugar with the apple-sauce These are very
+good for constipation, Remember to give water freely between the feedings,
+especially in warm weather. From one to three ounces may be given at one
+time either with a spoon, glass or bottle. Boil the water daily and cool.
+Do not allow it to stand in the room, but give fresh water to the child
+each time.
+
+[598  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+SCHEDULE FOR THREE-YEAR-OLD CHILD.
+
+7:30 a. m.--Cereal well cooked (over night) or at least for three hours, A
+larger variety of food can now be given and given as before with thin
+cream, salt, but little sugar. One glass of warm milk, a soft boiled,
+coddled or poached egg; bread very stale or dry, one slice with butter.
+
+10:00 a. m.--One cup of warm milk, with a cracker or a piece of stale
+bread and butter.
+
+2:00 p. m.--Soup, four ounces, or two ounces of beef juice. Meat: chop,
+steak, roast beef, lamb or chicken; white potato, baked or boiled rice.
+Green vegetables: Tips of asparagus, string beans, peas, spinach, all
+cooked until they are very soft, mashed or preferably put through a sieve,
+and only one to two teaspoonfuls at first. Desserts: Cooked fruit, baked
+or stewed apple, stewed prunes, water, but no milk.
+
+6:00 p. m.--Cereal: Farina, cream of wheat, or arrow-root, cooked for at
+least one-half hour with plenty of salt, but no sugar; or milk toast; or
+old bread and milk or stale or dry bread and butter and a glass of milk.
+
+
+
+BABY'S SECOND SUMMER.
+
+Nearly all mothers dread baby's second summer. If the baby is born at such
+a time that he cuts his double teeth during the hot weather, and if it is
+attended by indigestion and fever, there is really some cause for worry,
+because the digestive organs during the hot weather are more difficult to
+manage than during the colder months; otherwise, if you feed your baby
+carefully and properly, and with the regularity that you did in the early
+months, there is no reason to dread the second summer, Mistakes are made
+by mothers and grandparents especially. They permit the child to come to
+the table and eat of the food prepared for adults. Sometimes it is only a
+little, but that little will gradually grow larger; and even that little
+may be enough to upset baby for weeks and then the illness that follows is
+in reality due to the parents' own foolishness when it is laid to the
+credit of the second summer, or regarded as "a mysterious dispensation of
+Providence." Do not give anything to baby between its regular meals but
+water; crackers, zwieback, and bread are prohibited between.
+
+
+
+DIET OF OLDER CHILDREN-FOURTH TO TENTH YEAR.
+
+Give the largest meal at midday and a light supper at night, very much
+like that recommended for the third year. For a few years you can give
+milk once between breakfast and dinner, or dinner and supper, and permit
+no other food between meals, but give water freely.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 599]
+
+
+MILK AND CREAM.
+
+What part of the diet should milk form now? Nothing can take its place,
+and it should be an important part of the diet. Most children can take and
+digest milk.
+
+Why is this of so much advantage? Because it possesses a higher nutritive
+value than any other food, for the amount of work required of the
+digestive organs, and it is very especially adapted to a child's diet. It
+must be clean and fresh and not too rich.
+
+What essential point should I consider in its use? The Jersey cow gives
+too rich milk, and it must be greatly diluted. Children who digest milk
+with difficulty should take it diluted about four parts milk, one part
+water, a little salt or bicarbonate of soda should be added. Do not give
+milk at meals when fruits, especially if they are sour, are allowed.
+
+How much milk can I allow to advantage? For an average child with good
+digestion, you can allow one and one-half pints to one quart daily,
+including what is also used upon cereals and in other ways. Two quarts are
+too much, for a mixed diet will do better.
+
+How much cream can I allow? Older children do not need so much fat as do
+infants, and cream, especially when very rich, often produces indigestion.
+It is a common cause of the coated tongue, foul breath, and pale greasy
+stools, or biliousness so-called. Will not cream overcome constipation? It
+does so in some degree in infants, but not so much so in older children;
+and if it produces the above given symptoms it should not be given.
+
+
+
+EGGS.
+
+What is the value of eggs in the diet of this period? They form a very
+valuable food. They must be fresh and only slightly cooked, being either
+soft-boiled, poached or coddled. Fried eggs and omelets are prohibited.
+
+Is the white or yolk more digestible? Generally the white in most
+children. This is a very digestible proteid and can be used to great
+advantage even in the latter part of the first year.
+
+Do eggs often cause biliousness? Very seldom if they are carefully
+prepared and fed.
+
+How often may I give eggs to the child? Most children at this period will
+be able to take one egg for breakfast and one for supper, with relish and
+advantage; however, some few children cannot eat them at all.
+
+
+
+MEAT AND FISH.
+
+What kinds of meat can I give to my child? Beefsteak, mutton-chop, roast
+beef, lamb, boiled chicken and fish, such as shad or bass.
+
+What points should I consider in feeding meat? Most meats should be rare,
+scraped or finely divided, as a child will not chew it properly. Boiled or
+roast beef is best; fried meats should not be given to a child.
+
+How often can I give meats? Only at the midday meal, at this period.
+
+Do you think it causes nervousness in children? Not unless too much is
+given and too often.
+
+[600 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+What meats should be forbidden? Ham, bacon, sausage, pork, liver, kidney,
+and all dried and salt meats; also mackerel, cod and shell fish. A child
+should not eat any of these until after the tenth year.
+
+Are gravies healthy and nutritious? Beef juice or so-called "platter
+gravy" from a roast is very nourishing and desirable, but many of the
+gravies that are thickened are harder to digest and too much is given.
+Only a small quantity should be allowed.
+
+What about vegetables? Baked, boiled or mashed potatoes may be given
+first, but never fried. After the sixth or seventh year baked sweet
+potato, turnips, boiled onions and cauliflower, all well cooked, may be
+given moderately. They must be thoroughly cooked and mashed. This is the
+great trouble.
+
+Can I give canned vegetables? Peas, and asparagus of the best brands can
+be used. They are often better than stale green vegetables.
+
+What vegetables should be prohibited? Any that are eaten raw such as
+celery, radishes, onions, cucumbers, tomatoes or lettuce; corn, lima
+beans, cabbage, egg plant, even when well cooked; none of these should be
+given to a child under ten years old.
+
+Can I give vegetable salads? As a rule none should be allowed at this
+period. They are difficult to digest and create great disturbances in
+children of all ages.
+
+
+
+CEREALS.
+
+What points should I consider in selecting and preparing these? They must
+be properly cooked and not used in excess. He should not make a meal of
+them because he is fond of them, and eat two or three saucerfuls at once.
+Proper cooking is essential. Oatmeal, hominy, rice, wheaten grits need two
+hours' cooking at least, in a double boiler; cornstarch, arrow-root, and
+barley should be cooked twenty minutes or more. All the market
+preparations need cooking.
+
+How should they be eaten? Usually with milk or milk and cream; plenty of
+salt, no sugar or very little--one-half teaspoonful to a saucer--syrups or
+butter and sugar are prohibited.
+
+What broths and soup do you recommend? Meat broths are generally to be
+preferred to vegetable broths, mutton and chicken usually being the best
+liked. Almost all plain broths can be given. Those thickened with rice,
+barley or cornstarch make a good variety, especially with milk added.
+Tomato soup should not be given to young children.
+
+
+
+BREAD, CRACKERS, AND CHEESE.
+
+What forms of bread can I give? Stale bread cut thin and freshly dried in
+the oven until it is crisp is very useful, also the unsweetened zwieback.
+Fresh bread should not be eaten. Gluten, oatmeal, or graham crackers, or
+the Huntley and Palmer breakfast biscuits, stale rolls or corn bread which
+has been cut in two or toasted or dried to a crisp form a sufficient
+variety.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 601]
+
+What kinds of breadstuffs should be prohibited? All hot breads, all fresh
+rolls, buckwheat and other griddle cakes, all fresh sweet cakes,
+especially when covered with icing and those containing any dried fruits.
+Lady finger (stale) or a piece of sponge cake is all that can be allowed
+to children up to seven or eight years old.
+
+
+
+DESSERTS.
+
+Can I give any desserts to young children? Mistakes are very often made
+here. Junket, plain rice pudding without raisins, plain custard, and not
+more than once a week, a small amount of ice cream are all that can be
+allowed up to six or seven years.
+
+What are prohibited? Pies, tarts, and pastry of every kind and jams,
+syrups, and preserved fruits; nut candy and dried fruits.
+
+Can I give a little? No, for it develops a taste for this sort of food,
+and then the plainer food is taken with less relish. The little is soon
+likely to become a great deal.
+
+A child has an instinctive desire for sweets, why not satisfy it? A
+child's fondness for sweets is not a normal instinct. A free indulgence in
+desserts and sweets by young children produces more digestive disorders
+than any other causes. It is a growing tendency and hard to control as the
+child grows older. The only safe rule is to give none in early childhood.
+
+
+
+FRUITS.
+
+Are fruits an important or essential part of children's diet? Very
+important, and they should be begun young. They have a splendid effect
+upon the bowels. They should be carefully selected, especially in large
+cities. A greater latitude can be all owed in the country where fruit is
+fresh.
+
+What fruit can I safely give to children up to five years? Generally only
+cooked fruits and fresh fruit juices.
+
+What kind of fruit juices can I use? That from fresh, sweet oranges is
+best. The fresh juice of grape fruit, peaches, strawberries, and
+raspberries may also be used.
+
+What stewed fruits may I use? Stewed and baked apples, prunes, pears,
+peaches and apricots.
+
+What raw fruits should be avoided? The pulp of oranges or grape fruit,
+also cherries, berries, bananas and pineapple.
+
+What care should be exercised in regard to the use of fruits? In hot
+weather they should be used with greater care, and in children who are
+easily attacked with intestinal indigestion.
+
+What symptoms suggest that I should avoid fruits? Looseness of the bowels
+or a tendency thereto, with discharge of mucus, or frequent attacks of
+colic (abdominal pain) or stomach-ache.
+
+At what meals should fruits be used? If the fruit juice is given upon an
+empty stomach early in the morning, it works more actively upon the
+bowels, than when given later.
+
+[602 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Is it wise to give cream or milk with sour fruits? No, it is not wise, it
+is best to give it at midday when no milk is taken as a dessert. The
+quantity should always be moderate.
+
+Can I give anything besides water and milk to drink? Cocoa, if made very
+weak, almost all milk is often useful as a hot drink. Tea, coffee, wine,
+beer and cider are all prohibited under puberty. Lemonade and soda water
+should not be given until the tenth year at least.
+
+
+
+INDIGESTION IN OLDER CHILDREN.
+
+Different ways in which indigestion shows itself in children? First as an
+acute attack which lasts for a few days only; second, as chronic
+disturbances which may last for weeks and months.
+
+Which is the most serious? Chronic indigestion, for it often goes on for
+months and even years unchecked, because it is not recognized.
+
+The symptoms of acute indigestion? Vomiting, pain, diarrhea of undigested
+food, often fever and prostration.
+
+What are the common causes? Over eating or indulging in improper food or
+too hearty eating when very tired.
+
+Is it sometimes the forerunner of some acute general sickness? Yes.
+
+How shall I treat acute indigestion? Give castor oil to clean out all
+undigested food from the bowels. Vomiting usually frees the stomach of
+food; stop food for from twelve to thirty-six hours, only boiled water
+being allowed. Let the stomach rest.
+
+Can I then begin with the former diet? No, give at first only broth gruel,
+very much diluted milk or whey. Increase the diet slowly as the appetite
+and digestion improve, but this should consume a week or ten days in most
+cases before the full diet is resumed.
+
+Give the symptoms of chronic indigestion (dyspepsia) in children?
+Disturbed sleep, tired, grinding teeth, fretfulness, loss of weight and
+flesh, gas in the stomach and bowels, pain in the bowels, bloated bowels,
+constipation or loose bowels with mucus in the stools, foul breath, coated
+tongue, poor appetite, capricious appetite. Some may think worms are
+present.
+
+Common causes of chronic constipation? Bad system of feeding, prolonged
+use of improper food or improper methods of feeding, such as coaxing the
+child to eat, rapid eating, eating between meals, child selects his own
+food and lives largely upon one article of diet; indulgence in sweets,
+desserts, pies, etc. Improperly cooked foods especially oatmeal, and
+vegetables and eating sour or stale fruits. Exclude articles of diet which
+are known to be hard for children to digest.
+
+How shall chronic indigestion be treated? Remove all causes such as bad
+foods, habits, etc.
+
+Is it curable? In most cases, but the rules for feeding must be carefully
+followed for a long period. Medicine will not cure such cases unless the
+proper food is given in a proper way. That is better than medicine.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 603]
+
+How long must this proper feeding continue? For months, and with many
+children for two or three years.
+
+Is medicine of any use? It will relieve the symptoms, but the main thing
+is proper feeding.
+
+
+
+SLEEP.
+
+Should a baby sleep with anyone? No, young infants have been smothered by
+their mothers. It is also a frequent temptation to nursing at night, and
+this is injurious to both mother and child.
+
+How long does baby usually sleep at first? About nine-tenths of the time.
+
+How should his bed be prepared? The mattress should be firm and soft, the
+pillow, of hair and very thin; you should change his position so as not to
+sleep always in the same position.
+
+How many hours should baby sleep at six months? About two-thirds of the
+time.
+
+How long should the daily nap be continued? Until about four years old.
+
+How shall I put baby to sleep? Darken the room and have quiet. The child's
+hunger should be satisfied and make him generally comfortable and lay him
+in the crib while still awake.
+
+Can I rock him to sleep? No. It is a bad habit and, he will readily
+acquire it. It will be hard to break, and besides it is useless and some
+times an injurious one. The same may be said of sucking a rubber nipple or
+pacifier, and all other devices to put baby to sleep.
+
+What principal things disturb baby's sleep? Quiet, peaceful sleep is a
+sign of perfect health, and disorders of sleep may be produced by almost
+anything that is wrong with the child. Food and feeding cause disturbed
+sleep. It may come from chronic indigestion due to improper food. In
+bottle-fed babies it is often due to over-feeding. In those who nurse it
+may be due to poor food and hunger. Feeding three or four times during the
+night makes a restless baby. It may also be due to nervous causes such as
+bad habits due to faulty training, as when the nursery is light and the
+baby is taken from its crib whenever it cries or wakes, or when
+contrivances for producing sleep have been used. Any excitement in a
+nursing mother or child before sleeping time will cause wakefulness.
+Romping play just before bedtime and fears aroused by stories and pictures
+are causes, and children who inherit a nervous constitution are special
+sufferers from this cause. Cold feet, insufficient or too much clothing,
+want of pure fresh air in the sleeping room. Tonsils or adenoids may
+interfere with breathing in older children. Rousing a sleeping child from
+a good sound sleep, is a frequent cause of poor sleep. If a pregnant woman
+keeps herself in as good condition as possible, not only physically, but
+also mentally, she will not be likely to have a nervous baby; and if a
+baby is not born nervous there is no reason, at all, why it should not
+sleep well, for sleep is then its most normal condition, nine-tenths of
+the time. It will then depend upon the food and training it is given. The
+training many babies receive is enough to make them poor sleepers.
+
+[604 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+Unnecessary handling.--Babies are wakened from sleep to show to friends
+who wish to see them at almost any and all hours. They are handled,
+petted, and made restless. Sleep is their normal condition and they ought
+to be given the opportunity nature demands. They are only to be aroused
+from sleep for nurse, bathing and clothing, and immediately placed in
+their crib, covered comfortably and warmly with all light shut away from
+their eyes and quiet about them. They will soon wake of their own accord
+for meals.
+
+Rocking baby.--Rocking and shaking cause an increased flow of blood to the
+brain, and this should be avoided, for it of itself will cause
+sleeplessness. The brain during sleep is comparatively empty of blood;
+warm feet and cool head tend to produce sleep. Rocking, etc., is
+unnatural, and baby is made to receive and enjoy the natural. If the baby
+is sick the mother may take it in her arms and sing to it and coddle it
+carefully, but it is then sick. If it is trained properly from the
+beginning, rocking to sleep will be unnecessary; walking with the baby is
+of the same nature. See that your baby has warm feet and legs and body and
+a cool head, with comfortable clothes and good careful feeding, and it
+will sleep. Singing lullabies are soothing, but they do no good at first
+as the baby is deaf. Such lullabies are good when baby is sick and
+nervous, and then the mother is allowed and expected to hold and quiet
+baby. Sleep perhaps as much or more than any other item of nursery regime,
+depends on habit and mild but decided purpose. A lack of firmness in the
+early months of the baby's life may not only render its early years a
+burden to itself, but an annoyance, if not a nuisance to the entire
+household. Baby's habits are quickly and easily formed, but hard to
+correct. Dr. Tooker says: "An infant is as plastic as moist clay, you can
+mold it to your will. But you must have a will and a purpose and a plan,
+and make your judgment and your duty law."
+
+But suppose baby will not sleep, but continues cross and wakeful and
+peevish; can I not give medicines to produce sleep? Never. If baby is
+wakeful and refuses to sleep, there is something wrong with your training,
+his clothing, covering, or his food, or he may be sick, he may not get
+enough food, etc., or he may have worms. If everything is all right and
+you have trained your baby right from his birth, he will sleep. Find out
+the cause and remove it. All soothing syrups, cordials, and quieting
+medicines contain opium in some form, and all experienced physicians
+realize the danger of giving these mixtures to babies. Babies have been
+killed by medicines which were declared to contain neither opium nor
+anything else injurious. They are often used. Remember that opium,
+laudanum and paregoric are dangerous for babies and old people. Careful
+proper training, allowing plenty of sleeping time, no waking at wrong
+hours, warm feet, legs and body, cool head, proper modified food, and
+especially mother nursing, with mother careful with herself, will give a
+good baby in nine out of ten cases.
+
+Will children ever sleep too much? Not if they are healthy; you must
+remember a newly-born baby sleeps nine-tenths of the time; excessive
+sleeping may indicate disease of the brain.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 605 ]
+
+
+EXERCISE.
+
+Is exercise necessary for infants? Yes.
+
+How can it be obtained? A young baby usually gets its exercise by
+screaming, waving its arms, kicking, etc. It is a good plan to let baby
+lie in the center of a large bed, and with his long skirts drawn up, allow
+him to kick his little legs about for twenty or twenty-five minutes twice
+each day or one-half hour once a day. His clothing ought to be loose for
+this exercise. If the room is all right you can remove all clothing except
+his shirt, stockings and napkin; change his position sometimes and let him
+lie on his stomach for awhile. Of course this exercise cannot be taken
+after a meal and before the fourth month. Take a large clothes basket, put
+a blanket and some large pillows in it and prop baby up in a half sitting
+position for a little while each day, beginning with fifteen minutes, then
+one-half hour, and you can also at this time (fourth month) play with baby
+for a short time every day, but never just before bedtime, and the best
+time is just after his morning nap. Do not toss him in the air to make him
+laugh or crow; he is too tender and delicate for that. When baby is older
+and in short clothes, place a thick quilt upon the floor and allow him to
+tumble as he will; a fence two feet high which surrounds a mattress, makes
+an excellent place, or a box for this young animal to exercise his arms
+and legs without danger of injury. Before you put baby to sleep at night
+give him a warm sponge bath with a fresh band and shirt and he will sleep.
+
+When, if ever, is crying useful in a baby? The cry expands the lungs of a
+new-born baby, and he should use his lungs a few minutes daily in order to
+keep them well expanded.
+
+How much crying daily is necessary? Twenty to thirty minutes is not too
+much.
+
+What kind of a cry is it? Loud and strong and infants get red in the face
+with it. Some call it a scream. It is exercise for baby and necessary for
+its health.
+
+When is the cry abnormal? When it is very long and too frequent. It is not
+strong, but rather of a moaning or worrying nature or only a whine.
+
+What causes such crying? Habit, temper, pain, hunger, illness.
+
+What is the indulgence or habit cry? This is the cry of infants who cry to
+be rocked, or carried about, for a bottle to suck, etc.
+
+[606 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Temper cry? This is loud and strong and is usually accompanied by kicking,
+stiffening of the body, bending backward and is usually quite violent.
+
+Pain cry? This is generally strong, sharp and quick, but not usually
+continuous, the features contract, legs draw up and the baby plainly shows
+symptoms of distress,
+
+Hunger cry? This is a continuous fretful, pitiful cry, not strong and
+lusty,--baby looks hungry.
+
+The cry of illness? This is moaning, fretful, easily aroused to crying.
+This can be distinguished even from a little distance before seeing baby,
+if you have heard it once. A baby who cries to get things stops when he
+gets them.
+
+If baby cries at night what shall I do? See that he is comfortable,
+clothing all smooth under and about him, with warm feet and hands, and
+clean unsoiled napkin. If he is all right, let him cry. If it is habitual,
+find out the cause.
+
+If baby cries from temper or habit what shall I do? Let him cry it out,
+you must conquer him or he will make of your life a burden. Be sure first
+it is habit or temper and then conquer him. I have seen many babies who
+cried from cause and I have also seen those who needed conquering.
+
+But will not crying cause rupture? Not in young infants if the band is
+properly applied and not under any conditions after one year.
+
+
+
+HOW TO LIFT A CHILD.
+
+Grasp the clothing below the feet with the right hand and slip the left
+hand and, arm beneath the infant's body to its head. It is then raised
+upon the left arm and its head is upon your arm or chest. This supports
+the entire spine and there is no undue pressure upon the chest or abdomen,
+as is often the case when baby is grasped around the body or under the
+arms.
+
+How shall I lift a child who is old enough to run about? Place your hands
+under the child's arms, at the arm-pits and never by the wrists.
+
+Can I injure the child lifting it by its hands or wrists? Yes, it often
+injures the elbows or shoulder joints.
+
+
+
+TEMPERATURE.
+
+Normal temperature of an infant? This varies more than it does in adults.
+In the rectum it varies from 98 degrees F. to 99.5 degrees F., and a
+temperature in the rectum of 98 degrees F. or of 100 degrees F. is not of
+much importance unless it continues.
+
+Where should I take the temperature of infants and young children? First
+the rectum, next the groin, the first is from one-half a degree to a
+degree higher than that of the groin.
+
+How long should the thermometer be left in place? Two minutes in the
+rectum and five minutes in the groin.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 607]
+
+What meaning has the different temperature in a young child? 100 degrees
+F. to 102 degrees F. means a mild illness.
+
+One hundred four degrees F. or over means a serious illness. The duration
+of the fever is more important. Slight causes often produce a high
+temperature in all young children which lasts for a few hours. There is
+then not much cause for alarm unless the temperature continues high or is
+accompanied by important symptoms of illness.
+
+Is high temperature a more serious symptom in a young child than in an
+adult? No, for young children are very sensitive to conditions which
+produce fever and the thermometer often gives an unduly high idea of the
+severity of the symptoms. The same cause which would produce a temperature
+in an adult of 102 degrees F. or 103 degrees F. would likely produce a
+temperature of 104 degrees or 105 degrees F. in a child.
+
+
+
+NERVOUSNESS.
+
+What are the principal causes of nervousness in young infants and in
+children? The brain is a delicate structure at this time, and it grows
+rapidly, and during the first year of life grows as much as during all the
+rest of life. This needs quiet and peaceful surroundings and infants who
+are naturally nervous should be left almost alone, and few people should
+see them. Such babies should not play much. The poor little baby is often
+so tried by the attentions given him by older people that he does not know
+what to do, and as one author, a lady, says: "If he could speak he would
+beg for a quiet hour, and be perfectly happy if left alone with his own
+little hands and toes for his sole amusement." Babies of the very poor are
+less nervous than those of the wealthy and this is generally due to the
+fact that their mothers are too busy to constantly entertain and bother
+them. Children are better companions for babies than adults. Such little
+attentions given by the parents and relatives make sleepless and nervous
+babies very often. Playing with them before time and out of season, makes
+them not only nervous and irritable, but causes indigestion and allied
+diseases.
+
+
+
+TOYS.
+
+It is instinct for baby to put everything in its mouth. However, toys
+should be chosen that are smooth, easily washed and which cannot be
+swallowed. Avoid toys with sharp points like corners, or loose parts,
+small objects that can be pushed into the nose or ear or swallowed, such
+as coins, marbles, buttons, safety pins, beads, painted toys and those
+covered with hair or wool. Infants frequently swallow such wool or hair.
+
+
+
+KISSING.
+
+What objections are there to kissing babies? They are many and serious. No
+one, at least, outside of the immediate family has any right to kiss baby.
+Tuberculosis, diphtheria, syphilis and many other diseases are given by
+kissing. If infants are kissed at all, they should be kissed upon the
+cheek or forehead.
+
+[608 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+FOREIGN BODIES.
+
+If in the throat, examine and remove with the finger. If it has gone into
+the stomach, give plenty of dry food, such as bread, potatoes, but do not
+give an emetic or cathartic. An infant should have its usual food. A
+cathartic would hurry the foreign body too rapidly through the intestines,
+and in this way do harm. In the usual way it becomes coated with fecal
+matter and usually passes the intestines without causing any injury.
+
+What shall I do if it is in the ears? If you can easily remove it with
+your fingers or small hair pin or crochet hook, do it. If not, take the
+baby to a physician. If it is a corn, bean or pea, do not wet it, or it
+will swell and become larger.
+
+What if it is in the nostril? Place baby upon the table with its face
+toward a good light and use a hair pin bent right and pass this slowly and
+carefully behind the object, and pull slowly forward; or compress the
+empty nostril and have the child blow the nose strongly. If not removed
+easily, see a physician.
+
+
+
+COLIC.
+
+This is a very common disturbance in children, and is always due to
+disturbed digestion. It occurs in both nursed and bottle-fed babies, and
+may appear in the healthiest baby from error in the last meal, or error of
+diet or habit in the mother. Some mothers cannot under any circumstances
+secrete good nourishing milk, suitable for their children, and continued
+stomach and bowel disturbances with colic and emaciation follow its use.
+Such mothers should not nurse their baby.
+
+What are the causes of colic? As before stated, it is due to indigestion
+
+What causes indigestion? In nursing babies this may be due to some
+irregularity in the health or habits of the mother, or change in her
+dieting, and if the colic is not persistent the cause is not hard to find.
+Worry, trouble, sorrow, anger, overwork, and errors of diet in the mother
+often cause this trouble or the child may nurse too fast, too long, too
+much, or too often, or the milk may be too rich. If so, give baby an ounce
+of hot water before nursing. Hand-fed children are too often over-fed, and
+this produces indigestion.
+
+What are the symptoms of colic? The child screams sharply; the cry comes
+suddenly and returns every few minutes; he draws up his legs and feet; the
+muscles of his face contract and he has other signs of pain. The belly is
+usually hard and tense.
+
+What can I do for colic? First warm his feet and hands by placing them
+against a hot-water bag, or holding them before the open fire, turn him on
+his stomach, letting him lie on a hot-water bag or hot piece of flannel;
+pat his back gently to help up the wind and give him a little hot water
+with a medicine dropper and a few drops of essence of peppermint may be
+added to the water. If the colic continues, put ten drops of turpentine
+into a half teacupful of warm water, and inject this slowly into the
+rectum, and at the same time gently rub the abdomen so as to start the
+wind. If the wind is in the stomach, give him one-half a soda mint tablet
+dissolved in a tablespoonful of very warm water, or a little soda. If the
+attacks are frequent, the foods are too strong; use less cream or milk and
+more water. Regulate the mother's diet carefully if the baby nurses, and
+she should take some exercise out of doors, if possible, and try not to be
+nervous. Cereals, cocoa, milk, eggs, gruels made of corn, oatmeal; most
+fruits, not tart, and vegetables, with some meat, make a good diet for a
+nursing mother. The bowels must move freely every day at least once.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 609]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Wind Colic, Yarrow Tea for.--"Steep the yarrow tea
+the same as for catnip tea or any ordinary herb, and give as often as
+necessary." This is a remedy that has been very much used, and will help
+in a great many cases. It is perfectly harmless, and no one need have any
+fear of trying it.
+
+2. Colic, Camphor Cure for.--"One drop of camphor in a teaspoonful of
+water. This remedy worked like a charm with my little girl." This acts
+quickly, and is sure to give relief as it warms up the stomach.
+
+3. Wind Colic, Castor Oil for.--"Give large doses of castor oil." Colic,
+as we all know, is frequently caused by fermentation of the food in the
+stomach and bowels, and castor oil is one of the best known cathartics in
+a case of this kind. This can be given to small babies, in small
+quantities of course.
+
+4. Wind Colic.--A New York mother sends in the following relief
+for:--"Give enough essence of wintergreen in water to make it taste for a
+small babe, and more according to age. For mine I give 1/4 to 1/2, cup of
+warm sweetened water. I have always used this remedy, as it was
+recommended to me by my mother. It is better than peppermint as it is not
+so binding."
+
+5. Wind Colic, a Good Herb Remedy for.--Add enough water to one ounce of
+snake root to make one-half pint." Give in doses according to the age of
+the child. This is a good remedy, and has been used by many mothers with
+good success.
+
+6. Wind Colic.--A doctor in New York sends in the following remedy
+for.--"One-half teaspoonful sweet spirits of nitre in one-third glass of
+water, for baby. Increase the dose for older children or adults. This
+warms the stomach, and is highly recommended."
+
+7. Wind Colic, Cloves for.--"Make an infusion of 1 or 2 ounces of cloves.
+Cloves are warming, cordial and strengthening; they expel wind, and are
+good for the colic." This treatment has been known to give many a fretful
+baby a good night's sleep, and will be found very useful in homes where
+babies have this disease.
+
+[610 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--Temporary relief is obtained in attacks of colic
+by emptying the bowels of irritating materials, either by an enema or
+medicine. Peppermint, anise seed, catnip are effective, but may be harmful
+if continued long. Gin and whisky, warm, are good when the gas is in the
+stomach and upper bowel. It is always best to mix them with a solution
+like the following:
+
+    Bicarbonate of soda               40 grains
+    Aromatic spirits of ammonia       30 drops
+    Enough peppermint water to make    2 ounces
+
+Put one teaspoonful in a cup of hot water for a child one year old.
+
+The following is good to move the bowels:
+
+      Bicarbonate of soda         40 grains
+      Aromatic syrup of rhubarb    4 drams
+      Syrup of senna               5 drams
+      Syrup of orange              1 ounce
+
+One teaspoonful two or three times daily is needed in sour gassy stomach,
+with constipation or foul smelling stools. Fortunately such medicine is
+not often needed if the mother is careful, or baby is carefully
+bottle-fed. When there is vomiting with the colic and the stools contain
+curds the food is too strong. The nursing baby should be given one ounce
+of warm water before nursing, and the food for the bottle-fed baby should
+be made weaker by going back one formula. Sometimes peptonizing the food
+for a short time will do. This is very good when the proteids (curds) are
+hard for the baby to digest.
+
+
+
+EARACHE.
+
+Many young babies suffer from this trouble without the cause being even
+suspected. It may come after a cold, an attack of bronchitis or pneumonia,
+and sometimes during teething. It often accompanies scarlet fever and
+measles. The child screams, presses his head against his mother or nurse,
+pulls at his ear as if it hurt him. If you press in front of the ear the
+baby jumps as if in great pain and cries aloud. The pain is likely to be
+continuous and prolonged.
+
+What can I do for it? Heat is the best remedy. Wash out the ear with a hot
+solution of boric acid fifteen to twenty grains to the ounce of water, and
+then apply heat in various ways. Have the child lie with the painful ear
+against a covered hot water bag or heat a flannel over a lamp and place it
+against the ear, changing it often to keep it hot. A bag of hot salt or
+bran is also very good. Laudanum and oil should not be used unless ordered
+by a physician. As soon as possible after the first attack of pain the
+baby should be examined by a doctor and unnecessary deafness is often
+avoided by such action. For a more extended account, see General
+Department. Fomentations applied are often beneficial, especially of hot
+water.
+
+(See Earache, Mothers' Remedies, etc. under General Department).
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 611]
+
+
+CROUP.
+
+This disease is treated fully in the general department; only a general
+outline is given here. This is a disease dreaded by most mothers. It is
+more distressing than dangerous. Its appearance is sudden and  generally
+at night. The baby may have had a slight cold or have been exposed to a
+bad wind or it may have come on without any known cause.
+
+Symptoms.--They are known to almost everyone. There is a hard, dry,
+barking, hoarse cough, generally with difficulty in breathing to a greater
+or less degree with a distressed look.
+
+(For Mothers' Remedies, see General Department.)
+
+Treatment.--If the child has eaten a big supper, it is well to give a
+simple emetic, such as warm mustard water, alum and molasses, or goose
+grease, or melted lard. Wring out pieces of flannel in hot water and put
+them on the child's throat as hot as he can bear them and change them
+often to keep them hot. Make a tent by spreading a sheet over an opened
+umbrella over the crib then place a croup kettle or teakettle close to the
+crib, directing the steam under the sheet into the tent so that baby may
+inhale the vapor, taking care not to burn him. This affords much relief.
+If necessary give ten drops of syrup of ipecac until vomiting occurs; a
+teaspoonful of castor oil should also be given and if the baby is
+constipated, give an enema of soapsuds and water. Keep the child indoors
+the next day.
+
+
+
+CONSTIPATION IN BABIES.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Constipation, Olive Oil Treatment for.--"Rub the
+abdomen with a firm yet gentle motion from left to right with pure olive
+oil. This is what the doctor told me to do for my babe of three years."
+This treatment will be found very beneficial as the olive oil is very
+strengthening and the rubbing will always give relief.
+
+
+2. Constipation, A Pleasant Treatment for.--"One-half teaspoonful olive
+oil, one-half teaspoonful orange juice, three times a day after feeding."
+
+
+3. Constipation, Prunes a Medicine for.--"Abate heat and gently open the
+bowels by the use of prunes. These should be fed to children more often.
+This would often prevent sickness. A very useful way of administering
+prunes as a medicine is to simmer for one-half hour, a few in water enough
+to cover, with 1/2 oz. senna leaves; remove the prunes, allow to dry and
+let the child eat them when needed. This is very good."
+
+
+4. Constipation, Soothing Syrup Made by a Mother in New York for.--"One-
+half ounce spearmint, one-quarter ounce lady's slipper, one-half ounce
+rhubarb, one-quarter ounce cinnamon powder; pour one-half pint boiling
+water on the whole, mix and let stand to boil fifteen minutes, strain and
+sweeten well with syrup or honey. Give a teaspoonful every half hour,
+diminishing as the pain subsides." This will be found very beneficial in
+children, and may be used without any fear whatever, as it is perfectly
+harmless.
+
+5. Constipation, Figs as a Medicine for.--"Grind up equal amounts of figs
+and senna leaves, put in closed jar and eat dry when needed." This will be
+found especially good for children, and most of them like it.
+
+[612 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+CONSTIPATION may be caused by many things, inheritance, malformation of
+the rectum and other parts, errors of food in the mother and in bottle-fed
+babies.
+
+What is the treatment? If the baby is nursed and the mother is
+constipated, she should at once change her habits and diet. She should
+exercise in the open air at least two hours every day, and have a movement
+daily, even if she must take some mild laxative.
+
+What should she drink and eat? She should drink plenty of water, and pure
+rich milk, cocoa, eat oatmeal and cornmeal gruels. She should not drink
+tea or coffee. She can eat fruit, most green vegetables and some meat, but
+not much starchy food. Baby may not get enough residue in his bowels. Give
+him one or two meals daily of modified milk made up of oatmeal gruel
+instead of barley, and give him plenty of water between his meals. One
+teaspoonful of cream in a little hot water given before nursing is often
+beneficial, or one or two teaspoonfuls of beef juice may be given night
+and morning, After six months a little orange or prune juice may be added.
+
+
+
+BOTTLE-FED BABIES.
+
+Add a little more top-milk or cream to each bottle than the formula gives;
+do not pasteurize the food unless it is necessary; do not use lime-water,
+but bicarbonate of soda in proper strength in its place, as lime-water is
+often very constipating. Malted food may be added to each bottle for some
+time. If necessary, stimulate the rectum mildly; this can be done by
+holding the baby over a small chamber at exactly the same time after a
+meal each day and insert into the bowel a small cone of oiled paper, or
+use a small castile soap suppository. This may form a habit in a few days.
+Suppositories of gluten are very beneficial if used in the morning. The
+child should not be allowed to go longer than twenty-four hours without a
+passage. A enema made up of one or two tablespoonfuls of sweet oil may be
+given with a bulb syringe, or an ounce of warm water to which has been
+added one-half teaspoonful of glycerin, or one-half pint of warm
+soap-suds. Do not give it every day; massage the baby's abdomen. Your hand
+should be warm. Begin at the right side groin and make a series of
+circular movements with your fingers, lightly at first, and then press
+down harder as the baby becomes accustomed to it; work your way up
+gradually to the ribs, then across to the ribs on the left side, and down
+to the left groin. This can be done twice daily for eight or ten minutes
+at a time, and always at the same time of day, but never soon after a
+meal. Olive oil may safely be given for constipation to a baby,--from
+twenty drops to one teaspoonful one or two times daily, but castor oil
+should not be given for constipation, as after a time it leaves the baby
+more constipated than ever. Sometimes inserting your finger, well oiled,
+into the rectum, will produce a passage. For older children, decrease the
+amount of white bread, toast, potatoes, and give green vegetables,
+oatmeal, and graham bread instead, with plenty of proper fruit twice
+daily; raw, scraped apples are sometimes the best fruit to use.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 613]
+
+
+DIARRHEA. (For Older Children).
+
+What shall I do for this trouble? Rid the system of the irritating matter
+by giving the baby one teaspoonful of castor oil. Then stop all solid food
+and give boiled water if there is only a moderate looseness. Keep the
+child perfectly quiet. If the attack is more severe and attended by fever
+and vomiting all food and milk should be stopped at once in children of
+all ages, and only broth, barley water or some thin gruel given. Castor
+oil is required for a severe attack. If the patient is an infant the milk
+should be diluted or stopped. In severe attacks with vomiting or frequent
+foul stools, stop all food for at least twelve hours and all milk for a
+longer time, and the bowels should be freely moved by a cathartic. Give
+plenty of water to drink.
+
+Food.--Albumin water is often better than plain water or anything else. To
+make it stir the white of an egg into a pint of cold water. See that they
+are well mixed, add a pinch of salt and strain. Give baby one teaspoonful
+every one-half hour, and if he vomits all other food, give two ounces
+every two hours; barley gruel, wheat flour gruel, mutton broth may be
+given also.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Inflammation of the Bowels, Poultice of Hot Mush
+for.--"Wrap the child in a poultice of hot mush. Place the poultice over
+the abdomen." A poultice of this kind retains the heat, and is very good
+for inflammation of the abdominal cavity, and would help to take away the
+soreness and bloating in the bowels that is always present in this
+disease.
+
+2. Bowel Trouble, a Good Tonic for.--
+
+    Powdered rhubarb        1 heaping teaspoonful
+    Soda                  1/4 teaspoonful
+    Sugar                   1 teaspoonful
+    Peppermint essence    1/2 teaspoonful
+    Hot water             1/2 cup (scant)
+
+Dose:--One-half teaspoonful every hour until bowels show signs of right
+color.
+
+The soda and the peppermint will tone up the stomach and relieve any
+trouble present there, while the rhubarb will act on the bowels and carry
+off all impurities.
+
+3. Bowel Trouble, Rhubarb and Licorice for.--"Compound tincture of rhubarb
+one ounce bicarbonate of soda 1 dram, fluid extract of licorice 1 dram,
+pure water 6 ounces. Give from one to two teaspoonfuls according to the
+age of the child." This will be found a very good treatment for this
+trouble, and one that has been thoroughly tried.
+
+[614 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+RICKETS.
+
+You should always be suspicious if your baby has no teeth at the end of
+the first year. A hearty baby should have six or eight, and if the soft
+spot in the head just above the forehead is as much open as it was for
+months previously you should be doubly suspicious. This soft spot should
+be closed in a well-nourished infant between the fifteenth and twentieth
+months. If in addition to this the child sweats about the head whenever it
+sleeps, cries whenever it is handled (unless it has scurvy or rheumatism)
+and does not like to play, the indications of rickets are very nearly
+conclusive. Rickets is a constitutional disease showing itself in
+different ways.
+
+At what age does it usually occur? Between six months and two and one-half
+years.
+
+What are the causes of rickets? Improper food, or inability to absorb the
+food, unhygienic conditions. Nursing babies who have a healthy mother are
+not troubled with this disease unless she nurses too long into the second
+year. Starchy foods, too little milk or other animal food, taking the
+infant to the family table and allowing it to eat whatever it wants, these
+are the most common errors in baby feeding which very often result in
+rickets. Babies who are brought up on condensed milk, or other foods that
+contain little fat are likely to have rickets. Insufficient clothing, damp
+and badly ventilated buildings, a lack of out-door air and sunshine, and
+inherited constitutional weakness, are other causes.
+
+When do the most marked symptoms usually occur? Between the sixth or
+fifteenth months.
+
+What are the symptoms? Such children are likely to be nervous and
+irritable; child's head sweats profusely at night, so much so that the
+pillows are very wet. The chest is poorly shaped and frequently has
+depressions at the sides, and little nodules or "beads" in the ribs where
+the ribs and breast-bone join. The child's head is also peculiar. It is
+often very flat on the top and measures more around than a normal child at
+the same age. The forehead stands out and the sides and top are flattened.
+The soft spot in the skull is large and late in closing. He is late in
+cutting his teeth. His abdomen is generally large and prominent, pot
+belly; his muscles are soft and flabby, and his wrists and ankles are
+enlarged a little later. He takes cold easily. He is pale and anemic,
+although he may be plump and fat, and when he begins to walk his legs bend
+easily, and he will have bow-legs. When he sits, his back will look as if
+curved and this alarms his parents, who may think his spine is diseased.
+
+Is such a disease curable? Yes, if taken in time; you can arrest its
+progress.
+
+Do they ever die of rickets? Very seldom, but they do not stand other
+diseases very well.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 615]
+
+When and what shall I do for it? If you recognize the condition, have the
+baby attended to immediately by a physician. The food should be
+changed--such children require fats; very little starchy or sweet foods
+allowed. A baby ten to twelve months old can suck a piece of boiled bacon
+for a few minutes every day. Fruit juices can be given early, raw meat
+juice once a day. Give him his tub bath daily, and if he is apt to take
+cold easily he should have a little cold water dashed over his chest and
+spine, followed by a gentle brisk rubbing to start up the circulation. Sun
+baths are beneficial. Place the baby directly in the sun with his back to
+it, for an hour every day. Give him plenty of air and sunshine, both
+indoors and outdoors.
+
+Medicine.--Cod liver oil is an excellent remedy with the hypophosphites.
+Cod liver oil alone with calcarea phosphoricum 3X (homeopathic) is
+splendid treatment also. The whole treatment must be continued for
+months--calcarea phos. four times daily.
+
+
+
+SCURVY.--This disease is sometimes seen in infants. It attacks infants who
+have been fed for a long time on a proprietary food or else on milk that
+has been over sterilized. Nursing children seldom have it, or those who
+have been properly fed on modified cows' milk. Babies who are delicate and
+poorly nourished are more subject to it. The first symptoms a mother
+notices is that it seems to hurt very much when his legs are touched;
+sometimes both hurt, and then again only one is painful; at other times
+the arms will be most painful and again both arms and legs seem to pain
+alike. So it goes on; the joints enlarge somewhat and sometimes little red
+spots appear just under the skin and very often the gums will become red
+and spongy; this is especially noticeable around the incisor teeth of the
+upper gums, if they have already appeared. Rheumatism is very rarely seen
+so early and with that, there is generally fever.
+
+Treatment.--A cure is soon affected. Stop the patent food at once, or if
+the milk has been sterilized, it must be discontinued and the baby put on
+unsterilized milk diluted to the proper strength for his special age.
+Strained juice of an orange should be given him every day; if under six
+months he can have the juice of one-half an orange; over that the juice of
+one orange. This is given in intervals during the day. Beef juice is good,
+about two ounces in twenty-four hours. Smaller amount if necessary.
+Improvement is noticed twenty-four to forty-eight hours after treatment.
+
+
+
+MALNUTRITION. (Marasmus).--Marasmus is a term applied to infants who grow
+thinner and thinner. No matter how much or little they eat there is a
+constant wasting or fading away of the body.
+
+What are the causes? Syphilis, tuberculosis, chronic vomiting, persistent
+loose bowels, poor assimilation of the food. Marasmus is really a later
+and more severe form of malnutrition.
+
+Symptoms.--He looks shriveled, the skin is dry, eyes are sunken, anemia is
+marked, the belly is much distended, while the other parts of the body
+seem to be all bones and no flesh; he is constantly whining and fretful,
+has a tired and anxious expression most of the time; under six months it
+is hard to cure.
+
+Treatment.--A physician is needed to watch over and prescribe, no set rule
+can be given. Sometimes cod-liver oil or iron is needed. It needs constant
+care and watching to cure this trouble.
+
+[616 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+CONVULSIONS.--Young children are more subject to convulsions than older
+people. Convulsions may be due to brain trouble, but an overloaded stomach
+is the first thing a doctor thinks of, and so the mother should remember
+what was eaten that might be unusual.
+
+First Thing for the Mother to do? Undress the baby and put him to bed in a
+quiet room, and place an ice bag on his head, or wring cloths out of ice
+water or very cold water and place them on baby's head, and change often
+to keep them cold. Warm the feet with a hot water bag. If the doctor can
+not be present soon, give baby a mustard foot bath in bed; use two
+tablespoonfuls to a gallon of water, some advise stronger. If the
+convulsions are severe wring towels out of mustard water and place a
+rubber sheet on the bed and wrap the child's body and feet in the hot wet
+towels until the parts are quite red, and afterward cover the body with
+warm flannels. Have plenty of hot water ready, so the doctor can give a
+full tub bath when he comes, if he thinks it necessary. If the child can
+swallow, give him a teaspoonful of castor oil; or if the convulsions
+continue, wash out the bowels or give an injection as soon as possible.
+
+When is a hot bath needed and useful? If the convulsions have continued
+until the pulse is weak, the face is very pale, the nails and lips blue,
+the feet and hands cold: it will do good by bringing the blood to the
+surface and relieve the brain, heart and lungs.
+
+How shall I give it? Use a thermometer to see that the temperature of the
+water is not over 106 degrees F.; if no thermometer is handy put your arm
+into the water to your elbow. It should feel warm, but not so hot as to be
+uncomfortable. Put one-half teacupful of powdered mustard in the tub.
+Place the baby in the tub, body all covered, and hold the head out of the
+water; keep him in the bath for five to ten minutes; wrap him in a blanket
+and put into bed without drying.
+
+The following is given to prevent convulsions:--
+
+      Bromide of Potash  1/2 dram
+      Chloral Hydrate     15 grains
+      Simple Syrup         2 ounces
+      Mix thoroughly.
+
+Give one teaspoonful every hour, while the baby is nervous or feverish.
+For one-year-old child.
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Convulsions, a Grandmother's Remedy for.--"Dip the
+feet and limbs in warm water; give dry salt in mouth." Care should be
+taken not to give too much salt as you may choke the child. Also apply
+cold cloths to the head, to draw the blood from the brain.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 617]
+
+2. Convulsions, Hot Mustard Water for.--"Put patient in tub of hot mustard
+water, with cold cloths to the head," The hot mustard water draws the
+blood from the head to the feet and the cold cloths assist in doing good
+by keeping the blood away from the head. This is, an old, tried and
+effective remedy,
+
+3. Convulsions, Old Tried Remedy for.--"Put patient in hot bath; give
+castor oil and rub vigorously." The castor oil does good in cases where
+the bowels are too loose or constipated, as the case may be, by carrying
+off the impurities, and the hot bath equalizes the circulation, relieving
+the convulsion.
+
+4. Convulsions, A New York Mother's Remedy for.--"Chloroform one-half
+dram, tincture of cardamom, one-half ounce, spearmint water, two and
+one-half ounces. Shake well and give one-half teaspoonful in water to
+child one year old, smaller children a proportionate dose." The chloroform
+is very quieting, and the tincture of cardamom and spearmint act on the
+bowels. This combination will quiet the child, and in that way relieve the
+trouble.
+
+(See "Convulsions" in General Department for Mothers' Remedies).
+
+
+
+INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN.
+
+What are the early symptoms of brain diseases? Temperature is usually very
+high, 104 degrees F. and over. There is stupor or delirium, and vomiting
+is common; light hurts the eyes; the child jumps and starts at the
+slightest noise, unless the hearing is affected. There is often a squint,
+the eyes may be turned upward, and the lids may be only half closed during
+sleep. The pupils are dilated or contracted, Sometimes one pupil is larger
+than natural, while the other is smaller.
+
+What can I do for these symptoms? Cold to the head, either by ice bags or
+cold water cloths. The room should be dark and quiet. No food given unless
+ordered, and then bland and very little at a time. A doctor should always
+be called for such symptoms; castor oil to move the bowels should be given
+or an enema of soap-suds and water. This helps to draw the blood from the
+brain, also keep the feet warm and head cool.
+
+
+
+SCALD HEAD (in Babies) Milk Crust.--This is often due to neglect in
+regularly removing the free secretion, or due sometimes to an inflammation
+of the little sebaceous follicles of the skin. It occurs on the scalp
+most. The hair should be cut short, and soften the crusts with warm olive
+oil, or vaselin may be left on the scalp over night, then wash off the
+crusts with warm water and castile soap. An ointment can be made of
+vaselin or cold cream, and two per cent resorcin, and applied after the
+crust is resumed. Spread on linen and hold it in place by a thin cap, wash
+this off every day with olive oil and apply the salve fresh. Water should
+not be used oftener than once a week--oxide of zinc ointment is also good.
+
+
+[618 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--l. Cleaning Baby's Head, Common Lard for.--"Nothing
+is better than common lard. Grease the head good at night, using plenty of
+lard, especially if very heavily coated. Let stand over night, the lard
+softens the coating so you can take a fine comb and remove it. Comb from
+the forehead back. You need never have any scale on the baby's head." Care
+should be taken in using a fine comb, as it will very often make a child's
+head very sore.
+
+2. Scald Head, An Experienced Mother's Remedy for.--
+
+    "Boracic acid    2 drams
+    Salol            2 drams
+    Balsam Peru      1 dram
+    Carbolic acid   20 drops
+    Vaselin          1 ounce
+    Lanoline         1 ounce
+    Mix."
+
+Then wash the head thoroughly with castile soap, and apply the above
+morning and night, and use internally the following:--
+
+    Iodide Potash                      192 grains
+    Fluid Extract Stillingia             1 ounce
+    Fluid Ext. Prickly Ash Bark        1/2 ounce
+    Fluid Ext. Yellow Dock               1 ounce
+    Compound Syrup Sarsaparilla, q. s    8 ounces
+    Mix."
+
+Take about one-half teaspoonful from two to four times a day, according to
+the age of the child. If this treatment is kept up faithfully, you will be
+sure to obtain a cure.
+
+
+
+TEETHING.--There are twenty teeth in the first set. There is sometimes
+slight fever, restlessness, sleepless nights, maybe loss of appetite and
+some indigestion. If signs of indigestion are seen, give less food, and
+replace same with boiled water. If he is a nursing baby give him an ounce
+of boiled water before nursing and nurse him only ten to fifteen minutes.
+If he is restless at night give him a warm sponge bath, and if there is
+any fever, add one teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda to a basin of tepid
+water. If the gums are very much congested and swollen and the child
+suffers, they may need to be lanced. Sometimes the teeth come earlier, but
+generally between the fifth and ninth months. They appear usually as
+follows:--
+
+    2 lower central incisors                 6 to  9 months (often earlier)
+    4 upper incisors                         7 to 10 months
+    2 lower lateral incisors                12 to 14 months
+    2 anterior upper molars                 12 to 16 months
+    2 anterior lower molars                 12 to 16 months
+    2 upper canines (eye teeth)             18 to 24 months
+    2 lower canines (stomach teeth)         18 to 24 months
+    2 lower and 2 upper posterior molars    24 to 30 months
+
+During the first year the child should cut six teeth; next six months, six
+or more; at two years he should have sixteen; at two and one-half years
+twenty. About the sixth year the permanent teeth are cut and follow
+closely after the shedding of the milk teeth.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 619]
+
+TEETHING.--PERMANENT TEETH, USUAL ORDER.
+
+    4 first molars        6 years
+    4 central incisors    7 years
+    4 lateral incisors    8 years
+    4 first bicuspids     8-1/2 to 9 years
+    4 second bicuspids   10 years
+    4 canines            11 or 12 to 14 years
+    4 second molars      12 to 13 years, (12 to 15)
+    4 wisdom teeth       18 to 25 years (17 to 25)
+
+
+
+HICCOUGH.--Some infants are very liable to hiccoughs. It is generally a
+matter of little importance. It is a spasmodic contraction of the
+diaphragm, often caused by gas or wind or too much food in the baby's
+stomach. It is very annoying, and should not be allowed to go on
+indefinitely. Pat the baby gently, but suddenly, on the back, or give him
+a little hot water in which there are a few grains of sugar or a drop of
+essence of peppermint. See that he does not feed too fast or suck an empty
+bottle.
+
+
+
+ENLARGED GLANDS.--Cutting teeth or sometimes a bad cold or other things
+cause the glands at the sides of the neck to swell and enlarge. This does
+not always give any discomfort to the baby, but it annoys and worries the
+mother. Frequently the enlargement will soon disappear of itself, but
+sometimes the gland grows larger, gets quite hard and often much
+inflamed--matter or pus will then form, and a discharge soon follows.
+
+Treatment.--If the gland keeps on enlarging, a doctor should be seen, and
+if it needs lancing he can do so at the proper time, and save the neck
+from a bad scar. Medicine can also be given that will sometimes stop it.
+Syrup of iodide of iron three to ten drops, three times a day for a
+one-year-old child is good; cod-liver oil should be given to pale, thin
+children for a long time.
+
+
+
+BED-WETTING.--If a child continues to wet the bed after he is three years
+old, something should be done for this annoying habit. The child should be
+examined by a doctor; circumcision will often effect a cure in boys; or
+pin worms may be the cause of the trouble; a stone in the bladder, or any
+trouble that makes him nervous, or it may be due to habit.
+
+Treatment.--Scolding will not do any good. The child should not drink any
+fluids after four in the afternoon. He should not have any bread and milk
+or water for supper, but instead have bread and a dry cereal, with a
+little stewed fruit; sometimes a child needs a tonic. It is a tedious
+trouble to treat and it takes a long time to gain control of it. The
+mother must have a large stock of patience and co-operate with the doctor.
+The child should pass urine before retiring, have the foot of the bedstead
+elevated, not too warmly covered so as to become restless. His suppers
+should not be hearty, bowels should be regular. The following is a good
+remedy:--Tincture of belladonna; give five drops at bed-time and increase
+the dose, drop by drop, each night until it produces a fine scarlet rash
+upon the skin. This should be marked "poison" and only given under the
+care of a doctor. It is a good remedy, but it must be watched.
+
+[620  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+HIVES.--Hives, or urticaria, is often seen in young children, It is
+generally caused by indigestion. It is not a serious disease, but it is
+uncomfortable and makes a baby cross. The eruption is bright red in color,
+and appears in blotches or wheels.
+
+Treatment.--Give the child a laxative like magnesia or citrate of
+magnesia, or epsom salts and cream of tartar, of each two ounces. Dose,
+one-half teaspoonful in water every three hours until the bowels move
+freely. (One-year-old).
+
+To relieve the itching.--Sop the spots with warm water, and a little soda,
+or an entire bath can be given of this if the eruption is extensive.
+
+
+
+RUPTURE in a Baby. (Navel).--Take a strip of oxide of zinc adhesive
+plaster about one and one-half inches wide and long enough to reach
+three-fourths around the baby's body. Fasten one end of this to one side
+of the abdomen and with the other hand gently push the rupture back; bring
+the skin on either side of the navel together so that it will meet and
+hold the rupture. Bring the plaster tightly across the abdomen, across the
+navel and attach it firmly to the other side; change this dressing every
+few days and continue treatment until healed.
+
+
+
+COLDS in Babies.--Many babies seem to take cold without any cause. It is
+often due to the fact that the room is too warm, or they are clothed too
+warmly; they get easily overheated and feel the slightest draught of air.
+If it is in his nose and it is stopped up, twist a piece of cotton on a
+small wooden piece like a tooth-pick and dip it into olive oil and put it
+into the nostrils a short distance. If necessary, buy a nose syringe with
+a soft rubber tip, and use it twice daily. The following solution is good:
+one-half teaspoonful of boric acid powder, one ounce of glycerin, and
+eight ounces of warm water. Mix. Place the child on your lap, head against
+your chest, bend his head well forward and syringe one nostril and then
+the other. Camphor cream is a good remedy. For a cough and much wheezing
+use a mustard plaster. Take one part mustard, six parts flour and mix it
+into a smooth paste with a little cold water, spread it between two layers
+of muslin, warm it and moisten with a little water if necessary, and put
+it on the upper part of the breastbone. Leave it on only long enough to
+redden the skin (five to six minutes). Put it on just before baby goes to
+bed. A drop of camphor every three hours is often good for a cold at the
+beginning. Aconite in small doses is also very good.
+
+[ALL ABOUT BABY 621]
+
+MOTHERS' REMEDIES. Colds, Catnip Tea for.--"Give a little sweetened catnip
+tea, then grease well with camphor and lard." This is a very simple and
+effective remedy, especially for small babies.
+
+(See "Colds" under General Department for more Mothers' Remedies,)
+
+Early signs of sickness.--When a baby who persistently refuses his food is
+drowsy at unusual times, fretful, feverish, and is uncomfortable, the
+mother should look in baby's mouth, for sore throat or tonsils, or on his
+body for rashes. Undress the baby and put him to bed in a quiet room away
+from the rest of the family, and if he is hot and restless give him a
+sponge bath with one teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda to a basin of
+luke-warm water. Give him also an enema to move his bowels, especially if
+they are not regular. Dilute his usual food with water or barley water to
+one-half the usual strength. If he is old enough to eat solid food, stop
+it. A dose of a teaspoonful of castor oil is safe to give until the doctor
+comes. Give him water to drink for he is thirsty. Take his temperature.
+
+
+
+CARING FOR BURNS, BRUISES, CUTS, WOUNDS, ETC., IN BABY.
+
+For Burns.--Keep away the air from the burn. Dust soda on the burn if the
+skin is not too much broken, and wrap it up in clean linen. Olive oil,
+linseed oil, is better, or cream should be put on if it is more severe.
+Then a layer of clean linen and then a thin layer of cotton wool. It must
+not be too warmly dressed. An ointment called pineoline is excellent for
+burns.
+
+For a bruise or bump.--Apply cloths hot or cold,--you can do this with
+flannel wrung out of very cold or hot water. Ice may be wrapped up in
+cotton and put on the part.
+
+Cuts.--Wash it with clean cold water, and bind it up with clean linen. If
+it bleeds much, let it bleed for a few seconds, and then stop it with a
+pad of clean linen pressed firmly on the part and held there until it
+stops.
+
+
+
+SPLINTERS.--Remove them and dress as for any other wound.
+
+
+
+POISONING.--Children will get hold of poison, and mother had better have
+antidotes, etc., to use in case of necessity. Rat poison, fly poison,
+matches, etc.
+
+Treatment.--First use emetics; mustard and luke-warm water or one
+teaspoonful of alum in a glass of luke-warm water; a little salt and warm
+water; ten to fifteen drops syrup of ipecac, and then warm water. For fly
+poison, give one-half ounce of olive oil in same amount of lime-water, and
+repeat it every five or six minutes, for five or six doses, and then white
+of an egg, and keep child warm. Antidote for arsenic is freshly
+precipitated, sesquioxide of iron. Go to druggist and tell him to prepare
+it; tell him what it is wanted for, and give this in doses of an ounce at
+a time as the oil was given.
+
+For poisoning from sucking matches.--Vomit the child freely, but do not
+give anything oily, as milk or egg, as this dissolves the phosphorus.
+
+[622 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Oxalic acid is sometimes used for cleaning purposes, and mistaken for
+epsom salts. Give an emetic and lime-water.
+
+For carbolic acid.--Give an emetic, and then white of an egg and epsom
+salts.
+
+Overdose of soothing syrup.--Keep baby awake, slap with wet towel, etc.;
+or walk him about if he is old enough, inject strong black coffee in the
+rectum. Keep up the strength with stimulants.
+
+
+
+PROPRIETARY FOODS.
+
+These foods are sometimes of temporary use. As many of them contain very
+little fat, they may be used in cases of illness where fat cannot be
+borne. Some of these contain malt sugar, and when the baby is constipated
+this kind is useful when added to milk. Others can be made up of water
+only, and are useful and handy where it is impossible to obtain fresh
+milk. In cases of diarrhea the flour foods made up with water are very
+useful. Milk at that time acts as a poison. Some of the best foods on the
+market are the following--Condensed milk, Mellin's food, Horlick's Malted
+milk, Nestle's food, Imperial granum, Just's food, Carnrick's soluble
+food, Ridge's food, peptogenic milk powder, Lactated food, Eskay's,
+Albumenized food, cereal milk, Borden's food.
+
+For constipation in a child.--One to two teaspoonfuls of Mellin's food,
+added to each bottle of his usual modified milk formula will often help a
+great deal. As soon as the bowels move naturally it should be gradually
+diminished until after four or six weeks, the child can do without it.
+
+Condensed milk and Malted milk.--These can be prepared with water only,
+and so are best to use on a long journey. Give the baby one or two meals
+daily a week or two before the journey. Discontinue when at the end of the
+journey.
+
+Imperial Granum.--This is often useful in acute diarrhea, when milk cannot
+be given. Mix the proportion as given on the box with water into a smooth
+paste, then add a pint of boiling water and boil for fifteen or twenty
+minutes.
+
+Peptogenic Milk Powder.--This may be used for a short time during or after
+acute illness; you can add it to the formula used as directed on the
+package.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 625]
+
+
+NURSING DEPARTMENT
+Including
+Care of the Sick and the Sick Room
+
+FOODS, FORMULAE, DELICACIES FOR SICK ROOM,
+HOW TO PREPARE THEM; DIET IN FEVERS
+AND OTHER DISEASES, SECURED FROM
+TRAINED NURSES, PHYSICIANS
+AND HOSPITALS.
+
+Every Phase of Nursing Given in Detail and in Plain Mothers'
+Language, including Latest Sanitary Care and Science.
+
+VENTILATION.--The sick room should be ventilated without any draught
+hitting the patient. The patient's bed should be placed out of the line of
+air currents. If this is not possible he must be protected by means of
+screens, the head of the bed being especially guarded. That draughts are
+dangerous is founded on fact no less than is the modern idea that an
+abundance of fresh air is necessary and helpful. A nurse has been guilty
+of gross neglect of duty when the patient contracts pneumonia through
+exposure to too severe currents of air. A simple way to ventilate a
+private room is to raise the lower sash of window six inches and place a
+board across the opening below; the air will then enter between the two
+sashes and be directed upward, where it becomes diffused and no one in the
+room is subjected to a draught. In a room where there is only one window a
+pane of glass may be taken out and a piece of tin or pasteboard may be so
+placed that the current will be directed upwards; or a window can be
+opened in an adjoining room which fills with fresh air and the door of the
+sick room opened afterwards to admit the air; or, the patient may be
+covered up, head and all, for a few minutes two or three times a day,
+while all the windows are thrown open, The room should be thoroughly
+warmed before it is so thoroughly ventilated.
+
+[624 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+TEMPERATURE OF THE ROOM.--This should be regulated by a thermometer
+suspended at a central point in the room. The temperature should be
+regulated according to the nature of the disease and the comfort of the
+patient. In fevers it should be lower, varying from 55 to 60 degrees F.,
+but in bronchial troubles it should be kept about 70 degrees F. The mean
+temperature should be kept about 60 degrees to 70 degrees. It should be
+raised or lowered gradually, so that the patient will not be overheated or
+chilled.
+
+
+LIGHT.--The patient should have plenty of light and sunshine, but do not
+let the sun or light shine directly upon the face.
+
+
+CARE OF THE DISCHARGES (Excreta).--This is very important. Sputa, dirty
+vessels, soiled dressings and linen are prolific sources of impure air.
+
+Sputum Cups.--These should be of glazed earthenware, without any corners
+or cracks and provided with a simple moveable cover when in use. They
+should be sterilized for one hour in every twenty-four hours.
+
+Bed Pans and Urinals.--These should be washed out thoroughly. Allow
+boiling hot water to run on them for some time before they are put away
+after being cleansed.
+
+Soiled Dressing and Linen.--These should be received in covered basins or
+in paper bags and at once carried away and destroyed or disinfected, or
+put in a metal dressing can and closely covered until the contents can be
+cared for at the earliest possible time. Vomited matter or the discharges
+from the bowels and the urine should always be covered in the vessel
+either with a lid, towel or rubber cloth. The rubber is better than the
+cloth as it keeps in the odor and can be scrubbed and disinfected.
+
+If the patient is too sick to use a sputum cup, the expectoration can be
+received in a paper handkerchief or a piece of cheese cloth and placed in
+a small paper bag and burned at once.
+
+
+SOILED AND STAINED LINEN.--These should be put away in a covered
+receptacle that contains enough disinfectant solution to keep them moist.
+They are removed as soon as possible to the wash room to be cleaned and
+sterilized.
+
+Sterilization.--This term is usually employed when heat is used to
+sterilize.
+
+Disinfection.--This is the term used when chemicals are relied upon to
+purify (sterilize).
+
+Heat and Chemicals are much aided by sunshine, light and fresh air,
+especially that of high dry climates.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 625]
+
+The germs (bacteria) are destroyed by dry or moist heat, the latter used
+in the form of steam. Dry heat is not so penetrating and requires a longer
+time and some goods are destroyed when exposed in it long enough to
+destroy the germs.
+
+In order to destroy these organisms it is thought to be necessary to
+expose whatever is to be sterilized to the steam at 200 degrees F. for
+three successive days for thirty minutes or more each day, and during the
+interval to keep them in a room with a temperature of 60 degrees F.
+
+
+A SIMPLE METHOD OF STERILIZING.--Put the articles (small articles) in an
+ordinary kitchen steamer; closely cover it and place it over a pot of
+boiling water. If you wish you can add two parts of carbonate of sodium to
+each ninety-eight parts of water.
+
+Germicides are chemicals used to destroy germs.
+
+Disinfectants are chemicals used to arrest and prevent their development.
+These disinfectants should always be fresh.
+
+Carbolic acid is one of the most efficient and most frequently employed of
+the known chemical disinfectants. It comes to us in the form of white
+crystals and dissolves in water, glycerin, or alcohol.
+
+Watery solutions cannot be made stronger than five per cent. Solutions
+weaker than this will not destroy all germs, but on account of its
+irritating qualities the weaker solutions are employed when used for the
+skin and mucous membranes. How to make a five per cent or one to twenty
+solution:
+
+A bottle containing the crystals is placed in hot water until they are
+melted (or you can buy this dissolved product). Then take one part of the
+acid and add it to nineteen parts of boiling water and shake this
+vigorously until all has been thoroughly dissolved and mixed. To make a 1,
+2, 3 or 4 per cent solution, you take 1/100 or 1/50 or 1/33 or 1/25 of
+acid.
+
+Corrosive Sublimate or Bichloride of Mercury.--Tablets can be bought at
+any drug store containing the desired strength, and are better to use.
+This is a powerful irritant poison and must be used carefully. Tablets of
+the strength of 1-1000 and 1-2000 are most often employed for germicide
+action. The weaker solutions 1-5,000 or 1-10,000 were used to wash out the
+cavities. It is not now used much for that purpose; it stains clothing and
+corrodes instruments.
+
+Milk of Lime is considered very valuable and safe to use in vessels to
+receive evacuations from the bowels. It should be freshly made or it is
+useless. Equal parts should be stirred up with the contents of the bed pan
+and this must be let stand at least one hour. This is the best way to
+disinfect stools.
+
+To Prepare Milk of Lime.--The milk of lime is made by adding one part of
+slaked lime to four parts water.
+
+Chloride of Lime (Chlorinated lime) is also a very good disinfectant. It
+has a bad odor and unless it is very fresh, is not reliable.
+
+[626  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Boric acid disinfectant. This property is not very marked, but it is not
+irritating. The standard solution is five per cent. The weaker solutions
+are used to clean cavities, for superficial wounds, and to wash out the
+bladder.
+
+The standard or saturated solution is made by using one part of the acid
+in crystal form to nineteen parts of water; or, this saturated solution
+can be easily made by putting a large quantity of the crystals in a filter
+and pouring the quantity of boiling water over them slowly until all are
+dissolved. Strain the solution to get rid of the excess of crystals or it
+can be allowed to cool when the liquid can be poured off.
+
+Normal salt solution is made by using one teaspoonful of salt to a pint of
+water.
+
+
+CARE AND DISINFECTION OF AN INFECTED ROOM.--Carpets, upholstered
+furniture, hangings, bric-a-brac, or any personal clothing, the color of
+which may be destroyed by disinfection, should have been removed from the
+room at the beginning of the disease.
+
+
+DAILY CARE OF THE ROOM BY THE NURSE.--The furniture should be wiped off
+with a damp cloth and the floor swept with a broom covered with a damp
+cloth wrung out of a 1-20 (five per cent) carbolic acid solution; besides
+this the floor must be rubbed thoroughly with a damp cloth every second or
+third day. If the disease is contagious a damp sheet kept moist should be
+hung in the line of the air currents. Cloths that are used daily should be
+washed in hot soap suds and when not in use left to soak in carbolic acid
+solution 1-20 (five per cent).
+
+After the patient has recovered from an infectious disease he should
+receive a hot soap and water tub or sponge bath, thorough washing of the
+hair and irrigation of the ears included, followed by a thorough sponging
+with a one per cent carbolic acid or corrosive sublimate (1-10,000)
+solution. The finger-nails and toe-nails should be cut close and cleaned
+underneath.
+
+A nasal douche is given, and the mouth should be washed with listerine or
+a saturated (five per cent) solution of boric acid. The patient is then
+wrapped in clean sheets or clothes and taken in another room. Then the
+bedding and clothing are made ready for sterilization.
+
+
+DISINFECTION OF THE ROOM.--Brush off the mattress, wrap it in a damp sheet
+wrung out of a twenty per cent solution of carbolic acid, and send to the
+sterilizer. The clothes are steamed and sent to the wash room. When there
+is no sterilizer the bed must be soaked in a 1-20 (five per cent) carbolic
+solution, afterwards boiled and the mattress ripped apart and boiled or
+burned.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 627]
+
+DISINFECTING THE ROOM.--Arrange all articles that are left in the room so
+as to expose them the best to the fumigating substance. To disinfect with
+formalin, close the room tightly, seal all cracks and openings with paste
+and paper. Place an alcohol lamp in a metal dish in the center of the
+room. Put in a receptacle over the lamp three fluid ounces of a forty per
+cent solution of formaldehyde; have a dish of water in the room for some
+time; moisten the air of the room, light the lamp and then close the room
+up tight for twenty-four hours, until the dust has settled; then enter
+gently so as not to disturb the dust and wipe off everything in the room
+with a cloth wrung out of a corrosive sublimate (1-1000) solution. Floors,
+woodwork, furniture, bedstead must be so washed or wiped, and use for
+crevices pure carbolic acid, applying it with a brush. The walls should be
+washed down with the 1-1000 corrosive sublimate solution. Then leave the
+windows wide open. Sulphur fumigation is not considered so certain in its
+results.
+
+
+HOW TO TREAT SPUTUM FROM TUBERCULOUS PATIENTS.--Sputum is dangerous when
+it is dry. The sputum cups should be of china or paper, so that they may
+be either boiled or burned. There should be no crevices. The cup should be
+kept covered and the sputum moist so that none of the germs on the sputum
+becoming dry may escape into the air of the room. The china vessel should
+be frequently cleaned and, before the contents are thrown away, the germs
+must be destroyed by putting the sputum in a two per cent solution of
+carbonate of soda for one hour. The paper cups and contents must be burned
+before the contents have time enough to become dry. In infectious
+diseases, all discharges from the nose, mouth, bowels and bladder should
+be received in a china vessel containing carbolic acid or milk of lime.
+
+In Diphtheria the expectoration, discharge from the nose and vomited
+matter should be received in paper napkins and burned at once in the room,
+or if this is impossible, boiled before being taken from the room.
+
+Use the same treatment for the discharges in Scarlet fever. Two sets of
+cups should be kept and boiled in the soda solution before being used. All
+vessels, tubes or cups that are used for the mouth in diphtheria,
+syphilis, or cancer should be kept in a 1-40 solution of carbolic acid and
+boiled before being used by another patient.
+
+Bed-pans used in cases of cancer, dysentery, typhoid fever and, in short,
+in all infectious diseases, are to be soaked in a 1-20 (five per cent)
+carbolic acid solution and boiled before again coming into general use.
+
+Sheets and clothing stained with typhoid fever discharges must be washed
+out at once, or soaked in a disinfectant solution and steamed before being
+sent to the laundry. Also the bedding and clothing in any infectious or
+malignant disease should always be put to soak, at once, in a 1-20 (five
+per cent) carbolic acid solution, or else steamed or boiled before being
+brought again into general use.
+
+The urine needs the same attention as the bowel discharges in typhoid
+fever.
+
+Coughing in diphtheria, lung tuberculosis, scarlet fever, etc., sets free
+infectious germs. These may be received in the person of the attendant, or
+on the bedding and furniture. Care should be taken when attending such
+cases.
+
+[628 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+CARE OF THE MOUTH AND TEETH.--A weak solution of borax or listerine is
+very good. One-half ounce of listerine to a glass of water to be used by
+the patient as often as he desires to rinse his mouth. Lemon juice in
+solution is very good. For cracks in the mouth, vaselin or cold cream is
+good. A few drops of oil of peppermint can be added, or oil of
+wintergreen.
+
+For spongy and sore gums.--A few drops of tincture of myrrh added to pure
+water may be used. Colorless golden seal in the same way is pleasant and
+successful.
+
+Cloths for washing the teeth and mouth are made in small squares of gauze
+or old linen. They are best to use since they can be burned immediately
+after being used. Wrap one of the squares around the first finger, dip it
+into the mouth-wash and insert in the mouth. Go over the whole cavity, the
+cloth being passed along the gums and behind the wisdom teeth, thence over
+the roof of the mouth, inside the teeth and under the tongue. Use more
+than one piece for all this. This is very necessary in typhoid fever. If
+the tongue is badly coated, it can be soaked and gently scraped. A good
+mouth-wash for general use is the following:
+
+    Glycerin                    1 dram
+    Soda                       10 grains
+    5% solution of Boric Acid   1 ounce
+
+
+BED SORES. Prevention and care of.--Very fat flabby people or thin
+emaciated patients are liable to suffer from bed sores. They result from
+constant friction or pressure on a certain spot or spots and when the body
+is poorly nourished. Moisture, creases in the under sheets, night gown,
+crumbs in the bed and want of proper care and cleanliness also are causes.
+
+Bed-sores due to pressure occur most frequently upon the hips and lower
+back, the shoulders and heels; those from friction, in the ankles, inner
+parts of the knees, or the elbows and back of the head. In patients
+suffering from dropsy, paralysis or spinal injuries, or when there is a
+continuous discharge from any part of the body, the utmost care must be
+taken to prevent bed sores.
+
+Treatment. Preventive.--Cleanliness and relief from pressure. Bathe the
+back and shoulders with warm water and soap night and morning and
+afterwards rub with alcohol and water equal parts. Dust the parts with
+oxide of zinc or stearate of zinc powder, or bismuth mixed with borax; all
+are good. If there is much moisture due to sweating or involuntary stools
+or urine, castor oil should be well rubbed in addition. The sheets must be
+kept smooth and dry under the patient.
+
+[ NURSING DEPARTMENT 629]
+
+Redness of the skin may be the first symptom of this trouble. This may be
+followed by a dark color under the skin, and when the cuticle finally
+comes off the underlying tissues are found broken down and sloughing. Any
+skin scraped or worn off--abrasion--should be carefully washed and a small
+pad of cotton smeared with olive oil and stearate of zinc placed over it
+and kept there with collodion painted over it; or white of egg painted
+over the sore is sometimes very beneficial; also equal parts of castor oil
+and bismuth make an excellent dressing. Rubber rings or cotton rings over
+the part relieve the pressure. Changing the position is often beneficial.
+
+Treatment of the Sore Proper.--Sponge with clean soft cloths, with a
+solution of boric acid or one per cent solution of carbolic acid and the
+cavity packed with iodoform gauze, or iodoform, or aristol ointment, over
+which apply a layer of borated cotton. Dress the sore daily. If it sloughs
+apply hot boric acid dressings every four hours and follow with an
+application of castor oil and balsam of Peru. When it is better treat as
+any other sore.
+
+BATHS.
+
+    A   hot bath temperature is from   100 to 112 degrees F. or higher.
+    A  warm bath temperature is from    90 to 100 degrees F.
+    A tepid bath temperature is from    70 to  90 degrees F.
+    A  cool bath temperature is from    65 to  70 degrees F.
+    A  cold bath temperature is from    33 to  65 degrees F.
+
+The entire bath should not last longer, when given in bed, than fifteen or
+twenty minutes. A few drops of water of ammonia or a little borax will
+help much in getting the patient clean and disguise the bad odor of the
+perspiration. A little alcohol or Eau de Cologne will be found refreshing.
+Cold damp towels should never be employed here. The water should be
+pleasantly warm and changed a few times during the bath. A glass of hot
+milk can be taken after the bath is given, if the patient feels exhausted,
+and if the feet are cool a hot fruit can is applied.
+
+Foot Baths in Bed.--The patient should lie on her back, with the knees
+bent and place her feet in the tub, which is placed lengthwise in the bed
+on a rubber sheet spread across the lower part of the bed for protection.
+A mustard foot bath can be given the same way except that the knees and
+foot bath are enclosed in a blanket. These are often given for severe
+colds, with head symptoms (headaches), when it is desired to draw the
+blood from the head. Hot water alone will do this, but the mustard hastens
+the action. The mustard should be mixed with a small amount of water
+before being added to the bath. The amount will depend upon the
+sensitiveness of the patient. The feet may remain in the bath for fifteen
+to twenty minutes, the water kept at the same temperature or made warmer
+by adding more hot water from time to time. They are wiped gently
+afterward and tucked snugly in blankets.
+
+[630 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Hot Bath, Hot Air, Vapor, and Steam Bath.--Given for sweating purposes.
+Fill the tub half full of water at 100 degrees F. and draw it to the
+bedside if necessary. Lift the patient into the tub and gradually increase
+the temperature by the thermometer to 110 degrees and 112 degrees F.
+Maintain it at this point for twelve or fifteen minutes. After this the
+patient is lifted out into a prepared bed on which a long rubber is spread
+with three or four hot blankets over it; these are wrapped all around the
+patient, tucked in closely about the neck and watched continually to see
+that no air enters. Give plenty of water to drink, as it promotes
+perspiration and helps in that way to cast off the impurities. Keep this
+up for an hour if possible, and then the patient is gradually uncovered,
+sponged under a blanket with alcohol and water and the wet blankets
+removed. Cloths wrung out of cold water are applied to the head during
+this bath. The pulse should be closely watched for any indication of
+faintness, when the patient should be put to bed, immediately. This bath
+should not be given during menstruation or pregnancy.
+
+Warm Baths (90 degrees to 100 degrees F.) are frequently given to children
+for convulsions. They should be placed in the tub and cold applied to the
+head, while the body is washed and rubbed.
+
+Local baths and packs.--For sprains, a foot bath. For menstrual pain, a
+sitz bath. The patient sits in the bath with only the thighs and part of
+the body immersed, while the upper part of the body and the feet are
+protected with blankets. Sitting on a cane-seated chair over a steaming
+pail with a blanket around the neck and body gives a good bath for pain
+during menstruation.
+
+Salt-water bath. Tonic action.--Nine to fourteen pounds of sea salt to
+fifty gallons of water will redden the skin and give an exhilarating
+effect.
+
+Dry Salt Bath sent us with Mothers' Remedies.--"To a basin of water put a
+big handful of salt, take a Turkish towel and soak it in the salt water,
+wring out and let dry. The salt will adhere to the towel. Use to rub the
+body. A tepid bath should be taken next day to remove the salt."
+
+Starch bath.--Add eight ounces of laundry starch to each gallon of water.
+This allays skin irritation.
+
+Bran bath.--Put the bran in a bag and allow this to soak in warm water for
+an hour before being used; or it may be boiled for an hour and then the
+fluid drained and added to the bath water.
+
+Sponge bath.--Water and soap should be ready. Clothes to be put on, well
+aired and at hand. Then remove the patient's clothes and wrap him in an
+old blanket, expose only the part being washed at a time, wash and dry
+this part. Begin with the face and neck, then the chest, abdomen, arms and
+back, and lastly the lower extremities. Warm the water at least twice.
+Then put on his clean, well aired clothes and into a clean bed, and the
+patient will bless you.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 631]
+
+Alcohol sponge bath.--This is given the same way, only sixty per cent
+alcohol is used and the parts are allowed to dry themselves.
+
+Tub bath (common).--Prepare everything as to heat, etc. Then carry the
+patient or assist him to the tub. Soap him all over and pour water over
+him from a large pitcher. The temperature of the water depends upon the
+disease. One person should continually rub the patient in typhoid fever to
+keep up the circulation while the water is being poured over him. A hot
+drink is given before and after these baths and the patient is wrapped
+immediately in warm flannel.
+
+Patients are frequently put into a tub with a water temperature of 85 to
+90 degrees, and then the water temperature decreased by adding cold water.
+This bath must be carefully given.
+
+The cold pack.--It is used to reduce fever, delirium and extreme
+nervousness and to induce sleep. Cover the bed with a rubber sheet or
+oilcloth, and over this a blanket. Wring a sheet out of cold water and
+place this over the blanket. Lay the patient on this sheet and wrap it
+around him so that every surface has the wet sheet next to it. Tuck the
+sheet in well at the neck and feet. Fold the outer blanket over the
+patient and tuck it in. Lay a wet towel over the head, or he can be
+enveloped loosely in blankets and allowed to remain twenty minutes to an
+hour, only ten to fifteen minutes by the tucked-in method and then dried
+and put to bed.
+
+The hot pack.--This is given in the same manner except that the patient is
+wrapped first in a blanket wrung out of boiling water. More covering is
+put over the patient than in a cold pack, and something cold is applied to
+the head.
+
+
+
+EXTERNAL APPLICATIONS.
+
+General and Local.--For dry heat, for warmth alone, hot bags, bottles and
+cans are used. Hot flannels are sometimes used for inflamed joints. Make
+the flannel very hot, wrap in heated paper or cloth and apply quickly;
+cover all with a layer of cotton, wool and oiled muslin.
+
+For neuralgia and earache, salt bags are used.
+
+Fill flannel bags with salt, heat as hot as can be borne, and cover it so
+as to retain the heat after it is applied to the ear.
+
+For moist heat.--This is more penetrating and has a more pronounced effect
+than dry heat. It also hastens suppuration when it cannot be prevented in
+acute inflammation like quinsy, etc.
+
+For local pains, fomentations, stupes and poultices are used. Poultices
+are best for deep-seated pain or continuous inflammation.
+
+[632 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Linseed meal poultice.--Stir the meal slowly and evenly in boiling water;
+boil this mixture for several minutes and stir briskly all the time, and
+when thick enough it is well beaten with a spoon to remove lumps. If this
+is properly done it will be a light smooth paste, just stiff enough to
+drop away from the spoon. Use a muslin or coarse cloth and spread the
+poultice on this to the depth of one-half inch, leaving one inch space to
+turn in. Put vaselin over the surface, thin, and cover with a thin layer
+of gauze or thin cloth. Turn the edges over and roll in a towel to keep it
+warm and carry to patient. Keep them warm,--one should never be removed
+until another is ready to be put on. The skin should always be wiped dry
+before another is applied. Oiling the poultice prevents irritation of the
+skin and pimples. Cover the poultice loosely if possible with a layer of
+cotton-wool and oiled muslin to retain the heat and moisture longer. It
+should be changed every three hours at least. Apply hot and never keep on
+when it is cold. It should never be used a second time.
+
+Starch Poultice.--This is used in skin diseases for its soothing
+properties. Mix the starch first with a little cold water and then add
+enough boiling water to make a thick paste, which is then spread on muslin
+covered with a layer of gauze.
+
+The Jacket Poultice. For lung affections.--Two layers of thin muslin are
+shaped so as to fit closely around the neck and under the arms and come
+over the chest and back, low enough to cover the lungs. Three sides are
+now closed, and the prepared linseed is poured into the bag and regularly
+distributed. Close the open end and then apply. Cover it with wool and
+oiled silk and keep in place with safety pins or tapes which are tied
+under the arms and over the shoulders. When changing the poultice be
+careful not to expose the patient. A cotton-wool jacket should be worn a
+few days after the poultice has been discontinued.
+
+Cold is applied either by means of the cold bath or by compresses, pack,
+sponging, coils or ice.
+
+Cold Compresses are made by using two or three thicknesses of lint or
+linen wrung out of cold water or ice water and applied over the inflamed
+part, and changed frequently. A little vaselin may be rubbed on to prevent
+the skin from becoming irritated. They are very useful where little weight
+can be borne. If iced compresses are used a small block of ice partially
+wrapped in flannel is placed in a basin; there should be two compresses,
+one of which is kept on ice while the other is on the patient.
+
+Compresses are very good in the early stage of tonsilitis, quinsy, sore
+throat, laryngitis and croup.
+
+Ice-bags (India Rubber).--With these, cold can be best applied and with
+less trouble. These are made in different shapes. For instance
+helmet-shaped to fit the head and long and narrow for the spine.
+
+Crush the ice in small pieces and mix in it a little common salt,--never
+fill the rubber bags more than half full; expel the air as much as
+possible by pressing before screwing on the top. Always place a layer of
+lint, cotton or thin cloth between the skin and the bag. The extreme cold
+is not only painful but liable to irritate the skin, and may cause
+frost-bites. Its effect should be watched carefully. Sometimes the weight
+causes discomfort. In such cases suspend the bag. For the head, fasten a
+bandage to the neck of the bag and pin the two ends to the pillow just
+high enough to allow the cap (bag) to barely touch the head. Care should
+be taken to refill the ice-bags before the ice has melted. At times a
+piece of ice is wrapped in moist lint or old linen and passed gently over
+the head in order to cool the head.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 633]
+
+For Appendicitis.--There should be quite a thickness of cloth between the
+ice bag and the skin. The latter must not become too cool. In this disease
+this bag is a great reliever of the pain and generally used.
+
+Ice Poultices.--In some cases these are better than the ice bag for the
+reason that they fit the body better. They are usually made of two parts
+of crushed ice to one of linseed meal or bran, together with a small
+amount of salt. Make two bags of oiled silk,--one should be smaller than
+the other. Close all sides but one, with adhesive plaster. Fill the
+smaller bag two-thirds full of ice, close and slip it into the larger bag.
+
+
+Ice Water Coils.--These can be bought. They can also be made from rubber
+tubing. Sew this upon a piece of rubber cloth in circles about one inch
+apart for five or six rounds; leave a yard or two of tubing at each end to
+be used as a siphon, A large pan of ice water is raised above the patient
+into which one weighted end of the tubing is placed, with a funnel
+inserted into it, covered with gauze to prevent clogging, while the other
+end is laid in a second basin on the floor which receives the water. The
+upper pan must be kept filled. This is very good for delirium in brain
+fever, etc., when applied to the head and also good for bleeding from the
+bowels in typhoid fever. The stream of water can be regulated if necessary
+by a stop-cock.
+
+Lotions.--Lotions are medicated moist applications, and may be either hot
+or cold.
+
+Counter--Irritants are agents applied externally to produce irritation or
+inflammation in order to relieve a diseased condition in an adjacent or
+deep-seated part of the body. Mustard foot-bath relieves pain in the head
+by drawing the surplus blood away from the head. The mildest mustard
+counter-irritant is the mustard poultice. It can be made with one part
+mustard to six of linseed meal. Never use boiling water with mustard.
+
+Mustard Poultice.--Use of ground mustard, one-fourth to one-eighth of the
+amount of meal used. Make into a paste and stir this into the linseed,
+after it has been prepared for the poultices. The white of an egg is used
+in this poultice as it may keep the poultice from blistering.
+
+Yeast Poultices.--These stimulate ulcers, gangrene and sloughing
+conditions. Mix eight ounces of soft yeast with as much water. Add enough
+flour to make a sponge, but not too stiff. It should be kept warm until
+fermentation begins; then apply every day. Finely powdered charcoal can
+also be added.
+
+[634 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+For Soothing Effect.--Hop bags or bran bags, dipped in hot water, may be
+applied, protected and kept in place with a bandage.
+
+Spice Poultice.--This is very good for pain in abdomen in children
+especially. Equal parts of ground cinnamon, cloves, allspice and ginger,
+one-quarter part cayenne pepper, if needed very strong. Place all together
+in a flannel bag and spread equally. Wet with alcohol or brandy. When dry,
+re-wet. This is a mild warming dressing.
+
+Spice Poultice from a Stanlyton, Va., Mother.--"Take one teaspoonful each
+of mustard, ginger, black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, or as many
+ground spices as one has in the kitchen; mix them well in a bowl while
+dry, adding boiling water slowly and stir constantly until it is of the
+consistency of soft putty; spread between soft thin cloths and apply to
+the affected parts as hot as the patient can bear it. When it is cool heat
+it again and apply."
+
+Mother's Flour and Water Poultice.--"Make a thick poultice of flour and
+water; bake soft and apply hot. Have another ready for change, if
+necessary. This is good for any pain."
+
+Poultice of Peach Tree Leaves from our Mother's List.--"Put a handful of
+peach leaves in a vessel and let boil well; add enough meal to thicken,
+spread between thin muslin cloth and apply to parts affected. This is a
+splendid poultice."
+
+Mild Plaster for Children.--"Two teaspoonsful of flour, three teaspoonsful
+of mustard, a little fresh lard and a few drops of turpentine, Mix up with
+warm water."
+
+Fomentations.--This is the best way to apply moist heat, but it is
+troublesome, as they should be changed very frequently, at least every ten
+minutes when heat is required. They should never be left on until they are
+cold and clammy. Sheets of lamb's wool make the best material. Cut these
+layers into sizes required and encase them in a gauze cover over which is
+put a layer of oiled silk. Coarse old flannel or an old blanket will do
+well. Take two layers of the flannels, dip in the boiling water and wring.
+Two should be at hand. Dry the skin first and then put on the flannel. It
+should be covered with enough material to keep in the heat and moisture.
+Hops, etc., can be put into the water.
+
+Turpentine Stupes.--This is prepared the same way, except turpentine is
+added. After the flannel has been wrung out, add from ten to twenty drops
+of turpentine, or add two or three teaspoonfuls of turpentine to one pint
+of boiling water and put the flannel in it and wring out and apply. Put a
+towel over the stupe. This is especially for gas in the bowels.
+
+Mustard Stupe.--Put a tablespoonful of mustard in one pint of hot water.
+Make a paste of the mustard before it is put into the hot water, to avoid
+forming lumps; never use boiling water. Wring the flannel out after it has
+been in this solution and apply to the part.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 635]
+
+Mustard Plaster.--This is made of different strengths, depending upon the
+length of time it is desired to keep it on and the sensitiveness of the
+skin.
+
+  1. Equal parts of mustard and flour.
+  2. One of mustard and two of flour.
+  3. One of mustard and three or four of flour.
+  White of an egg added makes it better and not so blistering.
+
+A paste is made with warm water and spread between the layers of muslin
+and left on no longer than ten minutes. When the skin is red remove the
+plaster. This is used when you wish a quick counter-irritation.
+
+Mustard Plaster.--This is made stronger, 1 to 2 to 3 parts meal.
+
+Mustard leaves or Sinapisms may be bought at a drug store. They are no
+better than you can make. Use plasters.
+
+Capsicum and Belladonna Plasters.--May be bought. In applying, heat the
+back of the plaster slightly; the face of the gauze is pulled off and the
+plaster placed where wanted. To remove soak first with alcohol.
+
+Spice plaster.--Mix two teaspoonfuls each of ginger and cloves with a
+teaspoonful of cayenne pepper, one tablespoonful of flour, enough brandy
+or water to make a paste. Spread this between two layers of muslin.
+
+For Turpentine and Mustard Stupes see above.
+
+Tincture of iodine, chloroform and liniments are also counterirritants,
+also castor oil, and pure tartar emetic, and cartharides.
+
+Cupping, Wet and Dry.--This is sometimes used to relieve inflammations of
+the eye, lung or kidney, or even muscular pains like lumbago. Wine-glasses
+will do as well as any you can buy.
+
+Dry cupping.--Take a piece of wire, wrap a small piece of cotton about the
+end, dip this in alcohol, light it and swab the inside of the glass,
+remove and apply the glass. The heat causes the air to expand and it is
+driven off and the partial vacuum formed is filled by the skin and tissues
+over which the glass is placed. The edges of the cup must not be warm
+enough to burn the patient. Six or seven cups may be applied at one time
+and allowed to remain five minutes, after which they are removed by
+pressing the flesh around the edge and inserting the finger there so as to
+let in the air.
+
+Linseed meal poultices can be applied afterwards to keep up the work
+begun.
+
+Wet cupping.--Scrub the skin with hot water and soap, wash off with a five
+per cent (1-20) carbolic acid solution. Make a few cuts over the parts
+desired with a clean knife and apply the cup prepared in the way above
+directed. Remove the blood and check the bleeding, if necessary, by
+sponging. Place a pad on the part and hold this in place by a bandage or
+adhesive strap.
+
+Blistered Skin. To dress.--Puncture the lower part with a clean instrument
+and catch the fluid on absorbent cotton. Dress it with oxide of zinc
+ointment or vaselin on lint or clean linen and strap on. It is best not to
+remove the skin from a blister at the first dressing.
+
+[636 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+HOW TO DETERMINE THE DOSE FOR CHILDREN.
+
+We have endeavored to always give the dose throughout this book as we
+recognized the lack of accurate and detailed information regarding the
+administering of medicines as one of the weak features in practically all
+home medical books. If we have overlooked a few instances we wish to
+provide for such omissions by giving the table of doses generally used by
+nurses as a basis for determining the dose of any medicine she may be
+using for a particular age.
+
+Rule usually followed.--For children under twelve years of age. Make a
+fraction. Use the age of the child for the upper number, numerator. The
+number below the line, denominator, is twelve, added to the age of the
+child. For example: If your child is two years old you would begin by
+placing two as numerator, thus 2/, then you add 2 + 12 = 14 and place 14
+below the line and you have 2/14 or 1/7. You then take 1/7 of the adult
+dose for your two-year-old child. If the dose for an adult is 21 drops, a
+child of two years is given 3 drops, etc.
+
+
+
+DOSE IN DROPS FOR DIFFERENT AGES.
+
+If the dose is a spoonful or 60 drops for an adult, the other doses would
+be correct for the ages given below:
+
+    21 and over       60 drops
+    15 years    about 33 drops    A few more or less if robust or weakly
+    12   "       "    30 drops       "
+    10   "       "    27 drops       "
+     8   "       "    24 drops       "
+     6   "       "    20 drops       "
+     5   "       "    17 drops       "
+     4   "       "    15 drops       "
+     3   "       "    12 drops       "
+     2   "       "     8 drops       "
+     1   "       "     4 drops       "
+
+Exceptions to this rule are calomel and castor oil, when half an adult
+dose can be given between 12 and 18.
+
+Opium is dangerous to children and old people and should be administered
+by a physician or trained nurse.
+
+
+
+"Lest We Forget."
+COMMON TABLES OF MEASURES.
+APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.
+
+Apothecaries' Weight is used in prescribing and mixing medicines
+
+Table.
+
+20 grains     equal    1 scruple
+ 3 scruples    "       1 dram
+ 8 drams       "       1 ounce
+12 ounces      "       1 pound
+
+The pound is the same as the pound Troy. Medicines are bought and sold in
+quantities by Avoirdupois Weight.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 637]
+
+    1 grain                   equals    1 drop or 1 minim
+   60 grains or drops           "       1 teaspoonful
+    1 teaspoonful               "       1 fluid dram
+
+    8 drams (or 8 teaspoonfuls) make    1 fluid ounce
+    2 tablespoonfuls            make    1 fluid ounce
+
+  1/2 fluid ounce           is a          tablespoonful
+    2 fluid ounces          is a          wineglassful
+    4 fluid ounces          is a          teacupful
+    6 fluid ounces          is a          coffee cup
+   16 ounces (dry or solid) is a          pound
+   20 fluid ounces          is a          pint
+
+
+MEDICINE CHEST.--More important than the furnishing of the house is the
+medicine chest. If you are beginning housekeeping let this be your first
+consideration. Do not put it off because it is a little trouble and costs
+a few dollars. Yon would not think of leaving your front room or your
+"spare room" half furnished. Your health is of vastly more importance than
+the looks of your best rooms. There may come a time when you cannot secure
+the doctor for several hours or get into a drug store. Be prepared for
+this emergency and either fix up a home-made box with shelves, etc., or
+buy a regular medicine chest; in either case have a lock to it and the key
+where you can find it but where the children cannot reach it.
+
+We give below a few of the necessaries and you will of course add to this
+list. One mother writes that she went to the store and bought several tiny
+little bells and tied one of these bells around the neck of each of the
+bottles in her medicine chest that contained poison. There was no danger
+of her getting the wrong bottle in the dark. Contents of the Medicine
+Chest.
+
+Ten cents worth of Alum.
+A small bag of Burnt Alum.
+A small bottle of Castor Oil.
+A small vial of Bichloride of Mercury Tablets.
+A box of Boric Acid Powder.
+A $mall bottle of Glycerin:
+A bottle of Extract of Witch-hazel
+A small bottle of Syrup of Ipecac.
+A bottle of Whisky and one of Brandy.
+A box of English Mustard.
+Medicine glass.
+A small box of Cold Cream.
+Soft rubber Ear Syringe.
+A Clinical Thermometer.
+An Eye Stone.
+A pad, pencils, and labels.
+A small bottle of Carbolic Acid.
+A roll of Adhesive Plaster.
+A small box of Pineoline Salve.
+A bottle of Arnica.
+
+Hung near the chest should be a fountain syringe with the rubber catheter
+for use in irrigating the bowels and a hot water bag.
+
+[638 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+HOW TO CARE FOR THE DEAD.
+
+The limbs should be straightened before the body becomes stiff (rigor
+mortis). The eyes should be closed and the jaws held in position by means
+of a support placed firmly under the chin; for this a roller bandage or a
+small padded piece of wood is generally used. Of course if the person has
+worn false teeth, and they have been taken out during the last hours, they
+should be replaced immediately after death. The nostrils, mouth, rectum,
+and vagina should be packed with absorbent cotton to prevent the escape of
+discharges after death. After this bathe the body, if so desired by the
+relatives, with a two per cent watery solution of carbolic acid, and if
+there are any wounds they should be covered with fresh cotton and neatly
+fastened with a bandage. The hips may be enclosed in a large triangular
+binder; the knees are held together by a broad bandage; the hair should be
+brushed smoothly, and finally stockings and a simple nightgown should be
+put on. If the case be one of the infectious diseases, wrap the body in a
+sheet wrung out of a five per cent watery solution of carbolic acid and
+this sheet should be kept damp.
+
+The room where death occurs should be tidied and regulated to make it look
+natural and comfortable. The undertaker can be sent for as soon as desired
+by the family. But if such care as directed has been given, the undertaker
+need not be hurried.
+
+
+
+ENEMA.--Enemata (Injections).--There are various methods used for
+injecting fluids into the body. When they are introduced into the
+intestines, we speak of giving enemata (enema is the singular). They are
+named according to their purpose.
+
+1. Simple laxative or purgative enemata.
+
+2. Nutritive enemata for the purpose of nourishment.
+
+3. Sedative enemata for local or systemic quieting effects.
+
+4. Astringent enemata to check bleeding and diarrhea, like hot water, ice
+water, solution of alum or nitrate of silver.
+
+5. Emollient (soothing) enemata for soothing irritated and painful mucous
+membrane; starch and drugs are also used.
+
+6. Antispasmodic enemata to relieve flatulence such as the turpentine
+enemata.
+
+7. Anthelmintic (against worms) for destroying worms; salt, turpentine and
+quassia are used.
+
+8. Antiseptic or germicidal enemata used in dysentery.
+
+9. Stimulating enemata, like hot water, hot strong coffee, hot whisky and
+water, salt water.
+
+10. To relieve thirst, water one pint or normal salt solution (one dram to
+a pint of water) and injected high up.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 639]
+
+
+ENEMATA are given either high or low.
+
+A high enemas thrown high up into the bowel.
+
+A low enema is injected into the rectum only, through a hard rubber tip to
+a syringe.
+
+Directions.--There are many ways of giving a simple enema.
+
+Position.--A good way is to place an adult patient on his left side, with
+the knees bent up close. Protect the bed with a rubber sheet and towel
+under the patient. The basin of water can be placed on the rubber sheet
+and the enema given under cover.
+
+Amount.--An adult person will take one to four pints. A child one-half to
+one pint. For an infant about two ounces will do.
+
+What material? A simple enema can be made with good castile soap or good
+brown soap and water, temperature about 95 degrees F. When ready for use
+make into a good suds.
+
+Syringe.--Use a bulb syringe, see that the syringe is filled full to the
+nozzle before the nozzle is put into the bowel. Any air left in the
+syringe will pass into the bowel and cause pain. Oil the nozzle with
+vaselin or sweet oil and then gently put the nozzle into the rectum. It is
+better to introduce an oiled finger through the sphincter muscle and pass
+the nozzle along the finger and gently into the bowel. It should be in the
+bowel two or three inches. Do not attempt to force the nozzle through any
+obstruction. Introduce the water slowly in a gentle and steady stream. The
+main object is to distend the rectum by means of the water, thereby
+producing reflex stimulation. The worm-like movement of the bowels
+results, thus bringing about an evacuation. The patient should retain it
+for ten or fifteen minutes to get the best results. A folded towel placed
+against the anus will assist the patient in resisting the desire to expel
+the water. A large amount should be given in one-half hour if the first
+one does not produce the desired result.
+
+Sometimes a laxative enema is necessary.--Olive oil or glycerin or castor
+oil may be used.
+
+For olive oil, six ounces may be given in a hard rubber syringe; this is
+seldom successful unless followed by a soap suds enema in one-half hour.
+
+Glycerin enema, one-half ounce with equal quantity of warm water 95
+degrees F., and give with a hard rubber syringe. This generally proves
+successful, without an additional soap suds enema.
+
+For infants and children the contents of a straight medicine dropper will
+be sufficient.
+
+Glycerin irritates the mucous membrane, and it is best that we add an
+equal amount of olive oil.
+
+If these enemata fail it will be necessary to use purgative enemata. These
+are made by adding drugs, such as turpentine, rochelle or epsom salts or
+castor oil in certain proportions to the simple enema. In giving castor
+oil and water it is necessary first to mix the oil with the yolk of an egg
+and then add the warm soap suds.
+
+[640 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+1. Formula.--
+
+    Castor Oil       2 ounces
+    Turpentine     1/2 ounce
+
+Mix thoroughly and inject with hard rubber syringe, followed in one-half
+hour by a quart of soap-suds.
+
+2. Formula.--
+
+    Turpentine       1/2 ounce
+    Rochelle Salts     1 ounce
+
+Mix with warm soap-suds, one pint.
+
+The buttocks and anus should be washed off with warm water after
+turpentine has been used in the enema.
+
+3. Molasses and Laxative Enema.--Mix from two to ten ounces, according to
+age, with one pint of soap suds and inject slowly.
+
+Nutritive Enemata.--Food is given by the bowel when the stomach cannot
+retain it. It is then called Nutritive Enemata. They should be given only
+from four to six times in twenty-four hours and the quantity given at one
+time should not exceed four ounces. It must be introduced high up in the
+bowel, about ten inches, and therefore they should be given through a
+rectal tube made of heavy rubber one-quarter inch in diameter and at least
+eight inches of it should be inserted in the bowel. After it has been
+oiled the tube is gently inserted in a backward, upward, direction and a
+glass funnel is attached to the outer end. The enema has been already
+mixed in a small pitcher and gently poured (very slowly) into the funnel,
+which is then raised so that the contents will go slowly through the tube
+into the bowel. The patient is protected from drops by a folded towel
+underneath him. Then the tube is slowly withdrawn. The tube should then be
+cleansed by allowing warm water to run through it, and then kept in a one
+per cent solution of boric acid. Food given by enemata should be very
+nourishing and concentrated. The following are excellent formulas:
+
+Formula 1.--
+
+    One whole Egg
+    Table Salt        15 grains
+    Peptonized Milk    3 ounces or 3/8 of a cup
+    Brandy            1/2 ounce
+
+Formula 2.--
+
+    White of two Eggs
+    Peptonized Milk     2 ounces or 1/4 of a cup
+
+The whole amount should never exceed four ounces. The addition of salt
+aids the absorption of the egg. Brandy, and whisky are very irritating and
+should be given only every other time.
+
+The fresh raw milk can be used, if it is impossible to have it peptonized.
+
+
+After a nutritive enemata the patient should lie quietly on his back for
+twenty or thirty minutes.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 641]
+
+Turpentine enemata for distention may be given according to the following
+formula:
+
+    Mucilage of Acacia       1/2 ounce
+    Spirits of Turpentine     10 drops
+
+This should be administered high up in the bowel.
+
+Astringent Enemata. To check diarrhea.--They should be given slowly and
+injected high up, and they should be retained as long as possible.
+
+Starch and Laudanum.--Boil the starch as if to be used in the laundry and
+dilute with luke-warm water, until it is thin enough to pass through a
+tube. Take of this three ounces. This can be given alone in mild cases;
+but if there is much pain and straining add ten to fifteen drops of
+laudanum to the starch water or thirty to forty drops of paregoric. This
+dose is for an adult.
+
+Stimulating Enemata. 1. Black coffee.--One-half to one pint of strong
+coffee, injected as hot as possible. It should be strained before using.
+This is frequently given in poison cases.
+
+2. Salt Enemata.--Two teaspoonfuls to one quart of hot water is mildly
+stimulating; one-half to one ounce of brandy or whisky may be added.
+
+
+
+DOUCHES.--By this term is generally meant a jet of fluid directed with a
+certain amount of force upon a limited external or internal surface, for
+cleansing, stimulating purposes and to relieve inflammation. Three common
+douches are the ear (aural), the vaginal and the rectal.
+
+The Vaginal Douche. For cleansing.--A one per cent solution of carbolic
+acid is often used in one to three quarts of water.
+
+To allay inflammation.--A hot solution of the temperature of 105 degrees
+to 115 degrees is given, and three or six quarts may be used. Allow the
+stream to flow before the nozzle is inserted so as to have the warm
+temperature instead of cold at the start, and the nozzle should be
+introduced up towards the posterior vaginal wall. The fountain syringe bag
+should not be raised more than six to twelve inches above the patient who
+is lying down with her hips raised on pillows and her knees drawn up.
+Medicines can be used in all the douches.
+
+Rectal douche.--This is to relieve piles and reduce inflammation. Hot or
+cold as needed. A rectal tube or fountain syringe is used.
+
+Ear (aural) douche.--This is used for earache and inflammation. Salt or
+boric acid is generally used in the warm water. It should be allowed to
+flow in slowly and gently.
+
+How to use a bed pan.--When you are placing the pan, you should slip one
+hand under the buttocks and then place the flat end of the pan under the
+buttocks. It should always be warm. Raise the patient in the same way
+before attempting to remove it. Do not pull it out.
+
+[642 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+TEMPERATURE (Fever).--A thermometer is necessary in taking the
+temperature. They can be bought for from fifty cents up. The temperature
+is taken by putting the thermometer under the tongue, in the arm-pit and
+in the rectum. For children it should be placed in the rectum or in the
+arm-pit or groin. Allow it to remain from two to five minutes. This
+depends upon the time limit of the thermometer. The normal temperature is
+98-6/10 degrees F. This varies, some people are normal at times at 99 or
+98 degrees. The temperature in the arm-pit is lower by 3/10 of a degree,
+but that in the rectum is 1/2 degree higher than that taken in the mouth.
+The normal point on the thermometer is marked by an arrow. The mercury in
+the tube must always be down to that at its highest point, before the
+thermometer is placed and the highest point the mercury goes indicates the
+height of the temperature (fever). If you take it in the rectum, that
+should be free from feces. Oil the thermometer and gently insert it into
+the bowel for one and one-half inches and hold the stem.
+
+Under the Tongue.--Place the point under the tongue and instruct the
+patient to close his lips over the thermometer. He can also hold the stem
+with his fingers, It should never be taken here right after a cold drink.
+Unconscious patients may bite through the instrument, so care must be
+taken with them.
+
+Arm-pit.--Wipe the part thoroughly dry and place the point directly in the
+arm-pit. Then place the elbow against the body and the hand on the chest
+pointing to the opposite shoulder. When ready to take it out move the arm
+away from the body and take the thermometer away gently for it sticks
+sometimes and you will cause pain if you draw it away quickly. The
+instrument should be cleansed in tepid mild salt solution.
+
+
+
+PULSE.--Average in men, sixty to seventy. In women, sixty-five to eighty.
+Children ninety to one hundred to one hundred and twenty. Different
+authors vary. In men it is generally seventy to seventy-two. In women
+seventy-two to seventy-five.
+
+It is better taken sitting. It is faster when walking, slower when lying
+down. I always take the pulse in the left arm unless there is a deformity
+there. I use my right hand with the third finger toward the elbow. By
+using the first three fingers you can find out different things about the
+pulse. Some people are very nervous and such an one will make your arm
+ache when feeling the pulse. The pulse should be regular, even beats, in
+health. Sometimes you can feel it best on the temple or on the neck.
+
+
+
+RESPIRATION (Breathing).--In an adult the average is eighteen per minute.
+In a child the average is twenty to twenty-four. Respiration is the act of
+taking in (inspiration), and giving out (expiration) air by the lungs.
+
+
+
+THE TONGUE.--This is coated in dyspepsia and fevers,--some healthy persons
+always have a coated tongue.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 643]
+
+In Ulcers of the stomach there is no coating.
+
+In high fevers, the tongue may also be red and cracked as well as coated
+in some parts.
+
+A dark brown or blackish coating indicates a serious condition in acute
+diseases.
+
+Strawberry tongue is seen in Scarlet Fever.
+
+Cankered tongue and month may be due to local conditions, or to stomach,
+liver and bowel disorders.
+
+In Peritonitis the tongue is generally dry and red (beefy).
+
+Cholera Infantum.--At first coated, then dry and reddish.
+
+Constipation.--Tongue is generally coated.
+
+Biliousness.--Yellowish dirty coating.
+
+
+
+DIET
+
+FOODS AND DRINKS FOR THE SICK ROOM.
+
+DIET.--The importance of diet and its relation to the needs of the system
+in disease can hardly be overrated. One should not only know what kind of
+food to give, but how much and how often it should be given to get the
+best result. Food should be given in small quantities in acute diseases
+and at regular intervals. It will digest better. The food should never be
+left in the sick room after a patient has finished with it. This applies
+to all kinds of food, but especially to milk, for it absorbs impurities
+from the air more readily than any other kind of food. How often do we see
+milk standing in a sick room and uncovered; how often is it placed in an
+ice box uncovered. I have often wondered how such people could eat some
+foods I have seen prepared for them in such a careless way and with no
+attempt to make it appear tempting to their poor appetite. Foods should be
+given just as regularly as medicines, when so ordered, especially in long
+wasting diseases like typhoid fever.
+
+The kind of food.--Under each disease directions for the kind of food,
+time, and quantity have been given. In diseases like typhoid fever,
+special care must be given. It is better in that disease to give too
+little than too much food and the proper kind of food must be given. I
+shall never forget the death of a minister in my childhood days. I was
+about four years old. This minister was loved by everyone and when he died
+of typhoid fever, everyone was grieved and shocked and they could not
+understand why God should take such a useful man away. It made a great
+impression upon me. I found out more about the "why" afterwards. This
+minister was in the convalescent stage and very hungry. He wanted a
+genuine boiled dinner. That is bad enough for a well man. The doctor
+forbade it, but the family gave him the dinner and the result, of course,
+was fatal. It could not be otherwise. We often blame God for our own sins.
+Many people are killed by kind friends. I have seen it more than once.
+Peanuts, popcorn, and candy have caused many convulsions in children and
+some deaths.
+
+It is generally allowable to give a little liquid food every two hours in
+acute diseases. It should be given at regular intervals in the conscious
+or unconscious patients, especially in long continued diseases.
+
+[644       MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+LIQUID DIET.
+
+1. Cream soups; tomato, pea, corn, celery, rice, spinach, asparagus,
+potato.
+
+2. Gruels; oatmeal, cornmeal, cream of wheat, flour gluten (for diabetes).
+
+How to Albuminize Fruit Juices.--Into a cup of lemonade, orangeade, grape
+juice, etc., put white of an egg slightly beaten, mix thoroughly, strain
+and serve.
+
+The following may or may not be albuminized.
+
+3. Fruit juices; lemonade, orangeade, unfermented grape juice, currant,
+berry juice.
+
+4. Milk; peptonized milk, albuminized, buttermilk, malted milk, and milk
+porridge.
+
+5. Stimulating drinks; tea, coffee, cocoa.
+
+6. Broths; beef broth, mutton broth, chicken broth, bouillon, consomme,
+oyster broth, clam broth, oyster soup, clam soup, beef tea, and beef
+juice.
+
+7. Eggs; raw eggs and egg-nog.
+
+8. Cooling and nourishing drinks; oatmeal water, rice water, barley water
+and toast water. Ices and ice cream may be included in the liquid diet
+list.
+
+
+
+SOFT DIET.--This diet includes everything in the liquid diet list, and the
+following additional foods:
+
+1. Bread: soft bread; dry toast; milk, water or cream toast, brown bread
+(after the first day on soft diet).
+
+2. Eggs: poached, soft-boiled and shirred.
+
+3. Cereals: all cooked for some hours; cornmeal, oatmeal rice, sago,
+wheaten grits and cream of wheat.
+
+4. Desserts: junket, custards, milk puddings, rice, thoroughly cooked,
+tapioca, jellies, baked and stewed apples, prunes whipped and stewed, ices
+and ice cream.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 645]
+
+CONVALESCENT DIET.--This includes everything in the liquid and soft diet
+lists and the following in addition:--
+
+1. Breads: wheat, rye, Boston brown and graham bread and biscuits.
+
+2. Meats: broiled steak, mutton, fish, game and fowl, or stewed fowl. Also
+calf's head, calf 's brains, shell fish and oysters.
+
+3. Eggs, as in soft diet.
+
+4. Drinks as in soft diet.
+
+5. Vegetables: tomatoes, green peas, string beans, potatoes (Irish and
+sweet), lettuce, cresses, asparagus, onions, celery, spinach and
+mushrooms.
+
+6. Desserts: custards, creams, jellies, ripe fruits and stewed fruits. No
+pastry or rich puddings.
+
+
+
+FOODS FOR DIFFERENT MEALS FOR THOSE WHO CAN EAT,
+BUT WHO DO NOT HAVE MUCH APPETITE.
+
+Breakfast; drinks: tea, coffee, cocoa, milk or albuminized fruit juices;
+cereal with cream; eggs; omelet, scrambled or poached on a piece of round
+toast, or soft boiled in a hot cup; muffins or gems.
+
+Dinner; broiled porterhouse or tenderloin steak; baked potatoes; bread or
+rolls; pretty salad, as apple salad in apple case; custard baked in
+souffle dish; tea, cocoa or milk.
+
+Supper; broiled squab, raw oysters or meat balls, asparagus tips on toast,
+fresh or stewed fruit, bread cut in fancy shapes.
+
+Foods that may be taken together.--Meat; eggs: soft boiled, poached,
+shirred or baked; potatoes, baked, boiled or mashed; fruit sauce and ices
+may go with the following: stewed tomatoes, salad, spinach, or cucumbers,
+acid drinks, etc., any foods prepared with vinegar.
+
+Meats, vegetables cooked in milk, or served with cream sauce, cream soups
+and eggs prepared with milk may be given with fruits, vegetables, drinks,
+etc., containing no acids.
+
+Foods that should not be taken together.--Any food prepared with milk
+should not be given with lemonade, tomatoes, salads containing much
+vinegar or any foods served with vinegar or lemon juice.
+
+
+Diets in Fevers.--Furnished us by a Trained Nurse in a Hospital.
+
+May Take--
+
+Foods.--Soups, clear or thickened with some well-cooked farinaceous
+substance, mutton, clam or chicken broth, beef tea, peptonized milk,
+panopepton with crushed ice.
+
+Drinks.--Pure cold water, toast water, lemon or orange juice in cold
+water, jelly water, cold whey; all in small quantities sipped slowly.
+
+Must Not Take--
+
+Any solid or vegetable food or fruit until so directed by the physician in
+charge,
+
+[646 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Diet in Debility sent us from one of our Leading Hospitals.
+
+May Take--
+
+Soups.--Any broth thickened with farinaceous material, chicken or beef
+soup containing chopped meat, rich vegetable soups, whole beef tea.
+
+Fish.--All fresh fish, boiled or broiled, raw oysters.
+
+Meats.--Beef, mutton, chicken, game, boiled ham, lamb chops or cutlet,
+broiled bacon, tender juicy steak, hamburger steak.
+
+Eggs.--Soft boiled, poached, scrambled, raw with sherry wine.
+
+Farinaceous.--Cracked wheat, rolled oats, mush, sago, tapioca, hominy,
+barley, macaroni, vermicelli, rolls, biscuits, cakes, whole wheat bread,
+corn bread, milk toast, dry toast, brown bread.
+
+Vegetables.--Nearly all perfectly fresh and well cooked.
+
+Desserts.--Custards, egg and milk, rice or apple pudding, baked apples,
+fruit jams, jellies, cocoa junket, marmalade, sweet fruits, calf 's foot
+jelly.
+
+Drinks.--Cocoa, chocolate, milk hot, cold or peptonized, pure water, plain
+or aerated, wineglassful of panopepton.
+
+Must Not Take-
+
+Hashes, stews, cooked oysters or clams, pork, veal, thin soups, turkey,
+salt meats, except ham and bacon, cabbage, cucumbers, turnips, carrots,
+squash, spices, pickles, vinegar, pies, pastry, bananas, pineapples.
+
+
+DISHES FOR THE SICK ROOM.
+
+Oatmeal Gruel.--Boil one part oatmeal and two parts water in double boiler
+two hours; strain through gravy strainer, add one quart sweet cream, a
+little sugar, pinch of salt. Do not make it too sweet.
+
+Raspberry Shrub.--Place red raspberries in a stone jar and cover them with
+good cider vinegar, let stand over night, next morning strain and to one
+pint of juice add one pint of sugar, boil ten minutes, bottle hot. When
+desiring to use place two tablespoonfuls full of the liquid in a glass of
+ice water; very nice.
+
+Root Beer.--Take blackberry root, black cherry bark, spruce boughs,
+wintergreens, sarsaparilla roots; steep in a large vessel till all the
+goodness is out; strain, and when lukewarm put in a cup of yeast, let
+work, bottle up, sugar to sweeten.
+
+Cream Toast.--Toast a piece of light bread and moisten it with hot water;
+butter and then put on a layer of sweet cream on top and place in oven a
+moment. This is easily digested.
+
+Lemon Jelly.--On one box gelatine pour 1 pint cold water and let stand one
+or two hours. Then put on 4 cups of granulated sugar, squeeze juice of 4
+lemons with the grated rind of one. When gelatine is dissolved, pour over
+it one quart boiling water and stir. Pour this over sugar and lemon juice
+and stir thoroughly until all is dissolved; strain. Put fruit in if
+desired--turn into molds, cool until firm.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 647]
+
+Baked Custard.--One quart milk. 4 eggs beaten light (separately). 5
+tablespoons sugar, mixed with the yolks; nutmeg and vanilla. Scald but do
+not boil the milk, add, gradually, yolks and sugar, then add whites and
+flavor. Pour into dish or cups, set in pan of hot water, grate nutmeg over
+top and bake until firm. Eat cold.
+
+Mountain Dew.--Yolks of two eggs, 3 crackers (rolled),--four if small. 1
+pint milk, pinch of salt, cook in double boiler. Beat whites of two eggs
+stiff, add 3/4 cup sugar, lemon extract for flavor. Set in oven and brown.
+This will serve four people.
+
+Raspberry Vinegar.--Equal parts of red and black raspberries, wash them
+and cover with cider vinegar, let stand over night. Strain and to each
+pint of juice take 1 lb. white sugar and boil 15 minutes. Bottle ready for
+use. To drink use about 2 tablespoons in glass of ice water.
+
+Milk Porridge.--l tablespoon each of cornmeal and wheat flour wet to a
+paste with cold water, cook in two cups boiling water twenty minutes, then
+add 2 cups milk and cook a few minutes, stirring often.
+
+Lemon Velvet.--l qt. milk, 2 cups sugar, juice of 2 lemons. Chill the
+milk, then add the sugar and lemon mixed, and freeze like sherbet.
+
+Ice Cream.--Mix 3 cups sugar and 2 tablespoons flour and stir into 2 qts.
+hot milk until flour is cooked. When cool add 1 qt. cream, whipped, and
+one tablespoonful vanilla. Freeze.
+
+Sago Custard.--Soak 2 tablespoons sago in a tumbler of water an hour or
+more, then boil in same until clear. Add a tumbler of sweet milk; when it
+boils add sugar to taste, then a beaten egg and flavoring.
+
+Crust Coffee.--Toast bread very brown, pour on boiling water, strain and
+add cream and sugar. Good for stomach and diarrhea.
+
+Cream Soup.--One pint boiling water, one-half cup of cream, add pieces of
+toasted bread and a little salt.
+
+Cinnamon Tea.--To 1/2 pint fresh milk add stick or ground cinnamon, enough
+to flavor, and white sugar to taste; bring to the boiling point and take
+either warm or cold. Excellent for diarrhea in children or adults.
+
+Barley Water.--Add two ounces pearl barley to 1/2 pint of boiling water;
+simmer five minutes, drain and add 2 qts. boiling water, add two ounces of
+sliced figs, and two ounces of raisins; boil until reduced to one quart.
+Strain for drink.
+
+Arrowroot Custard.--One tablespoonful of arrowroot, one pint milk, one
+egg, two tablespoons sugar. Mix the arrowroot with a little cold milk and
+beat in the egg and sugar, pour into the boiling milk and scald until
+thickened, flavor and pour into cups to cool.
+
+Odors.--A few drops of oil of lavender poured into a glass of very hot
+water will purify the air of the room almost instantly from cooking odors;
+the effect is especially refreshing in a sick room.
+
+[648 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Dainty Way to Serve Egg on Toast.--Pile the well-beaten white of an egg on
+a slice of buttered toast, which has been softened with hot water. Make a
+hollow in the white and drop the yolk therein. Set in the oven to cook the
+egg.
+
+Oatmeal Gruel.--Pour boiling water over a cupful of rolled oats, stir and
+let stand a moment, then strain off the liquid. Season with sugar and a
+little cream if desired. Especially good for children.
+
+Prepared Flour for Summer Complaint.--Take a double handful of flour, tie
+up in a cloth and cook from three to six hours in a kettle of boiling
+water. Take out and remove the cloth and you have a hard, round ball. Keep
+in a dry, cool place. Prepare by grating from this ball into boiling milk
+enough to make it as thick as you desire, stirring it just before removing
+from the fire with a stick of cinnamon to give it a pleasant flavor. Salt
+the milk a little. This is very good for children having summer complaint.
+
+Chicken Broth.--Take the first and second joints of a chicken, boil in a
+quart of water until tender, season with a very little salt and pepper.
+
+Fever Drinks--Pour cold water on wheat bran, let boil one-half hour,
+strain and add sugar and lemon juice. Pour boiling water on flaxseed and
+let stand until it is ropy, pour into hot lemonade and drink.
+
+Egg Gruel.--Beat the yolk of an egg with one tablespoonful sugar, beating
+the white separately; add one cup boiling water to that yolk, then stir in
+the whites and add any seasoning. Good for a cold.
+
+Diabetic Bread.--Take one quart of set milk or milk and water, one heaping
+teaspoonful of good butter, one-fifth of a cake of compressed yeast beaten
+up with a little water, and two well-beaten eggs. Stir in gluten flour
+until a soft dough is formed; knead as in making ordinary bread; place in
+pans to raise, and when light bake in hot oven.
+
+Lime Water.--Into an earthen jar containing hot water stir a handful of
+fresh unslaked lime. Allow it to settle; then decant the clear fluid and
+bottle it. Water may again be added to the lime, and the mixture covered
+and allowed to stand to be decanted as needed.
+
+Vanilla Snow.--Cook one-half cup of rice. When nearly done add one-half
+cup of cream, small pinch of salt, beaten white of one egg, one-half cup
+of sugar, flavor with vanilla. Pile in a dish and dot with jelly. Serve
+with sugar and cream.
+
+Omelet.--One egg, white and yolk beaten separately; two tablespoons milk,
+one-third teaspoon each of flour and melted butter, a little salt. Add
+the beaten white last. Pour in small spider in which is a little melted
+butter (hot) and cook over moderate fire. When it thickens and looks from
+under the edges, fold it over and slip it on a hot dish.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 649]
+
+Almond Milk.--Blanch one pound of sweet and two of bitter almonds that
+have been soaked in cold water for twenty-four hours. This is done by
+pouring boiling water over the almonds when, after a few minutes, they can
+easily be pressed out of their hulls. Grind the almonds in a mill or pound
+them in a mortar; mix with a half-pint of warm milk or water and allow the
+mixture to stand two hours after which strain through a cloth, pressing
+the juice out well.
+
+Brandy and Egg Mixture.--Rub the yolks of two eggs with half an ounce of
+white sugar; add four ounces of cinnamon water; one coffee-spoonful of
+white sugar.
+
+Cold Eggnog.--Beat up an egg; add to it two teaspoonfuls of sugar, a
+glassful of milk and a tablespoonful of brandy or good whisky; mix
+thoroughly.
+
+Hot Eggnog.--Beat up the yolk of one egg; add a teaspoonful or two of
+sugar and a glassful of hot milk; strain and add a tablespoonful of brandy
+or old whisky, or flavor with nutmeg or wine.
+
+Egg Broth.--Beat up an egg and add to it half a teaspoonful of sugar and a
+pinch of salt; over this pour a glass of hot milk and serve immediately.
+Hot water, broth, soup, or tea may be used in place of milk.
+
+Egg Cordial.--Beat up the white of an egg until light; add a tablespoonful
+of cream and beat up together, then add two tablespoonfuls of sugar and a
+tablespoonful of brandy.
+
+Caudle.--Beat up an egg to a froth; add a wineglassful of sherry wine, and
+sweeten with a teaspoonful of sugar; if desired flavor with lemon peel.
+Stir this mixture into a half-pint of gruel; over this grate a little
+nutmeg and serve with hot toast.
+
+Albumin Water.--Beat the white of one egg until very light and strain
+through a clean napkin. Add six ounces of water. If intended for an infant
+a pinch of salt may be added. A teaspoonful or more of sugar and a
+teaspoonful or more of lemon juice, orange juice, or sherry wine may be
+added to enhance its palatableness. This drink may also conveniently be
+made by placing all the ingredients in a lemon-shaker, shaking until
+thoroughly mixed and then straining. Serve cold.
+
+Apple Water.--Pour a cupful of boiling water over two mashed baked apples;
+cool, strain, and sweeten. Serve with shaved ice if desired.
+
+Currant Juice.--Take an ounce of currant juice or a tablespoonful of
+currant jelly. Over this pour a cupful of boiling water (use cold water
+with the juice) and sweeten to taste.
+
+Lemonade.--Take the juice of one lemon or three tablespoonfuls of lemon
+juice; add from one to three tablespoonfuls of sugar and a cupful (six
+ounces) of cold water. Serve with cracked or shaved ice if desired.
+
+[650 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Syrup for Cough of Long Standing.--"Five cents worth of flax seed, a
+little rock candy, two tablespoons of best brandy and a lemon makes the
+finest cough syrup in the world. Steep flaxseed a short time, strain and
+add rock candy to sweeten, then juice of one lemon and the brandy. One
+physician says it is as good as anything he can put up."
+
+Syrup of Lemons for Fever Cases and to Disguise the Taste of Bad
+Medicines.--"Boil for ten minutes a pint of lemon juice, strain, add two
+pounds of brown sugar and dissolve. When cold add two and one-half ounces
+of alcohol. A fine addition to drinks in fever cases and good to disguise
+the taste of medicines."
+
+Lemonade.--Pare the rind from one lemon, cut the lemon into slices, and
+place both in a pitcher with an ounce of  sugar. Over this pour a pint of
+boiling water and let it stand until cold. Strain and serve with cracked
+ice.
+
+Albuminzed Lemonade.--Shake together a cupful of water, two teaspoonfuls
+of lemon juice, two teaspoonfuls of sugar, and the white of an egg. Serve
+at once.
+
+Orangeade.--Cut the rind from one orange; over the rind pour a cupful of
+boiling water; then add the juice of the orange and a tablespoonful of
+sugar; cool, strain, and serve with shaved ice if desired. If this is too
+sweet, a tablespoonful of lemon juice may be added.
+
+Imperial Drink.--Add a teaspoonful of cream of tartar to a pint of boiling
+water; into this squeeze the juice of half a lemon, or more if desired;
+sweeten to taste and serve cold. This drink is most useful in fevers and
+nephritis.
+
+Flaxseed Tea.--Add six teaspoonfuls of flaxseed to a quart of water; boil
+for half an hour; cool, strain, sweeten, and if desired flavor with a
+little lemon juice.
+
+Mulled Wine.--One-fourth of a cupful of hot water, one-half inch of stick
+cinnamon, two cloves, a tiny bit of nutmeg, one-half cupful of port
+(heated) two tablespoonfuls of sugar. Boil all the ingredients except the
+wine and sugar for ten minutes; then add the wine and sugar, strain, and
+serve very hot.
+
+Grape Juice.--Pluck Concord grapes from the stem. Wash and heat them,
+stirring constantly. When the skins have been broken, pour the fruit into
+a jelly bag and press slightly. Measure the juice and add one-quarter the
+quantity of sugar. Boil the juice and sugar together and then pour into
+hot bottles; cork and seal with paraffin or equal parts of shoemaker's wax
+and resin melted together. Less sugar may be used.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 651]
+
+Oatmeal, Barley or Rice Water. From the Grain: Use two tablespoonfuls of
+grain to a quart of water. The grain should have been previously soaked
+over night or at least for a few hours. When required for an emergency the
+soaking may be dispensed with and the grain boiled for five minutes
+instead. The water in which the grain was soaked should be poured off and
+fresh water added before cooking. The grain should be boiled for several
+hours, water being added from time to time to keep the quantity up to a
+quart. Strain. This makes a somewhat thin, watery gruel. From prepared
+flours: Various brands of prepared grain flours are on the market, such,
+for example, as Robinson's Barley flour. These are all somewhat similar in
+preparation. From two rounded teaspoonfuls to a tablespoonful of the
+prepared flour is added to a pint of boiling water and this is boiled from
+fifteen to thirty minutes and then strained. No previous soaking is
+required.
+
+
+
+CEREALS AND CEREAL GRUELS.
+
+Either the grain itself or the specially prepared flour may be used. When
+the grains are used they should be spread on a clean table and all foreign
+substances removed. If the whole grains be used, it is well to wash them,
+after picking them over, with two or three changes of cold water. Cereals
+are best cooked in a double boiler. The lower part should be filled about
+one-third full of water and, if more is added during the soaking, it
+should always be boiling hot. The cereal should be boiled over the fire
+for ten or fifteen minutes. The water should be boiled first and then
+salted. The cereal is added gradually and the whole stirred to prevent it
+from burning. It should then be placed in the double boiler and steamed
+until thoroughly cooked. Cereals, like other starchy foods, require
+thorough cooking. Most recipes allow too short a time. Oatmeal,
+especially, should be mentioned. It develops a better flavor if cooked for
+three hours or more, and is better when it is prepared the day before and
+reheated when used. It should be just thin enough to pour when taken out
+of boiler, and when cooled should form a jelly.
+
+Any cereal mush may be thinned with water, milk or cream and made into a
+gruel, or the gruel may be made directly from the grain or flour. Gruels
+should be thin, not too sweet nor too highly flavored, and served very
+hot. Milk gruels should be made in a double boiler. Gruels can be made
+more nutritious by the addition of whipped egg, either the white or yolk
+or both, and the various concentrated food products.
+
+When cereal flours are used, the flour should be rubbed to a smooth paste
+with a little cold water and added slowly to boiling water, stirring
+constantly until it is thoroughly mixed.
+
+[652  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+LENGTH OF TIME TO COOK CEREALS.
+
+Cornmeal mush:   Boil 10 minutes, then steam for     3 hours or more.
+Oatmeal:         Boil 10 minutes, then steam for l-1/2 hours or more.
+Irish oatmeal:   Boil 10 minutes, then steam for     8 hours or more.
+Wheatena:        Boil 10 minutes, then steam for    10 hours or more.
+Gluten mush:     Boil 30 minutes.
+Steamed rice:    Steam for one hour.
+Boiled rice:     Boil for twenty minutes or until soft.
+
+Arrowroot Gruel.--Dissolve half a teaspoonful of sugar and a quarter of a
+teaspoonful of salt in a cupful of water and heat. Mix half a teaspoonful
+of arrowroot flour with a little water and add to the heated water. Boil
+for twenty minutes, stirring constantly; then add a cupful of milk, bring
+to a boil, strain, and serve hot.
+
+Barley Gruel.--Proceed as above, using a tablespoonful of Robinson's
+Barley flour instead of arrowroot.
+
+Oatmeal Gruel.--As above, but use oatmeal, and boil for half an hour or
+longer before adding the milk.
+
+Farina Gruel.--Proceed as in making arrowroot gruel, using instead a
+tablespoonful of farina, and boil ten minutes before adding the milk.
+
+Cracker Gruel.--Brown the crackers, and reduce to a powder by means of a
+rolling-pin. Add three tablespoonfuls of the powdered crackers to half a
+cupful of milk and half a cupful of boiling water; cook for ten minutes;
+then add one-fourth of a teaspoonful of salt and serve.
+
+Cornmeal Gruel.--Take a tablespoonful of cornmeal and moisten with a
+little cold water. Stir this into a pint of boiling water to which a pinch
+of salt has been added. Cook for three hours in a double boiler, or for
+thirty minutes directly over the fire. In the latter case it must be
+stirred constantly.
+
+Gluten Gruel.--Mix a tablespoonful of gluten flour with one-fourth of a
+cupful of cold water and stir this into one cupful of boiling salted
+water. Cook directly over the fire for fifteen minutes; then add one clove
+and cook over boiling water for a half hour.
+
+Tapioca Jelly.--Soak a cupful of tapioca of the best quality in a pint of
+cold water for two hours; when soft, place in a saucepan with sugar, the
+rind and juice of one lemon, a pinch of salt, and another pint of water;
+stir the mixture until it boils; turn into a mold and set away to cool; if
+desired, a glassful of wine may be added.
+
+Chestnut Puree.--One pound of chestnuts (not horse-chestnuts) are peeled,
+and boiled in water until the second (inside) skin comes off easily. The
+chestnuts are placed in a sieve until all the water drains off. They are
+then washed in a dish and afterwards passed through a sieve. Melt three
+ounces of butter in a stew-pan on the fire, add a little salt and
+sugar,--enough to cover the point of a knife, and then the chestnuts. Stew
+them for half an hour, stirring frequently; pour in enough bouillon so
+that the mush does not get too thick.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 653]
+
+Brown Bread.--Take one-half cupful scalded milk, one-half cupful of water,
+one teaspoonful of salt, one-half teaspoonful of butter, one-half
+teaspoonful lard, two tablespoonfuls of molasses, one-half cupful of white
+flour, sufficient graham flour to knead, and three-quarters of a yeast
+cake dissolved in one-quarter of a cupful of lukewarm water. Prepare the
+same as white bread. Instead of graham flour, equal parts of graham flour
+and white flour may be used in kneading.
+
+Whole Wheat Bread.--Dissolve a quarter of a yeast cake in a tablespoonful
+of lukewarm water. Pour half a cupful of hot water over half a cupful of
+milk and when lukewarm add the yeast and half a teaspoonful of salt. To
+this add a cupful of whole-wheat flour and beat for five minutes. Cover
+and allow this to stand in a warm place for two hours and a half. Then add
+whole-wheat flour gradually, mixing the mass until it can be kneaded.
+Knead until elastic; shake and place in baking pans. Cover and allow to
+stand in a warm place until it doubles in bulk. Prick the top with a fork
+and bake for one hour. The oven should not be as hot as for white bread.
+
+Cream-of-Tomato Soup.--One can tomatoes, one-fourth teaspoonful soda,
+one-half cupful of butter, one-third cup of flour, 3-1/4 teaspoonfuls of
+salt, one-half teaspoonful of white pepper, one quart of milk. Stew the
+tomatoes slowly one-half to an hour, strain and add soda while hot; make a
+white sauce and add the tomato juice. Serve immediately.
+
+Cream-of-Celery Soup.--One and one-half cupful of celery, one pint of
+water, one cupful of milk, one cupful cream, two tablespoonfuls of butter,
+one-half cupful of flour, one-half teaspoonful of salt, one-eighth
+teaspoonful of white pepper. Cook the celery in the boiling water until
+very soft; strain and add the hot liquid; make a white sauce and cook
+until it is thick cream.
+
+Cream-of-Potato Soup.--Three potatoes, two cupfuls milk, one-half cupful
+of cream, yolks of two eggs, one teaspoonful of salt, pepper, one-half
+teaspoonful of onion juice. Cook the potatoes until soft, drain, mash, add
+the hot liquid, and strain; add the beaten yolks and seasoning. Cook in a
+double boiler until the egg thickens, stirring constantly. Serve
+immediately.
+
+Oyster Stew.--One cupful of milk, one pint of oysters, one-fourth
+teaspoonful of salt, one tablespoonful of butter, pepper. Heat the milk.
+Cook and strain the oyster juice. Add the oysters, which have been rinsed,
+and cook until the edges curl. Add seasoning, butter and hot milk. Serve
+at once This soup may be thickened with a tablespoonful of flour cooked in
+butter as for white sauce.
+
+Peptonized Milk.--Cold Process.--Mix milk, water and peptonizing agents,
+and immediately place the bottle on ice. Use when ordinary milk is
+required. This is particularly suited for dyspeptics and individuals with
+whom milk does not, as a rule, agree. The flavor of the milk remains
+unchanged.
+
+[654 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Peptonized Milk.--Warm Process.--Put in a glass jar one pint of milk and
+four ounces of cold water; add five grains of extract of pancreas and
+fifteen grains of bicarbonate of soda. After mixing thoroughly, place the
+jar in water as hot as can be borne by the hand (about 115 degrees). This
+should be heated for from six to twenty minutes. At the end of this time
+it may be placed upon ice until required. The contents of one of
+Fairchild's peptonizing tubes may be used in place of the pancreas
+extract. If the milk is to be kept for any length of time, it should be
+brought to a boil, to prevent the formation of too much peptone, which
+renders the milk bitter.
+
+Hot Peptonized Milk.--Mix together the usual peptonizing ingredients and
+add a pint of fresh cold milk; after thoroughly shaking the bottle, place
+it on ice. When needed pour out the required amount, heat it, and drink it
+as hot as it can agreeably be taken. If required for immediate use, the
+ingredients may be mixed together in a saucepan and slowly heated to the
+proper temperature.
+
+Peptonized Milk Punch.--In the usual milk punch recipes the specially
+peptonized milk may be used in place of ordinary milk. Take a goblet
+one-third full of finely crushed ice; pour on it a tablespoonful of rum
+and a dash of curacao, or any other liquor agreeable to the taste. Fill
+the glass with peptonized milk; stir well, sweeten to taste and grate a
+little nutmeg on top.
+
+Peptonized Milk Gruel.--Mix with a teaspoonful of wheat flour, arrowroot
+flour, or Robinson's barley flour with half a pint of cold water. Boil for
+five minutes stirring constantly. Add one pint of cold milk and strain
+into a jar; add the usual peptonizing ingredients, place in warm water
+(115 degrees) for twenty minutes, and then put upon ice.
+
+Junket or Curds and Whey.--Take a half-pint of fresh milk; add one
+teaspoonful of Fairchild's Essence of Pepsin and stir just sufficiently to
+mix. Pour into custard cups and let it stand until firmly curdled. It may
+be served plain or with sugar and grated nutmeg. It may be flavored with
+wine which should be added before curdling takes place.
+
+Junket with Eggs.--Beat one egg to a froth, and sweeten with two
+teaspoonfuls of white sugar; add this to a half-pint of warm milk; then
+add one teaspoonful of essence of pepsin and let it stand until curdled.
+
+Milk Punch.--Shake together in a lemonade-shaker a glass of milk, a
+tablespoonful of rum, brandy, or good old whisky and two teaspoonfuls of
+sugar. After it has been poured into a glass a little nutmeg may be grated
+over the top.
+
+Whey.--Take a half-pint of fresh milk heated luke-warm (115 degrees), add
+one tablespoonful of essence of pepsin and stir just enough to mix. When
+this is firmly coagulated, beat up with a fork until the curd is finely
+divided and then strain. For flavoring purposes lemon juice or sherry wine
+may be added.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 655]
+
+Cream of Tartar Whey.--Add a heaping teaspoonful of cream of tartar to a
+pint of boiling water. Strain, sweeten to taste, and serve cold.
+
+Wine Whey.--Cook together a cupful of milk and half a cupful of sherry
+wine. As soon as the curd separates, strain and sweeten. This may be eaten
+hot or cold.
+
+Milk Mixture.--This is made of cream, two parts; milk, one part; lime
+water, two parts; sugar water, three parts (seventeen and three-fourths
+drams of milk sugar to a pint of water).
+
+Milk-and-Cinnamon Drink.--Add a small amount of cinnamon to the desired
+quantity of milk and boil it. Sweeten with sugar and add brandy if
+desired.
+
+Albuminized Milk.--Shake in a covered jar or lemonade-shaker, a cupful of
+milk, a tablespoonful of lime water and the white of an egg. Sweeten,
+flavor as desired and serve at once.
+
+Milk-and-Cereal Waters.--A most valuable method of preparing milk for
+invalids with whom it disagrees is to mix equal parts of milk and
+thoroughly cooked barley, rice, oatmeal, or arrowroot water and boil them
+together for ten minutes. This may be served plain, or flavored by cooking
+with it a cut-up raisin, a sprig of mace, or a piece of stick cinnamon,
+which should be strained out before serving.
+
+Irish Moss and Milk.--Soak about two tablespoonfuls of Irish moss for five
+minutes and wash thoroughly in cold water. Add to a cupful of milk and
+soak for a half an hour; then heat slowly, stirring constantly, and then
+boil for ten minutes, preferably in a double boiler; strain, pour into
+cups and cool. This may be served while hot and may be rendered more
+nutritious by the addition of the white of an egg stirred into it just
+before serving.
+
+Eggs.--Eggs and all other albuminous food should be cooked at as low a
+temperature as possible in order to avoid rendering them tough.
+
+Soft-Cooked Eggs.--Place in a pint of boiling water, remove from the fire,
+and allow to stand for eight or ten minutes. If the egg is very cold to
+start with it will take a little longer.
+
+Hard-Cooked Eggs.--Place in water, bring to a boil and then set on the
+back part of the stove for twenty minutes.
+
+Eggs should be served as soon as cooked and the dishes should be warm and
+ready.
+
+Rules for Custards.--The eggs should be thoroughly mixed but not beaten
+light, the sugar and salt added to these, and the hot milk added slowly.
+Custards must be cooked over moderate heat; if a custard curdles, put it
+in a pan of cold water and beat until smooth. Custards should always be
+strained.
+
+[656 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Soft Custard.--Take a pint of milk, the yolks of two eggs, two
+tablespoonfuls of sugar, and a pinch of salt. Mix all except the milk in a
+bowl. Heat the milk to the boiling-point and add, stirring constantly. As
+soon as mixed, pour into the saucepan in which the milk has been heated
+and cook from three to five minutes, stirring constantly until it
+thickens. Strain and pour into a cold bowl and flavor with from half to
+one teaspoonful of vanilla, a teaspoonful or more of sherry, or other
+flavoring material as desired. Custards may be cooked to advantage in a
+double boiler.
+
+Soup Stock.--To make stock, use a chicken or several pounds of bones with
+some meat attached, or a pound of lean meat and one quart of water. Cut-up
+vegetables may be added as desired. For flavoring add a sprig of parsley
+and of celery, a peppercorn, a small onion, and a scant teaspoonful of
+salt. Any of the flavoring vegetables may be omitted as desired or others
+added. The meat should simmer for several hours, until but half the
+quantity of water remains. Then add the other ingredients, simmer half an
+hour longer, strain and cool. Remove the fat.
+
+Chicken Broth.--Take one pound of chicken and a pint of cold water. Clean
+the fowl, cut it into pieces, and remove the skin. Separate the meat from
+the bone and chop the meat very fine. Place with the bones (if large they
+should be broken) in the water and soak for an hour. Cook over hot water
+for four or five hours at a temperature of 190 degrees. Strain and add
+salt. Water must be added from time to time to keep the quantity up to a
+pint. Remove the fat. If the broth is to be reheated use a double boiler.
+
+Meat Broth: Beef, Veal, Mutton, or Chicken.--Cover one pound of chopped
+lean meat with one pint of water, and allow it to stand for from four to
+six hours. Then cook over a slow fire for an hour until reduced to half
+the quantity. Cool, skim, pour into a jar and strain.
+
+Veal Broth.--Pour a pint of water on a half-pound of finely chopped lean
+veal and allow it to stand for three hours. Boil for a few minutes, strain
+and season with salt.
+
+Clam or Oyster Juice.--Cut the clams or oysters into pieces and heat for a
+few minutes in their juice. Strain through muslin and serve while hot. In
+straining great care must be taken that sand does not pass through the
+muslin. The juices should be diluted and may be frozen.
+
+Clam Broth.--Wash three large clams very thoroughly, using a brush for the
+purpose. Place in a kettle with a half a cupful of cold water. Heat over
+fire. As soon as the shells open, the broth is done. Strain through
+muslin, season and serve.
+
+Mutton Broth with Vegetables.--Allow one pound of neck of mutton to each
+pint of water; add carrots, turnips, onions, and barley; let all simmer
+together for three hours.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 657]
+
+Mutton Broth Without Meat.--Cook two "shank-ends" in a pint of cold water,
+and vegetables as directed in the foregoing recipe; simmer for three hours
+and strain.
+
+Beef Tea.--Cut up a pound of lean beef into pieces the size of dice; put
+it into a covered jar with two pints of cold water and a pinch of salt.
+Let it warm gradually and simmer for two hours, care being taken that it
+does not at any time reach the boiling point.
+
+Beef Tea with Oatmeal.--Mix thoroughly one tablespoonful of groats with
+two of cold water; add to this a pint of boiling beef tea. Boil for ten
+minutes, stirring constantly, and strain through a coarse sieve.
+
+Beef Juice.--Broil quickly pieces of the round or sirloin of a size to fit
+the opening of a lemon squeezer. Both sides of the beef should be scorched
+quickly to prevent the escape of the juices, but the interior should not
+be fully cooked. As soon as they are ready pieces of meat should be
+squeezed in a lemon squeezer previously heated by being dipped in hot
+water. As it drips the juice should be received into a hot wine glass; it
+should be seasoned to the taste with salt and a little cayenne pepper, and
+taken while hot.
+
+Cold Beef Juice.--Cover one pound of finely chopped lean beef with eight
+ounces of cold water and allow it to stand for eight or ten hours. Squeeze
+out the juice by means of a muslin bag; season with salt or sherry wine
+and drink cold or slightly warmed. It may be added to milk, care being
+taken that the milk be not too hot before the juice is added.
+
+Raw Meat Juice.--Add to finely minced rump steak cold water, in the
+proportion of one part of water to four parts of meat. Stir well together
+and allow it to stand for half an hour. Forcibly express the juice through
+muslin, twisting it to get the best results.
+
+Beef Essence.--Chop up very fine a pound of lean beef free from fat and
+skin; add a little salt, and put into an earthen jar with a lid; fasten up
+the edges with a thick paste, such as is used for roasting venison in, and
+place the jar in the oven for three or four hours. Strain through a coarse
+sieve, and give the patient two or three tablespoonfuls at a time.
+
+American Bouillon (American Broth).--Place in a tin vessel that can be
+sealed hermetically alternate layers of finely minced meat and vegetables.
+Seal it and keep it heated in a water bath (bainmaire) for six or seven
+hours and then express the broth.
+
+Bottle Bouillon.--Cut beef, free from fat, into squares. Place these in a
+stoppered bottle, put the bottle in a basin of warm water, heat slowly,
+and boil for twenty minutes. There will be about an ounce of yellowish or
+brownish fluid for each three-quarters of a pound of meat used. The flavor
+is that of concentrated bouillon.
+
+[658 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Methods of preparing raw beef.--Meat given raw should always be perfectly
+fresh and very finely divided. Scrape the meat with a sharp knife, which
+will separate the coarser fibers. If the resulting mass is stringy pass
+through a fine sieve. This may be seasoned with salt and pepper and served
+on toast, crackers or bread and butter. It may be rolled into small balls
+and swallowed. These may be flavored as desired. They may also be slightly
+browned by rolling about rapidly in a hot saucepan, care being taken not
+to change any but the outside of the ball, and that but slightly. Scraped
+beef may be served as a liquid or semi-solid food. Mix it with an equal
+quantity of cold water until it is quite smooth. Place in a double boiler
+and cook until thoroughly heated, stirring constantly. Add a little salt
+and pepper and serve at once. This may be made thicker by adding less
+water.
+
+Raw-beef Soup.--This is made by chopping up one pound of raw beef and
+placing it in a bottle with one pint of water and five drops of strong
+hydrochloric acid. This mixture is allowed to stand on the ice over night
+and in the morning the bottle is placed in a pan of water at 110 degrees
+and kept at about this temperature for two hours. It is then placed in a
+stout cloth and strained until the mass that remains is almost dry. The
+filtrate is given in three portions daily. If the taste of the raw meat is
+objectionable, the meat may quickly be roasted on one side and the process
+completed in the manner previously described.
+
+Barley Gruel with Beef Extract.--One-half teaspoonful of "Soluble Beef,"
+two cupfuls of hot water, one tablespoonful of barley flour, one
+saltspoonful of salt. Dissolve the beef in the hot water, and mix the
+flour and salt together with a little cold water. Pour the boiling stock
+on the flour and cook for ten minutes. Strain, and serve very hot.
+
+Beef Broth with Poached Eggs.--Prepare the broth in the proportion of half
+a teaspoonful of "Soluble Beef" to one cupful of hot water and add a
+poached egg.
+
+A Nutritive Drink for Delicate Women and Children.--This is made by mixing
+one-fourth to one-half teaspoonful of "Soluble Beef," five ounces of
+boiling water and one-half ounce of cream; season with salt and pepper to
+suit the taste.
+
+Beef Broth with Grain.--Take one teaspoonful of "Soluble Beef," one quart
+of water, one tablespoonful of rice, and salt to taste. Dissolve the
+"Soluble Beef" in the hot water and add the well-washed rice. Simmer
+slowly until dissolved and absorbed by the rice, adding more beef broth if
+too much boils away. If not entirely dissolved the broth should be
+strained before using.
+
+Beef Tea Egg-Nog.--This requires one-eighth teaspoonful of "Soluble Beef,"
+one-half cupful of hot water, one tablespoonful of brandy, and a pinch of
+salt. Beat the egg slightly and add the salt and sugar. Dissolve the
+"Soluble Beef" in the hot water, add to the egg and strain. Mix
+thoroughly, adding wine, and serve.
+
+[NURSING DEPARTMENT 659]
+
+Chicken Jelly.--Half a grown chicken should be well pounded, and boiled in
+one quart of water for two hours until only a pint remains; season and
+strain. Serve hot or place on ice, where it will jelly.
+
+Veal-bone Jelly.--Place ten pounds of veal bones and ten quarts of water
+or weak bouillon over the fire and bring to just a boil. Skim and add two
+pounds of barley and a little salt. Simmer for five or six hours and then
+strain. If too thick dilute, before serving, with bouillon. Stir in the
+yolk of an egg in a cup and serve.
+
+Meat Jelly.--This is made by cooking good boneless, lean beef on a water
+bath with a little water for sixteen hours or until it becomes
+gelatinized. Of the artificial preparations on the market for making
+bouillon the most reliable is Leibig's Extract of Meat (10:250 gm.) or
+Cibil's Bouillon (one teaspoonfnl to 250 gm.), Inaglio's Bouillon Capsules
+are also very convenient. If it is desired to make a bouillon more
+nutritious one teaspoonful of meat peptone may be added.
+
+Jelly for Dyspeptics.--Remove the skin and meat from one calf 's foot;
+wash the bone and place in cold water on the stove; when it begins to foam
+skim off the refuse which gathers on top. After rinsing off the scum with
+cold water put the bones into a pot with one-quarter kilo of beef or half
+an old hen, one-quarter liter of water, and little salt, and boil slowly
+for from four to five hours. Pour the jelly thus formed through a fine
+sieve and place overnight in a cellar. Next morning remove the fat and
+clarify the cold jelly by adding one egg with its shells mashed, beating
+and stirring steadily. Then, with the addition of a little cornstarch,
+subject the whole to a temperature not over 60 degrees F., or the white of
+the egg will curdle. Constantly beat and stir. If the jelly begins to get
+grainy, cover and let it cool until the white of the egg becomes flaky and
+separates. Then strain again several times until it becomes perfectly
+clear; add 5 gm. of extract of meat, pour the jelly into a mold, and let
+it cool again. The gravy from a roast may be utilized and is very
+palatable. It must be stirred in while the mass is still warm and liquid.
+This jelly is usually relished with cold fowl, but spoils easily in
+summer; it must therefore be kept on ice.
+
+Gluten Bread.--Mix one pound of gluten flour with three-fourth of a pint
+or one pint of water at 85 degrees. (With some of the prepared
+flours--Bishop's, for example--no yeast is required). As soon as the dough
+is mixed put it into tins and place them immediately in the oven; should
+be made into small dinner rolls and baked on flat tins. The loaves take
+about one and one-half hours to bake, and the rolls three-fourths of an
+hour. Either are easily made. The addition of a little salt improves the
+bread. (When any special brand of flour is used, the directions that
+accompany it should be followed closely).
+
+[660 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FOUR LEADING SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE:
+ALLOPATHY, HOMEOPATHY, OSTEOPATHY AND ECLECTICISM.
+
+ALLOPATHY.--Literally the word Allopathy means "other suffering," from the
+Greek "allos" meaning other, and "pathos" meaning suffering. A more
+liberal translation would be,--other methods of treating suffering. The
+term was first used during the latter part of the eighteenth century by
+Hahnemann, the founder of the Homeopathic School, to distinguish the
+ordinary or regular practice of medicine as opposed to Homeopathy.
+
+Notwithstanding the comparatively recent origin of the term, however, the
+methods and theories of Allopathy are based empirically upon the results
+of the practice of medicine since the time of Galen, and logically upon
+the scientific facts disclosed by modern research and study. In its broad
+and popular sense, Allopathy is the preservation of health and the
+treatment of disease by the use of any means that will produce a condition
+incompatible with the disease.
+
+The application of the theories and methods of this "old school"
+necessitates a thorough knowledge of anatomy, pharmocology, pathology,
+bacteriology, physiology and other sciences. At the present time much
+stress is also laid upon the means for the prevention and the eradication
+of diseases and their causes. The inefficiency of drugs is recognized and
+besides the articles of the Materia Medica the "regular" physician makes
+use of antitoxins, vaccines, surgery, electricity, baths, etc., in
+treating diseases. Everyday examples of their methods may be seen in the
+use of quinine in Malaria, antitoxins in Diphtheria and vaccines in
+Smallpox, etc.
+
+HOMEOPATHY.--This school was founded by Hahnemann, who lived in Germany
+over a hundred years ago. Everyone now admits that he was a great scholar.
+In translating a materia medica he was very much struck with the article
+on cinchona, where it seemed to state that taken continuously in large
+doses it would produce all the indications of ague. He tested other
+remedies in the same way and finally announced his law "Similia Similibus
+Curantur."
+
+Definition given by a Medical Dictionary of Homeopathy.--"A system of
+treatment of disease by the use of agents that, administered in health,
+would produce symptoms similar to those for the relief of which they are
+given." For instance, ipecac given in large doses, will produce certain
+kind of vomiting. If the same kind of vomiting, with the other symptoms
+agreeing, occurs in disease ipecac would be given for the trouble.
+
+[LEADING SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE 661]
+
+But if the vomiting was produced by ipecac, that same medicine would not
+be given to stop it, but treatment given for an over dose of the drug,
+ipecac. According to the principles of Homeopathy a medicine is selected
+which possesses the power (drug diseases) of extinguishing a natural
+disease by means of the similitude of its alterative qualities, (similia
+similibus curantur); such a medicine administered in simple form at long
+intervals, and in doses so fine as to be just sufficient without causing
+pain or debility, to obliterate the natural disease through the reaction
+of vital energy.
+
+A great many medicines are used in this way by all schools, but the
+"regular" school claims it is not an universal law. Some homeopathic
+doctors claim that the antitoxin treatment for diphtheria, etc. is an
+application of the homeopathic law. The poison that produces the
+diphtheria is taken and from this by a thorough and precise process the
+serum is made and injected into the body of a person who has diphtheria.
+
+Hydrophobia is successfully treated in the same way. A homeopathic doctor
+has a right to use any sized doses he wishes, but he claims experience has
+proven that large doses are not often necessary and that the medicine
+usually acts better attenuated.
+
+
+
+ECLECTICISM.--An eclectic physician is a member of a school or system that
+claims to select "that which is good from all other schools."
+
+This school uses very few mineral remedies, but uses many vegetable
+remedies. They have introduced a great many vegetable remedies into
+medical practice and very many of them are useful.
+
+The homeopathic school has benefited very much by the experience of the
+eclectic system. This school uses remedies in large and small doses. Many
+of them use the homeopathic attenuated drugs.
+
+
+
+OSTEOPATHY.--"The name 'Osteopathy' is made up of two Greek words:
+'Osteon,' which means 'bone,' and 'pathos,' which means suffering (to
+suffer). 'Pathy,' our English equivalent for this word, by usage has come
+to mean "a system of treatment for suffering or disease. Hence, viewed
+strictly from its derivation, this term, Osteopathy, would carry only the
+meaning of bone suffering, 'bone disease' or 'bone treatment.'"
+
+Definition.--"Osteopathy is that science of treating human ailments which
+regards most diseases as being either primarily produced or maintained by
+an obstruction to the free passage of nerve impulses or blood and lymph
+flow, and undertakes by manipulation to remove such obstruction so that
+nature may resume her perfect work."
+
+[662 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Explanation.--"While it is a distinctive theory of osteopathy that disease
+conditions, not due to a specific poison, are traceable to mechanical
+disorder in the body, or some part of it, and that the correction of such
+disorder is not only the rational treatment, but is necessary to the
+restoration of a permanent condition of health, yet as a palliative
+treatment appropriate manipulations are occasionally employed to stimulate
+or inhibit functional activity as conditions may require. Osteopaths also
+employ such rational hygienic measures, common to all systems of healing,
+as has been proven of undoubted value, and take into account environmental
+influences, habits and modes of life, as affecting the body in maintaining
+or regaining health."
+
+The "American School of Osteopathy" is located in Kirksville, Missouri.
+
+The course of study required is of three years duration, of nine months
+each, and the degree of D. O. (Doctor of Osteopathy) is given to the
+graduates.
+
+
+OPERATIONS.
+
+There has been a great change in regard to operations among the laity of
+late years. There is much less opposition and prejudice. The people are
+being educated to the necessity for operating in many diseases. A great
+deal of the opposition was due to the doctors themselves. There have been
+doctors who would operate at every opportunity. Some doctors could not
+treat a woman for diseases of the womb and ovaries without suggesting that
+an operation was necessary. There have been a great many healthy organs
+removed, or at least organs that could have been saved by proper
+treatment. Fortunately such doctors are becoming less in number and there
+is more discrimination being used. On the other hand there has also been
+too much conservatism. Many persons have spent years in suffering who
+could have been relieved by an operation. Years ago a person suffering
+from terrific attacks of gall stone colic continued to suffer all their
+natural life. Now an operation is performed and relief is obtained at very
+little risk to life. The same is true of cancers, tumors, etc. These, if
+taken early, can be removed safely and successfully in very many cases and
+lives saved and suffering relieved.
+
+If an operation is needed the family should go to their family physician,
+in whom they have confidence. He can do the operation or direct the family
+as to what surgeon to choose. Bad results of operations are, sometimes,
+due to the operator. It is the duty of the family to choose a competent
+and honest surgeon. There are plenty of them all over the world,--and very
+few competent surgeons operate simply for the money they receive. As a
+rule they earn all and more than they are paid. There are more surgeons
+today than ever and they are also more competent, for our medical schools
+prepare them in the hospitals for that kind of work.
+
+[OPERATIONS 663]
+
+The surgeons connected with our hospitals, public and private, are doing a
+great work in relieving the ills of humanity, others in private practice
+are doing great work. Here and there one is found who operates only for
+the money, but persons who employ such a doctor are usually entitled to
+the results they receive. Your family physician, even if he is not a
+surgeon, is the best person to consult when an operation may be necessary.
+He will send you to some honest and competent man. Operations usually
+should be performed as early as possible. In malignant disease the
+operation must be done early. This applies to cancers of the lip, face,
+tongue, breast, womb, ovaries, stomach and the abdominal cavity.
+
+Then again, operations are far less dangerous now than before the days of
+aseptic and antiseptic surgery. Cleanliness on the part of the surgeon,
+nurses and patient is the first law of success in all operations. Any case
+that becomes infected through fault of the surgeon or attendants is no
+longer looked upon as a thoroughly successful operation, even though the
+patient recovers.
+
+As in other branches of medicine, there are now many specialists in
+surgery. In the major operations it is best to employ a specialist, but in
+the minor cases the "family doctor" should be competent. If he does not
+care to perform the operation himself he can advise and direct you in
+selecting a competent surgeon. Always seek his advice early; do not wait
+until the patient is weak or dying before you decide to allow the
+operation, as then the chances are it cannot help. If you are in doubt as
+to the necessity of the operation consult more than one surgeon. There is
+a possibility of a wrong diagnosis in some cases.
+
+
+SPECIAL OPERATIONS.
+
+ADENOIDS.--Should be removed early when they obstruct the breathing. In
+another part of the book the reasons are given. The same advice is given
+for tumors and malformations in the nose passages. Such conditions should
+not be allowed to go on until the parts are permanently deformed or
+diseased. These operations are done very frequently and successfully now,
+and many people are saved years of worry and suffering. For more extended
+account see department of nose and throat.
+
+
+APPENDICITIS.--There has been a great deal of discussion about this
+disease. It is no doubt true that many healthy appendices have been
+removed, but it is also true that many lives have been saved by operation.
+There is more discrimination now than formerly in this disease. Blood
+tests, etc., aid in telling when an operation is necessary in acute cases.
+There is very little danger in a chronic case if the operation is done
+during the interval of the attacks.
+
+
+CATARACT.--The operation for this trouble is gloriously successful and the
+blind are daily recovering their sight through this operation.
+
+
+MASTOID.--Operations on the Mastoid cells are frequently performed now and
+save many lives. When there is swelling behind the ear or there is much
+pain there a careful examination should be made. Chronic cases of Mastoid
+disease usually demand this operation.
+
+[664 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+OVARIES, TUMORS OF THE.--The operation for tumors is very successful. If
+the ovary is simply enlarged by congestion, medicine will frequently
+reduce it; but when the enlargement is due to a tumor, it should be
+removed if it continues to enlarge. Sometimes there is cancer of the
+ovary. If so, it should be operated upon early. Tumors of the womb, such
+as fibroids, are often observed. They sometimes require removal if they
+grow large. The symptoms will indicate when an operation is needed. These
+tumors often grow so large as to necessitate the removal of the womb.
+
+
+PERINEUM AND CERVIX.--The perineum and cervix are sometimes torn during
+labor and should be immediately repaired. The perineum is the support for
+the organs of generation and if it is not solid the ovaries, tubes, womb
+and vagina will sag and fall. Neglect of this simple operation at the
+proper time results in backaches, headaches, etc. Many women have suffered
+for years and doctored for other complaints when proper attention to the
+real trouble would have saved all that expense and pain. Your physician
+should be requested, in advance, to attend before he leaves to any
+laceration that may occur during labor. At this time it causes little or
+no pain. If postponed until next day or later it would be painful and
+require an anesthetic. Many cases of cancer are caused by neglected
+lacerations.
+
+
+PILES.--It is often necessary to operate both for external and internal
+piles. The result is usually complete relief and cure.
+
+
+CANCERS.--Cancers should be operated on early. A sore on the womb, lip or
+tongue, or lump on the breast that continues for a little time without
+getting better, is dangerous. It may soon spread in the surrounding tissue
+and general system. Operations on the womb and breast, performed in time,
+are very successful. Such tumors or sores should not be neglected. A lump
+in the breast should be examined early. The womb should be examined if
+there is a discharge from the vagina that continues. In such a case the
+family doctor can determine what should be done. A sore on the lip,
+tongue, face, etc., that continues and refuses to heal should cause
+suspicion and be shown to a physician.
+
+
+PLEURISY.--"Water in the chest" sometimes follows pleurisy. This, if not
+absorbed, must be drawn off and is quite easily done. After some cases of
+pneumonia the lung does not clear up properly and pus forms in it. An
+operation is sometimes necessary to evacuate it. This should be performed
+before the patient becomes very much exhausted. Some people allow it to
+continue too long and thus lessen the chances of recovery when an
+operation is at last performed.
+
+
+SQUINT.--There is no need for any person being cross-eyed if attention is
+early given to the trouble. Sometimes properly fitted glasses will correct
+this trouble, but an operation is often necessary and is very successful
+and not serious or painful.
+
+[OPERATIONS 665]
+
+TRACHEOTOMY AND INTUBATION.--The operation of tracheotomy, opening of the
+wind-pipe, is performed where there is choking from a foreign body in the
+wind-pipe or when it has become suddenly closed in diseases such as croup
+and diphtheria. It is always an emergency operation and is only resorted
+to when it is evident that unless severe measures are taken the patient
+will choke to death. Intubation is more frequently practised in disease
+when the breathing has become difficult owing to the growth of membrane in
+the larynx. A tube of the proper size is placed in the wind-pipe and
+allowed to remain there until the disease has lost its force and the
+membrane no longer obstructs the air passage. This tube allows the patient
+to breathe freely as it furnishes an opening for the air and an attendant
+notices the change immediately. Intubation should be performed before the
+patient has become weak.
+
+
+TONSILS.--A person who is subject to enlarged tonsils should watch them
+carefully. If they contain pus for any length of time they should be
+removed, for they not only obstruct the breathing, but are a menace to the
+health. Enucleation is usually the best method of removal. Enucleation
+means the operation of extracting a tumor in entirety after opening its
+sac, but without further cutting. Removal of the tonsils is a simple
+operation, usually not requiring the use of anesthetics and most
+physicians advise the removal of an enlarged or troublesome tonsil.
+
+
+CALCULI OR STONES.--Calculi or stones are removed from the gall bladder,
+gall ducts, kidneys, ureter and bladder by operations, when it has been
+ascertained that the patient cannot "pass them." Many physicians prefer to
+locate the calculus by use of the X-rays before deciding to operate, and
+there can be no doubt as to the wisdom of this. In these, as in all
+operations, success depends largely upon the general condition of the
+patient. They are not considered dangerous operations, but the final
+decision as to their necessity should rest, in each case, with a competent
+physician or surgeon.
+
+
+KIDNEYS, STOMACH, PROSTATE, ETC.--Little can be said in this brief
+paragraph concerning the many operations that are now performed upon the
+different organs. What applies to one applies, in general, to all.
+Operations are now performed, and successfully, for pus in the kidney,
+floating kidney, etc. Ulcers and cancers are removed from the stomach and
+reproductive organs. In some cases it has been necessary to remove the
+organs in their entirety. Pieces of the intestines have been removed with
+gratifying results in cases of ulcers and injuries. Enlarged prostate
+nearly always necessitates an operation before relief can be expected. It
+is impossible here to say much concerning the chances for recovery in each
+individual case, since they are decided by the strength and temperament of
+the patient, the care and skill of the surgeon and nurses, and whether the
+patient has submitted to the operation soon enough in the course of the
+disease. Let it suffice here to say that the majority of the
+above-mentioned operations are successful and result in the relief and
+often the complete recovery of the patient.
+
+[666 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+THE HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS.
+
+Government Ownership.--The ownership and control of the Hot Springs of
+Arkansas by the United States Government is absolute, and its endorsement
+of them for the treatment of certain ailments is unequivocal. After due
+investigation, congress took possession of the springs in the year 1832,
+and it retained around them a reservation ample to protect them from all
+encroachments, It was the first National park reservation of the country.
+They are set apart by this act as "A National Sanitarium for all time,"
+and "dedicated to the people of the United States to be forever free from
+sale or alienation."
+
+The Army and Navy Hospital at Hot Springs.--In the year 1883 the United
+States Government built a hospital known as the army and navy hospital at
+Hot Springs, Arkansas, on the Southwestern slope, near the base of Hot
+Springs mountain, since which time the soldiers and sailors of the army
+and navy have been sent there for treatment for such ailments as the
+waters may reasonably be expected to cure, or relieve. In his circular for
+the guidance of the officers of the army in sending the sick there, the
+surgeon-general of the United States enumerates the ailments for which the
+sick should be sent to the army and navy hospital at the Hot Springs. It
+says, "Relief may be reasonably expected at the Hot Springs in the
+following conditions: In the various forms of gout and rheumatism after
+the acute or inflammatory stage; neuralgia, especially when depending upon
+gout; rheumatism, metallic, or malarial poisonings, paralysis, not of
+organic origin; the earlier stages of locomotor ataxia; chronic Bright's
+disease (early stages only), and other diseases of the urinary organs;
+functional diseases of the liver; gastric dyspepsia, not of the organic
+origin; chronic diarrhea; catarrhal affections of the digestive and
+respiratory tracts; chronic skin diseases, especially the squamous
+varieties, and chronic conditions due to malarial infection."
+      Approved,       GEO. H. TORNEY, Surgeon-General U. S. Army.
+J.M. DICKERSON, Secretary of War.
+
+
+Privileges of Ex-Soldiers of the Civil and Spanish-American
+Wars.--Honorably discharged soldiers of thc Civil war, and the
+Spanish-American war, can obtain admission to the army and navy hospital
+at Hot Springs in the following manner, and under certain conditions:
+
+First.--Write to the Surgeon-General, United States Army, Washington, D.
+c., for blank applications and instructions.
+
+Second.--Upon receiving the blank application, fill it out properly, and
+return it to the Surgeon-General, when, if there is room in the hospital,
+he will forward to the applicant papers entitling him to admission to the
+hospital. The conditions are that such ex-soldier shall pay forty cents
+per day during the period he remains at the hospital. Such payment
+entitles him to board, lodging, baths, medical treatment and medicine.
+
+      HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS       667
+
+Free Baths for the Indigent People of the United States.--By act of
+congress approved December 16th, 1878, the government maintains a free
+bath house for the indigent people of the United States of both sexes. No
+baths will be supplied except on written applications made on blanks
+furnished at the office of the bath house, making full answer to the
+questions therein propounded: then if the applicant is found to be
+indigent, in accordance with the common acceptations of the word, the
+manager will issue a ticket good for twenty-one baths, which may be
+reissued on the same application if necessary. The daily average of baths
+given at the free bath house for the year 1909 was more than six hundred.
+
+The government is very broad and liberal in construing the meaning of the
+word indigent; and the fact that the applicant for free baths has some
+property, seems not to act as a bar to the privilege of free baths. Ninety
+per cent of the patients admitted to the Army and Navy Hospital are either
+cured or relieved. Taking into consideration the large number of old civil
+war veterans treated at the hospital, whose ailments have become chronic,
+this is a very remarkable showing.
+
+Physicians' and Medical Regulations.--The United States Government,
+through the interior department, regulates and controls the practice of
+medicine in connection with the hot waters. A local federal medical board
+passes on the applications of physicians who wish to prescribe the hot
+waters. All who meet the requirements of the board are placed on the
+accredited list. Copies of this list are hung in all the bath houses and
+only those whose names appear thereon are permitted to prescribe the hot
+waters. For the benefit of visitors these lists are also kept at the
+office of the superintendent of the reservation near the Army and Navy
+Hospital. These regulations apply only to those who take medical
+treatment. Others get the baths without formalities of any kind. In
+addition to the Army and Navy hospital and the government free bath house,
+there are twenty-five bath houses operated by private parties, eleven of
+which are situated along the western base of Hot Springs mountains on the
+government reservation, and fourteen are on private property at various
+other points throughout the city. The relations of all the bath houses to
+the government are the same. They each pay the water rental to the
+Interior Department of the United States. The government's interests are
+looked after by a superintendent of the reservation, who is appointed by
+the President of the United States. He has charge of all improvements
+going on, on the reservation and enforces all government rules and
+regulations concerning the bath houses.
+
+[668 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Cost of Living at Hot Springs.--Hot Springs is not located in a good
+agricultural section, and it is not a manufacturing city; therefore, the
+boarding and lodging of visitors is their only source of income. Upon
+nearly every house in the city is displayed the notice that board is
+furnished, or furnished rooms are for rent, with or without light
+housekeeping. A few places furnish board and lodging for $4.50 per week;
+the most general charge, however, is from $5.00 to $6.00 per week. Renting
+rooms, arranged for light housekeeping, is the cheapest method of living
+at Hot Springs. The above prices are intended to show the minimum cost of
+living.
+
+Where to obtain additional reliable information relating to baths, board,
+etc., at Hot Springs, Arkansas.--First. Apply to the superintendent of the
+United States reservation, corner of Central and Reserve Avenues, Hot
+Springs.
+
+Second. The business men of the city have an organization known as the
+"Business Men's League," which is intended and prepared to furnish
+reliable information by letter or personal application to the secretary
+and managers of the Business Men's League. Persons visiting Hot Springs
+should not rely upon advice, information, or propositions from strangers
+either on the train or in the city.
+
+
+
+MEDICAL USES OF SOME COMMON HOUSEHOLD ARTICLES.
+
+SALT (Sodium Chloride).--This common household article is used in a great
+many different ways. In cooking it is used to season foods. The absence of
+salt gives rise to a bad state of the system, with the formation of
+intestinal worms. If used too freely, it produces in some persons excess
+of blood and corpulency. Salt renders the food more palatable in many
+instances and thus increases the flow of the gastric juice. Salt increases
+the flow of saliva also. For pin-worms, solution of salt injected is often
+effective.
+
+Constipation.--One teaspoonful to a glass of water taken on arising is
+very good for some people troubled with constipation. For dyspepsia it
+tones the stomach and aids in digestion in some cases. Salt alone in
+teaspoonful doses will produce vomiting and is good after a spree or to
+empty the stomach in convulsions and poisoning. Mustard given with it
+makes it more effective. A salt solution is frequently injected into the
+rectum to keep up the strength after operating and it is also frequently
+put into the breast for same purpose.
+
+A gargle and astringent in sore throat. For this purpose it is often of
+use and successful. Taken dry in teaspoonful doses it is often given in
+bleeding from the lungs. It is often used as an antiseptic to cleanse
+sores and wounds. Teaspoonful to a half pint of water. On bites of insects
+strong salt water or applied dry is often very good. In bites of snakes
+and animals dry salt applied freely upon the wound is often of value. It
+draws away some of the poison and also helps to burn out and cleanse the
+wound.
+
+
+Fomentations.--Used in this way it is good for sprains and bruises.
+
+
+Baths.--One pound of salt to four gallons of water forms a suitable salt
+water bath acting as a tonic and excitant to the skin.
+
+[MEDICAL USES OF COMMON ARTICLES 669]
+
+Ague.--Homeopathic doctors claim that salt in the attenuations will cure
+some cases of ague.
+
+Abuse of Salt.--Too much use of salt will cause a great many troubles. It
+produces a peculiar eruption on the skin, sore eyes, etc.
+
+Want of Salt.--Domestic animals need it and may die for the want of it.
+Some animals may become sterile if deprived of it.
+
+
+LEMON.--Lemons, owing to their pleasant flavor and agreeable acidity, are
+very useful in a sick room. The rind yields an oil of great fragrancy.
+Each lemon yields two to eight drams of acidulous juice and contains seven
+to nine per cent of citric acid, besides phosphoric and malic acids, in
+combination with potassa and other bases. Half an ounce of lemon juice
+should neutralize twenty-five grains of bicarbonate of potassium, twenty
+grains of bicarbonate of soda or fourteen grains of carbonate of ammonia.
+The rind of lemon when fresh, besides the oil above mentioned, contains a
+bitter crystalline glucoside.
+
+
+Hesperidin.--Uses. Lemon juice applied to the surface of the skin removes
+freckles, moth spots, sunburn, pruritus, and ink-stains.
+
+Internally.--This is a very good remedy to cure scurvy. It is a constant
+companion of sea-goers and scurvy is seldom seen when the regulation
+ration of lemon-juice is used regularly. It also cures the scurvy skin
+trouble or the form of muscular pains felt in scurvy.
+
+Chronic Rheumatism.--In some cases several ounces of lemon-juice
+administered daily affords marked relief, and it is also sometimes useful
+in acute rheumatism. Lemonade is a useful drink during convalescence, as
+it increases the urine and reduces its acidity.
+
+Hot lemonade is useful as a sweating agent to break up colds in their
+beginning. It satisfies the thirst and is very grateful to a stomach that
+is not normal. It makes a very pleasant drink in many cases of sickness.
+
+
+ONION (Allium Cepa).--It is supposed that the onion is a native of
+Hungary. It is now found over the whole civilized world. It contains a
+white, acrid, volatile oil holding sulphur in solution, albumen, much
+uncrystallizable sugar and mucilage, phosphoric acid both free and
+combined with lime, citrate of lime. The Spanish onion contains a large
+proportion of sulphur and thus may be satisfactorily used in those cases
+where sulphur is needed. The action of the volatile oil enhances that of
+sulphur. Spanish onion boiled and eaten freely at bed-time is an excellent
+laxative. Moderately used the onion increases the appetite, promotes
+digestion, but in large quantities it causes flatulence, uneasiness in the
+stomach and bowels. The juice mixed with sugar is useful in cough, colds,
+and croup where there is little inflammation. Roasted or split it is
+excellent as a local application in croup, tonsilitis and earache. Boiling
+deprives the onion of its essential oil.
+
+[670 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+SODA (Bicarbonate of Soda).--Uses. It is used in stomach fermentation and
+in sick headaches arising from this condition. Useful in acidity of the
+stomach. Good for gas in the stomach. It is good as a local application to
+enlarged acute tonsils applied in powder. It is also used in preparing
+different articles of food. The best to get is the bicarbonate of soda at
+a drug store.
+
+
+SULPHUR.--This is an important constituent in certain native mineral
+waters. On the bowels it acts as a mild laxative. It is very good in
+certain skin diseases and for itch in the form of an ointment it is often
+used. It is useful in chronic acne, and for lice, itch, barber's itch,
+etc. It is frequently used as a disinfectant after infectious diseases.
+Burning sulphur in a room destroys bed-bugs, chicken lice, etc.
+
+
+TURPENTINE (Terebinthina).--Uses. It is a valuable counter-irritant in
+peritonitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, lumbago, pleurodynia, etc. Turpentine
+stupes are frequently used in abdominal inflammation, for flatulence and
+for bloating in typhoid fever. It is a valuable constituent of a great
+many liniments. Used in excess it produces bloody urine, painful urination
+and inflammation of the kidneys. The free use of barley water, hot bath
+and purgative relieve its bad effects.
+
+
+VASELIN.--Under the name of Petrolatum is sold a semi-solid substance
+derived from certain kinds of petroleum called cosmoline or vaselin. It
+has very soothing powers and does not become rancid and is used as a
+soothing dressing in sores, boils, and skin affections. It is frequently
+used as a base for ointments. Fluid or liquid petrolatum is much used now
+in the form of a spray in the treatment of acute and chronic catarrh and
+after irritant applications to the nasal cavities. It is put up now in
+tubes and is much cleaner and purer. It is very soothing and healing when
+used in this pure form.
+
+
+ALCOHOL (Spirit of Wine).--Alcohol is a liquid composed of ninety-one per
+cent by weight of ethylic alcohol and of nine per cent by weight of water.
+Alcohol dissolves alkaloids, fatty and resinous substances, and is largely
+used as a menstruum in obtaining the active principles of drugs in an
+available form for administration. It is the basis for spirits, tinctures
+and elixirs; spirits being solutions of volatile substances in alcohol;
+tinctures, solutions of active principles of plants, generally obtained by
+maceration and percolation. An elixir is a cordial flavored with orange
+and syrup, used as a vehicle for other remedies and as a stomachic.
+
+Its action is very extensive. It is used extensively in medical
+preparations. It is a good application to prevent bed-sores. The addition
+of one dram of alum to a pint makes it more effective. Hot applications
+relieve pain in face neuralgia, cold in the face or toothache. It is often
+used after bathing in full strength or diluted to rub on the body to
+prevent taking cold. It stimulates the digestive organs, nervous system
+and the circulation. It is much used in snake-bite. Its constant use is a
+menace, as all know. It should never be taken for disease unless
+prescribed by a reputable physician.
+
+[MEDICAL USES OF COMMON ARTICLES 671]
+
+ALUM (Alumen).--Dried alum is an astringent and mild "burner" for growths
+such as "proud flesh." The glycerite of alum is useful in tonsilitis or
+pharyngitis when it is not acute. In solution it condenses tissue by
+coagulating their albumin and acts as an astringent.
+
+Uses of the Strength.--One dram to a pint of whisky and water aids in
+checking sweating in consumption when applied with a sponge. It is a good
+injection for the whites. A cotton plug soaked in alum often stops
+nosebleed by inserting it in the nostrils, or a solution may be thrown or
+snuffed into the nostrils. It is also good as a gargle for tonsilitis and
+sore throat.
+
+Emetic for Croup.--Put a heaping teaspoonful in thirty-two teaspoonfuls of
+water or syrup and give a teaspoonful every fifteen minutes until vomiting
+is produced. It is often used stronger when quick action is desired. It is
+a mild astringent and thus used to check mucous discharges from the
+bowels, etc. Burnt powdered alum is often used to destroy "proud flesh."
+
+
+BORAX (Sodium Borate).--This drug as it appears in commerce of America is
+derived entirely from natural deposits found on the shores of lakes of
+California and Nevada. This is purified.
+
+Action.--It is antiseptic in its action. It renders the urine alkaline.
+
+Gargle.--It is used as a gargle in sore mouth and throat in dose of a dram
+to a pint of water. It is very good used as a wash for fetid sweating,
+especially of the feet. It is often used in combination in catarrh of the
+nose. It can be combined with soda for this purpose in dose of one dram of
+each to two pints of pure water and used in an atomizer.
+
+
+CAMPHOR.--This is distilled from the wood and bark of the camphor tree,
+cinnamomum camphora, which grows chiefly in China and Japan. It should be
+kept in closed bottles.
+
+Uses.--It is good for cold in the head in the early stages. It may be
+snuffed up the nostrils in fine powder, or put in boiling water and the
+fumes inhaled. It is good used as a liniment in neuralgia, stiff neck,
+rheumatism and for boils and sores. Used in the form of camphor ice it is
+very good for sores, cuts, boils, etc. It is often of use to smell when
+one feels faint. It is one of the ingredients in many liniments. Its
+external use as spirits of camphor is extensive.
+
+
+CASTOR OIL (Oleum Ricini).--This is derived from the beans of Ricinis
+Communis, a plant in the United States.
+
+Action.--It is bland and unirritating in its action as a purge and
+generally acts in four to five hours.
+
+Uses.--It is used whenever irritant materials such as bad food, putrid
+flesh, decaying vegetables have been eaten, to move the bowels. It is good
+in diarrhea produced by above causes and others, such as corn, peanuts,
+cherry stones, berries. It is apt to produce piles and constipation if
+used constantly. It is often given in the form of capsules containing from
+one-fourth to one teaspoonful. Dip the capsules in water, as this renders
+them slippery and are easily swallowed. Dose is from one to six
+teaspoonfuls.
+
+[672 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+OLIVE OIL. Sweet Oil (Oleum Olivae).--This is expressed from the ripe
+fruit.
+
+Action and Uses.--It is a lubricant. It is added to poultices as an
+emollient in pneumonia and skin diseases. Internally, olive oil is
+nutritious and laxative, and a purgative in infants in doses of one
+teaspoonful. In adults it is a useful remedy in many irritant poisons,
+excepting phosphorus. It is given in large doses for gall stones, three to
+six ounces at a dose.
+
+
+GINGER (Zingiber).--Ginger is the rhizome of Zingiber Officinale, a plant
+of Hindostan, Jamaica and other tropical countries.
+
+Action: It is an agreeable carminative and stimulant, in easing the
+secretions and stimulating the wavelike movement of the bowels. It acts as
+an irritant to the bladder and urethra.
+
+Uses.--It is put in laxative pills to prevent griping and to disguise the
+taste of the salines. It is useful in dyspepsia of aged persons and also
+good in flatulence and diarrhea. For menstrual cramps, due to suppression
+from exposure to cold it is useful as a warm tea and also for colds. It is
+also used in the spice plasters.
+
+
+HONEY (Mel).--This is a saccharine fluid deposited in combs by the honey
+bee (Apis Mellifica).
+
+Action: It is slightly laxative and a pleasant article of food. Honey and
+water is used as a gargle and to relieve cough, dryness of the mouth and
+fauces. When used as a gargle it increases the secretion of the mucous
+membrane and so relieves the congestion. It is apt to disorder the stomach
+when used too freely. Honey mixed with lemon juice and water is very good
+for a cough, especially the tickling kind.
+
+
+LARD (Adeps).--This is a common household article known to all. It is
+frequently used as the basis for ointments and cerates and in domestic
+practice as a lubricant. Tincture benzoin added to it prevents it from
+becoming rancid. It can be used in corrosive poisoning as an antidote
+except where phosporus and carbolic acid have been swallowed. It is also
+used in preparing articles of food. It has more penetrating power than
+petrolatum or vaselin. Washed lard, beaten up with an equal quantity of
+lime-water, and a few drops of oil of bitter almond, thymol, or carbolic
+acid added, is splendid for burns; stiffened with yellow wax it forms the
+simple ointment often used. It softens the hard skin and reduces its heat,
+when the natural secretion is suppressed. It also softens and removes
+scabs and lessens and prevents the effect of irritant discharges. The
+simple lard ointment relieves the intense heat and itching of the skin in
+scarlet fever. Dissolved and given in large doses it causes nausea and
+vomiting.
+
+[MEDICAL USES OF COMMON ARTICLES 673]
+
+MUSTARD (Sinapis).--Mustard flour, two tablespoonfuls to a glass of water,
+acts as an emetic. If given largely it produces violent gastritis, and
+chronic gastritis is often set up by its constant use in excess. It should
+not be used in acute dyspepsia and bowel irritation.
+
+External: It is applied for colic due to flatulence and for acute
+inflammation of different organs and is also good when applied to the nape
+of the neck in headache, neuralgia, etc. Lint soaked in limewater and
+olive oil relieves the excessive burning from the plaster. Mustard foot
+baths made by using one handful of ground mustard to half pail of hot
+water is useful in colds, sleeplessness, headache, convulsions,
+dysmenorrhea.
+
+
+CREAM OF TARTAR (Potassii bitartras).--Uses: It is useful in kidney
+diseases to remove dropsy. In large doses of four teaspoonfuls it acts as
+a watery purge. It is useful where the urine is thick and alkaline to make
+it clear and normal. It is sometimes combined in equal parts with epsom
+salts to move the bowels, especially when an action on the kidneys is also
+necessary. It is given in teaspoonful doses before breakfast for prickly
+heat; it is cooling to the blood and is one of the old home remedies.
+
+
+VINEGAR (Acetic Acid).--Vinegar contains from six to seven per cent acetic
+acid. Dilute acetic acid contains six per cent pure acetic acid. The pure
+or glacial acetic acid is a crystalline solid at 59 degrees F., takes up
+moisture readily so should be kept in well stoppered bottles. Acetic acid
+is a strong corrosive poison; if taken internally, causes vomiting, with
+intense pain, followed by convulsions and fatal coma. If the acid remains
+in the stomach for some time it may eat its way through the stomach wall.
+In cases of poisoning by acetic acid, milk or flour and water should be
+freely given and vomiting produced. Weak alkalies should also be given as
+antidotes. Glacial acetic acid is used as an application to cancer of the
+skin, ulcers, warts, growths in the nose, ringworm, lupus (Jacob's Ulcer)
+and other ulcerous growths. Vinegar or dilute acetic acid is given to
+check night sweats and to relieve diarrhea. It is also used in treating
+painter's colic after the constipation has been relieved, as an antidote
+to poisoning by caustic alkalies; externally to prevent bed sores,
+relieves headaches, checks moderate bleeding from leech bites, superficial
+wounds, nosebleed and in post-partum hemorrhage. It inhibits the growth of
+micro-organisms. Cases of catarrhal, membranous and diphtheric croup are
+benefited by the vapor of vinegar diffused through the sick room. A
+compress saturated in vinegar and placed over the nose until consciousness
+returns is recommended to prevent or relieve vomiting, nausea and headache
+following the inhalation of chloroform.
+
+[676 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+UNCLASSIFIED MOTHERS' REMEDIES
+
+Received Too Late to Place in Proper Departments
+
+Burns, Lime Water and Sweet Oil for.--"Put unslaked lime about the size of
+a hen's egg in three pints of water and strain; add one cup of sweet oil,
+shake and keep burn moist. Will heal without scar or scab." This is highly
+recommended by physicians.
+
+Burns, Charcoal for.--"Powered charcoal put on thick. This gives quick
+relief," It is an antiseptic poultice and keeps air from burned surface.
+
+Burns or Scalds, Grated Onions for.--"Grate onions and mix two parts pulp
+with one part salt; apply twice or three times a day, changing as soon as
+onions are wilted." The onions are very soothing and keep the air from the
+affected parts.
+
+Burns, an Easily Prepared Remedy for.--"Spread pure lard, or any unsalted
+grease over burned surface: cover thickly with flour and wrap with soft
+cloth after pain has ceased. Remove the flour and spread again with lard
+or vaselin. Sprinkle over with boracic acid powder and wrap up." This is
+an old tried remedy and one we all know to be good. The grease helps to
+lessen the smarting, while the boracic acid is a good antiseptic and keeps
+the air out.
+
+Bunions, Pulverized Salt Petre for.--"Five cents worth of pulverized
+saltpeter put into a bottle with sufficient olive oil to nearly dissolve
+it. Shake well and apply to parts night and morning."
+
+Blisters from Burns or Scalds, White of Egg for.--"Apply immediately the
+white of an egg. Keep the part from being exposed as much as possible to
+the air." White of egg is soothing and forms a coating while blistered
+part is healing, also protects it from air.
+
+Bites from Insects, Simple Remedies for.--"Tolerably strong solution
+carbolic acid and water. An onion cut in two and rubbed on will also do."
+Carbolic acid is an antiseptic; onion is soothing and helps to draw out
+poison by acting as a poultice.
+
+Catarrh, Burnt Alum for.--"Burn alum and power finely or buy prepared
+burnt alum at the drug store and use as a snuff eight or ten times daily.
+Ten cents' worth will last a long time. My mother used this remedy and
+believes that she has cured her catarrh entirely with it." Alum is an
+antiseptic, is cleansing, as well as an astringent remedy.
+
+Catarrh, Bad Case Cured by the following: "Inhale fumes of iodine
+crystals. This was given me by a friend, who claimed it cured a bad case
+of catarrh." Use moderately.
+
+[UNCLASSIFIED MOTHERS' REMEDIES 675]
+
+Catarrh, Borax and Camphor for.--"Inhale three times daily equal parts of
+borax, camphor and salt." These ingredients should be powdered very finely
+and a pinch of the powder snuffed carefully several times a day. This is a
+very simple but effective remedy.
+
+
+Catarrh, Pure Lard for.--"Take a bit of pure lard size of a pea and draw
+it up each nostril every evening. It will require about a year of constant
+use." The grease helps to keep the affected parts moist and relieves any
+congestion present. Anyone suffering with this disease should make it a
+point to use grease in some form every night. It gives great relief.
+
+
+Cancer, Yellow Dock Root for.--Scrape narrow leaf yellow dock roots and
+steep in cream to make a salve and apply externally. Add a little alcohol
+if you wish to keep it for sometime."
+
+
+Colds.--
+
+    "Dover's Powders   20 grains
+    Capsicum           15 grains
+    Camphor            10 grains
+    Quinine            25 grains"
+
+Mix. Make up into about 20 capsules or powders. Take one every 2 or 3
+hours. This is recommended as a sure cure for colds. Keep bowels open with
+small doses of salts or oil.
+
+
+Coughs and Colds, Mullein Remedy.--"Steep Mullein leaves in fresh milk.
+Drink of it just before going to bed. This makes a soothing drink."
+
+
+Cough Syrup, an Easily Prepared Remedy for.--
+
+    "Fluid Wild Cherry Bark   1/2 ounce
+    Compound Essence Cordial    1 ounce
+    White Pine Compound         3 ounces"
+
+Dose: Take twenty drops every half hour for four hours and then from
+one-half to one teaspoonful three or four times a day, children less
+according to age.
+
+
+Constipation, Bran as a Cure for.--"Take each night two dessertspoonfuls
+of bran. Take a spoonful at a time and chew it slowly and thoroughly and
+swallow." This simple remedy has been known to cure cases of long standing
+if kept up faithfully for a while.
+
+
+Constipation, an Old Tried Remedy for.--"One ounce of cream of tartar and
+two ounces of salts; pour quart of boiling water over mixture and stir
+till dissolved; drain off and take a wineglassful every morning." The
+cream of tartar is a good blood purifier and the salts carry off all
+impurities in the system and in that way relieve the constipation.
+
+
+Constipation, an Effective Remedy for.--"Chop fine a half-pound seeded
+raisins and one ounce of senna leaves together; mix with a half ounce
+powdered sulphur in air-tight jar. Chew a piece the size of a walnut
+every night."
+
+
+Constipation, Baby, Juice from Prunes for.--"Give baby a teaspoonful of
+juice from cooked dried prunes whenever a laxative is needed." This remedy
+will be found useful, not only for infants, but older children as well.
+When old enough let them eat the pulp as well as the juice.
+
+[676 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Cramps, Turpentine for.--"A cloth dipped in turpentine and applied will
+relieve cramps in the limbs," Any one suffering with this difficulty will
+find the above treatment very beneficial.
+
+
+Croup, Quick Cure for.--"A quantity of raw linseed oil should always be at
+hand in a family where the children are subject to croup. It is an
+unfailing remedy, and for quick results it beats anything else which can
+be given for that dread disease. Half a teaspoonful is a dose, unless the
+child is choking very badly; then give a teaspoonful. It acts two ways. In
+the first stage of croup, where there is not much mucus, it is loosened
+and carried off through the bowels. In the second stage it causes
+vomiting, but, unlike ipecac, it leaves no soreness of the throat as an
+after difficulty. It is rarely necessary to give more than one dose, when
+the child will get relief and go to sleep again. This simple remedy is one
+that is within the reach of every mother, and one that can be kept on hand
+at all times; and, while it is in the house the dreaded croup need cause
+no terrors."
+
+
+Croup, Salt Water for.--"A handful of salt in a basin of cold water. Wring
+towel out of this solution and apply over the throat. Cover with warm
+flannel, keep patient warm." This simple but effective remedy has been
+known to give relief many times and has been thoroughly tried by a great
+many mothers.
+
+
+Chapped Hands, an Inexpensive Remedy for.--"One-fourth ounce gum
+tragacanth, one-fourth ounce boracic acid, one ounce glycerin, one and
+one-half ounce alcohol, five cents' worth best white rose perfume. Soak
+gum in pint of rain water for thirty-six hours; let warm slowly until
+heated. Remove from the stove, strain through a cheese cloth, add the
+other ingredients, stir well and bottle."
+
+
+Cholera Infantum, Chickweed For.--"Chickweed boiled and sweetened in milk.
+This cured my daughter when an infant. This recipe has been used by me and
+my mother and proved effectual." The above remedy is an inexpensive one
+and easily prepared. It will be found excellent for this trouble.
+
+
+Dog Bite, Home Treatment for.--"Apply common salt." Salt eats and draws
+poison out. Use it freely.
+
+
+Drunkenness, Chocolate for.--"Give patient all the chocolate he can or
+will eat. This cured one man I know."
+
+
+Diphtheria, a Marine City Mother Gives the Following Cure
+For.--"One-fourth pound loaf sugar, one-fourth pound gum kino, one-fourth
+ounce alum; put in a covered porcelain dish on stove in a quart of soft
+water. Simmer down to one pint, gargle the throat every fifteen minutes,
+or for small children use a swab. Bandage the throat with onion poultices;
+this recipe has relieved when used as directed; was used by my mother and
+proved effectual."
+
+[UNCLASSIFIED MOTHERS' REMEDIES 677]
+
+Dropsy, Chestnut Leaves for.--"A tea made of chestnut leaves taken freely
+instead of water." These leaves can be purchased at any drug store in
+five-cent packages. Prepare the same as ordinary tea, only stronger.
+
+
+Eczema, Lard and Sulphur for.--"Melt lard and sulphur. When cool add a
+little alcohol to keep sweet." This combination is very soothing to the
+parts affected.
+
+
+Eczema, Gasoline for.--"Bathe the affected parts in gasoline; be careful
+not to use the liquid where there is fire or lamps."
+
+Erysipelas, Antiseptic Wash for.--
+
+    "Hyposulphite of Soda     8 ounces
+    Carbolic Acid             (200 drops) 3-1/3 drams
+    Soft Water                1 pint"
+
+The above wash has very strong recommendations as a local application. It
+was secured from a family that had used it at different times for twenty
+years. The family seemed to be susceptible to erysipelas and this medicine
+had been used for three generations, grandfather, son and grandson. In
+fact, it was the only remedy that helped their case, although many others
+had been tried. The entire prescription would cost about fifteen cents.
+
+
+Fishbone, Choking from.--"Raw egg, taken soon as possible." It helps to
+carry bone out of throat and is a remedy ready at hand.
+
+
+Goitre, a Good Remedy for.--
+
+      "Iodine       1 dram
+      Iodide of Potassium       4 drams
+      Soft Water       4 ounces
+
+Apply night and morning. Rub on with feather or soft brush all around, as
+well as immediately on the lump." This is a counterirritant and often used
+for goitre.
+
+
+Goitre, Iodine for.--"Blister with iodine. Heal with sweet cream, paint
+and blister again. This wore my sister's goitre away. It took time but was
+worth it." It should produce redness instead of a blister.
+
+
+Headache, Lemon Juice and Coffee for.--"A teaspoonful of lemon juice in a
+small cup of black coffee will relieve." This is an old tried remedy and
+one that will be found beneficial.
+
+
+Inflammatory Rheumatism, Salt Petre and Sweet Oil for.--"One ounce salt
+petre pulverized, one pint sweet oil. Rub parts affected."
+
+
+Ingrowing Toenail, Home Treatment for.--"Cut a notch in the top of the
+nail with a penknife, scrape the nail from base to top."
+
+
+Ingrowing Toenail, a Good Canadian Remedy for.--"Paint part under flesh
+with four parts caustic potash, six parts warm water. Paint part and
+scrape with piece of glass or sharp knife. Repeat till thin enough to
+break off." The caustic potash makes parts soft.
+
+[678 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Ingrowing Toenail, Camphor for.--"Cut part growing in with sharp knife and
+put camphor on intruding part. This eases the pain and prevents second
+growth."
+
+
+Indigestion, Egg Shells for.--"Brown egg shells in oven and crush till
+very fine with a rolling pin, then take a teaspoonful at meal times three
+times a day."
+
+
+Inflammation of the Bowels, a Grandmother's Remedy for.--"Raw linseed oil
+and bean poultice. Use as hot as can be borne; keep repeating until
+relieved. This recipe has been used by my mother."
+
+
+Kidney Trouble, an Easily Prepared Remedy for.--"Steep plantain leaves
+into strong tea. Take half cup every night. This has been found good for
+kidney trouble." Also good for ivy poisoning, burns, scalds, bruises, and
+to check bleeding; pound leaves to a paste and apply to parts.
+
+
+La Grippe, Red Pepper Treatment from a Canadian Mother for.--"Take a
+bottle of alcohol, put enough red pepper in it so that when four drops are
+put in a half cup of water it is strong. This is what I always break up my
+grippe with." Peppers thus prepared stimulate and warm up the stomach and
+bowels and increase the circulation.
+
+
+Rheumatism, Liniment Sent Us from Gentleman in Canada (says he paid $7.00
+for it).--
+
+    "Capsicum Powdered       1 ounce
+    Camphor                1/2 ounce
+    Oil Hemlock            1/2 ounce
+    Spirits Ammonia        1/2 ounce
+    Chloroform             1/2 ounce
+    Oil Turpentine         1/2 ounce
+    Oil Wormwood             1 dram
+    Potassium Nitrate        1 dram
+    Add Alcohol to make    12 ounces
+
+
+Good Liniment.--"Sweet oil, turpentine, hartshorn, equal parts. Keep
+corked."
+
+
+Liniment, Sprains, Etc.--English Black Oil.
+
+    "Tanner's Oil              1 pint
+    Oil Vitriol                1 ounce
+    Spirits of Turpentine      1 ounce
+    Beef 's Gall, contents of  1 gall
+
+Put oil vitriol in tanner's oil, let stand twelve hours and not cork
+tightly, then add balance."
+
+
+Lumbago, Ointment for.--
+
+    Vaselin              1 ounce
+    Belladonna          15 grains
+    Salicylic Acid       1 dram
+    Sodium Salicylate    1 dram
+
+Apply.  Also good to rub on bunions."
+
+[UNCLASSIFIED MOTHERS' REMEDIES 679]
+
+Neuralgia, Soothing Ointment for.--"One ounce of laudanum, baking soda to
+make paste." Apply to parts and cover with flannel." Its virtue is in its
+soothing and quieting action.
+
+
+Pain or Rheumatism, Tansy and Smartweed for.--"Boil handful each of tansy
+and smartweed together till strong tea is made. Dip cloths in the hot tea
+and apply." Good local and quieting application.
+
+
+Pain, Horseradish Poultice for.--"Grate and make poultice. Apply to part
+where pain is." Makes a good drawing poultice and a counterirritant.
+
+
+Pains, Liniment to Relieve.--
+
+    "Peppermint        1 ounce
+    Oil of Mustard   1/2 ounce
+    Vinegar            1 pint
+    White of one egg.
+
+Beat egg and stir all together."
+
+
+Pain, Vinegar and Pepper for.--"Hot flannel cloths wrung from vinegar, to
+which a pinch of cayenne pepper has been added, applied hot to any part of
+the body, will relieve pain." This is very good. This remedy is always at
+hand and can be prepared quickly. It will most always give relief.
+
+
+Palpitation of the Heart, Salt Baths for.--"Stop drinking tea and coffee.
+Add sea salt to water when bathing. This cured me and I have not been
+bothered for four or five years." Good when palpitation is due to
+nervousness.
+
+
+Piles.-
+
+    "Extract Belladonna    15 grain
+    Acetate Lead          1/2 dram
+    Gum Camphor             1 dram
+    Gallic Acid            15 grains
+    Acetanilid             20 grains
+    Vaselin                 1 ounce
+    Mix.
+
+In protruding, itching and blind piles this ointment will give almost
+instant relief; if kept up several days it will promote a cure."
+
+
+Poison Ivy, Buttermilk and Salt Heals.--"Add considerable salt to
+buttermilk and bathe poisoned parts in it frequently."
+
+
+Poison Ivy, Lead Water and Laudanum Relieves.--"Application of cold lead
+water, made in proportions of two drams of sugar of lead, half an ounce of
+landanum to half a pint of water and applied by means of cloths. The
+patient should eat a cooling, light diet and use a good saline cathartic,
+such as rochelle salts, etc."
+
+
+Poison Ivy, Excellent Cure for.--"Copperas mixed with sour milk; put in
+all the copperas the milk will dissolve. I knew of a very bad case to be
+cured by this after a few applications. Care should be taken not to let it
+get on the clothing, as it burns badly."
+
+[680 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Poisonous Wounds, Ammonia Application for.--"Strong spirits of ammonia
+applied to the wounds of snake bite or rabid animals is better than
+caustic. It neutralizes the poison and is an excellent remedy."
+
+
+Oak Poison, Gunpowder and Lard for.--"Mix small quantity of gunpowder and
+lard and apply. One application cured me." This is an old, tried, standard
+remedy.
+
+
+Milk Poison, Popular Remedy for.--
+
+    Yellow Poplar Bark      4 ounces
+    Wild Gooseberry Roots   4 ounces
+    Slippery Elm Bark       4 ounces
+
+Put in an earthern vessel with two quarts of water; put over a slow fire
+and simmer to one pint, then strain and add it to one gallon of the best
+rye whisky and give one wineglassful for the first dose, and thereafter
+give two tablespoonfuls every two hours. Move the bowels by pink and senna
+tea. Poultice the bottom of the feet with blue flag swamp root mashed fine
+to the consistency of a poultice. For the vomiting associated with the
+disease give one teaspoonful wild deer horn in a little water obtained by
+filing or grinding the horn of a wild deer. As this is not always to be
+obtained, a tablespoonful of pulverized chalk is good, or a little cold
+tea may be given. This recipe has been known to save many persons' lives,
+when the doctors had given up in despair. When the patient becomes
+sufficiently improved to warrant it, the dose may be decreased, but it
+should be taken quite a long time to kill the poison or counteract the
+poison in the system."
+
+
+Poor Circulation, Alcohol Rub for.--"Rub vigorously night and morning with
+good whisky. Don't stop for a week or so after patient looks and feels
+well." Rubbing with alcohol would probably be preferred.
+
+
+Ruptures, Herb Remedy for.--"Make a poultice of lobelia and stramonium
+leaves, equal parts, and apply to part, renewing as often as necessary."
+This poultice acts by relaxing the muscles, but in severe cases no
+application will do any good and the doctor should be consulted.
+
+
+Rheumatism, Mountain Leaf Tea for.--"Tea made of mountain leaf taken
+frequently cures rheumatism." Rheumatism, Beef Gall for.--"Two beef galls
+in pint bottle, fill bottle with whisky. Apply often."
+
+
+Salt Rheum, a Well-Tried Remedy for.--"Teaspoonful of red precipitate to
+two tablespoonfuls of lard. Anoint the parts affected." This recipe has
+been used by my mother and myself and proved effectual.
+
+[UNCLASSIFIED MOTHERS' REMEDIES 681]
+
+Snake Bites, Simple Poultice for.--"Poultice of hops or salt and grease;
+grease is to keep salt together. Hops are always kept to be used in berry
+season." As a poultice it draws the poison out.
+
+
+Snake Bites, Onions and Salt for.--"Good drawing poultice for snake bites
+is an onion and a handful of salt pounded together. We also use this for a
+common poultice."
+
+
+Stings, an Old, Tried Canadian Remedy for.--"For the bee sting I put soda
+on and dampen it with honey." An old-time remedy and seems to do the work.
+Soda is an antiseptic and cleansing remedy. If no honey at hand, dampen
+soda with water.
+
+
+Stings from Nettles, an Inexpensive Remedy for.--"Rub the affected parts,
+if of nettles, with berry juice and let dry. This is what I always do
+during the berry season." Berry juice is quieting and soothing; it
+contains tannin. It would be handy to use and is recommended.
+
+
+Stye, Common Tea Leaves for.--" After steeping tea gather out a small
+handful of the steeped leaves, lay them in a cloth as you would any
+poultice, and apply warm over the stye." It is the tannin in the tea that
+cures the stye, although clear tannin bought at the drug store does not
+seem to do the work as well. Black tea may be preferable.
+
+
+Splendid General Salve.--
+
+    "Resin     4 ounces
+    Beeswax    4 ounces
+    Lard       8 ounces
+    Honey      2 ounces
+
+Boil slowly until melted, then remove and stir until cold."
+
+
+Scrofulous Difficulties, a Good Remedy for.--"A tea made of ripe dried
+whortleberries and drank in place of water is an excellent remedy."
+
+
+Sore Eyes, Camphor and Breast Milk for.--"When a tiny baby has sore eyes,
+add one-half drop of camphor to a teaspoonful of breast milk; bathe the
+eyes several times a day." Breast milk alone applied to the eyes of an
+infant is very healing, but the addition of camphor improves it.
+
+
+Sore Throat, Mustard Plaster for.--"Mustard plaster applied on outside of
+the throat. I know it is good--have tried it." Care should be taken not to
+allow the plaster to remain on too long as it will blister.
+
+
+Stammering, a Canadian Mother's Treatment for.--"I always stop my boy when
+I hear him stammering and make him say the words by syllables. I find he
+is getting much better." The above is one of the best plans and should be
+tried.
+
+
+Sweating, to Cause.--"Wet flannel cloth in vinegar, lay it on a hot
+soapstone and wrap in cloth. Take it to bed and you will sweat." This
+creates a steam and of course will produce sweating very quickly.
+
+[682 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Sweating, to Cause.--"Hot cornmeal mush applied as a poultice to parts,
+will cause sweating."
+
+
+Splinter, to Extract.--"When a splinter has been driven deep into the
+hand, it can be extracted without pain by steam. Nearly fill a
+wide-mouthed bottle with hot water, place mouth of the bottle over
+splinter and press tightly. The suction will draw the flesh down, and in a
+minute or two the steam will extricate the splinter and the inflammation
+will disappear."
+
+
+Toothache, Benzoin for.--"Compound tincture of benzoin applied on batting
+to tooth,"
+
+
+Toothache, Oil of Cinnamon for.--"Oil of cinnamon rubbed on gum and on
+cotton batting and put in hollow tooth."
+
+
+Weak Back, Turpentine and Sweet Oil for.--"Take one part of turpentine to
+two parts of sweet oil, mix together and apply to back several times a
+day. It is well to massage the back at night with this mixture just before
+retiring. Always apply warm."
+
+
+Weak Back, Liniment for.--
+
+    "Tincture of Cayenne Pepper    1/2 ounce
+    Spirits of Camphor               2 ounces
+    Tincture of Arnica           1-1/2 ounce
+
+No better liniment; is an excellent remedy to bathe the back with; will
+not blister."
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 685]
+
+
+MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS
+FOR OUR GREAT MIDDLE CLASS
+AS WELL AS OUR BEST SOCIETY
+
+Correspondence, Cards and Introductions, Dress for Different Occasions,
+Weddings, Christenings, Funerals, Etc.,
+Social Functions, Dinners, Luncheons.
+
+Gifts, "Showers," Calls, and
+Hundreds of Other Essential
+Subjects so Vital to Culture and Refinement of Men,
+Women, School-Girls and Boys at Home and in Public.
+
+By MRS. ELIZABETH JOHNSTONE
+
+"The small courtesies sweeten life, the greater ennoble it."
+
+
+The social code which we call etiquette is no senseless formula. It has a
+meaning and a purpose. It is the expression of good manners, and good
+manners have been rightly called the minor morals. This is true in the
+sense that they are the expression of the innate kindness and good will
+that sum up what we call good breeding. As to its importance, Sir Walter
+Scott once said that a man might with more impunity be guilty of an actual
+breach of good morals than appear ignorant of the points of etiquette.
+
+[684 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Every social custom has a foundation established by usage as a recognition
+of social needs, and intended to prevent rudeness and confusion; intended
+also to make polite society polite. We must conform, according to our
+circle, to social conventions as thus established, since they are the
+ripened results of long and varied experience in what is most suitable and
+becoming. Not to observe them is to advertise our ignorance and expose
+ourselves to criticism.
+
+Importance of Knowledge.--That the importance of a knowledge of social
+customs is widely felt is proved by the pathetic letters addressed to the
+editors of women's magazines and departments, asking for information to
+enlighten ignorance. Such letters range from the naive inquiry of the
+unsophisticated girl as to whether it is "proper" to allow her "gentleman
+friend" to kiss her good night, up to the plaint of the novice who doesn't
+know how to make her spoons and forks come out even at a dinner-party.
+Here in America, where circumstances may lift a family from poverty and
+obscurity to wealth, with a position to win in a few brief years, the
+first great anxiety of those not "to the manor born" is to learn how to
+comport themselves in their new situation, and educate their children in
+correct behavior.
+
+Good manners are a necessary equipment of both men and women. In many
+circles, success is impossible without such equipment. An agreeable
+manner, a knowledge of what to do and when to do it, is indispensable to
+the woman in society, and any man who meets other men in a business way
+will willingly bear testimony to the reluctance with which he approaches
+the gruff, brusque man, whose manners are patterned after those of Ursa
+Major. The man whose manners are agreeable may be as ugly as Caliban, yet
+please everybody.
+
+Moreover, there is no weapon so effective against the rude and
+ill-mannered as a calm politeness--a courtesy which marks the person who
+can practise it as superior to the one who cannot. For one's own peace of
+mind, one should learn the art of good manners.
+
+A Matter of Habit.--Manners, like everything else in life, must be learned
+by rule, the only possible exception being in the case of those who have
+been brought up in what we call our best society, where what to do and how
+to dress and behave have been matters of habit from earliest childhood.
+When once the rules of etiquette are firmly fixed, they become instinctive
+and are obeyed unconsciously. The individual then has "good manners." No
+one can be easy and graceful who must stop to think how to do things.
+Familiarity with form breeds ease and grace of manner. Therefore those who
+would be letter perfect must practise the rules of good form at all times
+and places. Manners cannot be put on and off like a garment. Moreover, as
+has just been said, the politeness that comes of such observance is the
+best possible armor against the rudeness or boorishness of the ignorant
+and untrained.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 685]
+
+Many books on etiquette are written, most of which are intended for those
+in fashionable society who have a number of servants and entertain both
+extensively and expensively. Other writers take too much for granted; they
+presuppose a knowledge of the subject which the novice who needs
+instruction does not possess. This department is intended for those who
+desire to add to their knowledge of social forms, who do not wish to
+appear ignorant and awkward, and who, in a more limited social sphere,
+still wish to entertain properly and pleasantly, and comport themselves in
+correct form.
+
+
+
+CONCERNING INTRODUCTIONS.
+
+The first and most positive rule in regard to introductions is that a man
+is introduced to a woman; never the reverse, no matter how distinguished
+the man may be.
+
+The best form is the simplest. "Mrs. A., allow me to introduce Mr. B." If
+the introduction has been solicited, the hostess may say "Mrs. A., Mr. B.
+desires the honor of knowing you." If either party resides in another
+city, she may mention the fact, or any other little circumstance that may
+aid the two to enter into conversation. The woman does not rise when a man
+is introduced, but if she is standing may offer her hand. To say "How do
+you do" is much better form than "Glad to know you" or "Pleased to meet
+you,"
+
+The person who performs an introduction should be careful to choose an
+opportune moment. Do not interrupt a conversation to introduce another
+party, unless, as hostess, you feel it has continued so long that it is
+time the talk became more general. It is not courteous to simply
+acknowledge an introduction, and not exchange a few words.
+
+Women and Introductions.--In introducing women, the younger is introduced
+to the older; if nearly of the same age a distinction is immaterial. Young
+girls are introduced to matrons, and the younger matrons to those older.
+
+If a woman is seated when another woman is introduced she should rise and
+offer her hand, and then invite the new acquaintance to a seat near her
+where they may converse. If a man has been talking with the lady who
+rises, he should rise also and remain standing until they are seated, when
+he may bow and take himself away unless requested to remain. Generally,
+this is the proper moment to leave.
+
+When Calling.--If making a call, and another visitor enters, the lady of
+the house rises to greet her and introduces any other guests who may be
+present. A man must rise and find a scat for the newcomer, but the women
+bow without rising. If only one guest is present, she should rise if the
+hostess and latest caller remain standing, or if a change of seats seems
+desirable. Introductions of this kind are semi-formal; they do not
+establish a later acquaintance unless both are agreeable; the social
+intent is to bridge over a situation that might seem awkward. However,
+many pleasant friendships have been made by such casual encounters at the
+house of a mutual friend.
+
+[686 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+On the other hand, if two women who are not on friendly terms happen thus
+to meet and are introduced, it would be a most grievous breach of
+etiquette not to acknowledge the introduction courteously and exchange a
+remark or two. Neither has a right to embarrass a hostess by airing a
+private animosity under the roof of a friend--or in society generally.
+
+General lntroductions.--The only "collective" introduction possible is
+that of a speaker or essayist to an audience. At a club meeting or other
+assemblage where a stranger is present as guest of honor, the members
+should request the hostess or the president of the club to present them
+severally.
+
+Men and lntroductions.--Men seldom ask introductions. They have the
+privilege of speaking without them. A man's title should always be given
+him in an introduction. A man must request permission before bringing
+another man to be introduced to a woman or to a friend's house. In the
+latter case he will present his companions to the lady of the house and
+any of the family who are present; if others arrive, the hostess should
+introduce him to them.
+
+After an introduction, the man waits for the woman to recognize him at
+their next meeting. She should bow, even if she does not care to establish
+an acquaintance. A casual introduction between women may not be recognized
+afterwards, though a slight bow is more courteous.
+
+A Few Things Not To Do.--Do not introduce a person as your "'friend." It
+is not supposed you will introduce anyone who is not a friend. Moreover,
+in certain circles the term friend is employed in naming a companion,
+secretary, governess or managing housekeeper to one's guests. In this
+connection it may be mentioned that one should not speak of "visiting a
+friend" or "staying at a friend's house." Name the person referred to; or
+if you do not wish to do so, do not allude to the circumstance. Naturally,
+one visits only friends.
+
+The indistinctness with which people who introduce often pronounce a name
+is not infrequently the cause of awkwardness. The failure to hear is no
+fault on the part of those introduced, but rather a mishap chargeable to
+the person who brings them together. In this case, try to think of
+something besides "I didn't catch the name;" that is so cut and dried. Say
+rather, "I'm sorry, but I didn't understand Mrs. A. when she presented
+me." Forgetting a name in the act of introducing someone is a much more
+grievous failure; it speaks for your own social unaccustomedness, and is a
+poor compliment to the person you introduce. Do not attempt an
+introduction unless you are sure of your names.
+
+One of the society woman's most necessary accomplishments is the ability
+to remember names and fit them to the individual to whom they belong. It
+is an art she should sedulously cultivate.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 687]
+
+It is not etiquette, but misplaced politeness, to perform what may be
+termed casual introductions--as in accidental encounters. Never introduce
+on the street, unless your acquaintance is to join you. Don't introduce in
+a street car or any public conveyance. In "our best
+society"--so-called--it is not considered good form to introduce people in
+church. People do not go to church for social purposes. In village
+neighborhoods and the less fashionable city churches, this rule is often
+violated in the vestibule, where acquaintances linger to greet each other
+and introductions are not infrequent. But in the body of the church--the
+space set apart for purposes of worship--an introduction is wholly out of
+place.
+
+Try to remember family relationships and feuds, that you may not attempt
+to introduce those at enmity with each other. A woman once introduced, at
+a crowded function, two sisters who had not recognized each other for
+years, and afterwards exulted in having "made them speak." Their manners
+were far superior to hers.
+
+In Company.--At a reception or dinner-party it is perfectly proper for
+those who have never been introduced to converse with each other without
+such formality. The roof under which they meet confers the privilege.
+Indeed, it is often the greatest kindness to speak to a shy person or one
+who evidently has few acquaintances present, relieving his embarrassment
+and putting him at ease. Not to reply courteously to such overtures is
+great rudeness. The story is told of a prominent society woman who
+addressed a stranger at such a function and actually received no reply.
+Later, the hostess brought up the strange person and introduced her. Then
+she explained that, not having been properly introduced, she felt she
+could not respond. The society woman quietly remarked, "Oh, was that the
+trouble? I thought you were deaf and dumb."
+
+The late H. C. Bunner and the more recently deceased T. B. Aldrich
+cherished an aversion for each other. They were not acquainted, but
+disliked each other on general principles, both being engaged in literary
+work. They happened to meet at an entertainment where Bunner was in the
+house of his friends and Aldrich an outsider. Bunner's native kindliness
+and courtesy made it impossible for him to see anyone uncomfortable in a
+friend's house. He introduced himself, carried Aldrich to his host's
+"den," and over a cigar and a glass of "Scotch" began a friendship that
+was ended only by death.
+
+School Girls' Etiquette.--Etiquette is not so formal among school girls,
+though its form remains the same. Propinquity in classes, and the being
+thrown together by mutual aims and interests, excuses informal
+friendliness. In some women's colleges there are what may be termed
+"unwritten laws"--school traditions--never set down in books but handed on
+from class to class. Thus a member of a lower class would not take
+precedence of a Senior, either on entering or leaving a room, or at table.
+She would introduce her friends, even her parents, to the Senior and to
+any member of the Faculty instead of the Senior to them. These little
+matters of punctilio have to be learned by observation, or by the grace of
+some friendly classmate who happens to be conversant with them.
+
+[688  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CARD AND CALLING ETIQUETTE.
+
+For Women.--Card etiquette has been jocosely termed "going into society in
+a pasteboard way." Yet cards have a very essential part in the social
+regime. They are the expedient resorted to by the woman with a large
+circle of acquaintances and many engagements, for keeping herself in mind.
+
+A card represents a visit, or acknowledges a courtesy in the way of an
+invitation, There are well-defined rules which regulate the use of cards,
+familiarity with which is necessary to all who have social aspirations.
+And the questions most frequently asked by the novice relate to whom and
+when they should be sent or left.
+
+A General Rule.--Though calling has, in a degree, "gone out of fashion,"
+the general rule is that a woman should call on her friends and
+acquaintances once a year. This signifies the desire to continue the
+relationship. If she finds her friend at home she gives her name to the
+maid and at the conclusion of the visit leaves her card on a table or some
+convenient place. If her friend is out, the maid receives her card on a
+tray. In each case a visit has been paid and the card is a reminder that
+the obligation has been discharged. At this call, if it is the first, or
+expected to be the only one of the year, a married woman leaves one of her
+cards for each lady in the family, and one of her husband's for each lady
+and one for the man of the house. One card, of her husband's may include
+several grown daughters. If she calls again during the season, she may
+leave her own cards only, though she should acknowledge an invitation
+received by her husband by leaving his cards. Cards are never to be handed
+to the lady of the house or any member of the family.
+
+After Social Functions.--Now here is the law as regards leaving cards
+after social functions: After receiving invitations to receptions,
+dinners, luncheons, card parties or evening entertainments, calls are to
+be made within a week after the event, whether one has accepted or not.
+However, in some localities, it is thought correct to leave cards at the
+time if one attends the function, or send them if not attending. It is
+safest to ascertain the local custom in advance. The correct etiquette is
+to call afterwards.
+
+An invitation to a church wedding necessitates sending cards to those in
+whose name the invitation was issued and to the newly wedded pair. The
+same is true of announcement cards. Cards for an afternoon tea do not
+require reply; those present leave their own cards and those of any member
+of the family who was invited but did not attend.
+
+After Absence.--Another use of cards is when one returns home after a long
+absence. Cards with one's address are sent to previous acquaintances, as a
+notification that the sender wishes to resume her social relations. In
+case of a friend's illness, one should call to make personal inquiries,
+leaving a card on which is written "To inquire." After a death, cards may
+be left or sent, on which it is correct to write "With sincere sympathy."
+After the funeral, cards are sent by those bereaved to those who have thus
+manifested regard, with the words "With thanks for kind inquiries" or
+remembrances.
+
+Thus we see cards are not meaningless, but indicate courtesy, kindly
+interest and regard.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 689]
+
+For Men.--Whereas the married man may discharge some of his social
+obligations through his wife, the bachelor has no such resource. In
+response to every invitation, accepted or otherwise, he must pay a visit,
+leaving cards. Unless he does this, his invitations will soon cease.
+
+A man may pay Sunday afternoon visits, as he is not supposed to be at
+leisure during the week. An evening call indicates greater intimacy. If he
+calls upon a young lady he must leave two cards, one for her and one for
+her mother.
+
+Letters of Introduction--Letters of introduction are never presented in
+person. The man must call and leave the letter, with his card, but on no
+account enter the house. The next step is to be taken by the recipient of
+the letter.
+
+At a Hotel.--If a man calls on a lady at a hotel he sends up his card and
+waits in a reception room. It is not permissible to write on his card the
+name of the member of the family whom he wishes to see. That is to be the
+subject of later inquiry.
+
+Styles in Cards.--Styles in cards vary, both for men and women. Usually
+the stationer will be a reliable guide as to size and style of engraving.
+A printed or written card should never be used, nor, according to strict
+etiquette, should acceptances, regrets or informal invitations be written
+on cards. Use note paper.
+
+A woman's card should be of medium size and nearly square. Plain script,
+Old English or Roman are the only letterings used. Engraved plates, once
+obtained, may be used a long time. The street address, if used, is at the
+lower right-hand corner. This can be changed on one's plate, if necessary,
+by ways known to the maker. Men's cards are much smaller than women's, and
+must be engraved. The name is always prefaced by "Mr."
+
+Use of Names.--A married woman uses her husband's full name on her cards.
+A widow who happens to be the oldest representative of the family may have
+her cards engraved without her own or her husband's name, as "Mrs. Astor;"
+this signifies her place as social head of the family. A clergyman's card
+may have Rev. as a prefix; a physician's Dr., never M. D. A young girl is
+always Miss, and pet names are without social recognition. For a year
+after she enters society a girl has her name engraved beneath her
+mother's; where there are several daughters "out," "The Misses Smith" may
+be engraved under the mother's name. A widow may act her pleasure as to
+using her Christian name or her late husband's on her card; the latter is
+customary. It would be a social convenience to use the Christian name, as
+with the prefix "Mrs." widowhood would be indicated.
+
+[690 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+THE ETIQUETTE OF CALLS.
+
+As has been said, a woman is expected to call on her friends once a year
+at least. The "Day at Home" has rather gone out of fashion. It imposed an
+obligation on the hostess which often proved irksome, interfering with
+engagements she might wish to make. If, however, one has "a day," her
+friends should so far as possible observe it.
+
+Time and Manner.--The time limit of a call is fifteen or twenty minutes,
+not to exceed the latter. This is the protection society affords us from
+bores. We can endure even the most tiresome of visitors for fifteen
+minutes.
+
+If one does not wish to see callers, the maid or whoever answers the door
+should be so informed; the conventional "Not at home" being perfectly
+proper; it is merely a polite way of saying it is not convenient to
+receive anyone. But for the maid to say "I will see, if Mrs. A is at
+home," and return to say she is not at home or not receiving, is a grave
+discourtesy. Nor should one keep a visitor waiting while she makes an
+elaborate toilette; better say "Not at home." The call counts as a visit
+whether the lady is at home or not, and must be returned. It is not
+customary to invite a visitor to be seated, to come again, or urge a
+longer stay. It is supposed she will take the initiative in these
+particulars; and too, that the fact that the two exchange visits warrants
+a certain wontedness of habit. Still, among intimates it is by no means
+unusual for the hostess to say "Do come again soon; I always enjoy you so
+much I should be glad to see more of you," or for the departing visitor to
+say: "I shall hope to have the pleasure of seeing you at my home soon."
+
+Men's Demeanor.--A man calling upon a lady either takes his hat and stick
+into the reception room with him, or deposits them in the hall; she does
+not instruct him what disposition to make of them. He removes his overcoat
+of his own volition, or retains it, as he pleases; the lady does not
+suggest its removal. This is the strict letter of etiquette. As a matter
+of fact, many a man would feel snubbed, and the hostess that she failed in
+cordiality, if she failed to invite him to lay aside his coat. One must be
+governed by the customs of one's circle. It is safe to say that unless it
+is a first call, which is the most formal, in our middle social stratum a
+man expects, if he is welcome, to be asked to remove his overcoat.
+
+A man waits for the woman to invite him to call, since it is her privilege
+to choose her acquaintances. Such an invitation should not be given too
+hastily, nor too soon after a first introduction. It is well not to show
+too much eagerness to cultivate the acquaintance, and the woman should be
+reasonably sure that the man is desirous of having the pleasure. If
+invited, he should avail himself of the permission within a short time, by
+way of showing his appreciation of the compliment. Young girls do not
+invite young men to call on them; this is their mother's prerogative.
+
+It is more correct in these days when everyone has a telephone, to call up
+and inquire whether it will be convenient for the lady to receive callers,
+unless, of course, one is paying duty calls, in which case a card
+discharges the obligation.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 691]
+
+"Pour Prendre Conge."--In taking leave, it is well not to wait until one
+has exhausted the conversational gamut, and "that awful pause" in which
+neither seems to have anything to say, occurs. And having risen, do not
+"stand upon the order of your going;" do not linger for last words, or
+begin a fresh topic at the door, keeping your hostess standing and perhaps
+detaining her from other guests. "Parting is such sweet sorrow" in some
+cases that it becomes awkward and embarrassing because so prolonged.
+Especially does it seem difficult for the youth who has not yet attained
+the aplomb which makes him at ease in society, to "tear himself away."
+Remember that a too abrupt departure, though regrettable, is better than
+one too prolonged.
+
+Girls' Manners.--When the young girl accompanies her mother on a calling
+expedition, she waits for the latter to take the initiative in regard to
+departure. She must allow the older person to precede her in entering and
+leaving, and she must be careful not to monopolize the conversation. Good
+manners give precedence to age.
+
+"P. p. c."--The social novice is sometimes puzzled by "P. p. c." written
+in the lower corner of a card. The letters stand for the French phrase,
+"Pour prendre conge"--to take leave. Such cards are sent when one is to be
+absent from home for a considerable period. They are left to be mailed
+after departure. Thus the intending traveler is not incommoded by
+well-meant but ill-timed calls at an hour when she is most busy. "P. p.
+c." cards intimate the acquaintance is to be resumed on the sender's
+return.
+
+The custom of turning down the corner to signify the call was made in
+person is now entirely obsolete.
+
+First Calls.--It is desirable, when making a first call, to meet the lady
+called upon, and it is best to have been properly introduced. In the case
+of a stranger, the oldest or most prominent member of the social circle of
+the town should call first. A polite expedient by which a newcomer makes
+entree into the society of a new place of residence is by sending her
+cards to those whom she wishes to know. These are, if possible, to be
+accompanied by the card of some well-known friend, who thus becomes her
+social sponsor.
+
+[692 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+A first call must be returned, and within two weeks at the outside. Not to
+return such a call is a gross breach of etiquette. Even if one does not
+wish or intend to keep up the acquaintance the return call must be made.
+After this call she may act her pleasure. If a newcomer extends an
+invitation to an older resident, she should at once leave cards and send a
+regret or an acceptance. If the invitation comes through a friend, and she
+is unacquainted with the hostess, she must call soon; but if the call is
+not returned, or another invitation extended, she must understand the
+acquaintance is ended. The newcomer may invite her late hostess to some
+affair at her own house, and if the invitation is accepted, may understand
+the acquaintance is established.
+
+A stranger often finds her social progress slow unless she has
+acquaintances in her new location who can help place her where she wishes
+to be. The easiest way is to identify herself with some church, attend
+regularly, and the pastor calling on the new member of his congregation
+and finding her acceptable, will ask some of the ladies of the church to
+call. These calls should be returned within two weeks; it would be a
+discourtesy to the pastor not to acknowledge them.
+
+
+
+INVITATIONS.
+
+The Formal Invitation.--A dinner-party is the most formal and most
+important of all social functions. We may invite all our acquaintances to
+a ball or a reception. We may select more carefully for our teas and
+luncheons, but the dinner is reserved as the greatest compliment to be
+paid those we wish to honor. Therefore an immediate acceptance or regret
+must be sent, and nothing but illness, accident or death should prevent us
+from presenting ourselves. If such obstacles intervene, immediate notice
+should be given the hostess, that she may supply the place at her table
+thus made vacant.
+
+Do not write you will "try to come;" that you will come but your husband
+will not be able to do so, or in any way make your acceptance conditional.
+Your hostess may wish to invite another couple; she must know who will be
+present that she may arrange her table accordingly. Nothing is so annoying
+to a hostess as to be obliged to rearrange her table because of some
+slight excuse on the part of a guest who has once accepted,
+
+Do not forget that an invitation to dinner is the highest social
+compliment, and value it accordingly; also answer at once.
+
+
+
+Formulas for Invitations.
+
+The formula for a dinner invitation is this:
+
+               Mr. and Mrs. John Henry Smith
+                  request the pleasure of
+          Mr. and Mrs. George Brown's company at dinner,
+                     127 Blank Avenue.
+              on March fifteenth at seven o'clock.
+
+This invitation may be written on note paper or engraved on a card.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 693]
+
+The correct form of reply is this:
+
+                Mr. and Mrs. George Brown
+        accept with pleasure the polite invitation of
+           Mr. and Mrs. John Henry Smith for dinner
+             on March fifteenth, at seven o'clock.
+
+If the dinner is in honor of guests, the formula may be:
+
+                       To meet
+            Mr. and Mrs. William Dash,
+    Mr. and Mrs. John Henry Smith request the pleasure of
+                   Miss Anderson's
+                  company at dinner,
+            on Wednesday, January twenty-sixth,
+                  at seven o'clock.
+   R. S. V. P.                   91 East Ninety-fourth street.
+
+
+If the invitation must be declined, this form may be observed:
+
+                        Mr. and Mrs. Brown
+           regret that owing to a previous engagement
+                      they are unable to accept
+                 Mr. and Mrs. John Henry Smith's
+                     very kind invitation
+               for Tuesday evening, March fifteenth.
+
+Any other reason, as illness, proposed absence, or the like, may be
+substituted for a "previous engagement."
+
+In acknowledging invitations it is better to err on the side of
+over-politeness than the reverse.
+
+If a dance or theatre party is to follow the dinner, words indicating the
+fact are written across the lower part of the card or in the lower
+left-hand corner.
+
+"R. s v. p." stands for the French phrase, "Respondez, sit vous
+plait,"--meaning that a reply is desired.
+
+[694 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Replies.--The reply to an invitation should be in the same form as the
+invitation; thus if in the third person the reply should also be made in
+the third person. Such invitations are the most formal. The reply is to be
+addressed according to the wording of the invitation: thus if Mr. and Mrs.
+John Henry Smith issue it, address the reply to them; if Mrs. John Henry
+Smith's name alone appears, address it to her. The same rule applies to a
+wedding invitation. The acknowledgement is sent to the parties issuing the
+invitation, not to those to be married.
+
+Must Not Ask Invitations.--It is not allowable to ask for an invitation to
+a dinner, a luncheon or a card party for a guest or friend. These are
+functions arranged for a definite number of guests; to include another
+person is not possible. If your hostess knows you have a guest, she will,
+if her arrangements make it practicable, include her; if not, there is no
+slight to you or your guest. The presence of a guest does not excuse one
+from a dinner, luncheon or card party, the invitation having been already
+accepted. Provide some pleasure for your friend, or leave her to a quiet
+evening at home.
+
+In case a guest drops out at the last moment, as sometimes happens, one
+may ask a very intimate friend, a relative, or some member of the family
+to fill the vacant seat. Such a "last minute" invitation is no compliment:
+one knows she is simply a substitute, but good sense and kindliness should
+prompt the recipient to help out in the dilemma, which may happen to her
+next time.
+
+Other Particulars.--Dinner invitations are issued in the name of the host
+and hostess, so also those for luncheons to which both men and women are
+invited. Invitations to teas, card and garden parties, "at homes," balls,
+and women's luncheons are in the name of the hostess alone.
+
+Guests should present themselves punctually at the hour named in a dinner
+or luncheon invitation, allowing themselves just time to remove wraps,
+etc., before the meal is announced. It is almost unpardonable to be late.
+
+Invitations are sent to people in mourning after the month following
+bereavement, not because acceptance is expected, but as a compliment,
+except that cards for dinners, luncheons and balls are not sent. Wedding
+cards and announcements, and cards for large general receptions are sent.
+During the year of mourning people thus remembered send cards with a
+narrow black border in acknowledgment.
+
+Unless an entertainment is exclusively for women, an invitation to a
+married woman should include her husband. That he is personally unknown to
+the hostess does not matter.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 695]
+
+INFORMAL INVITATIONS.
+
+Invitations by telephone are permissible for informal affairs, but why a
+woman should spend hours at the telephone, calling up various parties and
+losing her temper over "Central's" dilatoriness when she could sit
+comfortably at her desk and write notes, is difficult to understand.
+
+Whereas the formal luncheon invitation simply substitutes the word
+"luncheon" for "dinner," the informal invitation is written in the first
+person and requires a reply in the same form. It may be said again that
+the response should follow the form of the invitation; this is an
+invariable rule. This model is usually employed:
+
+    My dear Mrs. Henderson:
+       Will you and Mr. Henderson dine with us informally on Tuesday
+    evening, January twenty-seventh, at half-past six o'clock?
+    Trusting we may have the pleasure of seeing you, I am,
+                                        Yours sincerely,
+                                                     Mary Bronson.
+
+In reply the recipient will write:
+
+    My dear Mrs. Bronson:
+       Mr. Henderson and I accept, with much pleasure your very kind
+    invitation to dine with you on Tuesday evening, January
+    twenty-seventh, at half past six o'clock.
+                                        Yours sincerely,
+                                                      Helen Henderson.
+
+
+If the invitation is for luncheon, that word is substituted; afternoon
+written in the place of evening, and Mr. Henderson is left out. In an
+acceptance, one should repeat the date and hour, that no mistake may
+occur. If the invitation must be declined, it is not correct to explain
+the nature of the engagement or whatever reason occurs for refusal. We say
+we "are unable to accept," not that we "will not be able;" the refusal
+rests in the present.
+
+An invitation sent by mail is enclosed in an envelope addressed to Mr. and
+Mrs. A., and then in an outer envelope bearing full name and address.
+Informal notes of invitation are written on one's best note-paper and no
+outer envelope used.
+
+Afternoon Tea.--The afternoon tea is a favorite method of paying off
+social debts. Elaborate refreshments are not served. Tea is poured at the
+dining table, by some friends asked to do so--it is thought quite a
+compliment to be asked "to pour" For a very informal "at home" the hostess
+may have a small table at hand and herself offer a cup of tea to her
+visitors. For such a small affair she sends her visiting card with the
+date written in the lower left hand corner. If many guests are expected
+servants must be at hand to remove soiled dishes and replenish the tea and
+cakes.
+
+In acknowledgment of invitations, it is highly improper to send your card
+with "regrets" written on it. An invitation is a courtesy offered; it must
+be received courteously. You regret you "must decline the pleasure" of
+accepting somebody's "kind--or polite--invitation."
+
+[696 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Verbal Invitation.--Verbal invitations do not count for much. "Come
+and dine with us some day" has no standing among invitations. The day and
+hour must be named if it is to be reckoned with. And then--suppose the
+hostess forgets she has given the invitation, or she prepares for a guest
+who does not come! Except among very intimate friends the verbal
+invitation should be looked upon with great caution. A verbal invitation
+should be followed by a note repeating it.
+
+
+
+WEDDING INVITATIONS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS.
+
+The number of wedding invitations often must conform to the size of the
+church or the house, and to the character of the wedding. If it is to be a
+large one, cards are usually sent as liberally as possible. An invitation
+to the church may not invite to the reception at the house afterwards,
+which may necessarily be limited because of the size of the house or the
+means of the family. No guest receiving cards for the church should let
+herself feel aggrieved because of failure to receive the other. Answers to
+invitations should invariably be sent; many omit this, not thinking it
+necessary, but why not?
+
+Announcement cards are sent to everyone you know, or, more properly, to
+all those whom you wish to recognize socially. It is quite correct to send
+them to people you know but slightly. They are mailed immediately after
+the wedding. They imply no obligation in the way of gift or reply. If an
+"at home" card is enclosed, calls are expected.
+
+
+Correct Form.
+
+Wedding invitations of course must be engraved. The following form is
+employed:
+
+    Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Harmon
+    request the honor of your presence
+    at the marriage of their daughter
+              Harriet
+                to
+        Mr. Harrison Richard Ames
+    on Thursday, the sixth of January,
+         at twelve o'clock.
+       Church of the Messiah.
+
+
+If the wedding is at home, the street and number are given in place of the
+church.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 697]
+
+If the bride has no mother, the invitations are issued in the name of the
+father; if no father, the mother's name is used. If an orphan, invitations
+are issued in the name of the nearest of kin in the town where the wedding
+occurs. If a married sister and her husband issue, the words "their
+sister" are used. If a girl has a stepfather her own name is engraved in
+full. Announcement cards follow the same rules as to who issues them, and
+are couched in these words:
+
+        Mr. and Mrs. Hughson Smith
+     announce the marriage of their sister
+                Bettina
+                  to
+         Mr. James Rhodes Grayson,
+      on Monday, the tenth of January,
+         Nineteen hundred and ten,
+       at the Church of the Messiah,
+         in the City of Cleveland.
+
+For a home wedding, this formula is correct:
+
+    My dear Mrs. Jennings:
+    My daughter Julia is to be married to Mr. George Bronson Holmes on
+    Monday, the tenth of January, at twelve o'clock, and it will give Mr.
+    Brush and myself much pleasure if you and Mr. Jennings will come.
+                                Yours sincerely,
+                                                 Eleanor Graves Brush.
+
+
+For informal church weddings, with small reception to follow, or for a
+simple home wedding, most people prefer to use the engraved cards, but
+personal notes may with perfect propriety take their place. For a home
+wedding, the above formula is correct.
+
+
+The Bridegroom's Family.
+
+In inviting the bridegroom's parents by note, the mother may write: "Will
+you and Mr. Holmes come to the quiet informal wedding of my daughter Julia
+and your son on Monday," etc. Such invitations are written by the mother.
+Other members of the family are included by adding "you and Mr. Jennings
+and your daughter will come." Written invitations may follow the form of
+the engraved, but for a small wedding at home, which will be of course
+more or less informal, the personal form seems more in keeping.
+
+Other Items.
+
+Formal wedding invitations and announcements are addressed, one to the
+head of the family, Mr. and Mrs. Jones; one to Miss Jones, or to The
+Misses Jones, if there are several daughters, and one to each young man of
+the family.
+
+Note that the year is given in an announcement, but not in an invitation.
+Announcements are engraved on note-paper, as in the case of invitations.
+
+[698 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+A double wedding, which requires two ceremonies, also requires two sets of
+invitations and announcements.
+
+It is quite correct for a girl who has been employed in an office to send
+an announcement of her marriage to her former employer, but if he is
+married, it must be addressed to "Mr. and Mrs." So-and-So.
+
+Do not abbreviate in writing notes of invitation, nor permit it on
+engraved invitations. Doctor, Judge, Reverend, are to be in full. Mr.
+before a man's name is the only abbreviation permitted. The names of the
+month, day, year, and of the street or avenue are written out in full.
+
+
+
+DINNERS AND LUNCHEONS
+
+FORMAL DINNERS.
+
+"A fig for your bill of fare; show me your bill of company,"
+
+As has already been remarked, we ask our "dear Five Hundred" to our balls
+and receptions, reserving our dinner invitations for those whom we
+particularly wish to compliment. The dinner we provide is by no means of
+the comfortable "pot-Iuck" kind. It is, in society, an elaborate and
+expensive form of entertainment. A dinner to eight people, not specially
+elaborate and without wines, rarely costs the giver less than $25 or $30,
+and may easily run much higher. It requires delicacies for the palate,
+flowers and bonbons and other decorations for the table, and ceremonious
+serving. The finest of linen, cut glass and silver adorn it, and the
+repast may easily be prolonged through two or more hours. Such a dinner is
+served in courses; begins with an appetizer, extends through soup, fish,
+joint, salad and dessert courses at the very least, and ends with coffee,
+served at the table or in some other apartment--the library or drawing
+room--where the guests converse over their cups.
+
+Such a meal cannot be prepared or served without competent service in the
+kitchen and dining-room. The cook must know how to prepare every dish in
+the best manner, and have it ready at the right moment; the waiter must be
+experienced and noiseless. The hostess must have such perfect confidence
+that everything will progress in perfect and proper order that she can
+give her full attention to the guests,
+
+Serving the Dinner.--Let us suppose a dinner for eight people is to be
+served. The ceremonious dinner, the world over, is served a la Russe, that
+is, according to the Russian fashion. By this fashion nothing but the
+covers--a term which includes the china, silver and glass at each
+plate--flowers, dishes of bonbons, salted nuts and olives, occasionally
+small cakes, are on the table when the guests are seated,
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 699]
+
+The hostess has inspected the table, after it is laid, seeing that
+everything is correct, Silver must have had a fresh polish, the cut glass
+must shine and sparkle, There must be plenty of light, yet no glare; to
+prevent this, ground glass globes on the electric lights are preferred.
+The hostess herself will arrange the place cards, separating married
+people, and in so far as possible so seating her guests that each may be
+pleased with his or her neighbor. The centerpiece is of flowers; for this
+never choose a strongly scented flower like hyacinths or narcissi. The
+heat, the odor of the food, combined with the scent of the flowers, may
+induce lethargy, so that the dinner may be "garnished with stupidity."
+
+There must be a service plate at each place. These are to be as handsome
+as you can afford. At the side of this is laid the dinner napkin, within
+which a roll is folded. The guest removes the napkin, unfolding it for
+use. The waitress removes the service plate and puts down another on which
+is a grapefruit, vermouth, or other kind of cocktail. This plate and glass
+removed, there comes another plate, and little dishes of caviarre are
+passed. These plates also disappear, others are substituted, and soup is
+served. After the soup is eaten the soup plates are removed, leaving the
+other plates, and celery and radishes and salted nuts and olives are
+passed, not necessarily all, but at least two, say celery and olives; nuts
+and radishes. If the little individual almond dishes are used, of course
+the salted nuts will not be passed.
+
+These plates are again changed when the fish is served, the rule being
+that at no time during the dinner must a guest be without a plate before
+him until the table is cleared for dessert. Moreover, the waitress, in
+placing plates that have a monogram or heraldic device for decoration,
+must so place the plate before each guest that the design faces him. In
+taking up the plates, one is taken up with the right hand while with the
+left the waitress replaces it with another; one plate is never placed upon
+another.
+
+The fish, meat, and other courses are served from the pantry, the portions
+being arranged for convenience in helping, and garnished with parsley or
+lemon. The dish is passed first to the guest seated at the host's right
+hand, next to the one on the left, and afterwards in regular rotation,
+irrespective of sex. All service is at the left; this leaves the guest's
+right hand in position to help himself. The waitress holds the dish upon a
+folded napkin on the flat of her hand, and low down. Vegetables are passed
+in the same fashion.
+
+You will see how much depends upon having well trained servants at such a
+dinner. The service must be without haste, yet without delay; there must
+be no clatter of china and silver, no awkwardness in removing plates, etc.
+The waitress must be quick to refill glasses or supply whatever is needed.
+
+[700 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Help Required.--A dinner to twelve or fourteen guests cannot be served
+properly without two or three waiters--usually men at such large
+dinners--and additional help in the kitchen. So much thought and anxiety
+are required for the success of a home dinner party that it is small
+wonder many prefer to add a little to the expense, in cities at least, and
+order a dinner for the requisite number at hotel or club, where the
+responsibility rests with the management after the details of the menu are
+settled. Such a dinner is less of a compliment to one's guests than the
+entertainment at one's own home, however; and why should one possess
+stores of beautiful and expensive furnishings without their use?
+
+One dinner generally means another a short time afterwards, since in
+selecting the small number who can be entertained one must necessarily
+leave out others who have equal claims to hospitality and whose sense of
+being slighted must be appeased. And if the hostess is socially prominent
+she may find herself embarked on a course of entertainments that will tax
+her time and her funds to a considerable degree.
+
+Invitations to a dinner must be sent at least two weeks in advance. As has
+already been stated, an immediate and unconditional acceptance or regret
+is demanded.
+
+Precedence.--At these formal dinners, the question of precedence engages
+the hostess's attention, If all the guests are about on equal terms, the
+host takes out the oldest or most prominent lady, seating her at his
+right. The other, guests are paired off according to the hostess's ideas
+of social propriety or congeniality. No man ever takes his wife in to
+dinner. The place of honor for men is at the hostess's right hand. Dinner
+cards, legibly written, are placed on the napkins. The men draw out the
+chairs and seat the ladies, then seat themselves. Generally, at a small
+dinner, the hostess tells each man before leaving the drawing room, whom
+he is to take out: at large functions, he finds in the men's cloak room an
+envelope addressed to him containing the lady's name. He seeks out his
+partner and gives her his arm when dinner is announced.
+
+Be Prompt.--It is almost unpardonable for a guest to be late at a dinner.
+The arrival should be within fifteen minutes of the time named on the
+invitation, never earlier. The hostess must be ready in ample time, and
+must appear calm and untroubled. Nervousness bespeaks the novice in
+entertaining. Generally, however, even if the affair passes off without
+any contretemps she is ready to say "Thank heaven it's over!"
+
+Now this is not to say that one may not serve a good and very enjoyable
+dinner or luncheon to a few friends, without as much trouble and expense
+as are here indicated. This is simply to state how such meals are served,
+formally and informally. Knowing the proper procedure one may adopt as
+much or as little as her circumstances and style of living warrant.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 701]
+
+THE INFORMAL DINNER
+
+The informal dinner resembles the formal, save that fewer courses are
+served, the menu is simpler, and the decorations less elaborate. The
+serving is on the same order--a la Russe. If one is fortunate enough to
+have a maid who combines the experience of a waitress with the qualities
+of a good cook, by ingenious planning it is possible to serve six persons
+acceptably in the approved fashion.
+
+But there are thousands of households in which but one maid is kept, and
+in this case what may be termed "the family dinner" will be found better,
+because there will be no endeavor to do more than one can accomplish with
+the means at her command. Better by far serve well and simply than attempt
+something more elaborate and fall short in it.
+
+Family Dinners.--At the family dinner, the grape fruit or oyster cocktail,
+or the raw oysters which form the first course, is on the table when the
+guests are seated. The grape fruit may be served in glasses, like the
+cocktail. If oysters are served, the maid passes the condiments. She then
+removes these plates, replacing them with service plates as she does so,
+and brings in the soup. This the hostess serves and the maid carries
+about. While this is being eaten--celery or olives being passed after the
+guests are helped--the maid slips out in the kitchen to dish up the
+vegetables unless these are already in the warmer. Returning, she removes
+the soup-plates, never taking more than two at a time. She then brings on
+the joint or roast, placing it before the host, who proceeds to serve it.
+(If oysters are served first, a fish course is generally omitted; indeed,
+so many courses tax one's resources too severely.) The maid carries about
+the dinner plates, removing the service plate with the right hand and
+placing the other with the left. She then passes the vegetables. The
+serving begins with the lady at the host's right hand. If the piece de
+resistance is a turkey, white and dark meat and a portion of dressing are
+placed on each plate; gravy and the vegetables, then cranberry or currant
+jelly, are passed. Here the waitress should refill water glasses.
+
+The plates are then removed for the salad course, and the table cleared.
+This should be ready on the plates, and kept where it will be perfectly
+cold. While this is being brought on, the hostess will start dishes of
+salted nuts and bonbons down the table, the guests passing them. After the
+salad the plates are removed and the dessert brought in. This may be a
+mould of ice cream or a pudding; pie is seldom or never served. This the
+host or hostess serves. The coffee service may be brought in, and the
+hostess pours it; little cakes or wafers, or mints, are usually passed
+with it; then the maid is excused from further service. The hostess always
+gives the signal for leaving the table by a slight nod toward the lady on
+her husband's right, and rising.
+
+[702 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Requirements.--A dinner of this kind requires a serving-table or sideboard
+where china and silver may be in readiness. Such an aid is even more
+indispensable where the hostess serves the meal herself. Many very
+enjoyable "company dinners" are served where the hostess is also the cook,
+and she and her husband serve. If one has daughters they should be taught
+how to serve, and may rise from the table to change plates and bring in
+courses with perfect propriety. In such case, the soup is served at the
+table and, as it is awkward to pass without spilling, some one should
+carry it about if more than two or three guests are present. The roast or
+fowl is carved by the host; vegetables are on the table and are passed
+from hand to hand. After this course the hostess, or the daughter
+delegated to do this, clears the table and brings in the salad. The
+dessert follows. Coffee is occasionally served with the meat course, but
+it is better to bring it on with the dessert. Cups, etc., should be in
+readiness on the side table, to be transferred to the table. There should
+be an apparent absence of formality at such a meal, though everything
+should progress in regular order, systematically, quietly, without orders
+or clash. Above all things, see that everything likely to be wanted is at
+hand; nothing looks worse than someone jumping up to get some article that
+has been forgotten. If dishes, spoons or forks must be washed during the
+progress of the meal, have warm water ready in the kitchen, wash them
+quickly, and wipe them out of cold water; then their heat will not betray
+your limited resources.
+
+Setting the Table.--The "best cloth" and napkins are brought out for the
+dinner party. The cloth must be laid with mathematical exactness, its
+center exactly on the center of the table. The centerpiece, almost
+invariably of flowers, only occasionally of fruit, is also exactly placed.
+This should be low; it is awkward not to be able to see one's vis-a-vis,
+and the hostess should be able to command an uninterrupted view of her
+table, so that if the waitress omits any service she may by a glance
+direct her to supply it. The arrangement should be graceful and pretty,
+and, in summer, garden flowers may be used with propriety. The flowers
+give the keynote of the color scheme; dinner cards, bonbons, ices and
+creams and the decorations of the small cakes usually served with the
+dessert, conform to it. Candelabra are less used than at one time, but are
+by no means "out." A handsome silver candelabra may be used as a
+centerpiece, its base banked in flowers. On a square or oblong table,
+candlesticks with shades give a touch of color that relieves the whiteness
+of napery and glass.
+
+There is a plate--your handsomest--at each place; a napkin squarely folded
+and lying flat; a row of forks at the left, oyster fork outside, then fish
+fork, dinner and salad fork, four in all, laid in the order in which they
+will be used. Knives are at the right of the napkin, always two, a large
+and a small one. Fashion has re-introduced the steel-bladed knife for the
+meat course; it is surprising to notice how much more tender meat is than
+it used to be when we tried to cut it with the silver knives. The
+soup-spoon is laid at the top of the plate. The salad fork may be brought
+in with the salad if preferred, spoons with the dessert and coffee. Grape
+fruit is eaten with an orange spoon, laid at the right. No "fancy folding"
+of napkins is permissible. The glasses stand at the top of the plate, a
+little to the right. Small cut glass or fancy dishes containing the
+relishes are placed near the corners of the table within the circle of
+plates if the table is square; if it is round they are so arranged so as
+to balance each other in the form of a square. There may be two of nuts
+and two of stuffed olives or of bonbons. Individual salt cellars are at
+the top of the plate; a roll is folded in the napkin, sometimes laid on
+the bread-and-butter plate, which is placed at the left. Such rolls should
+be small and well-baked. At formal dinners no butter is served, and the
+plates are omitted. Finger bowls are brought in after the ices or the
+pudding. They are on a small plate on which is a doily, and the fruit
+knife, if to be used, is on the plate. The guest lays bowl and doily at
+his right, lifting the two together, the plate being for fruit, if any is
+served. If no fruit, the bowl is left on the plate.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 703]
+
+
+LUNCHEONS.
+
+The luncheon is a less elaborate function than the dinner, but ranks next
+it in point of compliment and display. The "stand-up" or buffet luncheon
+is much less popular than formerly, in fact even at the so-called buffet
+luncheons the guests are now seated at small tables accommodating four.
+Invitations are sent out ten days or two weeks in advance, and require
+prompt replies.
+
+Formal Luncheons.--Save in a less elaborate menu, the formal luncheon
+differs very little from the dinner, except that the latter is at seven
+o'clock, and the luncheon almost invariably at one. The menu generally
+begins with grape fruit, served in glasses on small plates and doilies,
+and on the table when the guests are seated. An orange spoon is used. The
+table is set as for dinner, save that less silver is laid. Bouillon,
+served in bouillon cups, with a spoon on the saucer may follow. Then may
+come lobster a la Newburg; sweet-breads and peas; salad; ices and coffee.
+In place of the sweet-breads one may serve squab on toast, fillet of beef,
+or broiled chicken; peas, beets, and potatoes cut in balls and cooked in
+deep fat may accompany anyone of these. The meat, cut in portions, and
+surrounded by mounds of the vegetables, is often served from a large
+platter, from which the guests help themselves. The hostess is served
+first; this is, that, in case any unfamiliar dish is served, she may show
+how it is to be handled. The lady on her right is next in order of
+serving. The same etiquette in regard to serving, changing plates, etc.,
+is observed as at the dinner, save that the rolls are on bread-and-butter
+plates instead of being folded in the napkin. The decorations, ornamental
+dishes, candies, and the like are used as at a dinner.
+
+Minor Particulars.--The roast never figures at a luncheon; the courses
+consist largely of what are called entrees, the idea being that the repast
+is of a lighter character than a dinner. The salad is a special feature;
+it may be chicken, Waldorf, fruit, or any kind preferred, but must be
+carefully studied in its relation to the other dishes.
+
+[704 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The guests keep on their hats during the luncheon, removing the gloves as
+they are seated; at an informal luncheon the gloves are removed in the
+dressing room.
+
+Very often bridge or some other card game follows the luncheon. If not,
+guests are not expected to remain more than half an hour after leaving the
+table.
+
+The luncheon--never say lunch--is a favorite form of entertainment for
+girls. In this case the dishes served are light and delicate. Mushrooms on
+toast, oyster patties or croquettes, a salad, and ices; the menu prefaced
+by grape fruit and bouillon, are often thought sufficient for a girl's
+luncheon. Sweets are served freely for them.
+
+It is no longer thought correct to go to extremes in carrying out a "color
+scheme." Sandwiches are not tied up with ribbons, nor cakes colored to
+correspond with the preferred hue. Flowers, ices, and the decorations on
+the small cakes passed with the dessert are quite sufficient. Candles, if
+used, should have shades to correspond.
+
+
+Large Luncheons.--The large luncheon has few friends these days; it is too
+heterogeneous an affair. Those invited feel it is an easy way of paying
+off social obligations; few find it entirely enjoyable. There is more or
+less of a crush; one experiences difficulty in finding a table and being
+served; it is not appetizing to note evidences that others have eaten at
+the same table and departed. And one is likely to be seated with the wrong
+people and thus miss much that belongs with and makes pleasant the smaller
+affair.
+
+No woman need hesitate at inviting a few friends to have luncheon with
+her. She may prepare a simple meal, and if it is nicely served and she
+herself gives the cordiality and the conversational impetus that "keeps
+things going," her guests will find it enjoyable. She may adopt as much of
+the regular method of serving as befits her home and its resources, but
+she must make her table as beautiful as possible, and she must not serve
+"stewed hostess."
+
+
+
+TABLE ETIQUETTE.
+
+We have seen how a table should be laid and a meal served; now let us see
+how it should be eaten:
+
+There is no situation in which one's good breeding is so much in evidence
+as at the table. For that reason, mothers should begin to train their
+children in infancy to correct usage. As soon as a child is able to hold a
+spoon and fork, he should be taught how to hold them properly, and the
+training should be continued until the right habit is established.
+
+One should not be seated until the lady of the house is seated, unless
+especially requested to do so. Children should observe this rule as
+rigidly as that which requires the removal of the hat on entering the
+house.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 705]
+
+At the Table.--On being seated, the napkin is unfolded and laid across the
+lap. It is more correct to only unfold one-half, that is, open it at the
+center fold. One is not supposed to require further protection than from
+the accidental crumb. On no account should it be used as a bib, or be
+tucked in the dress or waistcoat.
+
+Grape fruit is eaten from an orange spoon. If oysters are served raw, they
+must not be cut but eaten whole.
+
+Soup must be taken from the side of the spoon, quietly, with no hissing or
+other sound, nor should the spoon be so full that it drips over. The
+motion of the spoon in filling it, is away from instead of towards the
+person; and tilting the plate to secure the last spoonful is bad form.
+Crackers are never served with soup: croutons--small squares of bread
+toasted very hard and brown, or small H. & P. biscuits are passed. These
+are never put into the soup, but are eaten from the hand. Neither soup nor
+fish should be offered the second time.
+
+Fish is generally eaten with a fork and a bit of bread, though silver fish
+knives are in occasional use. The entree which follows the fish should be
+eaten with the fork only. A mouthful of meat is cut as required; it is
+never buried in potato or any vegetable and then conveyed to the mouth.
+Vegetables are no longer served in "birds' bath-tubs," as some wit once
+called the individual vegetable dishes, but are cooked sufficiently dry to
+be served on the plate with the meat. All vegetables are eaten with the
+fork, so also jellies, chutney, etc., served with the meat course.
+
+Using the Fork.--The fork laid farthest from the plate is to be used for
+the first course requiring such a utensil; the others are used in their
+order. The knife is held in the right hand; by the handle, not the blade.
+The fork should not be held like a spoon, or a shovel, but more as one
+would hold a pencil or pen; it is raised laterally to the mouth. The elbow
+is not to be projected, or crooked outward, in using either knife or fork;
+that is a very awkward performance. The fork should never be
+over-burdened. The knife is never lifted to the mouth; it is said that
+"only members of the legislature eat pie with a knife nowadays." The
+handle of neither knife or fork may rest on the table nor the former be
+laid across the edge of the plate.
+
+Tender meat, like the breast of chickens, may be cut with the fork. A bone
+is never taken in the fingers, the historic anecdote about Queen Victoria
+to the contrary notwithstanding. The table manners of the twentieth
+century are not Early Victorian. Olives and celery are correctly laid on
+the bread-and-butter plate. The former is never dipped in one's salt
+cellar; a small portion of salt is put on the edge of the plate; both are
+eaten from the fingers.
+
+[706 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Vegetables, Fruits, etc.--Green corn is seldom served on the cob at
+ceremonious dinners. If it is served, it is to be broken in medium-sized
+pieces and eaten from the cob, a rather messy process, and one not pretty
+to observe. The fastidious avoid it. If eaten, the piece is held between
+the fingers of one hand. To take an unbroken ear in both hands and gnaw
+the length of it suggests the manners of an animal never named in polite
+society.
+
+It is correct to take up asparagus by the stalk, and eat it from the
+fingers, but the newer and more desirable custom is to cut off the edible
+portion with knife and fork. Lettuce is never cut with a knife; a fork is
+used, the piece rolled up and conveyed to the mouth.
+
+Hard cheese may be eaten from the fingers; soft cheeses, like Neufchatel,
+Brie, and the like, are eaten with the fork, or a bit is spread on a
+morsel of bread and conveyed to the mouth with the fingers.
+
+A soft cake is eaten with a fork. The rule is that whatever can be eaten
+with a fork shall be so eaten.
+
+Roman punch and sherbets require a spoon. Berries, peaches and cream,
+custards, preserves, jellies, call for the spoon. Strawberries are often
+served as a first course in their season. They are then arranged with
+their hulls and a portion of stem left on, dipped in powdered sugar and
+eaten from the fingers. A little mound of the sugar is pressed into shape
+in the center of the small plate and the berries laid around it.
+
+Peaches, pears, and apples are peeled with the fruit knife, cut in
+quarters or eighths, and eaten from the fingers. Bananas are stripped of
+the skin, cut in pieces with a fork and eaten from it. Oranges are cut in
+two across the sections and eaten with an orange spoon. Plums, like
+olives, are eaten by biting off the pulp without taking the stone in the
+mouth. Pineapple, unless shredded or cut up, requires both knife and fork;
+it is usually prepared for more convenient eating. Grapes, which should be
+washed by letting water from the faucet run over them and laid on a folded
+towel until the moisture drips off, are eaten from behind the half-closed
+hand, which receives the skins and seeds, then to be deposited on the
+plate.
+
+If the small cup of coffee--the demi-tasse--is served, the small
+after-dinner coffee spoon is necessary. Cream is seldom served with the
+black coffee--cafe noir--with which a meal concludes, cut loaf sugar is
+passed.
+
+The Spoon.--The spoon must never be left in the cup, no matter what
+beverage is served. Most of us have seen some absent-minded individual (we
+will charitably suppose him absent-minded instead of ignorant), stir his
+coffee round and round and round, creating a miniature whirlpool and very
+likely slopping it over into the saucer; then, prisoning the spoon with a
+finger, drink half the cup's contents at a gulp. To do this is positively
+vulgar. Stir the coffee or tea very slightly, just enough to stir the
+cream and sugar with it, then drink in sips. To take either from the
+teaspoon is bad form. Bread is broken, not cut, and only a small portion
+buttered at a time. Do not play with bread crumbs or spoon, etc., during
+the progress of a meal. Leave knife and fork on the plate, handles side by
+side, when it is passed for a second helping, and at a conclusion of a
+course, or the meal, lay them in the same position, points of the fork
+upward.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 707]
+
+Finger Bowls.--When finger bowls are brought, the tips of the fingers are
+dipped in the bowl and dried on the napkin. Men may lift the moistened
+fingers to the lips; women seldom do this, but wipe the lips with the
+napkin. At any function the napkin is not folded, but laid at the side of
+the plate at the conclusion of the repast. If a guest for a day or so, or
+for more than one meal, note what your hostess does with her napkin and
+follow her. If a guest at only one meal, never fold the napkin. Be careful
+not to throw it down so carelessly that it is stained with coffee, fruit,
+or fruit juices; your hostess will thank you for your consideration.
+
+Be ready to rise when your hostess rises; you do not push your chair into
+place; simply rise and leave it. Rise on the side of your chair so you
+will not have to go around it in following your hostess to the drawing
+room.
+
+
+
+RECEPTIONS.
+
+When invitations are sent out for a reception, the recipient dons her
+handsomest afternoon gown for the occasion. This may be a dressy tailored
+suit; by this is meant one not severely simple; or she may wear some
+handsome trained gown under a long coat. Small cards for presentation at
+the door are sometimes enclosed with invitations to a large reception or
+buffet luncheon, since "the pushers" have been known to present themselves
+at such functions without having been invited. These cards are handed to
+the man who opens the carriage door. An awning extends from the door to
+the curb, and strips of carpet are laid under it, A maid opens the door
+and directs guests to the dressing room, where wraps are laid aside, hats
+and gloves being retained.
+
+Receiving.--The hostess stands near the door of the drawing room,
+welcoming her guests with hand and smile. Next to her stand the ladies who
+receive with her. During the hour of arrival there is seldom opportunity
+for more than a word of greeting, and one should not linger but pass on
+down the line. A reception is often given to some visiting stranger, who
+is introduced by the hostess.
+
+The guests then circulate through the rooms, greeting acquaintances, and
+drifting eventually to the dining room, where refreshments are served.
+They may stay as long as they find it agreeable, within the hours named on
+the card of invitation, but people seldom stay more than an hour.
+
+The hostess remains near the door after the rush is over to greet the
+belated guest and bid adieu to those who are leaving.
+
+[708 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Decorations.--It is usual to decorate the rooms with flowers, and the
+services of the florist as well as the caterer are required if it is a
+large affair. Cards are usually left, as a token that one has been
+present, but in this case a card is manifestly not a visit, since it would
+be absurd for a woman to invite fifty, a hundred, or even five hundred
+people, who would expect her to call on them afterwards. Cards are sent by
+those who do not attend, on the day. A reception given for forty or fifty
+people is less formal, perhaps, but requires flowers--in less
+profusion--and refreshments. The awning may be dispensed with if the day
+is fine, but seldom is. The door must be promptly opened, and the maid
+remains at her post during the affair if there are many guests, to open it
+for those who leave as well as those who arrive.
+
+
+
+HOSPITALITY IN THE HOME.
+
+"There is an emanation from the heart in genuine hospitality which cannot
+be described, but is immediately felt, and puts the stranger at once at
+his ease."
+                                                   --Washington Irving.
+
+
+
+Were we to look up the meaning of the word hospitality in the dictionary,
+we would find it defined as the act of receiving and entertaining guests
+kindly, generously, and gratuitously, without expectation of reward.
+
+According to such a definition, much that passes for hospitality in the
+social realm does not deserve the name. Society is a give-and-take
+arrangement, somewhat resembling the gift exchange we practise at
+Christmas. If you do not give you do not get; if you do not entertain you
+are not invited, unless it is understood that circumstances prevent your
+doing so. Then one is asked for what one can contribute in the way of good
+company, promotion of gayety, and the like. One "pays her way" by being
+agreeable, well gowned, popular. Thus, in a way, much social hospitality
+is merely social bargaining. The woman who feels indebted to her
+circle--or circles, for these impinge upon each other--gives a large
+reception or "at home." She can seldom do more than welcome the coming and
+speed the parting guest. Her greeting is "So delighted to see you here;"
+her farewell, "Good-bye; so glad you were able to come." Her guests have
+greeted each other in much the same casual fashion, have had some
+refreshments warranted to destroy their appetite for dinner; have shown a
+handsome gown and hat--and perhaps had the former injured in the crush.
+One is reminded of Bunthorne's "Hollow! Hollow! Hollow!!"
+
+Real Hospitality.--Quite different is this from what we offer when we
+invite our friends to visit us. Here is genuine hospitality--the receiving
+and entertaining gratuitously those whose companionship we enjoy. One of
+the chief joys of having one's own home is the pleasure of being able to
+welcome one's friends and afford them the privilege of enjoying it also.
+An invitation of this kind means we are willing to incommode ourselves,
+incur expense, and give a measure of our time to the entertainment of
+those of our friends whose society we wish to enjoy familiarly. Thus it
+seems that an invitation to visit a friend in her home is a compliment of
+no mean order, although Nicole says: "'Visits are for the most part
+neither more nor less than inventions for discharging upon our neighbors
+somewhat of our own unendurable weight."
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 709]
+
+Short Visits.--Visits are of much shorter duration than in those "old
+times" people talk about so enthusiastically--and would find so tiresome
+were they to return again. Then visitors stayed week after week; were
+urged to remain longer when they proposed departure. The story goes of a
+Virginia planter who invited an old war-time friend to visit him. At the
+end of a month the major proposed departure. His host objected so
+strenuously that he agreed to stay another month. And so it went on, the
+guest regularly proposing to leave, the host hospitably insisting on his
+remaining, until in the end the old veteran died in and was buried from
+his friend's house. This, however, is an example not to be emulated in
+these less hospitable days.
+
+There is a saying, "Short visits make long friends," that is worth
+consideration by those who visit. Probably the truth of the saying has
+been so often attested that it has given rise to the custom of specifying
+the date of arrival and departure of a guest when giving the invitation.
+It has become to be understood that the vague, indefinite invitation "Do
+come and see us sometime," means nothing. No one would think for a moment
+of taking it in good faith. If the giver wishes to entertain her friend
+she will ask if it will be convenient for her to visit her at a certain
+specified date. Nothing less counts. An understanding of this might save
+the unexperienced from the awkwardness of making an unwelcome visit.
+
+The Unexpected Visit.--Nothing is worse form than "the surprise visit."
+Generally you do surprise your hostess and very often most disagreeably. A
+housekeeper does not enjoy an intrusion--for such it is--of that kind any
+more than you would be pleased to have a chance caller rush unannounced
+into your private rooms. Even among relatives and the most intimate
+friends, there is nothing to justify the unexpected arrival. Nothing so
+strikes terror to a woman's soul as the thud of trunks on the piazza and
+the crunch of wheels on the gravel, meaning someone has "come to stay."
+
+Such an arrival is a piece of presumption on the part of the visitor. She
+assumes she will be welcome at any time she chooses to present herself.
+This may be true; but at the same time there is an obligation of courtesy
+which requires her to consult her friend's convenience. Instead, she
+consults her own and utterly ignores that of her hostess, who is thus
+forced into entertaining her.
+
+[710 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Inopportune Arrival.--Many awkward and sometimes amusing anecdotes are
+told in connection with the inopportune visit. Thus not long ago the
+newspapers chronicled the plight of a woman who undertook to surprise an
+acquaintance from whom she had not heard for several years. She was driven
+to their house and dismissed the carriage. A strange face met her at the
+door, and she learned that her friend had removed to another city nearly a
+twelvemonth before. "Served her right" will be everybody's verdict.
+
+Suppose one arrives unexpectedly and finds the friend's house full of
+other and invited company. Then, if ever, she ought to feel herself "a
+rank outsider." If she is tactless enough not to give notice of her
+intended arrival, she probably has not the good sense to depart as quickly
+as possible. The man of the house may have to sleep on the parlor sofa, or
+the children on the floor, and ninety-nine times out of a hundred the
+whole family will wish her in Halifax.
+
+Or she may arrive to find some member of the family ill, or house-cleaning
+or repairing in progress, or the house in the hands of the decorators.
+Indeed, so many unforeseen accidents may occur to make her visit an
+unpleasant memory, both to herself and her hostess, that only the most
+selfish and inconsiderate of women will so violate the social conventions
+as to make "surprise visits."
+
+
+Visits That Save Expense.--Something equally reprehensible is the visit we
+pay to a friend in town where we have business or desire a pleasure trip,
+and do not propose to have it cost us much of anything. We force
+hospitality on our acquaintances in order to save hotel bills. They know
+it, and they feel about it just exactly as we would in their places--that
+is, that it is an imposition on good nature and a mean and selfish thing
+to do.
+
+"We gave up our house and went to boarding simply because my health and my
+husband's salary were inadequate to the demands made upon them by our
+out-of-town relatives and acquaintances, who used us as a restaurant and
+hotel. There was seldom a week when we did not give ten or twelve meals
+and two or three nights lodging to people better able to pay for them than
+we were to furnish them. So we gave up housekeeping." This is an actual
+experience.
+
+
+
+WEEK-END VISITS.
+
+The "house-party," as the week-end visit is now often styled, is a
+comparatively recent addition to social entertainments. It is a fashion
+imported from England, and a very good one. It is the "from Saturday to
+Monday" visit, and so universally recognized that during the summer extra
+trolley cars and railroad trains are in use to convey resorters and their
+guests to summer homes in the country.
+
+Invitations to a house-party are given several weeks in advance, and great
+care should be taken to invite those who are congenial and will "mix
+well," since where a few are thrown together congeniality is absolutely
+essential to success. The invitations are informal; the length of the
+visit definitely fixed; even the train by which the visitor is expected to
+arrive and leave is mentioned, that there may be no misunderstanding.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 711]
+
+The Invitation.--One may write to her friend: "Won't you give us the
+pleasure of entertaining you from Friday afternoon to Monday? The 3:45
+train will bring you here in time for tea. There is to be a musical in the
+evening; an automobile ride is planned for Saturday afternoon, to show you
+the beauties of our vicinity, and there is to be the usual Saturday
+evening dance at the hotel. A train leaves here at 10:30 Monday morning,
+which will take you back to the city in ample time for lunch. Hoping to
+have the happiness of seeing you on Friday, I am," etc., etc.
+
+This not only suggests to your friend at what time she is expected to
+arrive and depart, but gives her an idea of what she should bring with her
+in the way of clothes. One should always take her prettiest gowns that
+will be suitable to the entertainments proposed for her pleasure--for a
+hostess naturally wishes to have her guests make a good appearance. From
+four to six is the number generally asked to a small house-party, since
+the usual summer cottage has few guest rooms. The guests are, if possible,
+evenly divided as to sex, and a hostess may, with perfect propriety,
+arrange that the men of the party shall be lodged at a hotel, coming over
+to breakfast with their entertainer.
+
+Amusements.--Some amusements are always provided for the visitors at a
+house-party. Often a dinner-party is planned for Sunday, in which several
+other guests are included. Men who cannot leave business for even a
+week-end often come out Sunday for a dinner and a breath of country air.
+Now that automobiles are as plenty as black-berries the railroad train
+can be ignored. Young people living in the country should take advantage
+of this method of entertaining their city friends, who will find the
+change delightful in summer, and will gladly reciprocate by inviting them
+to the city during the social season. Remember that a hearty hospitality,
+a sincere joy in seeing your friends, and the fresh milk, eggs and fruits
+you can offer will do much toward counterbalancing your lack of "city
+conveniences."
+
+The Hostess's Arrangements.--The hostess should arrange to have the guests
+met at the station. She will naturally try to have them arrive by the same
+train, is possible; but she must see that their baggage arrives at the
+house nearly as soon as they do, that they may at once remove the soil of
+travel and dress for the evening meal. She may or she may not meet them at
+the station, according to her own convenience, but she must be ready to
+receive them when they arrive at the home. If the journey has been long, a
+cup of tea may be offered; otherwise they are at once shown to their
+rooms. The hostess does this for her women guests, the host or a servant
+for the men.
+
+If a visitor is so unfortunate as to miss her train she should immediately
+telegraph or telephone her hostess, explaining the accident, and saying
+she will arrange to have herself conveyed from the station to the house on
+her arrival by a later train. Of course, the hostess will not permit this,
+but will send some vehicle to meet the next train.
+
+The matter of guest rooms and their conveniences, proper furnishings,
+etc., will be taken up in a later section.
+
+[712 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+What Is Expected of Guests.--One does not invite guests to make them
+uncomfortable, therefore it is best not to expect them to rise for an
+early breakfast. If they are expected to present themselves, as late an
+hour as possible should be named. But they may be served with coffee,
+rolls, fruit and any other easily prepared breakfast dish whenever they
+please to arise, being given to understand that a substantial breakfast is
+the price of the extra "forty winks." Guests at a house-party are expected
+to entertain themselves, among themselves, to a considerable extent. They
+may walk, or row, or play croquet or tennis, or read or gossip or play
+cards, while the hostess attends to her domestic duties. If the party is
+large, or if but one or no servants are kept, the women should quietly
+attend to their own rooms, making up the bed and picking up their own
+belongings. Whether they may do this or not depends upon circumstances of
+which they must judge.
+
+The most enjoyable house-parties are given in these roomy old houses with
+broad verandas, surrounded with lawn and garden. But this need not deter
+those having less delightful surroundings from offering their best to
+their friends. It is not so much the elegance of what we offer as the
+manner in which it is offered that makes our friends remember their visit
+with pleasure.
+
+
+Dress at Week-End Visits.--Women wear a simple tailored suit while
+traveling, with white waist or silk skirt to match. If the weather is
+warm, white duck, pique or linen skirts with white shirts are worn
+mornings; afternoons, foulard, or some of the fine and dainty fabrics
+suited to the season. For evening, nothing is prettier than white for the
+young--and, indeed, "everybody wears white." By change of accessories, the
+same white gown may be made to do for the two evenings. If an automobile
+trip is part of the entertainment, one should take an ulster or long loose
+coat and veil.
+
+The woman's greatest trouble is to carry a second hat--something she may
+need under some circumstances, though the fashion of going bareheaded
+helps considerably. But if the entertainment includes a garden party, a
+tea or reception, she must have a hat. The trunk is uncalled for, and the
+suitcase is disobliging. What shall she do?
+
+Her best plan will be to have a becoming shape covered with black tulle or
+malines, and a made bow attached to it to travel in. On arrival, she will
+detach the bow and pin on a couple of plumes, an aigrette, or flowers,
+converting it into a dress hat.
+
+
+Men's Wear.--The man wears the ordinary business suit for travelling, sack
+or cutaway. He wears in the country in the morning a suit of flannel,
+tweed or cheviot, a straw hat and tan shoes. His shirt may be of striped
+madras or linen, with a white collar. The cutaway coat is correct for
+ordinary afternoon wear, with a white waistcoat, white shirt and
+four-in-hand tie. This takes the place in summer of the frock coat, which
+is the formal day wear. He will seldom, if ever, have occasion for a dress
+suit at a week-end visit in summer. Of course, the size of the party and
+the gayeties in which one will participate have a bearing on the dress
+question, but the tendency is for men's dress to be more comfortable and
+less formal in summer, especially in the country.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 713]
+
+THE DUTIES OF A HOSTESS.
+
+The woman who is entertaining guests must remember two things: that she
+must not neglect them, and that she must not tire them out with too much
+attention. There is a "happy mean" to be attained, which is the climax of
+pleasure and comfort to both.
+
+One woman makes her visitor feel that "the domestic veal" has been
+slaughtered in her behalf. The usual manner of living and habits of life
+have been put aside that she may be "entertained." Elaborate meals are
+planned; there is a straining after hospitality which defeats its own
+purpose and makes the visitor uncomfortable, because the hostess has so
+manifestly incommoded herself. The fussy hostess puts too much endeavor
+into her entertainment.
+
+On the other hand, there is the hostess who announces her intention of
+regarding her visitor as "one of the family," "making no fuss" on account
+of her being in the house. This sounds much better than it works out in
+actual practice. Unless we are prepared to modify our routine in
+accordance with our friend's pleasure and convenience, at least to some
+extent, we should not invite her. We do not ask people to our houses to
+make them more uncomfortable than they would be at home. A visit is in the
+nature of a holiday, or vacation, to the visitor; we are to see to it that
+she is deferred to and efforts made to please her.
+
+
+The Visitor's Comfort.--It is hospitable to consult her tastes in the
+matter of food. It is uncomfortable for both hostess and guest if the
+principal dish at dinner is something the latter dislikes. Nor should we
+ask her to conform to the family breakfast hour if we know she is
+unaccustomed to early hours, or is very much fatigued. In that case it is
+best to say that the early breakfast is a family necessity and that she
+will not be expected to appear at it, but may have her coffee and toast in
+her own room or down stairs at the hour at which she wishes to rise. This,
+though it may necessitate the preparation of a tray to be sent up, is
+really a convenience to the hostess, who is then left free to attend to
+her domestic duties. As some one has said, "It is not hospitality to ask a
+guest to your rooftree and expect her to find sufficient delight in being
+there and doing as you do." Very often she would be far more comfortable
+at home, physically at least. Remember your object in inviting people is
+to make them happy. Unless you are willing to make some sacrifices to do
+this, do not invite them.
+
+[714 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Preparing for Company.--An expected guest should always be met at the
+station by some member of the family. The guest room should be in
+readiness, closet and bureau drawers vacated for her use. The bed should
+be freshly made up, the bedding having been properly aired. It would seem
+that no one would offer a visitor a bed that has not been changed and
+aired after having been slept in, yet guests, exchanging experiences,
+acknowledge it has been done--let us hope through inadvertence, though it
+is really inexcusable.
+
+There should be plenty of fresh towels and water; a fresh cake of soap, a
+candlestick and matches, and a waste paper basket. On the dressing-bureau
+there should be a spotless spread, a pincushion well stocked with pins,
+hand mirror, comb and brush. The guest will bring her own, but may need to
+use these before her luggage arrives. The brush and comb should have been
+washed after a previous using.
+
+A lounge, preferably placed at the foot of the bed if there is room; a
+light quilt or blanket for use upon it; an easy chair, and a clock in good
+working order are desirable furnishings. Writing materials should be
+provided. Some careful and painstaking hostesses include a small writing
+desk, well stocked with paper, pens and ink, postage stamps, even picture
+postal cards already stamped and ready to be addressed. A new magazine and
+a few books, and a little basket containing thimble, needles, scissors and
+several spools of cotton complete the conveniences arranged for the guest.
+A potted plant, or a few flowers in a vase, give a personal touch that
+bespeaks the hostess's solicitude for the pleasure of her friend.
+
+There is no more delicious flattery than that of having one's personal
+tastes remembered and recognized.
+
+
+The Visitor's Entertainment.--The entertainment of a guest is, of course,
+dependent on the hostess's means, mode of life, social standing, the
+season of the year, and whether one lives in town or in the country.
+
+She will ask some of her friends to call on her guest; she will give a
+little entertainment for her, at cards, or a tea, or a reception,
+according to circumstances. No doubt her friends will include her visitor
+in their invitations during her stay. She will take her friend to see the
+sights of her home city if she is a stranger; she may give a theatre
+party, or at least take her friend several times. She will pay her guest's
+carfare, unless the other anticipates her, and pay for the theatre
+tickets. It will be perfectly correct for the guest to "stand treat" by
+inviting her host and hostess to accompany her to concert or play, paying
+for the seats herself.
+
+
+The Hostess's Invitations.--It often happens that a hostess has
+invitations not extended to her visitor. She may have accepted; before her
+guest's arrival, an invitation to dinner, card party or luncheon. In
+neither of these may she ask to have her guests included. They are formal
+functions for which arrangements are made long in advance. She may say to
+an intimate friend who is giving a musical or an "At home" or any informal
+affair, that she has a visitor staying with her, and the friend will no
+doubt extend an invitation to the latter. It is proper for host and
+hostess to accept invitations in which a guest is not included if they
+make some provision for her pleasure during their absence.
+
+She may be asked to invite some friend to dine with her, or someone
+provided to take her to the theatre. Nor has she a right to feel affronted
+at being left at home.
+
+One thing must be carefully avoided, the hostess must not let her guest
+feel, for one moment, that she is the cause of inconvenience or trouble.
+Even if she is, the fact must be sedulously concealed. Bear with the
+annoyance until the visit ceases; then do not invite her again. It is the
+hostess's privilege to invite; having invited she must not allow her
+equanimity to be disturbed.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 715]
+
+THE OBLIGATIONS OF A GUEST.
+
+If it is the duty of the hostess to be attentive to the comfort of her
+guest, there is quite as much obligation resting on the guest to show a
+disposition to be pleased and to make herself agreeable. Some women--young
+girls more particularly--seem to think too much cannot be done for their
+entertainment. They make themselves burdensome by their wish to have
+"something doing" all the time. The visitor who conveys the impression
+that she is neglected unless some festivity is in the immediate future
+easily becomes tiresome.
+
+The guest should accommodate herself to the ways of the family. Especially
+should she be punctual at meals and ready on time when going out with her
+friends. Her host may acquire a dislike to her if she keeps him waiting.
+She should always be neatly dressed, never appearing at the breakfast
+table in kimona or dressing-jacket if men will be present. She should
+respect the privileges of the host, not occupying his easy chair,
+appropriating the newspaper or the best position round the lamp. She
+should give as little trouble as possible and be especially careful about
+scattering her belongings about the house. This particularly applies to
+young girls, who are apt to be careless in this respect. It annoys a
+hostess to find Missy's rubbers kicked off in the hall, her hat on the
+piano, and a half eaten box of candy on the parlor sofa.
+
+
+About Being Thoughtful.--She should be careful to avoid injury to any of
+her hostess' pretty things or her furnishings. The story is told of a girl
+who, conducted to her hostess's beautiful guest room, furnished with the
+utmost daintiness in white, threw her umbrella and dusty coat on the
+spotless counterpane, exclaiming: "What a lovely room!" It was not lovely
+when she left it. The wall was defaced by marks made by scratching
+matches; the bureau scarf was blackened by the curling-iron; there were
+ink spots on the hemstitched sheets where she had written letters in bed,
+and something that would not come out was spilled on the table cover. It
+does not show that you are accustomed to nice things to be so negligent
+and careless; it shows you are not accustomed to them and do not know how
+to treat them; and it makes you a visitor the hostess is glad to get rid
+of, and never invites again.
+
+[716 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The guest, young or old, should take herself out of the way part of the
+time; she shouldn't be always in evidence. Let her go to her own room and
+write letters, read, or take her work out of doors; in other words, show
+an ability to entertain herself which releases her hostess from that
+responsibility for the time being. This is much better than having one's
+friend in one's constant presence.
+
+
+Outside Acquaintance.--If one is staying with a friend and has other
+acquaintances in the same place she will naturally expect them to call on
+her. If her callers are strangers to her hostess, they should ask for her.
+The hostess may see them or ask to be excused with equal propriety. The
+guest is at liberty to accept outside invitations which do not include her
+hostess, but should always consult her in reference to them. She has no
+right to invite any of her friends to a meal without first mentioning her
+wish to her hostess and securing a cordial acquiescence. She must not make
+a convenience of her friend's house, and if a girl or young woman, she
+must not receive there any man or woman of whom her parents disapprove.
+This is disloyal to them, and an imposition upon her hostess.
+
+
+Other Points to Observe.--If a visitor can play, sing, recite, tell
+stories, or in any way contribute to the pleasure of her friends or other
+guests, she should comply cheerfully with requests that she do so. On the
+other hand, she should not monopolize the piano. She should enter readily
+into any plans proposed for her entertainment; even though they may not be
+especially agreeable, she should subscribe to the kindly intent.
+
+The question as to how much assistance the visitor should volunteer in
+case her hostess keeps but one servant, or does her own work, is dependent
+upon circumstances. She certainly shouldn't follow her hostess all over
+the house with offers of help: "Can't I do this?" "Shan't I do that?" Let
+her quickly and unostentatiously render such small services as are helpful
+without being obtrusive. She may care for her own room; she may fill the
+vases with flowers; she may tell stories to the children or take them for
+a walk, but she must carefully respect the hostess's privacy and not
+intrude in the rear regions where the domestic rites are performed,
+without her hostess's permission. And whatever aid she renders she should
+give according to her hostess's method, not her own.
+
+A visitor should carefully avoid any comment on the cook's failures,
+should such occur; she must not criticise the children's manners: nor
+reprove them; nor should she criticise the chance caller or visitor, who
+is a friend of her hostess, but not of her acquaintance. Above all she
+must avoid comparisons. If she has been visiting more wealthy people it is
+not good form to wax eloquent over the elegance of their establishment or
+their more expensive mode of entertaining.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 717]
+
+Concerning Departure.--If there has been no time named as the length of
+her visit, she should take an early opportunity to mention now long she
+will remain "if perfectly convenient." And it is almost invariably a
+mistake to remain beyond the date named. Better go, and have your
+departure regretted, than linger to find the later days give a flat ending
+and you and your hostess alike relieved at parting.
+
+It is customary, on leaving, to give a small fee to the maid who has cared
+for one's room, and to the waitress, if one is employed. Anyone who has
+rendered personal service is generally remembered. A dollar is usually
+given at the close of a week's visit: something depends upon the style of
+the household. Men generally tip the chauffeur.
+
+After having been received as a guest in a family it is the height of
+incivility and bad manners to criticise their mode of living, discuss the
+peculiarities of any member, or make unkind remarks in reference to a
+slight, real or fancied, or any negligence or oversight. Having eaten your
+hostess's salt, there is an obligation of silence imposed, unless one can
+speak in terms of praise.
+
+
+At Home Again.--Immediately after one's return home it is obligatory to
+write what is sometimes called "the bread-and-butter letter"--that in
+which one expresses her pleasure in the visit and her appreciation of the
+hospitality received. A serviceable form for this follows:
+
+   My Dear Mrs. Blank:
+     I wish to tell you at once how much I enjoyed my visit to your
+   charming home and how truly I appreciate all you did to make my stay so
+   pleasant. I shall always remember my good times with you, and
+   especially that most delightful picnic to Ferndale.
+
+   With kind remembrances to Mr. Blank and to Lois, who helped so much to
+   make me happy, believe me,
+                              Yours most sincerely,
+                                                   Mary Annesley.
+
+This recognition of hospitality enjoyed must on no account be omitted.
+
+
+VISITING ETIQUETTE FOR GIRLS.
+
+The best personal asset a girl can have is "nice manners;" they will
+contribute more to her lasting popularity than beauty or wealth. Girls
+sometimes wonder how it happens that a girl they have regarded as "too
+homely" to be accounted dangerous, still carries off the matrimonial prize
+of "her set." Ten chances to one it is because she has that charm of
+manner that makes a man overlook her physical deficiencies. Her manners,
+in such case, are the spontaneous expression of a kind and generous
+disposition, aided, of course, by a familiarity with the social code that
+prevents awkwardness. She has ease, and that puts others at their ease;
+she is companionable; and not being engrossed by her own good looks, she
+has had time to cultivate the intellectual graces.
+
+[718 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Nothing is more becoming to a young girl than respect and deference to her
+elders. If for no other reason than that it gives observers an unfavorable
+opinion of her manners, she should avoid any disrespect or rudeness toward
+her parents or older sisters. The young girl is often negligent in this
+respect. Her own ego is exaggerated, owing to her youth and inexperience;
+she thinks
+
+    "What there is to know, I know it;
+    What I don't know isn't knowledge;"
+
+and is much inclined to dub her own mother "old-fashioned." So she
+contradicts her, precedes her in entering a room, takes the easiest chair,
+monopolizes the conversation, and in other disrespectful ways endeavors to
+assert her own importance. Instead of crediting her with more social
+experience, bystanders consider her a very crude and untrained young
+person.
+
+
+Deference to Age.--One reason why convent training is so highly esteemed
+in our best circles is because girls are taught such beautiful manners. No
+convent-bred girl would think of showing the slightest disrespect to an
+older person. They are taught all the little matters of etiquette that
+contribute to gentle and refined manners. A lady staying at a large summer
+hotel noted the charming manners of a young Southern girl, especially in
+regard to the unfailing deference paid to her mother and aunt. She rose
+when they addressed her and remained standing during the conversation.
+When the aunt came to the breakfast table the girl rose, standing until
+the elder lady was seated; if her mother entered one of the reception
+rooms she excused herself if conversing and advanced to meet her, finding
+a seat for her and perhaps asking permission to introduce an acquaintance.
+And it was all done so easily, so naturally, that it was plainly seen
+there was no affectation, but the unstudied courtesy due to good-breeding.
+
+On the other hand, girls who undertake to show their respect for their
+seniors sometimes overdo the matter. No elderly person likes to be "fussed
+over." She doesn't want someone continually thrusting a cushion behind her
+shoulders or insisting on providing a foot-stool. The unwelcome service
+provokes a little resentment. One must have an intuitive sense of what to
+do and when to do it, and tact enough to perform a trifling service
+without the appearance of saying "See me! how polite I am!" As young men
+should rise when an elderly woman enters the room, so a young girl may pay
+the same pretty deference to her mother or an acquaintance. She should be
+careful not to take precedence of older women, not to interrupt them when
+speaking, and to render any small service unobtrusively.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 719]
+
+THE YOUNG GIRL'S SOCIAL AFFAIRS.
+
+There is no special code of etiquette for girls. Why should they be
+trained in one code, only to discard it for another when they enter
+society? Their etiquette is simply more informal. Until they are "out,"
+they do not give formal invitations. Their functions are chiefly
+luncheons, invitations being given by telephone or personal notes, and the
+menu more simple. They may give theatre parties, but never without a
+chaperon. They do not invite young men to call on them; that is their
+mother's duty. They do not send written invitations to young men; these
+are in the mother's name. Thus:
+
+   My Dear Mr. Smith:
+     My mother wishes me to say that it will give her much
+   pleasure if you will spend Friday evening, March tenth, with us,
+   quite informally. We hope to see you at eight o' clock.
+                                Yours sincerely,
+                                                Mary Gray.
+
+Such an invitation presupposes the presence of other guests. If for cards,
+or music or games, mention may be made of the proposed entertainment.
+
+A girl should not receive calls from young men without the presence of
+some member of the family, her mother by preference, at some time during
+the evening. A young man should not feel that the girl he calls upon is
+not properly looked after by her parents.
+
+
+The Girl and the Chaperon.--Youth scorns the chaperon, regarding her as
+superfluous. "I can look out for myself," is the young girl's motto. Yet
+scandal has dimmed the fair name of many a girl through her disinclination
+to submit to proper chaperonage. The chaperon is much more of a social
+necessity in the East than she is in the South and West. If a girl
+proposes to "look ant for herself," there are some things she must
+carefully abstain from doing. She must not go to a restaurant with a young
+man alone; she must not travel about with him alone, even if she is
+engaged to him; she must not go "on excursions" unattended, nor go for a
+ride with a man and stop anywhere for refreshments; indeed, she should not
+accept such an invitation unless another couple or another girl are
+included in the party. This is not prudery; it is protection; and any
+young man's acquaintance is not desirable if he objects to such
+arrangements. He would not permit his sister to do what he asks some other
+man's sister to do. A young man loses in respect for a girl if she holds
+herself cheap.
+
+If a girl receives invitations of the character just mentioned, it is far
+better to say frankly "My father (or mother) does not allow me to accept,"
+than to make excuses or plead previous engagements time after time.
+
+[720 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Girl and the Young Man.--Do not ask a young man to call on the
+occasion of your first meeting. Young people often meet and make each
+other's acquaintance when the girl's mother, whose place it is to give the
+invitation to call, is not present. After several meetings the girl,
+having ascertained the young man's antecedents, may say, if he seems
+desirous of the invitation, "'My mother will be glad to know you," or
+"Mother and I will be pleased to have you call some evening." The young
+man should acknowledge the compliment by calling at an early date, and
+should meet the girl's mother, The girl does not suggest when he shall
+call, though she may mention that she receives calls on a certain evening.
+She must not give him her card; if he is not sufficiently interested to
+remember her address he probably does not intend to call.
+
+It is not correct for girls to suggest a walk, ride, hint a wish to dance
+or row, or tacitly invite a tete-a-tete. Let those who wish such favors
+ask for them. The girl who shows herself most anxious for young men's
+attentions generally receives fewest. Despite "the woman's movement," man
+still insists on his privilege of taking the initiative.
+
+
+About Gifts.--It is not correct form for a girl to receive presents from
+young men, aside from flowers, candy and an occasional book or piece of
+music. In some circles, to offer a girl a piece of jewelry would be
+considered insulting. Not until he is engaged to her may a man offer
+expensive presents. This rule, it is lamentably true, is often violated by
+a certain order of young persons, who rather boast of the gifts of their
+gallants, and are thus the object of rather unkind criticism.
+
+As a rule, a girl makes a mistake when she sends a gift to a young man. It
+is generally something that is as superfluous to him as a fifth wheel to a
+wagon, and it entails an irksome sense of obligation. It is presumed, if
+he has been very courteous and shown her many attentions, that it has been
+his pleasure to do so, and her gracious acceptance and pleasure in them is
+sufficient reward. A girl may give Christmas and birthday gifts to her
+fiance, but he should not give her any article of wearing apparel except
+gloves.
+
+
+The Telephone.--A girl should be chary of calling up her young men
+acquaintances by telephone. If forced to do so, she should make her
+communication as brief as possible. It is annoying to a young man to be
+called from his business to answer social or "nonsense" calls--the latter
+when some idle, ennuied or "smitten" girl takes a notion she would like to
+chatter to somebody awhile. It exasperates an employer to have his men
+called from their duties to answer such calls, and fellow employees are
+likely to "guy" the man about his "mash." The "note habit" is just about
+as bad, though not quite as annoying, as the telephone habit, because a
+man can carry such missives in his pocket unopened.
+
+A wise girl will not give her photograph to any young man until she is
+engaged to him. What nice girl would care to see her picture neighbored by
+ballet dancers and footlight favorites in a young man's rooms! She will be
+equally careful about corresponding with men, writing to but a few
+intimate and long-known friends, making her letters bright and gay, but
+carefully avoiding any warmer expressions of regard than those warranted
+by the friendship. Many a girl has bitterly regretted the affectionate
+missives sent to some young man who made "werry fierce love" to her for a
+time, and whose regard afterward cooled. When the man she truly loves
+comes along, she would give her most precious jewel to get those letters
+into her hands again. It is a great deal safer not to write them.
+
+A young woman, receiving back her letters at the close of a mistaken
+engagement, once said:
+
+"I sat down on the floor and read them over, and I tell you I was proud of
+myself. There wasn't one I wouldn't have been willing to have my father
+read--and you know what I think of my father!"
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 721]
+
+THE DEBUTANTE.
+
+A large number of young girls enter society without formal introductions.
+After leaving school, they assume their social responsibilities with no
+formality. It is seldom that a girl enters the social world under
+eighteen, or over twenty-two. The early appearance implies no college
+career; the later, that, she has spent several years at college or
+finishing school.
+
+Increasingly, however, it is becoming the custom to introduce the young
+aspirant for social recognition at some function given in her honor. This
+may be a ball, a reception, a "coming-out party," a dinner, a tea, at
+which the debutante is introduced to the older members of the circle in
+which she will move. Whereas her associates heretofore have been young
+folk of her own age, she now meets the people of all ages who constitute
+what we call society. Her circle of acquaintances will be much enlarged,
+and her breeding will be judged by the manner in which she accepts her new
+obligations.
+
+
+A Grave Mistake.--The greatest mistake the debutante can make is to treat
+with carelessness and lack of respect the matrons, young or old, to whom
+she is introduced. In the arrogance of her youth and ignorance she may
+think them "old frumps" and devote herself to her mates in age and
+inexperience. But the "old frumps" hold the trump cards; she will be
+dependent on them for invitations to many pleasant little functions,
+especially those exclusive affairs to which it is an honor to be invited,
+and if she is not personally agreeable, there will always be some one else
+to take the place that might have been hers, for a chaperon often
+influences a young man's invitations. Moreover, by her disrespect for age
+and position she advertises her lack of good breeding and social training.
+
+
+Her Dress.--The debutante dresses in white at her "coming-out party," as a
+rule; white being supposed to typify her virginal attitude in the social
+realm. The mother receives her guests with her daughter standing at her
+side. It is not uncommon for two girls of about the same age who are close
+friends to be introduced at the same function. The celebrant's friends
+send flowers; sometimes the number of bouquets is so great that a screen
+is arranged behind her on which they are displayed. Girls pique themselves
+on the number of such tributes.
+
+[722 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+If Not a Belle.--But suppose a girl is not pretty enough, nor rich enough,
+nor attractive enough to become a social success. She will suffer
+countless mortifications. In society, as in business, "Nothing succeeds
+like success." If she is popular, she will have a very happy time as
+debutante. If she is not "a success," her chaperon will despair of her.
+She will be partnerless when other girls have too many; she will have to
+retire to the dressing-room, deeply humiliated because unescorted to the
+supper-room. She will be a wall-flower while others dance. Young men are
+very selfish; unless a girl has some claim to consideration, personally,
+or they expect invitations through her parents, they often will selfishly
+neglect her.
+
+What shall she do in such a case? She will be happier and more contented
+to give up the losing fight, find some sphere that is congenial, and
+determine to adorn it. There are many kinds of belles; she may make
+herself a belle of the home, a belle in out-door sports, a queen of the
+chafing-dish. Far better these humbler triumphs than neglect and
+unhappiness in the social world.
+
+A girl looks forward to her debut with many joyous anticipations, but
+often finds her second social season a happier one than her first. She is
+more sure of herself, less shy and reserved; little things--the small
+mistakes made through ignorance--do not worry her so much; she has gained
+ease and grace of manner, having shed her self-consciousness.
+
+
+
+THE ETIQUETTE OF BALLS.
+
+"Dinner dances" have largely taken the place of balls, the latter having
+seemingly passed into the hands of clubs and assemblies or being known as
+"subscription dances." One must have a very large house, with ball-room,
+to give a ball successfully, so it is customary to engage private
+apartments at some fashionable restaurant or hotel, where there are
+accommodations for such an affair.
+
+Invitations are formal, and of course engraved. If a debutante is to be
+presented her card may or may not be, but usually is, enclosed with the
+invitation. The patronesses of a subscription dance are entitled to
+invitations which they send to their friends, enclosing their card. The
+word "ball" never appears on an invitation; its nature is indicated by
+"Cotillion," the fashionable name for what was called "the German." The
+hostess or hostesses stand near the entrance to the ball-room, and should
+see that the guests receive a fair amount of attention. The supper is
+provided by a caterer, of course. Two orchestras, playing alternately,
+provide music; they are screened behind palms and other plants. Balls
+generally begin about eleven o'clock, the hour named on the cards being
+half after ten, and everybody waiting in the hope that someone else may
+arrive earlier. General dancing is in order until supper is served;
+afterwards the cotillion is danced.
+
+At the dinner dance, the cotillion is preceded by a dinner, given by the
+hostess at her own house, or by several hostesses at some restaurant,
+where each presides over a table. Dinner and subscription dances are much
+favored by the younger set, as the hostesses act in the capacity of
+chaperons, and the company is gayer.
+
+To bid one's hostess good night--or good morning--and express one's
+pleasure in her entertainment is obligatory.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 723]
+
+GARDEN PARTIES.
+
+Jupiter Pluvius apparently has a grouch against garden-parties, so often
+does he shake his sieve with deliberate intent to spoil the affair, which
+is after all, merely afternoon tea out of doors. The hostess anxiously
+consults "the probabilities" as to weather, and if storm threatens must
+hastily convert her garden fete into an in-door function. If blessed with
+a bright day, a garden party is a pretty affair. The women wear beautiful
+light gowns, en train by preference, and their flower-laden hats and gay
+parasols contribute to the charm of the scene.
+
+The garden-party is the special prerogative of the out-of-town hostess.
+She has the lawn and the trees without which a party of this character
+cannot be undertaken. Invitations may be formal, or the hostess may use
+her card with the hour and the date and "Garden Party" written in the
+lower left hand corner. If guests from a distance are expected to arrive
+by train or trolley they must be notified of the train or car which will
+be met by carriages or automobiles she provides.
+
+The hostess receives on the lawn, and hats are retained. Games, like lawn
+tennis, archery, croquet, should be provided. Guests wander about and
+entertain each other, and seek the refreshment tables when so inclined.
+The supper may be served under a tent or in the house. Seats are provided,
+and rugs spread on the grass. No matter if the weather is unfavorable the
+guests are expected to present themselves, as the hostess will quickly
+transform her out-door fete into an in-door affair in case of rain.
+
+
+Refreshments.--A hostess is not expected to use her best china and linen
+at a garden party. She should have an ample supply of napkins, plates,
+cups and silver, but the expense of hiring them from a caterer is offset
+by the danger of breakage and loss.
+
+She may serve salads, sandwiches, cakes, ices and ice creams, fruit, and
+claret cup; or sandwiches, cakes, ice cream and lemonade and fruit punch.
+Hot tea should be provided for those who prefer it, especially if rain
+drives the guests in-doors. The young matrons are invited to pour it. The
+maids should remove soiled dishes and napkins promptly, and keep the
+tables looking fresh. Music is usually provided.
+
+
+
+AT SMALL ENTERTAINMENTS.
+
+Many small, informal entertainments are more enjoyable than those larger
+affairs given for the purpose of paying off social debts. Good will and
+jollity prevail, and people "go in for a good time."
+
+[724 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Card Parties.--The most stringent rule of etiquette at a card-party is to
+be punctual, that the tables may be filled up in good season. The second
+rule is to keep good-natured, even if your partner fails to return your
+lead or trumps your ace. Some people make themselves very disagreeable
+over cards, and are avoided as partners. If unfortunate enough to be
+paired off with such a person, at least control your own annoyance.
+
+Never descend to the meanness of telegraphing information, hinting at your
+preferences in the way of trumps, overlooking a neighbor's hand, or taking
+any unfair advantage. A prize thus won is no honor. Nor do such violations
+of good breeding pass unnoticed.
+
+
+At the Party.--If one accepts an invitation to a card party she is
+supposed to have sufficient proficiency to play the game proposed with
+some degree of credit; otherwise she should promptly send regrets.
+Invitations may be formal or informal, or the hostess may send her card
+with "Bridge, at half after two o'clock," or "Euchre," or "Five Hundred,"
+written upon it. Replies are to be sent at once. Many such invitations are
+given by telephone. The guests are assigned to tables by the hostess, the
+names being written at the top of the scorecards. Two packs of cards are
+on each table, and small pencils attached to the score-cards. Playing
+begins when all are present. Or the hostess may fill the tables as the
+guests arrive, begin playing at the stated time, and assign late comers to
+places as they come in. Hats are kept on at an afternoon card-party. The
+usual limit for playing is two hours. The "progressive" fashion requires
+the providing of two prizes, the first prize and a consolation prize for
+the person having the lowest score. If prizes are given at each table they
+should be duplicates. These prizes are wrapped up in tissue paper and tied
+with ribbons, and are to be opened at once, displayed, and the hostess
+cordially thanked. It is not good form to be ostentatiously generous in
+the matter of prizes, nor should guests show themselves too eager to win.
+
+It is customary to engage card tables and chairs for such an
+entertainment. The refreshments are served on these tables. Punch is
+sometimes served while the game is in progress.
+
+Very often the hostess invites some of her friends who do not play cards
+to come in for refreshments at half after four or five o'clock.
+
+Refreshments should not be too elaborate for either afternoon or evening
+card-parties. Sandwiches, coffee, and small cakes, or ices and cake, for
+the afternoon; salad of some kind with coffee, olives, and some sweet or
+fancy wafer, for evening. Men enjoy an oyster stew served hot in the
+dining room.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 725]
+
+YOUNG GIRLS' PARTIES.
+
+Until a girl is formally launched in society, her parties are of the
+simplest and most informal kind. She will invite a few friends to tea, or
+to a card-party, giving informal invitations and confining them to her
+school friends and most intimate acquaintances. Games, music, and the like
+are the usual amusements. Properly chaperoned, she may give a small
+theater party.
+
+Birthday Party.--The largest of her social functions will probably be her
+birthday party. For this, her birthday flower will be chosen for
+decorations. Her young friends may give her little presents. Once in a
+season she may be invited to a small dance given for some schoolmate. This
+she will attend, prettily and simply gowned, and properly chaperoned. On
+no account will she go alone in a carriage, or with a young man alone. If
+she is a well bred girl she will not pique herself in dancing every dance,
+nor "split the dances" into fragments to please those who wish to dance
+with her. She will be careful not to romp nor laugh too loud; nor to
+permit herself to be held too closely in dancing, nor be served too often
+with punch.
+
+
+
+"STAG" DINNERS.
+
+The woman who wishes to give her husband a birthday party or anniversary
+will not go amiss if she makes it a "stag dinner"--that is, a dinner for
+men only.
+
+To this she invites as many of his men friends as she can accommodate, and
+provides a good, substantial meal, without any "frills." It need not be
+elaborate if everything is good of its kind, well cooked and served hot.
+The menu may include oysters, roast fowl, two vegetables, several
+relishes, and an entree, with some simple dessert and good coffee. She
+will also see to it that the cigars are of the proper excellence. It is
+optional whether she sits at the table till the coffee and cigars are
+served, or stays in the kitchen to superintend the serving. Red is the
+most appropriate color for decorations, since a man's ideas of color are
+usually rather crude. Men always enjoy a dinner of this kind. The evening
+may conclude with cards.
+
+A stag card-party sometimes takes the place of a dinner; it is followed by
+a substantial supper.
+
+
+
+THE MUSICAL AND INFORMAL TEA.
+
+At a musical, guests are seated, the hostess remaining near the door to
+welcome late arrivals. If these arrive while a selection is in progress,
+they stand till it is finished, then find seats. Guests do not leave their
+seats during the intermission, but converse with those in the vicinity.
+Refreshments are always served. Hats are removed.
+
+For a very informal tea the hostess sends her card with the date and hour
+written across the lower corner. If a friend is staying with her, she may
+write "to meet Mrs. A." at the top. She will offer a cup of tea and cakes
+or wafers to each comer, or may ask some friend to do so for her, leaving
+her free to mingle with her visitors. Simplicity and informality
+characterize this form of receiving friends.
+
+[726 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+ETIQUETTE FOR CHILDREN.
+
+"The future destiny of the child is always the work of the mother."
+--Bonaparte.
+
+Children reflect the manners of their homes. As they learn to talk after
+the fashion of their parents' speech, so they learn to be polite by
+example, aided by training, and in both cases the habit of youth persists
+in greater or less degree all through life.
+
+To train children properly requires patience and persistence, but to have
+polite children, and to feel that they know what to do and how to do it
+when they begin to go out, is certainly a great source of satisfaction to
+a mother, on whom the burden of training falls.
+
+The secret of success is beginning early. Before the baby is three years
+old he should be in process of training. When he comes into the use of
+spoon, knife and fork, he should be taught how to hold these properly, and
+how to feed himself. He should never be permitted to play with his food;
+out of that baby habit comes the later playing with crumbs, holding the
+fork in the hand when not eating, drinking tea from a spoon, and other
+little gaucheries resorted to in embarrassment or preoccupation. It is not
+necessary to wait until a child is ten or twelve years old before teaching
+him not to interrupt a conversation, and to make his wants known quietly
+and without iteration, nor yet that your yea means yea, and your nay, nay.
+
+
+First Lessons.--The mother's first lesson is usually in regard to taking
+off his hat or cap. Teach him to remove this as soon as he enters the
+house, as soon as he begins to go out of doors alone, and the habit will
+become life-long. It is very charming to see a child of either sex rise to
+open the door for a visitor, or stand while she talks to him. One often
+sees boys of seven, nine and eleven years of age occupying the seats in a
+car while the ladies stand. No mother should permit this.
+
+Whether a child should say "father" and "mother," or use the more babyish
+form of "papa" and "mama" is a matter of parental choice, but the
+preference in some circles is for the former. A blunt "yes" or "no" is not
+thought polite from a child; he should say "yes, father," "no, mama,"
+"yes, Mrs. Smith." "Ma'am" as a form of address is quite obsolete.
+
+Most parents make the mistake of believing their children as absorbingly
+interesting to other people as they are to them, and bring them forward so
+prominently that they become tiresome. A good rule is for the mother to
+allow children to greet the visitor and then send them away to their play.
+The spectacle of a little child primly seated on a chair and "taking in"
+the conversation with eyes and ears is not wholly edifying; while to allow
+a child to hang on a visitor or monopolize the attention makes the
+youngster a nuisance.
+
+      MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS       727
+
+CHILDREN'S PARTIES.
+
+There is nothing children love better than a party. It takes so little to
+make them happy that the exertion is well repaid by their pleasure. A few
+games, a light supper, an inexpensive souvenir, and they have had "a
+perfectly splendid time."
+
+For children from five to twelve, the best hours for a party are from
+three to half past five. This gives time for all to return home by six
+o'clock. Few mothers wish to have their children out evenings at that age.
+Where the children are old enough they should write their own invitations.
+They should receive their guests themselves, the mother standing in the
+background to see that they do it properly and to second their welcome.
+The little host or hostess should early learn the lesson that she must
+study the pleasure of her guests, not her own, and be taught the
+courtesies required of her.
+
+
+Games.--The first thing is the games, which are suitable to the children's
+age. Little ones play romping games, like "Cat and Mouse," "London
+Bridge," etc.; those a little older enjoy a peanut hunt or a peanut race,
+or supplying the donkey with a caudal appendage. Many novel games are
+possible. Or the children may be asked to a doll's party, or an animal
+party. To the one they bring their favorite doll; to the other their teddy
+bears and cotton elephants.
+
+
+Supper.--The supper should be simple. Sandwiches, cocoa, jellies, and
+fancy cookies not too rich. After the supper they may dance "Sir Roger de
+Coverley," or some simple form all know, and then little souvenirs may be
+distributed in a way that leads to a hunt. Notes are written and put in a
+bag; each child takes one; the note directs where to look. All rush pell
+mell to that spot. There they find directions to look somewhere else, and
+finally each gets a little card or a note directing a search at some
+particular place, say in a basket in the hall or in the dining room, where
+each finds and unwraps a little gift. Or a large paper sack filled with
+wrapped bonbons is hung between folding doors, each child blindfolded in
+turn, given a cane and instructed to hit the sack if he can. Presently the
+paper is broken and the youngsters scramble for the contents. Each little
+guest should thank the giver of the party and the mother for the pleasure
+enjoyed. The little host or hostess should stand where they can make their
+adieus, for it is no longer proper to "take French leave" on any occasion
+except "a crush."
+
+
+Games for Older Children.--Older children enjoy a peanut hunt, or a spider
+party where they follow a twine through a labyrinth of loopings and find a
+small prize at the end, or a book party, where each guest represents the
+title of some book. Thus Ouida's "Under Two Flags" could be very easily
+represented. Young folks always enjoy "dressing up," and any hostess can
+either find directions for some form of fancy dress, or invent something
+new for herself. St. Valentine's Day, St. Patrick's Day, May Day, the
+Fourth of July, Hallowe'en, have their traditional decorations, and games,
+and suggest their own refreshments. Elaborate refreshments have rather
+gone out of style.
+
+[728  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CONCERNING ENGAGEMENTS.
+
+A marriage engagement is one of the most serious contracts into which
+young people can enter, second only to actual marriage. It is not to be
+lightly entered upon. It is no credit to a girl to have been several times
+affianced; indeed, it almost invariably occasions unfavorable comment.
+There may be reasons for breaking one engagement, but when it comes to the
+second, Mrs. Grundy makes remarks, and is inclined to blame the girl,
+either for too great haste to wed, or for being fickle and capricious,
+
+A girl should be very sure of herself before she gives her promise. She
+must respect the man, and have faith and confidence in him, and not permit
+herself to be carried away by considerations of wealth and position. If
+there is anything about him she dislikes, she may be sure dislike will
+become aversion after marriage, unless she has a genuine affection for
+him.
+
+
+Parental Wishes.--She should not engage herself without consulting her
+parents. Where can she find better advice than from those who have cared
+for her so long and faithfully? Where there is parental disapproval, a
+girl should show her respect for her parents' opinion by avoiding a hasty
+decision. Men know men much better than women can ever know them; and the
+opposition of a father or older brother should have due consideration.
+
+In these days and in this country, young women take their matrimonial
+affairs into their own hands. "In the good old times" the young man asked
+the consent of the girl's parents before he was sure of her sentiments
+toward him; he asked permission to woo, and if in his eagerness he
+forestalled the etiquette of the occasion she modestly referred him to her
+parents, first indicating her consent would accompany theirs. In the
+twentieth century the young people too often settle the matter between
+themselves, and announce their intentions to wed quite regardless of their
+parents' sentiments on the subject. So many youthful attachments are
+really youthful follies that the girl who submits her wishes to her
+parents' counsel often has reason to consider herself fortunate. Girls,
+however, almost invariably regard parental opposition as unreasonable;
+actually it is often founded on a better understanding of their
+temperaments and the character of the young men in the case than they
+imagine--or in many cases can be made to see.
+
+A manly man will approach the father of the girl he wishes to make his
+wife, state his prospects, and ask the father's consent. If withheld, he
+will not urge the girl into a hasty marriage, but will wait until the
+opposition has diminished. In case this does not happen, the girl has at
+least had an opportunity to learn her own mind. Many who have married
+against their parents' wishes have lived happily; it must be admitted that
+others have not. Delay, at least, gives time for reason to outweigh
+romance.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 729]
+
+It is especially awkward for the girl if the parents of her fiance do not
+approve his choice. In such case she should give ample time for their
+disapproval to have whatever effect it may on the young man's feelings
+towards her. Some girls refuse to enter a man's family unless made
+welcome.
+
+No girl should engage herself to a man she has known but a short time;
+certainly not without searching inquiry into his reputation in his former
+place of residence. No man can reasonably object to such inquiries;
+indeed, he should welcome them; invite them by furnishing credentials. No
+matter how violently in love a girl may be, she should not throw prudence
+and discretion to the winds.
+
+
+
+ANNOUNCEMENT OF ENGAGEMENTS.
+
+An engagement may be announced soon after it is entered upon, or not until
+several weeks before the marriage. Usually the engagement is known to the
+two families some time in advance of the later formal announcement. This
+is to save the girl embarrassment in case it is broken off. Should this
+happen, the young man takes the blame upon himself, declaring the young
+lady discarded him. Only an out-and-out cad would intimate to anyone that
+he "threw her over."
+
+The announcement of the engagement comes through the girl's family; the
+man waits until it is their pleasure to make it known. The usual way is
+for the girl and her mother to write notes to relatives and close friends.
+The man, of course, will know when this is done, and may send notes to his
+relatives and friends, or acquaint them by word of mouth, at the same
+date. No special form is employed for such notes; they are always informal
+and familiar.
+
+
+How Disclosed.--Sometimes a girl announces her engagement to her most
+intimate girl friends at a small tea or luncheon her mother or some
+relative gives for her. In this case the decorations are suggestive.
+Heart-shaped place cards, decorated with the entwined initials of the two
+parties; pink flowers, banked in heart-shape and pierced with silver
+arrows, for a centerpiece, and sandwiches and cakes in heart shape, the
+latter decorated in pink, are often used. At each plate may be a small
+cluster of pink carnations, tied with narrow ribbons, one end connecting
+with an arrow in the centerpiece. When these are drawn out some
+appropriate sentiment is found attached, which is read aloud by the guest.
+
+Any novel form may be employed in communicating the joyous intelligence.
+Midway the repast some friend previously selected for the honor may
+propose a health to the two who are betrothed; someone may ask a moment's
+indulgence while she reads an interesting paragraph from a letter, or a
+mock telegram may be delivered. Congratulations are in order; sometimes
+the fiance has been held in reserve, and is brought in to share with his
+fiancee the good wishes of her friends.
+
+730       MOTHERS' REMEDIES
+
+All who receive notes are expected to call in person or send letters of
+congratulation. Flowers are often sent, and dinners, theater parties, and
+other entertainments given for the young couple. Engagement gifts are
+often given; china being a favorite choice, though any gift is in order.
+
+
+After the Announcement.--Immediately upon the announcement of the
+engagement the parents of the young man call upon his fiancee and her
+mother, whether previously acquainted or not. His family takes the
+initiative in the exchange of hospitality which follows. Calls are to be
+returned within a week. In case the man's family live at a distance, the
+members should at once write cordial, kindly letters to the girl, to which
+she must reply within a few days. She should not "gush" but should show
+her desire to know them, and a cordial and friendly feeling. The
+prospective mother-in-law may invite the girl to visit her. She should
+remember that no matter how welcome the alliance she is under inspection,
+as it were, and do her best, through courtesy and tact and friendliness to
+create a favorable impression.
+
+
+The Girl's Behavior.--The engagement ring is not worn until the engagement
+is announced. If the young man's means permit, it is usually as handsome a
+diamond solitaire as he can afford. No womanly girl would wish her fiance
+to go in debt to purchase her ring. Should it be less handsome than she
+had hoped or expected, she should not give the slightest evidence of
+disappointment. That would seem mercenary and grasping. Nevertheless, a
+girl does doubtless get much more joy out of her engagement ring than she
+does out of her wedding ring.
+
+Though a girl may receive from her affianced gifts of jewelry, silver,
+etc., as well as the bonbons, books and flowers she was privileged to
+accept before her engagement, it is not in good taste for him to offer any
+article of wearing apparel to her. He is not to buy clothes for her until
+after their marriage. Nothing that cannot be returned to him uninjured in
+case the engagement is broken is really correct for her to receive.
+
+She will naturally receive many notes, letters, etc., from her fiance,
+especially if he is called out of town often, or resides in another city.
+The inexperienced, very-much-in-love girl is quite likely to write very
+ardent and affectionate letters. Leave that to the man. If she knows her
+Thackeray she will remember the rose-colored billet-doux poor Amelia used
+to write to her George, and which lay unopened day after day, and will
+model her missives upon the style of Lucy Snowe's to the Professor--"a
+morsel of ice, flavored with ever so slight a zest of sweetness." Let her
+make them bright, chatty, kindly, but not too tender.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 731]
+
+Length of Engagement.--As for the length of an engagement, it is often
+argued that if one has made a mistake, it is much better to find it out
+before marriage than after. A prolonged engagement, however, is not
+advisable. It embarrasses a girl to be asked "When is it going to be?" and
+be obliged to make evasive answers. Thc old saying "Absence makes the
+heart grow fonder" often proves untrue. The long engagement is a strain,
+undoubtedly. A year is quite long enough for the two to demonstrate their
+fidelity and for all necessary preparations.
+
+
+Breaking Off.--If the two develop incompatibility, after being convinced
+it is irreconcilable the only thing to do is to sever the tie. This is
+often heart-breaking if caused by the infidelity of one party, and always
+humiliating, especially to the girl. To spare her as much as possible, the
+man assumes the breaking-off was her act. He never allows himself to speak
+of her save in terms of the most perfect respect. The presents, letters,
+pictures, are returned, and Cupid retires discomfited. The girl's mother
+writes to her friends and tells them the engagement is broken; no reason
+is given and no person of tact or knowledge of social forms will inquire
+why or ever allude to the matter to either of the parties to the
+engagement or their parents.
+
+"Being engaged" does not relax etiquette. It does not justify a journey or
+an excursion together, nor appearance in public places unchaperoned.
+Lovers refrain from caresses or evidence of their devotion in the presence
+of others; in short they should conduct themselves with decorum.
+
+
+The Wedding Trousseau.--In case everything goes well when the wedding day
+is set it is the custom to announce the engagement in the society columns
+in the newspapers. The trousseau is nearly ready, the linen chest is
+filled, the details of the wedding settled. It is not customary now for
+the expectant bride to have dozens and dozens of undergarments, to be laid
+aside, turn yellow and go out of style. One dozen of each garment is an
+ample supply for the average bride; even half a dozen new garments of each
+kind have been known to answer every purpose. She should have a moderate
+supply of  shoes, corsets, gloves, petticoats, both silk and cambric, and
+handkerchiefs. Fashions change so rapidly now that it is foolish to lay in
+a great stock of gowns. The supply of these must be in accordance with her
+social position and its requirements. After she is married, she will find
+her table-cloths and napkins, sheets, and pillow slips and towels a much
+greater source of satisfaction than a lot of passe gowns and wraps. Her
+silver and linen are marked with the initials of her maiden name. These
+initials are always embroidered on the latter.
+
+The supply of table and bed-linen will depend upon the size of her house
+and the style in which she lives. Six sheets and six pillow and bolster
+slips are allowed to each bed, and twelve towels, half of them bath
+towels, to each bedroom. She should have dinner and lunch cloths, with
+napkins to match; it is usual to allow a dozen napkins to each cloth. It
+is good economy to purchase all these in a good quality. The dinner cloths
+and napkins should be of double damask, so called. The very large dinner
+napkins--seven-eighths of a yard square--are less in favor than the
+medium, three-quarter size. A fairly ample supply of comforts, down and
+silk quilts, and blankets, is often acquired by purchase before marriage.
+
+[732  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+WEDDING FESTIVITIES.
+
+Very soon after the wedding invitations are out, the bride's friends
+bestir themselves and a number of entertainments are planned in her honor.
+These are dinners, luncheons, teas, and theatre parties, the latter often
+prefaced by a dinner at the house of the hostess. Often these include the
+bridal party--bridesmaids and "best man." To dinners and theatre parties
+the bridegroom-to-be is invited; luncheons and teas are given by the
+bride's friends to her. The bridegroom's bachelor friends frequently give
+a dinner for him--a farewell to the man so soon to rank as "Benedict, the
+married man."
+
+These functions in honor of the bride are exclusive, rather than general,
+invitations being restricted to familiar friends. The bride's relatives
+are the entertainers. At such functions the bride expectant may wear one
+of the gowns of her trousseau. Because of these entertainments, which are
+really quite a tax on the girl's strength and vitality, the trousseau
+should be complete and the wedding preparations well under way before they
+begin. Most of them seem to be crowded into the week or ten days preceding
+the ceremony.
+
+
+Engagement "Showers."--"The shower"--an entertainment that is somewhat on
+the order of an informal tea at which each guest brings some gift to the
+bride--has been called "provincial." It has a recognized place in middle
+class society, at least, and may be made an enjoyable function. No two
+"showers" are alike, hostesses vieing with each other in the endeavor to
+present something original and attractive. The linen shower is one of the
+most popular, each guest bringing some contribution to the bride's linen
+chest. These are the more valued if the handiwork of the giver, and some
+girls always have a bit of work in progress which may, when finished, be
+their offering at a linen shower.
+
+Only intimate friends are asked to a linen shower and the occasion is
+entirely informal. The invitations may be couched in this form:
+
+   My Dear Miss Ames--
+   I am giving a linen shower for our mutual friend, Miss Gray, who is to
+   be married next month, and would be very glad to have you with us. I am
+   asking a few friends for luncheon on Thursday, January sixth, at one
+   o'clock, and hope you will be able to come. As the "shower" is to be a
+   surprise to Miss Gray, please do not mention it should you see her.
+                                          Very cordially,
+                                                        Helen Brown.
+
+The invitation should be promptly answered. Usually, the nature of the
+entertainment is not known to the guest of honor until she arrives;
+sometimes not until she is seated at the table.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 733]
+
+How Presented.--The more unique the method of presentation the more
+amusing the surprise of the guest. The gifts are to be neatly wrapped up
+in white tissue paper, tied with ribbons, the card of the giver being
+enclosed. Often some sentiment is written on the card, or an original
+rhyme; this the recipient reads aloud when the gift is unwrapped.
+
+At one long remembered shower, the centerpiece was a white linen parasol,
+beautifully embroidered and the gift of the hostess. This, open, was
+fastened upright, the block of wood which held it being hidden under
+asparagus plumosus interspersed with pink roses. Under this were arranged
+the several packages. Between each course the guest of honor was requested
+to draw and open a parcel, the remainder being opened before leaving the
+table. At another luncheon the gifts were brought in by a boy dressed as a
+messenger, one at a time, as if just delivered. The surprise of the guest
+at the first delivery greatly amused her friends. One guest contributed a
+handsome lunch cloth, another the napkins to match, each marked with
+embroidered initials. An embroidered white linen handbag, for use with a
+white gown, was enclosed in a box about a foot square; within this was
+another, neatly wrapped and tied, which, opened, contained another and
+still another, keeping expectancy at its height. The "Jack Horner pie" has
+been used, and the "showered" girl has been handed a white satin ribbon
+and been bidden to follow where it led her, discovering at the end the
+pile of presents.
+
+Gifts for a linen shower may include towels of all kinds, the monogrammed
+damask and initialed guest towels, embroidered linen pillow slips;
+centerpieces, doilies, bureau scarfs and many other textile gifts suggest
+themselves. The "kitchen shower" suggests the useful; the handkerchief
+shower is dainty.
+
+
+Refreshments.--The refreshments at such an entertainment may be as simple
+as one likes, unless the invitations are for a luncheon; in that case they
+should be more elaborate. Chocolate and sandwiches with cake and ices;
+sandwiches, cake and coffee, are allowable. The guests are seated at a
+table, which should be decorated with pink and white flowers. Pink
+carnations are beautiful for this use. The guest of honor is seated at the
+hostess's right hand and is served first. She must thank those who have
+presented the gifts individually, and express to her hostess her pleasure
+in the entertainment and her gratitude for the trouble she has taken for
+her.
+
+
+
+WEDDING PREPARATIONS.
+
+The Expense of a Wedding.--It may be said at the outset that no wedding
+should be more costly than the financial standing of the bride's family
+warrants. If the bridegroom's family is wealthy, and that of the bride in
+very moderate circumstances, there will be many to intimate that the
+bridegroom "put up for it." The intimation is a sneer, because the bride's
+family should pay all the expenses of a wedding. If the expense is
+manifestly beyond the resources of the bride's father, society lifts its
+eyebrows.
+
+[734 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Of course her wedding is the one pageant in which the girl is the central
+figure--the admired of all beholders. It is quite natural for her to wish
+it to be beautiful, to look lovely herself, and not to go empty-handed to
+her husband. But no sensible girl will have a grand wedding if its cost
+will put her father in debt. If Mary's music lessons must be intermitted,
+or John's entrance into college postponed because of her trousseau and her
+wedding, she should assume some of the sacrifice herself and be content
+with a more modest outfit and a simple ceremony. Thousands of thoughtless
+girls leave their families to recover slowly from the financial strain of
+their wedding. It is selfish and inconsiderate for a girl to say, "You
+will never have to do it again for me," or "I shall be no further expense
+to you." That may be true, but it is no justification.
+
+Nor is it permissible for the bridegroom to furnish any part of the
+bride's trousseau. If she is poor, and is to marry into wealth, good taste
+and public opinion counsel her to confine her wedding preparations to what
+she or her family can pay for. Let her make ready a simple wedding dress
+and going-away gown, or be married in the latter, and take with her to her
+new home only her under linen and the treasured keepsakes of her maiden
+days. As soon as she is wife, her husband may lavish silks and laces and
+furs upon her, but not before.
+
+
+The Bride's Privileges.--It is the province of the bride to name the
+wedding day, subject of course to the insistence of her fiance, who will
+urge an early date. She decides whether her wedding shall be formal or
+informal, at church or at home. She chooses the clergyman who shall
+perform the ceremony, the bridegroom notifying him of her desire. Her
+family issues--and pays for--the wedding invitations and announcement
+cards. It is customary to ask the bridegroom to make out a list of those
+of his relatives and friends to whom he wishes these sent. The bride names
+her attendants, decides upon their number and if a bridal procession is
+contemplated, consults with them as to their gowns and the accessories.
+Here she is in duty bound to consider the expense to be incurred by those
+invited to take part in the affair, unless she is prepared to pay for
+their gowns herself; this however is seldom done. If she desires her
+attendants to wear some particular adornment which will be of no use to
+them afterwards, as a fancy muff or boa, she should pay for it herself.
+She may endeavor to arrange with her dressmaker to make their gowns if she
+can obtain a reduction on account of their being made alike, or the large
+order placed. To be invited to serve as bridesmaid is often an expensive
+compliment, as it usually involves a new gown and hat, the latter always
+being worn at a church wedding.
+
+If the bride decides to have but one attendant, the latter is usually
+styled her maid-of-honor, and may be her sister or her most intimate
+friend. If she has more than one maid she should include the bridegroom's
+sister, if he has one. If a matron-of-honor is to participate, she should
+be a friend or sister of the bride who has been recently wedded. The
+bridesmaids are chosen from her unmarried friends.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 735]
+
+Who Pays?--The question is often asked, "Who pays, for" this, that or the
+other item.
+
+The bridegroom provides the marriage certificate, the wedding ring, pays
+the clergyman, and for the carriage in which he drives away with the
+bride. He sends a gift and the bouquet to the bride; usually gives gifts
+of jewelry to the bridesmaids and the best man, and often includes the
+ushers.
+
+The bride's family pays for the wedding cards, pays the florist and the
+caterer, the expense of opening the church and the service of the sexton;
+the music, carriages for the bridal party, in short, the bills are for the
+family to pay. Where a wedding is very elaborate, the details are
+sometimes turned over to a "manager," who sees to everything, and receives
+a fat fee for his services.
+
+
+The Wedding Gown.--Choice of a wedding gown depends upon the style of the
+wedding. At a church wedding it is as handsome as the bride can afford.
+Any girl is excusable for wishing her wedding to be "an occasion," and her
+bridal attire as beautiful as possible. White is suitable, and there are
+so many fabrics in that color that all purses can be accommodated. The
+gown may be of satin, crepe de chine, messaline, lace or chiffon, or of
+simple white organdie; all are appropriate for a church wedding. With any
+of these a veil should be worn. Two and a half yards of tulle will be
+sufficient; other accessories are white kid gloves, white slippers and
+white silk hose, if white is worn. White is suitable for the most
+elaborate church wedding and for the simplest ceremony at home. The gown
+is made en train, as a rule; always so for a church wedding, and always
+with high neck and long sleeves.
+
+A bride may elect to be married in a traveling dress. For this some pretty
+light color, as light gray, champagne, tan or biscuit color is chosen. A
+hat must be worn with such a costume, and for a young bride is by
+preference trimmed with flowers. It is correct to carry flowers--not a
+shower bouquet, however--with such a gown, which is to be changed for a
+plainer one for actual travel. For this dark blue, brown, or gray are
+suitable colors; gloves match, and the hat is inconspicuously trimmed. It
+is the bride's greatest desire not to look "just married."
+
+
+Later Wear of the Wedding Gown.--The wedding gown is worn at the more
+formal of the post-nuptial entertainments. The trousseau should include an
+evening dress and wrap. For the former, black lace, chiffon cloth or net
+will prove the most serviceable, and almost universally becoming. A
+traveling gown, a handsome suit for visiting, receptions, etc., a pretty
+gown for receiving at home, and several house gowns will be needed.
+Kimonas, bath-robes, dressing-jackets, are included in the less ornamental
+parts of the trousseau.
+
+A girl often invites her intimate friends to inspect her wedding finery,
+rejoicing in their admiration. The privilege of such a view is highly
+valued.
+
+[736 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Bridal Flowers.--Orange flowers are reserved for the bride, and she never
+wears any other in her hair, at least no other that are artificial. She
+may carry any flowers, she prefers; the florists make all seasons alike.
+Often an order is given months in advance for the bride's favorite flower
+to grace her wedding, and the florist forces it to bloom at the appointed
+time. White roses and carnations can be had at almost any season; sweet
+peas, white lilacs, lilies of the valley, are less easy to procure. The
+"shower bouquet" has many narrow white satin ribbons falling from it to
+the foot of the skirt, and knotted at intervals round flower sprays.
+
+The rarest of bridal flowers are the orchids, so costly that only the rich
+may have them, though a few orchids, two or three, are sometimes put with
+lilies of the valley, or Roman hyacinths, intermixed with stephanotis or
+stevia, for the bridal bouquet. Bridesmaids may carry large clusters of
+flowers tied with ribbons, the flowers suiting their costumes. Or, if they
+all wear white, American Beauties may be chosen. The usual preference is
+for flowers in more delicate hues.
+
+
+The Widow's Bridal Attire.--A widow does not wear white at her second
+wedding, nor a veil, nor does she have bridesmaids. Her usual choice is to
+be married in a handsome traveling gown of some light color, wearing hat
+and gloves to match. The material may be silk or broadcloth for a church
+wedding. She wears her wedding ring up to the day of her second marriage.
+Though she may have no bridesmaids she may have a matron-of-honor, some
+married friend, who wears a street or reception dress, with suitable hat
+and gloves.
+
+A woman who has entered her fourth decade does not, as a rule, wear white
+when married.
+
+It is no longer customary for a woman to go into semi-retirement preceding
+her marriage. She does not parade herself; no lady would do that, but she
+accepts invitations and appears at all the fetes planned for her up to the
+wedding day. As a result, she is often very tired and fagged before the
+event.
+
+
+The Man's Wedding Garments.--One of the most frequent inquiries made of
+the editors of women's departments in magazines relates to the proper
+attire for the bridegroom. "When is it correct to wear a dress suit?" and
+"What should the bridegroom wear at a day wedding?"
+
+"The dress suit," so called, is the man's evening clothes. Naturally,
+then, he will not don his evening attire until evening--after or for a six
+o'clock dinner,' This should dispose of the question of "the dress suit."
+For a man to wear evening clothes at a noon wedding would be as absurd as
+for a woman to appear in a ball dress at that hour.
+
+For a day wedding a man wears a black frock coat and gray trousers; his
+waistcoat may match the coat or be of white duck or marseilles, white
+shirt with standing collar, and tie of the fashionable cut in pearl gray
+or soft white silk. Pearl-colored kid gloves are worn, and a silk hat. The
+overcoat is black. A boutonniere of white flowers is usually worn.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 737]
+
+The above is the correct dress for best man and ushers at a day wedding,
+in church or at home.
+
+For a formal evening wedding, full evening dress is worn by bridegroom,
+best man and ushers. The suit is of fine black worsted, silk faced as to
+the coat. The waistcoat may be of the same material, or white duck or
+marseilles may be worn. A fine white linen shirt with standing collar, and
+pearl or white enamel studs, white lawn tie, white or pearl-gray kid
+gloves stitched in the same color, and patent leather pumps complete the
+attire. A black overcoat, single breasted, and silk hat are the additions
+for out-of-door wear.
+
+
+The Bride's Mother.--The bride's mother wears a handsome reception dress.
+Black with much jet and lace, pearl gray, mauve and lavender are favorite
+colors for her. White gloves are worn. Mourning attire should never be
+seen at a wedding. If the bride's mother, or any of the family, are in
+mourning, it must be laid aside for the occasion. Black may be worn, but
+it must be lightened with white lace, jet, or other accessories that will
+take it out of the conventional garb of grief. Guests of course gown
+themselves handsomely.
+
+
+
+THE FORMAL CHURCH WEDDING.
+
+Let us suppose that the church has been decorated with flower and palms,
+arranged by experienced hands to form a background for the bridal party.
+The seats for the respective families have been roped off with wide white
+satin ribbons; those on the right for the bridegroom's family, those of
+the left for the bride's. The bridegroom and the best man are with the
+clergyman in the vestry; the bridesmaids have assembled at the bride's
+house, and have entered their carriages; the relatives, including the
+bride's mother, and guests are in their seats. The carriages containing
+the bridesmaids precede that of the bride to the church; they alight and
+await her in the vestibule. The bride, accompanied by her father, arrives.
+The bridal procession is quickly formed, the vestibule doors having been
+closed by the ushers on the arrival of the wedding party. At the signal
+the organ breaks into the familiar strains of the wedding march; the
+clergyman, followed by the groom and best man, enter from the vestry, and
+stand on the chancel step facing the guests, awaiting the bride, the
+bridegroom being slightly, in advance.
+
+The ushers, walking two and two, lead the way up the aisle; the
+bridesmaids follow at a distance of ten or twelve feet, also walking in
+pairs; then comes the maid-of-honor, walking alone. She is followed by the
+bride, leaning on the arm of her father or nearest male relative. At the
+chancel the ushers separate to right and left, remaining below the chancel
+step; the bridesmaids separate in the same manner, but ascend the chancel
+step. The maid-of-honor places herself at the left of the place left for
+the bride, in readiness to hold her bouquet and remove her glove. The
+bridegroom descends the chancel step, meeting the bride. The two place
+themselves before the clergyman, the bride standing on the bridegroom's
+left; the best man stands at the right of the bridegroom a step or two in
+the rear.
+
+[738 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Bride's Father.--The place of the bride's father is at the left
+somewhat in the rear. As the clergyman asks: "Who giveth this woman to be
+married to this man?" he steps forward and places the bride's right hand
+in that of the clergyman, who in turn places it in that of the bridegroom.
+The father steps aside, and as the bridal procession forms to retire after
+the ceremony, he joins his wife and escorts her from the church.
+
+At the proper moment the maid-of-honor removes the bride's glove and takes
+her bouquet. The best man gives the ring to the bride, who passes it to
+the clergyman; the latter gives it to the bridegroom, who places it on the
+bride's finger, holding it there while repeating the formula, "With this
+ring I thee wed," etc. The significance of this transfer is the forming of
+a circle, to indicate the endlessness of the contract.
+
+
+Another Form.--A form sometimes introduced is for the bridal party to
+stand below the chancel while the clergyman reads the service up to and
+including the sentence, "If any man can show just cause," etc. After the
+customary moment's pause, there being no unseemly interruption, the party
+ascends the chancel step and the ceremony proceeds.
+
+The order of the procession after the ceremony is this: The just married
+pair lead the way, the wife taking her husband's arm; the maid-of-honor
+follows; then the bridesmaids, after them the ushers. Such is the conduct
+of a church wedding, a thousand times repeated. The ceremony is often
+rehearsed a night or two previous to the event, to make sure each will be
+familiar with his or her part.
+
+
+The Best Man's Duties.--The best man has charge of the ring. At the
+conclusion of the ceremony he disappears into the vestry, where he places
+the wedding fee, enclosed in an envelope, in the clergyman's hands. He
+then hastens to his carriage and is driven to the house, where he assists
+in the reception of the guests, and takes the maid-of-honor or the
+bridesmaid to luncheon. Or he may escort the maid-of-honor from the
+church.
+
+The best man also sees to it that the agitated bridegroom's clothes are in
+order, packs his suitcase, orders the baggage to be called for, buys the
+tickets for the wedding journey and sees that they are in the bridegroom's
+possession, and orders the carriage in which the newly wedded pair drive
+to the station. He takes as many of the details of the affair as possible
+off his friend's mind and hands, and stands by manfully to the last. The
+best man should fully acquaint himself with the duties of his position
+before assuming it The sexton of the church takes the groom's hat from the
+vestry to the vestibule, and hands it to him at the door.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 739]
+
+Duties of Ushers.--An usher escorts each lady to her seat, giving her his
+arm. The guests should stand during the ceremony, rising as the procession
+enters, and remaining in their seats until it has retired. The ushers
+often pass ribbons along their seats, not removing them until the bridal
+party and the relatives have left the church. Having seen the bridal party
+to their carriages, the ushers return to escort the relatives to theirs,
+and then hasten to the house, where they meet the guests on arrival and
+escort them, severally, to the receiving party. The bride's mother
+welcomes them first; they are then presented to the newly married pair.
+The bride offers her hand; the guest wishes her much happiness,
+congratulates the bridegroom, shaking hands the while, greets the
+maid-of-honor and the bridesmaids with a smile and bow, and passes on,
+making way for the next.
+
+
+The Wedding Reception.--The wedding reception follows the ceremony, guests
+coming at once from church to the house. There should be no undue haste in
+presenting one's self; the party requires a little time to arrange itself
+in proper order for receiving. At a day wedding reception women lay aside
+wraps, retaining their hats. At an evening reception they remove both, and
+wear full dress.
+
+After greeting the bride and groom, as indicated in the preceding
+paragraph, the refreshment room is sought. If the reception is a large
+one, a buffet or "stand-up" repast is often served, though it is more
+desirable to provide small tables seating four people. If these are not
+furnished the men may assist the ladies, though the service should be
+adequate. No tea, coffee, or chocolate is poured at the table.
+
+
+Refreshments.--The refreshments may be simple or elaborate. The table is
+laid in the dining-room, and decorated with flowers. On it are the
+refreshments, and plenty of napkins, plates and silver, in piles.
+Bouillon, creamed oysters or oyster patties; salads, cold salmon or
+lobster with mayonnaise dressing, ices and cake are suitable. Usually one
+hot dish is passed. Or one may serve a salad, ice cream and cake, with
+punch. If wine is offered it is always champagne.
+
+The wedding cake, neatly packed in white boxes bearing the monogram of the
+bride and groom and tied with white satin ribbon, is arranged on a table
+in the hall, and each departing guest takes a box. Wedding cake is no
+longer sent.
+
+
+Going Away.--When the last guest has been greeted, the bridal party may be
+served with refreshments. Their supper is laid in a private room, and they
+are seated, a most welcome rest after the fatigue of the ceremony and the
+reception. The bride then retires to change to her traveling dress; the
+bridegroom, who has had his valise sent to the house in the morning,
+retires for the same purpose. The maid-of-honor accompanies the bride; the
+best man assists the groom, and packs his suit worn during the ceremony,
+either to be taken with him or to be sent to his home.
+
+[740 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+At the time agreed upon the bridegroom awaits the bride at the head of the
+stairs. Adieus to the family are said in the bride's room and should be
+brief. The bridesmaids and ushers are awaiting the departure in the hall.
+Half way down the stairs the bride throws her bouquet. The bridesmaid who
+catches it will be married next, according to the old superstition. The
+bride and groom enter their carriage amid a shower of rice or confetti,
+the carriage door bangs; the caterer has removed the debris of the feast;
+the maids have restored the house to its wonted order and the wedding is
+over--all except paying the bills.
+
+Guests at a wedding do not remain until the departure of the bride. They
+congratulate, partake of refreshments, chat a few minutes with friends,
+and depart.
+
+At a church wedding it is customary--and usually necessary to keep out the
+uninvited--to enclose small cards which are presented at the church door
+to ensure admittance. If the reception is large, the same thing is
+sometimes done as a measure of protection.
+
+
+Calls after Wedding.--It is expected that the guests at a wedding
+breakfast or reception will call on the mother of the bride within three
+weeks after the marriage, and upon the bride on one of her "At Home" days,
+or soon after her return from the wedding journey, if no days are
+specified.
+
+Cards bearing the date of the bride's "At Home" days, or "At Home
+after"--a certain date, are enclosed with the announcement cards, or the
+date named on the card. If sent they must be ready to mail immediately
+after the wedding.
+
+
+
+THE HOME WEDDING.
+
+While the home wedding is modeled in its essentials along the lines of the
+church wedding, much less formality is observed. The invitations to the
+church wedding are always in the third person and engraved. Those for the
+home wedding, though often following the same formula, may be informal
+notes in the first person, written by the bride's mother.
+
+
+Correct Attire.--It is sometimes supposed that a bride married at home may
+not wear a veil nor be "given away." On the contrary, if she wears white
+she may with perfect propriety wear a veil, and the Episcopal marriage
+ceremony always, and nearly all other forms of the service include the
+giving away, as implying parental sanction and consent. The "giving away,"
+then, is customary, even at the simplest home wedding.
+
+If the bride wears a traveling dress she has a maid-of-honor, the one
+attendant being so-called. The groom is attended by his best man. There
+are usually two ushers, though these may be omitted, The maid-of-honor
+wears some pretty costume which is in keeping with that of the bride. If
+the latter wears white, the attendant also wears white with colored
+trimmings. If the bride wears a veil, the maid wears a hat; the veil being
+the head covering of the bride.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 741]
+
+The bridegroom wears a black frock coat, gray trousers, white waistcoat
+and tie, silk--not lawn, gray or white gloves, and patent leather shoes at
+a day wedding, The ushers are similarly attired, save that they may wear
+black waistcoats. Silk hats are worn.
+
+
+Minor Particulars.--The bridegroom and best man will require a room. The
+clergyman expects a room where he may don his surplice or gown. The ushers
+may also require a room.
+
+The bride's mother receives the guests, her father remaining with his
+daughter to conduct her to the room where the ceremony is to be performed.
+A mother may perform this office if the father is not living. After
+placing his daughter's hand in that of the clergyman, the father steps
+back a pace or two, awaiting the end of the service. Wedding music is
+played when the party is ready to enter, and may be continued, very
+softly, through the ceremony; it must not overpower the voices of the
+participants.
+
+Guests should arrive at the hour named, leave wraps in hall or dressing
+room, and descend to the parlors. It is not expected that all will be
+seated, though a few chairs are provided for the elderly. The ushers
+stretch two lengths of white ribbon from end to end of the room, making an
+aisle for the little procession.
+
+The clergyman, groom, and best man enter and take their places at one end
+of the room, when the music begins. Then come the ushers, next the
+maid-of-honor, walking alone; then the bridesmaids, if any, followed by
+the bride on the arm of her father. The groom steps forward to receive her
+and the two face the clergyman. The best man stands on the bridegroom's
+right. The maid-of-honor will hold the bride's bouquet and her glove, if
+this is removed; the ring is in the custody of the best man.
+
+
+Etiquette to be Observed.--At the close of the ceremony the clergyman
+congratulates the pair and steps aside. They face about and the bride's
+mother is the next to offer her good wishes, then the groom's parents. The
+guests then extend felicitations. It is thought in better taste to wish
+the bride happiness and congratulate the groom, it being supposed that he
+is the most fortunate in having been able to secure such a prize.
+
+It is no longer customary for everyone to kiss the bride; she is not
+compelled to suffer to that extent.
+
+The best man assists the ushers--whose first duty is to remove the white
+ribbons--in escorting guests to the bride and groom. His duties are the
+same as those of the best man at a church wedding.
+
+The maid-of-honor stands at the bride's left as she receives.
+
+The bride and bridegroom lead the way to the dining room, the best man
+offering his arm to the maid-of-honor.
+
+The bride's father escorts the bridegroom's mother, the guests follow in
+such order as is convenient, and the bride's mother and the bridegroom's
+father are the last.
+
+[742 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+If only twenty-five or thirty guests are present the wedding breakfast is
+preferably served at small tables. The clergyman and his wife, who should
+always be invited, are seated at the bride's table. So also the
+maid-of-honor, the best man, the ushers, and the parents of the pair, with
+sisters and brothers if convenient. Or, the bride's table may be reserved
+strictly for the bridal party.
+
+The bride may cut her own cake if she chooses, or the wedding cake may be
+dispensed in boxes as at the reception following a church wedding.
+
+The departure of the newly wedded pair is on the order already indicated.
+
+
+After the Wedding.--It may be said here that the "horse play"--for it is
+nothing else--sometimes indulged in as "an after clap" to a wedding, in
+which practical jokes are played on the pair, is not only unkind and
+ill-bred, but in most execrable taste. To placard the luggage "Just
+married;" to tie white ribbons on it and the carriage in which they are
+driven away; to substitute a suitcase packed with the things a man doesn't
+want on his journey for one containing what he does, is not at all
+"smart."
+
+Why should some coarse, ill-bred persons, whether they have or have not
+been favored with invitations, strive to embarrass and make uncomfortable
+those to whom the situation is already sufficiently trying? Why, after so
+much pains and expense have been employed to make the occasion beautiful
+and impressive, should the "practical joker" take it upon himself to spoil
+it all by an ill-timed "pleasantry" which is the acme of rudeness and
+discourtesy? It is a curious character that can enjoy perpetrating what
+are really outrages upon other people's sensibilities.
+
+
+Wedding Gifts.--Very soon after the wedding invitations are out the
+presents begin to pour in. The fashion of gift giving on such an occasion
+is not as prevalent as at one time; it was overdone, carried beyond the
+limits of good taste, and of course a reaction was inevitable. Some men
+profess to share the feeling of the Scandinavian immigrant who was so
+deeply affronted at the offerings made by his bride's friends--as if he
+were not able to furnish his home with the necessary articles--that in his
+Berserker rage he was with difficulty restrained from casting gifts and
+donors together into the street.
+
+Generally speaking, only relatives and intimate friends send gifts, though
+there is no interdict as regards others who may wish to testify to their
+interest in the bride in this way. An ostentatious gift from a person not
+in the family is in bad taste. The words "No presents" on wedding
+invitations are in the worst possible form.
+
+An invitation to a church wedding and not to the reception precludes the
+necessity of making a gift; indeed, it would be thought rather "pushing"
+to send one.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 743]
+
+What to Give.--The flat silver is generally given by the bride's family.
+In order to avoid duplicates, it is best for the friends and  relatives to
+consult together in regard to their gifts. It is not thought good form to
+offer articles of wearing apparel. Anything the bride's immediate family
+has to offer in this line is best included in the trousseau. Cut glass,
+silver, bric-a-brac, napery, books, pictures, fans, rugs, clocks, handsome
+chairs and tables, are things that may be chosen with propriety.
+
+The question of the correct form of marking silver and napery often comes
+up. The rule is to have it engraved with the initials of the bride's
+maiden name--not the single initial of her family name, as is sometimes
+ignorantly done--because it is her own private property. If a wife dies,
+the silver bearing her name is packed away for the future use of her
+child, especially if it is a girl. The second wife would be forbidden by
+good taste and convention, from using the first wife's silver.
+
+
+Acknowledgments.--Wedding gifts are usually packed where they are bought,
+and sent direct from the shops. The card of the donor is enclosed, within
+a tiny envelope. It is a rule that the wedding gift must be acknowledged
+immediately, before the marriage, and by a personal note from the bride.
+This is not always possible, but the note should be written at the
+earliest moment the bride's engagements will permit. Such notes are always
+in the first person, and should be pleasant and cordial. The writer must
+be careful to render thanks for the article sent. Amusing mistakes
+sometimes happen; thus a lady who had sent a pair of handsome candlesticks
+was mystified by expressions of gratitude for a silver berry spoon she had
+not sent.
+
+A cordial form of acknowledging a gift is this:
+
+                                     12 Canton Avenue.
+    My Dear Mrs. Bruce:
+       The beautiful cut glass vase sent by you and Mr. Bruce has just
+    arrived, and I hasten to thank you most sincerely for your kind
+    thought of me. It will be a constant reminder of your goodness to Mr.
+    Waters and myself, and a most lovely ornament to our new home.
+                               Gratefully yours,
+                                                Marion Moore.
+       July tenth, nineteen hundred and nine.
+
+
+The wedding gifts may or may not be displayed, according to the personal
+preference of the bride. They are commonly shown to intimate friends. A
+room is given up to their display. Cards are to be removed.
+
+[744 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Wedding Decorations.--At a church wedding it is customary, and wisest, to
+put the matter of decorating the church and house into the hands of a
+florist, who can furnish the palms and others plants required for the
+chancel, and carry out any color scheme desired. He has the paraphernalia
+requisite to effective disposition of flowers. Usually large clusters of
+foliage and flowers, ribbon tied, are attached to the pews reserved for
+the relatives; often they are arranged the entire length of the aisle, The
+mantels in the house are banked with flowers, southern smilax is used in
+profusion, and flowers are arranged upon the tables at which the supper is
+served.
+
+At a church wedding in the country the bride's friends must come to the
+rescue, and their gardens be robbed to beautify church and home. Flowers
+may be sought in the fields. Large jars of daisies, wild ferns, tall
+grasses, autumn tinted boughs, or in the blooming season, boughs of fruit
+trees, can be used most effectively. At one pretty home wedding the
+decorations were boughs of the wild crab-apple in bloom, pink and pretty,
+and kept so by having the stems inserted in bottles of water, suspended by
+wires and concealed by other foliage. A large screen sometimes forms a
+background for the bridal party. If covered with wire netting flowers can
+be very easily attached.
+
+Walls are not festooned; "wedding bells" and canopies are out of date. The
+most approved setting is tall palms, ferns on standards concealed by a
+lower grouping, with a few potted plants in bloom to relieve the
+sombreness of the green. Large flowers like lilies, hydrangeas,
+chrysanthemums and peonies are most effective. Tulips are often employed
+at a spring wedding. One little country girl made good use of ordinary
+field clover in decorating her home for her marriage.
+
+After a wedding, the flowers are often sent to the hospitals, or to those
+who are known to be ill, at the request of the bride.
+
+
+
+THE SIMPLEST OF WEDDINGS.
+
+Now, although we have told how the church wedding and the ordinary home
+wedding are conducted, it does not follow that one may not have a much
+simpler and yet a pretty wedding, with less "pomp and circumstance" and
+consequent expense.
+
+Wherever a girl has a home, she should be married from it. This is her
+due, as "daughter of the house."
+
+She may make the simplest possible preparations; may be married in her
+best dress, not new for the occasion. She may omit all attendants, and
+invite less than half a dozen of her friends; she may receive them herself
+and at the appointed hour simply stand up and be married to a blushing
+young man in a business suit, and afterwards cut her own cake, and then
+proceed to her new home, which may be a little flat or a cottage. But she
+should have the ceremony performed by a clergyman in her father's house.
+
+If she has no parents, no home, merely a room in a boarding house, she and
+her affianced may go to a clergyman's house and be married there. The
+church and the law should sanction the rite; therefore she will not permit
+herself to be married by a magistrate or a justice of the peace.
+
+As for "sneaking off" and being married without the knowledge of one's
+parents, this is both disrespectful and unkind--a poor return for their
+care of her.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 745]
+
+WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES.
+
+The fashion of celebrating a succession of wedding anniversaries has
+passed its high tide and is on the wane. Nevertheless, the custom is not
+out, by any means. The tenth, twenty-fifth and fiftieth anniversaries,
+known as the tin, silver, and golden, are those most frequently observed.
+
+The first anniversary of the wedding day gives occasion for a paper
+wedding; the second is cotton; the third leather. The fourth is omitted;
+the fifth is the wooden wedding; next to be observed is the tin,
+celebrating the close of the first decade. The next skip is to the china,
+when twenty years have elapsed; and the quarter century of wedded
+happiness is recognized in the silver wedding.
+
+The wooden and tin weddings are occasions of great hilarity, and mean a
+general frolic. The former began years ago with the gift of a rolling-pin
+and a step-ladder. The gifts are of those practical, useful articles that
+replenish the kitchen, though handsome gifts are of course easily
+selected. Carved wooden boxes, handsome picture frames, articles of
+furniture, are at the service of those who choose to pay their price.
+
+Invitations to a wooden wedding are sometimes written or printed on birch
+bark or thin strips of wood, or are engraved on cards which imitate wood
+in appearance. The refreshments have been served on wooden plates procured
+from the grocer. So far as possible the wooden idea is carried out.
+
+Tin Weddings.--Gifts for the tin wedding are of course in that material,
+and there is a wide range of choice. The tinsmith is often called upon to
+manufacture fantastic articles, anything to raise a laugh. Thus one couple
+were adorned, the wife with a set of tin curls, the man with a tin hat. A
+tin purse enclosing a check for "tin" was once presented to a tin bride on
+the occasion of her tin wedding. The freakish fancy of one's friends is
+generally much in evidence at a tin wedding. As at the wooden wedding, the
+bride cuts a wedding cake decorated with a monogram formed of the initials
+of her own and her husband's name, and the year of the wedding and of its
+anniversary. Refreshments may be served from tin dishes, and the guests
+provided with tin plates.
+
+[746 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Silver Wedding.--Cards for a silver wedding are printed in silver, or
+in black on silvered cards--the former being in better taste. The
+form--which may be used for all with the variation of but one word--that
+designating the nature of the anniversary, is as follows:
+
+
+     1885          Mr. and Mrs. Smith             1910
+          request the pleasure of your company on
+            Thursday, February the twenty-fourth,
+                    at eight o'clock.
+                     Silver Wedding.
+     George Smith                            Anna Hall
+
+
+As the couple who celebrate are generally in the prime of life, and their
+friends of about the same age, a silver wedding is usually a very
+enjoyable function. The many beautiful articles now made in silver afford
+a wide range of choice in the way of gifts, both valuable and in those
+inexpensive trifles that please everybody because so artistic. Silverware
+is marked with the initials of the married pair, often enclosed in a true
+lover's knot. Toilet articles, pomade jars, silver jewelry, spoons, silver
+parasol and umbrella handles, picture frames in silver, rings and
+bracelets, besides the manifold pieces for table use, offer a wide
+individual range in choice and price.
+
+The supper at a silver wedding is quite elaborate. The bride that was cuts
+a wedding cake in which a silver piece is baked; the person who gets it
+being expected to live to celebrate his or her silver wedding. Speeches
+are made, often an original poem read, and not infrequently the health of
+the pair pledged in a glass of wine.
+
+
+Golden Weddings--Occasions for the celebration of fifty years of union are
+much rarer than any other. Nor are they wholly joyful. The aged couple are
+looking from "life's west windows" at a fast declining sun. A few short
+years and it must set for them. The festivities are usually planned and
+carried out by their descendants, who so far as possible summon to the
+celebration the friends of "Auld lang syne," the clergyman who performed
+the ceremony and any of the bridal party yet alive, and the dearest
+friends of the present. Invitations in the conventional form are printed
+in gold letters; often a monogram formed of intertwined initials is placed
+between and a little above the years at the top of the invitation. The
+wedding cake has a yellow frosting, or if in white, the monogram and the
+years--1860-1910--are in yellow to represent gold.
+
+Gifts in this precious metal are naturally circumscribed, but a gold coin
+is apropos, particularly if Fortune has been chary of her favors. In the
+seventh and eighth decade people have small use for bijouterie.
+
+A golden wedding must be a sad anniversary to the participants. When they
+were wedded, they were looking forward, joyously; now they recall the
+past, its losses and trials and misfortunes. They remember the children
+who are dead, or far away; or the prosperity once theirs, but now fled.
+Few old folks would care to celebrate their golden wedding; it is usually
+some well-meaning grandchild who sees in it "an occasion." Often, too, the
+excitement, the fatigue, the unusual strain on mind and body, result in
+illness which sometimes proves fatal.
+
+
+The Courtesies of the Occasion.--There is no formal etiquette for any of
+these anniversaries. Friends, as they arrive, are greeted by members of
+the family; then, in the case of the elderly celebrants, are conducted to
+them as they sit side by side, and presented. Failing eyesight and dulled
+ears demand this. The congratulations are offered, and good wishes for the
+future. If any speeches are made, they should be brief, that neither the
+old couple or their guests be over-fatigued. The stay should be brief.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 747]
+
+Gifts.--Gifts for the anniversary wedding are sometimes sent the day
+previous, sometimes carried in person. Anything fantastic is generally
+presented at the gathering, to contribute to its hilarity. The silver
+wedding gifts are nearly always sent in advance, and are displayed on a
+table, the cards of the donor usually being left on them. The recipients
+are to tender their thanks in person or by note.
+
+Every effort should be made to have these festivities joyous. Especially
+should the wife subdue her emotion if the review of the years since her
+bona fide wedding day have seen the loss of beloved children. She must
+stifle her sad recollections for the sake of her guests.
+
+The members of the bridal party, the more honored guests at the first
+wedding, the clergyman who officiated, are sought as welcome guests at the
+anniversary. The bride that was wears something she wore on the first
+occasion. If the wedding dress and the bridegroom's suit have been
+preserved they are worn--and wonderfully quaint they often look, so great
+the change in fashion.
+
+
+
+CHRISTENING CEREMONIES.
+
+"Our birth is nothing but our death begun,
+ as tapers waste the moment they take fire."
+                                 --Young.
+
+The arrival of the stork with the new baby is an event of vast family
+interest, especially if it is the first visit of the bird to the domicile.
+In America it is not customary to announce a birth in the newspapers, as
+is often done in England, especially among the nobility. The personal
+friends of the parents receive the visiting card of both, or of the mother
+only, to which is attached a small card bearing the baby's full name and
+the date of his arrival. These are enclosed in an envelope, this again in
+an outer one, and mailed.
+
+It is proper for those thus notified to call at an early date to inquire
+as to the well-being of mother and babe. As it is not customary for the
+mother to receive any but a very few of her nearest relatives under at
+least three weeks, callers should not be expected to see her, but are to
+leave cards. A note of congratulation is often sent instead of calling,
+and offers to the ingenious and witty an excellent chance for the display
+of delicate pleasantry. Thus it is entirely proper to address the note to
+the baby, and congratulate him on having chosen such charming parents, and
+such a lovely home. Flowers are not infrequently sent to the mother, and
+little gifts--soft booties, little gold pins for sleeve and neck, little
+crocheted or knitted sacks, or dainty bibs--to the baby.
+
+[748 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Ceremony.--The baby is usually christened when it is six or eight
+weeks old. Clergymen prefer this should be done at the church, and
+generally arrange to perform several baptisms at the same time--Children's
+Day being a favorite time. Otherwise, the christening usually takes place
+after the congregation is dismissed at the conclusion of a service. Only
+those interested and a few specially invited friends remain for it. There
+is no objection, however, to having a child christened at home, when the
+affair is made one of more festivity.
+
+Most young married people prefer to have the clergyman who married them
+christen their first baby, when practicable.
+
+
+Sponsors.--The baby's sponsors are chosen, by the parents' agreement, from
+among their relatives and close friends, almost always those of their own
+communion. The request is preferred verbally or by personal notes. A boy
+has a godmother and two godfathers; a girl two godmothers and a godfather.
+Occasionally this rule is broken and a godmother alone chosen for a girl,
+and one godfather for a boy. Godparents are supposed to stand in a more
+intimate relation to their godchildren than to others, and to take a more
+personal interest in them, especially in case of the parents' death. It is
+a serious relation, involving a certain religious responsibility, and is
+not to be lightly entered into.
+
+The godparents are expected to make christening gifts to the child on his
+baptismal day. They are usually in the form of silver cups, porringers,
+silver spoons, forks, etc.; these should be solid, never plated ware. If
+the babe is named for one of its godparents, the latter is expected to do
+something handsome in the way of a christening gift. Sometimes a bank
+account is opened in the child's name, the sum deposited being left at
+interest until he becomes of age.
+
+
+Church Christenings.--At a church christening, the babe is dressed in its
+handsomest robe and cap. Formerly the robes were very long and miracles of
+lace and embroidery; at present the finest of linen lawn or batiste, with
+a little real lace at neck and sleeves, and a bit of fine French
+embroidery, is thought in better taste, even in the case of the very
+wealthy. And many a blessed baby is given his name in a simple little lawn
+robe with no embellishment beyond a little tucking--done by the mother's
+own hands, perhaps.
+
+The nurse carries the child into the church. Sponsors and parents group
+themselves around the font, which is often decorated with white flowers.
+The godmother has the privilege of holding the babe until it is time to
+lay him in the clergyman's arms, the cap having been removed. The parents
+make the responses; after the naming the godmother takes the little one
+again, holding him until the close of the service. She should not wipe
+away any of the water placed on the child's head. A good baby is expected
+not to cry during the ceremony, and one advantage of an early christening
+is that the little fellow is less liable to be alarmed at strange
+surroundings.
+
+The same forms are observed at a home christening, the hour being usually
+in the afternoon.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 749]
+
+A luncheon to which the clergyman and the christening party, and a few
+friends if desired, are invited, customarily follows the church
+ceremony--unless several children of other families are baptized at the
+same time--and always follows the home christening. It is not unusual to
+make some recognition of a clergyman's services at a church christening,
+and always is in order at the home rite, though it is not expected as a
+clergyman counts on his wedding fee.
+
+If church or house is decorated for a christening, white flowers only are
+employed, in conjunction with palms and ferns to relieve them. White
+lilies are particularly beautiful. The table is adorned with white
+flowers; the cakes and bonbons are white. Any desired refreshments may be
+served, those for afternoon tea being suitable. That old-fashioned
+beverage known as caudle is never served at any other time. It is
+dispensed in bouillon cups.
+
+
+
+MOURNING ETIQUETTE.
+
+Conduct of Funerals--
+
+So brief the span between our birth and death that the etiquette of burial
+may fittingly follow that of the christening ceremony. It might be
+supposed that the funeral, especially the private, could be conducted
+without formality. But informality often means disorder, and simplicity
+without order is confusion. There is no time where lack of order and
+system so grate on one's nerves as at a funeral. The less "fuss" on such
+an occasion the better, and for that reason, the routine of meals should
+go on as usual, though no one seems to have the heart to eat them. Still,
+it is in a way a comfort to most people to feel the chain of accustomed
+habit; it brings a trifling sense of relief.
+
+Save in the case of a person who has been prominent in the public eye,
+there is no excuse, or reason, for any but a private funeral. Time was
+when not to hasten to the house of death was thought unkind; not to attend
+the funeral of an acquaintance a mark of disrespect. We have changed all
+that. We do not expect the uninvited to attend our weddings and
+receptions, why should they come at times of much more intimate and
+personal emotion--those times when we can hardly endure the words and
+presence of those we love best? What the sensitive have endured at the
+hands--or tongues--of well-meaning but clumsy sympathizers--not
+infrequently curious as well as sympathetic--only those who have suffered
+can relate. In addition to the natural grief experienced, the members of
+the family are usually worn out with nights of watching and days of
+anxiety; it is a fresh strain to be obliged to see people, relate
+sick-room details and listen to stereotyped condolences.
+
+[750 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Undertaker.--Cases are rare where there is not some "next friend" who
+is competent to see the undertaker, and arrange details with him. In fact,
+the undertaker may well be put in charge. He should be competent and
+experienced. A clumsy, fussy undertaker is an affliction.
+
+The undertaker will obtain the physician's certificate as to the cause of
+death, without which in many cities a burial permit cannot be issued. He
+will secure the necessary permit, see to the preparation of the grave, and
+the purchase of a lot if necessary, arrange the house for the funeral,
+furnish the bearers, and secure the requisite number of carriages; and,
+before the family returns from the cemetery, have the funeral
+paraphernalia out of the house, so that the maids or whoever is left in
+charge can restore the rooms to their wonted order. Everything possible is
+done to spare the grief-stricken.
+
+
+The Duties of the Next Friend.--The actual duties devolving upon the
+person representing the family include ascertaining their wishes as
+regards the officiating clergyman and his notification of their desire and
+the hour of the funeral; for music, if any is desired; the selection of a
+casket, and determining the number of carriages to be ordered. A written
+list of relatives and friends who will go to the cemetery, arranged in
+order of their relationship, four in a carriage, is given the undertaker
+for his guidance in assigning those present to their places. The friend of
+the family will accompany the undertaker to the cemetery if a lot must be
+purchased, or he may go alone, the undertaker receiving his instructions
+from the cemetery authorities. If any special position is desired for the
+new grave, this will be definitely stated. With this knowledge, an
+undertaker will conduct a burial so quietly and decorously that as a
+bereaved wife once remarked, it was "a real comfort to have John buried."
+She did not quite mean what she implied, however.
+
+Where means suffice, a black cloth-covered casket with silver mountings is
+chosen. If the interment is in a vault, a metallic casket is obligatory.
+The child's casket is white; that for a young person is white or
+pearl-gray.
+
+It is no longer necessary to call on friends and neighbors to bear the
+dead to their last resting-place, though it may be done. Honorary
+pall-bearers are chosen among the associates of the dead in case he is a
+prominent personage; the active may be relatives, or undertaker's
+assistants. A child is sometimes borne by his or her little school
+friends, though it seems a pity to call on children for such offices.
+
+
+The House Funeral.--At the house funeral the family remains upstairs, or
+is seated in the room with the casket, the former more customary. The
+clergyman stands at the head of the casket, or in the doorway, that his
+voice may be heard. At the conclusion of the service, those not going to
+the cemetery quietly disperse; the carriages drive up; the undertaker in a
+low voice assigns the relatives to them in proper order, and the cortege
+moves off. At the grave, the remainder of the solemn service is read, the
+casket lowered, and all is over.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 751]
+
+That dreadful custom known as "viewing the remains," by which those
+present file past the casket for a last look at the dead, is obsolete. The
+bereaved take their farewell before any arrivals; those who desire to
+behold the face of the dead do so as they enter, then are seated in
+another room. Sometimes the casket is closed before the funeral.
+
+
+Church Funerals.--The church funeral is more dignified, perhaps, but much
+less common than a few years ago. Good taste counsels that our leaving,
+like our arrival in this world, be a purely family affair. Those who
+attend a church funeral are in their seats when the cortege arrives. The
+organ is softly played as the casket is borne up the aisle, the clergyman
+preceding it; its rests before the chancel, the clergyman reads the burial
+service from the step, the mourners, who have followed the casket, being
+seated in the front pews. The procession retires in the same order, the
+congregation dispersing afterwards.
+
+
+Flowers.--Flowers are usually ordered the day before the funeral, to
+arrive in the morning, that they may be fresh. Cards are removed before
+they are taken to the cemetery. Colored flowers, preferably those of pale
+tints, are admissible, though American Beauties are not infrequently sent.
+Wreaths of galax leaves are often ordered for the funeral of an elderly
+person; sometimes half of the wreath is of the leaves and the remainder of
+flowers. Wreaths and sprays are almost invariably sent by private
+individuals, the stereotyped "emblems" like "the broken wheel," "gates
+ajar," etc., being the offerings of clubs, or other organizations to which
+the deceased may have belonged. Where there is a great quantity of
+flowers, the loose sprays are often sent to the sick in hospitals, only
+enough to cover the grave being reserved. The visitor to a cemetery could
+find it in his heart to wish that when the beauty of these floral
+offerings has departed, the sodden remnants might be speedily removed.
+They speak so forcibly of forgetfulness.
+
+
+
+MOURNING GARMENTS.
+
+The custom of wearing mourning after a bereavement is almost universal.
+Even the poorest endeavor to show their grief by donning a few shreds of
+black, while among the well-to-do an entire new wardrobe is felt to be
+obligatory. However our religion bids us look forward to a more perfect
+existence in the beyond, however truly death may be a relief from pain and
+suffering, custom, that makes cowards of us all, must be followed. Often
+too, mourning garb is but the visible evidence of the gloom that oppresses
+us spiritually. In spite of our faith, our sense of loss and loneliness is
+best expressed in sad raiment and abstinence from pleasures. Often it
+would be kindness to the living to go our way as usual, but that is not in
+harmony with our hearts.
+
+Mourning is in a manner a protection to a woman. Strangers respect her
+sorrow and refrain from the jocular. Behind her crepe she may defy
+intrusion. But it often becomes a hardship to the young.
+
+[752 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+"I missed all my youth," complained a middle-aged woman. "We were a large
+family. A brother died when I was sixteen and we went into mourning and
+shut ourselves away from entertainments. Then my father died; next a
+sister, and another brother, so that, looking back, I can remember but one
+gown I had, between the age of sixteen and thirty-one, that was not
+black--and the one exception never had a chance to get worn out."
+
+
+The Expense of Mourning.--Mourning, however, is sometimes a distraction.
+In deciding about trimmings and the width of crepe hems many a woman
+forgets her woe, for a time at least. Mourning wear is expensive, and to
+clothe a whole family in black totals no inconsiderable sum. Many families
+have been financially swamped through the expenses of an illness, a
+burial, and the conventional mourning. In this instance, as in the case of
+weddings, all these things should be regulated by common sense. A costly
+casket, a profusion of flowers and a long funeral procession merely
+gratify a foolish and ostentatious pride on the part of the survivors, and
+often entail a heavy burden on the father or husband.
+
+It is quite customary to borrow the black garments worn at the funeral.
+These should be returned immediately after the funeral, with a message or
+note of thanks.
+
+It is well to look over one's wardrobe to see what garments may be colored
+for use during the period of mourning. The art of the dyer has made such
+progress that very satisfactory results are obtained, and quite wealthy
+people do not hesitate to resort to this expedient.
+
+
+Mourning Wear.--Crepe, ugly, expensive and easily ruined by dust and
+dampness, is no longer indispensable to a mourning outfit. If used at all,
+it is in the form of hems or narrow bands on face veils and as borders or
+facings, on gowns. Even widows, who wear the deepest mourning, no longer
+wear crepe veils.
+
+All dress materials for mourning wear have a dull finish. Henrietta,
+imperial serges, tamese cloth and nun's veiling are the standard fabrics.
+A lusterless silk is sometimes employed, also crepe de chine.
+
+Crepe is used as a trimming only during the first period of mourning. Hats
+have almost entirely replaced bonnets, except for elderly widows, who
+often adopt the close-fitting Marie Stuart bonnet, with the white ruche
+inside the brim. A long veil of fine silk nun's veiling is worn with this,
+with a tulle or net face veil with a narrow fold of crepe. Veils of crepe
+or nun's veiling are not worn over the face except at the funeral.
+
+Hats with crepe folds and trimmings, with veils arranged to fall in folds
+in the back are usually selected; with them is worn a plain net face veil.
+Dotted veils are not mourning. Black furs, lynx, fox or Persian lamb are
+worn.
+
+Many women wear narrow lawn turn-over collars and cuffs; they are
+hemstitched, with no other decoration. Black-bordered handkerchiefs are no
+longer carried; if, however, one's woeful trappings must extend to this
+detail, the narrower the edge the better.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 753]
+
+
+Either black glace kid or suede gloves are worn. Shoes and slippers must
+be in a dull kid finish.
+
+All white may be worn in summer during the later period of mourning, but
+combinations of black and white are not mourning; thus a white dress with
+black ribbons is not correct.
+
+Jewelry (in gold), ostrich feathers, velvet, lace, satin, and jet
+trimmings, except in dull jet, are barred. One may wear a diamond or pearl
+ring or two, but no colored jewels set in rings. Some women have outer
+shells made in black enamel to enclose diamond ear-rings they are
+accustomed to wearing.
+
+If one wears mourning, she should hold to the correct form. If, however,
+she elects to wear black, more license is permitted her. Whatever is done,
+should be consistent. Thus if she simply adopts black she may have a net
+or all-over lace yoke in a gown, may wear hats with wings and quills or
+fancy feathers in black, or black flowers--which are botanical
+monstrosities--whereas in correct mourning she could not.
+
+
+The Period of Mourning.--The length of time during which mourning is to be
+worn has been considerably shortened of recent years. Widows formerly wore
+deep mourning-crepe, bombazine, etc., for two years, and "second
+mourning" for another year. Now, even among the most rigid sticklers for
+form, two years is the limit, and there is a tendency to diminish this
+period. Eighteen months of woe inconsolable; six months of grief assuaged.
+Nor are all recreations debarred the widow, as formerly; she may go to
+concerts, small entertainments, even to matinees, after some months have
+elapsed. This is as it should be. Many women have settled into gloom and
+despondency which have darkened their homes because there has been nothing
+to lift them out of their low frame of mind.
+
+For a parent, a grown son or daughter, the conventional period is two
+years, one year of deep mourning. For a young child a mother wears black
+for a year. The same time suffices for a brother or sister. Six months
+answers for grandparents; three for an uncle or aunt. Often one does not
+wear mourning except for husband, child or parent.
+
+Young girls need not wear mourning as long as an adult does, nor do they
+wear crepe, unless it be a hat with crepe trimmings, or one with ribbon
+bows and face veil with crepe border. It seems as unnecessary as it is
+unkind to put young children into black.
+
+[754 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+French Mourning.--The French, with characteristic cheerfulness, greatly
+abridge the mourning attire, dividing it into three grades, deep, ordinary
+and half-mourning. For the first only woolen materials in black are
+employed; the second, silk and woolen; the third gray and violet. The wife
+laments her husband for a year and six weeks,--six months of deep
+mourning; six of ordinary, and six weeks of gray and violet melancholy.
+The bereaved husband, on the other hand, is let off with six months of
+sorrow, three in deep mourning, three in ordinary; he has not to pass
+through the gray-and-violet stage at all.
+
+Six months is also the period for parents, evenly divided between deep and
+ordinary. One gets off with two months for brother, sister or grandparent,
+and three weeks suffices for a mere uncle or aunt. Good taste decrees
+mourning should be discarded gradually. From black one may go to quiet
+costumes in dark colors, gray being an approved hue.
+
+
+Mourning for Men.--Custom sets more lightly upon men than upon women in
+the matter of mourning. Here, as elsewhere, the details of etiquette
+devolve upon women. A widow would incur censure if she married within two
+years after her husband's death; indeed, if her marriage followed soon
+after the expiration of that term, Mrs. Grundy would infer some
+surreptitious courting had been going on. A man, however, may marry again
+after a year has elapsed. A widower would abstain from society and the
+theater for six months. A parent is mourned for a year.
+
+The correct attire for men is a black suit, black gloves and tie of
+grosgrain or taffeta silk, and a black band upon his hat. The tailor
+adjusts this hat band with scrupulous nicety to the depth of his
+affliction. It is deepest for a wife; it diminishes mathematically through
+the gamut of parents, children, brothers or sisters.
+
+The widower is not expected to wear mourning for two years, unless he
+prefers to do so. If he goes into the niceties of the garb he will wear
+black enamel shirt studs and cuff buttons, and a plain black watch fob.
+After a year he may wear a gray suit, retaining the black accessories.
+
+The custom, followed in some circles, of wearing a black band on the left
+coat sleeve, is to be emphatically condemned. The place for the band is on
+the hat. If not placed there, let it be nowhere. On a gray or tan coat the
+effect is startling. The custom of wearing such a band as emblem of
+mourning for a fellow member in a lodge, or any organization, whether worn
+by man or woman, is more honored in the breach than the observance. Better
+drape the departed member's seat in black, or hang crepe on the charter
+than follow this foolish fad.
+
+
+The Duties of Friends.--Where there is sickness in a family, friends call
+to make inquiries or to proffer assistance. Kindness counsels that such
+calls should be brief; often duties press heavily upon the well, and the
+time spent in receiving visitors may be sadly needed for rest, or for
+other duties. To stay to a meal or to take children on such a visit is
+inconsiderate, to say the least. If help is needed, give it quietly,
+unobtrusively, and as efficiently as possible. A little service rendered
+by a thoughtful neighbor is always appreciated, whereas the person who
+goes "a-visiting" where there is sickness comes near being a nuisance.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS  755]
+
+In town, friends call at the door to make inquiries. Unless very intimate,
+they do not expect to see any member of the family. Cards are left, and it
+is correct to write "To inquire" on the card. If death follows, cards are
+properly left, either before the funeral or within a week after the event.
+Upon these may be written "with deepest sympathy." One does not ask to see
+one of the family. Cards of this character are often sent by mail, and are
+acknowledged within three weeks by sending one's visiting card with narrow
+black edge and envelope to match. Across the top of the card is written
+"With grateful appreciation of your sympathy," or "It is a comfort to feel
+that we have your sympathy in our loss." Cards are sometimes especially
+engraved for this purpose. Such cards have a mourning border and are
+enclosed in an envelope and mailed. One's visiting card, with narrow black
+edge and black-bordered envelope, is sent in acknowledgment of invitations
+to weddings, receptions, etc. If a note is necessary in reply to an
+invitation, it is written on note-paper having a narrow mourning border,
+and follows the customary formula, the border being an indication of the
+reason it is declined.
+
+In case the request "Kindly omit flowers" is made in the obituary notice,
+the wish of the family should be observed.
+
+Letters of condolence should be written as soon as possible. Friends
+should not be afraid to intrude. If they feel a sincere sympathy it should
+be allowed expression, for such tributes, coming from the heart, are
+always grateful to the stricken. Answers to such letters should not be
+expected; it is customary to acknowledge them by a card, as above
+mentioned.
+
+Friends who send flowers should be thanked, either by note, or word of
+mouth.
+
+
+
+THE ETIQUETTE OF CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+"Letters should be easy and natural, and convey to the persons to whom we
+send just what we would say if we were with them."--Chesterfield.
+
+
+They say nobody has time to write letters these days, and yet the post
+office department handles millions of them each year. True, they are not
+the formal, lengthy, somewhat stilted epistles of a century ago, when a
+lad began his home letters "Honoured Parents," and your correspondent
+announced, "I take my pen in hand to inform you," etc. The letter of
+today, however, is not less the messenger of good-will and remembrance
+than it was in those days. It remains largely the bulletin of business and
+of family affairs.
+
+The postman's bag! What may it not contain? News of birth or tidings of
+death, of lover's vows made or broken, of achievements or misfortunes.
+Every letter is like a new day; we cannot tell what its message may be.
+
+It is no mean accomplishment to be able to write a good letter.
+
+[756 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Essentials.--The first essential to letter-writing is to have
+something to say, and the ability to say it well. This is a talent that
+may be cultivated. The next requisite is good paper. Better curtail in
+some other item and allow yourself good, plain, heavy paper and envelopes.
+Avoid all fancy papers, whether in tint or design. Plain white or cream
+laid paper is always good form. Whatever the vagaries of the stationer,
+the plain white, fine quality paper is to be preferred. The intertwined
+initials of the writer are often placed at the top of the first page,
+either in the center or at the left-hand corner where the water-mark used
+to be. These are done in gold or silver, or some pale tint. Just now, the
+street address of the writer is often engraved across the flap of the
+envelope. The form of the latter, whether square or oblong, varies
+according to the passing fashion. Whichever is used, the letter sheet is
+folded once to fit it. Sealing-wax is little used at present; if at all,
+the "blob" of wax is small, only large enough to receive the impress of a
+single initial on the seal.
+
+Use a good black ink. Violet and purple inks are as passe as colored
+stationery. There is a certain writing-fluid, bluish when first used, and
+turning black after a few hours' exposure, that is standard.
+
+Write legibly. Handwriting may or may not be an index of character, but it
+certainly does indicate certain attributes. A cramped, slovenly, awkward
+handwriting is naturally associated with a careless and uneducated person;
+whereas a free, graceful and trained hand indicates culture and refinement
+in the writer. We say again, write legibly. Nothing is more exasperating
+than certain examples of modern fad-writing, where one might as well
+attempt to translate a page of Chinese script. Despite the typewriter, one
+should endeavor to be a good penman, because the typed letter or note is
+inadmissible in polite society, being reserved for the world of business.
+Avoid also the microscopic calligraphy with a fine pen; it is very trying
+to your correspondent's eyes, unless she happens to have a reading-glass
+conveniently near.
+
+Take pains to make your signature easily decipherable. Remember that while
+a word may be puzzled out by the context, or by the analogy of its letters
+to others, the signature has no context, and is often so carelessly
+written that the letters composing it are indistinguishable. One should be
+particularly careful in this respect where writing business letters or
+letters to strangers.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 757]
+
+Letter Forms--Ceremonious letters, and notes in the first person are
+addressed to My dear Mrs. Smith. If Mrs. Smith is a friend or an
+acquaintance, she is addressed as "Dear Mrs. Smith." This is the American
+custom, and is an exact reversal of the English. which is, by the way,
+being more generally adopted in our society. "My dear" certainly seems to
+the uninitiated, at least, more intimate and familiar than "Dear." A
+business communication to a stranger begins--
+
+    Mrs. Joseph Smith,
+      Dear Madam:--
+
+There are shades of courtesy to be observed in signing letters. "Sincerely
+yours" is a little more formal than "Yours sincerely;" "Yours with much
+regard" is more familiar than "Yours sincerely." "Yours truly" is for the
+business letter; "Yours affectionately" for the family or those to whom
+we are much attached. The rule has been to capitalize all the words of the
+address, but only the first word of the conclusion, as "My Dear Friend
+Mary" and "Yours sincerely," but of late this rule seems to be broken in
+regard to the address, which is now often written "My dear Mrs. Smith."
+
+
+Abbreviations.--Abbreviations are always incorrect. The month, day and
+date must be spelled out; the street number and the year are correctly
+indicated in numerals. The year is sometimes spelled out on formal
+invitations, but is regarded as an affectation in private correspondence.
+To indicate a date in numerals, as 3: 18:  '12, is bad form. "Street" is
+not shortened to "St." and "Avenue" is to be spelled out. The city and
+state should be written in full. "Cal." and "Col." are often wrongly read
+by busy railway clerks, and your Colorado letter goes to California.
+
+The character and (&) is never to be employed. "Hon.," "Dr." and "Rev."
+are permissible on an envelope; "Rev. Father" is incorrect; write "Rev."
+We do not use "Esq." in America as much as it is used in England, where it
+is always employed in addressing a letter to an equal, "Mr." being
+reserved for tradesmen. Here we use "Mr." almost entirely. Christian names
+are not abbreviated in an address; one should write "George" or "Charles"
+rather than "Geo." or "Chas."
+
+
+What Not to Do.--A woman is never to be addressed by her husband's title,
+either verbally or in writing. "Mrs. Dr. Smith" is "Mrs. Lewis Smith";
+"Mrs. Judge Morris" is "Mrs. Henry Pond Morris." Of course she would not
+think of signing herself "Mrs. Dr. Smith." She should sign herself by her
+own name, "Marion Morris." If necessary to convey the information, she
+may, in a business note, place Mrs. in brackets, before her name, or after
+signing her own name, write below it, "Mrs. Henry Pond Morris." This is
+never done in a social note. Often, upon her marriage a woman includes her
+maiden name in her signature, thus, "Marion Ames Morris." A hyphen is not
+used. The four-storied name, as "Marion Helen Ames Morris," is too
+cumbersome for common use.
+
+A woman uses her husband's full name on her cards. The man, in signing
+himself, writes his full name "Henry Pond Morris" or "R. P. Morris,"
+rather than "Henry P. Morris."
+
+The postscript has been laughed out of existence. If a few words must be
+added the "P. S." is omitted. Dodging about on the pages, from first to
+third, then to second and fourth, is to be avoided. Don't write across
+your written pages; a plaided letter is so difficult to decipher that one
+is justified in destroying it unread. One is supposed to have sufficient
+letter paper on hand. A half sheet should never be used as a means of
+eking out an epistle. Don't send a blotted, smeared letter.
+
+[758 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Placing the Stamp.--Several years ago silly girls occasionally inquired
+through the newspapers as to "the significance" of the postage stamp when
+placed in certain positions on the envelope. One paper made reply that to
+place it anywhere but on the upper right hand corner of the envelope
+indicated that the sender was a first-class idiot. The answer was widely
+copied and the inquiries ceased. The stamp is placed there for convenience
+in canceling, that being done by a machine in all but the smaller offices.
+
+
+The last item to be remembered is, spell correctly, though it is one of
+much importance. A mis-spelled word is a grievous error in a letter--worse
+than a blot. Keep a dictionary on the desk; when in doubt look up the
+word, and then take pains to fix it in mind so as to have no further
+trouble with it.
+
+
+When to Write.--Notes of invitation should be promptly answered. So should
+business letters. As for friendly letters, were they answered at once, by
+both parties, the exchange would be so brisk that too much time would be
+thus occupied. One may let a reasonable time elapse before replying; this
+depending upon the intimacy. Friends whose time is much taken up with
+other cares, but who do not wish to lose touch with each other, not
+infrequently agree to exchange letters at certain dates or anniversaries.
+Both may write simultaneously, or one write and the other reply.
+
+Make it a point to re-read the letter you are about to answer, and take
+pains to reply to any questions your correspondent may have asked. Nothing
+is more maddening than to make several important inquiries and find them
+wholly ignored while your friend tells you how busy she is, how many
+engagements she has in the future, how tired she is, and prefaces these
+uninteresting details with a long apology for her silence. Who was it said
+"An apology is a mistaken explanation"?
+
+Postal cards are not considered in correspondence. They are to be used
+only for business, or where one is traveling and wishes to inform her
+friends of her whereabouts. The picture or souvenir postals are largely
+used for this purpose. But the postal card, in correspondence, is like a
+call when the lady is out and you do not leave your card--it doesn't
+count.
+
+In regard to love-letters, bear in mind what Rousseau says:
+
+"To write a good love-letter you ought to begin without knowing what you
+mean to say, and finish without knowing what you have written." Then,
+having unbosomed yourself, don't send it.
+
+
+Care in Writing.--It is well to remember, that once you have dropped a
+letter into the box, it is no longer yours. It belongs to the person to
+whom it is addressed. If you have been indiscreet, the matter is out of
+your hands. Therefore, be careful what you write. You cannot tell what use
+your correspondent may make of it. Your friend may be trustworthy, but
+careless; some one may be dishonest enough to read it; it may be lost. It
+is a good plan to write nothing you would not be willing to have read
+before a roomful of people who know that you wrote it.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 759]
+
+Avoid personalities. Don't commit your unflattering opinions of other
+people to paper. The letter is a witness whose veracity is unquestioned.
+
+Don't read your letters to others, unless they are family letters in which
+all may rightly have a share. A letter is a private communication.
+
+
+Keeping Letters.--It is a bad plan to keep old letters, especially if they
+are of a personal nature, or if they contain confidences or secrets. When
+the owner dies, there is no knowing to what use they may be put. One
+regrets the publication of the private letters of great men and women,
+showing, as they so often do, the foolish, silly, conceited side of a
+character we have admired. Private letters are often disillusioning, or
+betray the presence of the skeleton of the family, unhappiness or
+disgrace.
+
+The safest way is to keep a letter till it is answered, then destroy it,
+This does away with a lot of useless lumber.
+
+
+Letters of Congratulation and Condolence.--It is not possible to give
+forms for letters of this character. They are meaningless unless they come
+from the heart, and should be characterized by sincerity. Nevertheless,
+they should be written, and promptly, as also letters of acknowledgment of
+gifts, favors offered, and the "bread-and-butter letter"--the missive you
+write to your hostess after a few days' visit. Letters of condolence are
+especially difficult to write. One so fears to wound instead of
+comforting. If one can offer some quotation that has been a personal help
+in time of sorrow, it is often gratefully appreciated. But because we
+"don't know what to say" we must not omit writing. The letter is often a
+greater kindness than the call, which is a tax upon the strength of the
+mourner.
+
+"The path of sorrow, and that path alone, leads to the land where sorrow
+is unknown; no traveler ever reached that blessed abode who found not
+sorrows in his road."
+
+"Wherever souls are being tried and ripened in whatever commonplace and
+homely way, there God is hewing out the pillars for His temple."
+
+Do not think you must write a long letter. A few well chosen phrases,
+sincere expressions of feeling, are more grateful to one who grieves. One
+may say:
+
+   My dearest Friend:--
+     It is with sincerest sorrow I have just heard of your great
+   bereavement. I cannot hope to comfort you; God only can do that, but I
+   want to say how deeply and tenderly I feel for you in your sad
+   affliction.
+                   Believe me, most faithfully yours,
+
+
+[760 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+On the other hand, if we must congratulate, we may write:
+
+  I have just heard of your engagement to Mr. Blank, and wish to be among
+the first of your friends to express my sympathy with you in your
+happiness. I have known Mr. Blank for some time, and greatly admire his
+many good qualities. I am sure you are very happy with him, and will be
+more so as you grow together in marriage. Hoping good fortune and joy may
+always be your portion in life, and present bliss an earnest of more in
+store for you, I am,
+                              Most sincerely yours,
+
+
+
+MANNERS FOR MEN.
+
+"Politeness and good breeding are absolutely necessary to adorn any or all
+other good qualities or talents."--Chesterfield.
+
+
+Though what we call society is largely vested in women, and women's
+customs regulate etiquette, men are by no means exempt from the necessity
+of knowing and practising what we call good manners. A man can have no
+greater charm than that easy, unstudied, unconscious compliance with
+social forms which marks what we call "a man of the world"--the man who
+knows what a good manner requires of him in any situation, and does it
+quietly and with the grace of habit.
+
+There has been no time in the history of the world when good manners
+counted for more than at the present. This is true of both men and women.
+It is so true that in certain fields it is practically impossible to
+succeed without their aid. The value of a pleasing manner can hardly be
+overestimated. Such a manner is as far from the self-assurance and
+presumptuous familiarity which some men assume under the idea that these
+are impressive, as night is from day.
+
+
+Value of Courtesy.--Courtesy has a commercial value, and exerts no little
+influence upon a man's success in business. Polite attention and readiness
+to oblige bring customers again and again, where their lack would send
+people to rival houses.
+
+We can forgive, in the intellectually great, or in the man of affairs who
+has done things worth doing, a lack of social training that would not be
+endured in a man with no such claim. Yet this is not saying that the great
+man would not command more unqualified admiration were he to practise the
+social graces instead of ignoring them. The truth is, the fact that we
+have to overlook the absence of these graces induces a more critical
+attitude toward his achievements. Great though he be in spite of his lack
+of courtesy, we feel he would have been greater had he known and practised
+the art of gentle manners.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 761]
+
+The Manners of the Gentleman.--These "gentle-manners," that make the
+"gentle man" are an indispensable requisite to success in society. They
+testify to a man's good breeding, to his social affiliations; they "place
+him." They often bring a man many things that wealth could not.
+
+The rich boor is despised in spite of his money. The poor man may be
+popular because of his pleasing personality and his fine manner.
+
+Men sometimes profess to despise those refinements that are associated
+with good manners, saying they detest affectations. But these things are
+not to be affectations. They should be the outward expression of inward
+kindness and good-will and unselfishness. The cultivation of good manners
+is a duty; somebody has said that "the true spirit of good manners is so
+nearly allied to that of good morals that they seem almost inseparable."
+John G. Holland says somewhere: "Young men would be thoroughly astonished
+if they could comprehend at a glance how greatly their personal happiness,
+popularity, prosperity, and usefulness depend on their manners." Emerson
+remarked that,--"Manners should bespeak the man, independent of fine
+clothes. The general does not need a fine coat."
+
+
+A Matter of Training.--It may be that politeness is instinctive with some,
+but with most men (women also), it is a matter of training and habit, and
+careful discipline. In process of time courtesy becomes perfectly natural,
+so gracefully spontaneous it seems to be.
+
+Here is where the mother's work in the early training of her sons comes
+in. Taught from childhood, by example and precept, the observances that
+make for good manners, the young man wears them as easily and as
+unconsciously as he does his clothes.
+
+
+Politeness an Armor.--There is no better armor against rudeness and
+discourtesy than politeness. The individual is impervious to slights and
+snubs who can meet them with the courtesy which at once puts the common
+person in his proper place as the inferior.
+
+A woman is shocked and repelled by disagreeable manners in a man,
+manifested in discourtesy toward her, by an awkward manner, coarse speech,
+incivility, neglect of the little attentions she expects of a man and
+which men of breeding render as a matter of course. A woman is more likely
+to fall in love with a homely man of pleasing address than with an Adonis
+so clad in self-complacency that he thinks politeness unnecessary, or one
+who does not know its forms.
+
+
+
+THE ETIQUETTE OF THE HAT.
+
+The first rule a man should observe in regard to his hat is never to wear
+it in the presence of women, save in the open. If mothers would take the
+trouble to train their small sons to rigid observance of the rule of
+removing their head covering the moment they enter the house there would,
+be fewer adults guilty of this particular discourtesy, which is at once
+the greatest and the most common. One occasionally sees a man wearing his
+hat and preceding a woman down the aisle of a theatre.
+
+The expression, "tipping the hat," is a vulgarism. A man doesn't "tip" his
+hat, he raises it quite off his head.
+
+[762 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Coachman's Salute.--The semi-military salute--raising the hand to the
+hat as if to lift it, but merely approaching the forefinger to the
+brim--is a discourtesy to a woman. Such a salute would bring a reproof in
+military circles; it is objectionable among men. Actually it is the manner
+in which a man-servant acknowledges an order from his master or mistress,
+and is not inaptly called "the coachman's salute."
+
+A man wears his hat on the street, on the deck of the steamboat, in a
+picture-gallery or promenade concert-room. He removes it in a theatre, the
+opera-house, and the parlors of a hotel.
+
+
+When to Raise the Hat.--Men raise their hats to each other on the street.
+They extend the same courtesy to all members of their family, of both
+sexes. A well-bred man raises his hat to his little daughter, as he would
+to his wife.
+
+On the street, a man must wait for a lady to recognize him, but should be
+ready to remove his hat simultaneously with her greeting, raising and
+replacing it quickly. The fashion of removing the hat after meeting a lady
+is absurd. How does she know the courtesy has been extended?
+
+When a man is with a lady who recognizes an acquaintance, he must raise
+his hat, whether he knows the individual or not. He should, however, keep
+his eyes straight ahead, not looking at the person.
+
+If he meets a man walking with a lady whom he does not know, he waits the
+man's recognition.
+
+A man removes his hat in an elevator if women enter or are already inside.
+This rule is often ignored in large public buildings.
+
+If a woman bows to a man in any place where it is his privilege to wear
+his hat, he removes his hat and does not replace it while she is talking
+with him. This rule applies everywhere except on the street. "A gentleman
+of the old school" will stand bareheaded on the street if exchanging a
+word or two with a lady; in such case she may request him to replace his
+hat.
+
+A man when driving or motoring cannot remove his hat. He bends forward
+slightly and touches his hat brim with his whip, held upright, in the
+first case, and raises his hand to the visor of his cap in the latter.
+
+
+At Other Times.--When he is able to render some slight service to a woman
+whom he does not know, she will thank him with a slight inclination of the
+head and a smile, and he should raise his hat. When he relinquishes his
+seat in the street car, he should give the lady a chance to acknowledge
+his courtesy, and then raise his hat.
+
+Men raise their hats and stand uncovered as a funeral cortege passes into
+the church or from a house, and at the grave.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 763]
+
+They also stand uncovered when the United States flag is borne past, or
+the national hymn--the "Star Spangled Banner"--is played in public, at a
+military review, etc.
+
+When a man passes a lady in the corridor of a hotel, or on the stairway,
+he should raise his hat.
+
+When he takes leave of a lady, the same act of deference is expected.
+
+
+Hat and Coat When Calling.--When calling, the man looks after his own hat,
+overcoat and stick. His hostess does not offer to relieve him of them, nor
+suggest the removal of his coat. He deposits his hat and stick on table or
+seat in the hall before entering the drawing-room, and takes off his
+overcoat if his call is to be prolonged. Or, he may take them all with him
+into the drawing room if his call is to be brief. In any event, it is his
+business to dispose of them according to his own pleasure.
+
+
+
+RULES FOR PRECEDENCE.
+
+A man precedes a woman in going down-stairs and follows her in going up.
+This is that he may be in readiness to catch her should she fall.
+
+He allows a woman to precede him on entering or leaving a room, and should
+open the door for her.
+
+On entering a hotel dining-room the man may precede the lady to the table
+assigned them, on the occasion of their first meal, standing until she is
+seated. Afterwards, he may follow her as the head-waiter leads the way.
+Sometimes he permits her to precede him in the first case.
+
+The question is sometimes asked who should follow the usher on entering
+church or theatre. The rule above stated obtains. The woman follows the
+usher; the man follows her.
+
+The man allows the lady to enter the carriage first, but descends before
+her that he may assist her to alight. The same rule prevails in regard to
+entering and leaving a street car, etc.
+
+
+
+ABOUT SMOKING.
+
+The old rule of good manners: "A gentleman does not smoke in the presence
+of ladies," is many times violated in these modern times. There is a story
+of an elderly woman who, being asked if smoke was offensive to her,
+replied: "I do not know. No gentleman has ever smoked in my presence." The
+woman of today is more likely to answer "Oh, dear no! I love the odor of a
+good cigar." The truth is the cigar has become such a constant and
+apparently necessary adjunct to a man that to banish it is in effect to
+banish the man. And women prefer to endure the smoke rather than have the
+man absent himself. There are very few cafes and restaurants where men do
+not conclude their repast with a good cigar, even when entertaining
+ladies.
+
+[764 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Where Not to Smoke.--Nevertheless, there are times and places when and
+where a man should not smoke. When he is about to meet a lady he knows he
+removes his cigar before removing his hat and bowing. If he wishes to join
+the lady, walking a short distance with her, he throws away his cigar
+before doing so. He does not smoke, when driving with a lady, unless
+possibly in the country. He should not smoke when walking with her--but he
+often does, with her full consent and permission. In fact, women, as has
+been said, are responsible for men's lapses in the way of smoking.
+
+A guest does not smoke in his host's house unless especially invited to do
+so, by his host, not some younger member of the family or another visitor.
+
+
+At a dinner party at which ladies are present, men do not smoke until the
+ladies have left the dining-room.
+
+It is a bad form to smoke when anyone is singing, unless in those
+free-and-easy places of amusement where "everything goes."
+
+
+About Expectoration.--No man should smoke, anywhere or at any time, who
+cannot smoke without using a cuspidor. It is a practice so much worse than
+smoking, so thoroughly abominable in itself, that no man with any claim to
+good breeding or good manners permits himself to indulge in it.
+
+In most homes, nowadays, men are permitted to smoke "all over the house."
+It is better, wherever possible, to let the man have a "den" where he may
+smoke with his friends. The practice of smoking in bedrooms is
+reprehensible; the air one will breathe through the night should not be
+vitiated.
+
+
+
+BACHELOR HOSPITALITY.
+
+"A bachelor's life is a splendid breakfast; a tolerably flat dinner;
+and a most miserable supper."
+
+Being a bachelor does not excuse a man from certain forms of hospitality.
+Many "society men" live in apartments, at the present time, and may
+entertain the ladies who have favored them with invitations; in fact, it
+is expected that a man who has often been entertained will reciprocate in
+some fashion.
+
+If a bachelor's quarters are too restricted for any other form of
+entertaining, he may give a theatre party, followed by a supper at some
+cafe. Or he may do this without the theatre party. Of course, such an
+entertainment is expensive, but he must remember that the ladies who have
+entertained him have spent a good deal of money on their fetes.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 765]
+
+The Bachelor and the Chaperon.--The first thing the bachelor must do is
+to secure a chaperon. She must be a married woman of unimpeachable
+reputation. Having done this, he invites the other members of the party,
+first submitting his list to her approval. The usual number is six, three
+men and three women, or two men and four ladies. Two men may join forces
+to entertain a quartet of ladies, or more, and thus halve the expense. The
+carriage or taxicab is sent first to the residence of the chaperon; the
+host accompanies it or may meet it there. The other ladies are called for,
+the other men generally meet the carriages at the theatre. The host sits
+next the chaperon at the theatre and at the supper, placing her on his
+right.
+
+If a supper is to follow, and it almost always does, the host has reserved
+a table at the hotel or cafe and has perhaps ordered flowers and a special
+menu in advance. He has also settled the account, so that he has only to
+cross the waiter's palm with silver at the conclusion of the repast, in
+acknowledgment of faultless service.
+
+
+Cheaper Ways of Entertaining.--In summer there are cheaper ways in which a
+bachelor may payoff his social obligations. Most bachelors belong to
+clubs, where they may give luncheons or suppers. There are roof-gardens
+and outdoor vaudeville, open-air concerts, etc., that may be made
+pleasurable occasions. He may charter a yacht, in company with several
+friends, and entertain a dozen or half score ladies with a sailing party.
+At all these, however, he must provide a chaperon.
+
+A very pleasant and informal way for a bachelor to entertain is to invite
+some of his more intimate women acquaintances to afternoon tea at his
+apartments. For this he writes personal notes or gives verbal invitations.
+He asks some married, lady to assist him, placing it in the light of a
+favor to himself. She must arrive early, and remain until the last guest
+has left. The host pays the chaperon special deference, asking her to pour
+the tea, and either escorting her home or ordering a carriage for her.
+
+Elaborate refreshments are not necessary at such an affair. Sandwiches,
+cakes, tea, served in the American fashion or a la' Russe, are sufficient.
+The chaperon presides at the refreshment table. All things needed for the
+refreshment of the guests may be ordered from a caterer. If the affair is
+in the evening, chocolate and coffee may be served instead of tea, or
+cakes, coffee and ices.
+
+
+The Bachelor's Chafing Dish.--If the circumstances of the bachelor permit,
+he may give a chafing-dish supper, presiding over the manufacture of a
+Welsh rarebit or lobster a la Newburg, making the coffee himself in a
+machine. This might take the place of the supper at a restaurant after the
+play. After such a supper, or a dinner in his rooms, the host escorts the
+ladies to their carriages, and accompanies the chaperon to her home.
+
+If none of these methods of entertaining chance to be within
+the man's means--for many poor men of pleasing address are social
+favorites--he may fall back on the pretty compliment implied in sending
+flowers or bonbons, remembering that matrons as well as "buds" appreciate
+such attentions.
+
+[766 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+In Village Society.--In small towns and in the country, the young man
+would ridicule the idea of having a chaperon along. He seldom considers
+the question of repaying social invitations, or paying calls after an
+entertainment. He should be careful to show courtesy to the host and
+hostess, to dance with the latter and her daughter at a dancing party, and
+may escort mother and daughter or the mother and some one of her friends,
+to a lecture or concert. Generally he ignores all claims of this
+character. But he should not.
+
+
+Should He Offer His Arm?--A man seldom offers a woman his arm nowadays,
+unless she is so elderly or infirm that she needs the support. For a
+couple to walk arm in arm in daylight is decidedly provincial. For a man
+to take a woman's arm is a liberty not permissible unless she is a member
+of his family. He should offer his arm if holding an umbrella over her at
+night, on a poorly lighted street or a country road at night. A woman,
+unless very infirm or ill, should not walk arm-in-arm with a man in
+daylight.
+
+
+The Outside of the Walk.--A man usually walks on a woman's right, in order
+to protect her if necessary, It looks absurd, however, for him to be
+dodging around her to keep on the outside of the walk unless some danger
+is to be encountered.
+
+
+Minor Matters of Men's Etiquette.--A man should not carry a girl's
+parasol; he should however assume any parcel she may be carrying.
+
+When a man escorts a woman to her home it is not correct for him to linger
+at the door. He should accompany her up the steps, ring the bell and wait
+until she is admitted. If the hour is at all late he should not enter,
+even though invited.
+
+It is extremely bad form for a man to speak of a woman by her Christian
+name while talking to casual acquaintances. Though long acquaintance may
+sanction the familiarity at home, or among intimate friends, to all
+outsiders she should be Miss.
+
+The custom of leaving the theatre between acts is inexcusable. If a man is
+escorting a lady, he is guilty of great rudeness if he leaves her,
+
+
+Cards and Calls.--If calling on a lady who is visiting a person who is a
+stranger to him, he must ask for her hostess, sending up a card for her as
+well as for his friend. If calling with a lady, he should wait for her to
+give the signal for departure.
+
+The man who attends an afternoon tea should leave a card for each lady
+mentioned in the invitation, and for the host, whether the latter was
+present or not. He must send the same number of cards if unable to be
+present, enclosing them all in an envelope which fits the cards,
+addressing it to the hostess, and mailing it so that it will be received
+on the day of the function. He must call upon his hostess within two weeks
+after an invitation to a dinner or ball.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 767]
+
+In attending a tea or afternoon reception, the right-hand glove must be
+removed before entering the drawing room, as it is bad form to offer a
+gloved hand to one's hostess on such occasions.
+
+If, when calling on a lady, another visitor arrives, the first comer must
+not attempt to "sit him out." He should make his adieux within a
+reasonable time after the second arrival, even though a friend in more
+intimate standing.
+
+
+Bad Habits.--A man should carefully avoid mannerisms, such as twisting his
+mustache, fussing with his tie, fidgeting with some little article taken
+from a table, as a paper knife, etc. These awkwardnesses are the outcome
+of nervousness. He should strive at all times to be simple, at ease, and
+unconscious of himself. If he tries to "show off" he makes himself
+obnoxious.
+
+Picking the teeth, chewing a toothpick, cleaning the finger nails in
+company, are gross violations of propriety.
+
+
+The Car Fare Question.--A girl occasionally appeals to writers on social
+forms to find out when she should permit a man to pay her car fare. It is
+expected that he will pay for her if he is escorting her, and she should
+allow him to do so without comment. If they happen on the same car by
+chance she should pay her own fare. If the man anticipates her, handing
+the change to the conductor and saying "For two," she should thank him
+simply and let the matter pass. Really, it is not entirely good form for a
+man to pay a woman's fare under such circumstances, unless she has
+difficulty in finding her purse, or her change. Then he may say "Allow me"
+and pay for her. If she finds her money she may return the amount, and he
+should take it without protest.
+
+
+
+THE ETIQUETTE OF DRESS.
+
+"The best possible impression that you can make with your dress is to make
+no impression at all; but so to harmonize its material and shape with your
+personality that it becomes tributary in the general effect, and so
+exclusively tributary that people cannot tell after seeing you what kind
+of clothes you wear."--Holland.
+
+
+
+MEN'S DRESS.
+
+A man--lucky creature--is not expected to change his clothes as frequently
+as a woman must. He wears morning dress until dinner, unless he is to
+attend some afternoon function, like a wedding or a reception. Dinner is
+now almost universally at six or half after six o'clock. Before that hour,
+save in the exception noted above, he wears a business suit, a derby or
+"soft" hat, tan shoes if he prefers them, or laced calf-skin shoes with
+heavy soles. The coat may be sack or cutaway. Such an outfit is correct
+for traveling wear. A white shirt, or one of striped madras, is worn, with
+a white linen collar. The tie is usually a four-in-hand in some dark
+shade.
+
+[768 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The cutaway coat is correct for church wear. In summer it largely takes
+the place of the frock coat, which, with the silk hat, is usually "out of
+season," so to speak, from about the middle of May until about the same
+time in September. Straw or felt hats are worn.
+
+Tweed flannel and cheviot suits are favorite summer wear for men, Flannel
+trousers, white with flannel shirt and leather belt, constitute the usual
+wear for tennis, golf, etc., and blue cheviot or serge for yachting.
+
+
+Afternoon Wear.--For formal afternoon wear the double-breasted frock coat
+of black worsted, with waistcoat of the same or of white duck, is
+reserved, dark gray pin-stripe trousers are worn with it, patent leather
+shoes, gray gloves, silk hat and standing linen collar. The standing
+collar is for formal wear. This attire is suitable for all social affairs
+between noon and evening.
+
+After dinner evening clothes--the "dress suit"--are worn. This has been
+fully described in the chapter on wedding etiquette, under the head of
+correct dress.
+
+
+Incongruity in Dress.--A man must avoid incongruities in dress. Tan shoes
+are inadmissible with formal afternoon dress. They do not accompany a silk
+hat. A lawn tie is never worn save with evening clothes, nor a turn-down
+collar with them. Gloves should be inconspicuous. A man's hands encased in
+bright tan gloves make one think of sugar-cured hams.
+
+The Tuxedo is a dinner coat, hence never seen before six o'clock; it must
+not be worn at a theatre party, or if a man escorts ladies. It may be worn
+in summer at informal dinners, and at summer hotels. Silk hat, white
+waistcoat, or white lawn tie are not correct wear with a Tuxedo.
+
+
+
+APPROPRIATE DRESS FOR WOMEN.
+
+The real beauty of dress resides in being suitably gowned. Suit the attire
+to the time and place. Fashion prescribes and regulates styles; etiquette
+settles the appropriate garb for the occasion. Every detail, from shoes to
+hat, should be harmonious and suited to the occasion and consequently to
+the hour of the day. But how many, many violations of this rule we see!
+Ostrich feathers worn with shirtwaists; low shoes on the street; dressy
+hats in the morning; jewels at breakfast--all inappropriate and unrelated!
+
+
+The correct street wear in the morning in the winter is a tailored suit
+with medium sized hat in felt or beaver, walking shoes, and rather heavy
+gloves in glace kid. More elaborate suits or gowns in fine smooth cloth or
+velvet are worn at afternoon functions, for calling and receptions. One
+does not choose light or showy colors for these if she must walk or take a
+street car. Ostrich feathers can be worn on the velvet or satin hat that
+accompanies this costume, which is completed by patent leather shoes and
+white or pearl-gray gloves.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 769]
+
+When Decollete Gowns are Worn.--High-necked and long-sleeved gowns are
+worn at every daytime function.
+
+At balls, cotillions, formal dinners, evening parties, and in the large
+cities in opera boxes, decollete gowns may be worn.
+
+No "nice" woman wears a low gown when dining at restaurant or hotel. The
+neck may be cut low, under a lace yoke, unlined, and the sleeves finished
+from the elbow with lace. Hats are worn.
+
+One chooses a handsome velvet or other dressy material for a dinner dress,
+and wears with it her rarest jewels. Good taste and modesty forbid too
+lavish a display of shoulders. As a rule, in our average social life, the
+unlined lace yoke and collar and lace sleeves are preferred for dinner
+wear, the decollete gown being reserved for balls and cotillions.
+
+Young girls' dancing gowns are never cut very low; the "Dutch" neck and
+the slightly low round cut being preferred. A string of pearls, a fine
+gold chain and locket, or gold beads, which have been restored to favor,
+are the usual ornament.
+
+For theatre wear, where one is not to occupy a box, one may wear a
+handsome reception gown, or a handsome bodice and skirt. Shirt and
+lingerie waists are not appropriate theatre wear, unless one patronizes
+some second-class house of amusement.
+
+
+Wearing the Hat.--The rule to bear in mind as to the wearing of hats is
+this: At all daytime affairs, hats are kept on. At all evening
+affairs--musicales, concerts, receptions, the play, they are removed.
+
+Tea-gowns and negligees are for the boudoir; the kimona is for the
+bedroom.
+
+Gloves are removed at a luncheon or dinner. Of course they would not be
+kept on at a card-party or a tea. One may retain them at a stand-up
+supper.
+
+
+Ornaments.--An abundance of ornament is in bad taste. Don't be one of the
+See-me-with-'em-all-on type. A cheap ornament spoils a handsome costume,
+better none at all; too many ornaments, even if good, look tawdry.
+
+At a certain fashionable summer hotel a young woman was seen dancing in
+high shoes and wearing a demi-trained lingerie gown over a petticoat of
+ordinary walking length. She was certainly "the observed of all
+observers," but hardly the object of admiration.
+
+
+The Debutante's Dress.--The debutante usually wears white on the occasion
+of her introduction to society. The material should be light and
+youthful--crepe de chine, some soft white silk like messaline, chiffon or
+organdie being the usual choice, made with high neck and long sleeves if
+the affair takes the form of an afternoon reception. Only a ball or
+cotillion permits a low gown, and then the gown is not "low" in the usual
+sense: it is merely cut out modestly in the neck and the sleeves are
+short. In the afternoon her mother, who presents her, wears a handsome
+reception gown; her young friends, who "assist," wear light colored,
+dressy gowns of chiffon, net, etc. At such an affair guests remove wraps
+but retain hat and gloves.
+
+[770 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Dressing on a Modest Allowance.--The woman who wishes to be well dressed
+but must produce that effect on a moderate allowance, must be particularly
+careful in her purchases. She should confine herself to two colors, of
+which black will be one. She must choose conservative styles as well as
+colors, and above all, she must study very closely the relationship of her
+purchases in order to avoid incongruities. A hat may be beautiful and
+becoming and within her means, yet a very unwise purchase because it will
+not harmonize with or be suited to the costume with which it is to be
+worn.
+
+Neat gloves and good shoes are items of dress not to be disregarded by the
+woman who wishes to look well dressed. Shabby gloves are ruinous to a
+well-dressed appearance.
+
+
+
+DRESS FOR ELDERLY WOMEN.
+
+The woman who has been "dressy" in her youth must curb her fancy as she
+grows older, and carefully avoid things that are "too young" for her. She
+may "love pink" or pale blue, and because she could wear it when a girl,
+unwisely clings to it in her fifth and sixth decades. A bedizened old
+woman dressed in a fashion suitable for one twenty years younger, is a
+sight more pitable than admirable. She must not permit the milliner or
+costumer to convince her that she is still young enough to "wear anything"
+but must try to have sense enough to distinguish what is suitable from
+what appeals to her because she would have looked well in it in her youth.
+
+Ermine furs, for instance, are absurd on a woman of forty-five or fifty.
+The dead white brings out the yellow in her complexion and the faded color
+of eyes and hair. A very light "dressy" hat makes the wrinkles more
+obvious.
+
+
+The Suitable.--Dark, unobtrusive colors, relieved by white lace at throat
+and wrists, hats modest in size and coloring, set off gray hair and
+matronly figure far better than showy and more youthful garb. No elderly
+woman should attempt to wear brown; somehow it kills her complexion if she
+is sallow. Black, very dark blue, the softer shades of gray, are generally
+becoming if relieved with white. Lavender and mauve can be becomingly worn
+by those dear old white-haired ladies who have pretty complexions. The
+lemon-colored lady must avoid them. We must remember Joubert's saying: "In
+clothes fresh and clean there is a kind of youth with which age should
+surround itself."
+
+Materials must be as handsome as can be afforded; soft wool materials may
+be chosen, cashmere, henrietta, voile, make up suitably. In summer most
+old ladies can wear white to advantage.
+
+Simplicity should be the guide as to styles. Leave the fussy and elaborate
+to younger women, and adopt a dignified simplicity.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 771]
+
+
+DUTIES OF A CHAPERON.
+
+"The art of not hearing should be learned by all." Young America flouts
+the chaperon. The young girl of the middle class guesses she can "look out
+for herself," and knows "how to behave." Very often she doesn't know, and
+sadly demonstrates her lack of the knowledge of life and good sense that
+would enable her to avoid situations that create gossip. In European
+society the chaperon is indispensable and has an acknowledged and honored
+position. In America, young women ridicule the idea and young men are
+decidedly impatient of her presence. And yet in our more conventional
+circles it is understood that she is a protection to the girls in her
+charge, and an oft-needed restraint on young men who are inclined to be
+too free and familiar.
+
+
+Mothers as Chaperons.--A mother is her daughter's best chaperon. Very
+often her health, her home duties and her own lack of social experience
+unfit her for such a duty. In that case, she should be glad to put her
+girls in charge of some more experienced woman. If all young men were
+honest and honorable and temperate, the unchaperoned girl would meet with
+fewer embarrassments. Think of the awkward plight of a girl should the
+carriage or the taxicab break down as she is returning home, or the
+miserable state of the girl whose escort at play or party has taken too
+much wine! These things don't often happen, some one says. They do
+happen--far more frequently than the world at large is aware.
+
+
+Chaperon's Lot Not Easy.--The duties of a chaperon are so onerous that she
+deserves much gratitude, rather than revilement, for undertaking them. She
+must stay at balls and parties when she would infinitely prefer her bed;
+she must frequent places of amusement that are tiresome to her but
+agreeable to her young charges; she must remain in the parlor, or in the
+adjacent room separated only by draperies from it, while the girt
+entertains men callers, and no woman enjoys being "gooseberry;" she must
+check too high spirits and prevent "loud" behavior. And she will many
+times know that her presence is resented, and sad to say, endure slights
+in the discharge of her duties.
+
+
+Chaperons a Social Help.--Nevertheless, if girls only knew it, the
+chaperon may be very helpful and aid them materially in having a good
+time. She should be a woman of wide acquaintance, accustomed to good
+society. Then she will introduce the girls under her charge to nice men
+whom they should know, and to partners for the dance; see that they are
+invited to nice places, and that they are correctly dressed. She must have
+tact combined with dignity, and be able to reprove little lapses in
+decorum so tactfully that youth will not take umbrage. She must make her
+charges like her, and win and hold their respect. And it is very important
+that she should know what not to see--"the art of not hearing"--yet she
+should never overlook anything vital, It will be seen that she should be a
+person of infinite tact, good nature and courage.
+
+[772 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Chaperon of the Motherless Girl.--Nowdays, the wealthy widower,
+instead of putting his young daughter at the head of the household,
+secures some woman of good reputation and social standing as his
+daughter's chaperon. She is, practically, the feminine head of the house,
+and in so far as possible, takes a mother's place with the girl. She sees
+to it that the girl has proper companionship and does not make undesirable
+acquaintances. She accompanies her on shopping expeditions, travels with
+her, attends theatres and parties with her, takes the head of the table if
+the girl gives a luncheon, and everywhere strives to make life pleasant
+for her young charge, giving up her own pleasure and convenience for that
+purpose.
+
+Even the young woman of twenty-five or twenty-seven, at the head of her
+father's household, or living in a hotel, should have a companion.
+
+
+Avoid Espionage.--And yet, with all this responsibility, the chaperon must
+avoid anything like espionage. She must not open letters; she must not be
+prying and inquisitive; she must not give reasons for the girl she
+chaperons to regard her as "a dragon."
+
+A giddy, flirtatious chaperon is a disadvantage to a girl. She is so
+desirous of securing attention and having a good time herself that she
+neglects her charge. Often she undertakes chaperonage chiefly or entirely
+in order to go about herself. Such a chaperon is worse than none at all.
+
+
+The Girl and the Chaperon.--A girl should remember that her chaperon
+stands in the relation of a mother to her for the time being, therefore
+any disregard of her chaperon's suggestions or wishes is the same as
+disregarding her mother's. No well-bred girl ever does this--well, at
+least not publicly. If her chaperon gently intimates that it is time to go
+home, that she is dancing too many times with the same man, or "sitting
+out" too long, she should cheerfully comply with the hint. She should not
+vanish with an escort, leaving her chaperon and others--to wonder at her
+absence, but at the close of every few dances, before the beginning of
+another, ask to be taken to her chaperon. There her next partner will
+naturally look for her.
+
+She must at all times treat her chaperon with the utmost respect and
+deference, remembering the lady is bestowing a favor by taking charge of
+her, and that it is often at her parents' request.
+
+At a theatre party, bachelor's tea, sailing party, excursion, etc., one
+married woman is sufficient chaperon.
+
+The girl who works, the art and music student, may look after herself, but
+the society girl must submit to the thralldom of the chaperon.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 773]
+
+The Chaperon in Middle Class Society.--While the rules of etiquette are
+intended to be of general application, there are certain relaxations in
+middle class society not permissible in more fashionable circles. This is
+the case as regard the chaperon. Many young men on moderate salary would
+not feel they could afford to buy a ticket to the theatre or concert for a
+chaperon, or order a carriage. But is a girl then to be denied permission
+to accept the invitation? Under such circumstances middle class etiquette
+requires that the young man shall be well known to the family as a person
+of good habits and reputation. The girl, however, is not supposed to
+accept an invitation to a supper afterwards. She may go to a dancing party
+at a private house or a club in case proper chaperons are provided for the
+affair and they almost invariably are. But it is better taste for a party
+of young people to go together under the care of a chaperon.
+
+When a girl receives a young man visitor, her mother should always meet
+him. She should enter the parlor, be introduced if he is a stranger,
+converse for fifteen or twenty minutes, and excuse herself, leaving the
+young people to their tete-a-tete. No girl ever loses a young man's
+estimation through being properly looked after.
+
+Under no circumstances should the young girl be allowed to accompany a
+young man on an excursion without a chaperon. She should not motor with
+him alone; another pair of young people should go with them unless a
+chaperon is included.
+
+
+
+GOOD FORM IN SPEECH.
+
+"It isn't so much what you do; it is how you do it. Not so much what you
+think as how you clothe your thoughts that enables you to make a pleasant
+impression."
+
+Good breeding is shown in the use of words, quite as much as in manners.
+Correct use is evidence of culture and personal refinement.
+
+
+Use of Slang and Colloquialisms.--Slang, we are often reminded, is
+common--meaning vulgar. And yet, there are some slang phrases that are so
+expressive, and convey so much meaning in few words that the temptation to
+use them is irresistible. Much use of slang, however, is very undesirable,
+indicating lack of refinement. We may be colloquial, but must eschew the
+vulgar.
+
+Among the words that are bad form we find "folks," used instead of
+"family" or "relatives." "Ain't" is one of the most common improprieties
+of speech and one that has no standing whatever in good language.
+"Gentlemen friend." "lady friend," are vulgarisms. We should not speak of
+young men as "fellows."
+
+We should say "shops" instead of "stores," and "station" instead of
+"depot." A depot is a place where provisions and stores are accumulated.
+Just how it came to be applied to a railway station is an etymological
+puzzle. The use of "learn" for "teach" is incorrect. "Pupil," "student"
+and "scholar" are often used interchangeably, but incorrectly so. "Pupil"
+refers to the younger classes in a school.
+
+[774 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Those in the most advanced grade of a high school, and those in college
+are students; while scholar signifies those who are learned and out of
+school. "Dresser," "bureau" and "dressing case" are incorrectly applied to
+a chest of drawers. "Vest" for "waistcoat," and "dress suit" for "evening
+clothes" are incorrect. "Visitors" is in better taste than "guests." "Got"
+is a word often used superfluously and always inelegantly. "I have it"
+sounds much better than "I have got it"; leave out "got" wherever you can.
+As for "gotten"--it ought to be unspeakable.
+
+"Don't" for "doesn't" is, perhaps the most common grammatical error. "I
+don't," "you don't," "they don't,' are correct. "Don't" is a contraction
+of "do not." You wouldn't say "he do not," "she do not," would you? Then
+don't say "he don't," or "she don't."
+
+As a rule the simpler the speech the better. "Residence" for "house,"
+"peruse" for "read," "retire" for "going to bed"--all these and their like
+sound stilted.
+
+The use of French words and phrases is to be avoided, both in writing and
+speaking. Generally they are mispronounced--as in the case of the very
+affected lady who spoke of "Mrs. Brown, nee Smith," pronouncing "nee" as
+if spelled "knee."
+
+
+Form of Address.--To acquaintances, a woman speaks of "my husband"; to
+friends, she calls him by his Christian name. To servants, he is "Mr.
+Smith." This is a rule often violated, so often in fact, that few are
+aware of the impropriety of saying "Mr. Smith" to friends and
+acquaintances. The man employs the converse of the rule; it is "my wife"
+to acquaintances, etc. To speak of a daughter as "Miss Mary" or "Miss
+Jane" to anyone but a servant is insulting, placing the person thus spoken
+to on a par with an inferior. If formality is desirable one should say "my
+daughter Mary." The same rule applies to a son.
+
+It has already been said that we do not address a wife by her husband's
+title. He is Dr. Brown; she is Mrs. Brown. Mrs. General, Mrs. Judge, are
+not current in polite circles.
+
+We do not use "Sir" in addressing equals. Children no longer say "sir" or
+"ma'am" to their parents, but "Yes, father," or "No mother." Ma'am is
+seldom heard now except from old-fashioned servants. Maids and
+men-servants say "yes, Mrs. Smith," or sometimes, "No, madam."
+
+
+Courtesy in Conversation.--"Things said for conversation are chalk eggs,"
+said Emerson. There are many chalk eggs on the market. Most of us feel
+that to "be sociable" we must talk incessantly. True, there are sometimes
+dreadful pauses in conversation when no one seems able to think of
+anything to say, and the longer the pause the more vacuous one's mind.
+
+What passes for conversation at receptions, dinners, ordinary social
+affairs, is merely chatter made up, of persiflage and repartee. One must
+be able to furnish it, however, for small talk is conversational "small
+change," without which it is not easy to "do business." Lacking it, one is
+like Mark Twain's man with the million dollar check and not change enough
+to buy a postage stamp.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 775]
+
+
+SUBJECTS OF CONVERSATION.
+
+No one can tell another person what to talk about. Advice on that subject
+is valueless. There are some things we may do, however, to make ourselves
+agreeable in conversation. We may study the art of expressing ourselves
+clearly,--saying what we wish to say without circumlocution. Some people
+seem to begin in the middle of a subject and talk both ways.
+
+Avoid personalities in your conversation. Don't talk about yourself;
+nobody is interested in your personal perplexities and troubles. Don't
+recite your "symptoms" nor tell what the doctor says, nor what diet he has
+prescribed. Nothing, positively nothing, is so tiresome. Don't indulge in
+animadversions upon the absent, nor make sarcastic remarks about them.
+
+Try to discover some subject in which your companion is interested, and
+get him to talking. Then show yourself a good listener. A woman may get
+the reputation of being bright and clever if she will simply show herself
+a good listener. To do this, she must give her attention to the person who
+is talking. She must seem interested. Her eyes must not wander around the
+room; she must not take up picture or book and glance over it; her
+questions must be intelligent and to the point. Then, unless the speaker
+is a well-known bore, she need never suffer under the imputation of being
+neglected in society, and she will be thought courteous and intelligent.
+
+
+Discourtesies.--To interrupt a speaker, to take the words out of his mouth
+and finish the sentence for him, to broach a new topic, irrelevant to that
+in hand, unless the latter is in danger of leading to thin conversational
+ice,--all these are discourtesies.
+
+To yawn while listening to anyone; to show lack of interest in a story or
+anecdote that is being told, or let the attention wander, is marked
+impoliteness. We are not to remind a speaker that his story is an old one,
+or that he has told it before.
+
+
+Some Things to Avoid.--A man should avoid raving over the perfections, the
+beauty or chic of one woman to another. He shouldn't talk golf to one who
+doesn't know the language of the game, nor discourse on music to the
+unmusical. Above all, he shouldn't undertake to entertain the whole
+company, nor introduce a topic in which he only is interested or informed.
+The more serious questions of life are barred in society; people wish to
+be amused, not instructed. An inveterate talker, especially one of a
+didactic turn, is a bore. So is the man who puts a hobby through its
+paces. Avoid exaggerations in conversation, also extravagances, such as
+"beastly this" or "awfully that," also avoid over emphasis. Don't talk in
+italics.
+
+[776 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Speaking Voice.--A clear, distinct enunciation should be cultivated.
+The voice need not--should not--be raised above the ordinary
+conversational level to make one perfectly understood, if only one speaks
+clearly. This is something that can be cultivated. So also a
+discrimination in the use of words, so that which most nearly expresses
+the meaning of the speaker comes to him readily.
+
+A pleasant voice is a charm, either in man or woman. A noted teacher of
+singing once remarked that the cultivation of the speaking voice is a
+positive duty, and possible to almost everyone. Certainly a harsh,
+squeaky, shrill or affected tone of voice may be improved by care and
+endeavor.
+
+
+
+CHURCH ETIQUETTE.
+
+Surely the church is the place where one day's truce ought to be allowed
+to the vanities, the dissensions and animosities of mankind.--Burke.
+
+The church is sometimes sarcastically referred to as "the social
+stepping-stone." It is a fact that the newly made rich and the vulgar
+often choose a church attended by the people of fashion whose acquaintance
+they most desire, rent a high-priced pew, and become prominent through
+their benefactions and their services in church work. They are "taken up,"
+after a time, in a fashion, and unless too socially impossible through
+lack of good breeding, may, from "fringers," become "climbers." "I might
+go to that church for a hundred years and no one would notice me,"
+bitterly complained a woman who had undertaken the social uplift via the
+church. The woman in question defeated her own object. She dressed in the
+extreme of style; she always came in late, with much rustle of silk and
+rattle of bangles; her hair was "touched up" and her face rouged. The
+well-bred and refined members condemned her on these grounds.
+Nevertheless, where a stranger comes who bears the hall-mark of culture
+and refinement, the church connection is often an aid to social
+habilitation, though it should never be sought as such.
+
+
+Friendly Advances.--Friendly advances generally come from pew neighbors.
+Respond to them courteously but without undue eagerness. Do not expect
+your pastor to become your social sponsor with his congregation, and
+remember that though he will probably call after letters of church
+membership are presented, you have no claim upon his family, nor the
+families of any of the church officers through acquaintance in business
+life. This is often a grievance to people from smaller towns who, moving
+to a city, expect the families of their business associates to assist them
+socially. Two men may be partners for ten years without their wives
+knowing each other by sight, if they chance to move in different social
+circles.
+
+Demeanor.--One should dress quietly at church, give attention to the
+service and the clergyman, and not linger unduly in the vestibule to
+gossip or greet friends. To notify the usher if one's pew will not be
+occupied is a courtesy if the preacher is popular and the church crowded.
+To be disagreeable in case strangers are shown to one's pew, or mistakenly
+seated there, is unkind and unchristian. Giggling, smiles, exchange of
+smiles or bows in the church proper are regarded as bad form.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 777]
+
+
+NEIGHBORHOOD ETIQUETTE.
+
+Neighborliness is a quality little exercised in cities, where one may live
+next door to people for years and merely know their names. Some people
+prefer not to know their neighbors, fearing undue familiarity on their
+part. The relationship may be a very pleasant one if both parties observe
+certain restraints. It is not well to become too intimate. Nobody wants a
+neighbor running in at all hours, with or without an errand. Sometimes to
+sit on the back porch with a book or paper seems to invite a neighbor to
+"run over" and the hour's rest or mental recreation is given over to small
+talk.
+
+A neighbor has no more right to enter without knocking than any other
+caller, whether by kitchen or front door. It is an intrusion, a disregard
+of the reserve that should characterize neighborly intercourse. No matter
+how friendly, friendship will last longer where the forms of decorum are
+observed.
+
+
+Borrowing.--The exchange of "kitchen-kindnesses" should be ventured upon
+rarely. By these is meant the plate of cookies or biscuit or doughnuts we
+send our neighbor on baking-day. Some families prefer their own cooking. A
+woman who had been annoyed by many unsolicited donations of this kind,
+persisted in though unreciprocated, finally piled the sent-in biscuit
+rather ostentatiously on the garbage can in full sight of her neighbor's
+window. Other hints had failed, this was effective--a rather violent
+remedy, but after all not undeserved. In case of illness, where one has no
+maid, or the family must care for the sick, a fresh cake or a tasty
+dessert may be offered, and will seldom fail of appreciation. Knowing the
+circumstances, one need not hesitate over the proffer of a neighborly
+kindness.
+
+There is little excuse in the city for the borrowing of kitchen staples
+which is the bane of some country neighborhoods. A borrowing neighbor is
+an affliction--a nuisance which unfortunately doesn't come under the
+jurisdiction of the Board of Health.
+
+[778 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CARRIAGE ETIQUETTE.
+
+A story is told of a certain great lady who visited at the court of a
+reigning monarch on a secret matrimonial mission. The monarch had three
+daughters; the emperor of her own country had a marriageable son. Before
+overtures were made for an alliance, the lady was to see the three
+princesses and decide which one should be honored by the proposal. It was
+her whim to rely upon "the carriage test." She watched the young
+princesses as they alighted from the royal carriage. The oldest one
+descended clumsily, displaying too much of the royal lingerie. The second
+skipped out, disdaining the step. The third descended gracefully and with
+dignity, and Cupid's ambassador decided she would make the most fitting
+empress.
+
+At certain finishing schools, lessons in deportment include training in
+how to enter and leave a vehicle gracefully. Stepping out on the
+right-hand side, the right foot is placed on the step, the left naturally
+falls on the ground. Entering, the left foot is first advanced. In this
+way the other foot clears the body of the carriage without awkwardness.
+
+
+Minor Items.--The rule that the owner of the carriage occupies the
+right-hand seat even when accompanied by a guest, is almost universally
+observed. The only exception seems to be when the guest is a person of
+unusual distinction.
+
+To place one's carriage at the disposal of a friend is a great courtesy,
+and should never be abused by the recipient. In case of accident the
+occupant should pay the bills for repairs, or at least urge that she be
+allowed to do so.
+
+If a lady invites a friend to pay calls with her, dropping her companion
+to call on some acquaintance while she goes on to see a friend of her own,
+the lady thus favored must not keep her waiting on her return, more than
+the few moments necessary to make her adieux.
+
+
+
+CIVILITY IN PUBLIC.
+
+One is shocked, often, at the prevalence of rudeness in human intercourse.
+People who are courteous in the drawing-room are sometimes horribly
+uncivil in public. They crowd and jostle and elbow in thc endeavor to
+secure better places for themselves, violating every canon of politeness.
+Women have fainted, gowns have been ruined and valuable articles lost in
+"crushes" incident to gatherings in "our best society."
+
+Many people carry an umbrella with utter disregard of the eyes and
+headgear of the passing crowd. Closed, it is tucked under the arm, the
+ferrule projecting behind on a level with the face of a pedestrian. They
+go through a heavy door, pushing it open for themselves and letting it
+swing back against the next comer. They step in advance of those who have
+prior claim to be shown to seats, and accept civilities and service
+without so much as a "Thank you." They endeavor to obtain "something for
+nothing" by piling their luggage into seats they have not paid for on the
+train; on the boat they fortify themselves in a circle of chairs that are
+"engaged"--generally to hold their wraps and lunch-boxes, while others
+look in vain for seats.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 779]
+
+Rude Tourists.--Tourists have a reputation for a disregard of the rights
+of others, which makes them obnoxiously uncivil. They enter a church where
+worshipers are kneeling and audibly criticise the architecture and
+decorations, or the faith to which it is consecrated. They comment
+flippantly on great pictures in art galleries, and snicker over undraped
+statues, evincing the commonness of their minds and their lack of
+knowledge of art. But one of the worst lapses of decorum is to sit in a
+theatre and anticipate the action of the play, or the development of a
+musical number, by explanations to a companion. To do so may show
+familiarity with the play or the score, but it also shows a painful lack
+of good breeding, and a disregard of others' rights to peaceful enjoyment.
+On a par with this is the incivility of a person who undertakes to
+accompany a soloist with his (or her) own little pipe, to the annoyance of
+those who prefer to listen to professional rather than amateur efforts.
+
+Of course all these rude people excuse themselves by saying they "get
+left" if they don't "rush," and that they "paid for their seats," as if
+this atoned for their disregard of those who, equally with themselves,
+have paid for a pleasure spoiled for them by the greed or impertinence of
+their fellow men--and women.
+
+
+Telephone Etiquette.--"Central" could disclose how discourteous many women
+who pique themselves on their good manners can be when they are "calling
+down" the tradesman who has made a mistake in filling their order. And how
+often a party line is held for a lengthy "telephone visit" while others
+wait their really important affairs because the "line's busy!"
+
+The manners of the public need reforming. Civility is a public good.
+Without it, we would be barbarians. It is the practical application of the
+Golden Rule to everyday life. To lay aside our own courtesy because we are
+in a crowd, or among people who do not know us, reduces us below the level
+of those who are not versed in the social requirements, because we know
+them and should practise them, whereas they do not know.
+
+
+
+DUTIES AND DRESS OF SERVANTS.
+
+In many large and well-to-do households in this country only one maid, the
+"girl for general housework" is engaged, the mistress and her daughters
+assisting with the lighter parts of the work. In such case each must have
+a certain definite portion of the daily duties and be responsible for its
+performance. Very few maids are capable enough to do all the work of a
+good sized family without assistance, even though the linen be sent to the
+laundry.
+
+
+The One Maid.--Where but one maid is kept she must rise early and put in a
+couple of hours' work before breakfast, airing the house and perhaps
+putting in order and dusting the living rooms, then preparing breakfast.
+She will probably serve it unless everything is put on the table, in which
+case she may busy herself in the kitchen, washing the rougher dishes used
+in preparing the meal. The mistress of each household must make out her
+own schedule for the week, according to the convenience of the family.
+
+The maid is supposed to have her dress changed by three o'clock. She will
+wear a simple but neat cotton gown about her work, mornings; in the
+afternoon she will put on a black dress with white apron, collar and
+cuffs. She is expected to keep a clean apron in the kitchen to slip on if
+summoned to the door before luncheon. She should never answer the bell
+with her sleeves rolled up. The mistress provides the white apron with
+shoulder pieces, the linen cuffs and collar worn by the maid of all work
+in the afternoon and evening. These are the mistress's property, remaining
+in the family through the changes of servants. So many girls object to the
+cap that it is seldom seen save in very formal establishments. If worn,
+the mistress furnishes it.
+
+[780 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Instructing the Maid.--If the mistress finds her maid's education in her
+duties is deficient, she should teach her to open the door wide, as if the
+visitor were welcome; to have her tray ready to receive cards; to be
+informed as to whether the mistress is at home or not that she may answer
+the visitor's inquiry at once. She is to usher the visitor into the
+drawing room or parlor, take the card to her mistress and return to say
+that "Mrs. Blank will be down in a few minutes," never alluding to her
+mistress as "she," as some ill-trained girls do.
+
+If a lady who keeps but one maid entertains at all she must instruct the
+girl in the proper serving of meals. In the first place, everything that
+is necessary for the service must be ready; there must be no getting out
+of extra silver or china at the last moment, with its upsetting confusion.
+The menu must be so carefully planned that most of the food to be served
+can be prepared beforehand. For a six o'clock company dinner, the soup may
+be hot in the kettle; the fowl or joint in the oven; the entree waiting
+the finishing touches on the back of the range, the vegetables in the
+warmer, and the dessert in the ice-box. All the china and silver being in
+readiness and the table properly laid, the maid slips into her black dress
+and apron, and presents herself at the drawing-room door, announcing
+"Dinner' is served."
+
+
+The Maid's Serving.--The guests being seated, she brings in the soup
+tureen, uncovers it, taking the cover to the pantry as she goes for the
+hot soup plates. She then stands at the left of the mistress with a tray,
+covered with a doily, in her left hand, a folded napkin under the tray;
+takes the soup plates as they are filled, passing them to the left of each
+guest, taking the plate from the tray with the right hand. She then
+removes the tureen. Removing the plates she takes them from the left side
+of the guest. The roast is brought in and served in the same manner as the
+soup; the vegetables are passed, each guest helping himself from the dish.
+The salad is usually served on the plates upon which it has been arranged.
+After the salad the table is cleared and the crumbs brushed with a napkin
+upon a plate or tray, and the dessert brought on for the hostess to serve,
+The latter starts the little dishes of bonbons or salted nuts on their
+travels, guests passing them along.
+
+Chocolate is a good beverage to serve on such occasions; it can be made in
+the morning, or even the day before, and heated without in the least
+impairing its quality.
+
+Given a capable, willing girl, one anxious to learn and not too
+self-conscious, a woman may entertain two or three or four guests very
+adequately if she will plan her menu carefully and see, personally, that
+everything is in readiness. She should, however, avoid any
+overelaboration. Better a simple meal well prepared and served than a more
+pretentious one that fails in these particulars.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 781]
+
+Duties of Waitress and Cook.--Where two maids are kept they are waitress--
+"second girl" or "housemaid," sometimes so-called--and cook. The
+housemaid--we will so style her--opens and airs the house and dusts and
+arranges the rooms before breakfast. She serves the breakfast, clears the
+table and washes the dishes taken from it. She then proceeds to the
+bedrooms, putting them in order, dusting, making beds, etc. She will
+probably have fine lingerie waists, etc., to wash and iron on certain
+mornings. She does the sweeping, unless there is a man to take out and
+beat the rugs, and wipes up hardwood floors. She must clean the silver
+once a week and rub up brass; keep the pantries in order, clean the
+bathrooms, wait on table, answer the bell, both the door bell and her
+mistress's bell, and usually assist the latter in dressing. She is
+expected to do part of the family mending, keeping table linen and bed
+linen in good condition, and in some households is expected to wash and
+iron the napkins and dish-towels, unless a laundress is employed.
+
+
+The Cook's Work.--The cook must prepare the meals, and put the food into
+the proper dishes and these in the pantry, ready for the waitress, who is
+not expected to enter the kitchen during the service of a meal. She washes
+the dishes used in the kitchen and the meat dishes from the table; she
+must keep the kitchen and its adjuncts, including back stairs,
+refrigerator, back porch and closet in order. Her mistress plans the meals
+with her, and she is expected to make good and economical use of
+left-overs. She often does the ordering by telephone, and sees to the
+milk, ice, etc., as they are delivered.
+
+
+Should Understand Duties.--Most of the difficulties between servants arise
+from misunderstanding of and friction about their respective duties. It is
+best to have a definite and thorough understanding as to the work expected
+of each before engaging her. Both cook and housemaid have one afternoon
+and one evening each week and every other Sunday afternoon. When one is
+off duty the other must necessarily assume part of her work. Some
+mistresses allow a girl the afternoon and evening of one day; others give
+one afternoon, and the evening of another day, requiring the cook to
+return to prepare dinner on her "day" and the maid to come back to serve
+it on hers. If afternoon and evening go together the cook is expected to
+leave everything in readiness for the evening meal; the cook, on the
+housemaid's day out, must wait upon the table.
+
+Servants always respect a mistress who knows her rights, exacts them, and
+respects her servant's rights. She should permit no familiarities; at the
+same time she must not regard her household assistants as mere machines,
+beyond her sympathy, Good mistresses make good servants.
+
+[782 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Nurse.--The nurse must wash and dress the children; keep their clothes
+in order, washing and ironing the finer articles; eat with them, keep the
+nursery in order; sleep in the room, or in a room adjoining them with the
+door open, and take care of them when they are ill. A nursery governess
+teaches them, and is excused from the laundry work and from keeping the
+nursery in order.
+
+The mistress who can conduct her domestic menage with two servants only is
+usually better served and with less friction than where more are employed.
+Rarely can three servants get on harmoniously. The more servants there
+are, unless there is a housekeeper, the more shirking there is, and the
+more waste and extravagance.
+
+
+
+SUMMARY.
+
+Remember--
+
+That, in introducing people the man must always be introduced to the
+woman.
+
+That the younger woman, the unmarried, the less socially prominent, are
+introduced to the older, the married and the more renowned..
+
+That to pronounce names distinctly avoids much awkwardness to those
+introduced.
+
+A casual meeting on the street does not necessitate an introduction.
+
+Never present yourself with a letter of introduction. Leave it at the
+door.
+
+That a card represents a visit, and that leaving your name in this way
+makes your friend your debtor.
+
+That after dinners, luncheons, theatre and card parties a call is
+required, whether the invitation is accepted or not.
+
+An invitation to a wedding must be acknowledged by sending cards to those
+in whose name the invitation was issued, and may, if she so pleases, call
+on the bride on her return from her wedding journey.
+
+One should send announcement cards rather than invitations to those with
+whom acquaintance is slight.
+
+An invitation to afternoon tea does not require reply. Leave cards if
+present.
+
+The etiquette of calling on an "at home" day does not differ from that of
+an ordinary call, save that some light refreshment is offered, as a rule.
+
+That the bachelor and the widower should respond to every invitation
+whether accepted or declined, by calling and leaving cards, whereas the
+married man's wife may leave his cards with her own. Men ignore this rule
+a great deal, however.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 783]
+
+Cards must be engraved, never written or printed.
+
+That a married woman uses her husband's full name on her cards; that a
+man's name always has the prefix Mr., and an unmarried woman's or young
+girl's that of Miss, and that "pet" names are not "good form" on cards.
+
+The extreme limit of a call is twenty minutes, and the first caller to
+arrive should be the first to depart.
+
+That you should not prolong your leave-taking.
+
+That the lady invites the man to call, and being thus complimented he
+should soon avail himself of the permission.
+
+It is the mother's place to invite young men to call, not the daughter's,
+though she may say "My mother would be pleased to have you call on us,"
+The mother must then meet and assist, for a time at least, in entertaining
+him.
+
+A first call must always be returned. Afterwards the acquaintance need not
+be continued.
+
+"Not at home" is no discourtesy to a caller if she is so informed when the
+maid opens the door. The maid should know whether her mistress wishes to
+see callers or not.
+
+P. p. c. on a card means "To take leave," and intimates your friend is
+leaving town for a season.
+
+It is customary for mother and daughter to use a card on which hath names
+appear when calling together. A debutante, in our most conventional
+society, has no separate card of her own. If she calls without her mother,
+she uses this double card, running a pencil mark lightly through her
+mother's name.
+
+Sisters may use a card in common; it should be engraved "The Misses
+Jones," and used when calling together or sending gifts.
+
+The divorced woman, if she drops her husband's name by permission of the
+court, uses her maiden name on her cards, with the prefix Mrs. If she
+retains her husband's name, she usually combines her family name with it,
+as Mrs. Jones Brown.
+
+A card should never be handed to a hostess or any member of the family.
+Lay it on the table. If a member of the family opens the door, a card need
+not be used, though one is often left as above.
+
+At afternoon teas, receptions and "At Homes" the visitor leaves a card for
+the hostess on the tray in the hall, and one for the guest of honor, or
+the debutante if one is being introduced.
+
+A card to an "At Home" or an afternoon reception does not require either
+acceptance or regret. If the person invited attends she leaves her card;
+if not, she sends it by mail to reach the home on the day of the
+reception.
+
+[784 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+An invitation to a dinner must be answered immediately, and
+unconditionally accepted or declined.
+
+If, having accepted, it becomes absolutely impossible to keep the
+engagement, the earliest possible notice must be given to the hostess.
+
+It is unpardonable to be late at a dinner party. Arrivals are expected
+within ten minutes of the hour named.
+
+One wears the best she has that is suitable for a dinner party.
+
+The reply to an invitation must follow the style of the invitation. If
+formal, that is, in the third person, the reply must also be in the third
+person. If informal, the personal form being employed, the reply is also
+informal.
+
+Do not send your card with "Regrets" written upon it, in response to any
+invitation, formal or informal.
+
+Telephone invitations are admissible only for informal affairs. General
+invitations, given verbally, have no social footing. "Do come and dine
+with us some day," unless followed by a definite date or note of
+invitation, means nothing.
+
+An invitation given by a man to dine or visit, or to a home entertainment,
+is not to be accepted unless seconded by his wife.
+
+A girl, sending invitations to commencement exercises, encloses her card.
+
+It is bad form to show that one feels slighted or affronted at not having
+been invited to any function, or not given the precedence one feels
+herself entitles to. The hostess, in her own home, obeys such rules as she
+believes correct.
+
+A visitor is expected to contribute her share to the pleasure of the
+occasion by being conversationally agreeable.
+
+If hostess, one must overlook every awkwardness on the part of the guest
+or servant, and any accident to one's belongings, but be deeply solicitous
+and apologetic if an accident happens to a guest,
+
+The guest of honor at a dinner party should take leave first. Other
+departures follow speedily.
+
+
+Remember--
+
+That an invitation to spend a few days with a friend requires a speedy
+reply. It is not allowable to say one will come either earlier or later
+than the time specified.
+
+A visitor should adapt herself to the ways of the household, be punctual
+at meals, and make no plans or arrangements without consulting her
+hostess.
+
+She may not invite a friend of her own to a meal without requesting
+permission of her hostess.
+
+She should be careful not to infringe upon the privileges and prerogatives
+of the man of the house.
+
+      MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS       785
+
+She may accept invitations in which the hostess is not included, but never
+without due consultation with her hostess.
+
+She should show herself pleased with the efforts made to entertain her and
+enter into them readily.
+
+She should leave promptly at the expiration of the time set for her visit.
+It is almost invariably a mistake to outstay the limit. If no limit was
+named in the invitation, she should, within a day or two of her arrival,
+state the date on which she will leave.
+
+On her return home, her first duty is to write her hostess, announcing her
+arrival and expressing her pleasure in the visit. To omit this is a grave
+discourtesy. A hostess once said of a woman who failed in this particular:
+"We don't know whether she reached home or not; we never heard from her
+after she left."
+
+On departure, maids or servants who have attended one should receive a
+gratuity, proportioned to the means of the visitor and the style of the
+establishment.
+
+The hostess should arrange to have the visitor met, either meeting her in
+person at the station or being first to greet her on her arrival at the
+house.
+
+Guest rooms should be in perfect order and equipped with every possible
+convenience for the comfort of visitors.
+
+The hostess arranges whatever pleasures are possible for her guest's
+enjoyment, invites her friends to call on her, and probably gives a tea or
+reception in her honor.
+
+Do not forget that it is ill-bred as well as unkind to discuss the family
+affairs of one's hostess with others; to criticise or complain of her
+arrangements; or gossip about her or her family.
+
+
+Remember--
+
+The announcement of an engagement comes from the family of the girl.
+
+The parents and relatives of the bridegroom-elect should call on the girl
+and her mother, or if living in another city write cordial letters without
+delay.
+
+The bride-elect should respond to these advances with cordiality.
+
+She should try to make her future husband's family like her.
+
+Etiquette is not relaxed in the case of an engaged couple. They do not
+make calls together except on relatives or very close friends. They may
+not make journeys together unchaperoned.
+
+The cost of a wedding, whether at church or at home, is borne by the
+bride's family, the bridegroom paying for the wedding ring, the
+clergyman's fee, and the carriage in which the pair leave the church after
+the ceremony.
+
+Though it may be necessary to limit the number of invitations to a
+wedding, announcement cards should be sent to all the friends and
+acquaintances of the two families.
+
+[786 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The "giving away" of a bride by her father is no mere form; it is a
+recognition of family authority, the claim of a father upon his daughter.
+It should therefore be a part of the ceremony.
+
+Invitations to the church ceremony do not necessitate a wedding gift.
+Those invited to the reception may send gifts if they so desire.
+
+Cards are usually removed from gifts, but in some cases are left on.
+
+All gifts should be acknowledged before the ceremony if possible, by the
+bride herself.
+
+If the bridegroom's parents live out of town, it is customary for the
+parents of the bride to invite them to their home as guests of the
+occasion. If this is not practicable, they may engage rooms for them at a
+hotel, paying the bill in advance.
+
+It is thought unlucky to postpone a wedding. Better withdraw the
+invitations in case of severe illness or death, and have a quiet home
+ceremony with few present.
+
+A bridal procession always moves up the central aisle of the church. In
+case there is no center aisle, it moves up one aisle and retires down the
+other. The relatives of the bridegroom are seated in the body of the
+church on the right; those of the bride are similarly placed on the left.
+
+The hats of the father and ushers are left with the sexton in the
+vestibule and handed to them as they leave.
+
+At a church wedding a bride almost invariably wears a veil. Her attendants
+wear hats. The maid-of-honor may wear a short veil.
+
+The dress of the bridal party has already been fully described in a
+preceding chapter.
+
+It is the custom for the bridegroom to give a gift, almost invariably a
+piece of jewelry, to his bride; and a small gift of silver or jewelry to
+each of the ushers and to the best man. The bride generally gives some
+souvenir of the same character to each of her attendants.
+
+The bridegroom sends the bride her bouquet, and often one of violets or
+her favorite flower to the bride's mother.
+
+The bride's father seems a rather subordinate figure at the fashionable
+wedding. After he has given away the bride, he retires into the
+background, escorting his wife to her carriage at the conclusion of the
+ceremony. He does not assist her in receiving the guests at the house, but
+circulates among them after congratulations have been tendered the newly
+wedded pair.
+
+Formal afternoon dress is necessary for men who attend a day wedding, at
+church or at home. At an evening wedding they wear evening clothes.
+
+After a wedding, the members of the bridal party are expected to call on
+the bride's mother within ten days or two weeks.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 787]
+
+A bridal party always stand with their backs to the audience, the
+clergyman facing it.
+
+
+Remember--
+
+That men's evening clothes are not worn before six o'clock.
+
+That women wear their hats at afternoon functions, teas, luncheons, bridge
+parties, etc., and remove them at evening affairs.
+
+That in society, personal affairs, servants, dress, household
+difficulties, "symptoms," illnesses and bereavements, are not to be made a
+subject of conversation.
+
+It is not good form to talk of the cost of articles or mention money
+affairs in company.
+
+The social aspirant should cultivate the art of saying polite nothings
+acceptably. Small talk is the small change of social life.
+
+One should be prompt at dinner, a card-party or a musicale.
+
+At a dancing-party the hostess does not dance, as a rule, during the first
+part of the evening. She receives her guests and sees that the women are
+provided with partners.
+
+A man who dances should pay his hostess the courtesy of inviting her to
+dance. He should certainly dance with her daughter.
+
+Engaged couples should be careful to avoid demonstrations of affection or
+preoccupation in each other while in company.
+
+
+Remember--
+
+That the salt-shaker is out of favor; the open salt cellar and the
+salt-spoon are much preferred.
+
+Never cut bread; break it with the fingers. Never butter a large piece, or
+spread it in the palm of your hand.
+
+The finger-bowl will be brought on a plate with a doily under it.
+
+Lift both from the plate to the table. The plate is then ready for the
+fruit course.
+
+Black coffee--cafe noir--is usually served without cream. Cut loaf sugar
+is passed with it.
+
+If a visitor for one meal only, the napkin is not folded at the conclusion
+of a meal. If staying a day or two follow the practice of the hostess.
+
+Creme de menthe is served before the coffee, in small liquor glasses.
+
+Do not break bread or crackers into the soup nor tip the plate to obtain
+the last of it.
+
+Do not play with crumbs, or finger knife or spoon.
+
+Never touch a knife to fish or salad.
+
+[788 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Remember--
+
+Do not move glass, spoon, etc., when the maid brushes the crumbs from the
+cloth.
+
+Knife and fork are laid upon the plate, tines of the latter upward, when
+the plate is passed for a second helping. This "second help" is permitted
+only at family or informal dinners.
+
+A host must not urge food upon a guest after it has once been declined.
+
+Lift the cup or glass to the lips, instead of bending toward it. Do not
+throw the head back and raise the cup to get the last of its contents.
+
+
+Remember--
+
+To prepare a list of the members of the family who will go to the cemetery
+at a funeral, for the undertaker's guidance, arranging them in the order
+of the relationship.
+
+Flowers should be sent early in the morning of the day of interment, or on
+the previous afternoon. Acknowledgment by note or verbally is expected.
+
+A letter expressive of sympathy in a friend's bereavement should be sent
+immediately upon learning of a death.
+
+During an illness, make inquiries at the door, leaving a card with "To
+inquire" written upon it. This apprises a friend of your interest in her
+troubles, yet makes no claim upon her time.
+
+Men wear mourning bands on their hats, not on the coat sleeve. Borders on
+mourning stationery and cards should be narrow.
+
+Invitations to receptions, weddings, and general entertainments, excepting
+dancing parties, balls and cotillions, are sent to people in mourning. A
+response on black bordered stationery sufficiently indicates the reason
+for non-acceptance.
+
+
+Remember--
+
+That the typewriter does not figure in social correspondence.
+
+A neat, well written letter or note is a credit to the writer, and a
+compliment to her correspondent.
+
+Avoid "fancy" or bizarre stationery. A good quality of white or cream
+paper, in several sizes, is indicative of refined taste.
+
+The forms of address, under the head of  "Letter forms" may be profitably
+studied.
+
+Abbreviations are incorrect. Write out the name of the state on your
+envelope; otherwise it may go astray.
+
+[MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 789]
+
+To keep a dictionary on one's desk is a wise precaution unless one is sure
+of herself in regard to spelling.
+
+Answer all notes of invitation promptly, and unconditionally; and all
+friendly letters within a reasonable time.
+
+If you never say an unkind or hateful thing in a letter, you will never
+fear you may be some day condemned by your written evidence.
+
+Don't keep old letters; it is unwise.
+
+Avoid discussions on any subject on which people feel strongly, like
+politics and religion. Do not hold an argument in society.
+
+Remember that good manners are made up of petty sacrifices, gracefully
+made.
+
+A kind "no" is often more agreeable than a rough "yes." An assent, given
+grudgingly, is always ungracious.
+
+Take note of this quotation: "Life is like a mirror. It reflects the face
+you bring to it. Look out lovingly upon the world and the world will look
+lovingly in upon you."
+
+[790 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+BEAUTY AND THE TOILET
+
+
+INCLUDING MANICURING, CARE OF THE COMPLEXION,
+TEETH, EYES, FEET, Etc.
+
+
+"The one thing that woman prizes most is her beauty. Though she have none,
+she yet persuadeth herself that she possesses some charm upon which men's
+eyes rest admiringly."--Johnson.
+
+
+"There is no wound a woman will not more willingly forget than a blow to
+her vanity."
+
+Although woman's chief desire is to be beautiful, it is a historical fact
+that nearly every woman whose beauty has been renowned has either led an
+unhappy life or met a tragic fate. Strangely, too, the most famous
+attachments of which we have record have been inspired by women who were
+not only not beautiful, but who had some noticeable defect. So to be
+attractive, and to charm, it is not necessary to be beautiful. Beauty
+gives a woman a start in the race; her other qualities must enable her to
+keep her advantage.
+
+
+
+THE FACE-HEALTH AS AN AID TO BEAUTY.
+
+The first essential to good looks is good health. The clear complexion,
+the bright eyes, the lustrous hair that are such helps are born of good
+health rather than of creams and hair tonics. Health depends a good deal
+on wholesome diet and out-door exercise, which make pure blood. Pure air
+is invaluable. Country girls often have exquisite complexions because of
+the pure air they breathe--unless they eat too much heavy, greasy food.
+
+Study hygiene, then, instead of relying upon "Bloom of Youth" and "Cream
+of Roses" as aids to a good complexion. Such things deceive no one, and by
+use ruin the skin, wrinkling and withering it. It is a good thing to drink
+plenty of water. A glass on retiring, another on rising, and a third an
+hour before the noon meal is little enough. Keep the stomach and bowels in
+good order.
+
+BLACKHEADS.--The most frequent inquiry in the "beauty pages" of the papers
+is what to do for blackheads. In the first place, don't allow yourself to
+get them. Keep your face clean. A blackhead is simply a pore that is
+filled with oil and dirt. Sometimes they are as large as the head of a
+pin. When taken out they leave an enlargement known as a coarse pore. Do
+not steam the face to remove them. Wash the face well with soap and hot
+water; wring cloths out of hot water and hold to the face then massage
+with cold cream. Several treatments will soften them so they may be
+pinched out between the thumbs. Never attempt this treatment before going
+out; do it at night, before retiring.
+
+Blackheads are a reflection upon one's personal cleanliness, therefore
+bathe the whole body often.
+
+[BEAUTY AND THE TOILET 791]
+
+PIMPLES.--Pimples are due to an impure condition of the blood, for which
+sulphur is a good remedy, taken internally and applied externally. One
+dram each of camphor and flowers of sulphur in four ounces of rose-water
+is a good lotion for external use. Do not pick or squeeze pimples, unless
+pus has formed in them. Nothing is more disgusting than a face broken out
+in pus-filled pimples. See a physician if thus afflicted.
+
+
+FRECKLES.--These have been poetically called "the kisses of the sun," but
+no girl cares for evidences of that sort of affection. Prevention is
+easier than cure. Simple home remedies are lemon juice and glycerin, sour
+buttermilk, and elderflower soap used in bathing.
+
+A well-known application is six grains of bichloride of mercury in one
+ounce each of glycerin and alcohol, and a few drops, say ten or twelve, of
+oil of lavender. The trouble is that after using these remedies the skin
+is delicate and freckles more easily.
+
+The fad for going bareheaded has ruined many a girl's complexion.
+
+
+SUNBURN.--Avoid it when possible. If going on the water, apply magnesia to
+the face rather thickly. If sunburned, rub the skin with cold cream,
+leaving it on as long as you can before using water on it. A wash that is
+good for tan and sunburn requires half an ounce of borax and an ounce of
+lemon juice in a pint of rose water.
+
+
+CHAPPED HANDS AND FACE.--Many cases of "chaps" may be avoided by the
+simple precaution of wiping the face and hands perfectly dry. If the skin
+chaps easily keep at hand a bottle of glycerin and lemon juice mixed in
+about equal proportions, and after wiping rub a little on the hands.
+Before going out in the cold, rub a little cold cream or oil of sweet
+almonds over the face; leave it on a few minutes, rub off lightly with a
+dry towel and dust with rice powder. Camphor ice is good for chapped lips.
+
+
+
+A PURE FACE CREAM.--Set a bowl in a basin of hot water over the fire. In
+it put a quarter of an ounce of white wax and two and a half ounces of
+spermaceti, and the same quantity of oil of sweet almonds. When melted and
+hot, add a pinch of borax and an ounce and a half of rose-water. Beat
+these ingredients with a silver fork, briskly, till the cream is cold.
+Warm the jar before filling it and keep in a cool place.
+
+
+ANOTHER GOOD CREAM.--One ounce each of white wax and spermaceti; two
+ounces each of lanolin and cocoanut oil and four ounces of sweet almond
+oil. Melt in a double-boiler or a bowl set in hot water, and stir in two
+ounces of orange flower water and thirty drops of tincture of benzoin.
+Stir briskly till cold, and of the consistency of a thick paste. This is
+to be used at night, after thoroughly washing the face. It is a good
+cleansing cream also.
+
+[792 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+WRINKLES.--It is a great deal easier to prevent wrinkles than it is to get
+rid of them after one has acquired them. A little study of women's faces
+will show how wrinkles, that no amount of massage will obliterate, are
+being made. They make perpendicular wrinkles between the eyes by drawing
+the brows together when sewing or reading, sometimes through habit and
+sometimes because of insufficient light. Some wrinkles are born of
+in-temper, of fretfulness, or sorrow. As the skin loses its elasticity,
+through age or ill-health, wrinkles come more and more easily. The best
+remedy for wrinkles is a light heart and a contented mind. Assist these
+with good, wholesome food that makes pure blood to feed the body, and
+render external aid through gentle massage and some good face cream and
+you have done the best you can. It is a good plan to some day take your
+hand-mirror with you as you go about your daily duties and watch the
+process of wrinkle-making. Say you are sewing and note the glass. Without
+changing your expression, take a look at yourself. The chance is it will
+be a revelation. You will realize why wrinkles come.
+
+
+MASSAGE.--Unless properly done, massage may do more harm than good. If one
+can afford a few treatments by a scientific masseur and study her methods,
+it is a great help. The thing is not to rub in more than you rub out, by
+improper manipulation. Rub the face up, not down. This is because of the
+tendency of the muscles to sag.
+
+Rub across, not with, the lines. Rub the "parentheses" around the month up
+and out, and give a rotary motion to the rubs given the checks, gently
+pinching and pulling them out.
+
+But after all, there's nothing like good temper and steady nerves to
+prevent the tell-tale lines.
+
+
+WRINKLED HANDS.--Wrinkled hands belong to age, and are due to loss of oil
+in the skin. After washing and wiping them, rub with a little cold cream
+or olive oil. Rub well into the skin. At night, use the cream or oil
+freely and put on a pair of old gloves.
+
+Camphor is a good whitening agent for the hands, and a teaspoonful of
+spirits of camphor beaten into any greasy, cold cream will be beneficial.
+A piece of the gum camphor melted with the ointment blends more readily. A
+piece of camphor size of a walnut to two tablespoonfuls of the cream is
+about right proportions.
+
+
+RED HANDS AND NOSE.--Sometimes a too tight corset, impeding the
+circulation of the blood, is responsible for the blemishes; sometimes poor
+circulation due to poor health. Cold feet may send the blood to the nose.
+Find out what is the cause and remove it. Local applications are
+ineffective.
+
+[BEAUTY AND THE TOILET 793]
+
+COLD OR FEVER SORES.--These unpleasant afflictions may be cured if taken
+at the first indication of what is coming--a smarting or burning
+sensation--by frequent applications of dilute spirits of camphor.
+
+
+FACE POWDERS.--There are few women who do not at times have occasion to
+use face powder. A woman once remarked: "It isn't decent not to in
+summer--one looks so greasy without." There are many face powders on the
+market, some of which are comparatively harmless, while others are
+deleterious. The injury done by powder is that it fills the pores,
+stopping them up and thus clogging the skin. Many powders contain lead or
+bismuth, both of which are very injurious. Magnesia is drying. Rice powder
+is most harmless, but does not adhere. The most innocent powder is
+probably a preparation of French chalk. Weigh a box of powder in your hand
+before purchasing. If heavy, it doubtless contains lead, and should be
+refused. Find some powder that agrees with your skin and then buy that
+brand. Suit the color of the powder to your complexion. Don't use flesh
+tint if you are sallow, the "outlying regions" of neck and ears betray
+you.
+
+
+TO USE POWDER.--Wash the face; rub a little cold cream over it, rubbing it
+in well, wipe with a dry towel, gently, then apply the powder with a
+chamois--a clean one. Do not keep it on unnecessarily. Remove by rubbing
+with the cleansing cream, then wash the face. Never go to bed with powder
+on your face.
+
+
+LIQUID WHITENERS.--Avoid these. They are "whitewashes" that wither and
+wrinkle the skin and make it prematurely old. Almost without exception
+they contain lead in some form. Constant use may produce a facial
+paralysis due to lead poisoning. Moreover they deceive no one, and give an
+unpleasing impression as regards one's good sense.
+
+
+ROUGE.--Well, don't do it. There may be a few who can have a rouge
+especially prepared that is the exact tint that harmonizes with the skin,
+the hair, the eyes, and can apply it so carefully as to look "natural."
+But ordinarily the deception is evident, and rouge in conjunction with
+liquid washes and penciled eyes and brows, suggest the aids employed by
+women of the demi-monde.
+
+If any rouge is used, let it be the "Spanish lady's rouge" or
+crepons--bits of white woolen crepe dyed with an ammoniacal solution of
+carmine. These are gently rubbed on the skin to produce the required glow.
+
+
+THE HAIR.--Beautiful hair is woman's crown of glory. Thousands of the sex
+wear it unbecomingly. They follow the latest fashion in arrangement
+without reference to whether it suits the lines of the face and head or
+otherwise. One should never be satisfied with a front view alone. Study
+the back, the sides, the lines produced, just as you study the
+becomingness of a hat from all angles. If a new fashion is unbecoming,
+either avoid it, or modify it into becomingness if you can. So many women
+make guys of themselves by a slavish devotion to the freaks of fashion.
+
+[794 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CARE OF THE HAIR.--The hair is kept in order by frequent brushings, which
+excite the natural oil by which it is fed, and by washing it. Dr. Leonard,
+an authority on the hair, says once a month is as often as the hair needs
+washing. As a shampoo, he advises yolk of egg, well rubbed into the scalp
+and roots of the hair, then washed out with tepid water and castile soap.
+A brisk rubbing with dry towels excites the blood-vessels of the scalp.
+There is no doubt that this simple shampoo is more beneficial than many
+new-fangled ones.
+
+The hair should be taken down and well brushed every night, This removes
+dirt and makes it glossy. Use a brush with bristles as stiff as you can
+use without irritating the scalp too much, and keep it clean. Don't drag a
+fine comb through the hair. The proper comb has regular and even teeth,
+rounded, not sharp. If a tooth becomes split, remove it; it will break the
+hair. Wire brushes are nothing more or less than combs, and are not as
+good for the hair as good bristle brushes. Keep combs and brushes clean.
+
+
+USE OF POMADES.--Hair that is dry and brittle really requires some
+oleaginous preparation, used in moderation. Yellow vaselin is good. Part
+the hair and rub it into the scalp with the tips of the fingers. A
+sufficient amount will find its way to the hair itself to relieve the
+dryness. Cocoanut oil is also good. Never apply anything of this kind to
+the hair itself, which is simply made greasy. The benefit should be to the
+roots. The application of vaselin may be made a couple of days before the
+monthly washing, or if the hair is very dry, may follow it. Remember not
+to overdo the matter. It does not follow that because a little is good,
+more is better.
+
+A specialist on the hair who makes biennial trips abroad to advise himself
+as to the most recent methods and treatment, in a moment of confidence
+admitted to a customer that after all pure cold water was as good a hair
+tonic as he knew of. "Do not wet the hair." he said. "Dip the tips of your
+fingers in cold water and rub the scalp, wetting it and at the same time
+massaging it. Do this as faithfully as you would apply a tonic, and in all
+but certain exceptional cases it will be as beneficial.'
+
+
+CLIPPING THE HAIR.--It is a good plan to clip the ends of the hair once a
+month to keep the growth even. If the hair splits, trim to a point above
+it, as the tendency is for the split to extend further up the hair-shaft.
+
+
+DANDRUFF.--Dandruff is the scaling off of dead cuticle. In excess, it
+becomes a disease, forming so thick a scale as to kill the roots of the
+hair and cause it to fall out. It is rightly called "itch dirt."
+Cleanliness therefore helps a cure.
+
+An old-fashioned recipe for dandruff calls for five ounces of bay rum, one
+ounce of olive oil, one ounce tincture of cantharides. Dr. Leonard advises
+free applications of sweet oil for the purpose of softening the scales,
+then a washing with warm water and castile soap, or the "green soap" of
+the pharmacy. If the disease is bad, or obstinate, apply a little oxide of
+zinc ointment.
+
+[BEAUTY AND THE TOILET 795]
+
+WASHING THE HAIR.--One suspects that those who advise washing the hair
+once a week have more of all eye to the increase of their business than to
+the welfare of their customers' hair. The egg shampoo has been advised.
+Use a soap made of vegetable oil if possible. Never rub soap in the hair,
+and be very careful to rinse thoroughly, to get all the soap out using hot
+water for washing, then graduating the temperature till the final douche
+of cold. Do not use ammonia, soda or borax on the hair.
+
+
+COLOR OF THE HAIR.--Nature has suited the hair to the complexion in every
+case, and we cannot improve upon her idea of harmony. That is why any
+attempt to change the color is so unsatisfactory. The "bleached blonde" is
+always recognizable; so is the woman who dyes her faded locks in vain
+effort to retain her "youth." As the hair changes by natural processes the
+complexion changes to match it, so that we never get a chance to improve
+upon nature's handiwork.
+
+In Elizabethan days, wigs were worn to harmonize or match with the
+costume. Queen Elizabeth had over eighty. Think of purple hair? Yet some
+dyes give a purple tinge to the locks.
+
+
+DYED HAIR.--Dyed hair is a sorry makeshift at best. Far better let nature
+have her way. There is but one hair-dye that is not positively harmful,
+this is henna, and its use entails no end of trouble because it must be
+frequently renewed,--some use it every day.
+
+To prepare the dye, get a quarter pound of henna leaves; to this add two
+quarts of cold water. Let stand on the back of the range where it will
+steep slowly for four or five hours. Add three ounces of alcohol and
+bottle. Apply with a tooth-brush. It gives a sort of reddish-brown color.
+Women whose hair is prematurely gray often use this, declaring their white
+hair prevents them from obtaining or holding business positions. But where
+hair has whitened prematurely there is always a freshness and vitality
+about eyes and complexion that bespeaks youth.
+
+Physicians strongly deprecate the use of hair dyes. No matter how
+strenuously the label insists on "absolute harmlessness," the dye relies
+for its effectiveness upon the presence of lead in some chemical
+combination. The frequent application of lead to the scalp induces a
+certain dangerous form of poisoning, which results in paralysis. If "dye
+you must," pin your faith to henna.
+
+[796 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+GRAY HAIR.--"The only thing to do with gray hair is to admire it." This is
+true. Nothing so sets off an aged face like the crown of silver. To color
+it is a great mistake. There is absolutely no cure for it; the one thing
+we can do is to make it a beauty. Gray hair is due to the exhaustion of
+the pigment or coloring cells of the hair, supposed to be occasioned by
+the lack of a regular supply of blood.
+
+For the progressive whitening of the hair due to the advance of age,
+curative agents are rarely of any avail, especially if the trouble is
+hereditary. Not that gray hair and baldness are handed down from father to
+son, but that the peculiarities of constitution which produce them are
+inherent in both. Nervousness, neuralgia, a low physical condition, aid
+the falling and blanching of the hair, and the victim should build up the
+general system. Preparations of iron and sulphur, taken internally, are
+supposed to supply certain elements of growth and pigment-forming power to
+the hair.
+
+A solution of iron for external application to the hair, calls for two
+drams each of citrate of iron and tincture of nux vomica, and one and
+one-half ounces each of cocoanut oil and bay rum. It may be mentioned
+here, that faithfulness in treatment means even more than the tonic
+applied. To gain any real benefit, one must be persistent in application.
+
+Hair often turns gray "in streaks" to the chagrin of the victim. Or it
+whitens above the forehead and temples and remains dark at the back.
+Nothing can be done for this.
+
+Gray hair should be kept scrupulously clean, and requires more frequent
+washing than hair that holds its color. A very little blueing in the
+rinsing water gives a purer, clearer white. For this use indigo, not the
+usual washing fluid which is made of Prussian blue. Five cents worth of
+indigo will last a lifetime.
+
+
+A HAIR TONIC.--A lotion Dr. Leonard recommends for the hair, especially
+where it is coming out calls for two drams tincture cantharides, half an
+ounce nux vomica, one dram tincture capsicum, one and a half ounces castor
+oil, and two ounces of cologne. Apply with a bit of sponge twice a day.
+
+A preparation which is tonic in its properties and is also said to darken
+gray hair, and which certainly contains nothing injurious, calls for one
+ounce of sage and a pint of boiling water, allowed to stand twenty-four
+hours in an iron pot, and then filtered through filtering papers.
+
+Digest half an ounce of pine tar in a pint of water for forty-eight hours,
+stirring occasionally; filter, and put with the other fluid, then add one
+pint of bay rum, one ounce each of cologne and tincture of cantharides,
+two ounces of glycerin and ten ounces of distilled water. Apply daily,
+using a tonic brush.
+
+
+THE HAIR AND HEALTH.--The condition of the hair is largely predicated on
+the condition of the general health. In health, it should be abundant,
+glossy and bright--"live"--in color. A low physical condition may make it
+look dry and dead, and induce falling out. Take care of the general health
+for the sake of the hair as well as for the sake of the complexion.
+
+[BEAUTY AND THE TOILET 797]
+
+THE HANDS.--One of the woman's continuous tasks is trying to keep her
+hands clean, and one thing that militates against their good looks is
+careless washing. They are washed indiscriminately in hot or cold water,
+the soap not properly rinsed off, nor the drying complete. To keep them
+soft and white, wash in soft, tepid water, dry thoroughly, then rub in a
+little cold cream or compound of glycerin, or fine cornmeal. Use rubber
+gloves in dish washing, and if you must have your hands in soapy water for
+a long time, after washing them in pure water rub over with a few drops of
+lemon juice or cider vinegar. This kills the potash in the soap that has
+been used.
+
+
+CARE OF THE NAILS.--It is a luxury to have one's nails done by a manicure,
+and if one can not afford this, always, it is profitable to have it done a
+few times and carefully observe the process, because the nails are a very
+important part of the care of the hands.
+
+Finger Nail Powder, Old Tried Remedy for--
+
+    "Violet Talcum Powder     1/2 ounce
+    Pulverized Boric Acid     1/2 ounce
+    Powdered Starch           1/2 ounce
+    Tincture of Carmine        15 drops
+
+If the nails become hard or brittle, immerse them in warm olive oil every
+night or rub vaselin into them."
+
+
+IMPLEMENTS.--The tools required are a pair of manicure scissors, which
+have small curved blades; get a good pair of steel scissors, the silver
+are not so good; a package of emery boards, an orange-wood stick, a
+flexible nail file, a small bottle of peroxide of hydrogen for bleaching,
+a bit of pumice stone, a cake of polishing powder, a chamois covered
+"buffer" and a box of rosaline or other paste.
+
+
+THE PROCESS.--The nails are to be shortened by filing, as cutting thickens
+them. The orange-wood stick is then dipped in peroxide and run under the
+nail to bleach, then the pumice stone, powdered, is used in the same way
+to cleanse. During this the left hand is soaking in tepid, soapy water. Of
+course, if you do your own manicuring you will go on with the right hand,
+waiting while the cuticle at the base of the nail softens. This is then
+anointed with a little cold cream or vaselin; the cuticle is loosened and
+trimmed if necessary,--do not trim if you can avoid it, as cutting
+thickens it. When both hands have been thus treated, they are again soaked
+a few minutes, then a little of the rosaline paste--a very little--is put
+on each nail, the buffer dipped in the polishing powder and the nails
+polished. The hands are then washed, rubbed dry, and the fingers gone over
+a second time in search of roughness of nail or cuticle; they are then
+polished again with a clean buffer, and may be sprayed with perfume from
+an atomizer.
+
+MOUTH AND TEETH.--Many young people owe their homely mouths to infantile
+habits. Sucking the thumb, and these horrible "pacificators" or "baby
+comforters" are responsible for some ill-shaped mouths. A large mouth, if
+not malformed, is not ugly unless filled with bad teeth or set in a
+disagreeable expression. Thus, in a way, we mould this feature ourselves,
+to a considerable degree.
+
+[798 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CLEANSING THE TEETH.--A good brushing twice a day, using cold water and
+some pleasant antiseptic wash, like listerine, does much to keep the mouth
+and teeth clean. Particles of food lodged between the teeth should be
+removed with a bit of dental floss.
+
+
+VISITS TO THE DENTIST.--Pain and expense are saved by consulting the
+dentist in good season. The smallest cavity should be filled as soon as
+discovered. At least once a year the teeth should be carefully examined by
+one's dentist; it would be better to go every six months. Let the dentist
+clean them and remove the tartar, if any, as commercial preparations often
+injure. Most dentists will save a tooth wherever possible. There is little
+excuse for bad teeth these days, since modern dentistry can work marvels.
+
+
+CHILDREN'S TEETH.--On no account let a child's second teeth come in
+crowded, irregular or projecting. A good dentist can remedy all these
+malformations and though it may be troublesome at the time, the child,
+when grown, will blame you for not having relieved him of them. From
+babyhood, the child should be taught that cleansing the teeth is as
+important a part of the toilet as washing the hands.
+
+
+THE EYES.--No gift is more precious than sight. Therefore take care of
+your eyes. Don't overstrain them, don't put anything in them, don't follow
+any casual prescription, nor use belladonna to brighten them. Consult an
+oculist, not an optician, if there is anything the matter with them. Bathe
+them in hot water when they feel tired and drawn. Eyesight is too precious
+to be tampered with. If a child is cross-eyed, a simple operation will
+straighten them, and it is a crime not to have it done.
+
+
+EYELASHES AND EYEBROWS.--The best application for these is the simplest.
+Just a little yellow vaselin, which encourages growth. Don't clip, either.
+Frequent brushing will generally train the brows into a shapely line. A
+heavy, coarse hair may be pulled out with the fingers.
+
+
+THE FEET.--The three most frequent evils to which the feet are heir are
+corns, bunions or enlarged joints, and chilblains. Ingrowing nails are
+much less common, but make up in painfulness.
+
+CORNS.--Corns are of three kinds: callous spots, soft corns, and corns.
+Callous spots may be rubbed or pared down and rubbed with cocoa butter.
+Soft corns come between the toes and are very painful. Soak absorbent
+cotton in a little turpentine and put between the toes; or sprinkle the
+cotton with powdered alum. These corns are supposed to be due to moisture
+between the toes and are sometimes cured and often prevented by keeping
+absorbent cotton between the toes. Prevention saves a lot of suffering.
+"Just corns" are calloused spots with hard center; pressure on this causes
+pain. Soaking in hot water, and shaving off as much of the hardened skin
+as can be removed with safety, affords relief. The little hard core should
+be taken out.
+
+Precautions.--Be sure that your knife, razor, or whatever implement is
+used is perfectly clean (sterilized) and avoid drawing blood. If this
+happens, use some antiseptic. Cases of blood-poisoning that have resulted
+fatally have been caused by such wounds. If you wear colored hose, have
+them washed before wearing, as the dye may be injurious.
+
+[BEAUTY AND THE TOILET 799]
+
+BUNIONS.--These painful enlargements are due to a too short shoe, or one
+that does not fit well. Better discard such footwear; it will be cheaper
+in the end. Paint the sore joint with a mixture of equal parts of
+glycerin, tincture of iodine and carbolic acid; using a camel's hair
+brush. Stockings that are too short may produce the same affliction.
+
+
+CHILBLAINS.--People who have, or do not want chilblains should avoid
+woolen stockings. Neither should they "toast their toes" at the fire, wear
+bed-socks, or take a hot water-bottle to bed with them. Warm the feet by
+exercise, or vigorous rubbing. If very painful, try ice-cold applications,
+tincture of iodine, camphor, and tincture of chloride of iron are healing.
+
+
+INGROWING NAILS.--A bad case should be taken to the chiropodist. Shaving
+the nail thin on the top, or cutting a V-shaped piece out of it, tend to
+relieve. Raise up the nail and put a bit of absorbent cotton under it. The
+best way is to avoid foot troubles by wearing well fitting shoes which are
+sufficiently large.
+
+[800 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS
+
+For Mother and Her Little Family
+
+TEN COMMANDMENTS FOR RAISING CHILDREN.
+
+1. Thou shalt not frighten thy child by threats of punishment.
+
+2. Thou shalt not visit thine own disappointments upon thy child, nor
+speak to him sharply without just cause.
+
+3. Thou shalt not administer any rebuke while feeling anger toward thy
+child.
+
+4. Thou shalt not require more of thy child than of thyself.
+
+5. Thou shalt not speak discourteously to thy child.
+
+6. Thou shalt not lie to thy child, neither break thy promise, nor
+deceive.
+
+7. Thou shalt not waste thyself upon the effort to destroy evil
+tendencies and wrong activities in thy child, but shall remove temptation
+from him and cultivate his virtues and his righteous activities.
+
+8. Thou shalt not curtail thy child's liberty but shall insist he respect
+the liberty of all others, even as his is respected.
+
+9. Many hours shalt thou labor with thy child and do all thy work,
+dressing him, feeding him, teaching him, amusing him, but for one hour out
+of every seven waking hours shalt thou let him alone, and bother him not,
+neither thou, nor thy husband, nor thy nursemaid, nor thy friends, nor thy
+relatives nor any that are in thy house. For in that hour shall the Lord
+come unto him.
+
+10. Thou shalt not force thy child in any respect, neither physically,
+mentally or morally. Thou shalt not force obedience, for forced obedience
+is not righteous; but thou shalt gently lead thy child along the way that
+he should go, having first passed over the road thyself.
+
+
+THE PRAYING OF A CHILD.
+
+Pray, little child for me tonight,
+That from thy lips like petals white,
+Thy words may fall and at His feet
+Bloom for His path with fragrance sweet!
+Pray, little child, that I may be
+Childlike in innocence like thee,
+And simple in my faith and trust
+Through all the battle's heat and dust!
+
+Pray, little child, in thy white gown,
+Beside thy wee bed kneeling down;
+Pray, pray for me, for I do know
+Thy white words on soft wings will go
+Unto His heart, and on His breast
+Light as blown doves that seek for rest
+Up the pale twilight path that gleams
+Under the spell of starry dreams!
+
+Pray, little child, for me, and say:
+"Please, Father, keep him firm today
+Against the shadow and the care,
+For Christ's sake!" Ask it in thy prayer,
+For well I know that thy pure word
+'Gainst louder tongues will have been heard,
+When the great moment comes that He
+Shall listen through His love for me!
+
+Oh, little child, if I could feel
+One atom of thy faith so real,
+Then might I bow and be as one
+In whose heart many currents run
+Of joyful confidence and cheer,
+Making each earthly moment dear
+With sunshine and the sound of bells
+On the green hills and in the dells!
+
+Pray, little child, for me tonight,
+That from thy lips in sunward flight,
+One word may fall with all its sweet
+Upon the velvet at His feet,
+That He may lift it to His ear
+Its tender plea of love to hear,
+And lay it, granted, on the pile
+Signed with the signet of His smile!
+
+[NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 801]
+
+Motherhood.--Motherhood is a profession that is overworked. The hours are
+long and holidays and vacations are few and far between. Mother gets a
+great deal of maudlin sympathy and not enough tangible aid, says a writer
+in the Housekeeper. Our poetic conception of the true mother is that her
+whole life is bound up in the welfare of her children and her family. At
+what age are her children not, for her, a matter of serious concern? She
+has ever had plenty of material which she can manufacture into worry and
+heartaches. Many mothers consume too much of their own nervous energy and
+jeopardize their health in what they think their bounden maternal duties.
+There is a judicious limit of all things even though they are virtues.
+
+
+Mother.--The babe at first feeds upon the mother's bosom, but is always on
+her heart.--H. W. Beecher.
+
+
+Baby's Layette.--The principal thing to be borne in mind regarding the
+baby's layette is that all the clothing should be light, soft, in both
+surface and texture, and porous also in order that the evaporation of
+perspiration and a certain ventilation of the skin may take place. Perfect
+simplicity, not only in material and trimming, but in the whole plan of
+the little garments will testify to good taste and common sense, and at
+the same time tend to eliminate much fretfulness and wailing.
+
+
+Baby.--A sweet new blossom of humanity, fresh fallen from God's own home,
+to flower on earth.--Massey.
+
+[802 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Boy's Garments.--Don't burden the boy with a whole array of separate
+garments, but give him a few good, heavy things. The lessened number will
+allow him freedom, and his comfort, too, is to be considered. Boy's
+trousers are now fully lined, and these with the right sort of underwear
+will give him the requisite warmth with very little unnecessary weight.
+
+
+Boys.--A torn jacket is soon mended, but hard words bruise the heart of a
+child.--Longfellow.
+
+
+Pretty Things for Baby.--Among pretty articles for baby there are tiny
+ribbon garters to hold up the little sleeves, in colors to match the blue
+of the eyes or the pink of the cheeks, and there are huge soft rosettes of
+ribbon and hand embroidered strings for the cap, and gold baby pins and
+fleecy robes and bow-decked quilts.
+
+
+Baby.--A rose with all its sweetest leaves yet folded.--Byron.
+
+
+Baby's Outing.--It is always better for a baby, no matter how young, to go
+out in a carriage than to be carried. Young babies are much more
+comfortable lying full length on a pillow placed in the carriage and
+properly covered than when carried in the arms.
+
+
+Baby.--A lovely bud, so soft, so fair, called hence by early doom; just
+sent to show how sweet a flower in paradise would bloom.--Leigh Richmond.
+
+
+Wild Flowers.--Children who gather wild flowers should be taught that they
+must not put them in their mouths. The buttercup, which is harmless enough
+to handle, contains an acid poison that will produce sore mouth, and taken
+into the stomach worse effects might result. It also contains a narcotic
+principle, anemonin, which has the property of diminishing the respiration
+and heart action.
+
+
+Flowers.--It is with flowers as with moral qualities, the bright are
+sometimes poisonous, but I believe never the sweet.--Hare.
+
+
+Reasoning versus Punishment.--There is one great point that all mothers
+should observe and that is not to punish children when reasoning would
+bring the same results. For needless correction blunts a child's
+sensitiveness. To state that it brutalizes him is putting it too
+positively, but it tends to develop indifference and hardness that one
+does not want a child to possess,
+
+
+Discipline.--Be ever gentle with the children God has given you.--Watch
+over them constantly; reprove them earnestly, but not in anger.--In the
+forcible language of Scripture, "Be not bitter against them." "Yes, they
+are good boys," said a kind father. "I talk to them much, but I do not
+beat my children: the world will beat them." It was a beautiful thought,
+though not elegantly expressed.--Burritt.
+
+
+Baby's Kimono.--The little flannel kimonos or wrappers, so convenient to
+slip on the baby before the morning bath, or if the room is at all chilly,
+may be made up in pretty styles, in delicate colors, bound with silk, and
+tied with tiny bows to match.
+
+[NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 803]
+
+Early Schooling.--Of ten infants destined for different vocations, I
+should prefer that the one who is to study through life should be the
+least learned at the age of twelve.
+                                                          --Tissot.
+
+
+Baby's Fine Dresses.--If the baby's dress is not made of the finest of
+handkerchief linen, French nainsook or a very fine batiste is usually
+chosen. These are the soft materials, soft as well as sheer. They are the
+materials on which embroidery is done most successfully and the baby dress
+de luxe is always hand embroidered. It may have on it the merest touch of
+hand work--scarcely more than a few eyelets and a tiny blossom and stem
+and yet follow the prescribed lines. The little round yokes are attached
+to the fulled on skirt portion with the tiniest of beading or else the
+yoke scallops are lapped down over the fullness. The neck is edged with
+the little hand-made scallops.
+
+
+Nicknames.--A good name will wear out; a bad one may be turned; a nickname
+lasts forever.--Zimmermann.
+
+
+Undergarments.--In buying the little wool shirts (wool being considered
+the most satisfactory for infants' undergarments) never get the heaviest
+weights; there are four usually offered, even for winter wear. The next to
+the heaviest is quite warm enough for winter, and for summer the lightest
+weight obtainable, preferably of a mixture of silk and wool; cotton and
+wool should not be used. In hot weather shirts of cotton gauze or a soft
+porous cotton stockinet are satisfactory.
+
+
+Training.--The education of our children is never out of my mind. Train
+them to virtue, habituate them to industry, activity, and spirit. Make
+them consider every vice as shameful and unmanly. Fire them with ambition
+to be useful. Make them disdain to be destitute of any useful
+knowledge.--John Adams to his wife.
+
+
+Baby's Nerves.--Never try to entertain a baby too vigorously. Little
+babies especially, but also children somewhat older, should never be
+subjected to unnecessary excitement. Older people seldom realize how
+exceedingly undeveloped the nervous system of a little child is, and any
+undue shock to it is apt to cause the direst consequence. Do not take very
+small children to the theatre or the circus. They don't understand it, and
+they can't enjoy it.
+
+
+Intemperance.--Violent excitement exhausts the mind, and leaves it
+withered and sterile.--Fenelon.
+
+
+Second Teeth.--When the baby's second teeth are cut there are often
+injurious influences to be combated. There is more or less chance for the
+formation of caries or tartar; care must be taken and counsel sought, and
+every effort made to prevent the aggravation of the evil.
+
+
+Tears.--Tears are the safety-valves of the heart when too much pressure is
+laid on it.--Albert Smith.
+
+
+Going Barefoot.--The careful mother does not let her child run barefoot,
+no matter how they clamor to do it. If they wish to go shoeless, let them
+wear bathing sandals without stockings, is the advice of the writer, who
+adds, the germ of tetanus, better known as lockjaw, is frequently found in
+the soil and a child with even a small scratch or cut takes big risks. For
+girls, especially, running barefoot should be a forbidden pleasure as it
+makes the feet broad and flat.
+
+[804 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+
+FROM JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER'S "BAREFOOT BOY."
+
+   Blessings on thee, little man,
+   Barefoot boy, with cheek of tan!
+   With thy turned-up pantaloons,
+   And thy merry whistled tunes;
+   With thy red lip, redder still
+   Kissed by strawberries on the hill;
+   With the sunshine on thy face,
+   Through thy torn brim's jaunty grace;
+   From my heart I give thee joy,
+  I was once a barefoot boy.
+
+
+The Children's Sunday.--What can we do with the children on Sundays? Do
+not attempt to do anything unusual or make yourself miserable over their
+natural antics. Send them to the Sabbath School, never deny a child this
+privilege or be too negligent to give him the privilege, says the Woman's
+National Daily. A walk during the day to the park, woods or some place
+where the recreation is pleasant, is advisable. But do not get so modern
+in your views that you will permit them the riotous amusements in which
+they must usually indulge through the week. One cannot do wrong in
+impressing the sacredness of the day upon the children, for it is one of
+the deplorable features of modern life that the sacredness is sadly
+abused, and mostly by the young folk.
+
+
+Idleness.--Idleness among children, as among men, is the root of all evil,
+and leads to no other evil more certain than ill-temper.--Hannah More.
+
+
+Learning to Sew.--Every reasonable mother knows that it is wise to teach
+her little daughter to sew. Let her begin on the tiny garment of her doll.
+She will easily form the habit of mending torn places in dolly's clothes
+and replace absent buttons. With this experience, it will not be long
+before she will begin to take an interest in her own clothes, and so will
+not need to be warned that a button is coming off or that the hem of her
+skirt is coming out. But, of course, she could not begin by sewing or
+patching her own clothes, nor by mending intricate tears. First see that
+she sews on buttons correctly and then let her do some basting.
+
+
+A Good Rule.--St. Edmund of Canterbury was right when he said to somebody.
+"Work as though you would live forever; but live as though you would die
+today."
+                                                       --Henry Giles.
+
+Double Duties.--Children should never be required to do housework to the
+extent a housekeeper must do it, for the strength of a growing child
+should be applied almost wholly to duties at school. A growing child
+cannot do mental and hard physical labor at the same time. Wiping dishes
+and assisting in the dusting do not interfere with school work, and are
+really good exercises. But the young girl who is compelled to rise early
+in the morning, prepare breakfast, assist with the family washing or
+ironing and prepare herself for school will lose out somewhere.
+
+[NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 805]
+
+
+THE BABY-CLASS TREE.
+
+We little folks planted a wee, wee, tree,
+      The tiniest tree of all;
+Right here by the school-house door it stands
+With two little leaves like baby's hands,
+      So crumpled and soft and small.
+
+And I really believe it is ever so glad
+     That we planted it there to grow,
+And knows us and loves us and understands,
+For it claps them just like two little hands,
+     Whenever the west winds blow.
+
+
+The Flannel Binder.--The flannel binders for baby should be cut from the
+softest kind of flannel and on the bias to increase their elasticity. They
+should be about five inches wide and twenty inches long, with the edges
+raw, or pinked, perhaps, but not hemmed. After the first six or eight
+weeks the knitted, circular band which can be bought ready made or may be
+crocheted at home, is substituted for the flannel binder.
+
+
+LOVE.
+
+Over and over and over
+  These truths I will say and sing--
+That Love is mightier far than Hate;
+That a man's own Thought is a man's own Fate,
+  And that life is a goodly thing.
+                   --Ella Wheeler Wilcox.
+
+
+Wholesome Pleasures.--Pleasures for the little ones should be wholesome
+and sensible, and the dangers of excitement cannot be overestimated. Their
+minds so ready to receive impressions should receive only the best and
+most beneficial, the wholesome air play in the park, or the country, not
+too much company, nor too much noise, nor too many toys.
+
+
+FROM "THE CHILDREN'S HOUR"
+
+Between the dark and the daylight.
+   When the night is beginning to lower,
+Comes a pause in the day's occupations,
+   That is known as the Children's Hour.
+
+I hear in the chamber above me,
+   The patter of little feet,
+The sound of a door that is opened,
+   And voices soft and sweet.
+                             --Longfellow.
+
+
+Scrubbing Tender Faces.--Children have tender skins as a rule, and yet
+mothers are very apt to scrub the little faces with soap and water and
+send them out to play. Think of such treatment in connection with your own
+skin. If the children are going out at once after the washing, use warm
+water with plain unscented soap, then rub a little good cold cream into
+the skin.
+
+[806 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+FROM LONGFELLOW'S "VILLAGE BLACKSMITH"
+
+Toiling.--rejoicing,--sorrowing,
+   Onward through life he goes;
+Each morning sees some task begun,
+   Each evening sees it close;
+Something attempted, something done,
+   He has earned a night's repose.
+
+
+Saving the Coverlet.--It is discouraging to the mother to find the
+eiderdown coverlets becoming soiled where the children rub their hands
+over them. This can be avoided by making a tiny sham of swiss or other
+similar material and basting it across the top of the coverlet. It can be
+pinned into place at the corners with tiny baby pins or caught with a few
+stitches. These shams edged with narrow lace add a really attractive touch
+to the coverlet, and they can be quickly removed and easily laundered.
+
+
+The Greatness of Love.--There are no little events with the heart; it
+magnifies everything. It places in the same scale the falling of an empire
+and the dropping of a woman's glove; and the glove generally weighs more
+than the empire.
+                                                      --Honore De Balzac.
+
+
+Oranges as Medicine.--One of the most valuable adjuncts in acquiring a
+generally good complexion in youth is that of eating oranges in
+quantities. Let the mother give her children two or three oranges every
+day, as they possess many virtues, especially upon the action of the
+liver. The mother who buys plenty of oranges for the children will note
+the reduction in her medicine bill.
+
+
+THE HUMAN FACE.
+
+   When I meet a human face,
+   Lit for me with light divine,
+   I recall all loving eyes,
+   That have ever answered mine.
+                   --Phoebe Cary.
+
+
+The Art of Entertaining Children.--Entertaining convalescent children is
+quite an art in itself. Nurses who expect to make a specialty of caring
+for children sometimes take a brief course in kindergarten work, and
+certainly such knowledge is a valuable asset. Quiet games that do not call
+for too much exertion, paper-doll plays, the ever-delightful "cutting out"
+of pictures or fashion book people, making scrap books for children's
+hospitals and simple knitting or crocheting all help to amuse the little
+folk. Almost all children enjoy being read to, but care must be taken not
+to select stories that will depress the child or so excite him as to keep
+him awake at night or cause unpleasant dreams.
+
+
+Tireless Talkers.--A sick man that gets talking about himself, a woman
+that gets talking about her baby, and an author that begins reading out of
+his own book, never know when to stop.--O. W. Holmes.
+
+
+Unselfishness.--Unselfishness is the key of a happy and beautiful life,
+and this is one of the first things that should be taught to the little
+one, says a writer in The Woman Beautiful. Insist upon her sharing her
+pleasures, even at a great sacrifice with other children. One mother whom
+I know has trained her baby to extend an entire box of bon-bons to her
+little friends with the words "Hop yourself," and she does this with a
+charm and spontaneity which makes her irresistible.
+
+[NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 807]
+
+A Cheerful Giver.--We should give as we would receive, cheerfully,
+quickly, and without hesitation; for there is no grace in a benefit that
+sticks to the fingers.--Seneca.
+
+
+Indulgence.--It takes far more than the mere mother love to bring up
+children. It takes training, study, knowledge, says the New York Tribune.
+It takes self-control in the parents themselves. The mother who spoils a
+child through weak indulgence does not truly love her child. She loves her
+own pleasures in going along the line of least resistance.
+
+
+Selfishness.--When parents spoil their children, it is less to please them
+than to please themselves. It is the egotism of parental love.--Carlyle.
+
+
+Method.--Now that school days are here, mark umbrellas by writing name on
+muslin with ink and sewing to inside of top with black thread; overshoes
+and rubbers by writing name on the lining, and handkerchiefs by writing
+name across the center with ink.
+
+
+System.--Marshal thy notions into a handsome method. One will carry twice
+more weight packed up in bundles, than when it lies flapping and hanging
+about his shoulders.--Fuller.
+
+
+Baby's Meals.--To make a healthy baby of eighteen or twenty months wait
+for the meal times of adults before feeding, is putting too great a strain
+on the little system. Its diet should be adapted to its needs, says a
+careful mother. Five light feedings are much more scientific, the first at
+about six-thirty in the morning since baby keeps early hours. Milk and
+toast should be given at this time. At ten-thirty a. m., well cooked and
+well strained cereal might be served with rich milk. Cream is for older
+children. Stewed prunes, baked apples, and oranges are also good. Dinner
+at one-thirty might include meat broth, or soft boiled eggs, and bread and
+toast. Soups must be free from grease. Crackers or toast with a cup of
+milk should be served for the five o'clock supper, and another cup of milk
+at bedtime.
+
+
+Forbearance.--There is a limit at which forbearance ceases to be a
+virtue.--Burke.
+
+
+The Romper.--The romper has become an essential part of the young child's
+wardrobe. They are developed mostly in linen, galatea, and less
+expensively still in chambray. The best colors are dark blue, brown,
+green, tan and natural colored linen; green perhaps is best for summer. It
+is cool looking and it does not show grass stains. Short flowing sleeves
+are most satisfactory.
+
+[808 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+BABY'S PURPOSE.
+
+   With mighty purpose in his mind,
+   He clambers up. And then,
+   With purpose quite as well defined,
+   He scrambles down again.
+                 From "Seven Ages of Childhood."
+
+
+Picnic Supplies.--Women taking small children to picnics should carry
+along a heavy quilt or blanket to place on the ground for the babies to
+sit on. There is always more dampness in the woods than out in the open,
+and summer colds are not pleasant for grown folk, much less wee tots. A
+few safety pins, needle and thread will not take up space in the big
+basket, and how often such articles are needed.
+
+
+THE MYSTERIOUS FUTURE.
+
+   I've been a little girl so long,
+   That, somehow, it seems almost wrong
+   To think how grown-up I shall be
+   In days that have to come to me.
+                     --Carolyn Wells.
+
+
+Zweiback Noodles.--When making soup for children zweiback or Jew's bread
+is excellent for making noodles. Pound the bread to a powder, roll it with
+the rolling pin, sift and use the same as flour. It can also be used in
+milk as a baby food, and is often given to children with very delicate
+stomachs.
+
+
+AFFECTION.
+
+  In the soft soil of little lives
+  Affection quickly springs and thrives
+     And grows like anything;
+  Its tiny tendrils Love puts out,
+  Not knowing what it's all about
+     But glad to smile and sing.
+                    --Carolyn Wells.
+
+
+Playgrounds for Boys.--In a certain Ohio city there is a large placard
+"Boys, you can play here," It is a large corner lot thronged the whole day
+through during the good weather with boys playing ball and other games.
+This lot which could be sold for thousands of dollars, has been donated to
+the boys for a playground near their homes, The owner realized that the
+streets are not suitable playgrounds for the children and that accidents
+occur there almost daily. The streets of our cities are poor places in
+which to play, bad for the boys, and still worse for the community, If you
+have vacant lots turn them over to the boys this summer. A boy never
+forgets a favor, and American boys are not going to abuse good privileges.
+The loneliest boys are those who are not allowed to play on the beautiful
+lawn at home, are not allowed on the streets, and wander about from place
+to place to be told "Move on," every place they go.
+
+
+ALL GIRLS AND BOYS.
+
+Fourscore, like twenty, has its tasks and toys;
+In earth's wide school-house all are girls and boys.
+                                   --O. W. Holmes.
+
+[NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 809]
+
+Disinfection of Toys and Books.--All toys that have been used by a child
+suffering from an infectious disease should be either burned or thoroughly
+disinfected before they are used again. Books read by the little patient
+should be especially guarded against.
+
+
+FROM LOWELL'S "AFTER THE BURIAL."
+
+  In the breaking gulfs of sorrow,
+     When the helpless feet stretch out
+  And find in the deeps of darkness
+     No footing so solid as doubt,
+  Then better one spar of Memory,
+     One broken plank of the Past,
+  That our human heart may cling to,
+     Though hopeless of shore at last!
+
+
+Keep Dainties Away from the Beginning.--The well-trained child does not
+crave unaccustomed dainties. It is natural that he should feel a curiosity
+with regard to a dish with which he is not familiar, and ask some
+questions about it. But that does not mean that any of it is to be given
+to him. A boy whose digestive organs were very delicate was taught from
+babyhood to sit in his high chair at the table and eat what was on his
+tray and was perfectly content with what he had, as he knew no other diet.
+Once in awhile he would ask: "Is that good for little boys?" and when his
+mother would answer gently, "No. darling, that would make little boys
+sick," he was perfectly satisfied. Never having tasted things not suited
+to his age he did not crave them. One cannot miss that which he has never
+had. As he grew older he reaped the benefit of the strict regime and his
+digestion was perfect.
+
+
+PROGRESS.
+
+New occasions teach new duties; Time makes ancient good uncouth;
+They must upward still, and onward, who would keep abreast of Truth;
+Lo, before us gleam her camp-fires! we ourselves must Pilgrims be,
+Launch our Mayflower, and steer boldly through the desperate winter sea,
+Nor attempt the Future's portal with the Past's blood-rusted key.
+                                          --James Russell Lowell.
+
+
+Temperature of Nursery.--Sixty degrees Fahrenheit is the proper
+temperature for the nursery, either in summer or in winter. This is not
+sufficiently warm to be weakening nor sufficiently cool to cause chills.
+Of course, when the natural heat of the atmosphere is higher than sixty
+degrees the temperature of the nursery cannot be kept that low, but with
+darkened windows during the heated portion of the day and good ventilation
+the room can be kept at a reasonably comfortable temperature.
+
+
+ROCK ME TO SLEEP.
+
+  Backward, turn backward, O Time in your flight,
+  Make me a child again just for to-night!
+  Mother, come back from the echoless shore,
+  Take me again to your heart as of yore;
+  Kiss from my forehead the furrows of care,
+  Smooth the few silver threads out of my hair;
+  Over my slumbers your loving watch keep;
+  Rock me to sleep, mother,--rock me to sleep!
+                               --Florence Percy.
+
+[810 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+The Pinafore.--The ideal dress for children is, of course, the pinafore
+style. It is so easy to renew the overdress and under bodice as required
+and it is, moreover, invaluable to suit the weather changes from day to
+day. The serge overdress can have a little cotton or flannel blouse, just
+as thermometers demand.
+
+
+WEDDING CELEBRATIONS.
+
+Three days      --Sugar.
+Sixty days      --Vinegar.
+1st anniversary --Iron.
+5th anniversary --Wooden.
+10th anniversary--Tin.
+15th anniversary--Crystal.
+20th anniversary--China.
+25th anniversary--Silver.
+30th anniversary--Cotton.
+35th anniversary--Linen.
+40th anniversary--Woolen.
+45th anniversary--Silk.
+50th anniversary--Gold.
+75th anniversary--Diamond.
+
+
+Afternoon Gowns.--Short afternoon gowns are proper for formal wear;
+especially for those who can wear the full skirts attached to narrow
+hem-bands. The dresses escape the floor by several inches and reveal the
+slippers and an inch of the colored hosiery.
+
+
+A SONG OF LONG AGO.
+
+  A Song of Long Ago:
+  Sing it lightly--sing it low--
+  Sing it softly--like the lisping of the
+  lips we used to know
+  When our baby-laughter spilled
+  From the glad hearts ever filled
+  With music blithe as robin ever thrilled!
+                                  --Riley.
+
+
+Rather Hard on the Baby.--Here is some advice that appeared in a paper for
+mothers the other day: "The bottle must be kept perfectly clean. When the
+babe has finished drinking it should be unscrewed and laid in a cool place
+under the tap." One feels rather sorry for any babies thus treated.
+
+
+Learning Wisdom.--We learn wisdom from failure much more than from
+success; we often discover what will do, by finding out what will not do;
+and probably he who never made a mistake never made a discovery.--S.
+Smiles.
+
+
+Nursery.--Today the nursery is looked upon as an essential apartment in a
+house where children abide, and from a hygienic standpoint, it may justly
+be called a sensible room, for children after they walk should not sleep
+in the mother's room. Whether the room is large or moderately small it
+should, by an means, have plenty of ventilation, the more windows the
+better. The room should be papered in light colors, also painted in light
+tones, though the blinds should be the darkest shade, to darken the room
+when necessary.
+
+[NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 811]
+
+
+Cares of Matrimony.--Husbands and wives talk of the cares of matrimony,
+and bachelors and spinsters bear them.--W. Collins.
+
+
+Awkwardness Due to Eyes.--A school teacher has remarked that many children
+are awkward, not through being ungainly in walking, but wholly because of
+impaired vision. It has been her experience with children in her
+department who were usually awkward and who had their eyes examined that
+there was something wrong with the vision, which was quickly overcome when
+glasses were purchased.
+
+
+Medicine.--The disease and its medicine are like two factions in a
+besieged town; they tear one another to pieces, but both unite against
+their common enemy, Nature.--Jeffrey.
+
+
+Baby's Petticoats.--Fine white flannel is the best material for baby's
+petticoats. They may be made in one piece, in princess style, or may
+consist of a flannel skirt attached to a loose cambric waist. These are
+decidedly preferable for summer and are really quite warm enough for any
+season.
+
+
+Charity.--Prayer carries us half way to God, fasting brings us to the door
+of His palace, and alms-giving procures us admission.--Koran.
+
+
+Tub for the Playroom.--Every playroom should be provided with a galvanized
+tub to hold water for sail boats. What boy does not like to play with
+water, boats and artificial fish? Do not expect him to be contented with
+toys or plays that amuse the little girl. The boy prefers splashing in
+water or making a noise with a hammer. Aquatic toys are numerous and
+reasonably cheap.
+
+
+NOW OR NEVER.
+
+  Gather the rosebuds while ye may,
+     Old Time is still a-flying;
+  And this same flower that smiles today
+     To-morrow will be dying.
+                             --R. Herrick.
+
+
+Cleaning the Rug at Home.--Baby's fur rug may be cleaned at home by giving
+it a thorough bath in dry cornmeal. Rub the meal in as though it were
+soap, shake it out and rub in more meal, letting it remain in the rug for
+a day or two. Then shake out and the appearance of the rug will be much
+improved.
+
+
+The Value of Wise Conversation.--A single conversation across the table
+with a wise man is better than ten years' mere study of books.--Chinese
+Proverb.
+
+
+Tooth Powder.--Look well at the teeth of the little ones. Charcoal and
+tincture of myrrh are very beneficial to the teeth of the young, and both
+are easily procured at any drug store.
+
+
+Silence.--Silence is one of the hardest arguments to refuse.--Show.
+
+[812 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+A Dish for Children.--An old-fashioned dish which never fails to delight
+the children may be prepared as follows: One quart of cornmeal, one pint
+of ripe chopped apples, three tablespoonfuls of butter, pinch of salt, one
+and one-half cups of water. Sweeten the apples to taste and bake as
+ordinary corn bread.
+
+
+THE NOON OF LIFE.
+
+  What! grieve that time has brought so soon
+  The sober age of manhood on?
+  As idly might I weep, at noon,
+  To see the blush of morning gone.
+                                   --Bryant.
+
+
+Mouth Breathing.--Little ones who habitually breathe loud or snore in
+their sleep may be troubled with an adenoid growth.
+
+
+Family.--A happy family is but an earlier heaven.--Bowering.
+
+
+Obedience.--Prompt, unquestionable obedience in children seems to be a
+thing of the past, is the criticism of a recent writer, who adds: The
+up-to-date mother no longer tells her offspring that they must do or leave
+undone certain things because it is right. She enters into elaborate
+explanations and they need no longer blindly obey. This is not the wise
+preparation for the adult life. Unless we have taught our children the
+necessity for life's discipline, which they cannot at the time understand,
+it will make them rebellious and fail to work out the peaceable fruits of
+righteousness.
+
+
+The Value of a Laugh.--A laugh is worth a hundred groans in any
+market.--Lamb.
+
+
+Sanitary Drinking Cups.--Supply the youngsters on going to school with
+folded paper cornucopias which come in sealed packages for a small sum.
+These are used for drinking cups instead of those found in public places.
+Teach the children to make these useful little drinking cups from clean
+white paper, and there will be no danger of contracting disease from a
+drinking cup used by everyone who passes.
+
+
+Easy to Misjudge Men.--Every heart has its secret sorrow which the world
+knows not, and oftimes we call a man cold when he is only sad.--Anon.
+
+
+Night Petticoats.--Night petticoats for baby have sleeves. If no petticoat
+is worn, then an extra short jacket is provided in the coldest weather,
+for most babes sleep best with hands and arms uncovered.
+
+
+A Bathrobe.--A large Turkish bath towel makes a nice bathrobe for a baby
+or small child. Use white cotton curtain cords for the girdle and make the
+hood of the Turkish face cloth. This little robe is very serviceable and
+convenient, and is easily laundered.
+
+
+An Easy Task.--It is easy finding reasons why other people should be
+patient.--George Eliot.
+
+
+Money to Children.--Instead of paying children for doing work let them
+understand that they have little duties that they must perform, but give
+them money at intervals. Teach them the value of money and the principles
+of saving.
+
+[NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 813]
+
+Be Discreet.--Thy friend has a friend; thy friend's friend has a friend,
+therefore, be discreet.--Anon.
+
+
+Methods of Cooking Eggs.--If you find that your baby, who is just
+beginning to eat solid food will not eat soft cooked eggs, and there are
+many who do not like them, try scrambling them until they are well done.
+If not found palatable in that form make an egg custard. A baby usually
+enjoys this and receives the same amount of nourishment that he would if
+the egg were cooked in any other way.
+
+
+Politics and Veracity.--Politics and veracity have the same number of
+letters, but there the resemblance ends.--Anon.
+
+
+Songs and Story Telling.--It is an unusual child indeed who does not
+delight in listening to story telling or bright little songs at bedtime
+and the nurse who is much with children will do well to treasure up all
+such material that comes in her way. Being used to children and having a
+sincere love for them makes one's work much easier, as even very little
+children seem to know instinctively who their real friends are and to be
+more easily controlled by them.
+
+
+Friendship.--Two persons cannot long be friends if they cannot forgive
+each other's little failings.--Bruyere
+
+
+Harsh Commands.--Can a parent who habitually speaks to his children in
+tones of harsh authority, and gives his commands to them in a manner of an
+officer addressing refractory troops, expect that they will feel for him
+the affection that they would give to one who took the trouble to draw out
+their better natures by loving treatment? The above is a question to be
+considered by parents who govern wholly by "authority."
+
+
+Maidenhood.--No padlock, bolts, or bars can secure a maiden so well as her
+own reserve.--Cerantes.
+
+
+Baby's Sleeves.--When baby's arms grow too large for the shirt sleeves,
+while the body of the shirt is still large enough, purchase a pair of
+infant's white cashmere hose. Cut the feet off and overcast neatly into
+the armholes; putting in a little gusset under the arms is necessary to
+enlarge armhole. The leg of the stocking makes the sleeves and the top
+fits nicely around the little wrist,
+
+
+Reading.--To read without reflecting, is like eating without
+digesting.--Burkc.
+
+
+Princess Skirt.--For long skirts, both flannel and white ones, the
+princess skirt adds to comfort of the body; no bands or fullness around
+the body or neck. Cut the material same as for princess slip, coming
+narrow on the shoulder and low neck back and front, and to flare at the
+bottom, which may be finished as desired. The flannel ones add to warmth,
+having flannel to neck baby needs no little jackets,
+
+
+The Two Symptoms of Love.--The first symptom of love in a young man, is
+timidity; in a girl, it is boldness. The two sexes have a tendency to
+approach, and each assumes the qualities of the other.--Victor Hugo
+
+[814 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Securing Covering at Night.--If a delicate child has a habit of kicking
+the clothes off at night and so contracting chills, it is a good plan to
+sew a large button to each corner of the coverlet and attach a long tape
+loop to each corner of the bed. When fastened this will keep the
+bedclothes securely in place, however much the child may toss in its
+sleep.
+
+
+Honesty.--Socrates being asked the way to honest fame, said, "Study to be
+what you wish to seem."
+
+
+Amusing Baby.--A simple device for keeping the baby amused and happy is to
+fasten at intervals upon a broad, bright ribbon the toys of which he is
+most fond, suspending the ribbon above the bed upon which he lies, within
+reach of his little hands, by securing one end to the head of the bed and
+the other to the foot. He will then entertain himself by the hour pushing
+the toys back and forth, and watching them swing above him.
+
+
+Prominent Ears.--Prominent ears should always be corrected in childhood by
+putting a thin cap on the child at night.
+
+
+Disappointing a Child.--A day in a child's life is equal to a week in
+ours; so think twice before you condemn a child to a whole day's
+disappointment or unhappiness.
+
+
+Baby's Veil.--Baby's veil, which should only be used in cold or windy
+weather, may be either a Shetland veil or made of bobbinet.
+
+
+Sweaters.--There are cunning little sweaters exactly like those made up
+for older children, which come in sizes to fit an eight-months old baby.
+
+
+Wild Flowers.--Every garden should contain a few wild flowers. The busy
+mother will find that they grow without care if proper soil is provided
+and will bloom where there is too much shade for other flowers. March
+brings forth the lovely hepatica, and wild phlox or sweet william soon
+follows. Next comes the wild geranium cranes bill, but as its petals fall
+rapidly, it is not as effective as sweet william, which will be a mass of
+delicate bloom for five weeks or more. The trillium or wake robin is
+another desirable flower, and wild violets thrive where the cultivated
+kind will not grow. The Indian turnip or Jack-in-the-Pulpit is an
+interesting plant and a curiosity to many who never ramble in the woods to
+see it in its native abode. All of these bear transplanting and are
+satisfactory as garden plants, but choose sweet william if you wish the
+most desirable for color, fragrance and duration of bloom.
+
+
+Making Friends.--Blessed is the man who has the gift of making friends,
+for it is one of God's best gifts.--Thomas Hughes.
+
+
+Baby's Nose.--But the most pliable of baby's features is the nose. By
+gently massaging this feature every day with the thumb and forefinger a
+tendency to broadness may be promptly subdued. The bridge should be gently
+pressed between the fingers in the course of an upward massage movement.
+
+[NURSERY HINTS AND FIRESIDE GEMS 815]
+
+Flowers.--They are wreathed around the cradle, the marriage altar, and the
+tomb.--Mrs. L. M. Child.
+
+
+Bed Time.--One little chap was constantly being deceived as to his bed
+hour, which was 7:30 o'clock. He could not tell the time, and his mother
+or nurse would tell him that it was bedtime when in reality it was only
+seven o'clock. He would look puzzled and only half convinced as his reason
+told him it could not be that late; but he had no choice but to obey. It
+would have been far wiser to set seven o'clock as his bed hour and to have
+stuck to it.
+
+
+Little Minds.--Minds of moderate calibre ordinarily condemn everything
+that is beyond their range.--La Rachefoucauld.
+
+
+Tea and Coffee.--Don't give your two-year-old child tea and coffee to
+drink. What if she does cry for them? The crying will harm her far less
+than the drink.
+
+
+FOUR THINGS.
+
+  Each man has more of four thing than he knows.
+  What four are these? Sins, debts, fears and woes.
+                                   --From the French.
+
+
+Sanitary Care of Baby's Bottles.--To wash and cleanse baby's bottles
+satisfactorily, have a good stout bottle brush; make a strong suds of hot
+water and soap or soap powder; wash the bottles thoroughly, using the
+brush, then rinse several times, using the hot water and borax, and drain.
+Before using bottles, always rinse again with hot water. With this care
+there should be no trouble with sour or cloudy bottles.
+
+
+Moulded by Circumstances.--In all our reasonings concerning men we must
+lay it down as a maxim that the greater part are moulded by
+circumstances.--Robert Hall.
+
+
+Forming Habits.--The trouble with most bad habits is that they are so
+quickly formed in small children. The mother relaxes her care for a day or
+two, and a new trick appears, or the work of weeks on an old one is
+undone. What is true of physical habits is equally so of the moral habits.
+A tiny baby of a few months old knows very well if the habit of loud
+crying will procure for it what it wants, and if not cheeked will develop
+into the irritable whining adult we are all acquainted with. Habits of
+disrespect, of indifference to the rights of others, of cruelty, may all
+be irresistibly formed or dispelled in the first few years of life.
+
+[816 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Chains of Habit.--The diminutive chains of habit are seldom heavy enough
+to be felt, till they are too strong to be broken.--Samuel Johnson. Unique
+Table Protector.--Many mothers prefer to bring their young children to the
+family table on ordinary occasions when there are no guests. At the same
+time they dislike to mar the appearance of their table with the tin waiter
+which is usually set before the children to protect the cloth against the
+depredations of dropped bread and milk. A clever device for this purpose
+is made of two oblong pieces of butcher's linen sewed together in the form
+of a case, with an oilcloth interlining. The linen is hemmed neatly so
+that it looks like an oblong napkin, and while it protects the cloth and
+the table it protects the table underneath; being white, like the cloth
+itself, it does not spoil the looks of the table. When soiled the oilcloth
+is slipped out and wiped off with a damp cloth, and the linen case goes
+with the tablecloth and napkin. Several of these cases will be needed, for
+the ordinary enterprising baby, but one piece of oilcloth will be
+sufficient for a long time.
+
+
+Banish Tears.--Banish the tears of children; continual rains upon the
+blossoms are hurtful.--Jean Paul Richter.
+
+
+Folding Bathtub.--The thing most desired by a young mother in these days
+is a bathtub for the baby made of sheet rubber that is attached to a
+campstool foundation. It can be folded up and put out of the way when not
+in use, and it telescopes into a small bundle when one wants to travel.
+
+
+Flowers.--Flowers are the sweetest things God ever made and forgot to put
+a soul into.--Henry Ward Beecher.
+
+
+Correct Length of Clothes.--In making long clothes for the baby it is well
+to remember that the correct length for long dresses is one yard from the
+shoulder to the hem. The petticoats should be made the same lengths as the
+dresses, or perhaps a half inch shorter.
+
+
+Life.--A pendulum betwixt a smile and tear.--Byron.
+
+[DOMESTIC SCIENCE 817]
+
+DOMESTIC SCIENCE DEPARTMENT.
+
+The Theory and Practical Methods of Preserving Foods.
+MARMALADES AND BUTTERS.       CANNING.       JAM
+JELLIES.                      PICKLES.       CHAFING DISHES.
+
+By EDNA GERTRUDE THOMPSON,
+
+Director of Domestic Science Department, Thomas Normal Training School,
+Detroit, Michigan.
+
+
+Theory and Practice of Domestic Science.--Domestic Science has come to be
+considered one of the most important factors in our public school
+education of today. We have just awakened to the fact that our daughters
+should receive training in those things which will best fit them for
+housewives and mothers. While many of our girls are earning their own
+livelihood, the majority ultimately settle into homes of their own. Many
+girls have an excellent opportunity to get the training they need as
+homemakers from their mothers, but many of the children in this country
+lack this home training. There are two reasons for this neglect on the
+part of the mothers: first, the mother may not know how to do these things
+herself; and, second, she may be a wage-earner and of necessity cannot
+train her daughter.
+
+
+Its Moral Influence.--In the early life of the child it is susceptible to
+influences which may be brought to bear upon it, and if the homemaking
+instinct is instilled early much is done toward moral growth of the child.
+The public school is expected to develop the child along these lines and
+consequently the cookery class, together with the class in housekeeping,
+has a mighty influence toward developing noble women. All the home duties
+are developed and made a pleasure and not a duty to the child, so that the
+home is looked upon with favorable eyes.
+
+There is an old saying that "the way to a man's heart is through his
+stomach." This contains much more truth than it would seem on the surface.
+Investigators who have made careful research into the divorce question,
+which has assumed such large proportions, state that if women knew more of
+the science of home making there would be fewer homes broken up. What man
+or woman either would not be utterly discouraged to come home day after
+day to poor meals and untidiness everywhere, conditions which in time
+bring poor health and disease. The public school aims through domestic
+science to teach the importance and dignity of being a good housewife.
+
+[818 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Economy of Domestic Science.--Then again, domestic science makes a plea
+for recognition on the ground of economy. Many times debt and trouble come
+to homes, not through lack of sufficient funds, but through lack of
+knowledge on the part of the dispenser of the funds. One of the principles
+which domestic science emphasizes in its teaching is to show how some of
+our cheaper foods furnish more nutriment to our systems than do some of
+our more expensive articles of diet. With this fact thoroughly established
+and understood domestic science tries to develop new and simple methods of
+cooking such foods and of making them attractive and appetizing. It is a
+well-known fact that it is not the amount of food we eat but the amount
+that we digest that gives nourishment to our bodies, and it has been
+proven that food that is not attractive and palatable to us gives only
+one-half the value to our bodies as when it is made attractive and
+palatable.
+
+
+Greatest Food Value from Proper Cooking.--Then also students along this
+line of study have discovered that some of our common foods lose much of
+their value to us through improper cooking and preparation.
+
+If we are going to prepare food and use it as part of our diet, why should
+we not obtain the most of its value? Is that not true economy? For an
+example of this fact let us take eggs, one of our most common articles of
+diet. We commonly cook eggs to harden the white, or albumen, so as to make
+them more palatable. One common method of doing this has been to boil
+them. Through experiments it has been proven that boiling makes this
+albumen so hard to digest that our bodies get practically no value from
+it. The newer method advanced proves that the same results can be obtained
+by cooking eggs in water which is kept just below the boiling point, and
+eggs cooked this way are easily and readily assimilated by our bodies. Why
+should we not endeavor then to give to our bodies food so prepared that it
+gives the most nourishment. To take another example,--when salt is added
+to vegetables it draws out from them into the water their mineral salts
+and any proteid which will build tissue for us. In most vegetables the
+cooking water is thrown away so that much of the value of the vegetable is
+lost. Why should we not try to devise a method of cooking which will save
+for us this food value? Salt is added for flavor only, so why cannot the
+salt be added a short time before the cooking is finished so that it will
+not have time to draw out the food value?
+
+[DOMESTIC SCIENCE 819]
+
+How to Save in Cooking Meats.--Again we cook different kinds of meats in
+different ways. Perhaps you think these different kinds of methods have
+simply come down to us through the ages. It is, however, interesting to
+know that our mothers probably developed these methods through thought.
+Tough meats, we know, require long  cooking, but do we know why? The
+fibers and tissues have become strong through constant use on the part of
+the animal, and to be of use to us must be softened, so we cook tough
+meats long and usually with moisture to accomplish the softening. Tough
+meats are our cheap meats, but have you stopped to consider that they
+contain more nourishment than our tender meats. As has been stated, the
+tough meats are the parts of the body of the animal most used and
+consequently have been developed and nourished. Why not learn how to cook
+these pieces which give us more nourishment, and which are cheaper, in
+such a way as to be attractive and palatable? This is what the Domestic
+Science Course in our public school aims to teach our girls so that as
+housewives they can get the most value for the least money and be
+economical and intelligent buyers.
+
+
+Our Winter Supply.--From an instinct, which ought to be common to all of
+us, in time of plenty we lay something aside for the time of need. As
+housewives this truth comes home to us, especially in the summer when we
+have an abundance of fruit which, without care, would soon become
+worthless. By reason of which fact we have developed methods of canning,
+preserving, etc., which at the present time have become so advanced that
+we can retain a very large share of the original color, flavor and shape
+of the fruit.
+
+Preserving Foods.--All food products, on exposure to air, undergo certain
+changes which unfit them for use as food. It was once thought that these
+changes were due to oxidation, but they are now known to be caused by
+minute living organisms present in the air, in the water, in the ground
+and in the food itself. To preserve food two things are necessary; first,
+to either kill or render harmless those organisms already present; and
+second, to exclude others from entering. The first we usually accomplish
+by cooking, and the second by sealing. In order to live these organisms
+require three conditions; first, a particular temperature; second, a
+certain amount of moisture; third, the right kind of food. By taking away
+all or anyone of these requirements we may stop the growth or, in other
+words, we may preserve the food. For example: with the familiar method of
+cold storage the factor of temperature is removed; in the drying of the
+fruits and vegetables the factor of moisture is removed; by salting the
+factor of food is taken away.
+
+The fruits and vegetables, commonly preserved in the home, are divided
+into five classes:
+
+  l.--Canning.
+  2.--Jellies.
+  3.--Jams.
+  4.--Marmalades and Butters.
+  5.--Pickles.
+
+
+[820 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CANNING.--Under this head there are four common methods:
+
+1. Steaming.--By this method the fruit is put into the sterilized jars,
+the jars filled with boiling water and the covers loosely set on. Then the
+jars are set on small blocks of wood in a pan of cold water. Cover this
+pan and let the water come to a boil and boil for 15 minutes. Remove the
+jars and fill them with boiling water, if necessary. Seal tightly. Small
+berries, such as strawberries and raspberries, retain their color and are
+especially good done in this manner. Whole tomatoes done in this way are
+especially attractive for winter salads, and corn will keep indefinitely.
+
+2. Boiling in Syrup.--This is the common household method of preserving
+fruits, such as peaches and pears. A syrup is prepared of sugar and water,
+into this the fruit is dropped and cooked until soft; it is then put into
+sterile jars, sufficient syrup added to fill jar and the jar then sealed.
+
+3. Preserving.--This is the same as boiling in syrup, except that equal
+quantities of sugar and fruit are used. Small fruits such as berries are
+usually done in this way.
+
+4. Cold Water Process.--This is a simple and easy method to use, and is
+especially desirable for vegetables such as rhubarb. Great care must be
+taken to use only perfect fruit, because in this method of canning
+bacteria are merely excluded, not destroyed, and if any are present in the
+food there is nothing to prevent it from spoiling. If fruit is over-ripe,
+or not perfectly fresh one of the other methods, such as boiling or
+steaming, is preferable.
+
+
+To Can by the Cold Water Process.--Pack the fruit in a sterilized jar;
+pour over it water which has been boiled and cooled, seal your jar and
+keep in a cool place. Sometimes a solution of salt and water is used in
+place of pure water. When salt water is used food will need to be
+freshened by being allowed to stand in cold water for some time before
+using. Vegetables, such as beans, put up in this way are very similar to
+the fresh product.
+
+
+Utensils.--Among the utensils most necessary for use in preserving foods
+in the home are scales, measuring cups, porcelain or agate ware sauce
+pans; earthen or agate ware bowls; silver, agate or wooden spoons; an
+agate colander; small dipper and funnel; new rubbers and perfect covers
+for the jars.
+
+
+To Sterilize Jars.--Wash the jars, fill with cold water, place them on
+rests, such as small blocks of wood on the bottom of the kettle or boiler
+and surround them with cold water. If blocks of wood are not obtainable
+the jars may be wrapped in brown paper to prevent them knocking against
+each other. Be sure the mouths of the jars are uncovered. Heat gradually
+until the water boils, boil 15 minutes or until ready to fill them.
+Sterilize the covers of the jars also, and dip the rubber bands in boiling
+water just before using.
+
+[DOMESTIC SCIENCE 821]
+
+Directions for Filling Jars.--Remove the jars from the boiling water--the
+handle of a wooden spoon is good to use in removing them. Wring a cloth
+out of hot water and place it on a plate, put the jar to be filled on the
+hot cloth, put a silver spoon in it,--silver being a good conductor of
+heat absorbs the heat from the fruit and lessens the danger of breakage.
+Fill the jar with fruit and then add enough syrup or boiling water, as the
+case may be, to fill the jar to overflowing. Run a silver knife or spoon
+down the sides of the jar to allow any enclosed air to escape; add more
+syrup or water, if necessary. Put on the sterilized rubber and seal
+tightly.
+
+
+Tomatoes Canned Whole by Steaming.--Select medium sized, firm, ripe
+tomatoes. Wash and peel. Pour boiling water over the tomatoes and they
+will peel easily. Pack in sterilized jars, fill with boiling water and put
+on the lid lightly. Set in cold water on rests and let boil about fifteen
+minutes. If necessary, fill the jar with boiling water to overflowing. Put
+on the sterilized rubbers and seal tightly. These tomatoes are especially
+good for winter salads.
+
+
+Canned Corn.--Cut the corn from the cob while fresh, pack in sterilized
+jars, and fill with boiling water. Put the cover on lightly and set on a
+rest, such as small blocks of wood, pieces of thick paper or the corn
+husks, in a pan of cold water. Let boil from two to three hours. Remove
+the can, fill to overflowing with boiling water and seal tightly.
+
+
+Canned String Beans.--Select medium sized beans and string. Pack in a
+sterilized jar, fill to overflowing with a brine and seal tightly. This
+brine may be made in two ways: First, by mixing cold water and salt;
+second, by mixing salt and boiling water and then letting it cool before
+pouring over the beans. This method is best as the salt dissolves more
+readily in boiling water than in cold water. One part salt to two parts
+water makes a strong brine. Keep in a cold place and freshen before using
+by letting the beans stand in cold water for an hour. In winter these
+beans make an acceptable substitute for fresh ones.
+
+
+Canned Rhubarb.--Select medium stalks, skin and cut either into one-inch
+pieces, or eight-inch lengths. Pack in sterilized jars, fill to
+overflowing with cold water and seal. Rhubarb put up in this way has been
+known to keep for over a year, and is especially good for pies and sauce.
+
+
+Steamed Strawberries.--Wash and hull the strawberries, and for every quart
+of strawberries use one cup of sugar. Pack the berries in a sterilized
+jar, cover with sugar and fill with boiling water. Cover the jar lightly,
+put in a pan of cold water, on a rest and let the water boil for about
+fifteen minutes. Remove, seal tightly, and keep in a cool place.
+
+
+Canned Strawberries.--Wash and hull the berries. Make a syrup of sugar and
+water, using one cup of sugar to every three of water. Boil 10 minutes.
+Drop the berries in the boiling syrup and cook until soft. This will
+require only several minutes. Fill the jars to overflowing with fruit and
+syrup, then seal.
+
+[822 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Canned Cherries.--Follow the method for strawberries. Cherries can be
+pitted or not, as desired. If pitted, add a few stones for flavor.
+
+
+Canning Raspberries.--Use the same method as for strawberries. The large
+number of seeds in raspberries are objectionable, and the berries are more
+often made into jam than canned.
+
+
+Canned Pears.--The pears should be ripe and of fine flavor. Wipe and pare
+the fruit. If the pears are large they may be cut in halves. Make a syrup
+of sugar and water, using one cup of sugar to one cup of water. Boil 10
+minutes. Put in the pears, cook until soft. Fill sterilized jars and seal.
+
+
+Canned Peaches.--Follow the directions for pears. Peaches may be canned by
+the steaming method by cutting them in two and removing the stones.
+
+
+Strawberry Preserves.--Wash and hull the berries, then weigh. Make a syrup
+by boiling three-quarters of their weight in sugar with water, allowing
+one cup of water to each pound of sugar. Cook syrup 15 minutes, fill glass
+jars with the berries, add the syrup to overflow the jars. Let stand 15
+minutes. By this time the fruit will have shrunk; add enough more fruit to
+fill the jar. Put on a cover; set on a rest in a pan of cold water, heat
+to the boiling point, and keep just below boiling for one hour.
+Raspberries may be done in the same way.
+
+
+Raspberry and Currant Preserves.--
+
+      3 lbs. Currants.       3 lbs. Sugar.       4 qts. Raspberries.
+
+Pick over, wash and drain the currants. Put into a preserving kettle and
+mash. Cook one hour and strain through cheesecloth. Return to the kettle,
+add the sugar, heat to the boiling point, cook 20 minutes. Add the
+raspberries and cook until soft. Fill jars to over-flowing and seal. If
+the seeds of the currants are not objectionable the mixture need not be
+strained.
+
+
+JELLIES.--Fruits to be used in making jelly should be underripe, rather
+than over-ripe. Green fruit contains two substances, called "pectase" and
+"pectose" and, by the action of the sun in ripening, these substances
+change into pectin which makes fruit jelly. If the fruit is over-ripe the
+pectin breaks down into pectosic acid which has not the power of jellying;
+and as a result the fruit does not jell. If the fruit is a little
+under-ripe pectin is formed through cooking, and it is often advisable to
+add some green fruit to the ripe fruit in making jelly. Nearly all
+failures in jelly making are due either to over-ripe fruit or to the use
+of too much heat, because in both cases the pectin is lost.
+
+
+To Prepare Glasses for Jelly.--Wash the glasses, put in a kettle of cold
+water, heat the water gradually to the boiling point, and boil for fifteen
+minutes. Remove the glasses and drain; place, while filling, on a cloth
+wrung out of hot water. If the glasses are wrapped in brown paper with the
+mouths uncovered they will not break.
+
+[DOMESTIC SCIENCE 823]
+
+To Cover Jelly Glasses.--First: with paraffin. Melt the paraffin over hot
+water and pour over the jelly when cold about one-fourth inch thick. Be
+sure to use hot water in melting the paraffin, as it is apt to explode if
+heated to too high a degree.
+
+
+Second.--Cut two pieces of white paper, one just the size of the glass and
+the other larger; dip the first cover in brandy or alcohol and press down
+tightly over the jelly. White of egg or water may be used, but it is not
+so good. Then cover with the second paper, sealing edges with white of
+egg. A tin cover could be used in place of the last paper.
+
+
+To Make a Jelly Bag.--Take a piece of flannel about three quarters of a
+yard long, fold the opposite corners together and sew in the shape of a
+cornucopia, rounding at the end; if the seam is felled it will be more
+secure. Bind the top with tape and finish with two or three heavy loops by
+which it may be hung.
+
+
+Good Fruits for Making Jelly.--Crab apples, snow apples, early summer
+apples, grapes, currants, blackberries, raspberries, quinces, barberries
+are the fruits most commonly used for making jellies.
+
+
+General Directions for Making Jelly.--Wash the fruit, remove the stems and
+imperfections. Cut large fruit into pieces. With fruit such as apples or
+quinces add enough water to cover them, but with watery fruits, such as
+grapes and currants, omit any water. Cook the fruit, until the juice
+flows, keeping it just below the boiling point. Remove from the fire and
+strain through a pointed bag, hung at some height. Allow all the juice
+possible to drip through before squeezing the bag and keep this juice by
+itself. Then squeeze the bag and use the juice thus obtained for second
+grade jelly, which, while it is not as clear as the first lot, can be used
+for jelly cakes, etc. Measure the juice, bring to the boiling point, boil
+slowly two or three minutes, then add an equal quantity of heated sugar.
+Boil until the jelly thickens when dropped upon a cold plate. Pour slowly
+into sterilized jelly glasses and set away to harden. The jelly bags
+should be sterilized before using.
+
+
+Apple Jelly.--Wipe the apples, remove the stem and blossom ends and cut
+into quarters. Put into granite or, porcelain lined preserving kettle and
+add enough cold water to come nearly to the top of the apples. Cook slowly
+until the apples are soft. Mash and strain through a coarse sieve. Allow
+the juice to drip through a jelly bag. Boil slowly for about 20 minutes,
+add an equal quantity of heated sugar, cook for about five minutes or
+until the jelly will harden when dropped on a cold saucer. Pour into
+sterilized jelly glasses and seal when cold. If the apples are pared a
+very light colored jelly is obtained.
+
+
+Crab Apple Jelly.--Follow the recipe for apple jelly and use red cheeked
+crab apples, if possible.
+
+[824 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Quince Jelly.--Follow the recipe for apple jelly, substituting quinces for
+apples. Remove the seeds from the fruit. Sometimes apples and quinces are
+used in combination and make an excellent jelly.
+
+
+Grape Jelly.--Pick over the grapes, wash and remove stems. Heat to the
+boiling point, mash and boil 30 minutes. Strain through a jelly bag,
+return the juice to the kettle and boil slowly for about five minutes. Add
+an equal quantity of heated sugar. Boil three minutes or until it hardens
+on a cold plate. Skim if necessary. Pour into sterilized jelly glasses;
+seal when cold. Be very sure the grapes are not over-ripe. It is very
+desirable to add a few green grapes. Wild grapes make excellent jelly to
+serve with game.
+
+
+Barberry Jelly.--This is considered quite a delicacy, and is made the same
+as grape jelly, except that a very little water,--about one cup to one
+peck of berries--is sometimes added.
+
+
+Currant Jelly.--Pick over the currants but do not remove the stems, wash
+and drain. Put into a preserving kettle and mash. Cook slowly for about 20
+to 30 minutes. Strain through a coarse strainer and then through a jelly
+bag. Follow directions for grape jelly.
+
+A combination of currants and raspberries makes a good jelly.
+
+
+Raspberry Jelly.--Follow the directions for grape jelly. Raspberry jelly
+is hard to make and should not be tried if the fruit is not perfectly
+fresh or if it is at all over-ripe.
+
+
+
+JAMS.--The pulp, seeds and skins are all retained in jams; often material
+that is left from jellies, and so on, can be used in this way by adding
+spices and nuts to give flavor. Sterilization and the exclusion of air are
+not quite so important in this class of preserving on account of the large
+amount of sugar used which takes away food from the bacteria. Equal
+amounts of sugar and fruits are used in making jams.
+
+
+Raspberry Jam.--Pick over the raspberries, mash in a preserving kettle
+with a wooden masher. Heat slowly to the boiling point, and add an equal
+quantity of heated sugar. Cook slowly for about 45 minutes. Put into
+sterilized jars.
+
+
+Strawberry Jam.--Wash and hull the berries. Add the sugar gradually so
+that the juice of the berries will dissolve it. Boil about 20 minutes, or
+until it will harden when dropped on a cold plate. Pour into sterilized
+glasses.
+
+Grape Jam.--
+
+      8 Cups of Grapes.       4 Cups of Sugar.
+
+Wash the grapes, remove the stems and squeeze the pulp from the skins into
+a preserving kettle. Put the skins on a granite plate and save them. Boil
+the pulp until the seeds separate easily, stirring constantly. Strain
+through a sieve, add the skins to the strained mixture, measure, return to
+the kettle, and add an equal amount of sugar. Boil gently for 15 minutes
+or until the jam is very thick. Pour into sterilized glasses and seal when
+cold. The mixture needs careful watching and stirring, as it will burn
+easily, especially after the sugar is added.
+
+[DOMESTIC SCIENCE 825]
+
+Rhubarb Conserve.--
+
+      2 lbs. rhubarb.       2 oranges.
+      3 lbs. sugar.         1 lb. shelled nuts.
+      Juice of 3 Lemons.
+
+Remove the leaves and pieces of root from the rhubarb and wash the stalks
+in cold water. Cut into one-inch pieces. Do not remove the skin unless it
+is fibrous. If the skin is removed do this before cutting in pieces. Wash
+the oranges and either grate the rind or cut the yellow into strips thin
+enough to be seen through. Wash the lemons and use only the juice. A
+little rind may be used, if desired, but it will take away from the orange
+flavor. The nuts need not be blanched, but should be broken into pieces of
+medium size. Any nut may be used, but walnuts are especially good. Mix all
+the materials, except the nuts, with the sugar. Cook slowly, stirring
+constantly, until the mixture is thick,--about three-quarters of an hour.
+After the first half hour's cooking, add the nuts. Pour into sterilized
+jelly glasses and seal when cold.
+
+
+
+MARMALADES AND BUTTERS.--Marmalades and butters are really strained
+jams and the same rules hold true as for jams.
+
+
+Apple Marmalade.--Pare and core the apples. Cook until tender with just
+enough water to keep from burning. Force through a fine sieve, return to
+the fire with a scant pound of sugar and the juice and rind of one lemon
+for each pound of pulp. Cook, stirring with a wooden spoon until the
+marmalade is thick when dropped on a cold saucer. Pour into sterilized
+glasses.
+
+
+Peach Marmalade.--Follow the recipe for apple marmalade, adding spices,
+such as cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves.
+
+
+Crab Apple Marmalade.--When making crab apple jelly, core the apples and
+after straining, use the pulp that is left to make marmalade. Various
+seasonings can he added. Among the best are cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg,
+grated rind and juice of oranges and lemons. When seasoned according to
+taste, add sugar to the pulp, and cook until of the desired consistency.
+Seal in sterilized jars.
+
+
+Rhubarb Marmalade.--
+
+    2 lbs. rhubarb.     3 lbs. sugar.     Rind and pulp of 6 oranges.
+
+Boil the ingredients together until thick. The rind of the orange may be
+grated and cooked by itself until tender before adding to the rest of the
+materials. Pour into sterilized glasses and seal.
+
+
+Pineapple.--Pare and remove the eyes from pineapple, then grate. Weigh the
+pulp and heat two-thirds of its weight in sugar. Cook the pineapple in an
+uncovered dish for some time. Then add the juice of one lemon for each
+pound of fruit. Then add the sugar and boil until thick,--about five
+minutes. Pour into sterilized jelly glasses.
+
+[826 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PICKLES.--Under this heading are classified pickles and relishes, such as
+chili sauce, chow chows and catsups. Pickling is preserving in salt or
+acid liquor. Pickles do not contain much nutritive value, but add much to
+a meal in making it attractive. Cucumber pickles should never look as
+green when pickled as the fruit on the vine; if they do it is almost
+certain that some preservative has been used.
+
+
+Sweet Pickled Pears or Peaches.--
+
+      1 peck peaches.        4 lbs. brown sugar.
+      1 quart vinegar.       2 ozs. stick cinnamon.
+      Cloves.
+
+Boil sugar, vinegar and cinnamon for 20 minutes. Dip peaches quickly in
+hot water and rub off fur with a towel. Stick each peach with three or
+four cloves, put into syrup and cook until soft. Cook only enough fruit at
+a time to fill one jar. Seal in sterilized jars. Pears may be prepared in
+the same way.
+
+
+Chili Sauce.--
+
+      25 ripe tomatoes (medium sized).     1/2 cup brown sugar.
+      4 large white onions.                6 peppers. (chopped fine)
+      4 teaspoons of ginger.               4 teaspoons of allspice
+      1 teaspoons of cloves.                2 tablespoons of salt.
+      1 qt. vinegar.
+
+Mix these materials and cook for one hour, stirring occasionally. The
+consistency should be quite thick and more than an hour's cooking may be
+necessary. Strain or not as desired, but if strained put back in the
+kettle and bring to the boiling point before scaling. Use tall wide necked
+bottles and fill to overflowing, using the same precautions as you would
+in canning fruit. The chili sauce is quite "hot," but this can be remedied
+by altering the number of peppers and onions. In preparing, the tomatoes
+should be washed; scalded and peeled. The peppers should be washed in cold
+water, the stems removed and the peppers chopped finely. Chop the onions
+finely in the same bowl as the peppers.
+
+
+Olive Oil Pickles.--
+
+      8 qts. sliced cucumbers.       1 teaspoon cloves.
+      1 cup olive oil.               1 teaspoon allspice.
+      1 cup sugar.                   1 teaspoon celery seed.
+      1 teaspoon mustard seed.       4 teaspoons cinnamon.
+      One dozen onions.
+
+Slice the cucumbers thin and let stand over night in a weak brine. In the
+morning drain, add the onions sliced thin. Mix the ingredients given. Put
+the cucumbers and onions in a crock, pour over the mixture and add enough
+vinegar to cover. Mix well.
+
+[DOMESTIC SCIENCE 827]
+
+Sweet Cucumber Pickles.--Select small cucumbers. Wash well but do not
+peel. Put into a crock one cup of salt and 4 quarts of cucumbers. Cover
+with boiling water and let stand over night. In the morning remove from
+the brine, put in a granite kettle, cover with vinegar to which has been
+added mustard seeds, whole cloves, stick cinnamon, two cups of sugar and
+other desired seasonings. Let it come to the boiling point, but not boil.
+Seal while hot.
+
+
+Green Tomato Pickles.--Remove a thin slice from each end of the green
+tomatoes. Slice and sprinkle one peck of tomatoes with one cup of salt and
+let stand over night. Drain, boil 15 minutes in two quarts of boiling
+water and one quart of vinegar. Drain again. Cook for 10 minutes the
+following: one gallon of vinegar, 2 pounds or less of sugar, 1 red pepper,
+10 teaspoon mustard seed, 3/4 cup cinnamon bark, and any other seasonings
+desired. Add the tomatoes and simmer for about one hour, stirring
+occasionally. The spices should be removed; this is easily accomplished if
+they are tied in a muslin bag. Pack in sterilized jars.
+
+
+SOME HINTS ON CHAFING DISH COOKERY.
+
+The Use of the Chafing Dish and Some Favorite Recipes.
+
+
+Within recent years the chafing dish has become very familiar to us. It
+is, however, not a recent invention, for in the time of Louis XIV it was
+very commonly used. To the housekeeper who wishes to save herself and to
+serve her guests with food at its best, the chafing dish comes as an
+acceptable friend for use at the breakfast table in the preparation of
+eggs and dishes which should be served immediately. Toast can be served
+fresh and hot by using a toaster over the burner of a chafing dish. At
+luncheon a hot dish can easily take the place of the cold meat course if
+the chafing dish is at hand. However, the chief use of the chafing dish is
+in the preparation of late suppers, and is largely in use by those who
+have limited facilities for housekeeping, such as college girls. By those
+who entertain the chafing dish is looked upon as a true friend of
+hospitality.
+
+Chafing dishes vary in price from the common ones made of tin which can be
+bought for about a dollar, to the more expensive ones made of silver.
+Various wares are utilized for the chafing dish. Among those most
+satisfactory are graniteware, earthenware, nickel, copper and aluminum.
+
+[828 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+To get satisfactory results with the chafing dish you must have certain
+parts. There should be a pan to use for hot water, and it should be
+furnished with a handle. The cooking pan or blazer, as it is called,
+should have a handle also. Until one becomes an expert the hot water pan
+should be in constant use but later one need only use the hot water pan
+for keeping food warm. The burner should be carefully looked after and be
+in readiness. Alcohol, electricity and gas are all used as fuel, but
+denatured or wood alcohol is probably the most common of all. If care is
+taken in the use of alcohol there need be no danger. Fill the lamp with
+sufficient alcohol to cook the dish desired, and if necessary to refill
+during cooking shut off the flame and let the burner cool somewhat before
+replenishing with the alcohol. A large tray upon which to set the chafing
+dish prevents danger of fire and protects the table. Large forks and
+spoons, made especially for the chafing dish, can be obtained at a small
+price, but any table spoon and fork can be used. It is well to have a
+napkin and extra spoon and fork at hand if it is necessary to taste the
+preparation.
+
+That a chafing dish supper may be a success, care should be taken on the
+part of the hostess to have everything in readiness. The table should be
+set with the required dishes, silver, etc., and all ingredients should be
+at hand for the preparation that is to be made on the chafing dish. Most
+chafing dishes will not supply portions for more than eight, so that a
+larger number should not be included at a chafing dish supper. Unless
+skilled in the use of a chafing dish, it is best not to prepare new dishes
+for guests. If one will observe some care and have everything in
+readiness, a chafing dish supper can be a very enjoyable source of
+entertainment for informal affairs.
+
+To use the following recipes with success level measurements of all
+ingredients must be made--level teaspoon, level cup, etc.
+
+
+SOME FAVORITE CHAFING DISH CONCOCTIONS.
+
+Cream Sauce.--
+
+    2 tablespoons flour.        1/2 teaspoon salt.
+    2 tablespoons butter.       1/4 teaspoon pepper.
+    1 cup milk.
+
+Melt the butter and stir in the flour and seasonings until smooth; add the
+scalded milk slowly, stirring constantly. Cook until of the right
+consistency. This makes a medium thick sauce, the thickness of which can
+be varied by increasing or diminishing the amount of flour. This is the
+foundation for a great number of chafing dish recipes, such as creamed
+dishes. A richer sauce may be made by substituting cream for milk and
+omitting most of the butter.
+
+
+Creamed Chicken.--
+
+    1 cup cold flaked chicken.       1/2 teaspoon celery salt.
+    1 cup thin cream sauce.          1/4 teaspoon curry powder.
+
+Prepare one cup of thin cream sauce and season with the celery salt and
+curry powder. Add the chicken and when heated through pour over slices of
+toast or into timbal cases. Garnish with parsley. Any desired seasonings
+can be used in place of the celery and curry.
+
+[DOMESTIC SCIENCE 829]
+
+Chicken a la Goldenrod.--
+
+    1 cup cold flaked chicken.       2 cups thin cream sauce.
+    6 hard cooked eggs.            1/2 cup mushrooms.
+    Seasonings.
+
+Cut the eggs in slices, putting two yolks through a potato ricer. Make a
+thin cream sauce, season as desired with celery seed or curry. Add the
+chicken and mushrooms, drained from their liquor. When hot, and just
+before serving, add the eggs. Pour the mixture over rounds of toast and
+over the top of each portion sprinkle some of the yolk which was forced
+through the potato ricer as a garnish. A bit of parsley improves the
+appearance.
+
+
+Creamed Beef.--
+
+    1 cup shredded dried beef.       1 cup medium cream sauce.
+    4 hard cooked eggs,              Seasonings as desired.
+
+Prepare the cream sauce, add the beef and hard cooked eggs, cut into
+slices. When heated through pour over toast diamonds. Garnish with parsley
+and serve hot.
+
+
+Cheese Fondue.--
+    2 cups grated cheese.       2 tablespoons butter.
+    1 cup soft bread crumbs.  1/2 teaspoon salt.
+    1 cup cream or milk.         1 teaspoon dry mustard.
+    3 eggs.                    1/2 teaspoon paprika.
+    6 slices buttered toast.
+
+Melt the butter and add the seasonings. When hot add the cheese and the
+bread crumbs which have been soaked in the milk. When very hot add the egg
+yolks which have been well beaten. Mix thoroughly, then fold in the whites
+of eggs beaten stiff. Let cook several minutes over the hot water, then
+pour over the buttered toast.
+
+
+Curried Toast.--
+
+    1 cup cream sauce.        1 teaspoon curry powder.
+    4 hard cooked eggs.       6 slices buttered toast.
+
+Make a cream sauce using the curry as seasoning. Chop the eggs fine, add
+to the cream sauce and when hot pour over the toast. Garnish with parsley.
+
+
+Eggs and Cream.--
+
+    6 eggs.                                1 cup cream.
+    1/4 teaspoon salt.                   1/8 teaspoon cayenne.
+    2 teaspoons Worcestershire Sauce.      1 tablespoon butter.
+    6 slices toast.
+
+Put the cream and seasonings in a dish. When almost boiling drop in the
+eggs and put in the butter cut in bits. When the eggs are poached serve on
+the toast which has been dipped in melted butter. Garnish with parsley.
+
+
+Creamed Oysters.--
+
+    1 qt. oysters.                    4 tablespoons butter.
+    1 cup cream.                    1/4 teaspoon salt.
+    1 teaspoon parsley, minced.       6 slices toast.
+
+Remove the hard muscles from the oysters, scald and drain. Melt the
+butter, add the cream and seasonings. Cayenne, celery salt, Worcestershire
+sauce and onion juice are good seasonings. When this is hot add the
+oysters, cook two minutes and serve on the toast. The bread should be
+toasted on one side only. Sprinkle with the minced parsley.
+
+[830 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Welsh Rarebit.--
+
+    1 tablespoon butter.         1/4 teaspoon mustard.
+    1 cup soft mild cheese.       1/4 teaspoon salt.
+    1 egg.                        Few grains cayenne.
+    1/2 cup ale or beer.
+
+Cut the cheese into small pieces and beat the eggs slightly. Put the
+butter in the chafing dish, and when it is melted add the cheese and
+seasonings, stirring constantly. Add the ale slowly and when smooth the
+slightly beaten egg. Much of the success of a rarebit depends upon the
+cheese. It should be smooth and creamy, and never stringy. Cook over hot
+water. The rarebit may be served on toast or wafers.
+
+
+Cream Welsh Rarebit.--
+
+    1 tablespoon butter.       1 cup soft mild cheese.
+    1/4 teaspoon salt.       1/4 teaspoon mustard.
+    Few grains cayenne.      1/2 cup milk.
+    1 egg.                   1/8 teaspoon soda.
+
+Follow directions for welsh rarebit (above) adding the soda with the
+cheese and the milk in place of the ale. Curry powder and celery salt make
+good additions as seasoning.
+
+
+Curry of Tomato.--
+
+    4 tomatoes.                  1 tablespoon butter.
+    1 tablespoon flour.          2 teaspoons curry.
+    1/2 teaspoon onion juice.  1/2 teaspoon salt.
+
+Select large, firm, fresh tomatoes. Peel and cut in slices. Melt the
+butter in the blazer. Add the tomatoes and cook for several minutes. Add
+the cream, flour and curry and seasonings. When hot serve on toast. Care
+must be taken or the acid in the tomato will curdle the cream.
+
+
+Salted Almonds.--
+
+      1 cup almond meats.       1/2 cup olive oil.
+
+Cover the almonds with boiling water. Remove the skins, then soak for
+several hours in strong salted water. Drain and dry. Put in enough olive
+oil to cover the bottom of the blazer. Put in the nuts and cook until
+brown. Drain on paper. A shorter method is to remove skins and dry the
+nuts, then cook in olive oil until brown, and while draining to sprinkle
+them with salt. Peanuts, pecans and walnuts can be prepared in the same
+way. Butter may be substituted for olive oil, if desired.
+
+[CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 830]
+
+ONE HUNDRED CHOICE RECIPES
+on
+CANNING, PICKLING, PRESERVING, JELLIES, JAMS
+MARMALADES, RELISHES, CATSUPS, SPICES.
+
+FOREIGN WORDS IN THE MENU.
+
+In this list are many of the foreign words used on menu cards in hotels,
+with their translation:
+
+Cafe--Coffee.
+
+Demitasse--After-dinner cup of coffee.
+
+Frappe--Semi or half-frozen.
+
+Fricasse--Stew.
+
+Fromage--Cheese.
+
+Glace--Frozen.
+
+Cafe au lait--Coffee with hot milk.
+
+Neufchatel--A soft Swiss cheese.
+
+Timbale--Pie crust baked in a mould.
+
+Croutons--Bread toasted in squares, used for soup and in garnishing.
+
+Bouillon--A clear broth, usually of beef.
+
+Au Gratin--Dishes baked, prepared with cheese.
+
+Menu--Bill of fare.
+
+Puree--Ingredients rubbed through a sieve; usually the term given a thick
+strained soup.
+
+Tutti Frutti--Various kinds of fruits (chopped fine).
+
+Consomme--Clear soup.
+
+Jus--Gravy or juice of meats.
+
+[832 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CANNING.
+
+1. Apples and Quinces.--Pare and cut the apples and quinces, the same
+amount of each. Cook the quinces in enough water to cover them until
+tender. Remove these from the water and cook the apples in the same
+liquid. When these are done put in a jar or kettle a layer of quinces,
+then of apples until all are used. Pour over them a syrup made of a half
+pound of sugar to pound of quinces, dissolved in a little water and let it
+stand over night. The next day heat them thoroughly and seal in cans.
+
+
+2. Apple Sauce.--Take as many apples as desired, pare them and cut in
+quarters. Put in a stew pan filled about two-thirds with water and cook
+until tender. Remove from the fire and beat up thoroughly, adding a
+teaspoonful of butter to a quart of apple sauce, half cup sugar and grate
+in a quarter of nutmeg. Serve with or without cream.
+
+
+3. Apples to Can.--Cook the same as for apple sauce, leaving out all
+seasoning and sugar. Put in glass jars and seal. When these are opened in
+the winter, just add such seasoning as may be desired.
+
+
+4. Apple Butter.--Five pounds of brown sugar, three gallons of cooked
+apples, one quart of cider vinegar. Boil this down to about two gallons
+and season with cinnamon.
+
+
+5. Canned Pears.--Prepare a syrup of one pint of water and one cup sugar
+to one quart of fruit. Before doing this, have your pears all pared and
+ready for the syrup when done. As you pare each piece of fruit drop it
+into a dish of cold water. This will prevent the fruit from turning dark.
+When the syrup has come to a fast boil, put in the pears carefully and
+boil until they look clear and can be easily pierced with a fork, which
+will probably be about twenty minute. Then done place in glass jars.
+
+
+6. Canned Pineapple.--Pare the pineapple and cut in slices about one-half
+inch thick. Be sure that all the eyes are cut out, as the fruit will spoil
+quickly if these remain in. Make a syrup of one pound of sugar to quart of
+water. When this syrup becomes thick enough, add the fruit and let boil
+about fifteen minutes. When done place in glass jars and seal while hot.
+
+
+7. Canned Peaches.--Pare the peaches and cut in halves and lay in a dish
+of cold water until ready to put in the syrup. Make a syrup of one quart
+of hot water to a pound of sugar. Let this cook to a syrup, then add the
+fruit. Cook about eight minutes. Put in glass jars and seal while hot.
+
+
+8. Brandy Peaches.--Drop the fruit into hot water. Let it remain there
+until the skin can be taken off easily. Make a very thin syrup and cover
+the peaches, after skin has been removed. Boil in this thin syrup until
+the fruit can be pierced with a straw. While these are cooking make
+another syrup, very rich, into which put the fruit after it is done.
+Remove this from the fire and add an equal quantity of brandy while the
+syrup is still hot.
+
+
+9. Canned Plums.--Wash the fruit well in cold water, then add one pound of
+sugar to a pound of fruit and let boil ten minutes. When done put in glass
+jars and seal while hot.
+
+[CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 833]
+
+10. Canned Strawberries.--Wash the berries thoroughly before removing the
+stems. Then weigh them, and to each pound of berries allow a half pound of
+sugar. Let these boil about ten minutes, and they are ready for the cans.
+
+
+11. Canned Rhubarb.--Take rhubarb when it is young and tender, or even the
+later plant will do, cut into pieces about an inch long. Wash well and put
+in glass jars, into which has been poured a cupful of cold water. Fill the
+jar full of the rhubarb and then cover completely with water. Seal and put
+in a cool place. When opened in the winter time a few minutes' boiling
+with sugar added will make a delightful sauce.
+
+
+12. Canning Corn.--The following is one of the safest and surest ways of
+canning sweet corn, without the use of acids or the necessity of putting
+up the corn with tomatoes, etc. Cut the corn from the cob and put in glass
+jars, pack down tightly and screw covers on loosely to allow the air to
+escape. Set the jars in a boiler and fill the boiler with cold water until
+it reaches the rim of the jars and let boil for four hours. Remove the
+cans and when sufficiently cool tighten the lids and set them away. A good
+plan is to place a board or some corn husks in the bottom of the boiler on
+which to set the jars to prevent them from cracking. Corn will keep as
+long as you want it if canned in this way.
+
+
+13. Canned Grapes.--Take the grapes and wash them thoroughly. Have two
+dishes on the table. Put the seeds in one dish and the skins in the other.
+Boil the pulp until all the seeds come out easily, then put through a
+sieve. Add the skins, allowing one-half pound sugar to one pound of fruit.
+When done put either in glass jars or crocks, taking precaution to see
+that they are sealed tightly in either case.
+
+
+TABLE FOR CANNING FRUIT.
+                                                Time
+                       Quantity of sugar        for boiling
+                       per quart.               fruit.
+    Apricots              2       teacupfuls    10 minutes
+    Sour Apples           1-1/2      "          10   "
+    Crab Apples           2          "          25   "
+    Black Berries         1-1/2      "           6   "
+    Gooseberries          2          "           8   "
+    Raspberries           1          "           6   "
+    Huckleberries         1          "           5   "
+    Strawberries          2          "           8   "
+    Cherries              1-1/2      "           5   "
+    Currants              2          "           6   "
+    Wild Grapes           2          "          10   "
+    Sour Pears (whole)    2          "          30   "
+    Bartlett Pears        1-1/2      "          20   "
+    Peaches (in halves)   2          "           8   "
+    Plums                 2          "          10   "
+    Peaches (whole)       1          "          15   "
+    Pineapple (sliced)    1-1/2      "          15   "
+    Quinces               3          "          30   "
+    Rhubarb               3          "          10   "
+    Tomatoes              0          "          20   "
+
+[834 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+PICKLING.
+
+1. Tip-Top Pickles.--Take one peck green tomatoes, one dozen large onions.
+Slice both of these in separate kettles, sprinkling salt between the
+tomatoes, then letting them stand two hours. Pour scalding water over the
+onions and let stand until wanted. After the tomatoes have stood the
+desired length of time squeeze the liquid off from them, also the onions
+and arrange in a crock in alternate layers, sprinkling celery seed between
+them (white and black mustard seed). Pour over this a quart of vinegar and
+a pint of sugar brought to a boil. This is ready for use when cold.
+
+
+2. Chow-Chow.--Two quarts tomatoes, half dozen green peppers, one dozen
+cucumbers, two white onions, two heads cabbage. Chop these all fine and
+let stand over night, sprinkling a cup of salt on it. In the morning drain
+off the brine and season with one ounce tumeric, one tablespoon celery
+seed, half teaspoonful cayenne pepper, one ounce of the following spices,
+cinnamon, allspice, one ounce black pepper, one quarter ounce cloves, one
+cup brown sugar, vinegar enough to cover, then boil two hours.
+
+
+3. Sweet Apple Pickle.--Pare the apples, leaving them whole, then take
+three pounds of sugar, two quarts of vinegar, one-half ounce each of
+cloves and cinnamon. Boil them in part of the vinegar and sugar until
+tender; then take them out, heat the remainder of the fluid and pour over
+them. Care should be taken not to boil the apples too long, as they will
+fall to pieces.
+
+
+4. Sweet Tomato Pickles.--Peel and slice eight pounds of tomatoes, four
+and a half pounds of sugar, one pound of mace and cinnamon mixed, one
+quart of vinegar and one ounce cloves. Mix all together and boil one hour.
+
+
+5. Standby Pickles.--Chop fine one gallon green tomatoes, twelve onions,
+slice fine two gallons of cabbage, one gallon vinegar, one pound brown
+sugar, half an ounce turmeric powder, one tablespoon black pepper, one
+ounce celery seed, one tablespoonful ground allspice, also ground cloves,
+white mustard, one quarter pound, and one gill salt. Boil all these
+together for two hours except spices, stirring well. When taken from the
+fire add the spices, put in air-tight jars. If this pickle is kept in a
+cool, dry place, you will find them in perfect condition at the end of the
+winter.
+
+
+6. Pickled Peppers.--Select nice large peppers, cut off the stems and
+rind. Then put into strong hot brine, repeating this for three mornings,
+and then drain off and cover with hot vinegar. When wanted to use, take
+out of brine and stuff with creamed sweetbreads and mushrooms and serve on
+a lettuce leaf. This makes a very attractive and appetizing dish.
+
+
+7. Piccalili.--One-half peck green onions, sliced, one peck green
+tomatoes, one cauliflower, one peck small cucumbers. Leave in salt water
+twenty-four hours; then put in a kettle with a handful of scraped
+horseradish, one ounce tumeric, one ounce cloves (whole), one-quarter
+pound whole pepper, one ounce cinnamon, one pound white mustard seed, one
+pound English mustard. Place in kettle in layers and cover with cold
+vinegar, boil fifteen minutes, stirring constantly.
+
+[CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 835]
+
+8. Sweet Pickled Peaches.--Make a liquid of three pounds brown sugar, one
+pint strong cider vinegar, and small handful each of cinnamon and cloves
+and bring to a boil. Wash clean, but do not peel, several pounds of
+peaches. Put in as many peaches as the liquor will cover; cook until
+moderately soft and put into jars. Cook all alike, and pour liquid over
+them. These are delicious.
+
+
+9. Chopped Pickles.--Chop and mix together one peck green tomatoes, two
+large heads of cabbage, three green peppers, one small cup salt, let stand
+over night and drain. Then cover with cider vinegar and boil until soft;
+drain again and mix with one tablespoon cloves, same amount of mustard,
+two pounds each of raisins and sugar, one-half cup grated horse-radish,
+three chopped onions, celery and salt to taste. Hot vinegar enough to make
+moist, can rather dry.
+
+
+10. Pickled Onions.--Select small white onions, peel and boil them in
+equal portions of sweet milk and water for ten minutes, or until tender,
+drain and pour scalding spiced vinegar on them immediately. Never use
+allspice, as it darkens the onions.
+
+
+11. Pickled Red Cabbage.--Choose purple red cabbage, slice into a
+colander, sprinkle each layer with salt, let it drain two days, then put
+into a jar, pour boiling vinegar enough to cover, put in a few slices of
+red beet-root. A few spices in bunches and thrown in after being salted,
+will look red and pretty.
+
+
+12. Pickled Grapes.--Select grapes that are not quite ripe, but dark
+colored, pick from the stem and wash, put in glass jars; in a separate
+kettle make a syrup of sugar and vinegar and boil a few minutes, add
+spices to suit the taste; pour over grapes and seal jars.
+
+
+13. Spiced Cherries.--Take nine pounds of fruit, one pint cider vinegar,
+four pounds sugar, one-half ounce cinnamon bark, one-half ounce whole
+cloves, let the syrup come to a boil before putting in the fruit; cook the
+fruit until the skin breaks, then take out the fruit and boil the syrup
+down until thick, pour over the fruit hot.
+
+
+14. Beet Pickles.--Cook beets in hot water until tender. Then remove the
+skin and if the beets are large slice them, as you would for table use.
+Place these in a glass jar. Take a quart of cider vinegar, one cup
+granulated sugar, teaspoonful of salt, let this come to a boil, then pour
+over beets. If vinegar is very strong dilute about half. When these are
+opened in the winter, you will think you are eating fresh beets from the
+garden.
+
+
+15. Pickled Cauliflower.--Choose good firm cauliflower, and full size. Cut
+away all the leaves and pare the stalks. Pull away the flowers in bunches.
+Steep in brine two days, then drain them, wipe dry and put in hot pickle.
+
+[836 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+16. Pickled Cabbage.--The cabbage should be sliced and salted for two or
+three days, then placed before the fire for twenty-four hours, spread upon
+a dry cloth, after which they are put into a jar, and covered with spiced
+vinegar.
+
+
+17. Cantelope Sweet Pickle.--Select melons not quite ripe, weighing about
+seven pounds in all, put them in a weak brine over night. Then boil in
+weak alum water until transparent. Take them out and place in a jar. Then
+take 1 quart cider vinegar, 2 ounces stick cinnamon, 1 ounce cloves, 3
+pounds granulated sugar; let this boil, then add the cantelope, cooking it
+twenty minutes longer. Pour in a jar and close tight. Scald it over for
+two mornings.
+
+
+18. Mother's Pickled Blackberries.--Take three quarts of blackberries, one
+quart of sugar, one quart vinegar. Put all together at the same time into
+your kettle and boil ten or fifteen minutes. No spices are required. After
+standing a few weeks they are very nice.
+
+
+19. Pickled Brocoli.--Choose the whitest, closest and finest vegetables
+before they are quite ripe, pare off all green leaves and the outside of
+the stalks. Parboil them about five minutes in well-salted water. Then
+drain well and pull the branches in convenient sized pieces and put into a
+jar of pickle, prepared as follows: Heat vinegar to boiling point, add a
+little mace and whole red peppers, and pour hot over the brocoli.
+
+
+20. Mixed Pickles.--One quart boiled beets, chopped fine, one quart raw
+cabbage chopped fine, two cups sugar, tablespoon of salt, one teaspoonful
+red pepper, one cup grated horse-radish. Cover with cold vinegar and keep
+from the air.
+
+
+21. Mustard Pickles.--One quart small cucumbers, one quart large
+cucumbers, cut in pieces, one quart large tomatoes, two quarts small
+onions, three heads cauliflower, six red and six green peppers cut in
+strips. Put these in separate dishes and let stand over night. In the
+morning drain off and cook in separate dishes of clear water until nearly
+tender. Then put together and boil a short time in the following paste:
+One ounce pulverized tumeric seed, half pound ground mustard, two cups
+flour, seven cups sugar, one gallon vinegar. This is an excellent recipe.
+
+
+22. Sweet Pickled Peaches.--Boil together four pounds sugar and one pint
+vinegar to twelve pounds of fruit. Add the fruit and let it come to a
+boil; the next day drain off the liquor and boil again; do this three
+times and your pickles are delicious; add cinnamon to the liquor and stick
+two or three cloves in each peach.
+
+
+23. Sweet Pickled Prunes.--Soak four pounds prunes for two or three hours,
+then steam them ten or fifteen minutes. While the prunes are soaking, boil
+together for ten minutes two pounds sugar, one pint vinegar, one ounce
+each of cloves and cinnamon and one-fourth of an ounce of ginger. After
+the prunes have been strained, pour the hot vinegar over them and boil all
+together until the prunes are soft. These are delicious.
+
+[CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 837]
+
+24. Celery Sauce that Mother Used to Make.--Take fifteen large ripe
+tomatoes, two red peppers, two onions, two and one-half cups vinegar, two
+stalks (arrowroot) celery, eight tablespoons sugar, two spoons salt; chop
+all fine and boil one and one-half hours.
+
+
+25. Spiced Tomatoes.--Take red and yellow pear-shaped tomatoes; prick two
+or three times with a fork, sprinkle with salt, let stand over night, pack
+in a glass jar and cover with vinegar, prepared as follows, for a
+half-gallon jar: 1 pint vinegar, 1 teaspoon ground cloves, 1 teaspoonful
+ground cinnamon, 1 teaspoonful ground allspice, 1 teaspoonful pepper, 1
+tablespoon sugar. Let this come to a boil and pour over the tomatoes;
+after they get cold tie strong paper over them.
+
+
+26. Ripe Cucumber Pickles.--Take twelve large cucumbers and remove the
+pulp. Cut them in strips about two inches wide and four inches long. Let
+these stand while you boil for a few minutes the following: 2 pounds
+sugar, 1 ounce cinnamon, 1/2 ounce cloves, 1 pint vinegar. Be sure and
+skim this while it is boiling, then put in the cucumbers, letting them
+cook until tender. Take the cucumbers out and let the liquor boil for
+fifteen minutes. Pour this over the cucumbers and cover tight.
+
+
+27. Green Tomato Pickles.--Chop a peck of green tomatoes and stir in half
+a cupful of salt. Let these drain over night. Then add 3 green peppers,
+chopped, 1 teacup of grated horseradish, 2 quarts of vinegar, 1 teacupful
+of sugar. Let this all boil, stirring occasionally, gently, until the
+tomatoes are tender, then add a large spoonful of cinnamon and cloves.
+These are very good and easily kept.
+
+
+28. Pickled Tomatoes.--Select tomatoes that are thoroughly ripe, and let
+them lie in strong salt and water for four days; then put them down in
+layers in jars, mixing with them small onions and pieces of horseradish;
+then pour on vinegar, cold, after having spiced it. Be sure and use plenty
+of spices, cover carefully and let stand for a month before using.
+
+
+29. Green Tomato Sauce, for Meats or Fish.--Slice two gallons of green
+tomatoes without peeling; slice one dozen good sized onions; one quart of
+sugar, two quarts vinegar, two tablespoons each of salt, ground mustard,
+and ground black pepper, one tablespoonful of cloves and allspice. Mix all
+together and stew until tender, stirring frequently to prevent scorching.
+Put up in small glass jars.
+
+
+30. Chili Sauce.--One peck ripe tomatoes, one pint vinegar, one cup sugar,
+two red peppers, three sweet peppers, six large onions, one tablespoon
+each of cinnamon, pepper and salt. Chop the onions and peppers fine. Boil
+for two hours.
+
+
+31. Tomato Relish.--One peck good ripe tomatoes, chop and drain, 3 large
+onions, a peppers, red or green, 3 heads celery, chopped fine, 3/4 cup
+salt, 2 pounds brown sugar, 2 oz. white mustard seed, 1 oz. cinnamon, a
+pints vinegar. After the tomatoes have drained thoroughly, mix in the
+balance of the recipe. Do not cook; keep in a jar. This relish cannot be
+beaten. Everyone will like it.
+
+[838 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+32. Tomato Catsup No. 1.--Take one gallon ripe tomatoes, peel them, one
+teaspoon allspice, one tablespoon mustard, one red pepper; let all boil,
+then strain and to this add one tablespoon salt, one teaspoon ground
+pepper, one teacup vinegar, two pounds granulated sugar. Let all of this
+boil until reasonably thick, or as thick as desired.
+
+
+33. Aunt Mary's Catsup.--One cup onions, one peck ripe tomatoes (chopped),
+one and one-half cups celery, one cup horseradish (grated), one cup sugar,
+half cup salt, one cup white mustard seed, two red peppers, one teaspoon
+each of black pepper, ground cloves, mace, cinnamon and celery seed, one
+quart vinegar. Drain tomatoes thoroughly, before adding spices. Keep this
+in stone jars and tie closely and it will keep nicely for a year or more.
+
+
+34. Gooseberry Catsup.--To one pound of gooseberries, use three-fourths
+pound sugar and spices to taste. One pint of vinegar to ten pounds of the
+fruit. Boil two hours. This is delicious.
+
+
+35. Spiced Vinegar for Pickles.--(This can be used generally for pickles.)
+1 gallon of vinegar, 1 pound of sugar, 2 tablespoonfuls of allspice, 2
+tablespoonfuls mustard seed, 2 tablespoonfuls celery seed, 2
+tablespoonfuls salt, 1 tablespoonful of tumeric powder, 1 tablespoonful of
+black pepper, 1 tablespoonful mace, 2 nutmegs, grated, 3 onions, 1 handful
+grated horseradish. This can always be relied upon as good.
+
+
+36. Tomato Catsup No. 2.--1 gallon tomatoes (strained), 6 tablespoons
+salt, three tablespoons black pepper, 1 tablespoon cloves, 2 tablespoons
+cinnamon, 2 tablespoons allspice, 10 pints vinegar, boil down to half. One
+peck tomatoes will make one gallon strained.
+
+
+37. Bottled Pickles.--Wash the pickles and pour boiling water over them,
+letting them stand for four hours; to every gallon of vinegar take 1
+teacup of sugar, 1 teacup of salt, 1 teaspoonful of pulverized alum, one
+ounce of cinnamon bark, 1/4 of an ounce of whole cloves. Boil spice and
+vinegar and pour over the pickles. Seal while hot.
+
+
+38. Sliced Cucumbers.--Peel and slice one gallon of cucumbers and soak
+them over night in weak salt water. Drain and put them in weak vinegar on
+the stove and let them get hot; drain and pack in glass jars. Then bring
+to a boil, one quart vinegar, a few slices of onions, sugar and spices to
+taste. Then pour this over the cucumbers, while hot, and seal.
+
+
+39. Grandmother's Dill Pickles.--Fill a stone jar with alternate layers of
+grape leaves, fresh cucumbers, dill and salt. Cover with water and an
+inverted plate; place a brick on the plate to keep all under water. The
+cucumbers will be ready for use in about two weeks.
+
+
+40. Mustard Pickles.--Wash the pickles and put in fruit jars, then cover
+with the following dressing, do not cook the pickles or dressing: 1 cup
+salt, 2 cups dark brown sugar, 1 cup Colman's mustard, 1 gallon vinegar,
+mix together and put over pickles.
+
+[CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 839]
+
+41. Green Tomato Pickles.--One bushel tomatoes, slice and put in salt
+water over night. The next morning put tomatoes in kettle after draining
+them, with five pounds of brown sugar, 1/4 cup cloves, ten cents worth
+cinnamon stick, two quarts vinegar. Boil until the tomatoes are tender.
+
+
+42. Oyster Catsup.--Squeeze through a sieve 1 pint of oysters with the
+juice, then add 1 pint of sherry or white wine and salt to taste. Flavor
+with garlic, celery, etc., if desired. Add two or three ounces of mixed
+spices. Simmer fifteen or twenty minutes, strain and bottle when cold.
+
+
+43. Pepper Catsup.--Select about twenty-five red bell peppers without
+removing the seeds. Add 1 pint of vinegar and boil until tender, stirring
+constantly. Rub it all through a sieve. Set aside the juice. Pour over the
+pulp another pint of vinegar with two tablespoonfuls brown sugar, 2 or 3
+ounces mixed spices. Stir altogether and boil down one-half. Strain
+through cheese-cloth and bottle when cold.
+
+
+44. Grape Catsup.--Select grapes that are ripe, but not soft. Pick them
+over carefully and add to five pounds of grapes, half as much sugar (by
+weight), 1 pint vinegar, two or three ounces of mixed spices, and salt to
+taste. Boil until it thickens. Bottle when cold.
+
+
+45. Pickled Cherries.--Select firm and medium ripe cherries. Fill a
+wide-mouthed glass bottle or jar with them, then add two tablespoons of
+salt, and fill the jars with cold vinegar. Seal and let stand six or eight
+weeks before using. These are very good.
+
+
+46. Sweet Mixed Pickles.--For sweet mixed pickles, scrape and wash half a
+dozen young carrots, and parboil in salted water for three or four
+minutes, then drain and set aside to cool; meanwhile cut into strips. Then
+take six green tomatoes, three large white onions, one large red pepper,
+(taking out the seeds) three sour apples, one small cupful of tender
+string beans, and finally the carrots treated in the same manner; place
+all these ingredients together in the preserving kettle in which they are
+to be cooked, adding salt and a very little paprika and allow them to
+stand for twelve hours. When ready to cook drain off the water that will
+have formed, adding sufficient vinegar to well moisten, one cupful of
+sugar, a tablespoon olive oil and two teaspoonfuls of celery seed tied in
+a piece of muslin, for about five minutes. Remove from the fire and mix in
+quickly half a teaspoonful ground English mustard blended with a little
+vinegar; seal immediately in small well-closed jars.
+
+
+47. Corn Relish.--One dozen ears of corn, one large cabbage, one large red
+pepper, chop all these up fine together, mix thoroughly and add one pound
+of brown sugar and one quart of vinegar, salt to suit taste. Let this all
+come to a boil.
+
+[840 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+48. Mustard Pickles.--One hundred small cucumbers (if you get the larger
+ones cut them in two), one-half peck of the tiny white onions, large head
+of cauliflower, one pound brown sugar, 1-1/2 cups flour, 1/2 pound
+mustard, five cents worth of tumeric powder, one cup salt. The cucumbers
+are to be soaked in salt and water over night and drained in the morning,
+put in the vinegar and let come to a boil, then add your onions and
+cauliflower. Take the flour, mustard and tumeric powder, work to a cream
+with a little vinegar, then gradually stir into the boiling vinegar to
+thicken it. Boil this all about fifteen minutes. Watch every minute as
+this scorches very easily.
+
+
+49. Spiced Currants.--Steam and wash the fruit carefully, and for every
+four pounds of currants take two pounds of brown sugar, one pint cider
+vinegar, one tablespoon each of ground cinnamon, cloves, mace, nutmeg and
+allspice. Put in the fruit and boil all together for a half hour. Fill
+into wide mouthed bottles, lay a paper wet with vinegar over the currants
+and tie up the mouth of the bottle with paper.
+
+
+50. Spiced Grapes.--Five pounds of grapes, three pounds of granulated
+sugar, half pint of vinegar, two teaspoonfuls each of cinnamon, allspice
+and cloves. Pulp the grapes, boil skins until tender. Cook the pulp soft
+and strain through a sieve, add to skins. Put in spices, sugar and vinegar
+and boil thoroughly. Seal.
+
+
+51. Ginger Pears.--Peel a dozen large pears which are not quite ripe and
+cut into long, thin strips. Add two-thirds as much sugar as you have
+fruit, the juice of a lemon, two-thirds cupful of water and a
+desertspoonful of ginger. Boil all together until the fruit is
+transparent, and serve as a relish.
+
+
+52. Tomato Soye.--One peck of ripe tomatoes, one dozen large onions, three
+large red peppers, one gallon best vinegar, twenty-four tablespoonfuls
+brown sugar, twelve teaspoonfuls ground cinnamon, twelve teaspoonfuls of
+salt, six teaspoonfuls of ground ginger and six teaspoonfuls of ground
+cloves. Chop the tomatoes, onions and peppers fine and add the other
+ingredients. Let simmer for three hours.
+
+
+53. Spanish Pickles.--One peck of green tomatoes, one dozen onions,
+sprinkle with salt and let stand over night and strain off the juice.
+Allow one pound of sugar, one-fourth pound whole white mustard seed, one
+ounce ground black pepper, one teaspoonful ginger and one of cinnamon. Mix
+dry. Put a layer of tomatoes and onions in a kettle and sprinkle with
+spices, then tomatoes and so on until all are used. Cover with vinegar and
+let boil two hours, after which pack in jars and set in cool place.
+
+
+54. Chili Sauce.--Take five large onions, eight green peppers, and chop
+fine with thirty ripe tomatoes. Add five tablespoonfuls of brown sugar,
+three tablespoonfuls of salt and eight cupfuls of vinegar. Boil all
+together two and a half hours and bottle for use.
+
+
+55. Green Tomato Pickles.--Half bushel green tomatoes, six large onions,
+six large peppers, one-fourth pound white mustard seed, and three
+tablespoonfuls celery seed. Chop all fine together, put in layers, one of
+tomatoes and onions and one of salt, using in all a half cupful of salt.
+Let stand over night. In the morning squeeze dry and put on to boil in two
+quarts of vinegar. Cook until tender, when nearly done, add one pound of
+sugar, put in cans and seal.
+
+Green Beans Pickles.--"Green beans with the strings taken off and placed
+in a kettle, salted and cooked until tender, then place in jars, fill with
+good cider vinegar and seal tightly."
+
+[CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 841]
+
+PRESERVES.
+
+1. Rhubarb Preserve.--1/4 lb. almond or walnut meats, chopped, 3 lbs.
+rhubarb, 3 lbs. sugar, rind and juice of 2 lemons, boil until thick. Serve
+with meats.
+
+
+2. Preserved Pears.--Pare the fruit and drop into a bowl of cold water to
+preserve the color. When all are pared, put into a pan of clear, cold
+water, and boil until almost tender. Make a syrup of the water in which
+the pears were boiled, allowing one pound of sugar to each half pint of
+water. Drop the pears into the syrup and cook them slowly until they can
+be pierced with a silver fork. Put the fruit into hot jars and cover with
+boiling syrup. Seal.
+
+
+3. Fig and Rhubarb Preserve.--Wash dry and cut up three pounds of figs and
+seven pounds of rhubarb, put them into a basin, add six pounds of sugar,
+one cupful of water, two heaping teaspoonfuls of ground ginger and the
+juice of two large lemons. Cover and leave for twelve hours. Boil for half
+an hour. Divide into jars and cover. This is an excellent preserve and
+keeps well.
+
+
+4. Preserved Cherries.--Select large, rich, red cherries; stone and weigh
+them, adding three-fourths of a pound of sugar for each pound of fruit.
+After the stones have been taken out, allow them to stand in a stone jar
+over night; in the morning put them in a preserving kettle and cook until
+clear. Put in glass tumblers and cover the tops when cool with melted
+paraffin, before putting on covers.
+
+
+5. Strawberry Preserves.--The fruit for this must be solid, and must be
+used as soon as they are gotten ready, and not sugared down. To one pound
+of sugar add one pound of fruit. Use just enough water to keep them from
+sticking, and put fruit, sugar and water all on at the same time, and let
+them cook twenty minutes. Then spread on flat dishes and set in sun for
+three or four days, and then put in glass jars. They will need no more
+heating or cooking. These are considered fine.
+
+
+6. Lemon Butter.--Take two nice large lemons, grate the rind and use the
+juice, two eggs, two cups of sugar, small lump of butter. Boil ten minutes
+in double boiler.
+
+[842 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+7. Apple Preserves.--Make a syrup of three-fourths pound of sugar to each
+pound of apples. Add a little lemon juice or sliced lemon; keep skimming
+this as it boils, and put in only a few apples at a time into the syrup,
+and boil until they are transparent; skim out and put in a jar. When the
+apples are done, boil the syrup down thick, then pour boiling hot over the
+apples and cover closely. Well flavored fruit, not easily broken, should
+be selected.
+
+
+8. Apricot Preserves.--Pare the fruit very thin and stone it. Place the
+fruit in a porcelain or granite kettle, first a layer of fruit, then a
+layer of sugar, using pound for pound of sugar. Let this stand in the
+kettle for a day. The next day boil very gently until they are clear. Then
+place the fruit in a large pan or bowl and pour the liquor over them. The
+following day pour the liquor into a quart of codlin liquor, this being
+made by boiling and straining a pound of fine sugar with just enough water
+to make a syrup. Let the whole boil quickly until it will jelly. Put the
+fruit into it and bring to a boil, being careful to remove all the scum.
+Then put up in small jars.
+
+
+9. Citron Preserves.--Select sound fruit, pare it and divide into
+quarters, (carefully take out the seeds) and cut in very small pieces, any
+shape you desire, and weigh it. To every pound of fruit allow a half pound
+of loaf sugar; put the citron on to cook until it is quite clear, then
+remove it from the kettle where it can drain, and pour out the water it
+was cooked in. Then put on the sugar you have weighed, with water enough
+to wet it through; let it boil until very clear, and before putting in the
+citron again add to the syrup two large lemons sliced, and a small piece
+of ginger root, to give it a fine flavor; then add the citron and let all
+cook together about fifteen minutes; fill the jars with citron and pour
+over the hot syrup, then seal up.
+
+
+10. Citron and Quince Preserves.--Pare and cut the citron into inch
+pieces; boil hard in a medium strong alum water thirty minutes; drain and
+boil in fresh water till the color is changed and they are tender; wash
+the quinces carefully, pare, quarter, core and halve the quarters; boil
+the cores and parings in water to cover them, an hour and a half; remove
+them and add the prepared juice to the liquid; boil, and when they begin
+to be tender, add the citron and three-fourths of a pound of white sugar
+to every pound of the fruit. These are delicious.
+
+
+11. Preserved Pears.--Have a pan of cold water ready to drop pears into
+after they are pared, halved and the cores removed. This will prevent them
+from turning black. Select smooth, sweet pears of a kind which will not
+break when cooked. Put a little over one quart of granulated sugar into
+your preserving kettle; add just water enough to moisten the sugar; when
+warm put into this two quarts of pears; let them cook very slowly several
+hours; when the syrup is thick put your fruit in jars.
+
+
+12. Pineapple Preserves.--Pare and slice the pineapple. Then weigh the
+fruit and allow a pound of sugar to a pound of fruit; then put a layer of
+the slices in a jar and cover them with a layer of sugar; do this until
+the apples and sugar are used up; let them stand over night. The next
+morning take the apples out of the syrup, cook the syrup until it
+thickens, replace the apples and boil fifteen minutes; remove the
+pineapple from the syrup and let them cool, then put in jars and pour the
+syrup over them. A few pieces of ginger root boiled in the syrup will
+improve it.
+
+[CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 843]
+
+13. Tomato Preserves.--Select small, pear-shaped tomatoes, not too ripe.
+Prick with a needle to prevent bursting, and put their weight in sugar
+over them. Let this stand over night, then pour off the juice into a
+preserving kettle and boil until it is a thick syrup, clarifying it with
+the white of an egg; add the tomatoes and boil until they look
+transparent. One lemon to a pound of fruit, sliced thin and cooked with
+the fruit, together with a piece of ginger root, will improve it.
+
+
+14. Preserved Strawberries. No. 1.--Take a couple of quarts of berries at
+a time, remove the stems, and place in a colander. Pour water over them to
+cleanse them. Make a syrup of two pounds of white sugar and a half cup of
+water. Drop the berries into this and allow them to boil rapidly for
+twenty minutes, removing all scum that rises, but do not stir the fruit.
+Pour into tumblers, and when you are done cook your syrup and juice to a
+jelly and fill up your jelly glasses. Keep in a dry place.
+
+
+15. Preserved Strawberries. No. 2.--To one pound of berries use
+three-fourths of a pound of sugar,--in layers (no water). Place in a
+kettle on the back of the stove until the sugar is dissolved into syrup;
+then let it come to a boil, stirring from the bottom. Spread on platters,
+not too thickly and set out in the hot sun till the syrup thickens--it may
+take two or three days. Keep in tumblers or bowls like jelly. Strawberries
+done in this way retain their color and flavor.
+
+
+16. Spiced Currants.--Three pounds white sugar, five pounds ripe currants,
+one tablespoonful each of cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves and allspice. Boil
+currants one hour, then add sugar, spices and a half pint vinegar, boil a
+half hour longer.
+
+
+17. Spiced Gooseberries.--Six quarts gooseberries, nine pounds sugar, cook
+one and a half hours, then add one pint vinegar, one tablespoonful each
+cloves, cinnamon and allspice. Boil a few minutes. When cold they should
+be like jam. Boil longer if not thick enough.
+
+
+18. Tomato Preserves.--Peel the tomatoes and to each pound add a pound of
+sugar and let stand over night. Take the tomatoes out of the sugar and
+boil the syrup, removing the scum. Put the tomatoes in and boil gently
+twenty minutes; remove fruit again and boil until the syrup thickens. On
+cooling put the fruit into jars and pour the syrup over. The round yellow
+variety of tomato should be used and as soon as ripe.
+
+[844 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+19. Preserved Pears.--Peel the fruit which should not be overripe, cut
+into halves, extract cores and throw at once into a dish of cold water.
+From the water put into jars, arranging the pieces as compactly as
+possible, cover with cold water and then drain off. Make a syrup of sugar
+and water, allowing a teacupful of sugar to a jar and fill the jars to the
+brim; put on the covers, without rubbers and place in a kettle of cold
+water over the fire. The water in the kettle should come to the neck of
+the jars. Note carefully when the water comes to a boil, and let it boil
+twenty minutes or more, according to ripeness of the fruit. Take the jars
+from the water, adjust the rubbers and screw on the tops tighter and
+tighter as the jars cool. A plated knife should be used in peeling the
+fruit as a steel one discolors the fruit.
+
+
+20. Preserved Peaches.--Plunge the fruit into boiling water to make the
+skins come off easily, then throw into cold water. For three pounds of
+fruit use one pound of sugar and half a teacup of water. When the syrup
+boils put in the peaches, a few at a time, and cook until tender. Fill
+jars as for pears. The stones will add to the flavor.
+
+
+21. Brandied Peaches.--Put the peaches in boiling water for a few minutes,
+when the skin will peel off easily. Make a syrup of half a pound of sugar
+and half a teacupful of water for each pound of peaches. Skim as the scum
+rises in boiling, then put in the peaches and boil them gently until
+tender, no longer. Take them out carefully and fill your cans or jars.
+Remove the syrup from the fire, and add to it half a pint of best brandy
+to every pound of peaches.
+
+
+22. Preserved Quinces.--Pare and quarter, taking out cores and all hard
+parts. Boil in clear water until tender; spread out to dry. Allow a half
+pound of sugar and one-third cup water to a pound of fruit. When the syrup
+boils, put in the fruit, set back on stove and cook very slowly for an
+hour or more if not too tender, as the longer it cooks the brighter will
+be the color. Put in jars, the same as other fruit.
+
+
+23. Preserved Grapes.--A delicious preserve can be made of California
+grapes. Cut each grape with a knife and extract the seeds; add sugar to
+the fruit, pound for pound; cook slowly for half an hour or longer until
+the syrup and pulp of the grape are perfectly clear and transparent.
+
+
+24. Purple Plums Preserved.--A very fine preserve can be made from these
+plums, if you take equal weight of fruit and sugar. Take a clear stone jar
+and fill it with the fruit and sugar. First a layer of fine granulated
+sugar, then the plums and so on until the jar is filled. Cover them and
+set the jar in a kettle of water over the fire. Let them stand in the
+boiling water all day, filling up the kettle as the water boils away. If
+at any time they seem likely to ferment, repeat this process. Any
+housewife trying this recipe will be greatly pleased with the results.
+
+
+25. Spiced Grapes.--Select five pounds of nice grapes, pulp them, and boil
+until tender. After the pulps are thoroughly cooked, strain through a
+sieve, then add to it three pounds of sugar, two teaspoonfuls of cinnamon
+and allspice, and half teaspoonful of cloves. Add enough vinegar and
+spices to suit the taste. Boil thoroughly and cool. This is very nice.
+
+[CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 845]
+
+26. Spiced Peaches.--Take five pounds of peaches, wipe them thoroughly and
+boil until tender in one quart of vinegar and two pounds of brown sugar.
+When done remove them from the liquid, and add one ounce each of cinnamon,
+cloves and mace. Boil the liquid for some time after the spices have been
+added, then place the fruit in jars and pour this over them.
+
+
+27. Pear Chips.--Ten pounds of pears sliced thin, seven pounds of sugar,
+four lemons boiled soft; press out the juice and pulp; chop the peel very
+fine. Boil the fruit and sugar together until soft, then add the lemon, a
+half pound green ginger root scraped and cut into small pieces. Let the
+above mixture boil until quite thick. This can be placed in jelly glasses,
+and will keep nicely. This is an excellent recipe.
+
+
+
+JAMS AND JELLIES.
+
+1. Crab Apple Jelly.--Select nice ripe apples, wash and cut out any
+imperfections; place on the stove and cover with water, cook slowly until
+soft enough to strain, then take them off and drain through a jelly bag.
+To every four pints of juice use three pints of sugar; heat the sugar very
+warm in the oven. Boil the juice fourteen minutes, stir in warm sugar, and
+boil altogether three to five minutes, then turn into moulds or jelly
+glasses.
+
+
+2. Apple Jelly.--After you have selected nice tart, juicy apples of good
+flavor, pare them, core and quarter, then put them with the skins and
+cores, in a jar in a slow oven. When they are quite soft, strain all
+through a coarse muslin bag, pressing hard to extract all the flavor of
+the fruit. Put a pound of loaf sugar to every pint of juice and the juice
+of one lemon, and put the liquor over the fire in a preserving kettle.
+Boil steadily for twenty minutes or so, skimming occasionally. Boil the
+jelly glasses in hot water and fill them with the jelly while hot. This
+jelly will keep for an unlimited time if kept in a cool, dry place.
+
+
+3. Currant Jelly.--The currants should be washed very thoroughly, but do
+not stem; put in a kettle, scald them but do not cook. Cool and strain;
+boil the juice alone for twenty minutes. Weigh the sugar, and to a pint of
+juice use a pound of sugar. Have the sugar in the oven browning lightly
+and heating thoroughly. When the juice has boiled twenty minutes stir in
+the sugar until it dissolves; then put into glasses and keep in a cool
+place.
+
+
+4. Blackberry Jelly.--Cook the berries until tender, then strain the juice
+from them. Add an equal quantity of sugar. Boil hard for twenty minutes,
+then pour into moulds or jelly glasses.
+
+
+5. Cranberry Jelly.--Take two pounds of sugar, granulated, one quart of
+water and three quarts of cranberries. Cook thoroughly, mashing all the
+berries fine, then put all through a fine sieve. Return the juice to the
+stove and cook fifteen minutes more; pour into glasses and seal when cool.
+
+[846 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+6. Grape Jelly.--Select grapes that are partially ripe, as they make the
+prettiest jelly, and to every eight pounds of fruit take a large cupful of
+water; put them into a porcelain-lined kettle and boil until quite soft;
+strain through a cloth. Measure the juice, then measure and put away the
+same quantity of sugar. Let the juice boil half an hour, then add the
+sugar and let it boil five or ten minutes longer. All jellies to be good,
+should have nearly all the boiling done before the sugar is added.
+
+
+7. Rhubarb and Apple Jelly.--Cut up your rhubarb and wash it; put on the
+fire without any water at all. Take good sour apples, pare and quarter and
+cook in a very little water. Strain the juice from both and put them on
+the stove to cook for fifteen minutes. Then add the heated sugar, using
+three-fourths as much sugar as juice. Boil hard for twenty minutes, turn
+into glasses and set in the sun, if possible, for half a day. Seal the
+next day.
+
+
+8. Spiced Grape Jelly.--Take grapes half ripe, crush all the juice out
+well and strain. Take equal quantities of juice and sugar; to each quart
+of juice add one-half teaspoonful of cloves and one tablespoonful
+cinnamon. Cook very hard for twenty minutes, then remove from the stove
+and pour into glasses.
+
+
+9. Rhubarb Jelly.--After the rhubarb has been thoroughly washed and cut up
+in small pieces, stew until tender in a preserving kettle. Strain through
+a jelly rag and flavor with extract of lemon. Put in enough to suit the
+taste. To each pint of juice add a pound of sugar; boil until it jellies
+on the skimmer, then remove and place in glasses. Keep in a cool place.
+
+
+10. Orange Marmalade.--Cut the oranges in half; remove the pulp with a
+spoon, take one lemon to five oranges, preparing the same way. Then cut
+the shells of the oranges in two, scrape out the white lining and put the
+skins on to boil; weigh the pulp, take half as much sugar, and simmer
+together fifteen minutes. When the skins are transparent and tender, take
+up, putting several pieces together, cut it quickly into the narrowest
+possible strips. Mix these with pulp and sugar; cook until very thick. Put
+in glasses and then when cold, seal.
+
+
+11. Blackberry Jam.--Take two quarts of blackberries, one quart fine
+cooked apples, two quarts of sugar, boil these all together for twenty
+minutes. This is very easily made and is very good.
+
+
+12. Plum and Apple Jam.--After canning plums, there is often some left,
+not enough to fill a can; a very nice jam can be made of this by putting
+it through a sieve; and adding the same quantity of good apples, cooked.
+Sweeten to taste and put in a very little cinnamon and cloves. Cook an
+hour, then tie up in jars when cold.
+
+
+13. Tomato Marmalade.--Pare and slice without wetting four pounds of
+unripe tomatoes, Give them a slow boil for several hours until a large
+portion of the water has evaporated; add for each pound of tomatoes
+three-quarters of a pound of sugar and two sliced lemons. Boil for one
+hour longer.
+
+[CANNING, PICKLING AND PRESERVING 847]
+
+14. Raspberry Jams.--To three or four pounds of ripe red raspberries add
+an equal quantity of white sugar. Crush the whole well in a preserving
+kettle; add one pint of currant juice and boil gently until it jellies
+upon a cold plate; put into a small jar and cover with brandied paper. Tie
+over them a thick paper and keep in a dark, cool, dry place.
+
+
+15. Strawberry Jam, with Red Currants.--Take four pounds of strawberries,
+one pint of red currant juice, and two pounds of sugar. Place in a
+porcelain kettle and boil the berries and currant juice first, then add
+the sugar and boil up again, skimming well. Put in jars, cover with
+paraffin and keep in a cool place.
+
+
+16. Peach Jelly.--Cook peaches and add a few kernels; when done strain. To
+one pint of peach liquor add one lemon and one pound of sugar. Dry and
+heat the sugar in a separate pan and let the peach liquor boil twenty
+minutes. Then add the sugar and boil a few minutes longer. This is very
+nice.
+
+
+17. Gooseberry Jam.--To one pound of pulped fruit, add three-fourths pound
+of sugar. Stew the berries in a little water, press through a coarse sieve
+or colander. Then place on the stove again and add sugar. Boil
+three-quarters of an hour, stirring constantly. Pour in jars or jelly
+glasses.
+
+[348 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+CANDY MAKING
+
+CONFECTIONERS' AND COMMON CANDY.
+
+From the Following Recipes and Formulae, Hundreds and
+Even Thousands of Candies Can Be Made.
+
+
+Candy Making at Home.--The proverbial "sweet-tooth" is a characteristic of
+the American people. Hundreds of tons of candy are annually consumed, and
+fortunes have been made in the business. The range of price is from ten
+cents to a dollar a pound, with some specially wrapped and boxed bon-bons
+exceeding the latter price, not because of intrinsic excellence, but
+because of the ornamental form in which they are presented. Cheap candies
+are adulterated and hence more or less detrimental to health. Good candies
+are not harmful, unless eaten to excess. Delicious candy may be made at
+home at much less cost, and some famous candies, like the "Mary Elizabeth"
+and others, had their beginnings in a home kitchen and grew into popular
+favor because of their known purity and uniform excellence. The cost of
+ten one-pound boxes of candies is estimated at $1.50 when materials are
+bought in small quantities; such candies, placed on sale at church fairs,
+bazars, etc., are sold at forty and fifty cents per box. Even at
+twenty-five cents a box there is a profit of ten cents on each box. Any
+girl can prepare bon-bons for a luncheon or a party at home, if she is
+willing to take the trouble,--which is, after all, a pleasure to many. She
+may save her own candy boxes and by getting a supply of paraffin paper,
+fill them again with candies quite as good as those they originally
+contained; or buy new boxes of the paper box manufacturers at two or three
+cents apiece. A box of home-made candy makes a nice Christmas or birthday
+gift.
+
+
+Boiling the Sugar.--Confectioners recognize seven degrees in boiling sugar
+for candy, only four of which, however, are practically important. The
+first of these is the "thread" at about 215 degrees, by the sugar
+thermometer, when a short thin thread forms when thumb and forefinger are
+separated with a drop of syrup between them. This passes very quickly into
+a second stage, known as the large or long thread, when it can be drawn
+out to a considerably greater length without breaking. In a moment more it
+can be extended as far as the thumb and forefinger can be separated. The
+next stage is the "pearl," shown when the surface of the syrup is covered
+with bubbles, and is the stage at which much candy is made. The "blow" and
+"feather" come next; then the "ball" or fondant stage at 235 to 245
+degrees; this is the third important stage. To discover when the boiling
+has progressed to this stage, drop a little of the syrup on to ice water,
+or dip the tips of the thumb and forefinger into ice water and then into
+the syrup and instantly into the ice water again with the syrup between.
+One can use a small stick in the same way. If the syrup can be rolled into
+a soft, but not sticky ball, it is in the soft ball stage; half a minute
+more of boiling will convert it into the "hard ball," if tested in the
+same manner. For fondant, the "soft ball" is chosen. The next is the
+"crack" or brittle stage, at about 300 degrees; when testing as above the
+syrup remains dry and hard on the fingers. This is the stage for candy
+that is to be pulled. At the caramel stage the syrup begins to brown, and
+must be quickly taken from the fire or it becomes "burnt sugar;" dropped
+in water it crackles and snaps.
+
+[CANDY MAKING       849]
+
+Making the Fondant.--Fondant ("foundation") is the basis of all French
+bon-bons, so-called. An endless number of varieties may be made from it in
+combination with other material. There are two ways of preparing it. The
+easiest and simplest way is to add to the white of an egg an equal bulk of
+cold water and a teaspoonful of vanilla; beat until it froths, then add,
+gradually, one pound or more, of confectioners' XXX sugar; if the egg is
+large, one and one-half pounds may be required. Ordinary sugar will not
+do. Add sugar until the mixture forms a stiff paste; work this with a
+spoon until it is very smooth, then put away in a cool place for at least
+twenty-four hours, letting it stand in an earthen dish, and cover with a
+doubled napkin wrung out of cold water.
+
+
+French, or Boiled Fondant.--Put into a porcelain lined kettle a pint of
+the best granulated cane sugar, half a pint of cold water and a salt spoon
+of cream of tartar dissolved in warm water. Stir it till the sugar is
+dissolved and boil rapidly without stirring or moving the kettle. Without
+a sugar thermometer it is impossible to tell exactly how many minutes it
+should boil, but usually in about ten minutes a little of the syrup
+dropped into cold water will form a soft waxy ball between the moistened
+fingers. It should then be removed from the fire and put in a cool place
+until the hand can rest with comfort on the bottom of the kettle. If too
+hot, it will turn back to sugar; if too cold, it will not thicken
+properly. In either case it is not spoiled, try again; add boiling water,
+stir until dissolved, and repeat the boiling. A little experience makes
+one to seize "the psychological moment" when the syrup is in the right
+condition. When the syrup has cooled to the degree indicated above, begin
+to stir it, using a long-handled wooden spoon. It will turn milky at
+first, then thick and white, finally dry on the edge of the dish and get
+so stiff it is difficult to stir. Then take the mass out on a marble slab
+and knead as you would bread dough; if you have no marble slab you may
+work it in the hands.
+
+[350 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Flavor and Color.--At this point add the flavoring. Make little holes in
+the fondant with the fingers and put in each a little of the flavoring,
+working it through the mass. The essential oils are better than extracts.
+Three or four drops of any of the oils will flavor a pound of fondant.
+Three cents worth would be sufficient for a number of pounds. The flavor
+should not be strong. About a teaspoonful of any extract will be
+sufficient. If it is desirable to have two or more flavors, divide the
+fondant into the required number of portions, and have an assistant take
+up the kneading of each. Work the fondant until it is creamy. The pure
+food laws discourage the use of colorings, and it is difficult for the
+amateur to procure them in economical quantities. Cochineal can always be
+had and provides any number of shades of pink. Spinach heated over steam,
+and the juice expressed, gives a pretty green which is perfectly harmless.
+Work into the fondant as you used the flavoring oil or extract. The above
+ingredients will make one pound of fondant, all the beginners should
+undertake at one time. It may be kept for some time by packing it in glass
+cans and sealing tightly. The fondant should "mellow" for at least
+twenty-four hours before being used, especially as centers for chocolate
+creams, etc.; and these in turn should stand as long before being dipped.
+It is also advisable to let the bon-bons stand a day at least before being
+wrapped and packed. Choose a dry, clear, quiet day to make fondant, and do
+not attempt to work with it in wet weather; it is very sensitive to
+atmospheric conditions.
+
+
+Making the Bon-bons.--After the fondant has stood the required interval it
+is ready to make up. Here comes in play the ingenuity of the candy maker
+in the employment of various accessories. Candied cherries, candied
+violets and rose petals, angelica, dates, figs, hard jellies, raisins,
+white grapes, crystallized ginger, cocoanuts, marshmallows, nuts, all are
+employed, while chocolate is used in so many forms that it gives rise to
+an entire class of candies. When ready to make up the bon-bons, roll the
+fondant out evenly and cut in squares of equal size; shape these with the
+fingers. The hands must be frequently dipped into ice water and wiped dry,
+but never greased. Roll the fondant into a ball; while still in the hand,
+press into the top an English walnut meat, or whatever decoration is
+desired, and lay on paraffin paper to harden. Another class is made by
+using a nut meat, say a blanched almond or pecan meat, a raisin, etc., as
+center, and rolling the fondant round it. The ball may be rolled in beaten
+white of egg and then in coarse white sugar. By using various centers, and
+ornamenting the tops differently a great variety of bon-bons may be made;
+in fact, hundreds or even thousands can be worked out by changing the
+flavor, nuts, coloring, etc.
+
+
+Chocolate Candies.--If the American girl had to be restricted to one class
+of candies, there would be little doubt she would profess a preference for
+those prepared with chocolate.
+
+[CANDY MAKING 851]
+
+Chocolate Creams.--To make chocolate creams, roll the fondant into balls
+of uniform size; let them stand on paraffin paper twenty-four hours or
+more. Also coat nut meats, raisins, candied cherries, etc., with fondant.
+In making a small quantity of chocolate dipped candies, get a small bowl
+that will fit into the top of the teakettle; into this cut half a pound of
+unsweetened chocolate and a lump of paraffin as large as a black walnut,
+and let them melt; when smooth and well mixed let cool a little, and then
+set on a hot soapstone. Have ready a colander and a long darning needle.
+Cover the bottom of the colander with paraffin paper, stick the point of
+the needle into the piece to be dipped, immerse in the melted chocolate,
+let it drip a moment, then push the eye of the needle through one of the
+holes in the colander, reach the other hand under and pull out the needle.
+There then remains no disfiguring hole in the bottom of the cream. When
+the colander is filled, lift the paper very, very carefully, and put in a
+cool place to harden. Unless the colander must be used again it is best to
+let the creams stand in it to harden. Nut meats, white grapes, candied
+cherries and the like, may be dipped in the melted chocolates and coated
+like the creams. If the chocolate gets too thick, thin it with a little
+olive oil or unsalted butter; not with water which will make it grain.
+
+
+Chocolate Creams. No. 2.--Put two cups of granulated sugar into half a cup
+of sweet cream. Boil five minutes from the time it begins to boil hard.
+Set the pan into cold water and stir in the flavoring, a teaspoonful of
+vanilla, usually. Stir until the candy is so stiff that stirring is
+difficult; drop from a spoon on waxed paper; as it hardens, mould into
+balls, and dip in chocolate as above.
+
+
+Chocolate Candy, Plain.--Melt a square of unsweetened chocolate and stir
+into plain fondant, flavoring generously with vanilla.
+
+
+Chocolate Caramels.--Put together over the fire one cup of molasses and
+two teacupfuls of sugar. Add a quarter of a pound of grated chocolate and
+a piece of butter the size of an egg. Boil, without stirring, fifteen to
+twenty minutes; pour into flat buttered dishes to a depth of one-third of
+an inch, and when nearly cold cut into squares. Wrap each in a square of
+paraffin paper.
+
+
+Chocolate Nut Caramels.--Boil together a cup of molasses, a cup of sugar
+and half a cup of sweet milk until a little hardens in cold water. Cut
+into it a piece of butter the size of an egg and add a cup of chopped
+nuts. Proceed as above.
+
+
+Chocolate Fudge.--Put into a porcelain lined pan two cups of granulated
+sugar, four sections of unsweetened chocolate, grated, one cup of milk and
+two rounded tablespoonfuls of butter. Cook, stirring constantly, for
+twenty minutes. Dip out a little of the mixture, put on a cold plate, and
+if it is done it will form a soft pliable paste. Flavor generously with
+vanilla, beat hard for a few minutes, then turn into buttered pans and cut
+into squares while warm.
+
+[852 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+CHOCOLATE CANDIES. Cocoanut Cream Bars.--Boil three pounds of granulated
+sugar, one cup of cold water and half a teaspoonful of cream of tartar
+until thick--or in the "ball" stage. Let cool slightly, then beat until
+creamy. Have ready a large cocoanut, grated; mix and stir well, then pour
+into shallow tins covered with buttered paper. When cold, cut into bars.
+Let stand a day or two before using.
+
+
+Cocoanut Caramels.--Three pounds of granulated sugar, one cup of milk, a
+tablespoonful of butter and two teaspoonfuls of lemon extract. Put into a
+kettle, stir till dissolved; add one grated cocoanut and boil to the
+"pearl" stage. Pour into buttered pans, after it has cooled a little mark
+off into squares, and when cold break apart. Use when quite fresh.
+
+
+Cocoanut Snow Balls.--Knead dessicated cocoanut into fondant; make into
+balls, and roll in grated cocoanut. Dessicated cocoanut may be used but is
+not as good as grated cocoanut.
+
+
+MAPLE CANDIES. Maple Creams.--Beat thoroughly one cup of the best maple
+syrup and the while of one egg. With XXX confectioners' sugar, make it
+into a stiff fondant or paste. Use as the centers for bon-bons, or make
+into balls to be dipped into chocolate.
+
+
+Maple Creams No. 2.--To two pounds of maple sugar add a cup of water and a
+quarter teaspoonful cream of tartar. Shave the sugar, and stir till
+dissolved. Boil without stirring to the soft ball stage; let stand in the
+kettle until cool, not cold; beat until creamy and pour into a shallow
+buttered pan.
+
+
+Maple Balls.--Boil without stirring, two cups of shaved maple sugar and a
+cup of water. At the hard ball stage add a heaping tablespoonful of good
+butter. Beat till creamy. As soon as it can be handled form into balls and
+press the half of an English walnut or pecan on one side.
+
+
+WAFERS.--To make wafers, boil without stirring two cups of granulated
+sugar, a half cup of water. When it will "spin a thread" set the kettle in
+cold water and beat till creamy. Flavor with peppermint, wintergreen,
+cinnamon, or any flavor you choose. Squeeze through a pastry tube upon
+paraffin paper in quantities that will spread to the size of a quarter
+dollar.
+
+
+Chocolate Peppermint Wafers.--Take some of the fondant prepared as above,
+flavor rather strongly with peppermint and dip in sweet chocolate.
+
+
+MOLASSES CANDIES.--Nothing pleases children more than a "candy pull." Turn
+them loose in the kitchen and let them make molasses taffy.
+
+Molasses Taffy.--Boil a cup of good Porto Rico molasses, a cup of brown
+sugar and a piece of butter the size of an egg until a little will harden,
+in cold water. Cool on buttered plates, and as soon as it can be handled
+grease the fingers and pull till hard and light colored. To prevent
+boiling over, grease the edge of the pan or kettle in which it is boiled.
+
+[CANDY MAKING 853]
+
+Molasses Taffy No. 2.--Four cups of sugar, two of molasses, half a cup of
+vinegar. Boil till it hardens in cold water, then add a tablespoonful of
+soda dissolved in a little water. Pour into buttered dishes and pull when
+sufficiently cool to handle.
+
+
+Butter Scotch.--One cup of each of sugar and molasses, half a cup of
+vinegar, one tablespoonful of butter and a quarter teaspoonful of soda.
+
+
+Nougat.--Nuts intended for nougat should be blanched, skinned and dried.
+Melt in a porcelain lined vessel, one pound of fine white sugar with two
+tablespoonfuls of water, stirring continually with a wooden spoon. Heat
+the nuts in the oven, after chopping them, add to the syrup, and stir for
+five minutes. Remove from the fire and add a little grated lemon rind. Oil
+a flat pan; place it in a warm place on the range and pour the candy into
+it. When brown, turn out of the mould, cut in cubes and wrap in oiled
+paper.
+
+
+Nut Bars.--Chop any kind of nutmeats you prefer, or a mixture of nuts,
+moderately fine. Butter a shallow pan and spread the nuts evenly over the
+bottom. Boil one pound of granulated sugar with half a cup of water and a
+pinch of cream of tartar till thick, but not too brittle. Pour over the
+nuts and set aside to cool. When it begins to harden mark into bars with a
+sharp knife. Let stand several days, when it becomes soft and delicious.
+
+
+Nut Loaf.--Chop nutmeats into small pieces and work into fondant. Make
+into a roll, and after standing a day or two, cut into slices. Chopped
+dates, figs and raisins may be used in the same way.
+
+
+Peanut Candy.--Carefully remove the shells and brown skins from roasted
+peanuts. Put them an inch thick in a buttered pan. Boil a pound of crushed
+loaf sugar with three gills of water and a salt spoon of cream of tartar
+(to prevent graining) dissolved in water, to the caramel stage. The
+instant the sugar reaches that point, shown by its beginning to brown, it
+must be removed from the fire and the pan set in cold water to check the
+boiling; then pour over the nuts.
+
+
+Pop Corn Candy.--Boil two cups of sugar, two tablespoonfuls of butter and
+a cup of water until it threads. Stir in four quarts of nice popped corn,
+rejecting all hard kernels, take from the fire and stir till cool. Make
+into balls.
+
+
+Popcorn Baskets.--Prepare the corn as above, instead of making into balls,
+butter the bottoms of tumblers and press the candy around them to form
+little baskets, in which ice cream may be served or which may be filled
+with candies.
+
+
+Sour Drops.--Strain the juice of three or four large lemons into a bowl,
+and stir in powdered loaf sugar till it is quite thick. Put into a pan and
+let boil five minutes, stirring constantly. Drop from the end of a spoon
+upon writing paper, and when dry keep in tin cannisters. Tartaric acid is
+generally used by commercial candy makers, but is much more injurious to
+health.
+
+[854 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Crystallized Fruits.--Other Candies.--Boil two cups of granulated sugar
+with two-thirds of a cup of water until it hardens in cold water, do not
+stir. When it is brittle without being sticky, it is ready to use. Dip the
+fruit to be candied, sections of oranges, white grapes, cherries, squares
+of pineapple, etc., into this, and lay on paraffin paper. Dip a second
+time after the first has hardened, to ensure a good coat. Use the same
+rule for the syrup to glace nuts.
+
+
+Cream Dates.--Remove the stones from nice dates. Replace them with the
+roll of flavored fondant. Or roll a blanched almond in fondant and stuff
+the date with it.
+
+
+Hoarhound Candy.--Boil the hoarhound in a little water till the strength
+is extracted. Make a sugar syrup, adding the hoarhound to it; let it boil
+up and stir against the sides of the pan until it thickens. Pour out on
+paraffin paper dusted with fine sugar, and cut into squares.
+
+
+Marshmallows.--Dissolve over a slow fire eight ounces of best gum arabic
+in three gills of water. Boil one ounce of marshmallow roots in a little
+water for half an hour. Strain, and boil down. Put this and the gum arabic
+solution with half a pound of loaf sugar, let it cook slowly till it makes
+a paste that can be rolled between the fingers to the "soft ball" stage.
+Then add the beaten whites of two eggs; when well mixed pour in a pan
+which should be lined with white paper, with enough projecting over the
+sides so that as the mixture cools it can be lifted out and cut in cups
+with a sharp knife, then rolled in powdered sugar.
+
+
+Marrons Glaces.--Remove the shells from a quart of large Italian or French
+chestnuts. Let stand fifteen minutes in boiling water. Drain; rub off the
+skin; cover again with boiling water and simmer gently half an hour or
+till tender, but not soft. Drain in a sieve. Boil together one cup of
+granulated sugar and one cup of water; add the nuts and simmer until they
+begin to look clear. Make another syrup of one pound of granulated sugar
+and one cup of water; boil till it will spin a thread, add a teaspoonful
+of lemon juice and set aside till it cools a little; then beat till it
+begins to turn white. Set in a basin of hot water, flavor with vanilla,
+and when melted to a syrup, dip each nut. When coated, lay on paraffin
+paper to dry. These sugared chestnuts are highly esteemed as a sweetmeat
+and are expensive to buy.
+
+
+Stick Candy.--Three pounds of granulated sugar, two cups of water, one
+teaspoonful of cream of tartar dissolved in a little warm water. Stir over
+the fire till the sugar is dissolved; cover the kettle while the syrup is
+boiling and skim carefully a few drops. When it will harden in cold water,
+take from the fire and add the flavoring and coloring, then pour on well
+buttered plates. When cool, pull, and make into sticks or mark off into
+squares.
+
+[CANDY MAKING 855]
+
+School Girl's Delight.--Two cups of white sugar, three-fourths cup of
+golden color corn syrup and a quarter cup of water. Put into a granite
+sauce pan and boil till a little will crisp in cold water. Beat   the
+whites of two eggs very stiff in a large bowl; pour the syrup very slowly
+into the bowl, beating the while, and beat and stir until it begins to
+harden. Then add one teaspoonful of vanilla, half a cup of chopped
+nutmeats, and five cents worth of dates, cut up with the scissors. Pour
+upon oiled paper in a flat pan and cut in squares. Those who eat this
+candy will ask to have it made again.
+
+A Few Hints.--Many candy makers consider coffee A sugar, better than the
+granulated, as being purer. Choose a sugar that is dry, uniform in quality
+and with hard, sparkling crystals. Cane sugar is greatly to be preferred
+over beet sugar. When you can, let the sugar and water stand together for
+some time. The syrup may be stirred until it reaches the boiling point,
+but not afterward. Unless otherwise specified, cook over a hot fire. The
+syrup passes quickly from one degree to another and must be tested often
+and carefully. Cream of tartar must be dissolved in a little warm water
+before being put into the syrup. So also must soda. If you use nuts, be
+careful to remove every particle of shell and skin before putting them
+into the syrup. Almonds are blanched by letting them stand in boiling
+water for a few minutes and then nipping off the skins between the
+fingers. They should be warmed in the oven before being put into the
+syrup. Dessicated cocoanut should be steamed a few minutes before being
+used; put in a dish in a colander over boiling water. Use the fresh
+cocoanut if you can get it. Bonbons made of fondant are probably the
+easiest form of candy making for the amateur to attempt, and the most
+interesting on account of the variety possible through the use of other
+materials in combination.
+
+[858 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]
+
+OVER THREE HUNDRED
+MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES
+
+A GOLD MINE OF INFORMATION FOR
+PROGRESSIVE HOUSEWIVES
+
+HOUSEKEEPERS' ALPHABET.
+
+Apples.--Keep in a dry place, as cool as possible, without freezing.
+
+Brooms.--Hang in the cellarway to keep soft and pliant.
+
+Cranberries.--Keep under water in cellar; change water monthly.
+
+Dish of hot water set in oven prevents cake from scorching.
+
+Economize health, time, and means and you will never beg.
+
+Flour.--Keep cool, dry and securely covered.
+
+Glass.--Clean with a quart of water mixed with a tablespoonful of ammonia.
+
+Herbs.--Gather when beginning to blossom; keep in paper sacks.
+
+Ink Stains.--Wet with spirits of turpentine; after three hours, rub well.
+
+Jars.--To prevent, coax husband to your will rather than order him.
+
+Keep an account of all supplies with cost and date when purchased.
+
+Love lightens labor.
+
+Money.--Count carefully when you receive change.
+
+Nutmegs.--Prick with a pin and if good oil will run out.
+
+Orange and Lemon Peel.--Dry, pound and keep in corked bottles.
+
+Parsnips.--Keep in ground until spring.
+
+Quicksilver and white of an egg destroys bedbugs.
+
+Rice.--Select the large, with a clear fresh look; old rice may have
+insects.
+
+Sugar.--For family use, the granulated is the best.
+
+Tea.--Equal parts Japan and green are as good as English breakfast.
+
+Use a cement made of ashes, salt and water for cracks in stove.
+
+Variety is the best culinary spice.
+
+Watch your back yard for dirt and bones.
+
+Xantippe was a scold. Don't imitate her.
+
+Youth is best preserved by a cheerful temper.
+
+Zinc lined sinks are better than wooden ones.
+
+Regulate the clock by your husbands watch, and in all apportionment of
+time remember the Giver.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 857]
+
+1. Charcoal to Prevent Rust.--Charcoal absorbs all dampness, for which
+reason it should be kept in boxes with silverware to prevent rust.
+
+2. A Needle Holder.--A guest of ours kept all her needles in a bottle in
+which was a pinch or two of emery. She said that it keeps them always
+bright and free from rust, and she finds it much easier to pick out the
+needle she wants from the bottle than from a tray.
+
+3. Care of a Scrubbing Brush.--Scrubbing brushes should never be put away
+with their bristles upward, for thus the water would soak into the wooden
+part and the bristles would soon become loose.
+
+4. In Case of Sickness.--In our home, when hot cloths are needed wet ones
+are put in a steamer, and water kept boiling underneath. In this way the
+cloths are more easily handled and can be applied as hot as needed.
+
+5. To Tighten Cane-Seated Chair Bottoms.--Cane-seated chair bottoms that
+have sagged may be made as tight as ever by washing them with hot water
+and leaving them to dry in the open air.
+
+6. For Chilblains.--To relieve the chilblains bathe the feet in warm water
+at night, then rub them with castor oil. This method will cure very bad
+cases.
+
+7. Paint, Smoked by Kerosene Lamps.--Paint that has been smoked by
+kerosene lamps may be cleaned with kerosene, which can afterward be rubbed
+off with a clean brush.
+
+8. A Use for Sacks.--Save all salt and sugar sacks; wash and boil them and
+they can be put to various uses. Salt sacks are nice to strain jellies
+through; are also nice to bake veal or beef loaf in. Sugar sacks make nice
+dish-towels.
+
+9. Soap With Stove Blacking.--Use a half bar of laundry soap, and one cake
+of blacking. Put in an old kettle with three quarts of water. Boil down
+until thick. This will last a year.
+
+10. To Remove White Spots from Tables.--Wring cloths out of very hot
+water, lay them over spot and remove quickly. Repeat if necessary. When
+dry, rub the furniture with some of the good polish.
+
+11. To Clean Mirrors.--To clean a French mirror which has grown dull, rub
+with a cloth soaked in alcohol; follow this by rubbing with a dry cloth.
+The dullness will vanish, and the mirror will look like new. This method
+is used for cut glass with excellent result.
+
+12. To Whiten Linen.--If you want your table linen to last do not use
+bleaching preparations. Use only clean soap and soft water. If the water
+is not soft, add a little ammonia.
+
+13. Velveteen for Polishing Cloths.--Old pieces of velveteen that have
+served their original purpose should be saved for polishing cloths. They
+will answer perfectly the purpose of chamois and save buying anything
+fresh. When soiled the cloths may be washed in soapy water and dried in
+the open air.
+
+[858 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+14. For Clearing Vinegar.--Should your home-made vinegar refuse to settle,
+try this: To each gallon stir in a half pint of fresh milk and let stand
+undisturbed for twenty-four hours. The milk will form a curd at the
+bottom and all the dregs will settle with it, leaving the vinegar clear.
+Pour off very carefully.
+
+15. Uses for Old Velvet.--A bit of velvet is a fine polisher for brass. It
+quickly removes the dust from woodwork, or shoes soiled from walking which
+do not need reblacking. For dusting a felt hat there is nothing better
+than a piece of chiffon velvet. It is also good to keep the bottom of a
+silk skirt free from the dirt. One housekeeper even uses a big piece of
+old velvet to rub her stove to a high polish after it has been blackened.
+
+16. Removing Warts.--Warts can be removed permanently and safely by an
+application of a salve made by mixing common table salt into a yolk of an
+egg. Change the application daily, and within the week they will all drop
+out.
+
+17. To Save Time by Sewing.--When sewing on plain garments, cut out
+several garments at a time, and save time by stitching all the straight
+seams, then doing all the basting, etc.
+
+18. To Remove Stains from Blankets.--Stains on blankets and other woolen
+materials may be removed by using a mixture of equal parts of glycerin and
+a yolk of an egg. Spread it on the stain, let it stay for half an hour or
+more, then wash out.
+
+19. Burn from Acid or Lye.--In case of a burn with carbolic acid or lye,
+the speedy application of sweet oil or olive oil will give almost instant
+relief.
+
+20. To Wash Laces.--To wash delicate or tender laces put the lace in a
+fruit jar with shavings of some good soap, cover with warm water, let soak
+for awhile then shake, using if necessary several waters, then rinse in
+same manner, spread between pieces of muslin and roll up on a bottle or
+jar, and leave to dry. They will not be torn in this way and will look
+like new.
+
+21. For Cut or Bruise.--Bind sugar and turpentine on the wound or bruise
+at once. The healing properties of this simple remedy cannot be surpassed.
+
+22. Lemons; How to Obtain More Juice.--Lemons placed in a moderately hot
+oven, for a few minutes will yield a greater quantity of juice than if
+used in the ordinary way.
+
+23. Whipping Cream.--If cream does not whip well, add to it the white of
+an egg, and the result will be very satisfactory.
+
+24. To Clean Lamp Burners.--To remove the black gummy coating which
+sometimes comes on the brass parts of lamp burners, moisten the cloth with
+common household ammonia, rub it on sapolio, and apply it to the coated
+surface with the aid of a little elbow grease. A bright brassy surface
+will soon appear.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 859]
+
+25. To Preserve Hot Water Bottle.--Fill with air, cork tightly, and hang
+in a cool dry place. This keeps the walls of the bottle from coming in
+contact with each other and prevents deterioration and decay.
+
+26. Sweep Stairs with Paint Brush.--My mother uses a paint brush with long
+bristles for sweeping her stairs. With its use the work is more quickly
+and thoroughly done than by the old way, because the bristles reach every
+corner and crack as a cloth cannot do.
+
+27. Washing Hair Brushes.--To wash hair brushes take a piece of washing
+soda, dissolve it in warm water, and stand the brush in it, taking care
+that the water covers only the bristles. It will almost instantly become
+clean and white. Place it in the air to dry, bristles downward, and it
+will be as firm as a new brush.
+
+28. Loops on Towels.--Always have a loop on each end of the kitchen towel,
+where a roller is not used. Otherwise all the soil and the wear come on
+the lower end.
+
+29. Changing Pillow Slips.--To change pillow slips without scattering the
+feathers all over the house, sew up the clean tick, all except a space of
+about twelve inches. Take the full pillow unopened and baste one side of
+the empty one to the full one. Then with a knife slit open the seam of the
+pillow, the twelve-inch space. Quickly baste the other sides together so
+they will not come apart easily. Then slowly push the feathers into the
+clean and empty tick, and when finished undo the basting and sew tightly.
+Soak the soiled ticks in cold water immediately to remove remaining
+feathers.
+
+30. Use of Old Linen Collars.--Cut them up into narrow strips and use them
+for gas-lighting instead of using wax tapers. They make a steady flame
+and do not drip grease.
+
+31. Discarded Toys.--My baby came in the other day hugging to his breast a
+toy tin goat. It was evidently one of the discarded playthings of a
+neighbor's child. On inquiry I found that the toy had been given to my
+boy, and he has taken so much pleasure in this castoff plaything that I
+have been saving his old toys and passing them on to other children of the
+neighborhood. I have discovered that in their baby hearts these are as
+good as new, because they have never played with them. It is nothing to
+them that they are not just out of the store.
+
+32. To Clean Silver.--Try curdled milk for cleaning your silverware. Let
+the silver stand for several hours in the milk, and you will be surprised
+at the result.
+
+33. Removing Stains.--Damp salt will remove egg stains from silver and tea
+stains from cups.
+
+34. To Keep Free from Mould.--Jelly and jam can be kept entirely free from
+mould by pouring a thin layer of melted paraffin on top. This paraffin can
+be saved when the jelly is taken from the glass and used the next season
+so the cost is very small.
+
+[860 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+35. Hanging Out Clothes.--The other day I came across a peculiar clothes
+bar. It was the same as any other, except that the crossbars had been
+removed, and for them ropes had been substituted. The owner told me she
+had had her husband fix it for her the previous winter when she was
+bothered with salt rheum. "I hang up all the baby's little things,
+fastening them with clothespins, right here in the house where it is
+warm," she explained. "Then it is but the work of a moment to take the
+whole thing out of doors, and there is no fishing around for the tiny
+things when my hands are so cold they feel as though they would drop off."
+
+36. A Fine Cutting Board.--I measured the top of my kitchen cabinet, and
+had a piece of zinc cut to fit it, allowing an inch for turning over the
+edges. My husband tacked it on, and I can cut meat and bread or anything
+on it, without harming it in the least, besides using it as a moulding
+board.
+
+37. Convenient Place for Stiletto.--It will be found a great convenience
+to have the stiletto tied to the embroidery hoop by a ribbon about a foot
+long, when that little instrument is necessary for the work in hand.
+
+38. Cleaning Paint and Varnish.--Many housekeepers have been annoyed by
+finding their paint and varnish brushes dry and hard. To soften them, heat
+to the boiling water point some good cider vinegar, immerse your brushes
+and allow them to simmer in it for a few minutes, then wash out in strong
+soapsuds and your brushes will be soft and pliable.
+
+39. How to Keep Cookies from Burning.--To keep cookies from burning on the
+bottom, turn the baking pan upside down and bake on the bottom of the pan.
+
+40. Non-Sticking Cake Tins.--Cake layers will not stick in cooking if a
+little meal is scorched on the cake tins and rubbed off with paper.
+
+41. To Clean Sieve.--Hold a sieve which has been used for straining
+oatmeal, tomatoes, fruit, etc., at once under the faucet, or shake it in
+enough water to cover it, then slap it, and it is easily cleaned; if it
+dries first it is almost impossible to get it clean even by more time and
+effort.
+
+42. Washing Clothes.--After the clothes have been soaked a while to loosen
+the dirt, spread on washboard, soap, and then rub with a common scrub
+brush. The dirt comes out easier and with much less wear on the clothes.
+Even when the washing machine is used, this is a help for the wrist bands
+that are not quite clean.
+
+43. Discoveries.--When old clothes, like worn-out aprons or waists or
+linings come to hand, and are absolutely good for nothing else, cut them
+into small pieces, say eight or twelve inches square, some larger, and put
+them into a bag or box easily accessible. Then when something is spilled
+over on stove or floor, or mess of any kind is made, use these bits for
+cleaning up and drop them into the fire.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 861]
+
+44. To Stretch Curtains.--Take curtains while wet and put on a curtain
+rod; also put a heavy rod as a weight on the lower hem. Hang one on
+curtain at a time at an open window and stretch the desired width.
+
+45. Cleaning Windows in the Winter.--It is a hard task in the winter time
+to wash windows in the old way, but if it is very cold, windows can be
+cleaned by using "Bon Ami," The same is useful for cleaning bright pieces
+on stoves.
+
+46. How to Kill Black Ants.--A request for information as to how to rid
+plants and trees of black ants, which was received at the Pennsylvania
+department of agriculture's division of zoology, elicited the following
+from Prof. H. A. Surface, State Zoologist. You can do this by finding the
+nesting places of the pests and making holes into the interior of them
+with a sharpened stick like a broom handle and pouring into each hole a
+half tea cup of carbon bisulphide. Fill the hole with earth and cover with
+a wet cloth or blanket to keep down the fumes and the ants will be
+destroyed at once. This is the best possible method for destroying ants of
+any kind.
+
+47. Washing Windows.--It is better to wash windows on a cloudy day or when
+the sun is not shining directly on them. Before washing, dust them
+thoroughly inside and out, then wash the woodwork without touching the
+glass. For the glass use warm water, to which add a tablespoonful of
+kerosene to each pailful of water used. Dry with a cloth or chamois skin,
+wrung very dry; then polish with a soft cloth or soft old newspapers.
+
+48. Home-made Soap Shaker.--A baking powder can with holes punctured in
+both cover and bottom, makes a fine soap shaker. Put all the small scraps
+of soap in this, and when you wash dishes, just put box and all in your
+dishpan and shake about. You will have a nice suds and no soap rubbing off
+on the dishes.
+
+49. Cleaning Rugs.--When cleaning rugs first lay them out straight and
+brush with a stiff dry scrubbing brush. You will be surprised at the
+amount of dirt that is loosened and comes out in this way.
+
+50. Clean Leather Furniture.--A good way to clean leather furniture is to
+add a little vinegar to some warm water and wash the leather, using a
+clean soft cloth. Wipe with a dry cloth. To restore the polish, mix two
+teaspoonfuls of turpentine with the whites of two eggs; beat a little and
+apply with a soft flannel cloth. Dry with another cloth and rub well.
+
+51. Ironing Board, Conveniences for.--Try tacking a pocket on the under
+side of your ironing board to keep your holder, stand and sheet of sand
+paper in.
+
+52. Clean Gilt Furniture.--Gilt furniture can be cleaned with sifted
+whiting made into a cream with alcohol. Cover a small space at a time and
+rub off before it hardens. To clean brass fixtures rub them with cut lemon
+and then wash off in hot water.
+
+[862 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+53. For Tufted Furniture.--For tufted furniture use a bicycle pump to
+remove dust. Garments to be stored for the summer months should first be
+aired well on a bright breezy day. Brush thoroughly and shake free of
+dust. Do not leave clothing out in the air after three o'clock in the
+afternoon, as from that time until dark all sorts of insects are seeking
+their beds. A trunk or box that has been thoroughly cleaned and sunned and
+then lined with fresh newspapers will prove an ideal place in which to
+store winter clothing. Sprinkle each layer with cloves and tuck newspapers
+well around them, moths detest printer's ink.
+
+54. Clean Linoleum.--To clean linoleum add one cupful of beeswax, shaved
+fine, to two cupfuls of turpentine and set on the back of the stove to
+melt. When cool it will be thick and ready for use. First thoroughly clean
+the linoleum and then apply the paste with a soft cloth. Rub in well, then
+polish with a dry cloth, preferably flannel. Linoleum treated in this
+manner will look like new.
+
+55. For Broken Needles.--A receptacle for broken needles in her work
+basket would be a boon to any woman, and this one which I am about to
+describe is very easily made, takes up little space and is really very
+convenient, when one is busy sewing and dislikes to get up to take care of
+the dangerous bits of steel. Take a little two dram bottle (homeopathic
+style), crochet for it a snug covering made of embroidery silk or
+silkaline, crocheting it tightly and covering the bottle completely, using
+some bright color if desired. When you break a needle just slip the pieces
+right through the meshes of silk into the bottle; they will go in easily,
+but the holes will close up after them, retaining them in safety till the
+receptacle is full.
+
+56. How to Carry House Key.--The pocketless woman often finds it
+troublesome to carry a key, especially the house key, when she goes out.
+If an old-fashioned split metal ring can be found, use it to connect the
+key to be carried to the circular end of a strong, sure acting safety pin,
+not necessarily of the largest size. If such a ring cannot be found,
+fasten pin and key together with a bit of fine wire, string or thread will
+be sure to break just at the wrong time. Then the pin may be fastened to
+the inside of the jacket or slipped inside of the shirtwaist band pinned
+to the undergarment, or attached to the skirtband and allowed to hang down
+outside.
+
+57. A Sewing Room Hint.--Thread will not become knotted so often if the
+newly-cut end is put into the needle instead of the other end, which is
+already broken.
+
+58. Convenient Addition to Kitchen.--One of the most highly-prized helps
+in our kitchen is a bird cage hook, one which can be hung on a nail, and
+thus easily changed from place to place. On this when placed over the
+sink, I hang macaroni, greens, etc., to drain; and when placed over the
+kitchen table, it is an ideal arrangement for holding the jelly bag.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 863]
+
+59. To Remove Candle Grease.--A simple way to remove candle grease is to
+scrape off all that will come off in that way, lay over the spot a piece
+of heavy brown wrapping paper (butcher's paper) and press with a very hot
+iron.
+
+60. Using Silk on the Machine.--When sewing on the machine with silk, it
+often unwinds and twists around the spool spindle in a very trying manner.
+To avoid this make a hole in a small piece of felt and slip it on the
+spindle before the silk is put on.
+
+61. A Shoe Cover.--When packing my trunk for a journey, I have found it to
+be a good scheme to use my stockings for shoe covers, this saves the added
+bulk of paper, and the shoes will be found less liable to muss up other
+things if protected by this clean and handy stocking covering. A stocking
+occupies practically no room when drawn over a shoe, and the two together
+will be found quite handy to tuck into chinks into which they alone can
+fall.
+
+62. To Press Skirts.--An easy way to press skirts is to use a sheet of
+paper in place of a cloth; lay the folds, or plaits and in place of
+ironing over a wet cloth take a sheet of common magazine paper lay it on
+the goods and iron. This presses the skirt very well and keeps the shine
+off and will, I think, give more satisfaction than if pressed with a damp
+cloth or ironed on the wrong side.
+
+63. How to Attach Holders to Kitchen Apron.--Pin two holders with long
+tape at each side of the apron when cooking. They are convenient for
+handling hot kettles or dishes.
+
+64. To Pack Music.--An excellent place in which to pack away sheets of
+music that are not in constant use is a large box fitted with a hinged
+cover and upholstered in cretonne, after the manner of shirtwaist boxes so
+much in vogue. Such a box is kept in the hallway of a small flat, where
+room is at a premium. The music cabinet was full to overflowing and there
+was no closet shelf that could be utilized, as so often happens in an
+ordinary house. An unused shirtwaist box was suggested and has been found
+to answer every purpose, besides providing an extra seat when such a seat
+was desirable. The box seems to fit in as an article of furnishing and the
+reason for its being there would never be asked.
+
+65. Pie Crust, How to Bake.--Bake empty pie crusts on the outside of the
+tin, instead of the inside, and they won't shrink.
+
+66. Let the Poison Bottle Tinkle.--A wise house mother with half a dozen
+little folk needing all sorts of medicines and medical applications, has
+purchased in a toy shop a handful of little bells, and when a bottle
+containing poison is added to the medicine closet it is adorned with a
+bell tied around its neck with a narrow ribbon. No danger with the bottle
+thus equipped of taking by mistake, in the dark, the dangerous medicine.
+The moment the poison bottle is touched the little bell tinkles its
+warning.
+
+[864 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+67. A New Night Lamp.--Mothers who have timid little ones will appreciate
+the new night lamp, the apparatus of which may be carried to the country
+in a trunk or handbag. This apparatus consists of a small wooden float
+through which passes a tiny wick. An ordinary china teacup is half filled
+with cottonseed oil, the little floating wick placed in this, and a match
+touched to the upright wick. While the sides of the cup prevent thc direct
+light of the flame being visible to the person in bed, a pleasant dim
+light is cast over the room.
+
+68. Time Saved in Sewing.--In a family of small children there are a great
+many buttonholes to be made. A quick way to make them in the everyday
+underwear, is on the sewing machine. Sew back and forth, leaving a small
+space in the center, three or four times where the buttonhole is wanted,
+and cut in the space left, being careful not to cut the stitching. In
+making little dresses, or slips after the skirts are sewed up, attach the
+gatherer to the machine and gather the top and bottom of sleeves and
+skirt. In this way work is quickly done.
+
+69. Stews and Hash, How to Make.--Stews and hash made of fresh meat or
+round steak instead of scraps, are delicious. When the steak is to be used
+without being ground, select only tender, young, pinkish pieces; otherwise
+it will be tough in spite of prolonged cooking.
+
+70. Dusters.--Another good idea about dusters. Do not use anything that
+comes handy, but get squares of five-cent cheese cloth or silkoline, fold
+a neat hem, and whip it nicely around, then turn and go back the other
+way. These materials are the best one can use, as they do not leave lint
+behind. Always wash the dusters after the sweeping day. No one can do
+clean work with soiled tools; besides dusters ruin the hands.
+
+71. Broom Bags.--Good material for a broom bag or cover is old gauze
+underwear. The goods takes up dust very readily, and is easily rinsed out;
+or a piece can be thrown away without waste.
+
+72. To Settle Coffee.--An economical and satisfactory way to settle coffee
+is as follows: Beat one egg well with an egg beater and pour over one
+pound of freshly-ground coffee, mix very thoroughly and no trace of
+dampness then remains. The coffee may then be put away as usual, and when
+used it will be found as clear as amber.
+
+73. Stocking Tops for Convenient Holders.--For soft, convenient holders
+use old stocking tops. Take two thicknesses, cut in squares, bind all
+around with some bias pieces left from calico dresses and sew a brass ring
+on one corner.
+
+74. Hat Hangers.--It is often convenient to hang up hats, even
+"Sunday-go-to-meeting ones." To make sure that everyone will stay hung
+up, and not fall to the floor to be soiled or crushed under foot, sew a
+loop of narrow ribbon or elastic braid or even shoestring, to the middle
+of the lining, making the loop long enough so that it will reach to the
+edge of the hat crown when the loop is pulled out. This can be done and
+passed over hook or nail or peg, and the hat hung over it, and even if the
+hat gets a hard knock, it's a case of "sure on" every time.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 865]
+
+75. To Freshen Bread.--To freshen bread pour cold water all over the loaf,
+drain quickly, and place in the oven. When the outside is dry and hot
+remove the loaf and it can scarcely be detected from a new one.
+
+76. Renewing Wringer Rollers.--A neighbor rejuvenated a worn-out wringer
+the other day by covering the rolls with white felt. She cut the felt so
+that it would just come together, not overlap anywhere, and caught the
+edges together with close stitches. It bids fair to last her as long
+again, and it is certain that just now the wringer does as good work as
+any new one.
+
+77. To Prevent Cake Tins Sticking.--Flour the baking tins after greasing
+them. If the flour is shaken all over the grease, and the tins rapped, you
+will have no difficulty with sticky cakes which break when you try to get
+them out. Lard is just as good as butter, for it will not taste through
+the flour.
+
+78. Substitute for Chopping Bowl.--When chopping mincemeat, tomatoes, or
+large quantities of other fruit, you will probably find that your chopping
+bowl is a good deal too small. Get a clean wooden box with a thick bottom,
+from your grocer and use it instead of your bowl. You will notice a great
+saving of time is effected.
+
+79. Save the Gas.--Cut strips of asbestos paper an inch and a half wide
+and long enough to go around the burners of the gas range. Pin together to
+form a ring, slip over the burner, and all the heat will be concentrated
+where wanted. In this way the gas can be half turned off and the same
+results obtained.
+
+80. To Prevent Pitchers Dripping.--Syrup or other liquids will not drip
+from a pitcher if a little butter or grease is rubbed on the edge and
+under the side of the lip.
+
+81. Medicine Cupboard.--An array of ordinary medicine bottles is always
+unsightly, and a nuisance, too, on cleaning days. Have a tiny cupboard
+with tight closing door, or a well-fitted curtain, and there is gain in
+looks and convenience.
+
+82. To Prevent Tablecloths from Blowing Off.--We had some pieces of brass
+chain, and found them splendid to run through the hems of the tablecovers
+when in use on the porch in summer. Such "loaded" covers do not blow off
+easily, consequently they save quite a bit of annoyance and laundering.
+
+83. To Mark Poison Bottle.--When you purchase a bottle of poison run a
+brass-headed tack into the top of the cork. It serves as a marker, and
+children will be more cautious of the marked bottle. If the label comes
+off or is discolored, the marker remains as a warning that the bottle
+contains poison.
+
+[866 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+84. To Remove White Spots Caused by Hot Dishes.--For polishing tables
+after hot dishes leave a white spot, take a cloth wet in alcohol, then
+have one wet in sweet oil. Do it quickly and spots will disappear at once.
+
+85. Stains from Fly Paper, to Remove.--Almost anything that has come in
+contact with sticky fly paper can be thoroughly cleansed by sponging with
+kerosene. The odor will soon evaporate if the article is exposed to the
+air for a short time.
+
+86. A Use for Ravelings.--In trimming a tablecloth to be hemmed or
+stitched, one very frequently has to cut off quite a piece of the linen.
+Ravelings from these pieces are invaluable for mending old cloths, and
+ought to be saved for that purpose,
+
+87. How to Remove a Glass Stopper.--The obstinate glass stopper in a glass
+bottle will yield to a string of seaweed around the neck of the bottle.
+Friction, heat, slight outside expansion solve the problem.
+
+88. To Prevent Starch from Boiling Over.--Add a small piece of butter the
+size of a walnut when the starch comes to a good boil. This not only gives
+a nice, smooth finish and makes the ironing easier, but it prevents the
+starch from boiling over.
+
+89. To Hold Sheets in Place.--I worked out a little scheme which has saved
+me a lot of trouble and inconvenience, so I thought I would pass it on.
+The sheets and bed clothes are constantly pulling out at the foot, so one
+day I sewed three buttons on to my mattress with strong thread, and worked
+buttonholes in the hems of the sheets to correspond, and since then have
+not had trouble with their pulling up in the middle of the night.
+
+90. Hints for Bathing the Baby.--It is a great advantage when bathing the
+baby to have all the towels heated before using, as they absorb the
+moisture much more readily and are very pleasant and soothing to the
+delicate skin. This is also excellent for bathing an invalid as it greatly
+hastens the work and lessens the danger of catching cold. It acts like a
+charm for the child who dreads a bath, this is usually a nervous child who
+does not like the feeling of the towel, on the wet surface of its skin;
+complains of feeling damp; and refuses to don its clothing when a less
+sensitive child would be perfectly comfortable.
+
+91. A Satisfactory Shoe Polisher.--Not long since I ripped up a velvet
+covered hat, only to find the velvet impossible for further use in the
+millinery line. A threw it into the big waste basket that stands near my
+husband's shoe cleaning apparatus. He caught up the velvet in a hurry one
+day to take a spot off a shoe, and now has it laid away as a treasure in
+his shoe kit. He says it is the best polisher he ever had, and uses it on
+my fine shoes to his own entire satisfaction.
+
+92. Tasty Way of Preparing Beef-tea.--Beef-tea will not prove so
+monotonous to an invalid if a different flavoring is used each day, as
+dove, bay leaf, or celery.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 867]
+
+93. To Preserve Silk Gloves.--If white or delicately tinted silk gloves
+are wrapped in blue paper, then in brown they will not discolor. The
+chloride of lime in white paper is injurious.
+
+94. Red Ants to Destroy.--Dry sulphur, sprinkled about in cupboards or
+flour chests where small red ants frequent, will rid the place of the
+pests.
+
+95. Kitchen Account Book.--I have found a kitchen account book is a very
+useful record. I have a small vestpocket note book hanging by a string and
+pencil near my kitchen range. A page or two is devoted to each month's
+use. The month and year are entered at the top of page. When groceries are
+purchased, the date, article and price are noted, and summed up at the end
+of each month. It makes a handy, permanent record, showing how long
+supplies last, the expense of one month compared with another, and the
+monthly average of each year.
+
+96. A Brick Pincushion.--A brick pincushion was a dressmaker's ingenious
+way of making easy work of basting and sewing long seams. She took a
+common red brick, topped it with a flat oblong cushion size and shape of
+the brick, covering the whole neatly with a bright chintz cover. This
+standing on the edge of her cutting table was in constant use, and proved
+a great convenience.
+
+97. Fruit Stains, to Remove from Hands.--When your hands become stained
+from paring fruit or vegetables, dip them in soap suds then rub thoroughly
+with coarse salt, and they will become smooth and white.
+
+98. Eyelet Embroidery, Suggestions for.--For some time after I began doing
+"eyelet work" I wondered if there was not some way to fasten the thread
+after completing an eyelet. A friend of mine showed me a solution of my
+problem. It was to leave the last three loops loose enough so that I could
+pass the thread back through them after completing the eyelet. Then I
+carefully pulled each of these loops down and cut off the thread. This
+obviates the necessity of any knots that are so unsightly, and at the same
+time, the thread is firmly secured. 99. To Prevent Stockings from Wearing
+Out.--Paste pieces of velvet soft side up, into the heels of your shoes,
+bottom and back, and you will find your stockings darning reduced by a big
+per cent.
+
+100. Needle Sharpener.--I know a woman who always keeps a small piece of
+whetstone in her machine drawer for sharpening needles when they become
+blunted. It is a great scheme, and saves a lot of needles, as I have
+proved to my own satisfaction.
+
+101. Burned Kettles.--If you have had the misfortune to burn your kettle
+it may be made smooth and clean by filling it with ashes and water,
+leaving it for an hour or so, then washing with clear water.
+
+102. Children's Petticoats.--When making washable petticoats for her small
+daughters, a mother whom I know attaches two skirts to one belt, which in
+turn is sewed to a little lace trimmed waist. The lower skirt is made of
+white cambric, and the top skirt is of swiss embroidery. This arrangement
+saves time in dressing the little ones and their upper and lower
+petticoats are always of the same length and set evenly.
+
+[868 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+103. Systematic Housekeeping.--A friend of mine who has a six-room
+apartment delights in taking care of it in sections, one room a day. On
+each of the six days in the week one room is thoroughly cleaned and put in
+order. She plans, if possible, to add some little touch of adornment, a
+new rocker, or vase, or table cover, or pincushion. In this way there is
+always something new to notice and admire, and yet no new and startling
+changes and never any accumulation of hard work.
+
+104. To Keep Grape Fruit After Cutting.--When half a grapefruit or melon
+is left from a meal, place it cut side down on a china or agate plate, so
+that no air can reach it, and the fruit will keep as though it had not
+been cut.
+
+105. How to Freshen Nuts.--We had a lot of nuts that became too dry to be
+good, and were about to throw them away, when a friend told us of a very
+easy and practical way to freshen them. It was this: to let them stand
+over night in a solution of equal parts of milk and water, then dry them
+slowly in a moderate oven. They tasted so fresh and proved to be such an
+economy, that we thought the idea well worth passing along.
+
+106. Measure the Eggs.--Try measuring the whites of eggs for angel food
+instead of counting them, for best results.
+
+107. Kerosene Lamps.--A neighbor who has to use kerosene for lighting
+purposes told me the secret of her bright lights. After cleansing the
+lamps well and trimming the wick she fills the oil chamber, and drops into
+it a piece of camphor gum about as large as a marble. It is a very simple
+method of securing a splendid light.
+
+108. Baking Help.--When creaming butter and sugar for cake or cookies, add
+two tablespoonfuls of boiling water, then deduct this amount from the
+other liquid used. Beat hard with a spoon, and the mixture will become a
+light creamy mass in one-third of the time it otherwise would take.
+
+109. To Destroy Disagreeable Odors.--The cooking of onions, cabbage, or
+frying articles always leaves a disagreeable odor in our house. To get rid
+of this I place an old tin over a lighted burner and sprinkle some ground
+cinnamon on it. When the tin is very hot I carry it through the house on
+the dustpan, leaving behind me the pleasant pungent odor of the spice.
+
+110. The Last Step.--A great many times last winter I had to go into the
+cellar to tend to the furnace when it was too light to light a lamp, and
+too dark to enable one to see easily. Almost every time I had to feel
+around to be sure that I was on the bottom step. One day my husband was
+doing some painting in the cellar and happened to think that a little
+white paint on that step would help. Now we wonder why we did not think of
+it before.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 869]
+
+111. Truth spoken with malicious intent is greater error than keeping of
+silence where wrong is meant.
+
+112. Boiled Potatoes.--Boiled potatoes should be served as soon as they
+are cooled. To make them dryer, drain off the water quickly, shake them in
+a strong draught of air and do not put back the lid of the kettle.
+
+113. To Prevent Ripping.--When hemming table cloths, sheets, etc., on the
+machine, try the following plan: Sew the hem as you always do, but when
+you come to the end, instead of leaving a long thread to tie it, to keep
+from ripping, simply lift the presser-foot, turn the goods around, place
+the presser-foot down again and sew back over the same seam again, and sew
+about half an inch more. It makes a neat finish and no danger of the hem
+ever fraying out.
+
+114. To Mix Corn Bread.--To mix corn bread more easily warm the bowl that
+it is to be mixed in.
+
+115. Mending Table Linen.--To mend table cloths and napkins, take the
+sewing machine, loosen the tension, lengthen the stitch, place embroidery
+rings over the place to be mended, and stitch back and forth closely. You
+have a neat darn, easily done. When laundered you can scarcely see it. Do
+the same with stockings.
+
+116. Children's Toy.--Save all the empty spools, and when any dyeing is
+done in the household, drop the spools into the fluid for a few minutes,
+and they will make fine playthings for the children on a rainy day.
+
+117. To Keep Coffee From Boiling Over.--To keep coffee from boiling over
+add a lump of butter about the size of a small marble.
+
+118. Sour Milk Pancakes.--We are very fond of sour milk pancakes, and have
+often had to go without any in the winter when the weather was cold, just
+because the milk would not sour. I have learned to put a teaspoonful of
+vinegar in a pan of milk, that I wanted to use for the cakes the next
+morning, and find that it never fails me in making the milk sour. Placing
+the pan over the register for the night helps matters along.
+
+119. When the Wooden Scrub Bucket Leaks.--When the wooden scrub bucket
+leaks pour sealing wax into the crevice and paint on the outside. This
+will make it last for a longer period.
+
+120. Rust Spots on Clothes.--Many rust spots on clothes are caused by bits
+of soap adhering to the latter when they come in contact with the bluing
+water. The discovery has been of great help to me because I can now easily
+avoid having these unsightly marks. I merely cut the soap into small
+pieces, and tie them in a salt bag I keep for the purpose. With this
+treatment the soap dissolves just as quickly but does not come into direct
+contact with the clothes.
+
+[870 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+121. Cleaning Stoves.--Before blacking my stove I rub soap on my hands, as
+if washing them, letting the soap dry on. When washing my hands after the
+work is done, the blacking and the soap come off together easily, leaving
+no stain on the hands.
+
+122. Left-Over Peaches.--If there are not peaches enough left from an
+opened can to go around, mix them with orange pulp and a little sliced
+banana and the family will find them improved.
+
+123. Substitute for Cream in Coffee.--For a substitute for cream in coffee
+put a pint of fresh milk into a double boiler and let it come to a boil,
+stirring often. Beat the yolk of one egg very light and pour it into the
+boiling milk and mix well.
+
+124. Cooking cauliflower.--Soak cauliflower an hour before cooking. Put
+into boiling water to which a tablespoonful of salt is added. Boil from
+twenty to thirty minutes according to size of the head.
+
+125. Uses for Child's Broom.--A child's broom should find place in the
+bath room. It can be kept in the clothes hamper, and will be useful in
+sweeping under the bath-tub.
+
+126. Dish Cloths.--Dish cloths are often neglected. They should be kept
+scrupulously clean, and in order that they may be so they should be washed
+out carefully with soap, and well rinsed each time they have been used.
+After this has been done they may be hung in the air to dry. Some people,
+however, like to have a stone jar containing a solution of soda by the
+sink and to keep the dish cloths in it when not in use.
+
+127. Watch for the wishes of the customers and not the hands of the clock,
+and some day you will have your boss's job.
+
+128. We judge our neighbor as queer and eccentric, but with the same
+measure comes back his judgment of us.
+
+129. Uses for Men's Worn Out Collars.--Men's collars when worn out, can be
+opened and bound together as a memorandum book which can be laundered each
+Monday.
+
+130. Broiling Meat.--A little salt thrown on the coal flame will clear it
+for broiling meat.
+
+131. Combinations of Cherries and Pineapple.--A combination of cherries
+and pineapple makes a most-delicious pie.
+
+132. Crepe Paper for Dish Closet.--A pretty effect for the dish closet may
+be found in crepe paper. Some prefer white, but a tint harmonizing well
+with the china is pretty too. Have it to fall about three inches below
+the edge of the shelves and ruffle the edge of the paper by stretching it
+lightly between forefinger and thumb.
+
+133. Boiling Rice.--One cook always puts a very little lemon juice in the
+water in which she boils the rice. She claims that it keeps the rice white
+and the grams whole and separate. It may be worth trying.
+
+134. To Remove Grease from Silk.--Grease may be removed from silk and
+woolen clothes by the use of magnesia. Scrape a quantity upon the spot,
+cover with a brown paper and place a hot flat-iron over it. The heat of
+the iron acts upon the magnesia and when the iron and the paper are
+removed and the magnesia brushed off the spot will have disappeared.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 871]
+
+135. Hemstitching.--When hemstitching wears out, take serpentine braid and
+stitch it across twice on the sewing machine. This makes the hem look neat
+and last a long time.
+
+136. Moths.--When moths get into dresser drawers, sweep them clean, expose
+the wood to the sunlight and with an atomizer spray turpentine where the
+pests are liable to be. A lighted match or sulphur candle will kill them.
+
+137. To Remove Putty.--To remove putty, rub a red hot poker over it, and
+cut off the putty with a steel knife.
+
+138. New Method for Sprinkling Clothes.--Turn the nozzle of the hose to a
+fine spray and sprinkle the clothes while they are on the line; a very
+quick and good method. All plain pieces may then be rolled up and laid in
+the basket as they are taken down, while starched articles need but a
+little further hand sprinkling on portions not exposed.
+
+139. To Open Packages of Breakfast Food.--To open packages of breakfast
+food and keep boxes in a dust proof condition until empty, make an opening
+in the side of box close to top by forcing a tablespoon through cardboard
+and turn flap downwards. The flap will fit back snugly in place each time
+package is used.
+
+140. Preparing Oranges for the Table.--In preparing oranges for the table
+take a sharp knife, cut the skin straight around, insert the handle of a
+spoon turned over flat to fit the orange and loosen shell by forcing spoon
+to within one-half inch of the end, around one side, then the other, after
+which cut the orange through the center, making two parts. Then turn the
+skin back in cup form, making a pretty decoration for the table and
+serving as handles. Always serve in halves.
+
+141. To Make a Muddy Skirt Wash Easily.--To make a muddy skirt wash easily
+and look white, take sour milk and dilute with water; soak the skirt in it
+over night, then wash in the usual way; the skirt washes easier and looks
+white.
+
+142. To Make Stained Water Bottles Clean.--To make stained water bottles
+clean and bright, put in salt and pour on vinegar, let stand a few minutes
+then shake. Rinse in clear water.
+
+143. Sanitary Window Screen.--Try tacking cheese cloth on the pantry
+window screen frame. This admits air that is sifted free from smoke and
+soot, before it comes into the pantry.
+
+144. Cheerfulness at Meals.--Cheer during the meals will do away with the
+need of digestive tablets. Make it a rule to come to the table smiling,
+and continue to smile, though the food does not suit you and everyone else
+is down on their luck. Your smile will prove contagious.
+
+[872 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+145. Uses for Stale Bread.--Take stale biscuits and grind them with a food
+chopper; toast in oven to a delicate brown. Serve with plenty of sugar and
+cream. Makes fine breakfast food and saves the stale bread.
+
+146. Washing Lemons.--Always wash lemons before grating them, not only to
+remove any foreign matter sticking to them, but in order to remove the
+tiny insect eggs so often seen on them in the disguise of black specks.
+They may be kept fresh indefinitely, if wiped perfectly dry and placed in
+a sealed top glass jar.
+
+147. To Give Vinegar a Nice Flavor.--A small button of garlic in a quart
+of vinegar will give it a mysterious delicious flavor, and it will
+immensely improve salads or anything in which it is used.
+
+148. If Mice are Gnawing Holes.--If mice are gnawing holes in the house,
+rub common laundry soap around the gnawed places, and you may depend on it
+they will cease labor in that district.
+
+149. To Teach Darning.--If young girls are taught to darn on canvas, the
+method of weaving the stitches is easily explained and put into practise.
+
+150. Bed Sheeting.--Sheeting should never be cut, but should be torn into
+lengths, usually two and a half yards for medium beds.
+
+151. Browning Potatoes.--For some kinds of frying the griddle is better
+and has a less tendency to grease than the frying pan. Among the other
+things potato cakes browned on a hot greased griddle are especially crisp
+and delicious.
+
+152. To Keep Bread from Souring.--You will find that light bread will not
+sour so quickly in summer if it is not covered when taken from the oven.
+This steam is unnatural and should be allowed to escape or it soaks into
+the bread, making it clammy and more liable to sour. Let the bread cool
+gradually then put a clean cloth in a large stone jar, place the bread in
+and cover with the cloth, before covering with the stone, or wooden lid.
+This keeps bread fresh and moist from one bake day to another.
+
+153. Never Pour Scalding Water into Milk Vessels.--Never pour scalding
+water into milk vessels; it cooks the milk on the sides and bottom of the
+vessels making it more difficult to clean such articles. Rinse them first
+with cold water. This same rule applies to cleansing of catsup bottles.
+
+154. The Water Pipes in the Kitchen.--The water pipes in the kitchen will
+not be so unattractive, if painted the color of the kitchen woodwork.
+
+155. To Brush Fringe of a Doilie.--Do not use a comb for the fringe of
+doilies as it pulls out the fringe, but brush it with a nail brush.
+
+156. Wash Suits.--Large buttons should be removed from wash suits before
+they are sent to the laundry.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 873]
+
+157. Sewing Machine Conveniences.--Always leave a piece of cloth under the
+presser foot of the sewing machine. This will save wear on the machine.
+Also it will absorb any drop of oil which might gather and spoil the first
+piece of fabric stitched, and will keep the needle from becoming blunted.
+
+158. To Make a Ruffle Easily.--To make a ruffle easily, just above depth
+of the ruffle make a quarter inch tuck. Insert edge of ruffle under tuck,
+flatten down tuck over the ruffle edge and stitch on edge of tuck. If the
+ruffle is desired on very bottom of garment, make a quarter of an inch of
+tuck, leaving about half of an inch of goods underneath. Baste and stitch
+wrong side of ruffle to wrong side of half-inch piece, about quarter of an
+inch from edge. Turn back, making edge come under tuck. Flatten tuck and
+stitch on the edge. This will save all the trouble of bias bands, so
+dreaded by the dress-maker.
+
+159. Greasing Cake Tins.--In making a cake, grease the tin with sweet lard
+rather than butter and sift a little dry flour over it.
+
+160. Making Children's Petticoats.--When making children's petticoats
+gather the skirt to waistband before hemming the backs and then turn in
+with the hem, and when band gets too small and narrow across the back, all
+you have to do is rip out the hem and face back, and the gathers are
+already there properly placed; and no ripping skirt from band to adjust
+fullness is necessary.
+
+161. After Cake is Removed from Oven.--A cake which has been removed from
+the oven should be placed on a wire stand on the stove and the steam
+allowed to thoroughly escape from it so as to obviate any chances of it
+becoming heavy.
+
+162. When the Top Cannot be Removed from Fruit Cans.--When the top cannot
+be removed from a fruit can, if the lid is carefully pried at one point,
+so the gum can be caught, the rubber can easily be removed. It is not
+difficult to pull the band from beneath the metal cap.
+
+163. Darning.--When darning must be done in the evening it is more easily
+done if a light colored darning ball be used.
+
+164. In Pressing a Plaited Skirt.--In pressing a plaited skirt one will
+gain time and have more satisfactory results if the plaits are basted
+before the pressing is done. Clean the skirt and brush it on the inside.
+Next baste the seams, cover with a damp cloth and press on the right side
+with a medium warm iron. Dampen the cloth, when necessary and press until
+the cloth is dry.
+
+165. Stitching Down a Seam.--After stitching down a seam, press with a hot
+iron, and if no seamboard is at hand, it is useful to know that a rolling
+pin, wrapped in a clean cloth, will answer this purpose equally as well.
+
+166. The Color Meat Should be.--Meat should be red with the fat a clear
+white. The fat besides being white should be firm, and suety, and never
+moist. Good meat has very little smell. Bad meat shrinks considerably in
+boiling. Meat which is fresh and good does not loose an ounce of  weight,
+but swells rather, when it is being boiled.
+
+[874 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+167. Buying a New Oil Cloth.--When you are ready to buy a new oil cloth
+for your kitchen table, take your old one and cut it up for aprons. Have
+it cover the whole front of your skirt, and make a large bib on it, and
+you will find, when you are through doing a washing, that you will be as
+dry as you were before you began.
+
+168. Galvanized Tub.--The popularity of the galvanized tub due to its
+weight and durability, is the cause of a great many people discarding the
+wringer on account of their inability to fasten it to the tub securely. If
+a piece of heavy cloth is hung across the tub where the wringer fastens to
+it, you will find that it will fasten and hold as securely as to the
+old-fashioned wooden tub.
+
+169. To Remove Mildew.--Mildew, if not of too long standing, can be
+removed by the use of raw tomato and salt. Rub the stains with raw tomato,
+sprinkle thickly with salt and lay in the sun. It may be necessary to
+repeat the process two or three times.
+
+170. Closed Cupboards in the Pantry.--If there are closed cupboards in the
+pantry use them for storing provisions kept in screw top jars. There
+should be brass hooks for hanging up all the articles that can be
+suspended from the walls.
+
+171. Keeping a House Account.--There are fewer reckoning days if
+housekeepers pay cash. If they persist in running accounts for groceries
+and other staples they should have a book and see to it that the right
+price is put down the minute anything is bought.
+
+172. Chestnuts as a Vegetable.--Chestnuts have considerable food value.
+The boiled and mashed pulp may be used as one would use meat or vegetable,
+even croquettes being made of it.
+
+173. To Give Starch a Gloss.--A little sugar added to boiled starch will
+give a desirable gloss to the clothes when ironed.
+
+174. Apples Cored for Baking.--Apples cored for baking are delicious
+filled with orange marmalade and a little butter and sugar.
+
+175. Beating Eggs.--When heating eggs observe that there is no grease on
+the beater, as it will prevent the eggs from frothing.
+
+176. If you judge as evil the actions of another, through the judging
+comes evil to you.
+
+177. A Toy Saw.--A toy saw may be utilized many times in the kitchen for
+sawing meat bones which are too large.
+
+178. If a White Dress Has Turned Yellow.--If last summer's white dress has
+turned yellow, put it in a stone jar, cover with buttermilk and let it
+stand a day and night. Then wash well and starch with blued starch. This
+is better to whiten goods than freezing, sunshine, or the use of borax.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 875]
+
+179. Scorched Food.--A practical cook says: When food has been scorched
+remove the pan from the fire and set into a pan of cold water. Lay a dish
+towel over the pan. The towel will absorb all the scorch taste sent up by
+the steam and the family need never know it was burned.
+
+180. Mutton Chops to Make Tender.--Mutton chops can be made tender quite
+as much as lamb, if before they are boiled or fried they are allowed to
+simmer in just a little water on the back of the stove. This also makes
+the flavor more delicate.
+
+181. Hollowing Out a Tomato.--For hollowing out a tomato, previous to
+stuffing, a pair of scissors enables a person to remove all the pulp
+without breaking the skin. They are equally useful for fruit salads as the
+fine skin which separates the sections of the grape fruit and oranges is
+easily clipped off.
+
+182. The Easiest Way to Blacken a Stove.--The easiest way to blacken a
+stove is to use a flat paint brush about one and a half inches wide, and a
+tin or jar, large enough to receive the brush, to mix the blacking in.
+Apply the blacking to the stove as you would paint, and use a newspaper to
+polish with, which can be burned. In this way the hands do not come in
+contact with the blacking during the whole operation, and unsightly cloths
+and brushes, which soil the hands, are done away with.
+
+183. Making Gravies.--For making gravies, thickening of roast gravies, it
+will be found useful to have browned flour on hand at all times, which can
+readily be kept in a mason jar or any covered vessel.
+
+184. Kitchen Mittens.--Kitchen mittens can be bought in several
+thicknesses and sizes for various branches of housework. There are thick
+ones, with straps across the wrist to wear when polishing the ranges, then
+there are others to put on when scrubbing the sink or floors, and still
+thinner ones with chamois cloth inside to use for polishing silverware.
+These mittens are a great protection to the hands and finger-nails, and
+they really simplify the work to a great extent.
+
+185. To Improve Baked Potatoes.--To improve baked potatoes let them stand
+in a pan of cold water for about an hour, then put them in the oven while
+wet. This seems to steam them and cook them much quicker.
+
+186. Meat Shortcake.--Give your household a meat shortcake sometimes. Make
+the shortcake as you would for a fruit filling, a rather short biscuit
+dough, and put between the layers creamed chicken or creamed veal, and
+have it served with plenty of gravy.
+
+187. Put a handful of coarse oatmeal in the water bottle and half fill
+with water. Let stand half an hour, then shake well and rinse. The bottle
+will look like new.
+
+188. Making a Kitchen Apron.--In making a kitchen apron, provide it with
+an immense pocket in which can be carried a large dustcloth. Often one
+notices dusty places, on the furniture, windows or banisters while doing
+the morning work, and the dust-cloth is at hand. Again one has to pick up
+numerous little articles to throw into the waste basket and the pocket
+holds such articles until the waste basket is reached. It is equally handy
+for holding a few clothes pins, while hanging out the clothes; in fact the
+large pocket is recognized as something decidedly useful in the kitchen
+apron.
+
+[876 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+189. To Make a Neat Buttonhole.--To make a neat buttonhole in thin white
+material that is likely to ravel when cut, take a piece of white soap and
+apply it to the back of the goods using enough to make a generous coat.
+Cut the buttonhole and work; you will find that the work is easily done
+and the buttonhole will not ravel.
+
+190. To Mark Scallops.--To mark scallops place your thimble or spool just
+outside the circle line and mark around it with a pencil. In this way, any
+sized scallop can be made.
+
+191. Delicate Fabrics to Clean.--Delicate fabrics can be cleaned perfectly
+by using gasoline with a teacupful of corn meal. The meal scours out all
+the spots. Place the meal in a dish, pour gasoline over it, then press and
+rub through the hands. Apply to soiled spots, rubbing carefully. Brush out
+with stiff brush.
+
+192. When Using a Lap-Board.--While sewing a garment with the material
+lying on the lap-board, use glass top push pins to hold the goods on the
+board. One pin will oftentimes be sufficient. The pin is very sharp, and
+is easily thrust through the material into the board, and leaves a hole
+about the size of that made with a needle.
+
+193. To Shape Cookies.--Cookies can be shaped with the bottom of a "star"
+tumbler. Flour the bottom of the glass and press it into the unbaked
+cookie until the indentions are imprinted upon the cake.
+
+194. Have You Been Hoarding an Old Foulard Dress--One of that kind of
+dresses which you liked and hated to part with, but it went out of style.
+Get it out, clean it, rip it, and if there is not enough in it to make a
+scant shirt-waisted one-piece empire dress, make it into a pretty
+shirt-waist, with knife plaiting down the front.
+
+195. To Wash Tarnished Brass.--Save the water in which the potatoes have
+been boiled, and use it to wash tarnished brass. It will come out as
+bright as new.
+
+196. Sewing Lace.--When sewing two raw edges of fine lace together, like
+the tiny lace ruffles on lingerie blouses or dresses, do not fell it in
+the old-fashioned way, but place the two right sides together and bind the
+edge with the finest thread, making a buttonhole stitch along the edges.
+Put a stitch in each mesh, and you will have a neat lace seam which, when
+pressed, can scarcely be observed, and it will not fray.
+
+197. Roasted Chestnuts.--Roasted chestnuts are said to be very delicious
+when salted the same as peanuts.
+
+198. Mud Stains, to Remove.--Mud stains will disappear from cloth by the
+following method of cleansing: After brushing the dry mud away sponge the
+remaining stain with a weak solution of ammonia and water. This is
+absolutely safe to apply to black cloth. Colored goods, however, should be
+sponged with a solution of bicarbonate of soda as the latter does not
+affect coloring matter.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 877]
+
+199. Drop Table for Kitchen.--A woman can have a kitchen made in a very
+cramped quarter if she provides it with a small work table, and a drop
+leaf table attached to the wall. If the stationary table is covered on all
+sides with a curtain and furnished with an undershelf, it will hold as
+much as a cupboard. Two large shelves will be found very convenient, even
+though it will be necessary to mount a chair or stool to reach the kitchen
+articles. Usually extremely small kitchens are more convenient than large
+ones, in which many steps must be taken.
+
+200. A Convenience for Ironing Day.--The laundress who knows how to take
+care of herself has a high stool with rungs for her feet, on which she may
+sit when she is ironing the light pieces. It will help reserve her
+strength for the next day's work.
+
+201. Quickest Way to Core Apples.--One of the simplest and quickest ways
+to core apples for baking is to use an ordinary clothes pin.
+
+202. To Remove Iron Rust.--Tartaric acid will remove almost any iron rust
+blemish from material and is excellent for removing yellow marks.
+
+203. The Kitchen Apron.--The kitchen apron should cover the skirt and the
+front of the waist, though not necessarily the sleeves, as most house
+dresses are made with short sleeves.
+
+204. Cookies, to Keep.--Cookies put in an earthen jar lined with clean
+cloth, while they are still hot, and kept covered closely, will be much
+more melting and crumbling than if they were allowed to cool in the air.
+
+205. Discolored China Baking Dishes.--Discolored china baking dishes can
+be made as clean as when new by rubbing them with whiting.
+
+206. Care of Drippings.--The care of drippings in the kitchen, with the
+price of food so high, should receive more attention. In cooking all
+meats, poultry, and in making soup the grease should be carefully skimmed
+off and saved. Render it out once a week and after a good boiling, strain
+through cheesecloth. When cool skim the fat off and use in place of
+lard,--except for pie and biscuit.
+
+207. To Mend Rubber.--To mend rubber, use soft kid from an old glove and
+paste to the patch the gum of automobile paste. The leather adheres better
+to the gum than a gum patch.
+
+208. Cleaning Black Woolen Clothing.--The following is a good recipe for
+cleaning black woolen clothing: Dissolve borax in water and saturate a
+sponge or cloth in the solution. Wash the greasy spots by rubbing
+vigorously, then rinse in clear water the same way and dry in the sun.
+This is especially good for cleaning men's coat collars.
+
+[878 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+209. To Prevent Tinware Rusting.--To prevent tinware from rusting rub over
+with fresh lard and put in a hot oven for a few minutes before using it.
+If treated in this way it will never rust.
+
+210. To Remove Machine Grease.--Cold water and a teaspoonful of ammonia
+and soap will remove machine grease when other means would not answer on
+account of the colors running.
+
+211. To Keep Cheese From Drying.--Wring a cloth from vinegar and wrap
+several thicknesses around the cheese to keep it from moulding and drying.
+
+
+212. Small Hand Churn.--A small hand churn makes home-made butter and
+cheese possible. It is no trouble whatever to make a pot of yellow butter,
+fresh and sweet, by the aid of one of these convenient little churns.
+After it is made it may be rolled into a delicate little pat and kept in
+an earthen jar made purposely for butter.
+
+213. Larding a Piece of Meat.--Larding a piece of meat is a simple
+operation, and it is one which will greatly add to the juiciness of the
+dish. Cut a piece of salt pork into strips quarter of an inch thick and
+two or three inches long. Slip these into a larding needle and draw the
+needle through the meat, so either end of the pork will protrude beyond
+the meat.
+
+214. To Make Vegetables Tender.--Cutting onions, turnips, and carrots
+across the fiber makes them more tender when cooked.
+
+215. Clear black coffee diluted with water containing a little ammonia,
+will clean and restore black clothes.
+
+216. To Make Linen Easier to Write on.--To make linen easier to write on
+when marking, dip the pieces you wish to mark into cold starch, rub over
+with hot iron and you will be able to write without the pen scratching.
+
+217. To Air Pillows.--To air pillows, rip the corner of the ticking an
+inch or more. Insert a piece of rubber hose pipe a few inches long, first
+covering the exposed end of the tube with strong netting. Sew the ticking
+firmly to it and then hang all day on the line, in the air punching and
+shaking many times during the day. They will be light and fluffy besides
+being thoroughly aired and sweet and clean.
+
+218. Uses for Pea-Pods.--Never throw away pea-pods; they give a delicious
+flavor to the puree for the next day.
+
+219. To Remove the Skins of Tomatoes Quickly.--To remove the skins of
+tomatoes quickly, put them into a wire basket and sink it quickly into a
+kettle of hot  water. Do not let the tomatoes stand in the water long
+enough to heat through, and plunge into cold water immediately from the
+hot. Another way is to rub the skins backward with the blunt edge of a
+knife. In this way the tomato does not need scalding, and according to
+epicures is more tasty.
+
+220. Dyeing at Home.--In dyeing at home amateurs often make the mistake of
+putting the dyed article through the wringer, possibly to avoid staining
+the hands for one reason, or perhaps hoping to dry the garment more
+quickly. This however, should never be done, for the creases so formed are
+most obstinate and in fact, often only disappear with wear, despite all
+pressing. Dyed articles should be squeezed and hung out of doors to dry.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 879]
+
+221.--To Save Children's Shoes.--To save children's shoes wash them
+occasionally to remove the dirt and old polish, and soften them with oil.
+When any part of the sole becomes badly worn, it should be mended at once,
+for usually a shoe will wear out at one point more quickly than elsewhere,
+and by paying ten or fifteen cents to have that part mended it saves
+dollars in time. Gunmetal shoes are preferable for everyday wear, for such
+shoes are lusterless and can be cleaned with oils instead of polish, which
+is destructive to the best leather, even when sparingly used.
+
+222. A Systematic Housewife.--It is a handy plan for the business woman or
+the housewife who has much domestic accounting to do to keep two
+calendars, one to tear off day by day, the other to refer back to past
+dates when necessary. The reference calendar which can be very small and
+inconspicuous should have its special hook on the desk or table.
+
+223. To Keep Candles in Warm Weather.--Keep your candles in the ice box
+this warm weather. They will remain beautifully upright through a whole
+evening's use, if they are hardened first in this way.
+
+224. Tea Towels.--Keep the tea towels in sight, then have them fresh,
+clean, and whole, and hang them on a long metal curtain pole, in a
+convenient place, say back of the sink. This is better than placing the
+towels on a nail against the wall as is usually done, and it permits them
+to dry out quickly.
+
+225. A Spotless House.--A house that is spotless at the price of the
+family's peace or of the housekeeper's best self, is the worst sort of an
+investment. You, the woman, are of vastly more importance than your
+surroundings. If you feel yourself becoming a mere drudge, if your family
+is growing away from you mentally, if your nerves are weakening under a
+fetish of cleanliness, get time to read.
+
+226. To Keep Flooring in Place.--Strips of moulding may be tacked around
+the edges of a room at the baseboard, so as to cover the edge of oilcloth
+or linoleum. This holds the floor covering in place and prevents dust from
+getting beneath it.
+
+227. Light Colored Wall Paper.--Light colored wall paper may be cleaned by
+a careful rubbing with a very clean rubber of the kind which artists use.
+If the spot cleaned seems lighter than the surrounding color it may be
+toned down by a gentle rubbing with a clean chamois skin.
+
+228. To Keep Canary Seed Away from Mice.--If there are any mice in the
+house, the best way to keep the canary from being robbed of its food is to
+empty the contents of a cardboard box of bird seed into a quart preserve
+jar and cover with a screw top.
+
+[880 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+229. Convenient Scrub Bucket.--The most convenient scrub bucket is light,
+and is made of galvanized iron with a wide flaring top. The bucket is to
+be fitted with a wire soap tray on the outside, for often the soap is
+wasted while floating in the water if there is no convenient place to put
+it, while scrubbing. Holes can be punctured in the bucket and the wire
+tray fastened on with a heavy cord or a pliable wire,
+
+230. Fruit Stains on Table Linen.--Fruit stains on table linen should be
+taken out before the cloth is put in the wash tub. Soap and water will set
+the stains.
+
+231. Wicker Furniture.--Do not scrub your unpainted wicker furniture with
+soap and water, as it will turn it yellow and ruin its looks. Instead, try
+scrubbing it with a strong solution of salt water. If you have pieces that
+are so shabby that they must either be painted or thrown away, try the
+salt water treatment first. Scrub well and put in the sun and air and dry
+quickly.
+
+232. Removing Dirt from Carpet.--Of all the ways to remove dirt from a
+carpet, the worst is by the use of the ordinary short brush which involves
+the housemaid's kneeling down in the dust.
+
+233. How to Preserve the Household Broom.--The ordinary household broom
+will last twice as long, if care is taken of it, as it will if it is just
+used anyhow. When it is new, before using it, put it in a pail of hot
+water and let it remain there until the water is quite cold. Then
+thoroughly dry--in the sun if possible. Always clean it after sweeping, by
+dipping in water and shaking well before putting it away and occasionally
+give it a thorough washing in hot soda water.
+
+234. A Good Furniture Polish.--A good furniture polish may be made of
+paraffin oil and turpentine. Kerosene too is very good, while crude oil
+may be used to darken wood that has not been varnished.
+
+235. Delicious Salad.--Seeded raisins cut in pieces, broken nut meats, and
+a small part of celery in thin bits make up a delicious salad.
+
+236. To Clean Light Rugs.--Rugs with white or very light ground may be
+cleaned by sprinkling with cornstarch, mixed with one-sixth its bulk of
+prepared chalk. Let the starch remain several hours and brush it out with
+a fine whiskbroom, then hang in the sun and heat well before putting down.
+This method is recommended for fine, silky rugs, as it injures neither
+tint nor texture and makes a beautifully clean surface.
+
+237. To Light a Closet of Any Kind.--To light a closet of any kind, but
+especially a linen closet, the safest thing--next to electricity is a
+light clear glass lantern with wire guards outside the glass. Swing it by
+a light chain pulley, some little way in front of the shelves. Thus a
+touch sends it up or down, throwing the light wherever it may be needed.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 881]
+
+238. To Remove White Marks on Furniture.--A mixture composed of equal
+parts of turpentine and linseed oil will remove the white marks on
+furniture caused by water. Rub it on with a soft rag and wipe off with a
+perfectly clean duster.
+
+239. If Your Paint Has Been Marred.--If your paint has been marred by
+careless scratching of matches, try rubbing it with the finest sand paper.
+Use a half lemon for removing match marks from paint.
+
+240. To Remove Inkstains from Cotton.--To remove ink-stains from cotton
+material, place the stain over the steam and apply salt and lemon juice
+which will soon remove the ink.
+
+241. To Clean Plaster-of-Paris.--To clean plaster-of-paris figures, cover
+with a thick coating of starch and water, let it dry on the surface and
+the dirt will brush off with the dry powder.
+
+242. To Clean Piano Keys.--A cloth moistened with alcohol will clean piano
+keys.
+
+243. Washing Veils.--When veils are washed at home they usually come out
+quite limber and flimsy. To give them the stiffness add a pinch of sugar
+to the rinse water.
+
+244. To Take Candle Grease Out of Linen.--To take candle grease out of
+linen, place the linen between two sheets of thick white blotting paper,
+and set a hot iron on it, leaving it there long enough for the iron to
+become perceptibly cooler. If necessary repeat this until the grease is
+removed.
+
+245. Cleaning the Sweeping Brush.--Try cleaning the sweeping brush with an
+old comb. It is a good plan, for it preserves the brush and keeps it
+clean, and at the same time saves your hands.
+
+246. Bright Wood Berries May be Preserved.--Almost any kind of bright wood
+berries may be preserved for decorative use in the winter, by dipping in
+melted paraffin and putting away in a cool place until needed. Treated in
+this way berries will remain firm and bright for a long time, and may be
+used in many ways.
+
+247. Old Wood Work to Keep Clean.--Old woodwork, that is so hard to keep
+clean, can be made to look like new grained wood, by first painting it
+with cream colored paint to give a body alike, and when dry go over it
+with a dark oak varnish stain; with a little practice it can be made to
+look like grained wood. The varnish dries quickly and leaves it darker in
+some places. Any old furniture can be treated in the same way.
+
+248. To Prevent Chairs Marring the Floor.--One should have all rockers
+covered with half rounds of rubber to prevent the scratching of the porch
+floor. These rocker tires are procurable at any furniture establishment
+and are easily adjusted.
+
+249. Summer Homes.--Some of the wealthiest women are furnishing their
+summer homes with rag rugs, instead of the handsome oriental floor
+coverings, that are a mark of luxury; and what seems odd to those who
+cannot afford to please each whim, the rooms are being repapered with
+simple sprigged effects and all evidences of up-to-dateness are being
+eliminated, to be in keeping with these copies of the colonial rag
+carpets.
+
+[882  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+250. To Destroy Flies.--Flies will get into the house during the summer in
+spite of the greatest care. One method of catching and killing them,
+without having disagreeable looking fly paper lying around is to prepare a
+mixture of cream, sugar and pepper. Put this on a plate and they will eat
+greedily of it and die. They will instantly seek the open air and it is
+easy to brush them from the screen doors. This is an old method and a good
+one.
+
+251. Successful Fern Growing.--A woman who has had her refrigerator placed
+on the porch has a long drain pipe to carry off the melted ice, and this
+is made to flow right into a large bed of ferns. The cold water in no way
+destroys the plants, in fact, they can endure the coldest water, and last
+year her ferns grew to an enormous size all due to the daily supply of
+water from the refrigerator.
+
+252. Faded Crepe.--Faded crepe can be dipped into a solution of water and
+indigo, the water made very dark with blueing for the purpose. Dissolve in
+one quart of water, a teaspoonful of sugar. Lift the crepe out, and shake
+it and pin it to the bed to dry. As it can not be ironed pin it carefully
+over soft muslin with needles.
+
+253. Sweeping as a Beautifier.--The average woman who does her own
+housework gets exercise enough, only it is not under the best conditions,
+for the air, as a rule, is not sufficiently fresh. If she wants to be
+benefited physically, while putting her house in order, let her make it
+like outdoors, with the windows wide open so the fresh air can sweep
+through the rooms. If necessary she can wear a jacket while making beds
+and sweeping, and by the time her work is done she is bound to be in a
+healthy glow. If she does not do housework she must go outdoors, and walk,
+and indeed, a little walking is desirable even for the housekeeper.
+
+254. Putting Screens Away.--If screens were carefully put away last fall
+there should be little difficulty in getting them in place on the first
+hot fly-breeding day. The wise housekeeper writes on the top of her
+screen, where it is hidden from view by the upper sash, the room and
+window where it belongs. She also covers the wires with a coating of
+vaselin and stores them in a dry place with a cover thrown over them.
+Should the wire have become shabby and rusty looking it can be freshened
+up with a coat of paint. If the wires have gone into holes and are badly
+bulged, replace with copper wire netting. It costs more than the ordinary
+kind, but does not wear out nearly so soon.
+
+255. Attractive Living Room.--The living room is sure to have a cheery
+atmosphere if provided with a wooden seat at either side. The wooden shelf
+is a good place for the clock, candlesticks, and a few simple flower
+vases.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 883]
+
+256. Finger Bowl.--A finger bowel should always have a few flowers or a
+leaf floating around on the surface.
+
+257. Raw Oysters.--Raw oysters are further improved by sections of lemon
+or sprigs of mint among the cracked ice.
+
+258. Cheerfulness at Meals.--Meals should be something more than the
+consumption of food. All work stops at those times and people meet
+together. Nothing that can be done should be omitted to make it an
+occasion of agreeable interchange of thought and conversation, and when
+this is done, not only the body, but the mind and nerves are refreshed.
+
+259. To Keep a Rug from Curling.--The edge of the heavy rug will not curl
+if treated to a coat of shellac on the under side.
+
+260. Grease Stains on Silk.--For grease stains on silk, rub the silk with
+French chalk or magnesia, and then hold it to the fire. Thus the grease
+will be absorbed by the powder, which may then be brushed off.
+
+261. Ironing Centerpieces.--When ironing centerpieces of tablecloths, see
+that the iron moves with the straight grain of the cloth. If this method
+is followed the circular edge will take its true line.
+
+262. Tucking Children's Dresses.--When hand tucks are to be used on
+children's dresses, they should be very carefully made, and the first one
+kept perfectly straight to use as a guide for the others. A good way to do
+this is to loosen one thread, not to pull out but sufficiently draw it to
+show the straight line, and crease the tuck in this line. After the width
+of the tuck and space between each is decided use a notched card as a
+measure for all the other tucks.
+
+263. A Neat Way to Mend Table Linen.--A neat way to mend table linen is to
+darn it with linen threads off an older tablecloth. It will look much
+neater than a patch sewed on. It is advisable to keep a piece of a
+discarded tablecloth in the mending basket for that purpose.
+
+264. A Good Substitute for a Toaster.--If the toaster is suddenly lost,
+you can find a very good substitute in the popcorn popper. It can be held
+over the gas or before the coal fire, and the bread will toast in a few
+minutes.
+
+265. To Prepare Cauliflower.--To prepare cauliflower remove all the large
+green leaves and greater part of stalk. Soak in cold water, to which has
+been added one teaspoonful of vinegar and a half teaspoonful of salt to
+each quart.
+
+266. Preserving Dress Patterns.--Some women, after they have used a
+pattern, just roll it up and tuck it away wherever it happens, and when
+they want to use it the next time, it curls up and acts so that there is
+no doing anything with it. If they would just lay the patterns out flat
+and put them where they might stay that way, all this trouble would be
+avoided.
+
+[884 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+267. Lace on Centerpieces.--Lace that is used on centerpieces is not
+fulled, but is just held in enough to lie flat. The best way to get this
+flatness is to draw the thread of the lace and fasten one end to the
+linen, leaving enough to make a neat seam, and then to adjust fullness so
+that it lies evenly. When right side is up one cannot see that any
+fullness exists.
+
+268. Uses of Mop Handles.--Most women have found the mop handle with the
+handy clasp, a general utility tool. There is a great deal of unnecessary
+bending of the knees to the household gods. It is a painful attitude, and
+work that can be done just as well in a standing position, should never be
+done in a kneeling one.
+
+269. Iron Holders Made from Asbestos.--Iron holders made from a piece of
+asbestos the desired size, and covered with drilling or heavy unbleached
+muslin are light and keep out the heat. There should be a ring or loop
+sewed to one corner to hang up the holder.
+
+270. Washing Quilts.--To wash quilts a housekeeper gives the following
+directions: Dissolve a bar of white soap in a cupful of water. Run into
+your bath-tub sufficient water to cover one quilt; make a good suds, and
+put in the quilt, and let it soak for a few minutes. Do not rub, but use
+the washboard, top end down, to press or pound out the water and dirt.
+Never wring but with the wash-board press out the water. Rinse several
+times. When you have pressed out as dry as you can pin the quilt closely
+on the line to drain. When thoroughly dry, whip with a carpet beater until
+fluffy, before removing from the line. This method is especially fine for
+tied quilts. The bath tub is preferred, because of shape and water
+conveniences.
+
+271. Shrinking Dress Goods.--Before making the white linen dress skirt, or
+any material that is liable to shrink, fold the goods carefully and place
+it in a tub and cover with water. Let it get thoroughly wet, stretch the
+clothes line as tightly as possible, hang the goods through the center,
+and pin perfectly straight on the line. When dry, let two persons stretch
+the goods as curtains are stretched, fold it with the wrong side of the
+material out and iron double with the seam running through the center of
+the goods on the length of the material. In shrinking colored prints add
+turpentine to the water, and it will set the color. A teaspoonful is used
+to a gallon of water.
+
+272. Fixing Worn Corsets.--For stitching over worn corset stays, a wide
+white tape is unequaled.
+
+273. Cooking Breakfast Food.--Don't leave the tin lid on the saucepan if
+you start the cereal in the evening for breakfast. It will rust and the
+moisture drip into the food.
+
+274. Tough Meat to Make Tender.--Tough meat can be made tender by adding a
+teacupful of lemon juice to the water in which it is boiled.
+
+275. To Preserve Pineapple.--To preserve pineapple allow only
+three-quarters of a pound of sugar to each pound of pineapple.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 885]
+
+276. Hemstitching Underclothing.--Hemstitching forms a dainty finish for
+the household linen and underclothing, but the busy woman often will not
+undertake it because of the difficulty of drawing the threads. If a piece
+of white soap be rubbed on the underside of the cloth, where the
+hemstitching is to be done, the threads may be drawn with ease, in half
+the time that is usually required.
+
+277. To Boil Eggs Without Cracking Them.--To boil eggs without the risk of
+cracking, hold them in a spoonful of boiling water before immersing them.
+
+278. Save the Basting Thread.--Basting threads, when saved, should be
+wound on a spool, otherwise they get hopelessly tangled and are not used
+again.
+
+279. Threading Needles.--Thread will knot less easily, if the end that is
+broken from the spool is run through the eye of the needle.
+
+280. Measuring Dress Goods.--Do not measure dress goods and laces with a
+tape line, as it stretches the material. Use a yardstick.
+
+281. Do Not Use Coarse Thread.--An expert needlewoman says that the reason
+why so much embroidery does not look attractive is that too coarse a
+thread is used for the work. It is not a bad rule to use a cotton a number
+or two finer than is recommended, unless the advice comes from one who
+understands embroidery perfectly.
+
+282. Putting in a Temporary Hem.--The hem of a dress that must be
+lengthened after it is laundered should be turned perfectly straight and
+stitched with number one hundred thread. It can be easily ripped and the
+fine threads will not leave the usual stitched lines that one often sees
+when a hem is lowered.
+
+283. Serviceable Child's Dress.--A quaint little frock that will be
+serviceable, can be made from a remnant of demi flouncing hemstitched on
+the embroidered edge. This placed at the hem, of course, and the top is
+gathered in Mother Hubbard style into a neck band edged with a little
+frill. The sleeves are in bishop style confined with bands trimmed to
+match the neck.
+
+284. Convenience for the Sewing Room.--A good sized waste basket should be
+continually close to every sewing machine. Then it is easy to form the
+habit of dropping all scraps into it just as the scissors make them,
+instead of leaving them to litter about the floor.
+
+285. Buttons for Future Use.--When buttons are removed from a dress for
+future use they should be loosely strung on a thread before being put in
+the button box. This is a time-saver as well as keeps the buttons from
+getting lost or several of a set from being used.
+
+286. Basting Long Seams.--When basting long seams, if the edge of the
+material is slipped under the machine needle and the needle is lowered it
+firmly holds the two pieces, and one can more quickly do the work.
+
+287.--Mending Table Linen.--A woman who is expert in mending table linen
+does it in this manner: A piece of linen is coated with white soap, to
+make it stiff and the patch is evenly trimmed. This is placed under the
+hole in the damask after the edges around the hole in the tablecloth are
+soaped and trimmed to remove the rough edge.
+
+[886 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+288. Washing Cooking Utensils.--All the cooking utensils should be washed
+with soda immediately after they have been used, which will remove every
+trace of grease.
+
+289. To Make Soft Soap.--Soft soap made from half a pound of shaved hard
+soap and two quarts of water will save the soap bill at cleaning time.
+
+290. Separate Night and Day Pillows.--If separate night and day pillows
+are not used, as is now generally done, the bed will look neater if
+special pillow slips are kept to put on over the wrinkled pillow cases by
+day.
+
+291. To Keep An Iron Sink in Good Condition.--To keep an iron sink in good
+condition, scrub once or twice a week with hand soap and kerosene. Every
+night put a little chloride of lime in the strainer and pour through it a
+kettleful of boiling water.
+
+292. Steaming or Boiling Pudding.--In steaming or boiling puddings, as the
+water boils away add more boiling water. If cold water is added, for a
+short time at least, the foodstuff will not be boiling, and this state of
+affairs may prove disastrous to the pudding.
+
+293. Cooking Peas.--When cooking peas do not shell them. Wash the pods and
+put them on to boil. When they are done the pods will break and rise to
+the top of the kettle leaving the peas at the bottom. They have a better
+flavor cooked this way.
+
+294. Troubled With Ants.--When troubled with ants in your pantry and
+kitchen pour kerosene around on the edge of your shelves and on your
+doorstep. They will soon disappear.
+
+295. To Exterminate Roaches.--A housewife says that a few drops of
+turpentine sprinkled around where roaches gather will exterminate them at
+once.
+
+296. How to Economize on Gas.--More gas is wasted in the oven than
+elsewhere. Often one burner will suffice after the oven has been well
+heated. It is better to run one burner than to burn two low, as they
+frequently go out.
+
+297. Less Noise in Washing Dishes.--If your cook insists in washing the
+dishes in the pantry while the family is still at dessert, insist upon her
+placing the dishes to drain upon a heavy turkish towel. It will lessen
+much of the clatter.
+
+298. A Useful Article in the Kitchen.--A useful article in the kitchen is
+a small microscope. Show the cook how to use one. She will be so horrified
+if shown dates, prunes, or figs that are germ infested that she will take
+special pains in washing them. The microscope is also useful to examine
+cereals, cornmeal, buckwheat and other things which unless kept tight may
+be unpleasantly infected.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 887]
+
+299. To Restore Freshness to Vegetables.--For the housewife who must
+practise strict economy, as well as for her who lives at a distance from
+the market, it is well to know that cabbage, celery or lettuce and their
+like which have lost the first freshness, may be restored by putting first
+into warm water, just comfortably warm to the hand, and after fifteen or
+twenty minutes, you will be surprised to note that it will have the
+original snappy crispness so much desired. Often the grocer will sell the
+second day celery and lettuce at half price. The above method will freshen
+same, and may make quite a saving of bills.
+
+300. Worn Brooms or Whisks.--Worn brooms or whisks may be dipped into hot
+water and uneven edges trimmed off with shears. This will make the straw
+harder, and the trimming makes the broom almost as good as new.
+
+301. Making Over a Heatherbloom Petticoat.--When you make over a
+heatherbloom petticoat, do not cut it off at the top and place the drawing
+string in again, and do not plait it to fit the band. Instead, place a
+band around the waist of the person being fitted, pin the petticoat to the
+band, then make large darts at each seam and cut off that superfluous
+material that otherwise would need to be put into gathers. It does not
+destroy the shape and permits the petticoat to lie smoothly over the hips.
+
+302. The Gingham Apron for the Housewife.--The gingham apron for the
+housewife at her daily tasks, especially if the maid is out and she has
+any kitchen work to do, is imperative, and she will find the long apron
+that buttons over the shoulders the most acceptable.
+
+303. After Cleaning the Sewing Machine.--After cleaning the sewing
+machine, several yards of stitching must be accomplished before the
+machine runs smoothly and without leaving marks. If you have any long
+seams on dark material to sew up, sew them now before attempting any light
+work.
+
+304. To Remove Tangled Threads.--No doubt you often have stopped sewing
+and patiently picked the threads out of the bobbin under the machine
+plate, or around the wheels, for this often occurs, says the Woman's
+National Daily. Save time in the future by lighting a match and burning
+out the threads, then brush the ashes off and oil the parts.
+
+305. Clothes Rack for Children.--In one home, in the rear hall, is a low
+rack on which children can hang their coats, hats and mittens when they
+come in from school. The hanger was made with two stout steel brackets and
+a curtain pole fitted up with hooks on which the articles were held. On
+one end of the pole was hung a whiskbroom, and each tot was taught its
+use.
+
+306. To Remove Dust from Any White Fabric.--To remove dust from any white
+fabric lay the spot over a tea-kettle of boiling water. Place a cut lemon
+over the spot, pressing firmly. Remove occasionally, in order to allow the
+juice to evaporate, and the stain will disappear before one's eyes, no
+matter how stubborn or how deep set.
+
+888       MOTHERS' REMEDIES
+
+307. Amateur Dressmakers.--Amateur dressmakers will probably find it
+difficult to decide just how to finish the necks of the collarless frocks
+and waists that will be worn this summer. If the material is net, there is
+no prettier decoration than a band of the net piped with silk or satin and
+braided in a simple design. Necks of tub dresses while there is to be no
+contrasting yoke, may be trimmed with a threaded beading.
+
+308. To Prevent Marks on the Dining Table.--If you have a highly polished
+dining table which you are afraid of spoiling, lay a piece of oilcloth on
+the table under the pad and you will have no trouble.
+
+309. For Cupboard Shelves.--Put a white oilcloth on kitchen shelves
+instead of paper. The cloth will not turn yellow as the paper does, and
+can be kept clean while washing dishes.
+
+310. Cleaning Gilt Frames.--When gilt frames or mouldings of the rooms
+have specks of dirt on them they can be cleaned with white of an egg,
+rubbed on with a camel's hair brush.
+
+311. To Clean Kid Gloves.--Take a fine soft cloth, dip it into a little
+sweet milk, then rub it on a cake of soap, and rub the gloves with it.
+They will look like new.
+
+312. Washing Fine Woolens.--To keep baby's sacques and socks and your own
+shawls and scarfs as fluffy as when new, dry and put in oven of range,
+shaking often between the palms while drying.
+
+313. To Wash Grained Woodwork.--To wash grained woodwork take a half pail
+of hot water, add half a pound of soap chips, and boil until dissolved.
+Take from fire, add one pint kerosene, then boil for five minutes longer.
+Add one quarter of this to a half pailful of warm water. Wash woodwork
+thoroughly, wipe and dry, and lastly use a flannel to polish with.
+
+314. Sewing on Buttons.--How often the mother hears the complaint: "I do
+wish you wouldn't sew these buttons on so tightly that I can't button
+them." When you start to sew on a button, before you take a stitch, lay a
+pin across the face of the button, and sew over the pin. Fasten your
+thread before you remove the pin, else you will draw the last stitch and
+spoil it. You will find there is a good shank to the button and yet it is
+perfectly secure.
+
+315. Airing House After Meals.--After each meal, there should be another
+thorough airing of the lower floor in the home. No matter how perfectly
+the system of ventilation, it is impossible to prevent cooking odors. This
+airing is doubly necessary should there be smokers in the family.
+
+316. House Cleaning Hints.--For the last few days before house cleaning,
+ornaments and pictures can be washed at one's convenience. They need only
+be removed or covered when a room is cleaned. With these preparations, the
+actual cleaning can be done quickly and with much less disturbance of the
+family routine.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 889]
+
+317. Uses for Men's Old Silk Handkerchiefs.--Men's old silk handkerchiefs
+should never be thrown away when worn thin. They are just the thing for
+dusting the polished surface of the piano, ornaments and fine china and
+glass and bric-a-brac.
+
+318.--Cleaning Fine Fabrics.--In cleaning fabrics great care should be
+taken not to rub them roughly between the hands. The gentle rubbing on of
+the solvent with a fresh cloth is sufficient.
+
+319. To Wash White Woolen Blankets.--To wash white woolen blankets,
+dissolve four tablespoonfuls of good washing powder in a dipperful of
+boiling water and pour into a tub of warm water. Open the blanket out wide
+and put it in the tub and let it soak all over for a half an hour. Then
+rub it all over between the hands, and if there are any stains left, rub
+them with soap. Rinse in clear water of the same temperature as the wash
+water. If you do this your blankets will be soft and will not shrink. Do
+not rub blankets on a washboard, as it makes them hard, and blueing added
+makes them a dull gray color.
+
+320. To Take Out Wagon Grease.--To take out wagon grease, which is of two
+kinds, that made from coal tar may be removed from cloth by an application
+of petroleum; the other, made from animal fat, responds to a sponging of
+ether.
+
+321. Old Perspiration Stains.--Old perspiration stains may be removed by
+applying oxalic acid and water in solution, one part of the former to
+twenty parts of the latter.
+
+322. Eyelet Embroidery.--Eyelet embroidery is one of the daintiest as well
+as the simplest of embroideries, and, best of all, with a little practice
+the work can be accomplished quite rapidly. Eyelet embroidery is equally
+effective done on sheer or heavy material; and neat sewing is all that is
+required to gain good results.
+
+323. A Convenience for the Household.--A convenience for the household,
+that will be appreciated by men as well as women, is a wire rack to hang
+in the closet. It has a series of projecting arms upon which coat hangers
+may be placed without interfering with each other. This greatly augments
+the closet room. This rack may be slipped over an ordinary closet hook,
+and will accommodate five coat hangers.
+
+324. To Turn the Hems of the Table Linen Easily and Accurately.--To turn
+the hems of the table linen easily and accurately, remove the needle from
+your sewing machine, adjust the hemmer to the desired width and pass the
+goods through. They are then ready for hemming by hand. You will find this
+saves a great deal of time, and gives you a straight, even hem.
+
+325. Soft Wood Floors to Paint.--If a soft wood floor is glue sized,
+before painting, it will take less paint.
+
+[890 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+326. Hanging Out Quilts.--When hanging out quilts and pillows, pound and
+brush them the first thing, and let the fresh air get into them all day.
+Most people do this just before taking them in. Consequently the beds did
+not get the proper airings.
+
+327. Paint that Sticks to Glass.--Paint that sticks to glass can be
+removed with hot vinegar.
+
+328. Books with Delicate Bindings.--Books with delicate bindings which
+have become soiled through much handling, can be satisfactorily cleaned by
+rubbing with chamois skin dipped in powdered pumice stone.
+
+329. Cleaning Silverware.--Old tooth brushes and nail brushes, and old
+knitted underwear should always be reserved for cleaning silver. Nothing
+is better than a tooth brush for brushing the dried whiting out of the
+heavily chased silver or repousse work. The chamois skin is best for the
+final polishing. If table silver be steeped in hot soap suds immediately
+after being used, and dried with a soft clean cloth, a regular cleaning
+will not be needed so often.
+
+330. Cleaning Crockery and Enamel.--By immersing, for a day or two in sour
+milk, glass, crockery or enamel ware articles may be perfectly cleaned of
+stains or limey accumulations from hard water. This is much better than a
+scouring, as the surface is not injured in any way, and every part can be
+reached.
+
+331. Going to Market.--The housekeeper who goes to market rather than
+order by telephone will find she gets better things for less money.
+
+332. Moths in Carpets.--If moths have attacked the carpet try putting
+gasoline on the edges, soaking the nap of the carpet. Also work powdered
+borax into the carpet wherever there is a sign of moths or under heavy
+pieces of furniture, which cannot easily be moved in the weekly sweeping.
+
+333. A Serviceable Furniture Brush.--A serviceable furniture brush is made
+of turkey tail feathers. Take a stout twine and needle, sew the quills
+tightly together and cover the handle with a piece of oilcloth, smoothly
+stitched into place, or wrap the handle with cloth and stitch. A brush of
+this kind is very soft and may be used to dust any highly polished piece
+of furniture.
+
+334. Uses of a Wooden Spoon.--Never use any but a wooden or silver spoon
+to stir anything with in cooking. Many a dish is spoiled by the cook
+stirring it with an iron or metal spoon. Wood is the best when any acid,
+such as vinegar, is used in the ingredients to be stirred.
+
+335. Boiling Vegetables.--Boil parsnips and such vegetables with thin
+skins; then peel when cold. The flavor is preserved and your hands are not
+stained.
+
+336. To Wash Furniture.--Furniture washed with castile soap and tepid
+water and rubbed with a piece of old silk will look like new.
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS RECIPES 891]
+
+337. Old Suitcases and Purses.--When suitcases and purses begin to show
+wear, coat all the spots with tan water color paint, and when perfectly
+dry rub over with a little sweet oil. Let stand for an hour, then rub with
+woolen cloth. Tan and brown shoes which have become scuffed may be treated
+in the same way.
+
+338. Putting up Lunches.--Those who find the putting up of lunches a part
+of the daily routine may take comfort in the suggestion of one resourceful
+woman. When using eggs she sees to it that only a small piece of the shell
+is broken off from the end of one egg. The egg shell from which the piece
+has been cut is then washed and kept as a receptacle for jelly or jam for
+the noon lunch basket. The open end being protected by a piece of paper
+dipped in paraffin.
+
+339. Paint Wicker Furniture.--If you must paint wicker furniture see that
+you buy paint that is well mixed and thinned to the proper consistency. If
+too thick it gets lumpy and the paint is apt to rub off on the clothes.
+Porch chairs which are exposed to weather should be finished with a coat
+of enamel to make them last longer. The coat of enamel is also more easily
+dusted.
+
+340. Bureau Drawers that Stick.--Wax is better to use on the bureau
+drawers that stick than soap. It works better and will not catch dirt so
+much.
+
+341.--Uses for Old Envelopes.--Cut out the corners from all heavy
+envelopes, for they are excellent for holding coins sent by mail. They
+always make good corner protection.
+
+342. To Prevent Fruit from Moulding.--A layer of absorbent cotton laid
+over the fruit in the mouth of the fruit cans is an excellent preventive
+against the mould. If mould should form, it will cling to the cotton and
+leave the fruit clean.
+
+343. Linoleum or Oilcloth That is Cracked.--Linoleum that is badly cracked
+may be improved by a filler made of ochre and boiled flour paste. After
+the filling is dry the linoleum may be painted.
+
+344. Borax as a Purifier for Ice Box.--Borax is an invaluable aid to the
+woman who wishes to keep her ice box immaculate. It is especially
+desirable for use in small refrigerators where little food is kept, and
+where ice is kept more for the purpose of preserving butter and milk and
+keeping bottled water cool. Cold water with plenty of pure borax, is
+preferable to hot water to use in wiping off the walls of the
+refrigerator. It does not heat the box and, being a germ killer, it
+purifies everything it touches. It may also he put in the corners of the
+refrigerator. Its best use of all is perhaps in keeping the receptacle for
+the ice itself and the outside tube in pure and sanitary condition. It may
+be sprinkled freely over the bottom of the ice box proper and on the rack
+holding the ice.
+
+345. To Clean Gilded Surfaces.--To clean gilded surfaces, dip a soft brush
+in alcohol to which a few drops of ammonia water have been added, and with
+it go over the surface. Do not rub roughly or harshly. In about five
+minutes the dirt will have become soft and easy of removal. Then go over
+the surface again gently with the same or similar brush dipped in rain
+water. Now lay the damp article in the sunlight to dry. If there is no
+sunlight place it near a warm (but not hot) stove, and let dry completely
+in order to avoid streaks, taking care that the position of the article,
+during the drying is not exactly vertical.
+
+[892 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+346. Hints for the Housewife.--Every housewife should have plenty of waxed
+paper or paraffin paper about the house. It is of the greatest value in
+preserving eatables from the air and keeping them properly moist. In the
+sandwich basket it is indispensable. Cake wrapped in it will keep moist
+and fresh for a much longer time than if put directly into the box. When
+the paper has become sticky run cold water on it, and it may be used
+again. Cheese wrapped up in it and put in the refrigerator will keep fresh
+for a week.
+
+347. Excessive Gas Light Weakens the Eyes.--When the excessive light of
+the gas light or the electric bulb tires weak eyes, resort to the tallow
+candle. For the sick room wax candles are preferred, as they never produce
+smoke or smell. They seem to soothe the nerves of the invalid and in this
+way help to produce a restful night.
+
+348. Handy Disinfectant for the Household.--Chlorate of lime moistened
+with vinegar and water, equal parts, is a handy disinfectant for the
+household. It can be kept in the cellar, and in case of sickness a few
+drops scattered around the house will purify the air.
+
+349. For Closing Windows.--A piece of bamboo, an old blind roller, or any
+strong smoothly rounded stick about three feet long, with a small flat
+piece of wood about the same thickness, twelve inches long and covered
+with flannel, nailed across the ends, makes an admirable and useful
+article for closing top windows without either going outside or standing
+on a stool or a chair to reach, or straining one's self with the weight to
+be raised upward.
+
+[ MEDICAL DICTIONARY 893]
+
+MEDICAL DICTIONARY
+SIMPLE and PLAIN DEFINITIONS of MEDICAL TERMS
+For Reference in your Newspaper and
+General Reading and Throughout this Work.
+
+Abdomen (ab-do'men). That portion of the body, lying between the thorax
+                     and the pelvis, or "belly."
+
+Ablution (ab-lu'shun). The act of washing or cleansing.
+
+Abnormal (ab-nor'mal). Contrary to the usual structure or condition. Not
+                       normal.
+
+Abortion (ab-or'shun). The expulsion of the fetus before the sixteenth
+                       week.
+
+Abrasion (ab-ra-zhun). A spot rubbed bare of the skin or mucous membrane.
+
+Abscess (ab'ses). A localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the
+                  disintegration of tissues.
+
+Absorbent (ab-sor'bent). Taking up by suction. A medicine or dressing that
+                         promotes absorption.
+
+Acid (as'id). Sour, having properties opposed to those of the alkalies.
+
+Acidity (as-id'it-e). The quality of being acid or sour.
+
+Acrid (ak'rid). Pungent; producing an irritation.
+
+Acetabulum (as-et-ab'u-lum). The rounded cavity in the innominate (hip)
+                             bone which receives the head of the femur.
+
+Accoucheur (ah-kosh'er). An obstetrician. One who attends a woman in
+                         confinement.
+
+Actual Cautery (kaw'tere). Fire, a red hot iron, or the moxa, used as a
+                           cauterizing agent.
+
+Acholia (ah-ko'leah). Lack or absence of the secretion of bile.
+
+Acupuncture (ak-u-punk-tur). The insertion of needles into a part for the
+                              production of counter-irritation.
+
+Adhesive (ad-he'siv). Sticking or adhering closely.
+
+Adipose (ad'ip-os). Of a fatty nature; fat.
+
+Adjuvant (ad'ju-vant). An auxiliary remedy.
+
+Adult (a-dult'). A person grown to full size and strength or to the years
+                 of manhood.
+
+Affection (af-ek'shun). A morbid condition or diseased state.
+
+Affusion (af-u'shun). The pouring of water upon a part or upon the body
+                      for reducing fever or correcting nervous symptoms.
+
+Ailment (al'ment). Any disease or affection of the body.
+
+Albuminose (al-bumin-os). A primary production of the digestion of a
+                          proteid, not coagulable by heat.
+
+Aliment (al'im-ent). Food, or nutritive material.
+
+Alimentary Canal (al-imen'ta-re). The portion of the digestive apparatus
+                                  through which the food passes after
+                                  mastication. The canal from the mouth
+                               to the anus; gullet, stomach, bowel, anus.
+
+Alkali (al'kal-i). A compound which forms salts with acids and soaps with
+                   fats. Potash, soda, lithia, ammonia.
+
+Alterative (awl-ter-at-iv). A medicine that produces a favorable change in
+                            the processes of nutrition and repair.
+
+[894 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Alveolar (al-ve'o-lar). Pertaining to an alveolus.
+
+Alveolus (al-ve-olus). Bone socket of a tooth; air sac of the lungs, etc.
+
+Amaurosis (am-aw-ro'sis). Blindness without any visible defect in the eye,
+                          from disease of the optic nerve, retina, brain.
+
+Amenorrhea (am-en-or-re'ah). Absence or abnormal stoppage of the monthly
+                             sickness.
+
+Amniotic Liquid (am-ne-ot'ik). A fluid enclosed within the amnion which
+                       nourishes and protects the foetus (unborn child).
+
+Amputation (am-pu-ta'shun). The surgical cutting off of a limb or other
+                            part.
+
+Amylaceous (am-il-a'she-us). Starchy.
+
+Analysis (an-al'is-is). Separation. into compound parts or elements.
+
+Anchylosis (Ankylosis) (ang-kil-o'sis). Abnormal immobility and
+                                 consolidation of a joint (stiff joint).
+
+Anemia (an-e'me-ah). A condition in which the blood is deficient either in
+                     quantity or quality.
+
+Anastomose (an-as'to-moz). Communicating with one another, as arteries and
+                           veins.
+
+Anastomosis (an-as-to-mo'sis). The surgical or pathological formation of a
+                               passage between any two normally distinct
+                               spaces or organs.
+
+Anasarca (an-ah-sar'kah). An accumulation of serum in the cellular tissues
+                          of the body. General dropsy.
+
+Anesthesia (an-is-the-zhe-ah). Loss of feeling or sensation of a part or
+                               whole body.
+
+Anesthetic (an-es-thet-ic). A drug that produces anesthesia, without the
+                            sense of touch or pain.
+
+Aneurism (an'u-rizm). A pulsating tumor consisting of a sac or pouch into
+                      which blood flows through an opening in an artery.
+
+Animalcule (anim-al'kul). Any minute animal organism.
+
+Anodyne (an'o-din). A medicine that relieves pain.
+
+Antacid (an-tas'id). A substance that counteracts or neutralizes acidity.
+
+Antiphrodisiac (ant'af-ro-diz-e-ak). An agent that allays sexual impulses.
+
+Anthelmintic (an-thel-min'tik). Destruction to worms.
+
+Anthrax (an'thrax). A carbuncle.
+
+Antibilious (an-te-bil'yus). Good against bilious conditions.
+
+Antidote (an'te-dot). A remedy for counteracting a poison.
+
+Antidysenteric (an'te-dis-en-ter'ik). Relieving, curing or preventing
+                                      dysentery.
+
+Antiemetic (an'te-e-met'ik). Arresting or preventing emesis or vomiting.
+
+Antilithic (an-te-lith'ik). Preventing the formation of stone or calculus.
+
+Antimorbific (anti-mor-bif 'ic). Preventing disease.
+
+Antiperiodic (an'te-pe-re-od'ik). Serviceable against malarial or periodic
+                                  recurrence.
+
+Antiscorbutic (an'te-skor-bu'tik). Correcting or curing scurvy.
+
+Antiseptic (an-te-sep'tik). A substance destructive to poisonous germs.
+
+Antispasmodic (an'te-spaz-mod'ik). An agent that relieves spasms.
+
+Antisyphilitic (an'te-sif-il-it'ik). Useful in cases of syphilis.
+
+Anus (a'nus). The distal end and outlet of the rectum.
+
+Apathy (ap'ath-e). Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference.
+
+Apparatus (ap-ar-a'tus). A number of parts acting together in the
+                         performance of some special function.
+
+Aphasia (ah-fa'ze-ah). Defect or loss of the power of expression by
+                        speech, writing, or signs.
+
+Aphthous (af'thus).  Pertaining to, characterized by, affected with
+                     aphthae (thrush).
+
+Apex (a'pex). The top or pointed extremity of any conical part.
+
+Apnea (ap-ne'ah). The transient cessation of breathing that follows a
+                  forced respiration.
+
+Aperient (ap-e're-nt). A gentle purgative or laxative.
+
+Appetite (ap'et-it). A natural longing or desire, especially that for
+                     food.
+
+Areola (ar-e'o-lah). The colored circle round the nipple or round a
+                      pustule. A minute space or interstice in a tissue.
+
+Aromatic (ar-o-mat'ik). A medicinal substance with a spicy fragrance and
+                        stimulating qualities.
+
+Aroma (ah-ro'mah). The fragrance or odor, especially that of spice or
+                   medicine, or of articles of food or drink.
+
+Arthrodia (ar-thro'de-ah). An articulation or joint which allows a gliding
+                           motion of the surfaces.
+
+[MEDICAL DICTIONARY 895]
+
+Articulation (ar-tik'u-la'shun). A connection between two or more bones
+                              whether allowing motion between them or not.
+
+Articulated (ar-tik'u-la-ted). Connected by joints.
+
+Arthritic (ar-thrit'ik). Pertaining to or affected with gout or arthritis.
+                         Relating to inflammation of a joint.
+
+Ascaris (as'kar-is). A worm found in the intestines.
+
+Ascites (as-si'tez). Dropsy of the abdominal cavity.
+
+Aspirate (as'pi-rat). To treat by aspiration. To pronounce with full
+                      emission of breath.
+
+Assimilation (as-sim-il-a'shun). The transformation of food into living
+                                 tissue.
+
+Asthenic (as-then'ik). Characterized by weakness or feebleness.
+
+Asthmatic (az-mat'ik). Affected with asthma.
+
+Astringent (as-trin'gent). An agent that arrests discharges by causing
+                       contraction, such as tannic acid, alum, zinc, etc.
+
+Attenuant (at-ten'u-ant). Causing thinness, as of the blood.
+
+Atony (at'on-e). Lack of normal tone or strength.
+
+Atrophy (at'ro-fe). A wasting or diminution in the size of a part.
+
+Auricle (au'rik-l). The pinna or flap of the ear. The chambers of the
+                    heart on either side above the ventricles.
+
+Auscultation (aus-kul-ta'shun). Listening with the ear or an instrument to
+                                organs, such as the lungs, heart, etc.
+
+Autopsy (au-top-se). The post-mortem examination of a body.
+
+Axilla (ak-sil'lah). The arm-pit.
+
+Axillary Glands. Lymphatic glands situated in the arm-pit.
+
+Balsamic (bawl-sam'ik). Of the nature of balsam.
+
+Biennial (bi-en'ni-al). Happening Once in two years.
+
+Bifurcation (bi-fur-ka'shun). Division into two branches.
+
+Bile or Gall (Bil). The golden brown or greenish yellow substance secreted
+                    by the liver.
+
+Bilious (bil'yus). Characterized by bile. Full of bile.
+
+Blister (blis'ter). A collection of serous, bloddy or watery fluid beneath
+                    the epidermis (outer skin).
+
+Bonchioles. A minute bronchial tube.
+
+Bronchia (brong'ke-ah). Bronchial tubes smaller than the bronchi, and
+                        larger than the bronchioles.
+
+Bougie (boo-zhe'). A slender instrument for introduction into the urethra
+                   or a large one for the rectum or other opening.
+
+Bronchial (brong'ke-al). Pertaining to the bronchi.
+
+Bronchitis (brong-ki'tis). Inflammation of the bronchial tubes.
+
+Bright's Disease (britz). Inflammation of the kidneys. Any disease of the
+                          kidneys associated with albumen in the urine.
+
+Bulbous (bul'bus). A bulb.
+
+Cachexia (kak-ek'seah). A profound and marked state of constitutional
+                        disorder. A depraved condition of general
+                        nutrition due to some serious disease such as
+                        cancer, tuberculosis (cancerous cachexia).
+
+Cacumen (kak-u'men). The top or apex of an organ.
+
+Callous (kal'us). Hard.
+
+Calcareous (kal-ka'reus). Chalky. Pertaining to or having the nature of
+                          limestone.
+
+Callus (kal'lus). The new growth of bony matter between the extremities of
+                  broken bone serving to unite them.
+
+Capillary (kap'il-la-ri). Pertaining to or resembling a hair. A minute
+                          blood vessel connecting the arterioles with
+                          the venules; very minute blood vessels.
+
+Capsicum (kap'si-kum). Cayenne pepper.
+
+Capsule (kap'sul). A soluble case for enclosing a dose of medicine. A
+              fibrous or membraneous covering as of the spleen or kidneys.
+
+Carbon (kar'bon). Charcoal.
+
+Carbonic Acid Gas (kar-bon'ik). An acidulous liquid made by dissolving
+                                carbon dioxide in water.
+
+Cardiac (kar'de-ak). Pertaining to the heart.
+
+Carminative (kar-min'-a-tiv). A medicine to relieve flatulence, such as
+                              anise, cinnamon, cloves, peppermint, soda.
+
+Caries (ka're-ez). Rottenness. The molecular decay or death of a bone. It
+                   becomes soft, porous and discolored.
+
+Carotid Artery (kah-ro-tid'). The large artery in the neck.
+
+Carpus (kar'pus). The wrist.
+
+[896 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Cartilage (kar'til-ej). Gristle. The gristle attached to joint surfaces
+                        and forming certain parts of the skeleton.
+
+Catamenia (kat-ah-me'ne-ah). Monthly sickness.
+
+Cataplasm (kat'ap-lazm). A poultice.
+
+Catarrh (kat-ahr'). Inflammation of a mucous membrane with a free
+                    discharge.
+
+Cathartic (kath-ar'tik). A medicine that produces free movements of the
+                         bowels.
+
+Catheter (kath'it-er). A hollow tube for introduction into a cavity
+                       through a narrow canal or channel.
+
+Caustic (kaws'tik). Burning; destructive to living tissues.
+
+Cautery (kaw'ter-e). Application of a caustic substance or hot iron.
+
+Cauterize (kaw'ter-iz). To scar or burn with a caustic or cautery.
+
+Cell (sel). A small hollow cavity in any one of the minute protoplasmic
+            masses which form organized tissues.
+
+Cellular (sel'u-lar). Relating to or composed of cells.
+
+Cerebellum (ser-e-bel'um). The inferior part of the brain lying below the
+                           cerebrum and above the pons and medulla.
+
+Cerebro Spinal (ser'e-bro-spi'nal). Pertaining to the brain and spinal
+                                    cord.
+
+Cerebral (ser'e-bral). Relating to the cerebrum.
+
+Cerebrum (ser'-e-brum). The main portion of the brain occupying the upper
+                        part of the cranium, and consisting of two equal
+                        portions, called hemispheres.
+
+Cerumen (se-ru'men). Ear-wax.
+
+Chalybeate (kal-ib'e-at). Containing or charged with iron.
+
+Chancre (shang'ker). The primary lesion (or sore) of syphilis.
+
+Cholagogues (ko'ia-gog). A medicine causing an increased flow of bile.
+
+Choleraic (kol-er-a'ik). Of the nature of cholera.
+
+Chorea (ko-re'ah). St. Vitus' dance.
+
+Chordee (kor-dee'). Painful deflection of the penis in gonorrhea.
+
+Chronic (kron'ik). Long continued; not acute.
+
+Chyle (kile). The milky juice taken up by the lacteals from the food in
+              the intestines after digestion.
+
+Chyme (kim). The thick grayish liquid mass into which the food is
+             converted by stomach (gastric) digestion.
+
+Circulation (sir-ku-la'shun). Passing in a circle, as the circulation of
+                              the blood.
+
+Cicatrix (sik-a'trix). A scar; the mark left by a sore or a wound.
+
+Clavicle (klav'ik-l). Collar-bone.
+
+Climacteric (kli-mak-ter'ik). A period of the lifetime at which the
+                              system was believed to undergo marked
+                              changes. Now generally applied to the
+                              "change of life."
+
+Clinical (klin'ic-al). Pertaining to bedside treatment or to a clinic.
+
+Clonic (klon'ik). Applied to spasms where the parts are rigid and relaxed
+                  in succession.
+
+Clyster (kli'ster). An injection into the rectum; an enema.
+
+Coagulation (ko-ag-u-la-shun). The process of changing into a clot.
+
+Coagulum (ko-ag'u-lum). A clot or curd.
+
+Coagulate (ko-ag'u-Iat). To cause a clot.
+
+Coalesce (ko-al-es'). The union of two or more parts or things.
+
+Collapse (kol-laps'). A state of extreme prostration and depression with
+                      failure of circulation.
+
+Colon (ko'lon). That part of the large intestine which extends from the
+                caecum to the rectum.
+
+Colostrum (ko-los'trum). The first fluid secreted by the "breast" (mammary
+                         gland) after confinement.
+
+Colliquative (kol-liq'wah-tuv). Characterized bv an excessive fluid
+                                discharge.
+
+Collyrium (kol-lir'e-um). An eye-wash.
+
+Coma (ko'mah). Profound stupor occurring during a disease or after a
+               severe injury.
+
+Comatose (ko'mat-os). Pertaining to or affected with coma.
+
+Combustion (kom-bust'yun). Burning; rapid oxidation with emission of heat.
+
+Concussion (kon-kush'un). A violent jar or shock, or a condition resulting
+                          from it.
+
+Concretion (kon-kre'shun). A calculus or inorganic mass in a natural
+                           cavity or in the tissues of an organism.
+
+Condiment (kon'di-ment). A seasoner.
+
+Condyle (kon'dil). The rounded eminence at the joint (articular) end of
+                   a bone.
+
+Confluent (kon-flu'ent). Becoming merged together.
+
+Congenital (kon-jen'it-al). Existing at or before birth.
+
+[MEDICAL DICTIONARY 897]
+
+Congestion (kon-gest'jun). Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in
+                           a part.
+
+Conjunctiva (kon-junk-ti'vah). The delicate membrane that lines the
+                               eyelids and covers the eyeball.
+
+Constipation (kon-stip-a'shun). Infrequent or difficult evacuation of
+                                feces (bowel material).
+
+Constriction (kon-strik'shun). A constricted part or place. Tight feeling.
+
+Contagious (kon-ta'jus). Propagated by contagion or by immediate contact
+                         or effluvia.
+
+Contusion (kon-tu-zhun). A bruise.
+
+Contamination (kon-tam-in-a'shun.) Infection of the person or of matter by
+                                   contact.
+
+Convalescence (kon-val-es'ens). Getting well after an illness.
+
+Convoluted (kon'va-lut-cd). Rolled together or coiled.
+
+Convulsion (kon-vul'shun). A violent involuntary contraction or series of
+                           contractions of the voluntary muscles.
+
+Cordial (kord'yel). Stimulating the heart; invigorating.
+
+Cornea (kor'neah). The transparent anterior portion of the eyeball.
+
+Corpse (korps). The dead body of a human being.
+
+Corrective (kor-ek'tiv). Modifying or changing favorably.
+
+Corroborants (kor-ob'er-ants). Aiding in proving.
+
+Corrosive (kor-ro'siv). Eating away. A substance that destroys organic
+                        tissue either by direct chemical means or by
+                        causing inflammation and suppuration.
+
+Counter Irritation (kown'ter-ir-rit-a'shun). A superficial irritation.
+
+Cosmetics (koz-met'ik). Beautifying substances.
+
+Costiveness (kos'tiv-nes). Constipated bowels.
+
+Cranium (kra'neum). The skull or brain-pan.
+
+Crassamentum (kras-sam-en'tum). A clot, as of blood.
+
+Crepitus (krep'it-us). The grating of broken bones.
+
+Crisis (kri'sis). Turning point of a disease for better or worse.
+
+Cutaneous (ku-ta'ne-us). Pertaining to the skin.
+
+Cuticle (ku'tik-l). The epidermis, outer or scarf skin.
+
+Cyst (sist). A cavity containing fluid and surrounded by a capsule
+             (covering).
+
+Debility (de-bil-i-ti). Lack or loss of strength.
+
+Decoction (de-kok'shun). A medicine, etc., made by boiling.
+
+Decomposition (de-kom-po-zish'-un). Putrefying. The separation of the
+                                    component parts of the body.
+
+Deglutition (deg-lu-tish'un). The act of swallowing.
+
+Dejection (de-jek'shun). Discharge of excrementitious material; mental
+                         depression.
+
+Deleterious (del-e-te're-us). Hurtful; injurious.
+
+Deliquium (de-lik'we-um). A fainting or syncope.
+
+Delirium (de-lir'e-um). A condition of mental excitement with confusion
+                        and usually hallucinations and illusions.
+
+Demulcents (de-mul'sents). Soothing; allays irritation, especially of
+                           mucous surfaces.
+
+Dentition (den-tish'in). Teething; cutting of teeth.
+
+Dentrifice (den'trif-is). A substance for cleansing teeth.
+
+Duodenum (du-o-de'num). The first part of the small intestine.
+
+Deobstruent (de-ob'stru-ent). A medicine to remove obstruction.
+
+Depletion (de-ple'shun). Diminished quantity of fluid in the body or in a
+                         part, especially by bleeding, conditions due to
+                         excessive loss of blood or other fluids.
+
+Depuration (dep'u-ra-shun). Purify or cleanse.
+
+Derm (derm). The skin.
+
+Desiccate (des-ik-at). To dry thoroughly.
+
+Detergent (de-ter'gent). A cleansing, purifying medicine.
+
+Desquamation (des-kwam-a'shun). Scaling; shedding of the epithelial
+                                elements, chiefly of the skin.
+
+Determination (de-term-in-a'shun). Tendency of the blood to collect in a
+                                   part.
+
+Diagnosis (di-ag-no'sis). The art of distinguishing one disease from
+                          another.
+
+Diaphragm (di'af-ram). The membrane that separates the abdomen from the
+                       chest cavity.
+
+Diaphoretics (di-af-o-ret'ik). Sweating remedies.
+
+[898 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Diathesis (di-ath'es-is). Natural or congenital predisposition to a
+                          special disease.
+
+Dietetics (di-ct-et'iks). The science or study and regulation of food.
+
+Dilatation (di-la-ta'shun). Stretched beyond the normal dimension.
+
+Diluent (dil'u-ent). Makes less irritant; an agent that makes less
+                     irritant.
+
+Discutients (dis-ku'te-ent). Remedies that scatter.
+
+Disinfectant (dis-in-fek'tant). Agent that destroys disease germs or
+                                renders ferments inactive.
+
+Dislocation (dis-lo-ka'shun). The displacement of any part, especially a
+                              bone.
+
+Diuretic (diu-ret'ik). Agent to increase secretion of the urine.
+
+Dorsal (dor'sal). Pertaining to the back or back of any part.
+
+Drastic (dras'tic). Powerful acting remedy or agent.
+
+Dyspepsia (dis-pep'se-ah). Difficult digestion. Impairment of the power or
+                           function of digestion.
+
+Dysuria (dis-ur'e-ah). Painful or difficult passing of urine.
+
+Dyspnoea (disp-ne'ah). Difficult or labored breathing.
+
+Dyspragia (dys-pra'je-ah). Difficulty in swallowing.
+
+Dyscrasia (dis-kra'ze-ah). A depraved state of the humors; abnormal
+                           composition of the blood and humors.
+
+Ebullition (eb-ul-ish'un). The process of boiling.
+
+Ecstacy (ek'stas-i). A kind of trance or state of fixed contemplation,
+                     with mental exaltation, partial abeyance of most of
+                     the functions and rapt expression of the countenance.
+
+Edema (e-de'mah). Swelling due to the accumulation of serous fluid in the
+                  tissues.
+
+Effervesce (ef-fer-ves'). To bubble; sparkle.
+
+Efflorescence (ef-flo-res'sens). A rash or eruption.
+
+Effluvium (ef-flu've-um). An ill-smelling exhalation, especially of a
+                          noxious character.
+
+Effusion (ef-fu-zhun). The escape of fluid into a part or tissue.
+
+Electrization (e-lek-tri-za'shun). The act of charging with, or treatment
+                                   by, electricity.
+
+Electuary (e-lek'tu-a-re). A medicinal preparation consisting of a
+                           powdered drug made into a paste with honey,
+                           syrup, etc.
+
+Elimination (e-lim-in-a'shun). The act of expulsion from the body.
+
+Emaciation (e-ma-se-a'shun). Leanness, or a wasted condition of the body.
+
+Embryo (em'bre-o). The foetus (unborn child) in its earlier stages of
+                development, especially before the end of the third month.
+
+Emesis (em'e-sis). Vomiting.
+
+Emetic (e-met-ik). Any substance that causes vomiting.
+
+Emmenogogue (em-men'ogog). Any agent stimulating or favoring the monthly
+                           flow.
+
+Emollient (e-mo'le-ent). Soothing or softening.
+
+Emphysema (em-fis-e'mah). A swelling or inflation due to the presence of
+                         air in the interstices of the connective tissues.
+
+Emulsion (e-mul'shun). An oily or resinous substance divided and held in
+                       suspension through the agency of an adhesive,
+                       mucilaginous, or other substance.
+
+Enamel (en-am'el). The white substance that covers and protects the
+                    dentine of the crown of the teeth.
+
+Empirical (em-pir-ic-al). Based on experience.
+
+Encephalon (en-sef'al-on). That portion of the central nervous system
+                           which is contained within the skull or cranium.
+
+Encysted (en-sis'ted). Enclosed in a sac, or cyst.
+
+Endermically (en-der-mik'ally). Absorption through the skin.
+
+Enema (en'em-ah). An injection thrown into the rectum.
+
+Enervation (en-er-va'shun). Languor; lack of nervous energy.
+
+Enteritis (en-ter-i'tis). Inflammation of the intestine, usually the small
+                          intestine.
+
+Enteric (en-ter'ik). Pertaining to the intestines or bowels.
+
+Epidemic (ep-id-em'ik). A disease which attacks many people in any
+                        district at the same time.
+
+Epidermis (ep-id-er'mis). Outer skin; scarf skin; cuticle.
+
+Ephemeral (ef-em'er-al). Transient; for one day or less.
+
+[MEDICAL DICTIONARY 899]
+
+Epigastrium (cp-a-gas'tre-um). The upper middle portion of the abdomen
+                               belly); over or in front of the stomach.
+
+Epigastric (ep-e-gas'trik). Pertaining to the epigastrium.
+
+Epileptic (ep-e-lep-tik). A person troubled with epilepsy.
+
+Epiglottis (ep-e-glot'tis). The lid-like structure covering the entrance
+                            into the larynx (upper windpipe),
+
+Epiphora (e-pif-o-rah). An abnormal overflow of tears down the cheek,
+                        usually due to lachrymeal stricture.
+
+Epispastic (ep-e-spas-tik). A congenital defect in which the urethra opens
+                        on the dorsum (back) of the penis. On the female,
+                        a fissure of the upper wall of the female urethra.
+
+Epistaxis (ep-e-stax'is). Nose-bleed.
+
+Epithelium (ep-ith-ele'um). The covering of the skin and mucous membrane
+                            consisting wholly of cells of varying form
+                            and arrangement.
+
+Erethism (er'e-thizm). Excessive irritability or sensibility.
+
+Erosion (er'o-zhun). An eating or gnawing away; a kind of ulceration.
+
+Eructation (e-ruk-ta'shun). The act of casting up wind from the stomach;
+                            belching.
+
+Eruption (erup'shun). A visible lesion on the skin due to disease and
+                      marked by redness, etc.
+
+Errhine (er'rin). A medicine that promotes a nasal discharge.
+
+Erysipelations (er-is-ip'el-a-shuns). Pertaining to or of the nature of
+                                      erysipelas.
+
+Eschar (e's-kar). A slough produced by burning or by a corrosive
+                  application.
+
+Escharotic (es-kar-ot'ik). A caustic substance capable of producing a
+                           slough.
+
+Esophagus (e-sof 'a-gus). Gullet, extends from pharynx to stomach.
+
+Eustachian Tube (u-sta'ke-an). The bony cartilaginous canal that extends
+                               from the middle ear to the throat.
+
+Evacuation (e-vak-u-a'shun). The act of emptying, especially of the
+                            bowels.
+
+Evacuant (e-vak'u-ant). A medicine that causes the evacuation.
+
+Exacerbation (eks-as-er-ba'shun). An increase in the symptoms of a
+                                  disease.
+
+Exanthema (ex-an-the'mah). An eruption upon the skin; An eruptive disease.
+
+Excision (ex-sizh'on). The cutting out of a part.
+
+Excitant (ek-si-tent). Stimulating.
+
+Excoriated (ex-ko-re-ated). Any superficial loss of substance, such as
+                            that produced on the skin by scratching.
+
+Excrement (eks-kre-ment). Fecal matter; matter cast out as waste from the
+                          body.
+
+Excretion (eks-kre'shun). The discharge of waste products.
+
+Excrescence (ex-kres'ens). An abnormal outgrowth upon the body.
+
+Exfoliate (ex-fo-le-ate). A falling off in scales or layers.
+
+Exhalation (cx-ha-la'shun). The giving off of matters in a vapor form.
+
+Expectorate (ex-pec'to-rat). The act of coughing up and spitting out
+                             materials from the lungs and wind-pipe.
+
+Expectorant (ex-pec-to'rant). A remedy that promotes or modifies
+                              expectoration.
+
+Exostosis (cks-os'to-sis). A bony outgrowth from the surface of a bone or
+                           tooth.
+
+Expiration (eks-pi-ra'shun). The act of breathing out or expelling air
+                             from the lungs.
+
+Extravasation (eks-trav-as-a'shun). The passing of fluid (blood, etc.)
+                                    outside of the cavity or part
+                                    normally containing it.
+
+Extremities (eks-trem'it-ies). Pertaining to an extremity or end.
+
+Exudation (eks-u-da'shun). The passing out of serum or pus in or upon the
+                           tissues.
+
+Facial (fa'shal). Pertaining to the face.
+
+Facet (fa'set). A small plain surface on a bone or hard body.
+
+Fauces (faw'sez). The passage from the mouth to the pharynx (throat).
+
+Faeces. Same as feces.
+
+Fecal (fa'kal). Pertaining to, or consisting of feces.
+
+Fascia (fa'she-ah). A sheet or band of tissue which invests and connects
+                    the muscles, or the areolar tissue, forming layers
+                    beneath the skin or between muscles.
+
+Farinaceous (far-in-a'se-us). Of the nature of flour or meal.
+
+Febrifuge (feb'rif-ug). A remedy that allays fever.
+
+Febrile (feb'ril). Feverish; pertaining to fever.
+
+Femur (fe'mur). The thigh-bone. The bone from the hip to the knee.
+
+[900 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Ferruginous (fer-ru'gin-us). Containing iron or iron-rust.
+
+Fetid (fe'tid). Having a rank or foul smell.
+Fetor (fe'tor). Stench or offensive odor.
+
+Fibrin (fib'rin). A whitish proteid from the blood and serous fluids of
+                  the body.
+
+Filtration (fil-tra'shun). The passage of a liquid through a filter.
+
+Fistula (fis'tu-lah). A narrow canal or tube left by the incomplete
+                      healing of abscesses or wounds and usually
+                      transmitting some fluid, either pus or the
+                      secretions or contents of some organ or body cavity.
+
+Flaccid (flak'sid). Weak, lax and soft.
+
+Flatulence (flat'u-lense). Distended with gas in stomach or bowels.
+
+Flatus (fla'tus). Gas, especially in the stomach and bowels.
+
+Flexible (flex'ib-l). That which may be bent without breaking.
+
+Flocculent (flok'u-lent). Flaky, downy, or wooly.
+
+Flooding (flud'ding). A copious bleeding from the womb.
+
+Flush (flush). A redness of the face or neck.
+
+Flux (flux). An excessive flow of any of the excretions of the body,
+             especially feces.
+
+Foetus (fe'tus). Same as fetus, The child in the womb after the end of
+                 third month, called embryo before that time.
+
+Fomentations (fo-men-ta'shun). Treatment by warm and moist applications to
+                               a part to relieve pain or inflammation.
+
+Formula (for'mu-lah). A prescribed method of preparing a medicine.
+
+Fracture (frak'tur). The breaking of a part, especially of a bone.
+
+Friction (frik'shun). The act of rubbing.
+
+Fumigation (fu-mig-a'shun). Disinfection by exposure to the fumes of a
+                            vaporized disinfectant.
+
+Fungus (fung'gus). Anyone of a class of vegetable organisms of a low order
+              of development, including mushrooms, toadstools, moulds, etc.
+
+Function (funk'shun). The normal, special or proper action or office of
+                       any part or organ.
+
+Fundament (fun'da-ment). The foundation or base of a thing.
+
+Fungous (fung'us). Of the nature or resembling a fungus.
+
+Galvanization (gal-van-iz-a'shun). Treatment by galvanic electricity.
+
+Ganglion (gang'le-on). Any mass of gray nervous substance that serves as a
+                       center of nervous influence.
+
+Gangrene (gang'gren). The mortification or non-molecular death of a part.
+
+Gargle (gar'gle). A solution used for rinsing the mouth and throat.
+
+Gastric (gas'tric). Pertaining to the stomach.
+
+Gestation (ges-ta-shun). Pregnancy.
+
+Gelatinous (gel-at'in-us). Like jelly or softened gelatine.
+
+Genital (gen'it-al). Pertaining to the organs of generation or
+                     reproduction.
+
+Gland. An organ that separates any fluid from the blood; or an organ which
+        secretes something essential to the system or excretes waste
+        materials the retention of which would be injurious to the body.
+
+Glottis (glot'is). The space between the vocal cords, together with the
+                   larynx, which is concerned in voice production.
+
+Gluteus (glu-te'us). One of the large muscles of the buttock.
+
+Glandular (glan'du-lar). Pertaining to the nature of a gland.
+
+Granular (gran'u-lar). Made up of, or containing granules or grains.
+
+Granulation (gran-u-la'shun). The formation in wounds of small rounded
+                              fleshy masses.
+
+Grumous (gru'mus). Clotted. Lumpy.
+
+Guttural (gut'tur-al). Pertaining to the throat.
+
+Habit (hab'it). The tendency to repeat an action or condition.
+
+Hallucination (hal-lu-sin-a'shun). Perception of an object, etc., which
+                                   has no external existence, as by
+                                   sight, sound, smell, taste, or touch.
+
+Hectic (hek'tik). Associated with consumption and with septic poisoning.
+                  Due to absorption of toxic substances.
+
+Hematemesis (hem-at-em'es-is). The vomiting of blood.
+
+Hemorrhage (hem'-or-rej). Bleeding. An escape of blood from the vessels.
+
+Hepatic (hep-at-ik). Pertaining to the liver.
+
+Hereditary (her-ed'-it-a-re). Derived from ancestry or obtained by
+                              inheritance.
+
+[MEDICAL DICTIONARY 901]
+
+Heredity (he-red'-it-e). The inheritance of qualities or of diseases from
+                         a ncestry.
+
+Hematuria (hem-at-u'-reah). The discharge of urine containing blood.
+
+Hematosis (hem-at-o'sis). The process of the formation of blood; also its
+                          arterialization in the lungs.
+
+Hemiplegia (hem-e-ple'jeah). Paralysis of one side of the body.
+
+Hernia (her'neah). Rupture. Breach.
+
+Hydragogue (hi'drag-og). A purgative that causes copious liquid
+                         discharges.
+
+Hydrargyrum (hi-drar'gir-um). Mercury or quicksilver.
+
+Hydrogen (hi'-dro-gcn). A light inflammable gaseous element, odorless and
+                        tasteless.
+
+Hydrothorax (hi-dro-tho'rax). The presence of a serous fluid in the
+                              pleural cavity.
+
+Hydrophobia (hi-dro-pho'bia). Acute infectious disease communicated to man
+                           by the bites of an animal suffering from rabies.
+
+Hygiene (hi'-gen). The science of health and its preservation.
+
+Hyperesthesia (hi-per-es-the'zeah). Excessive sensibility of the skin or
+                                    of a special sense.
+
+Hypochondrical (hi-po-kon'-dri-kal). Affected with hypochondriasis, morbid
+                                     anxiety about the health.
+
+Hymen (hi'men). The fold of mucous membrane that partially occludes the
+                vaginal orifice.
+
+Hypnotic (hip-not'-ik). Inducing sleep.
+
+Hypertrophy (hi-per'tro-fe). An increase in the size of a tissue or organ
+                            independent of the general growth of the body.
+
+Hypodermic (hi-po-der'mik). Applied or administered beneath the skin.
+
+Hypogastrium (hi-po-gas'treum). The lower median anterior region of the
+                                abdomen.
+
+Hysterical (his-ter'ikal). Pertaining to or affected by hysteria.
+
+Ichor (ikor). An acrid thin puriform discharge. [transcriber's note: pus]
+
+Idiopathic (id-eo-path'ik). Not dependent upon another disease or upon a
+                            known or recognized cause.
+
+Idiosyncrasy (id-eo-sin'kras-e). A habit or quality of body or mind
+                                 peculiar to any individual.
+
+Ileum (il'-e-um). The tower portion of the small intestine terminating in
+                  the cecum.
+
+Ileus (il'-e-us). Severe colic due to intestinal obstruction.
+
+Iliac (il'-e-ak). Pertaining to the ilium or to the flanks.
+
+Iliac Region. One of the regions into which the abdomen is divided. Flank
+              region.
+
+Illuminant (il-lu'min-ant). That which aids in lighting up a part, cavity
+                            or organ for inspection.
+
+Impotence (im'-po-tens). Lack of power. Especially of sexual power in the
+man.
+
+Imbecility (im-bes-il'-it-e). Feebleness of mind, congenital or acquired.
+
+Immersion (im-mer'shun). The plunging of the body into a liquid.
+
+Inanition (in-an-ish'un). Emptiness; wasting of the body from starvation.
+
+Incontinence (in-kon'tin-ens). Inability to restrain natural discharges
+                               like the urine, feces, etc.
+
+Incubation (in-ku-ba'shun). The period between the implanting of an
+                            infectious disease and its manifestation.
+
+Incisor (in-sis'-or). Any one of the four front teeth of either jaw.
+
+Incubus (in'-ku-bus). A heavy mental burden.
+
+Indigenous (in-dij'-en-us). Native; originating or belonging to a certain
+                            locality or country.
+
+Indigestible (in-dij-es'tibl). Not susceptible of digestion.
+
+Indisposition (in'-dis-po-zish'-un). Slight illness.
+
+Induration (in-du-ra'shun). Hardening. The process of hardening.
+
+Infection (in-fek'-shun). The communication of disease from one person to
+                          another, whether by effluvia or by contact,
+                          mediate or immediate.
+
+Infiltration (in-fil-tra'-shun). The accumulation in a tissue of
+                                 substances not normal to it.
+
+Inflammation (in-flam-ma'shun). A morbid condition characterized by pain,
+                                heat, redness and swelling, etc.
+
+Infusion (in-fu'shun). Steeping; to extract the active principles of
+                       substance by means of water, but without boiling.
+
+Ingestion (in-gcs'-shun). The act of taking food, etc., into the body.
+
+Inguinal (in'gwin-al). Pertaining to the groin.
+
+Injection (in-jek'-shun). The act of throwing a liquid into a part, such
+                          as the rectum or a blood vessel.
+
+[902 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Inoculation (in-ok-u-la'shun). The insertion of a virus into a wound or
+                               abrasion in the skin in order to
+                               communicate the disease.
+
+Inspiration (in-spi-ra'shun). The act of drawing air into the lungs.
+
+Inspissation (in-spis-sa'shun). To make thick by evaporation or absorption
+                                of fluid.
+
+Integument (in-teg'um-ent). The covering of the body; the skin.
+
+Intercostal (in-ter-kas'tal). Situated between the ribs.
+
+Intermittent (in-ter-mit'-ent). Occurring at intervals.
+
+Intestines (in-tes'-tins). The bowels.
+
+Ischuria (is-ku're-ah). Suppression or retention of the urine.
+
+Joint. An articulation between two bones; more especially one which admits
+       of more or less motion in one or both bones.
+
+Jugular (ju'gu-lar). Pertaining to the neck.
+
+Labia (la'beah). Two folds of skin, etc., of the female genital organs;
+lips.
+
+Labium (la'-bi-um). A lip or lip-shaped.
+
+Lacerated (las'er-a-ted). Torn; of the nature of a rent.
+
+Laceration (las-er-a'shun). The act of tearing; a wound made by tearing.
+
+Lactation (lak-ta'shun). Suckling. The period of the secretion of milk.
+
+Lachyrmal (lak'ri-mal). Pertaining to the tears or to the organs secreting
+                        and conveying tears.
+
+Lacinating (la'sin-a-ting). Tearing; darting or sharply cutting.
+
+Lacteal (lak'-te-al). Pertaining to milk
+
+Larynx (lar'inx). The organ of the voice, situated between the base of the
+                  tongue and the trachea.
+
+Larva (lar'-vah). The first stage of the insect development after leaving
+                  the egg and in which the organism resembles a worm.
+
+Laxative (lak'-sat-iv). Mildly cathartic. Loosening.
+
+Laryngoscope (lar-in'-go-skop). A mirror attached to a long handle for
+                                examining the interior of the larynx.
+
+Laryngotomy (lar-in-got'ome). The operation of cutting into the larynx
+                              (incising the larynx).
+
+Lesion (le'zhun). An injury, wound or morbid structural change.
+
+Lethargy (lith-ar-gi). A condition of drowsiness or stupor that cannot be
+                       overcome by the will; also a hypnotic trance.
+
+Leucorrhea (lu-kor-re'-ah). A white, muco-purulent discharge from the
+                          vagina and womb, popularly called "the whites."
+
+Ligature (lig'-at-ur). A thread or wire for tying a vessel, etc.
+
+Ligament (lig'-am-ent). Any tough fibrous band which connects bones or
+                        supports viscera (internal organs).
+
+Linctus (link'-tus). A thick syrupy medicament to be taken by licking.
+
+Liniment (lin'-im-ent). Any oily preparation to be rubbed upon the skin.
+
+Lithontriptic (lith-on-trip'-tik). An agent that dissolves renal stones.
+
+Lithotomy (lith-ot'o-me). The removal of a stone by cutting into the
+                          bladder (cystotomy).
+
+Lithotrity (lith-ot'ri-te). The crushing of a calculus (stone) within the
+                            bladder by a lithotrite (instrument).
+
+Livid (li'vid.) Discolored from the effects of congestion or contusion.
+
+Lochia (lo'keah). The discharge from the vagina that takes place during
+                  the first week after child-birth.
+
+Lumbago (lum-ba'go). Neuralgia of the loins.
+
+Lumbar (lum'bar). Pertaining to the loins.
+
+Lymph (limf). A transparent slightly yellow liquid of alkaline reaction
+              which fills the lymphatic vessels.
+
+Lymphatic (limfat'-ic). Pertaining to or containing lymph.
+
+Maceration (mas-er-a'shun). The softening of a solid by soaking.
+
+Macula (mak'-u-lah). A stain or spot; especially one upon the skin not
+                     elevated above the surface.
+
+Malaria (mah-la'riah). A fever disease, now known to be caused by a blood
+                       parasite.
+
+Malarial (mal-a'real). Pertaining or due to malaria.
+
+Malformation (mal-for-ma'shun). Deformity. An abnormal development or
+                                formation of a part of the body.
+
+Malignant (mal-ig'nant). Bad. Threatening life.
+
+Malleolus (mal-le'o-lus). A hammer-headed process of bone.
+
+Mania (ma'ne-ah). A variety of insanity characterized by wild excitement,
+                  hallucinations, delusions and violent tendencies.
+
+Mamma (mam-mah). The breast. Mammary gland.
+
+Marrow (mar'o). The fatty substance contained in the medullary canal of
+                long bones and in the interstices of the cancellous bone.
+
+[MEDICAL DICTIONARY 903]
+
+Mastication (mas-tik-a'shun). The chewing of food.
+
+Maturation (mat-u-ra'shun). The formation of pus.
+
+Matrix (ma'trix). The womb. The groundwork in which anything is cast.
+
+Meatus (me-a'tus). A passage or opening.
+
+Medulla Oblongata (med-ul-lah oblong-at'-a). An organ or ganglion of the
+                                             brain which connects the
+                                             spinal cord with the pons.
+
+Menses (men'sez). Monthly flow from the womb.
+
+Menstrual (men'stru-al). Pertaining to menstruation.
+
+Menstruum (men'stru-urn). A solvent.
+
+Metastasis (met-as'tas-is). The transfer of a diseased process from a
+                            primary focus to a distance by the conveyance
+                            of the causal agents through the blood vessels
+                            or lymph channels, like mumps from face to
+                            the scrotum.
+
+Metatarsus (met-ah-tar'-sus). The bones of the foot--situated between the
+                              (instep) tarsus and toes.
+
+Miasm (mi'asm). Anything harmful contaminating the air.
+
+Micturition (mik-tu-rish'-un). The act of passing urine.
+
+Midwife (mid'wif). A female nurse who attends women in childbirth.
+
+Minim (min'-im). About a drop.
+
+Mitral valves (mit'ral). The valves that control the opening from the left
+                         auricle to the left ventricle.
+
+Morbid (mor'bid). Pertaining to disease or diseased parts.
+
+Morbific (mor-bif 'ik). Producing disease.
+
+Morbus (mor'bus). Disease.
+
+Mucous Membrane (mu'kus). A membrane that secretes mucus.
+
+Mortification (mor-tif-ik-a'shun). See gangrene.
+
+Mucilage (mu-cil'ij). A solution of gum in water.
+
+Mucus (mu'kus). A viscid liquid.
+
+Narcotic (nar-kot'-ik). A drug that produces stupor.
+
+Nausea (naw'sheah). Sickness at the stomach with an inclination to vomit.
+
+Navel (n-a'vet). The umbilicus.
+
+Nauseant. (naw'she-ant). Nauseating; producing nausea.
+
+Necrosis (nek-ro'sis). The death of cells surrounded by living tissue.
+
+Nephritic (nef-rit'-ik). Pertaining to nephritis (inflammation of the
+                         kidneys).
+
+Nervine (nur'-vin). Acting upon the nerves.
+
+Neuralgia (nu-ral'-jeah). Severe pain along a nerve without any
+                          demonstrable structural changes in the nerve.
+
+Neurasthenia (nu-ras-then-iah). A group of symptoms resulting from
+                             debility or exhaustion of the nerve centers.
+
+Nocturnal (nok'-tur-nal). Pertaining to the night.
+
+Node (nod). A knob. Protuberance.
+
+Normal (nor'-mal). Conforming to natural law or order.
+
+Nostalgia (nos-tal'-je-ah). Homesickness.
+
+Nostrum (nos'trum). A quack; secret medicine.
+
+Nutritious (nu'trish'us). Nourishing.
+
+Obtuse (ob-tus'). Dull.
+
+Obesity (obes'it-e). An excessive development of fat.
+
+Oedema (e-de'mah). An infiltration of serum in a part; watery swelling.
+
+Obstetrics (ob-stet'-riks). Care of women during pregnancy, confinement
+                            and after.
+
+Occipital (ok-sip'it-al). Pertaining to the back part of the head
+                          (occiput).
+
+Olfactory Nerves (ol-fak'-to-re). Nerves of smell.
+
+Omentum (o-men'tum). An apron. A fold of the peritoneum connecting the
+                     abdominal organs with the stomach.
+
+Ophthalmia (off-thal'-meah). Inflammation of the eye.
+
+Opiates (o'-pe-ats). A preparation of opium.
+
+Optic (op'tik). Pertaining to vision or to the science of optics.
+
+Optic nerve. Nerve of sight.
+
+Orthopnea (or-thop-ne'ah). A condition marked by quick and labored
+                           breathing and relief is only had by remaining
+                           in an upright position.
+
+Ossific (os-if '-ik). Producing bone.
+
+Ossification (os'if-ik-a'shun). The formation of bone.
+
+Ovary (o'var-e). One of a pair of glandular organs giving rise to ova
+                 (eggs).
+
+Ovariotomy (o-va-re-ot'-o-me). Removal of an ovary.
+
+Ovum (o'vum). An egg; the reproductive cell of an animal or vegetable.
+
+[904 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Oxygen (oks'e-gen). A colorless, tasteless, odorless gas.
+
+Palate (pal'-at). The roof of the mouth.
+
+Palpitation (pal-pit-a'shun). A fluttering or throbbing, especially of the
+                              heart, of which a person is conscious.
+
+Palliative (pal'-e-a-tiv). An agent that relieves or soothes the symptom
+                           of a disease without curing it.
+
+Panacea (pan-a-se'ah). A cure-all.
+
+Papilla (pap-il'-ah). A small nipple-like eminence.
+
+Paracentesis (par'-ah-sen-te'-sis). Puncture of the wall of a cavity of
+                                    the body, such as the chest, drum
+                                    membrane, etc.
+
+Paralytic (par-ah-lit'ik), Affected with paralysis.
+
+Paralysis (par-al'-is-is). "Palsy." A loss of motion or of sensation in a
+                            part.
+
+Paraplegia (par-ah-ple'jeah). Paralysis of the lower half of the body or
+                              of the lower extremities.
+
+Parasite (par'ah-sit). An animal or vegetable living upon or within
+                       another organism, termed the host.
+
+Paroxysm (par'oks-izm). The periodic increase or crisis in the progress of
+                        a disease.
+
+Patella (pat-el'-ah). The knee cap.
+
+Pathology (path-ol'-oje). The branch of medical science that treats of the
+                          modifications of functions and changes of
+                          structures caused by disease.
+
+Pathognomonic (path-og-no-mon'ik). Characterized by a disease
+                                   distinguishing it from other diseases.
+
+Parturient (par-tu're-ent). Giving birth; being in labor.
+
+Parturition (par-tu-rish'-un). The act of giving birth to young.
+
+Pediculus (pe-dik'-u-lus). The louse.
+
+Pelvis (pel'-vis). A basin or basin-shaped cavity. The bony ring formed by
+                   sacrum and coccyx and innominate bones.
+
+Pepsin (pep'-sin). A ferment found in the gastric juice, and capable of
+                   digesting proteids in the presence of an acid.
+
+Percussion (per-kush'-in). Striking upon a part to ascertain the condition
+                           of the underlying organs.
+
+Pericardium (per-e-kar'de-um). The closed membranous sac enveloping the
+                               heart.
+
+Pericarditis (per-e-kar'-di-tis). Inflammation of the pericardium.
+
+Perineum (per-e-ne'um). That portion of the body included in the outlet of
+                        the pelvis, bounded in front by the pubic arch,
+                        behind by the coccyx, and ligaments and on the
+                        sides by the projections of the ichium.
+
+Periodicity (pcr-e-o-dis'ite). Recurrence at regular intervals.
+
+Periosteum (per-e-os'teum). Covering of parts of the bone except where the
+                 tendons and ligaments are attached to the joint surfaces.
+
+Peristaltic (per-e-stal'tik). Pertaining to peristalsis, an wave-like
+                              motion seen in the tubes, like bowels, etc.
+
+Perflation (per-fla-shun). To blow through.
+
+Petechia (pet-e-keah). A small spot beneath the epidermis due to an
+                       effusion of blood.
+
+Permeate (per'me-at). Passing throughout.
+
+Permeable (per'me-able). Capable of affording passage.
+
+Phagedenic (fag-ed-en'ick). Relating to phagedena, a rapidly spreading
+                            destructive ulceration of soft tissues.
+
+Phalanges (fa-lan'ges). Plural of phalanx. Bones of the fingers or toes.
+
+Pharynx (far'-inx), The throat.
+
+Phlegmatic (fleg-mat'-ik). Indifferent, apathetic.
+
+Phlebotomy (fleb-ot'o-me). Opening of a vein for blood letting.
+
+Phlegmon (fleg'mun). An inflammation characterized by the spreading of a
+                   purulent or fibro-purulent exudate within the tissues.
+
+Phthysical (tiz'ik-al). Pertaining to consumption (phthisis).
+
+Physiognomy (fiz-e-og'no-me). The countenance.
+
+Plethoric (pleth'o-rik). A state characterized by an excess of blood in
+                         the vessels and marked by a reddish color of
+                         the face, full pulse, etc.
+
+Pleura (plu'rah). The serous membrane enveloping the lung and lining the
+                  inner surface of the chest cavity.
+
+Pleurisy (plu'rise-e). Inflammation of the pleura (pleuritis).
+
+Plexus (plex-us). A network, especially an aggregation of vessels or
+                  nerves forming an intricate network.
+
+Polypus (pol'e-pus). A tumor having a pedicle, found especially on mucous
+                     membranes, as in the nose, etc.
+
+Pregnancy (preg'nan-se). Woman with child; state of being pregnant.
+
+[MEDICAL DICTIONARY 905]
+
+Prescription (pre-skrip-shun). A formula written by a doctor to the
+                     druggist, designating substances to be administered.
+
+Post-mortem (post-mor'tem). An examination of a body after death.
+
+Potable (po'ta-bl). Drinkable.
+
+Prognosis (prag-no'sis). A judgment in advance concerning the duration,
+                         course and termination of a disease.
+
+Prophylactic (pro-fil-ak'tik). An agent that prevents the development of
+                               disease.
+
+Prolapsus (pro-lap'sus). Falling downward.
+
+Pruritus (pru-ri'tus). Intense itching.
+
+Pseudo (sudo). A prefix meaning false.
+
+Ptyalism (ti'-al-izm). Salivation.
+
+Puberty (pu'ber-te). The period at which generative organs become capable
+                     of exercising the function of reproduction.
+
+Purperal (pu-ur'per-al). Pertaining to, caused by, or following childbirth.
+
+Pulmonary (pul'mon-are). Pertaining to the lungs.
+
+Pulmonitis (pul-mon'itis). Inflammation of the lungs. Better term is
+                           pneumonia.
+
+Pulp. The soft part of fruit.
+
+Pungent (pun'jent). Acrid, penetrating, producing a painful of prickling
+                    sensation.
+
+Purgative (pur'ga-tiv). A drug producing copious discharges from the
+                        bowels.
+
+Purulent (pu'rul-ent). Having the character of or containing pus.
+
+Pus (pus). A liquid inflammation product made up of cells (leukocytes) and
+           a thin fluid called liquor pures.
+
+Pustules (pus'tuls). Small circumscribed elevations of the skin containing
+                     pus.
+
+Putrid (pu'trid). Rotten.
+
+Putrefaction (putre-fak'shun). The decomposition of animal or vegetable
+                               matters effected largely by the agency
+                               of nucro-production of various solid,
+                               liquid and gaseous matters.
+
+Pylorus (pi-lo'rus). The circular opening of the stomach into the
+                     duodenum.
+
+Pyrosis (pir'os-is). Heartburn; a burning sensation in the gullet and
+                     stomach with sour eructation, due to acid dyspepsia.
+
+Rectum (rek'tum). The lower part of the bowel (of the large intestine).
+
+Recurrent (re'kur'ent). Returning.
+
+Refrigerant (re-frig'er-ant). Coating, lessening fever.
+
+Regimen (rej'im-en). The systematic regulation of the diet and habits for
+                     some special purpose.
+
+Regurgitate (re-gur-je'-tat). Flowing back or against a normal direction.
+
+Resolution (rez-o-lu'shun). The return of a part to a normal state after a
+                            pathologic (disease) process.
+
+Resolvents (rez-ol'vent). An agent that causes resolution.
+
+Respiration (res-pir-a'shun). The act or function of breathing; the act by
+                              which air is drawn in and expelled from the
+                              lungs, including inspiration and expiration.
+
+Restorative (res-tor'a-tiv). Prompting a return to health or
+                             consciousness.
+
+Resuscitation (re-sus-sit-a'shun). The bringing back to life of one
+                                   apparently dead.
+
+Retina (ret'in-ah). The delicate innermost tunic and perceptive structure
+                    of the eye, formed by the expansion of the optic nerve
+                    and covering the back part of the eye as far as the
+                    "ora serrata."
+
+Revulsion (re-vul'shun). The diverting of disease from one part to another
+                      by the sudden withdrawal of the blood from the part.
+
+Rheum (rum). Any watery or catarrhal discharge.
+
+Rubefacient (ru-be-fa'shent). An agent that reddens the skin.
+
+Rigor (rigor). The rigidity or stiffening which follows after death, due
+               to congestion of the "muscle plasm."
+
+Saccharine (sak'kar-in). Sugary; of a sweet taste.
+
+Salvia (sal've-ah). Sage.
+
+Salutary (sal'u-ta-re). Favorable to the preservation and restoration of
+                        health.
+
+Sanative (san'at-iv). Promoting health; health.
+
+Sanies (sa'ne-ez). A fetid, ichorous discharge from a wound or ulcer,
+                   containing serum, pus and blood.
+
+Scab (scab). The crust of a superficial sore.
+
+Sanitary (san'it-are). Promoting or pertaining to health.
+
+Sanitation (san-it-a'shun). The establishment of conditions favorable to
+                            health.
+
+Sanguine (sang-gwine). Abounding in blood. Ardent; hopeful.
+
+Scarf-skin (scarf-skin). The epidermis.
+
+[906 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Scirrhus (skir'rus). A hard cancer.
+
+Sciatic (si-at'ik). Pertaining to the ischium (bone).
+
+Scorbutic (skor-bu'tik). Pertaining to or affected by scurvy.
+
+Scrotum (skro'tum). The pouch which contains the testicles and their
+                    accessory organs.
+
+Scrofulous (skrof 'u-lous). Affected with or of the nature of scrofula.
+
+Sebaceous (se-ba'shus). Pertaining to sebum or suet.
+
+Sedative (sed'at-iv). A remedy that allays excitement.
+
+Sedentary (sed'en-ta-re). Sitting habitually; of inactive habits.
+
+Seminal (sem'in-al). Pertaining to seed or semen.
+
+Serum (se'rum). The clear portion of any animal liquid separated from its
+                more solid elements; especially the clear liquid which
+                separates in the clotting of blood from the clot and the
+                corpuscles.
+
+Serous (si'rus). Pertaining to or resembling serum.
+
+Semiflexion (sem-e-flek'shun). The position of a limb midway between
+                               bending and extension.
+
+Senile (se'nil). Of or pertaining to old age.
+
+Septic (sep'tik). Produced by or due to putrefaction.
+
+Sialagogues (si-al'-ag-og). An agent that produces a flow of saliva.
+
+Sinapism (sin'ap-izm). A mustard plaster.
+
+Sinew (sin'yu). The tendon of a muscle.
+
+Slough (sluf). A mass of dead tissue in or cast out from living tissue.
+
+Sewerage (su'er-ej). Drainage.
+
+Solution (so'lu'shun). A liquid containing dissolved matter.
+
+Solvent (sol'vent). Capable of dissolving.
+
+Sordes (sor'dez). The dark brown foul matter which collects on the lips
+                  and teeth in low fevers (typhoid, etc.).
+
+Spasm (spazm). A sudden, violent, involuntary rigid contraction due to
+               muscular contraction.
+
+Speculum (spek'u-Ium). An instrument for dilating the opening of a passage
+                       or cavity of the body to view the interior.
+
+Specific (spe-sif 'ik). A remedy especially indicated for any particular
+                        disease.
+
+Sphincter (sfingk'ter). A ring-like muscle which closes a natural orifice.
+
+Spinal Cord (spi'nal). The cord-like structure contained in the spinal
+                       canal.
+
+Spleen (spleen). One of the so-called ductless glands.
+
+Sporadic (spo-rad'ik). Occurring here and there, scattered.
+
+Squamous (skwa'-mus). Scaly or plate-like.
+
+Stertorous (ster'torus). Snoring. breathing.
+
+Sternum (ster'num). Breast bone.
+
+Stertor (ster'tor). Snoring or sonorous breathing, especially that of
+                    sleep or of coma.
+
+Stethoscope (steth'o-skop). An instrument for ascertaining the condition
+                            of the organs of circulation and respiration.
+
+Stimulant (stim'u-lant). Producing stimulation. Increasing the heart's
+                         action.
+
+Stool (stool). The fecal discharge from the bowel.
+
+Stomachic (stom'ak-ik). Pertaining to the stomach.
+
+Strangury (stran-ju-re). Slow and painful discharge of the urine.
+
+Stricture (strik-tur). Abnormal narrowing of a canal, duct or passage.
+
+Strumous (stru'mus). Scrofulous.
+
+Struma (stru'mah). Scrofula.
+
+Stupor (stu-por). Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness.
+
+Styptic (stip-tik). Astringent. To arrest hemorrhage by means of
+                    astringent quality.
+
+Subcutaneous (sub-ku-ta'neus). Beneath the skin.
+
+Submaxillary (sub-max'il-la-ri). Situated beneath the jaw.
+
+Sudor (su'dor). Sweat or perspiration.
+
+Sudorifics (sudor-if-iks). Sweaters.
+
+Suppurate (sup'pu-rat). To produce pus.
+
+Suture (su'tur). A surgical stitch or seam; an unmovable joint.
+
+Symptom (simp'tom). Any evidence of disease or of a patient's condition.
+
+Synocha (sin'-o-kah). A continued fever.
+
+Syncope (sin'-co-pe). A swoon, fainting, or a faint. Sudden failure more
+                      or less of the heart's action.
+
+Syphilis (sif'i1-is). A venereal disease (pox).
+
+Syringe (sir'inj). All instrument for injecting liquids into any vessel or
+                   cavity.
+
+Tepid (tep'id). Luke warm.
+
+[MEDICAL DICTIONARY 907]
+
+Tetanic (tet'an-ik). Pertaining to or of the nature of tetanus.
+
+Tertian (tur'shan). Recurring every third day.
+
+Tetanus (tet'an-us). An acute disease due to the bacillus tetani, in which
+                     there is a state of more or less persistent tonic
+                     spasm of some of the voluntary muscles.
+
+Tibia (tib'eah). The inner bone of the leg (below the knee).
+
+Therapeutics (ther-ap-u'tiks). The science and art of healing.
+
+Thorax (tho'raks). The chest.
+
+Testicles (tes'tik-kl). The two glands which produce semen.
+
+Tendon (ten'don). A band of dense fibrous tissue forming the termination
+                  of a muscle and attaching the latter to a bone.
+
+Tense (tens). Stretched.
+
+Tension (ten'shun). The act of stretching.
+
+Tincture (tink'tur). A solution of the medicine principle of a substance
+                     in a fluid other than water or glycerol.
+
+Tonsils (ton'sils). Small almond-shaped masses between the pillars of the
+                    fauces on either side.
+
+Torpid (tor'pid). Not acting with normal vigor and facility.
+
+Torpor (tor'por). Sluggishness.
+
+Tormina (tor'minah). Griping pains in the bowels.
+
+Trachea (tra-ke-ah). The wind-pipe.
+
+Tracheotomy (trake-ot'o-me.) The formation of an artificial opening into
+                             the trachea, cutting into the trachea.
+
+Transpiration (tran-spi-ra'shun). The discharge of air, sweat or vapor
+                                  through the skin.
+
+Tubercles (tu'ber-kl). Any mass of small, rounded nodules produced by the
+                       bacillus of tuberculosis.
+
+Transudation (trans'-u-da'tion). The passing of liquid through a membrane.
+
+Tumefaction (tu-me-fak'-shun). A swelling. Puffiness.
+
+Tumor (tu'mor). Morbid enlargement.
+
+Tympanum (tim'pa-num). The middle ear.
+
+Typhoid (ti'foid). Resembling typhus.
+
+Typhus (ti'-fus). A contagious fever characterized by a petechial
+                  (spotted) eruption, high fever and great prostration.
+
+Ulcer (ul'-ser). An open sore other than a wound.
+
+Ulna (ul'nah). A bone of the forearm on the side opposite that of the
+               thumb.
+
+Urea (u-re'ah). A white, crystallizable substance from the urine, blood
+                and lymph.
+
+Ureter (u-re'-ter). The tube that conveys the urine from the kidney to the
+                    bladder.
+
+Urethra (u-re'thra). A membranous canal extending from the bladder to the
+                     surface.
+
+Urine (u'rin). The fluid secreted by the kidneys, stored in the bladder
+               and discharged through the urethra.
+
+Uric Acid (u'rik a'sid). One of the nitrogenous end products of
+                         metabolism, found in the urine and spleen.
+
+Uterus (u'ter-us). The womb.
+
+Uvula (u'vu-lah). The pendulum (tip) of the soft palate.
+
+Vaccine (vak'sin). The virus used in vaccinating.
+
+Variolus (va-ri'o-lus). Pertaining to or of the nature of smallpox.
+
+Varicose (var'ik-os). Swollen, knotted and tortuous blood vessels.
+
+Vagina (vaj-i'-nah). A sheath. The canal from the slit of the vulva.
+
+Vaginismus (vaj-in-iz'-mus). Painful spasm of the vagina due to local
+                             oversensitiveness.
+
+Valetudinarian (val'e-tu-din-a-re-an). A person of infirm or feeble habit
+                                       of body.
+
+Vascular (vas'ku-lar). Pertaining to or full of vessels.
+
+Venery (ven'er-e). Sexual intercourse.
+
+Venous (ve'nus). Of or pertaining to the veins.
+
+Venesection (ven-a-sek'shun). The opening of a vein for the purpose of
+                              bleeding.
+
+Ventilation (ven-til'a-shun). The act or process of supplying fresh air.
+
+Vermifuge (ver'mif-uj). Having the power to expel worms.
+
+Ventral (ven'-tral). Pertaining to the belly side.
+
+Ventricle (ven'trik-l). Any small cavity.
+
+Vertebra (ver'te-brah). Anyone of the thirty-three bones of the spinal
+                        column.
+
+Vertigo (ver'tig-o). Giddiness; dizziness.
+
+Virulent (vir'u-lent). Exceedingly noxious or deleterious.
+
+[908  MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Virus (vi'rus). Any animal poison; especially one produced by and capable
+                of transmitting a disease.
+
+Viscus (vis'-kus). Pl.-Viscera (vis'-er-a).  Any large interior organ in
+                                             either of two great cavities
+                                             of the body, especially the
+                                             abdomen.
+
+Vesiccant (vis'ik-ant). Causing blisters.
+
+Vesication (ves-ik-a'shun). The process of blistering.
+
+Vesicle (ves'ik-al). A small sac containing fluid.
+
+Veterinary (vet'-er-in-a-re). Pertaining to domestic animals and their
+                              diseases.
+
+Vitreous Humor (vit'-re-us yu'-mor). The transparent jelly-like substance
+                                 filling the posterior chamber of the eye.
+
+Volatile (vol'-at-il). Tending to evaporate rapidly.
+
+Vulnery (vul-ne-ra-re). Pertaining to or healing wounds.
+
+Vulva (vul'-vah). The external fleshy part of the female organs of
+                  generation.
+
+Whites (whitz). Leucorrhea or leukorrhea.
+
+Zymotic (zi'mot'ik). Caused by or pertaining to zymosis.
+
+Zymosis (zi-mo'sis). Fermentation. The propagation and development of an
+                     infectious disease known by the growth of bacteria
+                     and their products. Any infectious or contagious
+                     disease.
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 909]
+
+
+MEDICAL INDEX
+INCLUDING PAGES 1 TO 682
+
+
+Abortion (Herb Remedies)          413, 422, 444
+Abortion (Accidents of Pregnancy)           524
+Abscess                                      69
+  External Abscess                           69
+  Mothers' Remedies                          69
+    1. Beech Bark Poultice for               69
+    2. Milk and Salt Poultice for            69
+    3. More Good Poultices for               69
+Abscess, Ano-Rectal                         151
+Abscess Around the Anus and Rectum          151
+Abscess of the Brain                        296
+Abdominal Dropsy                            135
+Abscess, Hepatic                            132
+Abscess, Ischio-Rectal                      151
+Abscess of the Liver                        132
+  Causes                                    132
+  Symptoms                                  132
+  Abscess                                   132
+  Recovery                                  132
+  Treatment                                 132
+  Diet in Liver Troubles                    132
+  May Take                                  133
+  Must Not Take                             133
+Abscess of the Lungs                         43
+  Causes                                     43
+  Symptoms                                   43
+  Physicians' Treatment                      43
+Accidents                                   376
+Acne                                         63
+  Causes                                     64
+  Physicians' Treatment for Acne             54
+  Tincture of Nux Vomica                     54
+  Calomel                                    54
+  Diet                                       54
+  Local Treatment                            54
+  External Medication, Ointments and Lotions 54
+    1. Soothing Ointment                     54
+    2. The Following Used as a Soothing Lotion 54
+    3. Dr. Duhring's Lotion                  55
+    4. Kummerfield's Lotions                 55
+    5. Stimulating Preparation's             55
+    6. Ointment of White Precipitate         55
+    7. The Following Hebra Lotion            55
+  Caution                                    55
+Aconite, Poison by                          401
+Actinomycosis                               234
+Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis                307
+Acute Bright's Disease                      156
+Acute Bronchitis                             30
+Acute Bronchitis, Diagnosis of                2
+Acute Catarrhal Angiocholitis               128
+Acute Catarrhal Conjunctivitis              349
+Acute Congestion of the Kidneys             155
+Acute Dyspepsia                             100
+Acute Gastritis                             100
+Acute General Peritonitis                   133
+Acute Indigestion                           100
+Acute Inflammation of the Kidneys           156
+Acute Inflammation of the Smaller Bronchi and lungs   40
+Acute Inflammation of the Stomach and Upper Bowel    111
+Acute Laryngitis                          24-26
+Acute Melancholia                           312
+Acute Nasal Catarrh                          10
+Acute Nephriti                              156
+Acute Pharyngitis                            21
+Acute Pharyngeal Catarrh                     21
+Acute Pleurisy                               41
+Acute Rhinitis                               10
+Acne, Simple                                 53
+Acute Tonsilitis                            187
+Acute Uraemia                               156
+Acute Yellow Atrophy                        131
+Addison's Disease                           255
+  Causes                                    255
+  Symptoms                                  255
+  Treatment                                 256
+Addison's Disease, Diagnosis of               1
+Adenoids                                      8
+  Symptoms                                    8
+  Treatment                                  10
+Adenoid Vegetation                            8
+Aestivo-Autumnal Fever                      228
+Agitans, Paralysis                          291
+Ague                                        229
+  Mothers' Remedies                         229
+    1. Dogwood Good for                     229
+    2. Menthol and Alcohol Effective Remedy for  229
+    3. Simple Remedy for                    229
+Ague, Chills and Fever (rare prescription)  467
+Albuminuric Retinitis                       355
+Albumin Water                               649
+Alcoholism                                  371
+Alcohol (Medical Use)                       670
+Alcohol, Poison by                          401
+Alcohol Sponge Bath                         631
+Anenoids, Operations for                    663
+All about Baby                              544
+Allen's World's Hair Restorer               465
+Allopathy                                   660
+Almond Milk                                 649
+Alopecia                                     55
+Alopecia Areata                              56
+Alum (Medical Use)                          671
+Amenorrhea                                  505
+Amenorrhea (Herb Remedies)   418, 419, 420, 422, 424, 430, 442, 444, 446
+Ammonia, Poison by                          401
+Anaemia                                     249
+  Causes                                    249
+  Symptoms                                  249
+  Treatment                                 250
+    1. Blaud's pills are very much used     250
+    2. Fowler's Solution of Arsenic         250
+  Diet                                      250
+Anaemia, Diagnosis of                         1
+Anaemia, Pernicious                         250
+Anaemia, Secondary                          251
+Anaesthetica Lepra                          240
+Anatomy of the Nose                           6
+Anaemic Congestion                          301
+  Diet                                      301
+  Medicines                                 301
+
+[910 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Aneurism                                    845
+  Treatment                                 345
+Angina Pectoris                             344
+Angina, Simple                               21
+Angiocholitis, Acute Catarrhal              128
+Anidrosis                                    57
+  Treatment                                  57
+Animal Parasites, Diseases Caused by         44
+Anthrax                                 59, 230
+  Symptoms                                  231
+  Malignant Anthrax (Swelling)              231
+  Internal Anthrax                          231
+  Charbon or Wool Sorter's Disease          231
+  Treatment                                 231
+Ano-rectal Abscess                          151
+Anti-Constipation Pad                       465
+Antimony, Poison by                         401
+Anus, Diseases of the                       136
+Anus, Fistula in                            152
+Anus, Itching of the                        143
+Aortic Stenosis                             343
+Aortic Insufficiency                        343
+  Symptoms                                  343
+Aphasia                                     291
+  Varieties                                 291
+  Causes                                    291
+  Symptoms of the Motor Aphasia             291
+  Recovery                                  292
+  Treatment                                 292
+Appendicitis                                116
+  Symptoms                                  116
+  Local Signs                               116
+  Recovery                                  117
+  Operations                                117
+  Diet                                      117
+  Mothers' Remedies                         117
+    1. Home Treatment found Good for        117
+  Physicians' Treatment                     117
+  Caution                                   117
+Appendicitis, Diagnosis of                    1
+Appendicitis, Operations for                663
+Appetizer (Herb Remedy)                     424
+Apple Water                                 649
+Apoplexy                                    292
+  Causes                                    292
+  Direct Causes                             293
+  Symptoms                                  293
+  Subsequent Symptoms                       293
+  What Can I Do at Once?                    293
+  Mothers' Remedies                         293
+    1. Simple yet Effective Remedy for      293
+    2. Simple Injection for                 294
+  Medical Treatment                         294
+  Caution                                   294
+Arkansas, Hot Springs of                    666
+Arm, Plate of Bandage                       386
+Arrowroot Custard                           647
+Arrowroot Gruel                             652
+Arsenic, Poison by                          402
+Arsenical Poisoning, Chronic Case           402
+Arteriosclerosis                            345
+  Treatment                                 345
+Arthritis, Rheumatic                        314
+Articular Rheumatism (Rheumatic Fever)      317
+Arthritis, Gonorrheal                       236
+Ascariasis Lumbricoides                      44
+Ascites                                     135
+  Local Causes                              135
+  General Causes                            135
+  Symptoms                                  135
+  Physicians' Treatment                     135
+Ascites caused by an Ovarian Tumor          135
+Asiatic Cholera                             223
+Asphyxiation, Gas                           395
+Aphthous Stomatitis                          97
+Asthma, Bronchial                            37
+  Causes                                     37
+  Symptoms                                   37
+  Mothers' Remedies                          37
+    1. Raspberry Tincture for Adults         37
+    2. Simple but Effective Remedy for       37
+    3. Lobelia Tea for                       37
+  Physicians' Treatment for Asthma           38
+    1. Inhale Chloroform                     38
+  To Prevent Recurrence                      38
+    2. Vapo-Cresolene burned in a room       38
+    3. Tartar Emetic                         38
+Asthma, Bronchial, (Herb Remedies)   420, 426, 439, 442
+Asthma, Hay                                  17
+Asthma, Spasmodic                            37
+Asthma, Spasmodic (Herb Remedies)      427, 438
+Ataxia Hereditary                           306
+Ataxia, Locomotor                           305
+Atrophic Leprosy                            240
+Atrophy, Acute yellow                       131
+Atropine, Poison by                         402
+Ayer's Cherry Pectoral                      466
+Ayer's Hair Vigor                           466
+Ayer's Sarsaparilla                         467
+
+BABY, ALL ABOUT (DEPT.)                     544
+(The following items are divisions and
+sub-divisions of the 400 questions and over
+in the Baby's Department.)
+
+  Adding other Food to Milk                 586
+  All about Baby                            544
+  Average Weight                            547
+  Baby's Bed                                562
+  Baby's First Meal                         562
+  Baby's Second Summer                      598
+  Band for Baby                             552
+  Barley and Oatmeal Gruels                 574
+  Bed Wetting                               619
+  Bath                                      548
+  Bottle-Fed Babies                         612
+  Bottle-Fed Baby, Special Monthly Rules for   571
+  Brain, Inflammation of                    617
+  Bread, Crackers and Cheese                600
+  Bruises                                   621
+  Burns                                     621
+  Caked Breasts, Prevention of              566
+  Canker Sore Mouth                         551
+  Cap for Baby's Ears                       554
+  Cereals                                   600
+  Chafing                                   552
+  Circumcision                              549
+  Clothing for Baby                         553
+  Colds in Babies                           620
+  Colic                                     608
+  Condensed Milk, How Shall I Use?          589
+  Constipation in Babies                    611
+  Convulsions                          542, 616
+  Cow's Milk                                575
+  Cow's Milk, Modified                      577
+  Cracked Nipples                           566
+  Croup                                      27
+  Cry, How to Distinguish It                561
+  Cuts                                      621
+  Desserts                                  601
+  Diapers, Care of                          552
+  Diarrhea (For Older Children)             611
+  Diet of Older Children-Fourth to Tenth Year  598
+  Dressing for Different Seasons, General      554
+  Drooling                                  554
+  Earache                                   610
+  Eggs                                      599
+  Enlarged Glands                           619
+  Exercise                                  605
+  Eyes, Sore, Treatment of                  549
+  Feeding During the Second year            595
+  Feeding Directions                        592
+  Feeding Intervals                         592
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 911]
+
+  Feeding and Nursing, Special Rules and Formula for Each Month       574
+  First Series of Formulas                  581
+  Fly (Carrying Disease)                    564
+  Food Healthy Infants, For Early Months    580
+  Food for Healthy Infants During the Latter Months    583
+  Foods for Special Conditions              588
+  Foreign Bodies in Throat, Ear or Nostrils 608
+  Fourth Series                             588
+  Fruits                                    601
+  Genital Organs                            549
+  Healthy Child Twelve Months, For          596
+  Hiccoughs                                 619
+  Hives                                     620
+  How to Lift a Child                       606
+  Indigestion in Older Children             602
+  Infant Feeding                            565
+  Inflammation of the Brain                 617
+  Kissing                                   607
+  Loose Stools in Nursing Babies            569
+  Loss of Appetite                          587
+  Malnutrition (Marasmus)                   613
+  Meat and Fish                             599
+  Milk and Cream                            598
+  Milk and Cream, Care of                   576
+  Mosquito Bites                            564
+  Mouth, Care of                            550
+  Mouth, Sore, Canker                       551
+  Navel and Cord                            549
+  Nervousness                               607
+  Nipples, Cracked                          566
+  Nursing                              556, 565
+  Over-Feeding                              587
+  Over-Nursing                              587
+  Peptonized Milk                           594
+  Permanent Teeth, Usual Order              619
+  Poisoning                                 621
+  Pregnancy (40 Questions and Answers)      544
+  Proprietary Foods                         622
+  Regular Feeding                           593
+  Rickets                                   614
+  Rocking Baby                              604
+  Rubber Rings, or Ivory                    560
+  Rules for Using Formulas                  584
+  Rupture in a Baby                         620
+  Scald Head                                617
+  Scalp, Care of                            550
+  Schedule for Three-Year-Old Child         597
+  Scurvy                                    615
+  Second Series of Formulas                 581
+  Sickness, Early Signs of                  621
+  Sleep                                     603
+  Soft Spot                                 548
+  Soothing Syrup, Overdose of               622
+  Sore Eyes, Treatment of                   549
+  Sore Mouth, Canker                        551
+  Special Care of the Baby                  561
+  Splinters                                 621
+  Sprue                                     551
+  Sterilized Milk                           593
+  Stools and Urine, Appearance of           547
+  Sugar, Kind to Use                        578
+  Teeth                                     563
+  Teething                             560, 618
+  Temperature                               606
+  Third Series of Formulas                  583
+  Thrush                                    551
+  Toys                                      607
+  Urine, Disappearance of                   547
+  Ventilation and Airing                    557
+  Weaning                                   569
+  Weighing Baby Frequently                  558
+  Wardrobe, Baby's First                    553
+  Washing Baby                              547
+  Wounds                                    621
+Baby's Second Summer                        598
+Bald Patches                                 56
+  Causes                                     57
+  Physician's Treatment                      57
+  Local Treatment                            57
+Baldness                                     55
+  Causes                                     55
+  Mothers' Remedies                          55
+    1.--Well Recommended for                 55
+    2.--Vaselin and Quinine for              55
+    3.--Good Canadian Remedy for             55
+  Physicians' Treatment                      55
+    1.--Dr. Schalek                          56
+    2.--For Baldness                         56
+    3.--For Baldness                         56
+    4.--Ihle's Mixture                       56
+    5.--Bulkley's Lotion                     56
+    6.--Lassar's Ointment                    56
+Bandage of the Jaw, Plate of                380
+  For Fractures                             381
+  Hospital Method, Plate of                 394
+  Spiral Bandage of Foot, Plate of          384
+  Spiral Bandage of the Finger, Plate of    384
+  Borsch's Eye, Plate of                    386
+  Spiral Reversed Bandage of Arm, Plate of  386
+Barbers' Itch                                87
+  Mothers' Remedies                          87
+    1.--Standard Remedy for                  87
+    2.--Healing Ointment for                 88
+    3.--Reliable Remedy for                  88
+    4.--Sulphur and Lard for                 88
+    5.--Cuticura Ointment for                88
+  Physicians' Treatment                      88
+Barker's Bone and Nerve Liniment            467
+Barley Gruel                                652
+Barley Water                                647
+Basedown Disease                            260
+Basilar Meningitis                          210
+Bathing in Polluted Waters                  400
+Baths                                       629
+Beard, Ringworm of the                       87
+Bed Pan, How to Use a                       641
+Bed Sores, Prevention and Care of           628
+  Treatment, Preventive                     628
+  Treatment of Sore Proper                  629
+Bed-Wetting                                 619
+Belladonna, Poison by                       402
+Beri-Beri                                   230
+Bites, Dog (Not Rabid)                      377
+Bites, Insect and Other                     378
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          674
+    1.--Simple Remedy for                   674
+Bites, Mosquito                             377
+Bites, Snake                                377
+Big-Jaw                                     234
+  Alimentary Canal Type                     234
+  In the Lungs                              234
+  Symptoms                                  234
+  The Skin                                  234
+  Diagnosis                                 234
+  Treatment                                 235
+Biliary Calculi                             129
+Bile Ducts, Cancer of the                   130
+Biliousness                                 125
+  Causes                                    125
+  Prevention                                125
+  Diet                                      126
+  Mothers' Remedies                         126
+    1.--Lemons for                          126
+    2.--Salt and Water for                  126
+    3.--Dandelion Tea for Chronic           126
+    4.--A Cheap and Very Safe Plan          126
+    5.--Salt Lemonade for                   126
+    6.--Boneset Tea for                     126
+  Physicians' Treatment                     126
+    1.--Medicines                           126
+    2.--Twenty Drops of Fluid Extract of Queen's Root   126
+    3.--The Following Combination           126
+    4.--For the Attack                      127
+
+[912 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Biliousness (Herb Remedies)                 421
+Blackheads                                   61
+  Symptoms                                   61
+  Causes                                     61
+  Mothers' Remedies                          61
+    1.--Effective Yet Harmless Remedy for    61
+    2.--Alum Water for                       62
+    3.--Cream of Tartar and Sulphur for      62
+    4.--Healing Cream for                    62
+  Physicians' Treatment for Pimples          62
+  Local Treatment                            62
+    1.--Precipitated Sulphur and Rosewater   62
+    2.--A Good Combination                   62
+Bladder, Inflammation of the                162
+Bladder, Inflammation of (Herb Remedies)  419-429
+Bladder Trouble                             162
+  Mothers' Remedies                         162
+    1.--English Oil of Sandalwood for       162
+    2.--Effective Herb Teas for             163
+  Treatment                                 163
+  Diet                                      163
+Bladder Trouble (Herb Remedies)   417, 425, 432, 435, 441, 442, 444
+Bleeders                                    254
+Bleeding                                    394
+  Mothers' Remedies                         394
+    1.--Unusual Way to Stop                 394
+    2.--Cobwebs to Stop                     394
+    3.--Powdered Alum and Hot Water Stops   394
+    4.--Salt and Flour Successful           394
+    5.--Boracic Acid Is Excellent for       394
+    6.--Tobacco Will Stop                   395
+Bleeding (Herb Remedies)                    420
+Bleeding After Delivery                     540
+Bleeding From the Nose                       19
+Bleeding from the Stomach                   107
+  Causes                                    107
+  Symptoms                                  107
+  Physicians' Treatment                     107
+  Caution                                   107
+Bleeding from the Wind-pipe and Lungs        38
+  Symptoms                                   38
+  Quantity                                   38
+  Mothers' Remedies                          39
+    1.--Salt Water for                       39
+    2.--Herb Tea for                         39
+    3.--Effective Remedy for                 39
+    4.--Tannin and Sugar for                 39
+  Physicians' Treatment for Bleeding from the Wind-pipe and Lungs    39
+    1.--First Thing to Do                    39
+    2.--If Caused by the Coughing            39
+    3.--Alum for                             39
+    4.--White Oak Bark Tea for               39
+    5.--Hot Water and Salt for               40
+    6.--Other Easily Obtained Remedies       40
+  Cautions                                   40
+  Thirst                                     40
+  Diet                                       40
+Bleeding from the Wind-pipe and Lungs (Herb Remedies)   412, 446
+Blepharitis Marginalis                      348
+  Causes                                    348
+  Symptoms                                  348
+  Treatment                                 348
+  Local Treatment                           348
+Blister                                      92
+  Mothers' Remedies                          92
+    1.--Linseed Oil for                      92
+    2.--A Method of Raising a Blister        92
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          674
+    1.--White of Egg for                    674
+Blister Disease                              79
+  Symptoms                                   79
+  Causes                                     79
+  Physicians' Treatment                      79
+  Elixir Quinine, Iron and Strychnine        79
+  Local Treatment                            79
+Blistered Skin, to Dress                    635
+Blood and Ductless Glands, Diseases of      249
+Blood and Liver Regulator (Rare Prescription)  460
+Blotches and Pimples (Rare Prescription)    473
+Blood Purifier (Herb Remedies)              437
+Blood in the Urine                          156
+  Causes                                    156
+  Treatment                                 156
+Blue Stone, Poison by                       402
+Blue Vitriol, Poison by                     402
+Boil                                         68
+  Causes                                     68
+  Mothers' Remedies                          68
+    1.--My Mother's Poultice for             68
+    2.--Soap and Sugar Poultice for          68
+    3.--Vinegar and Camphor for              68
+    4.--Bean Leaf Poultice for               68
+    5.--Another Remedy for                   68
+  Physicians' Treatment for Boils            69
+Boil (Herb Remedies)                        431
+Borax (Medical Use)                         671
+Boric Acid                                  626
+Bottle-Fed Babies                           612
+Bowels, Bleeding from (Herb Remedies)       423
+Bowels, Inflammation of                     118
+Bowels, Inflammation of (Herb Remedies) 413,439
+Bow-Legs                                    370
+  Treatment                                 371
+Brain, Concussion or Laceration of          302
+Brain Diseases, General and Functional      280
+Brain Hemorrhage                            202
+Brain, Softening of                         298
+Brain, Syphilis of                          297
+  Causes                                    297
+  Symptoms                                  297
+  Symptoms When Arteries Are Diseased       298
+  How to Tell What the Disease Is           298
+  Recovery                                  298
+  Treatment                                 298
+Brain, Tumors and Inflammation of           296
+Bran Poultice                               631
+Brandy and Egg Mixture                      649
+Breakbone Fever                             208
+Breast, Broken Abscess                      538
+Breasts, Caked (Herb Remedies)         434, 443
+Breast, Cancer of                           335
+Breasts, Care of                            538
+Breasts, Inflammation of                    538
+Breasts, Inflammation of (Herb Remedies)    434
+Breathing, Difficult                        339
+Bright's Disease, Diagnosis of                1
+Bright's Disease, Acute                     156
+  Symptoms                                  157
+  Diagnosis                                 157
+  Recovery                                  157
+  Treatment                                 157
+  Diet and Nursing                          157
+  Bowels, Attention to                      157
+Bright's Disease, Chronic                   158
+  Causes                                    158
+  Conditions                                158
+  Symptoms                                  158
+  Treatment; Diet                           158
+Brinkerhoff System of Treating Piles        468
+Brodie's Liniment for Asthma                484
+Bromidrosis                                  57
+Bromototoxismus                             374
+Bronchial Asthma                             37
+Bronchial Asthma (Herb Remedies)            438
+Bronchitis, Acute, Diagnosis of               2
+Bronchitis, Acute (Herb Remedies)           420
+Bronchitis, Acute                            30
+  Causes                                     30
+  Symptoms                                   31
+  Mothers' Remedies                          31
+    1.--Camphor and Lard for                 31
+    2.--Grandmothers' Remedy for             31
+    3.--Antiphlogistine Plaster for          31
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 913]
+
+    4.--One of the Best Home Remedies        32
+    5.--Camphorated Oil and Steaming for     32
+    6.--General Relief for                   32
+    7.--Lard Poultice for                    32
+    8.--Mustard Plaster for                  32
+    9.--Well-Known Remedy for                33
+    10.--Remedy and General Tonic for        33
+  Physicians' Treatment for                  33
+    1.--Sweating Remedy for                  33
+    2.--Steaming Remedy for                  33
+    3.--Steaming With Pitcher                33
+    4.--Rub the Chest                        33
+    5.--For Adults                           34
+  Diet in Bronchitis (Similar to Laryngitis) 34
+Bronchitis, Acute (Herb Remedies) 422, 426, 444
+Bronchitis, Chronic                          34
+  Causes                                     34
+  Symptoms                                   34
+  Physicians' Treatment                      34
+  Preventive                                 34
+    1.--Ammonium Chloride                    34
+    2.--Combination of Ammonium Chloride, Licorice and Water   34
+    3.--If the Cough Is Troublesome          34
+Bronchitis, Chronic (Herb Remedies)         438
+Bronchial Goitre                            258
+Bronchial Tubes, Inflammation of the         30
+Brancho-Pneumonia                            40
+  Causes                                     40
+  Symptoms                                   40
+  Secondary Cases                            40
+  Prevention                                 40
+  Mothers' Remedies                          41
+    1.--Herb Tea and Poultice for            41
+    2.--Home Remedy for                      41
+    3.--Hot Vinegar Applications for         41
+  Physicians' Treatment                      41
+  Diet                                       41
+Bruises                                621, 391
+  Mothers' Remedies                         391
+    1.--Cold Water Prevents Coloring        391
+    2.--Kerosene Relieves the Pain of       391
+    3.--Turpentine to Keep Proud Flesh from 391
+    4.--Bread and Vinegar Quick Relief for  391
+    5.--Good Liniment for                   391
+    6.--Liniment used in Ohio for           391
+  Physicians' Treatment for Bruises         391
+    1.--Tincture of Arnica                  392
+    2.--Alcohol for                         392
+    3.--Cold or Hot Water Applied With Cloths   392
+    4.--Raw Beefsteak (lean) is Excellent   392
+    5.--Lead and Landanum Wash              392
+Bruises (Herb Remedies)      410, 429, 443, 446
+Bubonic Plague                              225
+Bunions                                      95
+  Mothers' Remedies                          95
+    1.--Remedy from Your Flower Garden       95
+    2.--A Cure for                           95
+    3.--Iodine for                           96
+    4.--Tested Remedy for                    96
+  Physicians' Treatment                      96
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          674
+    1.-Pulverized Saltpetre for             674
+Burns                                   387,621
+  Causes                                    387
+  Burns                                     387
+  First Degree                              387
+  Second Degree                             387
+  Third Degree                              387
+  Mothers' Remedies for Burns               387
+    1.--Linseed Oil for                     387
+    2.--Common Soda                         387
+    3.--Apply Crushed Onion Poultice for    387
+    4.--Molasses Takes Pain from            387
+    5.--Butter a Relief for                 387
+    6.--Oil of Peppermint Draws Fire Out of   387
+    7.--Sweet Oil and Cotton Batting Relieves 381
+    8.--Vinegar Prevents Blistering from      387
+  For a Severe Case                         390
+  For Third Degree Burns                    390
+  Warm Baths                                390
+  Burns from Acid                           391
+  Burns from Alkali (Like Potash or Strong Ammonia)  391
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          674
+    1.--Lime Water and Sweet Oil for        674
+    2.--Charcoal for                        674
+    3.--Grated Onion for                    674
+    4.--Easily Prepared Remedy for          674
+Burns (Herb Remedies)                       429
+Burns and Scalds (Rare Prescription)        466
+
+Calculi, Biliary                            129
+Caisson Disease                             304
+Caked Breasts                               566
+Caked Breasts (Herb Remedies)          434, 443
+California Liniment                         470
+Calculus, Renal                             161
+Calculi or Stones, Operation for            665
+Callositas                                   58
+Callosity                                    58
+  Causes                                     58
+  Symptoms                                   58
+  Physicians' Treatment                      58
+Calvus                                       58
+Camphor (Medical Use)                       671
+  Cancer of the Gall Bladder and Bile Ducts 130
+  Causes                                    130
+Cancer of the Breast                        335
+Cancers, Operation for                      664
+Cancer                                      332
+  Cancer is curable if it be operated upon in its early stages  332
+  Have Operations Failed to Cure?           332
+  What is Cancer?                           333
+  When to Suspect Cancer and What to Do     333
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          675
+    1.--Yellow Dock Root for                675
+Cancer Paste                                471
+Cancer of the Stomach, Diagnosis of           2
+Cancer of the Stomach                  106, 334
+  Symptoms                                  106
+  Course                                    106
+  Physicians' Treatment                     106
+  Diet                                      107
+Cancer of the Uterus                        334
+Canker Sore Mouth                       97, 551
+  Causes                                     97
+  Symptoms                                   97
+  Mothers' Remedies                          98
+    1.--Raspberry Leaf for                   98
+    2.--Oak Bark Tea for                     98
+    3.--Boracic Acid for                     98
+    4.--Canker Weed Tea for                  98
+    5.--Honey and Borax for                  98
+    6.--Wild Turnip for                      98
+    7.--Alum for                             98
+    8.--Borax Water for                      98
+    9.--Common and Effective Remedy for      98
+    10.--Shoemaker Root and Borax for        98
+  Physicians' Treatment for Sore Mouth       99
+    1.--For Canker Sore Mouth                99
+    2.--Burnt Alum                           99
+    3.--Nitrate of Silver                    99
+    4.--A Wash of Sage Tea                   99
+    5.--The Juice of a Ripe Tomato           99
+Canker Sore Mouth (Herb Remedies)      410, 420
+Capsicum and Belladonna Plasters            635
+Carbolic Acid                               625
+Carbolic Acid, Poison by                    403
+Carbuncle                                    59
+  Symptoms                                   59
+  Causes                                     60
+
+[914 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+  Mothers' Remedies                          60
+    1.--Poppy Leaves to Draw and Ripen       60
+    2.--Slippery Elm and Sassafras Root for  60
+    3.--Sheep Sorrel Poultice for            60
+    4.--Bread and Milk Poultice for          60
+    5.--The Common Scabious for              60
+    6.--Snap Bean Poultice for               60
+  Physicians' Treatment                      60
+  Local                                      60
+Cardialgia                                  107
+Care of Discharges (Excreta)                624
+Care and Disinfection of an Infected Room   626
+Care of the Room by the Nurse               626
+Carter's Little Liver Pills                 472
+Castoria                                    472
+Castor Oil (Medical Use)                    671
+Cataract, Operation for                     663
+Cataract                                    353
+  Senile Cataract                           354
+  Symptoms of Senile (Old Age) Cataract     354
+  Course                                    354
+Cataract, Senile                            354
+Catarrh                                      14
+  Causes                                     14
+  Symptoms and Course                        14
+  Mothers' Remedies                          14
+    1.--Successful Remedy for                14
+    2.--Cleansing Antiseptic Remedy for      14
+    3.--Witch Hazel for                      14
+    4.--Cure for                             15
+    5.--Mullein Leaves, Treatment for        15
+    6.--Milk and Salt Wash for               15
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          674
+    1.--Burnt Alum for                      674
+    2.--Bad Case Cured by the Following     674
+    3.--Borax and Camphor for               675
+    4.--Pure Lard for                       675
+  Physicians' Treatment for                  15
+  Local                                      15
+    1.--Spray for                            15
+    2.--Powders for                          15
+    3.--Solution for                         16
+    4.--Spray for                            16
+Catarrh (Herb Remedies)                431, 434
+Catarrh, Acute Nasal                         10
+Catarrh Acute Pharyngeal                     21
+Catarrhal Angiocholitis, Acute              128
+Catarrhal Headache                          268
+Catarrhal Jaundice                          128
+Catarrh of Long Standing                    467
+Catarrh Ointment (Rare Prescription)        468
+Cathartic and Sure Cure for Constipation    468
+Cathartic (Herb Remedy)                     429
+Cereals and Cereal Gruels                   651
+Cerebral Anemia                             296
+Cerebral Hemorrhage                         292
+Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis                   209
+Cervical Tuberculosis                       212
+Cervix, Diseases of                         497
+Cervix, Inflammation of                     498
+Cervix, Tear of                             497
+Chafing                                     552
+Chamberlain's Colic, Cholera and Diarrhea Remedy  473
+Chapped Hands and Face                       93
+  Mothers' Remedies                          93
+    1.--Quince Seed Cream for                93
+    2.--Soothing Lotion for                  93
+    3.--Glycerin for                         93
+    4.--Carbolic Salve for                   93
+    5.--Glycerin and Lemon Juice for         93
+    6.--Camphor Ice for                      93
+    7.--Remedy from a New York Lady          93
+    8.--Rose Cream for                       93
+    9.--Preventive for                       93
+    10.--From a Twin Falls, Idaho. Mother    93
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          676
+    1.--An Inexpensive Remedy for           676
+  Physicians' Treatment far Chapped Hands    94
+    1.--For Chapped Hands                    94
+    2.--Powdered Camphor                     94
+    3.--Ointment of Water of Roses           94
+    4.--Powdered Zinc Oxide                  94
+Charbon (Wool Sorter's Disease)             230
+Cheese, Poison by                           403
+Chest, Cold in                               30
+Chestnut Puree                              652
+Chicken Broth                               652
+Chicken Broth                               648
+Chicken Pox, Diagnosis of                     2
+Chicken Pox                                 179
+  Mothers' Remedies                         179
+    1.--Catnip Tea and Soda Water for       179
+  Physicians' Treatment                     180
+Chilblains                                   96
+  Mothers' Remedies                          96
+    1.--A Cure for                           96
+    2.--Witch-Hazel for                      96
+    3.--Ointment for                         96
+    4.--Vinegar Cure                         96
+    5.--Home-Made Salve for                  96
+    6.--Common Glue                          96
+    7.--The Onion Cure for                   97
+    8.--The Hemlock Remedy for               97
+  Physicians' Treatment for Chilblains       97
+  Internal                                   97
+  External                                   97
+    1.--Alum as a Wash                       97
+    2.--Ointment of Ichthyol                 97
+    3.--Rosin                                97
+    4.--Lard and Iodine Ointment             97
+    5.--The Following Is Good                97
+Childbirth                                  494
+Child Crowing                                26
+  Cause                                      27
+  Symptoms                                   27
+  Physicians' Treatment                      27
+  Preventive                                 27
+  Cold Sponging                              27
+Chills and Fever                            229
+  Mothers' Remedies                         229
+    1.--Peruvian Bark and Rhubarb for       229
+    2.--Horseradish for                     230
+    3.--Dogwood Known to Be Good for        230
+  Treatment                                 230
+Choking (Foreign Bodies in the Larynx)      396
+  Mothers' Remedies                         396
+    1.--Fish Bone to Stop                   396
+    2.--Simple Remedy to Stop               396
+    3.--Pennyroyal Tea and Lard Relieves    396
+    4.--Grease and Meat Common Remedy for   396
+  In the Gullet (Foreign Bodies)            396
+Chloasma                                     61
+Chloral Habit                               374
+Chloride of Lime                            625
+Chloral, Poison by                          403
+Cholelithiasis                              129
+Chorea (Herb Remedies)            419, 427, 439
+Cholera, Asiatic                            223
+  Causes                                    223
+  Symptoms                                  223
+  Treatment                                 224
+Cholera Infantum                            112
+  Symptoms                                  112
+  Cautions                                  113
+  Mothers' Remedies                         113
+    1.--Castor Oil and Warm Applications for  113
+    2.--First Thing to Do                   113
+    3.--White of Egg and Cathartic for      113
+    4.--Olive or Sweet Oil for              113
+    5.--Spice and Whisky for                113
+    6.--Cabbage Leaf Poultice for           114
+    7.--Herb Remedy for                     114
+    8.--Tomatoes Will Relieve               114
+    9.--Injection for                       114
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 915]
+
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          676
+    1.--Chickweed for                       676
+  Diets and Drinks                          114
+  Physicians' Treatment for Cholera Infantum  114
+    1.--Washing Out the Bowel               114
+    2.--For Vomiting                        114
+    3.--Subcarbonate of Bismuth             114
+    4.--Castor Oil                          115
+    5.--Mustard Poultice for                115
+Cholera Morbus, Diagnosis of                  2
+Cholera Morbus                              111
+  Symptoms                                  111
+  Mothers' Remedies                         111
+    1.--Castor Oil for                      111
+    2.--Blackberry Root and Boiled Milk for 111
+    3.--Blackberry Cordial for              111
+    4.--Tincture of Cayenne Pepper for      111
+    5.--Nutmeg and Jamaica Ginger for       111
+    6.--Home Remedy for                     111
+    7.--Old Reliable Remedy for             112
+    8.--Common Remedy for                   112
+  Physicians' Treatment for Cholera Morbus  112
+    1.--Heat                                112
+    2.--Morphine by Hypodermic Method       112
+    3.--For Cholera Morbus                  112
+Cholera Morbus (Herb Remedies)              418
+Chordee (Herb Remedies)                     426
+Choroid, The                                347
+Chlorosis (Herb Remedies)                   444
+Chronic Bright's Disease                    158
+Chronic Desquamative or Tubal Nephritis     158
+Chronic Diffuse Nephritis                   158
+Chronic Dyspepsia                           103
+Chronic Gastritis                           103
+Chronic Inflammation of the Bladder         163
+Chronic Indigestion                         103
+Chronic Melancholia                         312
+Chronic Inflammation of the Nose             14
+Chronic Parenchymatous Nephritis            158
+Chronic Rheumatism                          321
+Chronic Rheumatism (Herb Remedies)  414, 434, 435, 440
+Chronic Rhinitis                             14
+Chronic Splenitis                           256
+Chronic Uraemia                             156
+Ciliary                                     347
+Cinnamon Tea                                647
+Circulatory Disturbances of the Liver       131
+Circulation, Poor, Alcohol Rub for          680
+Circulatory System, Diseases of             337
+Circumcision                                509
+Cirrhosis of the Kidneys                    159
+Cirrhosis of the Liver                      131
+Cleft Palate                                368
+Clitoris, The                               491
+Club Foot                                   371
+Cocaine Habit                               373
+Colds                                    9, 632
+  Causes                                     10
+  Symptoms                                   10
+  Mothers' Remedies                          10
+    1.--Borax for Cold Settled in Throat     10
+    2.--Valuable Caution and Treatment for   11
+    3.--Molasses-Vinegar Syrup for           11
+    4.--Quinine and Ginger for               11
+    5.--Boneset Tea for                      11
+    6.--Cold or Threatened Consumption       11
+    7.--Rock Candy Syrup for                 11
+    8.--Skunk's Oil for                      11
+    9.--Lemons and Mustard for               11
+    10.--Hops or Catnip Poultice             12
+    11.--Honey for                           12
+    12.--To Break Up at the Onset            12
+    13.--Mutton Tallow and Red Pepper for    12
+    14.--Lard and Turpentine for             12
+    15.--Milk and Cayenne as a Preventive    12
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          675
+    1.--Capsules for                        675
+    2.--Mullein Remedy                      675
+    3.--An Easily Prepared Remedy for       675
+  Physicians' Treatment for Colds            12
+  Preventive                                 12
+    1.--Camphor and Vaselin Mixed or Camphor and Cream  12
+    2.--Camphor Taken Internally             13
+    3.--Aconite                              13
+    4.--The Following Is Good                13
+    5.--Lard and Camphorated Oil             13
+    6.--To Restore Loss of Voice             13
+    7.--Benzoin Teas for                     13
+    8.--Herb Teas for                        13
+    9.--Dr. Ball, a London, England, Specialist  13
+    10.--When the Disease Is Rather Marked       14
+Colds (Herb Remedies)   414, 423, 426, 437, 440
+Colds in Babies                             619
+Cold in Chest                                30
+Cold Compresses                             332
+Cold, June                                   17
+Cold Pack, The                              631
+Cold, Rose                                   17
+Colic                                       608
+Colic in Infants                            471
+Colic, Intestinal                           124
+  Causes                                    124
+  Symptoms                                  124
+  Physicians' Treatment                     124
+    1.--For Colic                           124
+    2.--Severe Case                         124
+    3.--Tincture of Colocynth               124
+Colic Intestinal (Herb Remedies)  416, 417, 418, 432, 441, 442, 445
+Collapse                                    376
+Comedones                                    61
+Common Itch                                  81
+Common Tables of Measure-Apothecaries' Weight  636
+Concussion of the Brain                     302
+Concussion of the Spine                     303
+Condensed Milk, How Shall I Use?            589
+Condiment (Herb Remedies)                    43
+Congestion of the Brain                     295
+Congestive Headache                         269
+Congestion of the Kidneys, Acute            155
+  Kidney                                    155
+  Treatment                                 155
+Congestion of the Kidney, Chronic           155
+Congestion of the Liver, Acute              131
+Congestion of the Liver, Chronic            131
+Conjunctivitis                              349
+Constipation                           136, 471
+  Causes                                    136
+    1.--Mechanical Obstruction              136
+    2.--Defective Motion of the Bowels      136
+    3.--Deficient Bowel Secretions          136
+    4.--Other Causes-Mechanical Obstruction 136
+  Defective Worm-Like Bowel Movement        136
+  Deficiency of the Secretions              136
+  Sundry Causes                             136
+  Symptoms                                  137
+  Fissure                                   137
+  Hemorrhoids                               137
+  Prolapse                                  137
+  Proctitis                                 137
+  Neuralgia of the Rectum                   137
+  Mothers' Remedies for Constipation        137
+    l.--A Good Substitute for Pills and Drugs   138
+    2.--Substitute for Castor Oil           138
+    3.--Hot Water for                       138
+    4.--Excellent Nourishment for Old People    138
+    5.--Salt and Water for                  138
+
+[916 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+    6.--Water Cure for                      138
+    7.--Tonic and Standard Remedy for       138
+    8.--Glycerin and Witch-Hazel for        138
+    9.--Well-known Remedy for               138
+    10.--Effective Remedy in the Most Stubborn Cases of   139
+    11.--Remedy from a Mother at Lee, Mass  139
+    12.--Fruit and Hot Water Cure for       139
+    13.--Herb Tea for                       139
+    14.--Purshiana Bark Tea Without an Equal    139
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          675
+    1.--Bran as a Cure for                  675
+    2.--An Old Tried Remedy for             675
+    3.--An Effective Remedy for             675
+    4.--Juice from Prunes for (Baby)        675
+  Physicians' Treatment                     139
+    1.--Stretching of the Sphincter         139
+    2.--Frequent Rectal and Abdominal Massage    139
+    3.--Copious Injection of Warm Water (in the beginning only)   139
+    4.--Applications of Electricity         139
+  Abdominal Massage (Kneading, Rubbing, etc.)    140
+  Copious Warm Water Injections             141
+  Electricity                               141
+  Rules                                     141
+  Correction of Errors in Diet              142
+  May Take                                  142
+  Must Not Take                             142
+  Drinks                                    142
+  Outdoor Exercise                          143
+  Bathing                                   143
+  Clothing                                  143
+  Physicians' Treatment                     143
+    1.--One Year to Three years             143
+    2.--Smaller Children                    143
+    3.--Older Children                      143
+    4.--Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada    143
+    5.--The Aromatic Cascara                143
+    6.--The Compound Licorice Powder        143
+    7.--Capsule Dose                        143
+Constipation (Herb Remedies) 421, 429, 432, 439
+Constipation in Babies                      609
+Constipation, Headache From                 270
+Consumption                                 211
+Consumption (Herb Remedies)                 437
+Contagion                                   166
+Contents of the Medicine Chest              637
+Continuous Malarial Fever                   228
+Contracted Kidney                           159
+Convalescent Diet                           644
+Convulsions                                 542
+Convulsions (Herb Remedies)             420-439
+Copper, Poison by                           403
+Cord, Traumatism of                         303
+Cornea, The                                 347
+Cornea, Diagnosis of Ulcer of the             5
+Cornea, Ulcer of                            351
+Cornmeal Gruel                              652
+Corns                                   58, 472
+  Cause                                      58
+  Mothers' Remedies                          58
+    1.--One of the Surest Remedies           58
+    2.--Turpentine and Kerosene for          58
+    3.--To Remove 'Without Pain              58
+    4.--Onion a Cure for                     58
+    5.--Castile Soap an Effective Remedy for 59
+    6.--Iodine a Successful Remedy for       59
+    7.--Castor Oil for                       59
+    8.--Vinegar and Bread for                59
+  Physicians' Treatment for Corns            59
+    1.--For Corns                            59
+    2.--A Good But Weaker Remedy             59
+    3.--When the Corns Are Soft              59
+  Ulcerating Corns                           59
+Corns (Herb Remedies)                       416
+Corrosive Sublimate or Bichloride of Mercury    625
+Corrosive Sublimate, Poison by              403
+Coryza                                        9
+Cough of Long Standing, Syrup for           650
+Coughs                                  34, 468
+  Causes                                     34
+  Mothers' Remedies                          34
+    1.--Raspberry Tincture                   34
+    2.--Honey and Vinegar for                35
+    3.--Excellent Syrup for                  35
+    4.--Reliable Mixture in Severe Cases     35
+    5.--Mullein Leaf Tea for                 35
+    6.--Lemon Juice and Sugar for            35
+    7.--Standard Remedy for                  35
+    8.--Ipecac Syrup for                     35
+    9.--Remedy for Adults (Not for Children) 36
+    10.--Very Simple Remedy for              36
+    11.--Glycerin, Brandy and Paregoric With Lemon  36
+  Physicians' Treatment for Coughs           36
+    1.--A Combination                        36
+    2.--A Good Combination Is the Following  36
+    3.--A Prescription                       36
+    4.--Another Prescription for             36
+    5.--Many Other Combinations Could Be Given   37
+    6.--Onion Syrup                          37
+Coughs (Herb Remedies)  419, 423, 426, 428, 431, 437, 438, 439
+Cough, Diagnosis of Whooping                  5
+Cough, Whooping                             180
+Counter-Irritants                           633
+Counter-Irritants (Herb Remedies)           431
+Cracked Nipples                             566
+Cracker Gruel                               652
+Cramps (Herb Remedies)          424-430-433-441
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          676
+    1.--Turpentine for                      676
+Cramp, Writers'                             292
+Cranial Nerves, Neuralgia Fifth Pair        265
+Cream of Celery Soup                        653
+Creams, Face                                 94
+Cream of Potato Soup                        653
+Cream Soup                                  647
+Cream of Tartar (Medical Use)               673
+Cream Toast                                 646
+Cream of Tomato Soup                        653
+Criminal Abortion                           494
+Crooked Feet                                370
+Croup, Diagnosis of                           2
+Croup                                        27
+  Symptoms                                   27
+  Treatment-Preventive                       27
+  Mothers' Remedies                          27
+    1.--Cold Application for                 27
+    2.--Sure Cure for                        28
+    3.--Immediate Relief from Steaming       28
+    4.--For Baby and Older Child             28
+    5.--Remedy That Never Fails              28
+    6.--Coal Oil (Kerosene) and Sugar for    28
+    7.--Pork and Onion Poultice for          28
+    8.--Blood Root for                       29
+    9.--Time Honored Remedy for              29
+    10.--Ipecac for                          29
+    11.--Vaselin for                         29
+    12.--Ice Application for                 29
+    13.--Salt for                            29
+    14.--Castor Oil Breaks Up                29
+    15.--Coal Oil, Turpentine and Snuff, a Canadian Remedy  29
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          676
+    1.--Quick Cure for                      676
+    2.--Salt Water for                      676
+  Physicians' Treatment for Croup            30
+    1.--Dr. Douglas says                     30
+    2.--Place the Child in a Hot Bath        30
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 917]
+
+    3.--Dr. Hoit of New York Says            30
+    4.--The Home Treatment                   30
+    5.--Goose Grease                         30
+    6.--Steam Is Very Useful                 30
+Croup (Herb Remedies)             469, 474, 608
+Croup, Spasmodic                             27
+Croup, Spasmodic (Herb Remedies)  423, 427, 431
+Crowing Child                                26
+Crust, Coffee                               647
+Cupping, Wet and Dry                        635
+Currant Juice                               649
+Cuticura Ointment                           474
+Cuticura Resolvent                          474
+Cuts                                   392, 621
+Cuts (Herb Remedies)                        430
+Cyst, Sebaceous                              85
+Cystitis                                    162
+Cystitis (Herb Remedies)                411-419
+Cystocele                                   514
+
+Dandruff                                     83
+  Definition                                 83
+  Varieties                                  83
+    1.--Oily Seborrhoea                      83
+    2.--Dry Sehorrhoea                       83
+    3.--Mixed Type of Both                   83
+  Causes                                     84
+  Local                                      84
+  Mothers' Remedies                          84
+    1. Home Preparation from New York Mother 84
+    2. A Barber's Shampoo for                84
+    3. Lemon Juice for                       84
+    4. A Brook, Ontario, Lady Prevents       84
+    5. Simple and Harmless                   84
+    6. Talcum Powder an Excellent Remedy for 84
+  Physician's Treatment for Dandruff         84
+  Local                                      85
+  Remedies                                   85
+    1. For Dandruff                          85
+    2. For Dandruff                          85
+    3. A Good Combination                    85
+    4. For Dandruff                          85
+Dangue                                      208
+  Symptoms                                  208
+  Physicians' Treatment                     208
+Deadly Night Shade, Poison by               403
+Dead, How to Care for the                   638
+Deafness                                    307
+  Treatment                                 367
+  Mothers' Remedies                         367
+    1. Quick and Effective Remedy for       367
+    2. Often Tried Remedy for               307
+    3. My Mother, in Galt, Found Good for   367
+Deformities                                 369
+Delirium Tremens                            372
+  Symptoms                                  372
+  Treatment                                 372
+  Chronic Alcoholism                        373
+  Mothers' Remedies                         373
+    1. Effective as Cure for                373
+  Treatment                                 373
+Delirium Tremens (Herb Remedies)       427, 439
+Dementia                                    313
+  Primary Dementia                          313
+  Secondary Dementia                        313
+  Senile (old age) Dementia may be primary  313
+  Chronic Dementia                          313
+Dermatitis                                   62
+Deviation of the Nasal Septum                19
+  Causes                                     19
+  Physicians' Treatment                      19
+Diabetes, Diagnosis of                        2
+Diabetes, Insipidus                         330
+  Causes                                    330
+  Symptoms                                  330
+  Treatment                                 330
+Diabetes, Mellitus                          328
+  Causes                                    328
+  Symptoms                                  328
+  Recovery                                  329
+  Treatment, Preventive                     329
+  Diet                                      329
+  The following is a list of articles which
+   a Diabetes patient may take              329
+  Must Not Take                             330
+  Medicines, Codeine                        330
+Diabetic Bread                              648
+Diagnosis, Mothers'                           1
+Diarrhea                                    108
+  Causes                                    108
+  Symptoms                                  108
+  Mothers' Remedies                         108
+    1. Wild Sage Tea for                    108
+    2. Egg and Nutmeg for                   108
+    3. Scorched Flour and Sugar for         108
+    4. Excellent Compound for               108
+    5. Spice Poultice for                   108
+    6. Blackberry Tea for                   108
+    7. Hot Milk for                         109
+    8. Castor Oil for                       109
+    9. Former Canadian's Remedy for         109
+    10. A Goderich Lady found this good     109
+    11. Inexpensive Remedy for              109
+    12. Fern Root Good to Relieve           109
+    13. Milk and Pepper a Common Remedy for 109
+  Physicians' Treatment for                 109
+    1. Rest in Bed                          109
+    2. Dose of Castor Oil for               109
+    3. For Children an Infusion of pathweed 109
+    4. For Infants an Infusion of Chamomile 109
+    5. Another for Infants                  110
+    6. Ginger is Frequently of Good Service 110
+    7. Infants of Six Months                110
+Diet in Diarrhea from the Head Nurse of a Large Hospital  110
+  May Take                                  110
+  Must Not Take                             110
+  Infants                                    110
+Diarrhea (Herb Remedies)    410, 411, 412, 413, 417, 418, 420, 422,
+                            424, 429, 431, 434, 439, 442, 443
+Diarrhea (Older Children)                    613
+Diarrhea, Flux and Dysentery (Rare Prescription)  472
+Diet       643
+Diet in Older Children, fourth to tenth year 598
+Diet in Debility sent us from one of our Leading Hospitals
+  May Take                                   646
+  Soups, Fish, Meats, Eggs, Farinaceous      646
+  Vegetables, Desserts, Drinks, must not take     646
+Diets in Fevers--Furnished us by a Trained Nurse in a Hospital
+  May Take                                   645
+  Foods, Drinks--Must Not Take               645
+DIGESTIVE ORGANS, DISEASES OF                 97
+Diphtheria, Diagnosis of                       2
+Diphtheria, Diagnosis between Acute Tonsilitis and  188
+  Causes                                     184
+  Symptoms                                   184
+  Pharyngeal Diphtheria                      184
+  Laryngeal Diphtheria (formerly called Membraneous Croup)  184
+  Diagnosis of                               185
+  Recovery                                   185
+  Mothers' Remedies                          185
+    1. Cure and Preventive for               185
+    2. Kerosene for                          185
+    3. Hops and Hot Water Relieves           185
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           676
+  1. A Marine City Mother Gives the Following Cure for   676
+  Physicians' Treatment                      185
+  Local Treatment                            186
+
+[918 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+  When in the Larynx                         186
+  Diet                                       186
+  Cautions                                   186
+Diphtheria, Laryngeal                        184
+Diphtheria, Pharyngeal                       184
+Dishes for the Sick Room                     646
+Diseases of Women, Causes of                 493
+Disinfectants                                625
+  Disinfection                               824
+Dislocations                                 379
+  General Causes                             379
+  General Symptoms                           379
+  General Treatment                          379
+Dislocation, Finger or Thumb                 380
+Dislocation of the Jaw                       379
+  Treatment                                  380
+Dislocation of the Shoulder Joint            380
+Divergent, Squint                            356
+Dog Bites (Not Rabid)                        377
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           676
+    1. Home Treatment for                    676
+Dose for the Children, How to Determine      636
+Dose in Drops for Different Ages             636
+  Rule usually followed                      636
+Douches                                      641
+Drink, Bland after Poisoning                 438
+Drooling                                     554
+Dropsy                                       165
+  From Heart Disease                         165
+  Mothers' Remedies                          165
+    1. Juniper Berries for                   165
+    2. Wild Milkweed for                     165
+    3. White Bay Buds                        165
+    4. Canada Thistle for                    165
+    5. Very Effective Remedy for             165
+    6. Common Herb Remedy for                165
+    7. Queen of the Meadow                   166
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           677
+    1. Chestnut Leaves for                   667
+  Physicians' Treatment for Dropsy           166
+Dropsy (Herb Remedies)      416, 426, 429, 432, 438, 440
+Dropsy, Abdominal                            135
+Drowned Persons, How to Find                 400
+Drowning, How to Keep from                   399
+Drowned, Treatment of                        397
+Drunkenness                                  676
+Chocolate for                                676
+Dry Cupping                                  635
+Dry Salt Bath Sent us with Mothers' Remedies 630
+Dry Tetter                                    63
+Ductless Glands                              249
+Duodenum, Ulcer of the Stomach and           106
+Dyspepsia, Diagnosis of Acute                  2
+Dyspepsia, Acute                             100
+  Causes                                     100
+  Symptoms--In Mild Cases                    100
+  Severe Cases                               100
+  Mothers' Remedies                          100
+    1. Mustard and Molasses for              100
+    2. Wormwood Tea for                      100
+    3. Dry Salt for                          100
+    4. Chicken Gizzard Skin for              101
+    5. An Excellent Tonic for                101
+    6. Fruit Diet for                        101
+    7. Hickory Ashes for                     101
+    8. Salt and Water for                    101
+    9. Slippery Elm for                      101
+    10. Cold Water for                       101
+    11. Hot Water for                        101
+    12. Yolk of Egg and Salt for             101
+    13. Lemon Remedy for                     101
+    14. Hops Excellent for                   102
+    15. Tested Remedy for                    102
+    16. Chamomile Tonic for Aged Persons and Children  102
+  Physicians' Treatment in Severe Forms      102
+  Diet                                       103
+  May Take                                   103
+  Must Not Take                              103
+Dyspepsia, Acute (Herb Remedies), 411, 417, 421, 425, 445, 446
+Dyspepsia, Chronic                           103
+  Causes                                     103
+  Symptoms                                   103
+  Mothers' Remedies                          104
+    1. Spice Poultice for                    104
+    2. Oil of Hemlock for                    104
+    3. Ginger and Soda for                   104
+    4. Oil of Peppermint for                 104
+    5. Mustard Poultice and Eggs for         104
+    6. Hot Plate for                         104
+  Physicians' Treatment for Chronic Gastritis   104
+  Diet                                       105
+  Cautions                                   105
+  Home Treatment                             105
+    1. Drink Cold Water                      105
+    2. Do Not Eat Much Meat                  105
+    3. If the Stomach Wants Tone             105
+    4. Charcoal in Small Doses               105
+    5. If a Bitter Tonic is Needed           105
+Dyspepsia, Chronic (Herb Remedies) 423, 424, 445
+Dyspepsia, Nervous                           105
+  Dyspepsia, Tonic                           473
+  Dysentery, Diagnosis of                      2
+Dysentery                                    226
+  Acute Catarrhal Dysentery                  226
+  Symptoms                                   226
+  Mothers' Remedies                          226
+    1. Sweet Cream for                       226
+    2. One Ounce Dewberry Root for           226
+    3. Colts Tail Remedy for                 227
+    4. Sugar and Brandy for                  227
+    5. Herb Remedy for                       227
+    6. New Method to Cure                    227
+    7. Starch Injection for                  227
+    8. To Cure Bloody                        227
+  Physicians' Treatment                      227
+    1. Remain in Bed                         227
+    2. Bismuth Subnitrate                    227
+    3. Irrigation of the Colon               227
+    4. Ipecac                                227
+  Nursing and Diet                           228
+Dysentery (Herb Remedies)  411, 420, 422, 424, 429,
+                           432, 434, 439, 442, 446
+Dysmenorrhea                                 507
+Dysmenorrhea (Herb Remedies)    417, 419, 420, 422, 423,
+                                428, 435, 443, 444
+Ear, Diseases of                             358
+  Membrana Tympani                           358
+  Membrana Tympani (the Drum) Membrane       358
+  The Tympanum or Middle Ear                 358
+  The Eustachian Tube                        359
+Ear, Diseases of (Herb Remedies)             410
+Earache, Diagnosis of                          3
+Earache                                 367, 610
+  Treatment                                  368
+  Mothers' Remedies for Earache              368
+    1. Hot Raisin for                        368
+    2. Flax and Cornmeal for                 368
+    3. Soothing Home Remedy for.             368
+    4. Horse Radish Leaves for               368
+    5. Onion Sure Cure for                   368
+    6. Temporary Relief for                  368
+    7. Sweet Oil and Pepper for              368
+    8. Steaming with Hot Water for           368
+    9. Castor Oil for                        369
+    10. Fresh Warm Milk for                  369
+Earache (Herb Remedies)                      431
+Earache (Rare Prescription)                  470
+Ear (aural) Douche                           641
+Ear, Things in                               395
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 919]
+
+Eclampsia                                    542
+Eclecticism                                  661
+Electrically Shocked                    397, 400
+Eczema                                        63
+  Definition                                  63
+  Varieties                                   63
+  Symptoms                                    63
+  Eczema Vesiculosum (Vesicular Eczema)       63
+  Eczema Pustulosum (Pustules) Pustular Kind  63
+  Eczema Papulosum (Papular Variety)          63
+  Eczema Rubrum (Red)                         64
+  Eczema Squamosis (Scaling)                  64
+  Recovery                                    64
+  Causes                                      64
+  Mothers' Remedies                           64
+    1. Lemon or Vinegar for                   64
+    2. Olive Oil and Powder for               64
+    3. Herb Tea for                           64
+    4. Potato and Camphor for                 64
+    5. Sulphur and Lard for                   64
+    6. Burdock Tea a Standard Remedy for      64
+    7. Blood Purifier for                     65
+    8. Reliable Remedy for                    65
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           677
+    1. Lard and Sulphur for                  677
+    2. Gasoline for                          677
+  Physicians' Treatment                       65
+  In Chronic Sluggish Cases                   65
+  Local Treatment                             65
+    1. Black Wash                             65
+    2. Lead and Laudanum Wash                 65
+    3. A Solution of Boric Acid               65
+    4. Soothing Application for               65
+    5. Dusting Powders                        66
+    6. Oxide of Zinc                          66
+    7. McCall Anderson's Ointment             66
+  The Black Wash Should be Used               66
+    8. Pastes                                 66
+    9. For the Itching                        66
+  External Treatment of Chronic Cases         66
+    1. Tincture of Green Soap                 66
+    2. Tar                                    66
+    3. Salicylic Acid                         66
+    4. Dr. Schalek Uses                       66
+  Glycoge1atin Dressing                       67
+  Special Varieties of Eczema and what to do for them   67
+  Eczema of Children                          67
+  Physicians' Treatment for Eczema            67
+  Eczema of the Scalp, Milk Crust             67
+  Eczema of the Face                          67
+  Eczema of the Scrotum                       67
+  Eczema of the Hands in Adults               67
+  Diet in Eczema                              67
+Eczema (Herb Remedies)                       416
+Edward's Alterative and Tonic Bitters        487
+Egg Broth                                    649
+Eggnog, Cold                                 649
+Egg Cordial                                  649
+Eggs, Dainty Way to Serve on Toast           648
+Egg Gruel                                    648
+Eggnog, Hot                                  649
+Ely's Cream Balm                             474
+Emetic                                       431
+Emphysema                                     43
+EMERGENCIES, ACCIDENTS AND POISONS           376
+Endocarditis                                 341
+  Simple Kind, Cause                         341
+  Symptoms                                   341
+  Treatment                                  341
+  Diet                                       341
+  Caution                                    341
+Endocarditis, Chronic                        342
+Endometritis                                 498
+Endometritis, Putrid                         500
+Endometritis, Septic Puerperal               499
+Enemata                                      638
+  A High                                     638
+  A Low                                      639
+  Directions                                 639
+  Position                                   639
+  Amount                                     639
+  What Material                              639
+  Syringe                                    639
+Enemata, Astringent                          641
+Enema, Laxative for Infants and Children     639
+  Formula No. 1                              640
+  Formula No. 2                              640
+  3. Molasses and Laxative Enema             640
+Enemata, Nutritive                           640
+  Formula No. 1                              640
+  Formula No. 2                              640
+Enemata, Stimulating No.1,  Black Coffee     641
+Enemata, Salt No. 2                          641
+Enemata, Turpentine                          641
+Enlarged Glands                              619
+Enlarged Nail                                 77
+  Treatment                                   77
+  Inflammation of the Nail                    78
+Enteralgia                                   124
+Epilepsy                                     288
+  Causes                                     288
+  Symptoms                                   288
+  Characteristic Paroxysm of Major Attacks   288
+  Clonic Spasm Stage                         289
+  The Minor Attack or "Petit Mal"            289
+  Recovery                                   289
+  Physicians' Treatment                      290
+  What to do during the Attack               290
+  Preventives and General Treatment          290
+  Diet                                       290
+  Causes                                     290
+  Medicines                                  290
+  Caution                                    290
+Epithelial Cancer                            335
+Eruptions (Herb Remedies)                    442
+Erysipelas, Diagnosis of                       3
+  Causes                                     220
+  Symptoms                                   220
+  Mothers' Remedies                          221
+    1. Slippery Elm Bark for                 221
+    2. Bean Poultices for                    221
+    3. Soda Wash for                         221
+    4. Easy Remedy for                       221
+    5. Copperas Liniment for                 221
+    6. Cranberry Poultice for                221
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           677
+    1. Antiseptic Wash for                   677
+  Physicians' Treatment for Erysipelas       221
+    1. Local Treatment                       221
+    2. Paint thoroughly with Tincture of Iodine  222
+    3. The following is a splendid application   222
+    4. Tincture of Chloride of Iron          222
+  Diet                                       222
+  Nursing                                    222
+Erysipelas (Herb Remedies)    420, 422, 428, 432
+Erythema Pernio                               96
+Excessive Sweating                            75
+Exophthalmic Goitre                          260
+  Causes                                     260
+  Symptoms Acute Cases                       260
+  Chronic Cases                              260
+  Treatment                                  260
+Expectorants (Herb Remedies)            434, 444
+External Applications                        631
+EYE AND EAR, Diseases of                     346
+Eye, Bandage of                              386
+Eyelids, Sore (Herb Remedies)                434
+Eyes, Sore (Baby's)                          549
+
+Face Creams                                   94
+  Mothers' Preparations                       94
+    1. Cream of Pond Lilies                   94
+
+[920 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+    2. When facing our North Winds in Canada  94
+    3. Lanolin Cream for                      94
+    4. Cucumber Lotion                        94
+    5. Almond Lotion to Whiten and Soften the Skin     95
+    6. The Cold Ontario Wind Harmless When using this  95
+Facial Neuralgia                             265
+Fainting                                     376
+Falls                                        396
+Falling of the Bowel                         137
+Falling of the Bowel (Herb Remedies)         410
+Falling Sickness                             288
+Fallopian Tubes, Diseases of                 502
+Fallopian Tubes, Inflammation of             502
+False Leukaemia                              252
+Fatty Heart                                  344
+Fattiness                                    330
+Fattiness (Herb Remedies)                    434
+Fibromata                                    501
+Film on the Eye                              352
+Filth Disease                                200
+Finger and Thumb Dislocation                 380
+Fire in Clothing                             396
+Fistula in Anus                              152
+  Physicians' Treatment                      152
+Fish Bone in Throat                          677
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassifed)            677
+  1. Choking from                            677
+Fits                                         395
+Fitting Glasses                              355
+Feeding During the Second Year               595
+Fellow's Hypophosphites                      475
+Felon                                         69
+  How to open the Felon                       70
+  If in the Palm                              70
+Felon, Superficial                            70
+  Mothers' Remedies                           70
+    1. A Cure if Taken in Time                70
+    2. Treatment until Time to Lance          70
+    3. Strong Remedy for                      70
+    4. Lemon to Draw Inflammation from        70
+    5. Hot Water Cure for                     70
+    6. Soap and Cornmeal Poultice for         70
+    7. Smartweed Poultice for                 71
+    8. Hot Application for                    71
+    9. An Old Tried Remedy for                71
+    10. Turpentine Cure for                   71
+    11. Weak Lye Application for              71
+    12. Rock Salt and Turpentine for          71
+  Physicians' Treatment for Superficial Felon 71
+    1. Some Hold the Finger in Hot Lye        71
+    2. Yolk of Egg and Salt                   71
+    3. The Membrane of Egg Shell              71
+Felon, Superficial (Herb Remedies)           434
+Female Regulator (Rare Prescription)         474
+Fever, Aestivo-Autumnal                      228
+Fever, Breakbone                             208
+Fever Cases and to Disguise the Taste of Bad Medicines-
+  Syrup of Lemons for                        650
+Fever, Continuous Malarial                   228
+Fever Drinks                                 648
+Fever, Hay                                    17
+Fever, Intermittent Malarial                 228
+Fever, Malarial, Diagnosis of                  3
+Fever, Malaria                               228
+Fever, Malaria (Herb Remedies)               414
+Fever, Malta                                 230
+Fever, Pernicious Malarial                   229
+Fever, For (Rare Prescription)               474
+Fever, Remittent                             228
+Fever, Rheumatic, Diagnosis of                 4
+Fever, Rheumatic                             317
+Fever, Scarlet, Diagnosis of                   5
+Fever, Scarlet                               167
+Fever, Scarlet (Herb Remedies)               428
+Fever, Spotted, Diagnosis of                   4
+Foul Sweating                                 57
+Fever, Typhoid, Diagnosis of                   5
+Fever, Typhoid                               195
+Fever, Typhus                                200
+Fever, Yellow                                224
+Flatulency (Herb Remedies)         424, 432, 442
+Flaxseed Tea                                 650
+Flesh Worms                                   61
+Floating Kidney                              154
+Flux (Rare Prescription)                     474
+Fomentations                                 634
+Foods and Drinks for the Sick Room           633
+Foods for different meals for those who can
+  eat but do not have much appetite          645
+Breakfast, Dinner, Supper                    645
+Foods that may be taken together             645
+Food for Healthy Infants                     583
+Food, the kind of                            643
+Food Poisoning                               374
+Foods, Spoiled, Poison by                    407
+Foods that should not be taken together      645
+Follicular Tonsilitis, Diagnosis of            5
+Foot Baths in Bed                            629
+Forearm, Bandage for                         381
+Foreign Bodies in the Gullet                 396
+Foreign Bodies in the Larynx                 396
+Foreign Bodies in the Throat, Ear or Nostril 608
+Fowler's Solution, Poison by                 404
+Fractures                                    380
+Fractures, Bandage far                       381
+Freckles                                      75
+  Causes                                      75
+  Mothers' Remedies                           75
+    1. Buttermilk for                         75
+    2. To Remove                              75
+    3. Alcohol and Lemon Juice for            75
+    4. Excellent Lotion for                   76
+    5. Borax Water for                        76
+    6. Canadian Remedy for                    76
+Physicians' Treatment for Freckles            76
+Friedrich's Disease                          306
+Frost Bites                                   95
+  Mothers' Remedies                           95
+  1. Remedy from Northern New York            95
+  2. Roasted Turnips for                      95
+Fruit Juices, How to Albuminize              644
+Functional Brain Disease                     280
+Furunculus (Furuncle)                         68
+
+Gall Bladder, Cancer of                      130
+Gall Stones, Diagnosis of                      3
+Gall Stones                                  129
+Gangrene                                      91
+  Dry Gangrene                                91
+  Mothers' Remedies                           91
+    1. Remedy from New York                   91
+  Physicians' Treatment                       92
+  Moist Gangrene                              92
+  Causes                                      92
+  Physicians' Treatment for Moist Gangrene    92
+Gangrenous Stomatitis                         99
+  Causes                                      99
+  Symptoms                                    99
+  Treatment                                   99
+  Salivation                                  99
+  Chlorate of Potash Solution, Soda Solutions    100
+  Boracic Acid Solutions                     100
+Gas from Wells, Cisterns, Mines, etc         395
+ Treatment                                   395
+Gastralgia                                   107
+Gastric Headache                             270
+Gastritis, Acute                             100
+Gastritis, Chronic                           103
+Gastrodynia                                  107
+General Brain Diseases                       280
+General Paralysis of the Insane              298
+General Paresis                         298, 314
+  Softening of the Brain                     298
+  Symptoms                              298, 314
+  Treatment                             299, 314
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 921]
+
+General Tonic                                475
+General Tonic (Herb Remedies)    424, 428, 432, 435, 444, 445
+Genital Organs, Female, Anatomy of           490
+Genuine White Oil Liniment                   476
+Genu Valgum                                  370
+Genu Varum                                   370
+German Measles                               179
+Germicides                                   625
+Germs, The                                   625
+Gin Drinkers' Liver                          131
+Ginger (Medical Use)                         672
+Glanders                                     233
+  Causes                                     233
+  Symptoms                                   233
+    1. Acute Glanders                        233
+    2. Chronic Glanders                      233
+    3. Acute Farcy                           233
+  Treatment of Glanders                      233
+Glands of Bartholin, The                     491
+Gland, Thyroid, Diseases of                  258
+Glasses, Fitting                             355
+Gleet (Herb Remedies}                   435, 438
+Glottis, Oedema of the                        26
+Glottis, Spasm of the                         26
+Glottis, Swelling of the                      26
+  Symptoms                                    26
+Gluten Gruel                                 652
+Goitre (Bronchial)                           258
+  Causes                                     258
+  Symptoms                                   258
+  Recovery                                   258
+  Mothers' Remedies                          258
+    1. Three Ingredient Remedy for           258
+    2. Simple Remedy for                     259
+    3. Inexpensive Remedy for                259
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified}           677
+    1. A Good Remedy for                     677
+    2. Iodine for                            677
+  Physicians' Treatment                      259
+    1. Locally Tincture of Iodine            259
+    2. Use the Comp, tincture of Iodide      259
+  Externally                                 259
+    3. An Ointment                           259
+    4. Other Medical Remedies                259
+    5. Colorless Iodine                      259
+    6. This is Very Good                     259
+Goitre, Exophthalmic                         260
+Gonorrhea                                    235
+Gonorrhea (Herb Remedies)   411, 413, 417, 425, 429, 432, 438, 442
+Gonorrheal Rheumatism                        236
+  Inflammation of the Joints                 236
+  Symptoms                                   236
+  Treatment                                  236
+Good Samaritan Liniment                      476
+Gout                                         315
+  Causes                                     315
+  Symptoms, Acute Type                       315
+  Retrocedent Gout                           316
+  Chronic Gout--Causes, etc                  316
+  Treatment, Preventive                      316
+  Diet in Gout                               316
+  Dr. Osler of England says                  316
+  Diet from a Prominent Hospital for Gout Patient    317
+  May Take                                   317
+  Must Not Take                              317
+  Treatment                                  317
+  Dr. Hare of Philadelphia says              317
+Gout (Herb Remedies)                    435, 442
+Grandmother's Own Cough Remedy               476
+Grape Juice                                  650
+Gravel (Herb Remedies)        424, 438, 441, 442
+Green Mountain Salve                         477
+Gruel, Farina                                652
+Gunn's Rheumatic Liniment                    478
+
+Haematuria                                   156
+
+
+Haematuria (Herb Remedies)              419, 432
+Haemorrhagic, Purpura                        253
+Haemophilia                                  254
+  Causes                                     254
+  Condition                                  254
+  Symptoms                                   254
+  Treatment                                  254
+Hair's, Dr. B. W. Cure                       478
+Haines's Golden Specific for Opium Habit     478
+Hall's Hair Renewer                          479
+Hamburg Breast Tea                           488
+Hamburg Drops                                479
+Hamlin's Wizard Oil                          480
+Hard Liver                                   131
+Hare Lip                                     369
+  Symptoms                                   369
+  Operations                                 369
+Harter's Wild Cherry Bitters                 487
+Hay Asthma                                    17
+Hay Fever                                     17
+  Causes                                      17
+  Symptoms                                    17
+  Mothers' Remedies                           17
+    1. Quick Relief from                      17
+    2. Remedy Worth Trying                    17
+    3. Our Canadian Remedy for                18
+    4. Medicine that Helps                    18
+  Physicians' Treatment for Hay Fever         18
+    1. The following gives relief from        18
+    2. Pill Blennostasin                      18
+    3. The following solution gives temporary Relief   18
+    4. After using the above Spray            18
+    5. In Some Cases                          18
+    6. Dr. Ball of London gives the following 18
+    7. Another from Dr. Ball                  18
+Headache                                     268
+  Sick Headache                              268
+  Nervous Headache                           208
+  Catarrhal Headache                         268
+  Congestive Headache                        268
+  Neuralgia or Gastric (Stomach) Headache    268
+  Bilious Headache                           268
+  Bowel Headache                             268
+  Womb Headache                              268
+  Rheumatic Headache                         268
+Headache Sick (Herb Remedies)      413, 414, 427
+Headache, Nervous (Herb Remedies)            427
+Headache, Bilious. (Herb Remedies)           414
+Headache (Rare Prescription)                 476
+Head, Injuries to                            302
+  Symptoms                                   302
+  Treatment                                  303
+  What to do First                           303
+Head Louse                                    78
+Haemoptysis                                   38
+Haematemesis                                 107
+Heartburn (Rare Prescription)                476
+Heart Disease                                337
+Heart Disease (Herb Remedies)                419
+Heart Disease, Fluttering, etc. (Rare Prescription)  477
+Heat and Chemicals                           624
+Heat Stroke                                  375
+Hellebore, White and Green, Poison by        404
+Hemorroids                              137, 145
+Hemorrhage, Post-Partum (Bleeding after Delivery)  540
+Hepatic Abscess                              132
+Hepatitis (Herb Remedies)                    429
+HERB DEPARTMENT (Over 100 Herbs)             408
+  Common Names                               408
+  Internal and External Use                  408
+  Part of Herb Used                          408
+  When to Gather                             408
+  Flowers When                               408
+  Grows Where                                408
+  Prepared How                               408
+  Diseases, Dose, etc                        408
+
+[922 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+  Drying and Preserving Roots, Barks, Herbs, etc  408
+  Roots                                      409
+  Barks                                      409
+  Flowers and Seeds                          409
+  Preparation of the Herbs for Medicine      409
+  Infusion of Tea, to make                   409
+  Decoction, to make                         409
+  Essence, to make                           409
+  Fomentations, to make                      409
+  Ointments or Salve, to make                409
+  Plasters, to make                          409
+  Poultices, to make                         410
+  Powder, to make                            410
+  Syrups, to make                            410
+  Tincture, to make                          410
+  Achillea Millefolium                       446
+  Acorus Calamus                             442
+  Adiantum Pedantum                          428
+  Ague Root                                  444
+  Ague Weed                                  414
+  Albany Beechdrops                          420
+  Alder, Spotted                             410
+  Aletris Farinosa                           444
+  Allium Cepa                                431
+  Allium Sativum                             423
+  Altheae Officinalis                        429
+  Alum Root                                  420
+  American Valerian                          427
+  Amygdalus Persica                          432
+  Anthemis Nobilis                           417
+  Apple Pern                                 442
+  Aralia Racemosa                            440
+  Arbutus, Uva Ursi                          411
+  Arctium Lappa                              415
+  Aristolochia Serpentaria                   441
+  Artemisia Absinthium                       446
+  Arum Triphyllum                            444
+  Asclepias Syriaca                          430
+  Asclepias Tuberosa                         434
+  Asthma Weed                                428
+  Balmony                                    411
+  Bayberry                                   411
+  Bearberry                                  411
+  Bed Straw                                  417
+  Beech Drops                                412
+  Bee's Nest                                 416
+  Bethroot                                   412
+  Bird's Nest                                416
+  Birthroot                                  412
+  Bitter Herb                                411
+  Blackberry                                 413
+  Black-berried Elder                        422
+  Black Cohosh                               418
+  Black Haw                                  413
+  Black Root                                 421
+  Black Snake Root                           418
+  Blazing Star                               422
+  Bloodroot                                  413
+  Blood Staunch                              423
+  Blue Berry                                 418
+  Blue Cohosh                                418
+  Blue Flag                                  414
+  Blue Pimpernel                             439
+  Boneset                                    414
+  Brooklime                                  415
+  Buchu                                      415
+  Burdock                                    415
+  Burning-bush                               445
+  Calamus                                    442
+  Calendula Officinalis                      430
+  Cancer Root                                412
+  Candleberry                                411
+  Carrot                                     416
+  Caryophyllus                               418
+  Catch Weed                                 417
+  Catmint                                    416
+  Catnip                                     416
+  Catwort                                    416
+  Caulophyllum Thalietroides                 418
+  Celandine                                  416
+  Chamomile                                  417
+  Checker Berry                              432
+  Chelidonium Majus                          416
+  Chelone Glabra                             411
+  Chenopodium Anthelminticum                 446
+  Chicken Toes                               420
+  Chimaphila Umbellata                       435
+  Cimicifuga Racemosa                        418
+  Cistus Canadensis                          437
+  Cleavers                                   417
+  Clivers                                    417
+  Cloves                                     418
+  Coakum                                     434
+  Cock-up-hat                                436
+  Colic Root                                 444
+  Collinsonia Canadensis                     441
+  Colts Tail                                 423
+  Comfrey                                    419
+  Corallorhiza Odontorhiza                   426
+  Coral Teeth                                420
+  Corn Silk                                  419
+  Corydalis Formosa                          444
+  Corvallaria Multifiora                     441
+  Cramp Bark                                 420
+  Cranberry (Upland or Wild)                 411
+  Cranberry (High)                           420
+  Cranesbill (Spotted)                       420
+  Crawley                                    420
+  Cross Wort                                 414
+  Crow Foot                                  420
+  Crow Corn                                  444
+  Cypripedium Pubescens                      427
+  Cucurbita Pepo                             436
+  Culver's Physic                            421
+  Culver's Root                              421
+  Dandelion                                  421
+  Datura Stramonium                          442
+  Daucus Carota                              416
+  Deerberry                                  432
+  Devil's Bit                                422
+  Dewberry                                   413
+  Dioscorea Villosa                          445
+  Dracontium                                 439
+  Dragon's Claw                              420
+  Dragon Root                                444
+  Drooping Starwort                          422
+  Elder (Black-berried)                      422
+  Elder Sweet                                422
+  Elecampane                                 423
+  Emetic Herb                                428
+  Epigea Ripens                              425
+  Epiphegus Virginiana                       412
+  Equisetum Hyemale                          438
+  Erigeron Canadensis                        423
+  Euonymus Atropurpureus                     445
+  Eupatorium Perfoliatum                     414
+  Eupatorium Purpureum                       436
+  False Unicorn Root                         422
+  Female Regulator                           428
+  Fetid Hellebore                            439
+  Fever Root                                 420
+  Fever Wort                                 414
+  Fireweed                                   423
+  Fish Mouth                                 411
+  Five Fingers                               423
+  Flag Lily                                  414
+  Flag Root                                  442
+  Fleabane                                   423
+  Flower de Luce                             414
+  Fragaria Vesca                             442
+  Frost Plant                                437
+  Frost Wort                                 437
+  Galium Aparine                             417
+  Garget                                     434
+  Garlic                                     423
+  Gentian                                    423
+  Gentiana Lutea                             423
+  Geranium Maculatum                         420
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 923]
+
+  Ginger                                     423
+  Ginseng                                    423
+  Golden Seal                                425
+  Goose Foot                                 446
+  Goose Grass                                417
+  Gravel Plant                               425
+  Gravel Root                                436
+  Gravel Weed                                425
+  Ground Holly                               435
+  Ground Laurel                              425
+  Ground Lily                                412
+  Ground Raspberry                           425
+  Gum Plant                                  419
+  Hard Hack                                  441
+  Hamamelis                                  410
+  Healing Herb                               419
+  Hedeoma Pulegoides                         433
+  Helonias Dioica                            422
+  Hoarhound                                  426
+  Hoodwort                                   439
+  Hops                                       426
+  Horse Balm                                 441
+  Horse Chestnut                             426
+  Horse Tail                                 438
+  Humulus Lupulus                            426
+  Hydrastis Canadensis                       425
+  Hypericum Perfoliatum                      443
+  Ictodes Foetida                            439
+  Indian Apple                               429
+  Indian Arrow Wood                          445
+  Indian Balm                                412
+  Indian Sage                                414
+  Indian Tobacco                             428
+  Indian Turnip                              444
+  Inula Helenium                             423
+  Iris Versicolor                            414
+  Jack-in-the-Pulpit                         444
+  Jimson Weed                                442
+  Joe-Pye Weed                               436
+  Juniper                                    427
+  Juniper Communis                           427
+  Knob Root                                  441
+  Lady's Slipper                             427
+  Lamb's Quarter                             412
+  Laurus Sassafras                           438
+  Leontodon Taraxacum                        421
+  Leonurus Cardiaca                          430
+  Leptandra Virginica                        421
+  Life Root                                  428
+  Liver Lily                                 414
+  Lobelia                                    428
+  Lobelia Inflata                            428
+  Madweed                                    439
+  Maiden Hair                                428
+  Mandrake                                   429
+  Mare's Tail                                423
+  Marigold                                   430
+  Marrubium Vulgare                          426
+  Marshmallow                                429
+  May Apple                                  429
+  May Flower                                 425
+  Meadow Cabbage                             439
+  Mentha Piperita                            433
+  Mentha Viridis                             440
+  Milfoil                                    446
+  Mitchella Pepens                           432
+  Milkweed                                   430
+  Milk Wort                                  438
+  Mortification Root                         429
+  Motherwort                                 430
+  Mountain Box                               411
+  Mountain Flag                              438
+  Mountain Pink                              425
+  Mustard                                    431
+  Myrica Cerifera                            411
+  Nepeta Cataria                             416
+  Nerve Root                                 427
+  Noah's Ark                                 427
+  Oak Bark (Red and White)                   431
+  One Berry                                  432
+  Onion                                      431
+  Orange Root                                425
+  Orange Swallow Wort                        434
+  Panax Quinquifolium                        424
+  Papoose Root                               418
+  Parsley                                    432
+  Partridge Berry                            432
+  Peach Tree                                 432
+  Pennyroyal                                 433
+  Peppermint                                 433
+  Petroselinum Sativum                       432
+  Pettymorrel                                440
+  Phytolacca Decandra                        434
+  Pigeon Berry                               434
+  Pigeon Weed                                440
+  Plantain                                   434
+  Plantago Major                             434
+  Pleurisy Root                              434
+  Podophyllum Peltatum                       429
+  Poke                                       434
+  Polecat Weed                               439
+  Polyagla Senega                            438
+  Polygonum Punctatum                        440
+  Prickly Ash                                435
+  Pridewood                                  423
+  Princes Pine                               435
+  Prunus Virginianus                         445
+  Puke Weed                                  428
+  Pumpkin                                    436
+  Purple Boneset                             436
+  Queen's Delight                            436
+  Queen of the Meadow                        436
+  Queen's Root                               436
+  Quercus Alba                               431
+  Raccoon Berry                              429
+  Rag Wort                                   428
+  Rattle Root                                418
+  Red Berry                                  411
+  Red Clover                                 437
+  Red Elm                                    439
+  Red Puccoon                                413
+  Red Raspberry                              413
+  Red Root                                   413
+  Rheumatism Weed                            435
+  Rhus Glabra                                442
+  Rich Weed                                  418
+  Rock Parsley                               432
+  Rock Rose                                  437
+  Roman Chamomile                            417
+  Rumex Acetosa                              439
+  Rumex Crispus                              447
+  St. John's Wort                            443
+  Sage                                       437
+  Salt Rheum Weed                            411
+  Salvia Officinalis                         437
+  Sambucus Canadensis                        422
+  Sanguinaria Canadenisis                    413
+  Sassafras                                  438
+  Scoke                                      434
+  Scouring Rush                              438
+  Scutellaria Latcriflora                    439
+  Senecio Gracilis                           428
+  Seneca Snake Root                          438
+  Shave Grass                                438
+  Sheep Sorrel                               439
+  Silkweed                                   430
+  Sinapis Alba                               431
+  Skunk Cabbage                              439
+  Skull Cap                                  439
+  Slippery Elm                               439
+  Smartweed                                  440
+  Snakehead                                  411
+  Snake Lily                                 414
+  Snake Root Virginia                        441
+  Snapping Hazelnut                          410
+  Solomon's Seal                             441
+  Spearmint                                  440
+  Spignet                                    440
+  Spikenard                                  440
+
+[924 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+  Spindle Tree                               445
+  Squaw Mint                                 433
+  Squaw Root                                 418
+  Squaw Weed                                 428
+  Squaw Vine                                 432
+  Stagger Weed                               444
+  Star Grass                                 444
+  Stillingia Sylvatica                       436
+  Stinkweed                                  442
+  Storkbill                                  420
+  Stone Root                                 441
+  Strawberry                                 442
+  Stramonium                                 442
+  Sumach                                     442
+  Swamp Cabbage                              439
+  Sweating Plant                             414
+  Sweet Flag                                 442
+  Sweet Rush                                 442
+  Tall Speedwell                             421
+  Tanacetum                                  443
+  Tansy                                      443
+  Tetter Wort                                416
+  Thorn Apple                                442
+  Thoroughwort                               414
+  Thousand Leaf                              446
+  Three Leaved Night Shade                   412
+  Tickweed                                   433
+  Toothache Tree                             435
+  Tormentil                                  420
+  Trailing Arbutus                           425
+  Trifolium Pratense                         437
+  Trillium Purpureum                         412
+  True Unicorn Root                          444
+  Trumpet Weed                               436
+  Tuber Root                                 434
+  Tumeric Root                               425
+  Turkey Corn                                444
+  Turnip, Indian                             444
+  Turtle Bloom                               411
+  Ulmus Fulva                                439
+  Vegetable Antimony                         414
+  Veronica                                   421
+  Veronica Beccabunga                        415
+  Viburnum Opulus                            420
+  Viburnum Prunifolium                       413
+  Wahoo                                      445
+  Wake Robin                                 413
+  Water Pepper                               440
+  Waxberry                                   411
+  Wax Myrtle                                 411
+  White Hoarhound                            426
+  Wild Cherry                                445
+  Wild Carrot                                416
+  Wild Lemon                                 429
+  Wild Tobacco                               428
+  Wild Turkey Pea                            444
+  Wild Turnip                                444
+  Wild Yam                                   445
+  Wind Root                                  434
+  Winterbloom                                410
+  Winter Clover                              432
+  Wintergreen                                435
+  Witch-Hazel                                410
+  Wormseed                                   446
+  Wormwood                                   446
+  Xanthoxylum Fraxineum                      435
+  Yarrow                                     446
+  Yellow Dock                                447
+  Yellow Moccasin Flowers                    427
+  Yellow Puccoon                             425
+  Yellow Umbel                               427
+  Zea Mays                                   419
+  Zingiber Officinale                        423
+Hereditary Ataxia                            306
+Hernia                                       122
+Herpes Zoster                                 74
+Hesperidin (Medical Use)                     669
+
+Hiccoughs                               301, 619
+  Causes                                     302
+  Mothers' Remedies                          302
+    1. Vinegar for                           302
+    2. Sugar and Vinegar Stops               302
+    3. Sugar Win Relieve                     302
+    4. Simple Remedy for                     302
+    5. Home Remedy to Stop                   302
+    6. Vinegar Stops                         302
+    7. Cinchona Bark in Peppermint Stops     302
+  Physicians' Treatment                      302
+Hiccoughs (Herb Remedies)                    431
+Hinkley Bone Liniment                        480
+Hip Joint Disease                            236
+  Causes                                     236
+  Symptoms of the First Stage                236
+  Second Stage                               236
+  Treatment                                  236
+Hives                                    89, 620
+  Causes                                      89
+  Medicines                                   89
+  Mothers' Remedies                           89
+    1. Slippery Elm for                       89
+    2. External and Internal Home Medicines   89
+    3. Tea and Powder                         90
+    4. Catnip Tea for                         90
+    5. Mother from Buckhorn, Florida, says    90
+    6. From a Mother at New Milford, Pa.      90
+    7. Buttermilk for                         90
+    8. Baking Soda for                        90
+    9. Canada Blue Clay for                   90
+  Physicians' Treatment for Hives             90
+  For the Itching                             90
+Hoarseness                                    24
+  Causes                                      24
+  Symptoms                                    24
+  Mothers' Remedies                           24
+    1. Borax for                              24
+    2. Egg and Lemon for                      25
+    3. Horseradish for                        25
+    4. Successful Remedy for Adults           25
+    5. Lemon and Sugar for Children           25
+  Physicians' Treatment for Hoarseness        25
+    1. Rest the Voice                         25
+    2. An Ice Bag                             25
+    3. Tincture of Aconite                    25
+    4. Citrate of Potash                      25
+    5. Full Dose of Ten Grains of Dover's Powders   25
+    6. For a Cough                            25
+Hoarseness (Herb Remedies)    423, 426, 428, 429
+Hobnail Liver                                131
+Holloway's Ointment                          481
+HOMEOPATHY DEPARTMENT                        448
+    Medicines                                448
+    List of Remedies                         448
+    Fluids for External Use                  448
+    Care of Medicines in the Sick Room       448
+    Directions for using Homeopathic Medicines    448
+    Chronic Cases, For                       449
+  Acne                                       459
+  Ague                                       460
+  Aphthae                                    449
+  Apoplexy                                   461
+  Appendicitis                               454
+  Asiatic Cholera                            455
+  Bilious Attacks                            456
+  Bilious Diarrhea                           456
+  Biliousness, Liver                         456
+  Bladder, Inflammation of                   459
+  Boils                                      460
+  Bowel Falling                              455
+  Brain, Congestion of                       461
+  Brain, Inflammation of                     461
+  Bright's Disease                           458
+  Bronchitis, Acute and Chronic              457
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 925]
+
+  Catarrh, Chronic                           456
+  Carbuncle                                  460
+  Chicken Pox                                460
+  Cholera, Asiatic                           455
+  Cholera Infantum                           453
+  Cholera Morbus                             454
+  Chorea                                     462
+  Cold, Common, Beginning of                 449
+  Colic                                      454
+  Constipation                               454
+  Convulsions, in Children                   462
+  Cord, Inflammation of                      461
+  Croup                                      457
+  Cystitis (Inflammation of the Bladder)     459
+  Diabetes Mellitus                          458
+  Diarrhea                                   453
+  Diphtheria                                 451
+  Diseases of Women                          463
+  Dropsy                                     455
+  Dysentery                                  453
+  Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstruation)        464
+  Ears Boils in the Canal                    463
+  Ear Inflammation of                        463
+  Eczema                                     460
+  Endocarditis                               458
+  Enteritis                                  452
+  Erysipelas                                 459
+  Esophagus, Inflammation of                 451
+  Eyes, Simple Inflammation of               463
+  Eyes, Stye on Lids                         463
+  Eyes, Weak and Watery                      463
+  Fever, Inflammatory                        460
+  Fever, Intermittent                        460
+  Fever, Spotted                             461
+  Fever, Typhoid                             461
+  Fever, Yellow                              461
+  Gastralgia (Cardialgia)                    452
+  Gastritis, Acute                           451
+  Gastritis, Chronic                         451
+  Glossitis                                  450
+  Gout                                       459
+  Gums, Diseases of                          450
+  Headache                                   461
+  Headache, Sick                             462
+  Heartburn                                  452
+  Hematuria                                  459
+  Hives                                      459
+  Impetigo                                   460
+  Influenza                                  457
+  Intestine, Large, Inflammation of          453
+  Itch                                       459
+  Jaundice                                   456
+  Kidney, Nephritis                          458
+  La Grippe                                  449
+  Laryngitis                                 456
+  Laryngitis, Chronic                        456
+  Leucorrhea                                 464
+  Liver, Enlarged                            455
+  Liver, Inflammation of                     455
+  Lumbago                                    463
+  Measles                                    460
+  Menorrhagia (too much flow)                464
+  Menses, Suppression of                     463
+  Metritis (Inflammation of the Womb)        463
+  Mumps                                      464
+  Nerves, Inflammation of                    462
+  Neuralgia                                  462
+  Neuritis (Inflammation of the Nerves)      462
+  Night Sweats                               464
+  Ovary, Inflammation of                     464
+  Painter's Colic                            454
+  Palpitation                                458
+  Palpitation of the Heart                   463
+  Pemphigus                                  460
+  Peritonitis                                455
+  Pharyngitis                                451
+  Piles                                      454
+  Pleurodynia                                458
+  Pleurisy                                   458
+  Pneumonia                                  457
+  Psoriasis                                  460
+  Pulse, Intermittent                        458
+  Quinsy                                     451
+  Renal Calculi                              459
+  Rheumatism                                 459
+  Scarlet Fever                              460
+  Sciatica                                   463
+  Scurvy                                     460
+  Sick Headache                              462
+  Smallpox                                   460
+  Spleen, Enlargement                        458
+  Spotted Fever                              462
+  St. Vitus' Dance                           462
+  Stomatitis                                 449
+  Stye                                       463
+  Teeth, Diseases of                         450
+  Throat feels raw and sore                  449
+  Throat, Inflammation of                    450
+  Tonsils, Tonsilitis and Quinsy             451
+  Tonsilitis                                 451
+  Tonsil, Enlarged                           451
+  Toothache                                  462
+  Typhoid Fever                              461
+  Uvula, Inflammation of                     450
+  Veins, Varicose                            458
+  Vomiting                                   452
+  Water on the Brain                         461
+  Whites                                     464
+  Whooping Cough                             457
+  Worms                                      455
+  Yellow Fever                               461
+Honey (Medical Use)                          672
+Hordeolum                                    348
+Hot Bath, Hot Air, Vapor and Steam Bath      630
+Hot Pack, The                                631
+Hot Springs of Arkansas                      666
+  Army and Navy Hospital                     666
+  Privileges of Ex-Soldiers                  666
+  Free Baths for Indigent People             667
+  Physicians' and Medical Regulations        667
+  Cost of Living at Hot Springs              667
+  Additional Information                     668
+Household Articles, their Medical Uses       668
+Humid Tetter                                  63
+Hydrochloric Acid, Poison by                 404
+Hydroperitoneum                              135
+Hydrophobia                                  241
+  Comparative Danger                         248
+  Immediate Treatment of the Wound           248
+  When to Send Patients to Institutes        248
+  What to Send for Examination               248
+  Protection                                 249
+  Cities where Pasteur Institutes are located    249
+Hydrothorax                                   43
+  Causes                                      43
+  Physicians' Treatment                       44
+Hymen, The                                   491
+Hyperaemia of the Brain                      295
+Hyperaemia of the Kidney                     155
+Hyperaemia of the Liver                      131
+Hyperidrosis                                  75
+Hypertrophy of the Prostate                  164
+  Symptoms                                   164
+  Treatment, Preventive                      164
+Hypochondria                                 427
+Hysteria                                     283
+  Causes                                     283
+  Education                                  284
+  Direct Influence                           284
+  Symptoms                                   284
+  Symptoms of the Paroxysms                  285
+  During the Convulsion                      286
+  The first thing to do                      286
+Preventive Treatment of Hysteria             286
+  Physicians' Treatment                      287
+    1. The Following is Recommended by Dr. Goodell   287
+    2. Fowler's Solution of Arsenic          287
+
+[926 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+    3. Asafoetida                            287
+    4. Sumbul or Musk Root                   287
+    5. The Following is Good                 287
+    6. Tincture of Hops                      288
+    7. General Cautions                      288
+Hysteria (Herb Remedies) 420, 426, 430, 439, 443
+
+Ice Bags (India Rubber)                      632
+Ice Cream                                    647
+Ice Poultice                                 633
+Ice Water Coils                              633
+Indigestion, Chronic                         103
+  Causes                                     103
+  Symptoms                                   103
+  Mothers' Remedies                          104
+    1. Spice Poultice for                    104
+    2. Oil of Hemlock for                    104
+    3. Ginger and Soda for                   104
+    4. Oil of Peppermint for                 104
+    5. Mustard Poultice and Eggs for         104
+    6. Hot Plate for                         104
+  Physicians' Treatment                      104
+  Diet                                       105
+  Home Treatment                             105
+    1. Drink Cold Water                      105
+    2. Do Not Eat Much Meat                  105
+    3. If the Stomach Wants Tone             105
+    4. Charcoal in Small Doses               105
+    5. If a Bitter Tonic is Needed           105
+Indigestion, Chronic (Herb Remedies)   411, 414, 425
+Indigestion in Older Children                602
+Imperial Drink                               650
+Infantile Paralysis                          307
+  Causes                                     307
+  Symptoms                                   307
+  Treatment                                  307
+Infantum, Chlora                             112
+Inflammations (Herb Remedies)           431, 444
+Inflammation, Douche to Allay                641
+Inflammation of the Bladder                  162
+  Causes                                     162
+  Symptoms                                   162
+  Bladder Trouble                            162
+    1. English Oil of Sandal Wood for        162
+    2. Effective Herb Tea for                163
+  Treatment                                  163
+  Diet                                       163
+Inflammation of the Bladder (Herb Remedies)  425
+Inflammation of the Bladder, Chronic         163
+  Causes                                     163
+  Treatment, Preventive                      163
+Inflammation of the Bowels                   118
+  Mothers' Remedies                          118
+    1. An Excellent Remedy for               118
+    2. Red Beet Poultice for                 118
+    3. Hop poultice for                      118
+    4. Griddle Cake poultice for             118
+    5. Spice Poultice for Child or Adult     118
+    6. Simple Remedy Always at Hand          118
+    7. A Rather Unique Remedy for            118
+    8. Marshmallow Leaves, A Canadian Remedy for   118
+    9. Syrup of Rhubarb for                  118
+Inflammation of the Bowels                   678
+Inflammation of the Smaller Bronchi and Lungs       40
+Inflammation of the Brain               296, 617
+Inflammation of the Bronchial Tubes           30
+Inflammation, Simple, of the Eustachian Tubes      360
+Inflammation of the Eyes at Birth, Diagnosis of      4
+Inflammation of Eyes of Newly-Born           350
+Inflammation of the Iris                     352
+Inflammation of the Kidneys, Acute           156
+Inflammation of the Larynx                    24
+Inflammation of the Middle Ear               365
+Inflammation of the Nail                      78
+Inflammation of the Nose, Chronic             14
+Inflammation of the Nerves                   276
+Inframaxillary Neuralgia                     265
+Inflammation of the Peritoneum               133
+Inflammation of the Pharynx                   21
+Inflammation of the Pleura                    41
+Inflammation of the Retina from Bright's Disease   355
+Inflammatory Rheumatism, Diagnosis of          4
+Inflammation of the Skin                      62
+  Varieties                                   62
+  Physicians' Treatment                       62
+Inflammation of the Thyroid Gland            258
+Inflammation of the Veins                    345
+INFECTIOUS DISEASES                          166
+Infection and Contagion                      166
+Infectious Diseases, Table of                167
+Influenza                                    192
+  The Onset                                  192
+  Mothers' Remedies                          193
+    1. Red Pepper or Cayenne for             193
+    2. An Easy Remedy for                    193
+    3. Pleasant and Effective Remedy for     193
+    4. To Allay Fever in                     193
+    5. Poor Man's Herb Vapor Bath            193
+    6. Red Pepper Treatment from Canada      193
+  Physicians' Treatment                      194
+    Corn Sweat                               194
+    Fever                                    194
+    Irritating Cough                         194
+    Sore Throat                              195
+    Medicines                                195
+  Aspirin                                    195
+    Diet                                     195
+Influenza (Herb Remedies)               414, 428
+Ingrowing Toe-Nail                           395
+  Causes                                     395
+  Treatment                                  395
+  Mothers' Remedy for                        395
+    1. Popular Remedy for                    395
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           677
+    1. Home Treatment for                    677
+    2. A Good Canadian Remedy for            677
+    3. Camphor for                           678
+Injuries to the Head                         302
+  Symptoms                                   302
+  Treatment                                  303
+Injuries to the Spinal Cord                  303
+Insane, General Paralysis of                 298
+  Softening of the Brain                     298
+  Symptoms                                   298
+  Treatment                                  299
+Insanity                                     308
+  History                                    308
+  Causes or Insanity                         309
+  Other Causes of Insanity, Imperfect Nutrition   311
+  Blows end Falls Upon the Head              311
+  Fright is Another Cause                    311
+Insanity is most Prevalent among the Working Classes   311
+  Social Pleasure                            312
+  Classification                             312
+Ischio-Rectal Abscess                        151
+Insects and Other Bites                      378
+Insects and Other Bites (Herb Remedies)      434
+Insomnia                                     299
+  Definition                                 299
+  Causes                                     299
+  Primary Causes                             299
+  Nervous or Simplest Causes                 299
+  Sleeplessness                              299
+  Mothers' Remedies                          299
+    1. Hop Pillow Stops                      299
+    2. Easy and Simple Remedy for            299
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 927]
+
+    3. Ginger at Bedtime for                 300
+    4. Milk Will Stop                        300
+  Physicians' Treatment                      300
+  Treatment of the Congestive Insomnia       300
+    1. Hot or Warm General Baths             300
+    2. Cold Spongings                        300
+    3. The Patient Should Stand in Water     300
+    4. The Cold Abdominal Pack is Valuable   300
+    5. Exercise                              300
+  Diet                                       300
+  Medicines if you must use them             301
+Insomnia (Herb Remedies)           426, 430, 439
+Intercostal Neuralgia                        265
+Internal Piles                               149
+Interstitial Nephritis, Chronic              159
+Intestinal Colic                             124
+Intestinal Obstruction                       121
+  Causes                                     121
+    1. Strangulation                         121
+    2. Intussusception                       121
+    3. Twists and Knots                      121
+    4. Strictures and Tumors                 121
+    5. Abnormal Contents                     121
+  Symptoms and Obstruction                   121
+  Recovery                                   122
+  Treatment                                  122
+  Diet                                       122
+INTOXICANTS AND SUNSTROKES                   371
+Intubation, Operation of                     664
+Iodine, Poison by                            404
+Iritis, Diagnosis of                           3
+Iris, The                                    347
+Iritis (Inflammation of the Iris)            352
+  Causes                                     352
+  Symptoms                                   352
+  Course and Recovery                        352
+  Mothers' Remedies                          353
+    1. Sensible Remedy for                   353
+  Treatment--What to do first                353
+  Local Treatment                            353
+  The Diet                                   353
+  Cautions                                   353
+  Injuries to the Iris                       353
+Iron Tonic Bitters (Rare Prescription)       477
+Icterus                                      127
+Itch, Common                                  81
+  Cause                                       81
+  Mothers' Remedies                           81
+    1. Mustard Ointment for                   81
+    2. Grandmothers' Cure for                 81
+    3. Herb Ointment for                      81
+    4. Elecampane Root Ointment for           81
+    5. Oatmeal for                            82
+    6. A Mother at Parma, Michigan, sends the following   82
+    7. Kerosene for                           82
+    8. Splendid Ointment for Itch             82
+  Physicians' Treatment for Itch              82
+  First thing to do                           82
+  Ointments                                   82
+    1. Simple Sulphur Ointment Alone          82
+    2. For Itch                               82
+    3. For Itch                               82
+    4. For Children                           83
+    5. The Following for Adults               83
+  Second                                      83
+  Third                                       83
+Itch, Common (Herb Remedies)                 447
+Itch, Disease                                 79
+  Symptoms                                    79
+  Definitions                                 79
+  Course of Disease                           79
+  Causes                                      80
+  Physicians' Treatment                       80
+  Arsenic                                     80
+    1. Local Treatment                        80
+    2. Good Application                       80
+    3. Tar Remedy                             80
+    4. Tar and Sulphur for                    80
+    5. A Good Combination                     80
+    6. Another Good Local Application         81
+Itching of the Anus                          143
+  Causes                                     143
+  After Operation                            144
+  Symptoms                                   144
+  Physicians' Treatment                      144
+  Preventive and Palliative                  144
+  Diet                                       144
+  May Take                                   144
+  Must Not Take                              144
+  Remedies for Bath                          144
+    1. Separate the Buttocks with Gauze      144
+    2. Dr. Allingham Recommends              144
+    3. Local Applications Soothing Remedies  145
+    4. The Following is Good to Dust the Parts   145
+    5. The Following is Good for Raw Parts       145
+    6. The Following is good for the Itching     145
+    7. For Constipation                      145
+    8. For Injections                        145
+    9. For the Same Purpose                  145
+Itch Ointment (Rare Prescription)            478
+  Itching Piles                              143
+Ivy Poisoning                                 92
+  Symptoms                                    92
+  Mothers' Remedies                           92
+    1. Buttermilk and Copperas for            92
+    2. Cure for                               93
+Ivy Poisoning (Herb Remedies)           410, 434
+
+Jacket Poultice, The                         632
+Jaundice                                     127
+  Causes                                     127
+  Symptoms                                   127
+  Mothers' Remedies                          127
+    1. Sweet Cider Sure Cure for             127
+    2. Lemon Juice for                       127
+    3. Peach Tree Bark for                   127
+    4. Mandrake Root for                     127
+    5. Dandelion Root Tea for                127
+    6. Boneset Tea for                       128
+    7. Mandrake Leaves for                   128
+    8. Mullein Leaf Tea for                  128
+  Physicians' Treatment for Liver Trouble    128
+    1. For Liver Trouble                     128
+    2. The Following is Good                 128
+    3. Severe Type and Epidemic Form         128
+    4. The Common, Simple Kind of Jaundice   128
+Jaundice (Herb Remedies)           411, 441, 446
+Jaundice, Catarrhal                          128
+  Causes                                     128
+  Symptoms                                   128
+  Physicians' Treatment                      129
+    1. Sodium Phosphate for                  129
+    2. Calomel for                           129
+Jaundice, Malignant                          131
+Jaw, Bandage for Broken                      382
+Jaw, Big                                     234
+Jaw, Dislocation of                          379
+Jaw, Lump                                    234
+Johnson's Liniment                           484
+Joint, Shoulder Dislocation                  380
+June Cold                                     17
+
+Kelly's Tonic                                486
+Kellog's Red Drops                           481
+Kickapoo Indian Oil                          481
+Kidneys                                      152
+Kidney Trouble                               154
+  Mothers' Remedies                          154
+    1. Cornsilk for                          154
+    2. Flaxseed and Lemons for               154
+    3. Temporary Relief for                  154
+    4. Buchu Leaves for                      154
+    5. Common Rush Root for                  154
+
+[928 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+    6. Effective and Easy Cure for           154
+    7. Sheep Sorrel Excellent for            154
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           678
+    1. An Easily Prepared Remedy for         678
+Kidneys (Herb Remedies)     411, 415, 416, 417, 419, 422, 426, 435, 446
+Kidneys, Acute Inflammation of the           156
+Kidneys, Chronic Congestion of               155
+Kidneys, Acute Congestion of                 155
+  Treatment                                  155
+Kidneys, Diseases of                         152
+Kidney, Floating                             154
+Kidneys, Hypeaemia of the                    155
+Kidney and Liver Cure (Rare Prescription)    478
+Kidney, Movable                              154
+  Causes                                     154
+  Symptoms                                   155
+  Treatment                                  155
+  Diet for Movable Kidney                    155
+Kidneys, Plate of                            153
+Kidneys, Stomach, Prostate, etc., Operation for     665
+Kidney Stones, Diagnosis of                    3
+Kidney Stone                                 161
+  Symptoms                                   161
+  Treatment                                  161
+  Diet                                       162
+  Queen of the Meadow                        162
+  Kidney Stone (Herb Remedies)               435
+Knee Joint Disease                           236
+  Treatment                                  236
+
+Labia Majora, The                            490
+Labia Minora, The                            490
+Labor                                        528
+Laceration of the Brain                      302
+La Grippe, Diagnosis of                        3
+La Grippe                                    192
+  The Onset                                  192
+  Mothers' Remedies                          193
+    1. Red Pepper or Cayenne for             193
+    2. An Easy Remedy for                    193
+    3. Pleasant and Effective Remedy for     193
+    4. To Allay Fever in                     193
+    5. Poor Man's Herb Vapor Bath            193
+    6. Red Pepper Treatment from Canada      193
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           678
+    1. Red Pepper Treatment from a Canadian Mother  678
+  Physicians' Treatment                      194
+    Corn Sweat                               194
+    Fever                                    194
+    Irritating Cough                         194
+    Sore Throat                              195
+    Bowels                                   195
+    Medicines                                195
+    Aspirin                                  195
+    Diet                                     195
+Lard (Medical Use)                           672
+Laryngeal Diphtheria                         181
+Laryngitis, Acute                             26
+  Diet in Laryngitis                          26
+Laryngitis, Oedamatous                        26
+Larynx, Inflammation of                       24
+Laudanum, Poison by                          404
+Laxatives (Herb Remedies)               431, 445
+Laxative Bromo-Quinine Tablets               468
+Lead Poisoning                               374
+  Causes                                     374
+  Symptoms of Acute Case                     374
+  Chronic Case                               374
+  Symptoms                                   371
+  Treatment                                  374
+  For Chronic Poisoning remove the cause     374
+  Constipation                               374
+  For Pain                                   374
+Lemonade                                649, 650
+Lemonade Albuminized                         650
+Lemon Jelly                                  646
+Lemon (Medical Use)                          669
+Lemon Velvet                                 647
+Length of Time to Cook Cereals               651
+Lens, for Glasses                            335
+Lentigo                                       75
+Lepra Anesthetica (Nerve Leprosy)            240
+Lepra Maculosa                               240
+Lepra Trophomenrotica                        240
+Lepra Tuberosa (Tuberculated, Nodulated or
+  Tegumentary Skin Leprosy)                  238
+Leprosy                                      236
+  Definition                                 236
+  History                                    237
+  Cause                                      237
+  Symptoms                                   238
+Leprosy, Atrophic                            240
+Leprosy, Skin                                238
+Leucorrhea (The Whites)                      510
+Leucorrhea (Herb Remedies)  411, 412, 413, 419, 420, 422, 425,
+                            431, 432, 441, 442, 446
+Leukaemia                                    252
+    1. Spleen and Bone-Marrow (Spleen-Medullary type)  252
+    2. Lymphatic type                        252
+  Causes                                     252
+  Symptoms                                   252
+  Treatment                                  252
+Leukaemia, False                             252
+  Causes                                     252
+  Symptoms                                   253
+  Treatment                                  253
+Light                                        624
+Lime Water                                   648
+Liniment                                     678
+Liniment (Rare Prescription)                 479
+Linseed Meal Poultice                   631, 635
+Lip, Hare                                    369
+Liquid, Diet                                 644
+Liver, Abscess of the                        132
+Liver, Chronic Congestion of the             131
+Liver, Circulatory Disturbances of           131
+  Causes                                     131
+  Symptoms                                   131
+  Abscess                                    132
+  Recovery                                   132
+  Treatment                                  132
+  Diet in Liver Troubles                     132
+  May Take                                   133
+  Must Not Take                              133
+Liver, Circulatory Disturbances of
+   (Herb Remedies)  414, 416, 421, 425, 429, 445
+Liver, Cirrhosis of the                      131
+Liver (Description of)                       125
+Liver, Hard                                  131
+Liver, Hobnail                               131
+Liver, Gin Drinkers'                         131
+Liver Pills (Rare Prescription)              479
+Liver, Sclerosis of the                      131
+Liver Spots                                   61
+  Causes                                      61
+  Physicians' Treatment                       61
+  Local Treatment                             61
+Local Baths and Packs                        630
+Local Peritonitis                            134
+Lochia, The                                  540
+Lochia, The (Herb Remedies)        420, 430, 132
+Lockjaw, Diagnosis of                          3
+Lockjaw                                      231
+  Causes                                     231
+  Symptoms                                   231
+  Recovery                                   232
+    1. Successful Remedy for                 232
+    2. Smoke as a Cure for                   232
+  Physicians' Treatment                      232
+Locomotor Ataxia                             305
+Lombard Secret Cancer Remedies               471
+Loss of Appetite                             587
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 929]
+
+Lotions                                      633
+Louse, Body                                   78
+Louse, Diseases of the Skin Produced by       78
+  Treatment                                   78
+Louse, Head                                   78
+Lumbago                                      323
+  Mothers' Remedy                            678
+    1. Ointment for                          678
+Lump Jaw                                     234
+Lungs, Abscess of the                         43
+      Lungs, Acute Inflammation of            40
+Lungs, Acute Inflammation of (Herb Remedies)     419, 427
+      Lungs, Bleeding from                    38
+Lungs, Bleeding from (Herb Remedies)    412, 446
+Lungs, Tuberculosis of the, Diagnosis of       5
+      Lung Fever                             218
+      Lurschkas Tonsil                         8
+      Lydia Pinkham's Vegetable Compound     469
+Lye, Poison by                               404
+
+Madame Rupert's Face Bleach                  473
+Malarial Fever, Diagnosis of,                  3
+Malarial Fever                               228
+  Causes                                     228
+  Intermittent Malarial Fever                228
+  (a) Tertian                                228
+  (b) Quartian                               228
+  (c) Quotidian                              228
+  Symptoms                                   228
+  Remittent or Continuous Malarial Fever     228
+  Pernicious Malarial Fever                  229
+  Treatment--Prevention                      229
+Malarial Fever (Herb Remedies)               414
+Malignant Anthrax                            231
+Malignant Jaundice                           131
+Malnutrition (Marasmus)                      615
+Malta Fever                                  230
+Mania                                        312
+Mastoiditis, Chronic                         365
+Mastoid, Operation for                       663
+Matches, Poison by                           406
+Measles, Diagnosis of                          4
+Measles                                      175
+  Incubation                                 176
+  Symptoms and description of ordinary type  176
+  Eyes                                       177
+  Mortality in Measles                       177
+  Diagnosis                                  177
+  Treatment--Prevention                      177
+  Mothers' Remedies                          177
+    1. Lemon Remedy from a Canadian Mother   177
+    2. Elder Blossom Tea to drive out        177
+  General Treatment                          178
+  Cold Drinks                                178
+  Cough in Measles                           178
+    1. For Measles                           178
+    2. For Measles                           178
+    3. For Irritation of the Skin            178
+    4. For Scaling                           178
+  Diet                                       178
+  Teas                                       178
+  Caution                                    179
+Measles, German, Diagnosis of                  4
+Measles, German                              179
+  Incubation period runs                     179
+  Rash                                       179
+  Treatment                                  179
+Medicine Chest                               637
+Melancholia                                  312
+  Causes                                     312
+  Acute Melancholia                          312
+  Chronic Melancholia                        312
+Membranous Croup                             184
+Meningitis                                   210
+  Treatment                                  210
+Meningitis, Basilar                          210
+MEDICAL DEPARTMENT                             1
+MOTHERS' DIAGNOSIS                             1
+Meningitis, Cerebro-Spinal                   209
+  Cause                                      209
+  Conditions                                 209
+  Symptoms, Ordinary Form                    209
+  Malignant type                             210
+  Spinal Meningitis                          210
+Meningitis, Tubercular                       210
+Menopause (Change of Life)                   513
+Menorrhagia                                  505
+Menorrhagia (Herb Remedies)   420, 441, 443, 446
+Menstrual Headache                           271
+Menstruation                                 494
+Menstruation (Herb Remedies)        415, 428 432
+Menstruation Delayed                         504
+Menstruation Delayed (Herb Remedies)    428, 432, 440
+Menstruation Difficult                       507
+Menstruation Difficult (Herb Remedies)  415, 443
+Menstruation and Its Disorders               504
+Menstruation and Its Disorders (Herb Remedies)    430
+Menstruation Premature                       504
+Menstruation Vicarious (in place of)         505
+Mercuric Chloride, Poison by                 405
+Midwifery, or Obstetrics                     515
+Migrane, Hemicrania                          272
+Mild Plaster for Children                    634
+Milk Leg                                     542
+Milk of Lime, to Prepare                     625
+Milk Porridge                                647
+Milk Poison, Popular Remedy for              680
+Miscarriage                                  524
+Miscarriage (Herb Remedies)        413, 422, 444
+Mitchell's Eye Salve                         482
+Mitral Insufficiency or Incompetency         343
+  Symptoms                                   343
+Mitral Stenosis                              343
+Moist Heat, for                              631
+Mole                                          77
+  Physicians' Treatment                       77
+  Causes                                      77
+Mons Veneris                                 490
+Morbus Coxarius                              236
+Morphine Habit                               373
+  Symptoms                                   373
+  Treatment                                  373
+Morphinism                                   373
+Morphine, Poison by                          405
+Mosquito Bite                                377
+Mothers' Flour and Water Poultice            634
+Mothers' Remedies Unclassified               674
+Mother Seigel's Syrup                        482
+Moth Patch                                    61
+Mountain Dew                                 647
+Mouth, Sore                              97, 551
+Mouth, Sore (Herb Remedies)   410, 420, 442, 444
+Mouth and Teeth, Care of                     628
+  Spongy and Sore Gums                       628
+  Cloths for Washing the Teeth and Mouth     628
+Mouth Wash, Antiseptic                       120
+  Antiseptic Mouth Wash                      120
+  Simple and Unsurpassed                     121
+Mouth Wash (Herb Remedies)                   410
+Mulled Wine                                  650
+Multiple Neuritis                            278
+Mumps, Diagnosis of                            4
+Mumps                                        180
+  Treatment                                  180
+Muscular Rheumatism                          323
+  Causes                                     323
+  Symptoms                                   323
+  Lumbago                                    323
+  Torticollis (Stiff or Wry Neck)            323
+  Pleurodynia, Pain in the Chest Muscles, etc    323
+
+[930 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+  Diet for Rheumatism from a Head Nurse of
+                   a Prominent Hospital      324
+  May Take                                   324
+  Must Not Take                              324
+  Treatment for Stiff Neck                   324
+  Mothers' Remedies for Stiff Neck           324
+    1. Hot Salt and Oil of Sassafras         324
+  Physicians' Treatment, Preventive          324
+  Liniment                                   325
+  Menthol Liniment for Lumbago               325
+  Mothers' Remedies                          325
+    1. Vinegar and Salt for Weak Back        325
+    2. Simple Remedy for Weak Back           325
+    3. Good Liniment for Weak Back           325
+    4. Chloroform Liniment for Lameness      325
+    5. Plaintain Leaves and Cream for        325
+  Mothers' Remedies for Rheumatism           325
+    1. Salt Petre Good In Cases of           325
+    2. Rochelle Salts for                    325
+    3. Flowers of Sulphur will Relieve Pain of    325
+    4. Three Simple Ingredient Liniment for       326
+    5. Sulphur Good for                      326
+    6. Horse Radish for                      326
+    7. Simple Remedy to Relieve pain of      326
+    8. Liniment for Chronic                  326
+    9. Herb Remedy for                       326
+    10. Three Things that will Help          326
+    11. Good Liniment for                    326
+    12. Camphor and Alcohol for              327
+    13. Sweet Fern Tea Excellent for         327
+    14. Well-known Celery Remedy for         327
+    15. Flowers of Sulphur Relieves          327
+    16. Poultice for                         327
+    17. Novel Relief for                     327
+    18. Snake Root and Lemons for            327
+    19. Another Good Liniment for            328
+   Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          680
+    1. Mountain Leaf Tea for                 680
+    2. Beef Gall for                         680
+Mustard Leaves or Sinapisms             633, 635
+Mustard (Medical Use)                        673
+Mustard Plaster                    633, 634, 635
+Mustard Poultice                             633
+Mustard Stupe                                634
+Myelitis                                     304
+  Causes                                     304
+  Symptoms                                   304
+  Recovery                                   305
+  Treatment                                  305
+Myocarditis                                  345
+Myxoedema                                    260
+  Causes of Cretinism                        260
+  Symptoms                                   260
+    (a) Cretinism                            260
+    (b) Myxoedema proper                     261
+  Operative Type                             261
+  Symptoms                                   261
+  Treatment                                  261
+
+Naevus                                        77
+Nail, Enlarged                                77
+Nail, Inflammation of the                     78
+Nail Wound, Rusty                            393
+  Mothers' Remedies                          394
+    1. Iodoform and Vaselin Salve            394
+    2. Turpentine Good                       394
+  Tincture of Myrrh for Fresh                394
+Nasal Catarrh, Acute                          10
+Nasal Growths                                  8
+Nasal Polypus                                 19
+Nausea (Herb Remedies)             424, 433, 440
+Neonatorum Ophthalmia                          4
+Nephritis, Acute                             156
+Nephritis, Chronic (Diffuse Desquamative)    158
+
+Nephritis, Chronic Interstitial              159
+  Causes                                     159
+  Arteria-Sclerotic Form                     159
+  Symptoms                                   159
+  Recovery                                   160
+  Treatment                                  160
+  Diet as Followed by a Prominent Hospital   160
+  May Take                                   160
+  Must Not Take                              160
+Nephritis, Chronic (Parenchymatous)          158
+Ncphritis, Chronic (Parenchymatous) (Herb Remedies) 419
+Nephritis, Tubal                             158
+Nephro-Lithiasis                             161
+Nephroptosis                                 154
+Nerves, Inflammation of                      276
+Nerve Leprosy                                240
+Nerve Tumors                                 276
+  Varieties, True and False Nerve Tumors     276
+  Symptoms                                   276
+  Physicians' Treatment                      276
+Nervousness                                  261
+  Mothers' Remedies                          267
+    1. Catnip Tea for                        267
+    2. Hops will Stop                        267
+    3. Effective Remedy for                  267
+    4. Five-Ingredient Remedy that Relieves  268
+    5. Lady's Slipper Breaks up              268
+Nervousness (Herb Remedies)   416, 423, 426, 430, 439
+Nervous Dyspepsia                            105
+Nervous Exhaustion                           280
+Nervous Headache                             269
+  Treatment                                  269
+Nervous Prostration                          280
+  Causes                                     280
+    1. Hereditary Causes                     280
+    2. Acquired                              280
+  Symptoms                                   280
+  Physicians' Treatment                      281
+  First, then, is Rest                       282
+Nervousness (Rare Prescription)              480
+Nervous System, Plate of                     262
+NERVOUS SYSTEM, Diseases of (Chapter)        261
+Nettle Rash                                   89
+Nettle Rash (Herb Remedies)                  442
+Neuralgia                                    261
+  Causes                                     261
+  Symptoms                                   261
+  Nervous System, Plate of                   262
+  Varieties                                  263
+  Mothers' Remedies                          263
+    1. Lemon Juice as Liniment for           263
+    2. Salt and Vinegar Will Relieve         263
+    3. Quinine Will Cure                     263
+    4. Four-Ingredient Remedies for          263
+    5. Good Liniment for                     263
+    6. Menthol Liniment for                  263
+    7. Belladonna Plaster for                263
+  Physicians' Treatment for                  263
+    1. Cure for                              264
+    2. Antipyrine                            264
+    3. If Caffeine in First Prescription Causes Nervousness  264
+Neuralgia (Herb Remedies)                    439
+Neuralgia (Rare Prescription)                481
+Neuralgia of the Fifth Pair of Cranial Nerves    265
+Neuralgia and Earache                        631
+  Mothers' Remedy (Unclassified)             679
+    1. Soothing Ointment for                 679
+Neuralgia, Facial                            265
+  Treatment                                  265
+Neuralgic Headache                           270
+Neuralgia, Intercostal                       265
+  Causes                                     265
+
+[ MEDICAL INDEX 931]
+
+  Symptoms                                   266
+  Physicians' Treatment                      266
+  Local Treatment                            266
+Neuralgia of the Rectum                      137
+Neuralgia of the Stomach                     107
+  Causes                                     107
+  Symptoms                                   107
+  Physicians' Treatment                      107
+Neuralgia of the Trigeminus                  265
+Neuralgia Trifacial                          265
+Neurasthenia                                 230
+Neuritis                                     276
+  Causes                                     277
+Neuritis, Simple                             277
+Neuritis, Multiple                           278
+Neuroma                                      276
+New York Sun Cholera Cure                    480
+Night Sweats                                  44
+  Mothers' Remedies                           44
+    1. Salt Bath for                          44
+    2. Cold Sage for                          44
+  Physicians' Treatment                       44
+    1. Atropine for                           44
+    2. Tonics to Keep up the Appetite         44
+Nitric Acid, Poison by                       405
+Normal Salt Solution                         626
+Nose, Anatomy of the                           6
+Nose-Bleed                                    19
+ Mothers' Remedies                            19
+    1. Remedy sent us by a Public School Teacher 19
+    2. Alum as a Cure for                     19
+    3. Remedy that Succeeded in a Severe Case 19
+    4. Simple Remedy for                      20
+    5. Another Home Remedy for                20
+    6. Puff-Ball for                          20
+    7. Vinegar and Water for                  20
+  Physicians' Treatment for Nose-Bleed        20
+Nose-Bleed (Herb Remedies)                   420
+Nose, Broken                                 383
+Nose, Chronic Inflammation of the             14
+Nose, Things in the                          396
+Nose, Tumor of the                            10
+  Physicians' Treatment                       19
+Nursing                                      565
+NURSING DEPARTMENT, Including Care of Sick and Sick Room)    123
+  Albumin Water                              649
+  Alcohol Sponge Bath                        631
+  Almond Milk                                649
+  Appendicitis, for                          633
+  Apple Water                                649
+  Arrowroot Custard                          647
+  Arrowroot Gruel                            652
+  Baked Custard                              647
+  Barley Gruel                               652
+  Barley Water                               647
+  Baths                                      629
+  Bed Pan, How to Use                        641
+  Bed Sores, Prevention and Care of          628
+    Treatment, Preventive                    628
+    Treatment of Sore Proper                 628
+  Blistered Skin, to Dress                   635
+  Boric Acid                                 626
+  Bran Bath                                  630
+  Brandy and Egg Mixture                     649
+  Brown Bread                                653
+  Capsicum and Belladonna Plasters           635
+  Carbolic Acid                              625
+  Care and Disinfection of an Infected Room  626
+  Care of Discharges (Excreta)               624
+  Sputum Cups                                624
+  Bed Pans and Urinals                       624
+  Soiled Dressing and Linen                  624
+  Caudle                                     649
+  Cereals and Cereal Gruels                  651
+  Chestnut Puree                             652
+  Chicken Broth                              648
+  Chloride of Lime                           625
+  Cinnamon Tea                               647
+  Common Tables of Measures, Apothecaries' Weight  636
+  Convalescent Diet                          644
+  Cold                                       632
+  Cold Compresses                            632
+  Contents of Medicine Chest                 637
+  Cold Pack, The                             631
+  Cornmeal Gruel                             652
+  Corrosive Sublimate or Dichloride of  Mercury    625
+  Counter-Irritants                          633
+  Coughs of Long Standing, Syrup for         650
+  Cracker Gruel                              652
+  Cream of Celery Soup                       653
+  Cream of Potato Soup                       653
+  Cream Soup                                 647
+  Cream Toast                                646
+  Cream of Tomato Soup                       653
+  Crust Coffee                               647
+  Cupping, Wet and Dry                       635
+  Currant Juice                              649
+  Daily Care of the Room by the Nurse        620
+  Dead, How to Care for the                  638
+  Diabetic Bread                             648
+  Diet                                       643
+  Diet in Debility sent us from
+             one of our Leading Hospitals
+    May Take                                 646
+    Soups, Fish, Meats, Eggs, Farinaceous Vegetables,
+    Desserts, Drinks                         646
+    Must Not Take                            646
+  Diets in Fevers, Furnished us by a Trained Nurse in Hospital
+    May Take                                 645
+    Food, Drinks--Must not Take              645
+  Dishes for the Sick Room                   646
+  Disinfection                               624
+  Disinfectants                              625
+  Disinfecting the Room                      626
+  Dose for Children, How to Determine        636
+  Dose in Drops for Different Ages           636
+    Rule Usually Followed                    636
+  Douches                                    641
+  Dry Cupping                                635
+  Dry Salt Bath sent us with Mothers' Remedies    630
+  Ear (Aural) Douche                         641
+  Egg Broth                                  649
+  Eggnog, Hot                                649
+  Eggnog, Cold                               649
+  Egg Cordial                                649
+  Eggs, Dainty Way to Serve on Toast         648
+  Egg Gruel                                  648
+  Enemata                                    638
+    A High                                   638
+    A Low                                    639
+    Position                                 639
+    Amount                                   639
+    What Material                            639
+    Syringe                                  639
+    Laxative Enema, Sometimes is Necessary   639
+    Laxative Enema for Infants and Children  639
+    Formula No. 1                            640
+    Formula No. 2                            640
+    3. Molasses and Laxative Enema           640
+  Enemata, Astringent                        611
+  Enemata, Nutritive                         640
+  Formula No. 1                              640
+  Formula No. 2                              640
+  Enemata, Salt                              641
+  Enemata, Stimulating                       641
+  Black Coffee                               641
+  Enemata, Turpentine                        641
+
+[932 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+  External Applications                      631
+  Farina Gruel                               652
+  Fever Cases and to Disguise the Taste of
+    Bad Medicines, Syrup of Lemon for        650
+  Fever Drinks for                           648
+  Flaxseed Tea                               650
+  Fomentations                               634
+  Foods for Different Meals for Those Who Can
+    Eat But Who Do not Have Much Appetite    645
+  Breakfast, Dinner, Supper                  645
+  Foods that May Be Taken Together           645
+  Foods That Should Not be Taken Together    645
+  Foods and Drinks for the Sick Room         643
+  Food, the Kind of                          643
+  Foot Baths in Bed                          629
+  Fruit Juices, How to Albuminize            644
+  Germicides                                 625
+  General and Local, For Dry Heat            631
+  Germs, The                                 625
+  Gluten Gruel                               652
+  Grape Juice                                650
+  Heat and Chemicals                         624
+  Hot Bath, Hot Air, Vapor and Steam Bath    630
+  Hot Pack, The                              631
+  Ice Bags (India Rubber)                    632
+  Ice Cream                                  647
+  Ice Poultices                              633
+  Ice Water Coils                            633
+  Inflammation, To Allay                     641
+  Imperial Drink                             650
+  Jacket Poultice, The                       632
+  Lemonade                              649, 650
+  Lemonade Albuminized                       650
+  Lemon Jelly                                646
+  Lemon Velvet                               647
+  Length of Time to Cook Cereals             651
+  Light                                      624
+  Lime Water                                 648
+  Linseed Meal Poultice                 635, 631
+  Liquid Diet                                644
+  Local Baths and Packs                      630
+  Lotions                                    633
+  Medicine Chest                             637
+  Mild Plaster for Children                  634
+  Milk of Lime to Prepare                    625
+  Milk Porridge                              647
+  Moist Heat, For                            631
+  Mothers' Flour and Water Poultice          634
+  Mountain Dew                               647
+  Mouth and Teeth, Care of                   628
+    Spongy and Sore Gums                     628
+    Cloths for Washing the Teeth and Mouth   628
+  Mulled Wine                                650
+  Mustard Leaves or Sinapisms                635
+  Mustard Plaster                       634, 635
+  Mustard Poultice                           633
+  Mustard Stupe                              634
+  Neuralgia and Earache, For                 631
+  Normal Salt Solution                       626
+  Nursing Department                         623
+  Oatmeal, Barley or Rice Water, From the Grain   650
+  Oatmeal Gruel                    646, 648, 652
+  Odors                                      647
+  Omelet                                     648
+  Orangeade                                  650
+  Oyster Stew                                653
+  Peptonized Milk, Cold Process              653
+  Plasters, Capsicum and Belladonna          635
+  Poultices of Peach Tree Leaves from Our Mothers' List    634
+  Pulse                                      642
+  Raspberry Shrub                            646
+  Raspberry Vinegar                          647
+  Rectal Douche                              641
+  Respiration (Breathing)                    642
+  Root Beer                                  646
+  Sago Custard                               647
+  Salt Water Bath, Tonic Action              630
+  Soft Diet                                  644
+  Soiled and Stained Linen                   624
+  Spice Plaster                         634, 635
+  Spice Poultice                             634
+  Spice Poultice from a Stanlyton, Va., Mother    634
+  Sponge Bath                                630
+  Starch Bath                                630
+  Starch and Laudanum                        641
+  Starch Poultice                            632
+  Sterilization                              624
+  Sterilizing, A Simple method of            625
+  Summer Complaint, Prepared Flour for       648
+  Table                                      636
+  Tapioca Jelly                              652
+  Temperature (Fever) Under the Tongue and Arm-pit  612
+  Temperature of the Room                    624
+  Tongue, The                                642
+    Ulcers                                   643
+    High Fevers                              643
+    Dark Brown or Blackish Coating           643
+    Strawberry Tongue                        643
+    Cankered Tongue                          643
+    Cholera Infantum                         643
+    Constipation                             643
+    Biliousness                              643
+  Tub Bath (Common)                          631
+  Tuberculous Patients, How to Treat Sputum from  627
+    In Diphtheria                            627
+    Bed Pans                                 627
+    Sheet and Clothing                       627
+  Turpentine and Mustard Stupes, for see above    635
+  Turpentine Stupes                          634
+  Vaginal Douche the, For Cleansing          641
+  Vanilla Snow                               648
+  Ventilation                                623
+  Warm Baths (90 to 100 F.)                  630
+  Wet Cupping                                635
+  Whole Wheat Bread                          653
+  Yeast Poultices                            633
+Nutmeg Liver                                 131
+Nux Vomica, Poison by                        405
+
+Oatmeal, Barley or Rice Water, from the Grain   650
+Oatmeal Gruel                   648,652, 646
+Obesity                                      330
+  Treatment                                  331
+  Diet                                       331
+  For Breakfast                              331
+  Noon Meal Dinner                           331
+  Supper                                     331
+  Before Going to Bed                        331
+Obesity--(Herb Remedies)                     434
+OBSTETRICS, OR MIDWIFERY                     515
+Obstruction, Intestinal                      121
+Odors                                        647
+Oedema of the Glottis                         26
+Oedematous Laryngitis                         26
+Olive Oil (Medical Use)                      672
+Omelet                                       648
+Onion (Medical Use)                          669
+Onychia                                       78
+Onychauxis                                    77
+Operations                                   662
+Operations, Special                          663
+Opium, Poison by                             405
+Ophthalmia Neonatorum                        350
+Ophthalmia Neonatorum, Diagnosis of            4
+Orangeade                                    650
+Organs, Diseases of the Digestive             97
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 933]
+
+Organic Diseases of the Spinal Cord          304
+  Symptoms                                   304
+  Treatment                                  304
+Organs of Generation, The Internal           491
+Osteopathy                                   661
+Ovaries, The                                 493
+Ovaries, Inflammation of                     503
+Ovaries, Tumors of                           504
+Ovaries, Tumors of the Operation for         663
+Ovaritis                                   503
+Ovary, Diseases of                           503
+Oxalic Acid, Poison by                       405
+Oxyuria Vermicularis                          46
+Oyster Stew                                  653
+Ozena                                         16
+  Causes                                      16
+  Physicians' Treatment                       16
+  Home Treatment                              16
+    1. Solution for                           16
+    2. The Following Ointment                 16
+    3. Dr. Ferguson of New York uses the Following   17
+
+Pain or Rheumatism                           679
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           679
+    1. Tansy and Smartweed for               679
+    2. Horseradish Poultice for              679
+    3. Liniment to Relieve                   679
+    4. Vinegar and Pepper for                679
+Paine's Celery Compound                      488
+Pain Killer, External                        481
+Palate, Cleft                                369
+Palpitation of the Heart                     337
+  Causes                                     337
+  Symptoms                                   337
+  Mothers' Remedies                          338
+    1. Tea of Geranium Root for              338
+    2. Hot Foot Bath and Camphor for         338
+    3. Valuable Herb Tea for                 338
+  Mothers' Remedies for Heartburn            338
+    1. Home Remedy for                       338
+    2. Soda a Popular Remedy for             338
+    3. Excellent Remedy for                  338
+    4. Remedy for Stout Person               338
+  Physicians' Treatment for Palpitation      338
+  When Caused by the Stomach                 338
+  Difficult Breathing                        339
+  Physicians' Cautions                       339
+  Diet                                       339
+  The Heart                                  339
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           679
+    1. Salt Baths for                        679
+Palsy                                        294
+  Causes                                     294
+  Symptoms                                   294
+    (a) Paralysis of the Ocular (eye) Muscles             294
+    (b) Paralysis of the Muscles of Mastication (eating)  294
+    (c) Paralysis of the Facial (Face) Muscles            295
+    (d) Paralysis of the Muscles of the Upper Extremity   295
+    (e) Paralysis of the Muscles of the Lower Extremities 295
+    (f) Toxic (Poison) Paralysis, Lead Paralysis          295
+  Physicians' Treatment                      295
+Palsy, Shaking                               291
+Paralysis                                    294
+Paralysis Agitans                            291
+Paralysis, General of the Insane             298
+Paralysis, Infantile                         307
+Paralysis, Diseases Caused by Animal          44
+Paresis, General                             298
+Paretic Dementia                             298
+Parotitis                                    180
+
+Parry's Compound Sarsaparilla Blood Purifier 483
+Parry's, Grave's Disease                     260
+Pasteur Institutes, Location of              249
+Patch, Moth                                   61
+PATENT MEDICINES AND RARE OLD PRESCRIPTIONS  465
+  Ague, Chills and Fever (Rare Prescription) 467
+  Allen's World's Hair Restorer              465
+  Anti-Constipation Pad                      465
+  Ayer's Cherry Pectoral                     466
+  Ayer's Hair Vigor                          466
+  Ayer's Sarsaparilla                        467
+  Barker's Bone and Nerve Liniment           467
+  Blood and Liver Regulator (Rare Prescription)  466
+  Blotches and Pimples (Rare Prescription)       473
+  Brinkerhoff System of Treating Piles       468
+  British Oil                                488
+  Brodie's Liniment for Asthma               484
+  Bull's Blood Syrup                         470
+  Burns and Scalds (Rare Prescription)       466
+  California Liniment                        470
+  Cancer Paste                               471
+  Carter's Little Liver Pills                472
+  Castoria                                   472
+  Catarrh Ointment (Rare Prescription)       468
+  Cathartic and Sure Cure for Constipation   468
+  Catarrh of Long Standing                   467
+  Chamberlain's Colic, Cholera and Diarrhea Remedy   473
+  Colic, Cholera and Diarrhea (Rare Prescription)    469
+  Colic in Infants                           471
+  Constipation                               471
+  Corns                                      472
+  Coughs                                     468
+  Croup                                      459
+  Cuticura Ointment                          474
+  Cuticura Resolvent                         474
+  Diarrhea, Flux and Dysentery (Rare Prescription)   472
+  Dyspepsia Tonic                            473
+  Earache (Rare Prescription)                470
+  Edward's Alterative and Tonic Bitters      487
+  Ely's Cream Balm                           474
+  Fellow's Hypophosphites                    475
+  Female Regulator (Rare Prescription)       474
+  Fever, For (Rare Prescription)             474
+  Flux (Rare Prescription)                   474
+  General Tonic                              475
+  Genuine White Oil Liniment                 476
+  Good Samaritan Liniment                    476
+  Grandmother's Own Cough Remedy             476
+  Green Mountain Salve                       477
+  Gunn's Rheumatic Liniment                  478
+  Haines's Golden Specific for Opium Habit   478
+  Hair's, Dr. B. W., Cure                    473
+  Hall's Hair Renewer                        479
+  Hamburg Breast Tea                         488
+  Hamburg Drops                              479
+  Hamlin's Wizard Oil                        480
+  Harter's Wild Cherry Bitters               487
+  Headache (Rare Prescription)               476
+  Heartburn (Rare Prescription)              476
+  Heart Diseases, Fluttering, etc, (Rare Prescription)  471
+  Hinkley's Bone Liniment                    480
+  Holloway's Ointment                        481
+  Iron Tonic Bitters (Rare Prescription)     477
+  Itch Ointment (Rare Prescription)          478
+  Johnson's Liniment                         484
+  Kellog's Red Drops                         481
+  Kelly's Tonic                              486
+  Kickapoo Indian Oil                        481
+  Kidney and Liver Cure (Rare Prescription)  478
+
+[934 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+  Laxative Bromo-Quinine Tablets             468
+  Liniment (Rare Prescription)               479
+  Liver Pills (Rare Prescription)            479
+  Lombard's Secret Cancer Remedies           471
+  Lydia Pinkham's Vegetable Compound         469
+  Madame Rupert's Face Bleach                473
+  Mitchell's Eye Salve                       482
+  Mother Siegel's Syrup                      482
+  Nervousness (Rare Prescription)            480
+  Neuralgia (Rare Prescription)              481
+  New York Sun Cholera Cure                  480
+  Pain Killer, External                      481
+  Paine's Celery Compound                    488
+  Parry's Comp. Sarsaparilla Blood Purifier  483
+  Patterson's Emulsion of Pumpkin Seeds      483
+  Perry Davis's Pain Killer                  484
+  Pierce's Compound Extract of Smartweed     488
+  Poison Oak and Ivy (Rare Prescription)     481
+  Radway's Pills                             488
+  Relief from Asthma (Rare Prescription)     465
+  Rheumatism, Internal Use (Rare Prescription)   482
+  Royal Catarrh Cure                         467
+  Sage's Catarrh Cure                        484
+  Salve for Boils and Old Sores (Rare Prescription)       466
+  Saul's Catarrh Remedy                      485
+  St. Jacob's Oil                            485
+  Scald Head (Rare Prescription)             482
+  Scrofula (Rare Prescription)               482
+  Seven Sutherland Sisters' Hair Grower      485
+  Skinner's Dandruff Mixture                 485
+  Smith's Electric Oil                       470
+  Sore Eyes (Rare Prescription)              470
+  Sore Throat (Rare Prescription)            475
+  Southern Cholera Cure                      483
+  Syrup of Figs                              485
+  Tape Worm (Rare Prescription)              483
+  Thomas's Electric Oil                      486
+  Tonic, General (Rare Prescription)         475
+  Toothache (Rare Prescription)              483
+  Van Buskirk's Fragrant Sozodont            486
+  Watt's Anti-Rheumatic Pills                487
+  White's Cough Syrup                        487
+  Whooping Cough (Rare Prescription)         484
+Patterson's Emulsion of Pumpkin Seeds        483
+Pediculus Capitis                             78
+Pediculus Corporis                            78
+Pediculus Pubis                               78
+Pelvis, The                                  490
+Pemphigus                                     79
+Peptonized Milk                              594
+Peptonized Milk                              653
+  Cold Process                               653
+Pericarditis                                 341
+  Primary or First Cause                     341
+  Symptoms                                   341
+  Treatment of Pericarditis                  341
+Periproctitis                           137, 151
+Perineum and Cervix, operation for           664
+Peritoneum, Inflammation of the              133
+Peritonitis, Acute; General                  133
+  Causes                                     133
+  Symptoms                                   133
+  Recovery, Prognosis, etc                   134
+Peritonitis, Local,                          134
+  Symptoms                                   134
+  Treatment of Acute Peritonitis             134
+  For Vomiting                               134
+  Diet                                       134
+Peritonitis, Tubercular                      134
+  Symptoms                                   134
+  Treatment                                  134
+Permanent Teeth, Usual Order                 619
+
+Pernicious Anaemia                           250
+  Condition                                  250
+  Symptoms                                   250
+  Treatment                                  250
+Pernicious Malarial Fever                    229
+Perry Davis's Pain Killer                    484
+Pertussis                                    180
+Pterygium                                    352
+Pruritus Ani                                 143
+Pharyngitis, Acute                            21
+Pharyngeal Catarrh, Acute                     21
+Pharyngeal Diphtheria                        184
+Pharyngeal Tonsil                              8
+Pharynx, Inflammation of                      21
+Phlebitis                                    345
+  Causes                                     345
+  Symptoms                                   345
+  Treatment                                  345
+Pierce's Comp. Extract of Smart weed         488
+Piles                                        145
+  Varieties                                  146
+  Causes                                     146
+  External Piles                             146
+  Skin Piles, (Cutaneous)                    147
+  Mothers' Remedies                          147
+    1. Sulphur and Glycerin for              147
+    2. Strongly recommended remedy for       147
+    3. Good Salve for                        147
+    4. Smartweed Salve for                   147
+    5. Cold Water Cure for                   147
+    6. Simple Application and Relief from    147
+    7. Steaming with Chamomile Tea for       147
+Physicians' Treatment for Piles              148
+  What to do first                           148
+  Lead and Laudannm Wash                     148
+    1. Soothing Ointment for                 148
+    2. Salve for                             148
+    3. For External Piles                    148
+    4. If there is much Itching              148
+    5. I Use quite frequently                148
+  Operation for Piles                        149
+  Cutaneous Skin Piles Operated upon         149
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           679
+    1. Prescription for                      679
+Piles (Herb Remedies)    410, 420, 423, 426, 442
+Piles, Internal                              149
+  Symptoms                                   149
+  Recovery, Pain, etc                        150
+  Physicians' Treatment for Piles            150
+    1. For Inflamed piles                    150
+    2. For Bathing the Piles                 150
+    3. When there is Slight Bleeding         150
+    4. If the Protruded Piles are Inflamed   150
+    5. An Ointment                           151
+    6. Tea of White Oak Bark for             151
+    7. Take a rectal Injection               151
+  Preventive, Treatment                      151
+  For Constipation                           151
+  Habits                                     151
+  Diet                                       151
+  Foods Allowed                              151
+Piles, Itching                               143
+Pile, Operation for                          664
+Pimples                                       61
+Pinworms                                      46
+Placenta Praevia                             527
+Plague                                       225
+  Causes                                     225
+  Bubonic Plague                             225
+  Septicemia type                            225
+  Pneumonia type                             225
+  Symptoms                                   225
+  Pneumonic Plague                           226
+  Septicemic Plague                          226
+  Treatment, Prevention                      226
+Plague, Bubonic                              225
+Plasters, Capsicum and Belladonna            635
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 935]
+
+Pleura, Inflammation of the                   41
+Pleurisy Diagnosis of                          4
+  Pleurisy, Acute                             41
+  Causes                                      42
+  Diet and Nursing                            42
+  Physicians' Treatment                       42
+    1. Home Treatment                         42
+    2. Other Home Remedies                    42
+    3. Fomentations                           43
+    4. Camphorated Oil for                    43
+    5. Adhesive Plaster                       43
+    6. Tincture of Aconite                    43
+    7. Hypodermic of Morphine                 43
+Pleurisy, Acute (Herb Remedies)  420, 428, 434, 444
+Pleurisy, Operation for                      664
+Pleurodynia                                  323
+Plumbism, Saturnism                          374
+Pneumonia, Diagnosis of                        4
+Pneumonia                                    218
+  Causes of pneumonia                        218
+  Symptoms                                   218
+  Mothers' Remedies                          219
+    1. Salt Pork for Inflammation for        219
+    2. Raspberry Tincture for Inflammation of    219
+    3. Herb Ointment                         219
+    4. Mullein for                           219
+    5. Salve for Weak                        219
+  Physicians' Treatment for Lungs            219
+  Fomentations                               220
+Pneumonia (Herb Remedies)                    434
+Pneumonia, Brancho                            40
+Poisoning                                    621
+POISONS, ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES (Chapter) 376
+Poisoning, Bland Drink After                 438
+Poisoning, Food                              374
+Poisoning, Ivy                                92
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           679
+    1. Buttermilk and Salt Heals             679
+    2. Lead Water and Laudanum               679
+    3. Excellent Cure for                    679
+Poisoning, Lead                              374
+Poison Oak and Ivy, (Rare Prescription)      481
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           680
+    1. Gunpowder and Lard for                680
+POISONS, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENTS, ANTIDOTES
+      AND STIMULANTS                         400
+Poisoned Wounds                              377
+Polypus, Nasal                                19
+Posterior Spinal Sclerosis                   305
+Post Nasal Growths                             8
+Poultice (Herb Remedies)                424, 429
+Poultice of Peach Tree Leaves from our Mothers' List   634
+Pregnancy, Accidents of                      524
+Pregnancy, Cramps during (Herb Remedies)     420, 439
+Premature Labor                              524
+Prevention of Conception                     494
+Prickly Heat Rash                             76
+  Symptoms                                    76
+  Cause                                       76
+  Mothers' Remedies                           76
+    1. Soda Water for                         76
+    2. Relief from pain of                    76
+    3. Burnt Cornstarch for                   76
+    4. Soothing Ointment for                  76
+  Physicians' Treatment for Prickly Heat      77
+  Chafing                                     77
+  Mothers' Remedies for Chafing               77
+    1. Fuller's Earth Eases                   77
+    2. Good Home Remedy for                   77
+    3. Borax and Zinc stops                   77
+    4. Common Flour Good to Stop              77
+Proctitis                                    137
+Podogra                                      315
+Prolapse                                     137
+Proprietary Foods                            622
+Prostate, Diseases of the                    163
+  Prostate, Hypertrophy of the               164
+  Symptoms                                   164
+Treatment, Preventive                        164
+Prostration, Nervous                         280
+Pruritis                                     495
+Pseudo-Leukaemia                             252
+Psoriasis                                     79
+Pulse                                        642
+Purifier, Blood (Herb Remedies)              422
+Purpura                                      253
+  Symptoms                                   253
+    1. Symptomatic Purpura                   253
+    2. Type Arthritic Purpura                253
+Purpura Haemorrhagic                         253
+  Symptoms                                   253
+  Treatment                                  254
+Pyelitis                                     160
+  Symptoms                                   161
+  Treatment                                  161
+  Diet                                       161
+Pyemia                                       223
+  Symptoms                                   223
+  Local Treatment                            223
+  General Treatment                          223
+Quinsy                                       190
+Radway's Pills                               488
+Rash, Nettle                                  89
+Rash, Nettle (Herb Remedies)                 442
+Rash, Prickly Heat                            76
+Raspberry Shrub                              646
+Raspberry Vinegar                            647
+Rectal Douche                                641
+Rectocele                                    514
+Rectum, Abscess around the                   151
+Rectum, Diseases of the                      136
+Rectum. Neuralgia of the                     137
+Relief for Asthma (Rare Prescription)        465
+Remittent Fever                              228
+Renal Calculus                               161
+Respiration (Breathing)                      642
+RESPIRATORY DISEASES                           6
+Resuscitate the Drowned, To                  397
+Retina                                       347
+Retina, Inflammation of the                  355
+Retinitis, Albuminuric                       355
+Rheumatism                                   678
+  Liniment sent us from a Gentleman in Canada    678
+Rheumatic Arthritis                          314
+Rheumatism Articular                         317
+Rheumatism Chronic                           321
+Rheumatism, Chronic (Herb Remedies)     414, 434, 435, 440
+Rheumatic Fever, Diagnosis of                  4
+Rheumatic Rever (Articular Rheumatism)       317
+  Causes                                     317
+  Predisposing                               318
+  Condition                                  318
+  Symptoms                                   318
+  Fever                                      318
+  Mothers' Remedies                          318
+    1. Salicylate of Soda Treatment          319
+    2. Cotton Excellent for Inflammatory     319
+  Prevention                                 319
+    1. Physicians' Causes                    320
+    2. Hot Fomentations                      320
+    3. The Following is Good                 320
+    4. A Prescription                        320
+    5. A Layer or Two of Gauze Saturated with Methylsalicylate   320
+    6. Internal                              320
+
+[936 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+  7. Dr. Hare Recommend                      320
+    Nursing                                  321
+    Diet                                     321
+Rheumatism, Gonorrheal                       236
+Rheumatism, Gonorrheal (Herb Remedies)       429, 430
+Rheumatic Gout                               314
+  Rheumatic Anthritis                        314
+  Arthritis Deformans                        314
+  Causes                                     314
+  Conditions                                 314
+  Symptoms                                   314
+  Acute                                      314
+  Chronic Type                               315
+  Monarticular or One Joint Type             315
+  Recovery                                   315
+  General Treatment                          315
+  Local                                      315
+Rheumatic Headache                           268
+Rheumatism, Diagnosis of Inflammatory          4
+  Mothers' Remedy (Unclassified)             677
+    1. Salt Petre and Sweet Oil for          677
+  Rheumatism, Internal Use (Rare Prescription)   482
+Rheumatism, Muscular       323
+Rheumatism, Muscular (Herb Remedies)    415, 426, 434
+Rhinitis, Acute                               10
+Rhinitis, Chronic                             14
+Ribs, Broken                                 382
+Rickets                                      614
+Ringworm                                      86
+  Varieties                                   86
+  Ringworm of the Body                        86
+  Mothers' Remedies                           86
+    1. Gunpowder and Vinegar for              86
+    2. Cigar Ashes for                        86
+    3. Kerosene for                           86
+    4. Ontario Mother Cured Boy of            86
+    5. Another from a Mother at Valdosta, Georgia 86
+    6. Egg Skin Remedy for                    86
+    7. From a Mother at Owosso, Michigan      86
+  Physicians' Treatment                       86
+    1. For Infants and Children               86
+    2. Corrosive Sublimate                    87
+    3. Ammoniated Mercury                     87
+    4. For Ringworm                           87
+    5. For Ringworm                           87
+Ringworm (Herb Remedies)                     413
+Ringworm of the Beard                         87
+Ringworm of the Scalp                         87
+  Cautions and Treatment                      87
+    1. Carbolic Acid                          87
+    2. Oleate of Mercury                      87
+    3. Sulphur Ointment                       87
+    4. Tincture of Iodine                     87
+Root Beer                                    646
+Rose, Cold                                    17
+Rough on Rats, Poison by                     406
+Round Worm                                    44
+Royal Catarrh Cure                           467
+Rupture                                      122
+  Location                                   123
+  Symptoms                                   123
+  Mothers' Remedies                          123
+    1. Poultice for                          123
+  Physicians' Treatment                      123
+  Irreducible Ruptures                       123
+  Strangulated Hernia or Rupture             124
+  Symptoms                                   124
+  Mothers' Remedies                          124
+    1. Hop Poultice                          124
+  Physicians' Treatment                      124
+  To Reduce                                  124
+  Caution                                    124
+  Mothers' Remedy (Unclassified)             680
+    1. Herb Remedy for                       680
+Rupture in a Baby                            620
+Rupture of the Spleen                        256
+
+St. Jacob's Oil                              485
+Sad Mania                                    312
+Sage's Catarrh Cure                          484
+Sago Custard                                 647
+Salpingitis                                  502
+Salt (Medical Use)                           668
+Saltpetre, Poison by                         406
+Salt Rheum                                    67
+  Mothers' Remedies                           67
+    1. Alum Wash and Cathartic for            67
+    2. Ammonia and Camphor                    68
+    3. Cactus Leaf Cure for                   68
+    4. Pine Tar for                           68
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           680
+    1. Well Tried Remedy for                 680
+Salt Rheum (Herb Remedies)              416, 434
+Salve for Boils and Old Sores (Rare Prescription)  466
+Salve, Splendid General                      681
+Santonin, Poison by                          407
+Saul's Catarrh Remedy                        485
+Scalds, Mothers' Remedies for                387
+Scalds (Herb Remedies)                       420
+Scald Head                                   617
+Scald Head (Rare Prescription)               482
+Scalding Urine (Herb Remedies)               440
+Scalp, Care of                               550
+Scalp, Ringworm of the                        87
+Scarlet Fever, Diagnosis of                    5
+Scarlet Fever                                167
+  Definition                                 167
+  Modes of Conveying                         167
+  Remains in the Room, How Long?             168
+  Age, Occurrence, Susceptibility            168
+  How Often?                                 168
+  Incubation                                 168
+  Contagion                                  168
+  Onset                                      168
+  Rash                                       168
+  Fever                                      168
+  Sore Throat                                169
+  Tongue                                     169
+  Scaling                                    169
+  Complications, Nose                        169
+  Ear                                        169
+  Eye                                        169
+  Kidneys                                    170
+  Heart                                      170
+  Joints                                     170
+  Chorea                                     170
+  Diagnosis                                  170
+  From Measles                               170
+  Recovery                                   170
+  Sanitary Care of Room and Patient          170
+  City and State Supervision                 171
+  How to Prevent and Avoid Scarlet Fever     171
+  Sanitary Care of Infected and Sick Persons and Rooms   172
+  The Room in Which One is Sick with this Disease        172
+  Soiled Clothing, Towels, Bed Linen, etc    172
+  The Discharges                             173
+  All Cups, Glasses, Spoons, etc             173
+  Foods and Drinks                           173
+  Persons Recovering from Scarlet Fever      173
+  Diet and Nursing                           173
+  During the Sickness                        174
+  Special Treatment                          174
+  Dropsy in Scarlet Fever                    175
+  How Soon May a Convalescent Person Associate with the Healthy  175
+  Caution                                    175
+Scarlet Fever (Herb Remedies)                422
+Scarlatina, Diagnosis of                       5
+Schaefer Method of Artificial Respiration    397
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 937]
+
+Sciatica                                     266
+Schools at Medicines                         660
+Sclerosis of the Liver                       131
+Scrofula                                     212
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           681
+    1. A Good Remedy for                     681
+Scrofula (Herb Remedies)     415, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 444, 445, 447
+Scrofula (Rare Prescription}                 482
+Scurvy                                       615
+Scurvy (Herb Remedies)             434, 444, 447
+Sebaceous Cyst                                85
+Seborrhea                                     83
+Secretion, Lessened Sweat                     57
+Senile Cataract                              354
+  Symptoms of Senile (Old Age) Cataract      354
+  Course                                     354
+Septicemia                              222, 223
+Seven Sutherland Sisters' Hair Grower        485
+Shingles                                      74
+  Definition                                  74
+  Symptoms                                    74
+  Causes                                      74
+  Mothers' Remedies                           74
+    1. Herb Remedy for                        74
+    2. Mercury Ointment for                   74
+  Physicians' Treatment                       75
+Shocked, Electrically                        397
+Shoulder Joint Dislocation                   380
+Sick Headache (Herb Remedies)           413, 414
+Simple Acne                                   53
+Simple Angina                                 21
+Skin, Diseases of the                         52
+  Macule Spots (Patches)                      53
+  Papule (Pimple)                             53
+  Tubercle (Node Lump)                        53
+  Tumors                                      53
+  Wheel                                       53
+  Vesicle                                     53
+  Bleb                                        53
+  Pustule                                     53
+  Scale                                       53
+  Crust                                       53
+  Excoriation                                 53
+  Fissures                                    53
+  Ulcer (Sores)                               53
+  Scar                                        53
+  Pigmentation                                53
+Skin, Diseases of the (Herb Remedies)    415, 430, 435, 436, 438, 447
+Skin Diseases Produced by Lice                78
+Skin, Inflammation of the                     62
+Skin, Inflammation of the (Herb Remedies)    412
+Skinner's Dandruff Cure                      485
+Sleep                                        603
+Sleeplessness                                299
+Sleeplessness (Herb Remedies}      426, 430, 439
+Smallpox, Diagnosis of                         4
+Smallpox                                     201
+  Causes                                     201
+  Symptoms                                   201
+  Eruptions                                  201
+  Confluent Form                             201
+  Varioloid                                  201
+  Treatment                                  202
+  Diet                                       202
+  Nursing                                    202
+  General Rule for Disinfection              203
+  Hands, Body, etc                           203
+  Vaccination and Re-vaccination and its Prevention of Smallpox   203
+  A Good Time to be Vaccinated               203
+  Why Vaccinate?                             203
+  Smallpox entirely prevented by re-vaccination    204
+  Who Should Be Vaccinated                   204
+  Who Should Not Be Vaccinated               205
+  When Should a Person be Vaccinated?        205
+  Vaccination after Exposure to Smallpox     205
+  With what should one be vaccinated?        206
+  Where Vaccination Should Be Performed?     206
+  After Vaccination                          206
+  Common Appearances after Vaccination       206
+  What to do during and after Vaccination?   207
+  Make a Record of your Vaccination?         207
+  Lives Saved from Smallpox in Michigan      207
+Smith's Electric Oil                         470
+Smooth Tonsilitis, Diagnosis of                5
+Snake Bites                                  377
+  Symptoms of a Snake Bite                   378
+  Treatment                                  378
+  First thing to do                          378
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           680
+    1. Simple Poultice for                   680
+    2. Onions and Salt for                   681
+Snake Bite (Herb Remedies)                   434
+Soda (Medical Use)                           669
+Salt Water Bath, Tonic Action                630
+Softening of the Brain                       298
+Soft Diet                                    644
+Soothing Syrup, Overdose of                  622
+Sore Eyes (Rare Prescription)           470, 549
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)           681
+    1. Camphor and Breast Milk for           681
+Sore Mouth, Canker                            97
+Sore Mouth, Canker (Herb Remedies)  410, 420, 442, 444
+Sore Throat                                   21
+  Symptoms                                    21
+  Chronic                                     21
+  Prevention of the Chronic Kind              21
+  Prevention of the Acute Kind                21
+  Mothers' Remedies                           21
+    1. Used for Years Successfully            21
+    2. Splendid Liniment for                  22
+    3. Simple Gargle for                      22
+    4. Home Made Salve for                    22
+    5. Cold Packs Sure Cure for               22
+    6. Ointment for                           22
+    7. Remedy from a Mother in Johnson City, Tenn   22
+    8. Gargle and Application for             23
+    9. Vinegar Gargle for                     23
+    10. Alum and Vinegar for                  23
+    11. Kerosene for                          23
+    12. Remedy always at hand                 23
+    13. Simple Remedy for                     23
+  Physicians' Treatment for Sore Throat       23
+    1. Inhalation of Steam                    23
+    2. Sulphur and Cream for                  23
+    3. Good Old Mothers' Remedies             23
+    1. Physicians' Local Treatment            24
+    2. When the Attack is Mild                24
+    3. I like the following at the beginning  24
+    4. For Chronic Catarrh                    24
+    5. Other Gargles                          24
+    6. Snuff                                  24
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)            681
+    1. Mustard Plaster for                    681
+Sore Throat (Herb Remedies)    418, 420, 431, 434, 442
+Sore Throat (Rare Prescription)               475
+Sores or Ulcers                                72
+Sores or Ulcers (Herb Remedies)  410, 412, 413, 416, 431, 434, 447
+Southern Cholera Cure                         483
+Spasms                                   542, 616
+Spasms (Herb Remedies)                   420, 432
+Spasmodic Asthma                               37
+Spasm of the Glottis                           26
+Special Diseases                              265
+Spice Plaster                                 635
+Spice Poultice                                634
+Spice Poultice from a Stanlyton, Va., Mother  634
+
+[938 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Spinal Cord, Injuries of                      303
+  Causes                                      303
+  Symptoms                                    303
+  Treatment                                   303
+  Traumatism of the Cord                      303
+  Symptoms                                    303
+  Recovery                                    304
+  Treatment, Immediate                        304
+Spinal Cord, Organic Diseases of              304
+Spine, Concussion of the                      303
+Splinters                                   621
+Splinter, to Extract                          682
+Splints                                       381
+Spoiled Foods, Poison by                      407
+Sponge Bath                                   630
+Spots, Liver                                   61
+Spotted Fever, Diagnosis of                     4
+Sprains                                       383
+Sprains (Herb Remedies)                       410
+Squint                                        356
+  Internal or Convergent Squint               356
+  External or Divergent Squint                356
+  Causes of Convergent (Internal) Squint      356
+  Treatment                                   356
+  External (Divergent Squint)                 356
+Squint, Operation for                         664
+Stab Wounds                                   303
+Stammering                                    301
+  Mothers' Remedies                           301
+    1. Easy Cure for                          301
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)            681
+    1. Canadian Mother's Treatment for        681
+  Physicians' Treatment                       301
+Starch Bath                                   630
+Starch and Laudanum                           641
+Starch Poultice                               632
+Steatoma                                       85
+Sterilization                                 624
+Sterilized Milk                               593
+Sterilizing, A Simple Method of               593
+Stiff Neck                                    324
+Stimulant (Herb Remedies)                     433
+Stings                                        379
+  Mothers' Remedies                           379
+    1. Leaves of Geranium Good for Bee or Wasp    379
+  2. Simple Remedy for                        379
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)            681
+    1. Old Tried Canadian Remedy for          681
+    2. From Nettles                           681
+Stings (Herb Remedies)                   412, 443
+Stomach, Bleeding from                        107
+Stomach, Cancer of the                   106, 334
+Stomach Headache                              270
+Stomach, Neuralgia of the                     107
+Stomach, Operation for                        665
+Stomach, Acute Inflammation of the            111
+Stomach Trouble                               103
+Stomach Trouble (Herb Remedies)     439, 442, 443
+Stomach, Diagnosis of Ulcer of the              5
+Stomatitis Aphthous                            97
+Stomatitis, Gangrenous                         99
+Strabismus                                    356
+Strychnine, Poison by                         407
+Stye                                          348
+  Causes                                      348
+  Symptoms                                    348
+  Course                                      348
+  Mothers' Remedies                           348
+    1. Home Method to Kill                    348
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)            681
+    1. Common Tea Leaves for                  681
+  Treatment                                   349
+Suffocated, Treatment of                      397
+Sugar, Kind to Use                            578
+Sulphuric Acid, Poison by                     407
+Sulphur (Medical Use)                         670
+Summer Complaint, Prepared Flour for          648
+Sunburn                                        90
+  Mothers' Remedies                            91
+    1. Lemon Juice and Vinegar for             91
+    2. Ammonia Water for                       91
+    3. Relief from Pain and Smarting of        91
+    4. Preparation for                         91
+  Physicians' Treatment                        91
+    1. For Sunburn                             91
+    2. For Sunburn                             91
+    3. The following is a good combination     91
+Sunstrokes                                    375
+  Symptoms                                    375
+  Prognosis                                   376
+  Mothers' Remedies                           376
+    1. Quick Method to Relieve                376
+  Treatment                                   376
+  For Severe Cases                            376
+  Medicine                                    376
+Sunstrokes and Intoxicants (Chapter)          371
+Superficial Felons                             70
+Suppurative Tonsilitis                        190
+Sweating, to Cause (Herb Remedies)  441, 443, 444
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)            681
+    1. Sweating, to Cause                     681
+    2. Another                                682
+Sweating, Excessive                            75
+  Symptoms                                     75
+  Causes                                       75
+  Treatment                                    75
+  Application for the Local Treatment          75
+  White Oak Bark for                           75
+Sweating, Excessive (Herb Remedies) 426, 432, 434
+Sweating, Foul                                 57
+  Symptoms                                     57
+  Mothers' Remedies                            57
+    1. Alum Water for                          57
+    2. Borax and Alcohol for                   57
+    3. Simple Home Remedy for                  57
+  Physicians' Treatment                        57
+    1. Dressing Powders                        57
+    2. Boric Acid, powdered, may also be used  57
+    3. Dusting Powder                          57
+    4. One per cent Solution                   58
+Sweat, Lessened Secretion of                   57
+Sweats, Night                                  44
+Swellings (Herb Remedies)                429, 443
+Swelling of the Glottis                        26
+  Symptoms                                     26
+Sympathetic Inflammation of the Eye           334
+Sympathetic Ophthalmia                        354
+Syphilis                                      415
+Syphilis (Herb Remedies)  415, 429, 434, 435, 436, 438, 440
+Syrup of Figs                                 485
+
+Table                                         636
+Taenia Saginata                                48
+Taenia Solium                                  48
+Talipes                                       370
+Tape Worm                                      48
+Tape Worm (Rare Prescription)                 483
+Tapioca Jelly                                 652
+Tartar Emetic, Poison by                      407
+Taste                                         307
+Taste Buds                                    307
+Taste Buds, Plate of                          308
+Teeth                                         563
+Teething                                 560, 618
+Tegumentary (Skin) Leprosy                    238
+Temperature (Fever) Under the Tongue, Arm-pit 642
+Temperature of the Room                       624
+Tetanus                                       231
+Tetter, Dry                                    63
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 939]
+
+Tetter, Humid                                  63
+Things in the Ear                             395
+Things in the Nose                            396
+Thomas's Electric Oil                         486
+Thread Worm                                    46
+Throat, Sore                                   21
+Throat, Sore (Herb Remedies)   418, 420, 425, 431, 434, 437, 442, 444
+Thrush                                        551
+Thumb, Dislocation                            380
+Thyroid Gland, Diseases of                    258
+  Symptoms                                    258
+  Treatment                                   258
+Thyroiditis                                   258
+Tic Doloureux                                 265
+Tickling in Throat                             25
+Tinea Trichophytina                            86
+Tobacco, Poison by                            407
+Toe-Nail, Ingrowing                           395
+Tongue, The                                   642
+  Ulcers                                      643
+  High Fever                                  643
+  Dark Brown or Blackish Coating              643
+  Strawberry Tongue                           643
+  Cankered Tongue                             643
+  Cholera Infantum                            643
+  Constipation                                643
+  Biliousness                                 643
+Tonic (Herb Remedies)     424, 425, 428, 432, 444, 445
+Tonic, General (Rare Prescription)            475
+Tonsilitis, Diagnosis of                        5
+Tonsilitis, Acute                             187
+  Follicular, Inflammation of                 187
+  Causes                                      187
+  Symptoms                                    187
+  Diagnosis Between Acute Tonsilitis and Diphtheria  188
+  Mothers' Remedies                           188
+    1. Raw Onion for                          188
+    2. Peppermint Oil good for                188
+    3. Borax Water for                        188
+    4. Salt and Pepper with relieve           188
+    5. Peroxide of Hydrogen will cure         188
+    6. A Remedy Effective for                 188
+  Physicians' Treatment for Tonsilitis        189
+    1. Home Treatment                         189
+    2. Smartweed                              189
+    3. Salt Pork for                          189
+    4. Liniment                               189
+    5. Internally                             189
+    6. Hot Water                              189
+    7. Thyme                                  189
+    8. Steaming with Compound Tincture of Benzoin  189
+    9. For the Pain                           189
+    10. Medicines, Parke, Davis & Co.,
+       Anti-Tonsilitis Tablet No. 645 is very good  190
+    11. Aspirin                               190
+    12. Dr. Hare of Philadelphia              190
+Tonsilitis, Suppurative                       190
+Tonsils, Operation for                        665
+Tonsil, Pharyngeal                              8
+Toothache                                     119
+  Mothers' Remedies                           119
+    1. Dry Salt and Alum for                  119
+    2. Oil of Cloves quick relief for         119
+    3. Home Made Poultice for                 119
+    4. Clove Oil and Chloroform               119
+    5. Sure Cure for                          119
+    6. Salt and Alum Water for                119
+    7. Oil of Cinnamon for                    119
+    8. Reliable Remedy for                    119
+    9. From Decoyed Teeth                     120
+    Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)          682
+    1. Benzoin for                             82
+    2. Oil of Cinnamon for                    682
+  Physicians' Treatment                       121
+Toothache (Herb Remedies)                     418
+Toothache (Rare Prescription)                 483
+Tooth Powders                                 120
+  Mothers' Tooth Powders                      120
+    1. The Ashes of Burnt Grape Vine          120
+    2. Tooth Powder                           120
+    3. Tooth Powder                           120
+    4. Tooth Powder                           120
+    5. Tooth Wash                             120
+    6. Commonly Used                          120
+Torticollis                                   323
+Tracheotomy and Intubation, Operation for     664
+Traumatism of the Cord                        303
+  Symptoms                                    303
+  Recovery                                    304
+  Treatment, Immediate                        304
+Tremens, Delirium                             372
+Trichiniasis                                   50
+  Modes of Infection                           51
+  Symptoms                                     51
+  Physicians' Treatment                        52
+Tricuspid Stenosis (narrowing)                344
+  Recovery                                    344
+  Treatment: (a) While Compensated            344
+  (b) The Stage of Broken Compensation        344
+Tricuspid (Valve) Insufficiency               344
+  Cause                                       344
+Trifacial Neuralgia                           265
+Tub Bath (common)                             631
+Tuberculosis of the Lungs, Diagnosis of         5
+Tuberculosis                                  211
+  Forms-The Lungs                             211
+  Ordinary Consumption                        211
+    1. Acute Miliary Tuberculosis             211
+      (a) Acute General Miliary Tuberculosis  211
+      (b) Pulmonary (Lung) Type               211
+      (c) Tubercular Meningitis               211
+    2. Tuberculosis of the lymph nodes (glands)   212
+    3. Tuberculous Pleurisy                   212
+    4. Tuberculous Pericarditis               212
+    5. Tuberculous Peritonitis                212
+    6. Tuberculosis of the Larynx             212
+    7. Acute Pneumonia (Pulmonary Tuberculosis)
+              or Galloping Consumption        212
+    8. Chronic Ulcerative Pulmonary Tuberculosis   212
+    9. Chronic Miliary Tuberculosis           212
+    10. Tuberculosis of the Alimentary Canal  212
+    11. Tuberculosis of the Brain             212
+    12. Tuberculosis of the Liver, Kidneys, Bladder, etc  212
+    13. Tuberculosis of Joints                212
+  Mesenteric Kind                             212
+  Mothers' Remedies                           212
+    1. Simple Home Method to Break Up         212
+    2. Physicians' Treatment                  212
+  Physicians' Treatment for Consumption       213
+  Sanitary                                    213
+  Prevention of Tuberculosis                  213
+  Second                                      213
+  Individual Prevention                       213
+  General Measures                            214
+  At Home                                     214
+  Diet-Treatment                              214
+  Diet in Tuberculosis Furnished by a Hospital  214
+  May Take                                    214
+  Must Not Take                               214
+  What every person should know about Tuberculosis,
+    whether he has had the disease or not     214
+Tuberculosis (Herb Remedies)                  437
+Tuberculosis Patients, How to Treat the Sputum from  627
+Tuberculosis, Cervical                        212
+
+[940 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Tuberculated Leprosy                          238
+Tubercular Meningitis                         210
+Tubercular Peritonitis                        134
+Tuberculous Tumors                            297
+Tumors                                        336
+  A Benign Tumor                              336
+  A Malignant Tumor                           336
+  Some Varieties                              336
+  Malignant Sarcoma (Sarcomata)               336
+  Diagnosis                                   337
+  Treatment                                   337
+Tumors (Herb Remedies)              412, 434, 447
+Tumors of the Brain                           296
+  Causes-Predisposing                         296
+  Gumma                                       296
+  Tuberculous Tumors                          297
+  Glioma                                      297
+  Sarcoma and Cancer                          297
+  Symptoms                                    297
+  Treatment                                   297
+  For Headache                                297
+  For Vomiting                                297
+Tumor of the Nose                              19
+Turpentine (Medical Use)                      670
+Turpentine and Mustard Stupes                 635
+Turpentine Stupes                             634
+Typhoid Fever, Diagnosis of                     5
+Typhoid Fever                                 195
+  Cause                                       195
+  Symptoms                                    196
+  Time                                        196
+  Incubation                                  196
+  First Week                                  196
+  Second Week                                 196
+  Third Week                                  196
+  Fourth Week                                 197
+  Special Symptoms and Variations             197
+  Walking Type                                197
+  Digestive Symptoms                          197
+  Diarrhea                                    107
+  Perforation of the Bowel                    197
+  Treatment                                   197
+  Prevention                                  197
+  Sanitary Care                               197
+  Sanitary Care of the Household Articles     198
+  Diet and Nursing in Typhoid Fever           198
+  Cold Sponging                               199
+  The Bath                                    199
+  Medical Treatment                           199
+  Management of the Convalescent              199
+Typhus Fever                                  200
+  Symptoms                                    200
+  Eruptions                                   200
+  Fever                                       201
+  Treatment like Typhoid                      200
+
+Ulcers                                         72
+  Causes                                       72
+  Treatment                                    72
+  Chronic Ulcer                                72
+  Mothers' Remedies                            72
+    1. The Potato Lotion for                   72
+    2. Chickweed Ointment for                  72
+    3. Healing Ointment for                    72
+    4. Excellent Salve for                     72
+    5. An Old German Remedy for                72
+    6. An Antiseptic Wash for                  72
+    7. Chickweed and Wood Sage Poultice for    73
+    8. Blood Root and Sweet Nitre for          73
+    9. A Good Combination for                  73
+    10. A Four Ingredient Remedy for           73
+    11. Carrots will heal                      73
+    12. A Remedy that Cures                    73
+    13. Bread and Indian Meal for              13
+  Physicians' Treatment for Ulcers             73
+  Balsam of Peru is good for                   74
+  A Salve                                      74
+  Poultice                                     74
+  Indolent Sluggish Ulcer                      74
+  Poultice for                                 74
+Ulcers (Herb Remedies)    410, 412, 413, 416, 431, 434, 447
+Ulcer of the Cornea, Diagnosis of               5
+Ulcer of the Cornea                           351
+Ulcer of the Stomach, Diagnosis of              5
+Ulcer of the Stomach and Duodenum             106
+  Symptoms                                    106
+  Physicians' Treatment                       106
+    1. Rest                                   106
+    2. Feed by the Rectum                     106
+Uraemia, Acute                                156
+Uraemia, Acute (Herb Remedies)                435
+Uraemia, Chronic                              156
+Uraemia, Toxaemia                             166
+Urethritis                                    235
+Urethritis (Herb Remedies)                    415
+Urinary Passage                               164
+  Mothers' Remedies                           164
+    1. Dandelion Root win clean               164
+Urinary Passage (Herb Remedies)     411, 415, 432, 436, 443
+Urine, Blood in the                           156
+Urine, Scalding (Herb Remedies)               440
+Urticaria                                      89
+Uterus, Cancer of the                         334
+
+Vaccination                                   208
+  Symptoms                                    208
+Vagina, The                                   491
+Vaginal Douche, for Cleansing the             641
+Vagina, Inflammation of                       496
+Vaginismus                                    497
+Vaginitis                                     496
+Van Buskirk's Fragrant Sozodont               485
+Vanilla Snow                                  648
+Varicella                                     179
+Varicose Veins                                345
+  Predisposing Causes                         346
+  Exciting Causes                             346
+  Physicians' Treatment                       346
+  Palliative                                  346
+Varicose Veins (Herb Remedies)                410
+Variola                                       201
+Varix                                         345
+Vaselin (Medical Use)                         670
+Venereal Diseases                             494
+Ventilation                                   623
+Verucca                                        80
+Vestibule, The                                491
+Vinegar (Medical Use)                         673
+Vomiting                                      115
+  Mothers' Remedies                           115
+    1. Spice Poultice to Stop                 115
+    2. Mustard Plaster to Stop                115
+    3. Parched Corn, Drink to Stop            115
+    4. Peppermint Application for             115
+    5. Mustard and Water for                  115
+    6. Warm Water for                         115
+  Physicians' Treatment                       115
+    1. For Vomiting                           115
+    2. For Nervous Vomiting                   115
+    3. A Little Brandy                        116
+    4. Oil of Cloves                          116
+    5. Lime Water                             116
+    6. Vinegar Fumes                          116
+    7. Seidlitz Powder                        116
+    8. Mustard Plaster                        116
+    9. One-tenth drop of Ipecac               116
+    10. One-half drop of Fowler's Solution    116
+Vomiting (Herb Remedies)            423, 433, 440
+Vulva, Cysts of                               406
+Vulva, Inflammation of                        491
+Vulva, Itching of                             495
+Vulvitis                                      494
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 941]
+
+Warm Baths (90 to 100 F.)                     630
+Wart      89
+  Mothers' Remedies                            89
+    1. An Application for                      89
+    2. Match and Turpentine for                89
+    3. Muriate of Ammonia for                  89
+    4. Turpentine for                          89
+    5. Warts, to Remove                        89
+    6. Milkweed Removes                        89
+    7. For Warts                               89
+Warts (Herb Remedies)                    413, 416
+Watt's Anti-Rheumatic Pills                   487
+Weak Back                                     682
+  Mothers' Remedies (Unclassified)            682
+    1. Liniment for                           682
+    2. Turpentine, and Sweet Oil for          682
+Weaning                                       569
+Wen                                            85
+  Treatment                                    85
+Wet Cupping                                   635
+Whites, The                                   510
+White's Cough Syrup                           487
+White Swelling                                236
+Whitlow                                        69
+Whole Wheat Bread                             653
+Whooping Cough, Diagnosis of                    5
+Whooping Cough                                180
+  Symptoms                                    181
+  The First Stage                             181
+  Spasmodic or Second Stage                   181
+  Stage of the Decline                        182
+  Complications                               182
+  Diagnosis                                   182
+  Mortality                                   182
+  Mothers' Remedies                           182
+    1. Chestnut Leaves for                    182
+    2. Chestnut Leaves and Cream for          182
+    3. Mrs. Warren's                          182
+    4. Raspberry Tincture for                 182
+  Physicians' Treatment for Whooping Cough    183
+  Medical Treatment                           183
+    1. Good Powder                            183
+    2. Tincture of Aconite                    183
+    3. The Best Treatment                     183
+  Diet                                        183
+Whooping Cough (Herb Remedies)           437, 439
+Whooping Cough (Rare Prescription)            484
+Wine of Antimony (Poison by)                  407
+Wind-pipe, Bleeding from                       38
+
+WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT                            489
+Abortion (Accidents of Pregnancy)             524
+  Causes                                      525
+  Causes--Due to the Father--Paternal         525
+  Foetal Causes                               525
+  Symptoms                                    525
+  Threatened Abortion                         526
+  Inevitable Abortion                         526
+  Treatment--Preventive                       526
+  Treatment of Threatened Abortion            526
+  Treatment of the Inevitable Abortion        527
+  Placenta Praevia                            527
+  Treatment                                   527
+Amenorrhea                                    505
+  Causes                                      505
+  Symptoms                                    505
+  Treatment                                   505
+Bleeding after Delivery                       540
+Breast Broken, Abscess                        538
+Breasts, Care of                              538
+Breasts, Inflammation of                      538
+  Abscess, Broken Breast                      538
+  Treatment-Preventive                        538
+  Mothers' Remedies for Sore Breasts          539
+    1. A Never Failing Remedy for             539
+    2. An Herb Treatment for                  539
+    3. A Hot Poultice for                     539
+    4. Fresh Hops for                         539
+    5. A Poultice of Peach Leaves for         539
+  Mothers' Remedies for Sore Nipples          539
+    1. A Good Wash for                        539
+    2. A Good Family Ointment for             539
+Cervix, Diseases of                           497
+  Tear of the Cervix (Laceration)             497
+  Causes                                      497
+  Symptoms, Immediate and Remote              497
+  Remote Symptoms                             497
+  Treatment                                   498
+Cervix, Inflammation of the                   498
+  Cause                                       498
+  Symptoms                                    498
+  Treatment                                   498
+Cervix, Tear of                               497
+Childbirth                                    494
+Clitoris, The                                 491
+Convulsions (Eclampsia)                       542
+  Treatment                                   542
+Criminal Abortion                             494
+Cystocele                                     514
+  Causes                                      514
+  Symptoms                                    514
+  Treatment                                   514
+Diseases of Women, Causes of                  493
+  Menstruation                                494
+  Dress                                       494
+  Prevention of Conception                    494
+  Criminal Abortion                           494
+  Childbirth                                  494
+  Venereal Diseases                           494
+Dress                                         494
+Dysmenorrhea                                  507
+Eclampsia                                     542
+Endometritis                                  498
+Endometritis, Putrid                          500
+  Symptoms                                    500
+  Treatment                                   500
+  Diet                                        500
+Endometritis, Septic, Puerperal               499
+  Symptoms                                    499
+  Treatment                                   499
+Fallopian Tubes, Diseases of                  502
+Fallopian Tubes, Inflammation of              502
+Fibromata                                     501
+Genital Organs, Female, Anatomy of            490
+Glands of Bartholin, The                      401
+Hemorrhage, Post-Partum (Bleeding After Delivery)   540
+  Causes                                      540
+  Symptoms                                    540
+  Treatment                                   540
+  Pulse and Temperature                       541
+  Treatment                                   541
+  Diet                                        542
+Hymen, The                                    491
+Labia Majora, The                             490
+Labia Minora, The                             490
+Labor                                         528
+  Premonitory Signs of Labor                  528
+  Stages of Labor                             529
+  The First Stage                             529
+  Second Stage                                529
+  Third Stage                                 530
+  Management of Labor                         530
+  Preparation of the Bed                      530
+  Preparation of the Patient                  530
+  Examination of the Patient                  531
+  Management of the Second Stage              532
+  Dr. Manton, of Detroit, Says:               532
+  Management of the Third Stage               534
+The Child                                     534
+  Another Method                              535
+The Mother                                    535
+  Rest                                        537
+  After-Pains                                 537
+
+[942 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+  The Bladder                                 537
+  The Bowels                                  533
+Leucorrhea (The Whites)                       510
+  Causes                                      510
+  From a Torn Cervix                          510
+  In Inflammation of the Canal of the Cervix  510
+  Inflammation of the Body of the Womb        510
+  If the Inflammation Is Caused by Gonorrhea  510
+  Symptoms                                    510
+  Mothers' Remedies                           510
+    1. Slippery Elm for                       510
+    2. Glycerin for                           511
+    3. Common Tea for                         511
+    4. Witch-Hazel for                        511
+    5. White Oak Bark for                     511
+    6. A Good Herb Remedy for                 511
+    7. Common Vinegar for                     511
+    8. An Easily Prepared Remedy for          511
+    9. Home-Made Suppositories for            511
+    10. A Good Home Remedy for                512
+    11. A New York Doctor's Remedy for        512
+  Physicians' Treatment                       512
+  Local                                       512
+    1. One Ounce of White Oak Bark            512
+    2. Tannic Acid and Glycerin               512
+    3. Lloyd's Golden Seal                    512
+    4. This Combination Gives Good Service    512
+    5. Witch-Hazel in Warm Water              512
+    6. Many other Simple Remedies             512
+Lochia, The                                   540
+  Diet                                        540
+Menorrhagia                                   505
+  Causes                                      505
+  Local Causes                                505
+  Symptoms                                    506
+  Physicians' Treatment for Profuse Menstruation  506
+    1. An Easily Prepared Remedy for          506
+    2. In Young Girls                         506
+    3. Blaud's Pills Will Do Well             506
+    4. If the Appetite Is Poor                506
+    5. Tincture of Nux Vomica                 506
+    6. Golden Seal Root                       506
+    7. Oil of Erigeron or Flea-bane           506
+    8. Oil of Cinnamon                        506
+    9. Cranesbill (Geranium Maculatum)        507
+Menopause (Change of Life)                    513
+  Symptoms                                    513
+  Mothers' Remedies                           513
+    1. A Useful Herb Remedy for               513
+    2. An Old Tried Remedy for                513
+    3. Good Advice From an Experienced Mother 513
+  Physicians' Treatment                       513
+Menstruation                                  494
+Menstruation, Delayed                         504
+  Causes                                      505
+  Mothers' Remedies, Obstruction of Monthly Flow  503
+    1. An Herb Remedy for                     505
+    2. Smartweed for                          505
+Menstruation, Difficult                       507
+  Causes                                      507
+  Symptoms                                    507
+  Mothers' Remedies for Painful Menstruation  507
+    1. A Good Tonic for                       507
+    2. A Home Remedy for                      507
+  Physicians' Treatment                       507
+    1. For the Attack                         507
+    2. If the Patient's Nervous System Is Run Down  508
+    3. Fluid Extract of Blue Cohosh           508
+    4. Tincture of Pulsatilla                 503
+    5. Tincture of Cocculus                   508
+Menstruation, Premature                       504
+  Treatment                                   504
+Menstruation, Vicarious (In Place of)         505
+Midwifery, or Obstetrics                      515
+Milk Leg                                      542
+  Symptoms                                    542
+  Treatment                                   543
+  Diet                                        543
+Miscarriage                                   524
+Mons Veneris                                  490
+Obstetrics, or Midwifery                      515
+  Small Bodies                                515
+  The Embryo or Impregnated Egg               515
+  Development of the Different Months         515
+  First Month                                 515
+  Second Month                                515
+  Third Month                                 515
+  Fourth Month                                516
+  Fifth Month                                 516
+  Sixth Month                                 516
+  Seventh Month                               516
+  Eighth Month                                516
+  Ninth Month                                 516
+  Nausea and Vomiting                         517
+  Breasts                                     517
+  Bladder                                     517
+  Abdominal Changes                           518
+  Pigmentation                                518
+  Quickening                                  518
+  The Blood                                   518
+  Nervous System                              518
+  Constipation Is the Rule                    518
+  The Foetal Heart-beat                       518
+  Pelvic Signs                                519
+  Duration of Pregnancy                       519
+  How to Determine Date of Confinement        519
+  Position of the Womb                        519
+  Twins                                       519
+  Sex                                         519
+  Diagnosis                                   519
+  Hygiene of Pregnancy                        519
+  Clothing                                    520
+  Food                                        520
+  Bathing                                     520
+  The Bowels and Bladder                      520
+  Exercise, Rest and Sleep                    521
+  The Vagina                                  521
+  The Breasts and Nipples                     521
+  Nervous System                              521
+  Disorders of Pregnancy                      521
+  Mothers' Remedies                           522
+    1. A Great Aid for                        522
+    2. Nausea of Pregnancy, Menthol and Sweet Oil for  522
+    3. Bouillon or Broth for                  522
+    4. Indigestion and Heartburn              522
+  Teeth                                       523
+  Constipation                                523
+  Difficult Breathing                         523
+  Varicose Veins and Piles                    523
+  Piles                                       523
+  Albumin in the Urine (Albuminuria)          524
+  Treatment                                   524
+Organs of Generation, The Internal            491
+Ovaries, The                                  493
+Ovary, Diseases of                            503
+Ovaries, Inflammation of the                  503
+  Causes                                      503
+  Symptoms                                    503
+  Treatment                                   503
+  Physicians' Treatment                       503
+Ovaries, Tumors of the                        504
+  Symptoms                                    504
+  Treatment                                   504
+Ovaritis                                      503
+Pelvis, The                                   400
+Placenta Praevia                              527
+Pregnancy, Accidents of                       524
+Premature Labor (Accidents of Pregnancy)      524
+
+[MEDICAL INDEX 943]
+
+Prevention of Conception                      494
+Pruritis                                      495
+Rectocele                                     514
+  Causes                                      514
+  Symptoms                                    514
+  Treatment                                   514
+Salpingitis                                   502
+  Causes                                      502
+  Symptoms                                    502
+  The Symptoms of the Chronic Variety         502
+  Treatment of the Acute Kind                 503
+  For the Chronic Variety                     503
+Vagina, The                                   491
+Vagina, Inflammation of                       496
+  Varieties                                   496
+    1. Catarrhal or Simple Form               496
+    2. Granular                               496
+    3. Gonorrheal Form                        496
+    4. Diphtheritic                           497
+    5. Senile Type                            497
+  Symptoms                                    497
+  Treatment (In Acute Cases)                  497
+  In Chronic Cases                            497
+Vaginismus                                    497
+  Treatment                                   497
+Vaginitis                                     496
+Venereal Diseases                             494
+Vestibule, The                                491
+Vulva, Cyst of                                496
+  Cause                                       496
+  Symptoms                                    496
+  Condition                                   496
+  Treatment                                   496
+  Vulva, Inflammation of the                  494
+  Causes                                      494
+  Other Causes                                494
+  In Infants                                  495
+  Symptoms and Condition of the Parts         495
+  Treatment                                   495
+    1. If There Is Much Pain                  495
+    2. For Chronic Form                       495
+Vulva, Itching of the                         495
+  Causes                                      495
+  Parts Irritable                             495
+  Symptoms                                    495
+  Treatment                                   496
+  Local                                       496
+Vulvitis                                      494
+Whites, The                                   510
+Womb, Cancer of the Body of                   500
+  Treatment                                   500
+Womb, Displacements                           508
+  Causes                                      508
+  Symptoms                                    508
+  Treatment                                   509
+  Operations                                  509
+Womb, Falling or Prolapse of                  509
+  For the Incomplete Falling                  509
+  For the Complete Falling                    509
+  Mothers' Remedies                           509
+    1. Unicorn Root for                       509
+    2. A Fine Herb Combination for            509
+    3. A Physician's Treatment for            509
+    4. A Never-Failing Remedy for             510
+    5. White Oak Bark for                     510
+Womb, Fibroid Tumors of                       501
+    1. Interstitial                           501
+    2. Sub-Mucus (Under the Mucous Membrane)  501
+    3. Sub-Peritoneal                         501
+  Causes                                      501
+  Symptoms                                    501
+  Mothers' Remedy                             501
+    1. Common Wood Cactus for                 501
+  Treatment                                   501
+  Symptoms Calling for an Operation           501
+Womb, Inflammation of the Lining of the       498
+  Causes                                      498
+  Acute Variety                               498
+  Gonorrheal Variety, Symptoms                498
+  Mothers' Remedy                             499
+    1. A Good Tonic for                       499
+  Physicians' Treatment                       499
+Womb, Malignant Diseases of                   500
+  Causes                                      500
+  Symptoms                                    500
+  Treatment                                   500
+Womb, Subinvolution                           501
+  Causes                                      501
+  Symptoms                                    501
+  Results                                     502
+  Treatment                                   502
+Womb, Bleeding from the (Herb Remedies)  412, 413, 423
+Womb, Cancer of the Body of                   500
+Womb, Displacements of                        508
+Womb, Falling or Prolapse                     509
+Womb, Fibroid Tumors of                       501
+Womb Headache                                 271
+Womb, Inflammation of the Lining of           498
+Womb, Malignant Disease of                    500
+Womb, Subinvolution                           501
+Wool Sorters' Disease                         230
+Worms, Flesh                                   61
+Worms, Pin                                     46
+Worm, Round                                    44
+  Symptoms                                     45
+  Mothers' Remedies                            45
+    1. Sage Tea for                            45
+    2. Tansy Remedy for                        45
+    3. Peach Leaf Tea for                      45
+  Physicians' Treatment                        45
+    1. Dr. Osler of Oxford, England, recommends as follows   45
+    2. Dr. Ritter's Santonin Remedy            45
+    3. Dr. Douglas, of Detroit, Michigan       46
+    4. The Following Is from Professor Stille  46
+Worm, Round (Herb Remedies)         414, 432, 446
+Worm, Tape                                     48
+  Symptoms                                     48
+  Treatment, Preventive                        49
+  Mothers' Remedies                            49
+    1. Pumpkin Seed Tea for                    49
+    2. Another Good Remedy for                 49
+    3. Ontario Mothers' Remedy for             49
+    4. Successful Remedy for Children or Adults   49
+  Physicians' Treatment                        49
+  Preparing the Patient                        49
+  Giving the Remedy and Receiving the Worm     49
+    1. Light Diet                              50
+    2. Pelletierine Remedy for                 50
+    3. Infusion and Emulsion for               50
+    4. An Old-Time Remedy for                  50
+Worm, Thread                                   46
+  Mothers' Remedies                            46
+    1. Aloes Treatment for                     46
+    2. Pink Root for                           46
+    3. Quassia Chips for                       47
+    4. Lime Water Injection for                47
+    5. Salt Water Remedy for                   47
+  Physicians' Treatment                        47
+    1. Santonin in Small Doses and Mild Purgative Like Rhubarb  47
+    2. Santonin for                            47
+    3. Dr. Tooker of Chicago, Illinois         47
+    4. Dr. Tooker Gives Another Method         47
+    5. Another Remedy for                      47
+    6. Spearmint Treatment for                 47
+    7. Internal Treatment for                  48
+    8. Tincture of Cina, to Accompany Injection   48
+
+[944 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Worm, Thread (Herb Remedies)        423, 432, 446
+Wounds                                        621
+Wounds, Punctured                             393
+Wounds, Rusty Nail                            393
+Wounds, Stab                                  392
+Wounds, Torn                                  393
+Wounds, Torn (Herb Remedies)        430, 434, 443
+Writer's Cramp                                292
+  Causes                                      292
+  Symptoms                                    292
+  Recovery                                    292
+  Physicians' Treatment                       292
+Wry Neck                                      324
+Yeast Poultice                                633
+Yellow Fever                                  224
+
+INDEX TO MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS
+INCLUDING PAGES 683 TO 790
+
+MANNERS' AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS                   683
+Afternoon Wear                                768
+  Incongruity in Dress                        768
+Appropriate Dress for Women                   768
+Bachelor Hospitality                          704
+  Bachelor and the Chaperon, The              764
+  Cheaper Ways of Entertaining                765
+  Bachelor's Chafing Dish, The                765
+  Village Society, In                         766
+  Should He Offer His Arm?                    766
+  The Outside of the Walk                     766
+  Minor Matters of Men's Etiquette            766
+  Cards and Calls                             766
+  Bad Habits                                  767
+  Car Fare Question, The                      767
+Balls, the Etiquette of                       722
+Calls, the Etiquette of                       690
+  Time and Manner                             690
+  Men's Demeanor                              690
+  "Pour Prendre Conge"                        691
+  Girls' Manners                              691
+  First Calls                                 691
+Calls After Wedding                           740
+Card, Calling, Etiquette                      688
+  For Women                                   688
+    A General Rule                            688
+After Social Functions                        688
+  After Absence                               688
+  For Men                                     689
+  Letters of Introduction                     689
+  At a Hotel                                  689
+  Styles in Cards                             689
+  Uses of Names                               689
+Carriage Etiquette                            777
+  Minor Items                                 778
+Children's Parties                            727
+  Games                                       727
+  Supper                                      727
+  Games for Older Children                    727
+Christening Ceremonies                        747
+  Ceremony, The                               747
+  Sponsors                                    748
+  Church Christenings                         748
+Church Etiquette                              776
+  Friendly Advances                           776
+  Demeanor                                    776
+Civility in Public                            778
+  Rude Tourists                               778
+  Telephone Etiquette                         779
+Concerning Introductions                      685
+  Women and Introductions                     685
+  When Calling                                685
+  General Introductions                       686
+  Men and Introductions                       686
+  A Few Things Not to Do                      686
+  In Company                                  687
+  School Girls' Etiquette                     687
+Cook's Work, The                              781
+  Should Understand Duties                    781
+  Nurse, The                                  782
+Debutante, The                                721
+  A Grave Mistake                             721
+  Her Dress                                   721
+  If Not a Belle                              722
+Decollette Gowns Are Worn When?               769
+  Wearing the Hat                             769
+  Ornaments                                   769
+  Debutante's Dress, The                      769
+  Dressing on Modest Allowance                770
+Dinner, The Informal                          700
+  Family Dinners                              701
+  Requirements                                701
+  Setting the Table                           702
+Dinners and Luncheons                         698
+  Formal Dinners                              698
+  Serving the Dinner                          698
+  The Help Required                           699
+  Precedence                                  700
+  Be Prompt                                   700
+Dress for Elderly Women                       770
+  Suitable, The                               770
+Duties of a Chaperon                          771
+  Mothers as Chaperons                        771
+  Chaperon's Lot Not Easy                     771
+  Chaperon a Social Help                      771
+  Chaperon of the Motherless Girl, The        772
+  Avoid Espionage                             772
+  Girls and the Chaperon, The                 772
+  Chaperon in Middle Class Society, The       772
+Duties and Dress of Servants                  779
+  Maid, The One                               779
+  Instructing the Maid                        780
+  Maid's Serving, the                         780
+  Duties of Waitress and Cook                 781
+Engagements, Announcement of                  729
+  How Disclosed                               729
+  After the Announcement                      730
+  Girl's Behavior, The                        730
+  Length of Engagement                        730
+  Breaking Off                                731
+  Wedding Trousseau, The                      731
+Engagements, Concerning                       728
+  Parental Wishes                             728
+Entertainments, At Small                      723
+  Card Parties                                724
+  At the Party                                724
+Etiquette for Children                        726
+  First Lessons                               726
+Etiquette of Correspondence, The              755
+  Essentials, The                             756
+  Letter Forms                                756
+  Abbreviations                               757
+  What Not to Do                              757
+  Placing the Stamps                          758
+
+[ MANNERS AND SOCIAL CUSTOMS 945]
+
+  When to Write                               758
+  Care in Writing                             758
+  Keeping Letters                             759
+  Letters of Congratulation and Condolence    759
+Etiquette of Dress, The                       767
+
+Garden Parties                                723
+  Refreshments                                723
+Guests, What is Expected of the               712
+  Dress at Week-End Visits                    712
+  Men's Wear                                  712
+Guests, The Obligations of                    715
+  About Being Thoughtful                      715
+  Outside Acquaintance                        716
+  Other Points to Observe                     716
+  Concerning Departure                        716
+  At Home Again                               717
+
+Hat, The Etiquette of the                     761
+  Coachman's Salute, The                      762
+  Hat, When to Raise the                      762
+  At Other Times                              762
+  Hat and Coat When Calling                   763
+Home Wedding, The                             740
+  Correct Attire                              740
+  After the Wedding                           742
+  Wedding Gifts                               742
+  What to Give                                742
+  Acknowledgments                             743
+  Wedding Decorations                         743
+Hospitality in the Home                       708
+  Real Hospitality                            703
+  Short Visits                                709
+  The Unexpected Visit                        709
+  The Inopportune Arrival                     709
+  Visits that Save Expense                    710
+Hostess, The Duties of                        713
+  The Visitors' Comfort                       713
+  Preparing for Company                       713
+  The Hostess's Invitations                   714
+  The Visitor's Entertainments                714
+
+Invitations                                   692
+  Invitations, Formulas for                   692
+  Replies                                     693
+  Must Not Ask Invitations                    694
+  Other Particulars                           694
+Informal Invitations                          694
+  Afternoon Tea                               695
+  The Verbal Invitation                       695
+
+Luncheons                                     703
+  Formal Luncheons                            703
+  Minor Particulars                           703
+  Large Luncheons                             704
+
+Manners for Men                               760
+  Value of Courtesy                           760
+  Manners of the Gentleman, The               760
+  Training, A Matter of                       761
+  Politeness an Armor                         761
+Manners and Social Customs                    683
+  Importance of Knowledge                     684
+  A Matter of Habit                           634
+Men's Dress                                   767
+Mourning Garments                             751
+  Expense of Mourning, The                    752
+  Mourning Wear                               752
+  Period of Mourning, The                     753
+  French Mourning                             753
+  Mourning for Men                            754
+  Duties of Friends, The                      754
+Mourning Etiquette                            749
+  Funerals, Conduct of                        749
+  Undertaker, The                             749
+  Duties of the Next Friend, The              750
+  House Funeral, The                          750
+  Church Funerals                             751
+  Flowers                                     751
+
+Neighborhood Etiquette                        777
+  Borrowing                                   777
+Receptions                                    707
+  Receiving                                   707
+  Decorations                                 707
+
+Rules for Precedence                          763
+
+Smoking, About                                763
+Smoke, Where not to                           764
+  Expectoration, About                        764
+Social Affairs, The Young Girl's              718
+  Girl and the Chaperon                       719
+  Girl and the Young Men, The                 719
+  About Gifts                                 720
+  Telephone, The                              720
+Speech, Good Form in                          773
+  Use of Slang and Colloquialisms             773
+  Form of Address                             774
+  Courtesy of Conversation                    774
+"Stag" Dinners                                725
+Subjects of Conversation                      775
+  Discourtesies                               778
+  Some Things to Avoid                        775
+  The Speaking Voice                          776
+Summary                                       782
+
+Table Etiquette                               704
+  At the Table                                705
+  Using the Fork                              705
+  Vegetables, Fruits, etc                     705
+  The Spoon                                   706
+  Finger Bowls                                707
+Tea, the Musical and Informal                 725
+Visiting Etiquette for Girls                  717
+  Deference to Age                            718
+Wedding-Anniversaries                         745
+  Wedding, The                                745
+  Silver Wedding, The                         745
+  Golden Weddings, The                        746
+  Courtesies of the Occasion, The             746
+  Gifts                                       747
+Wedding Festivities                           732
+  Engagement "Showers"                        732
+  How Presented                               732
+  Refreshments                                733
+Wedding Invitations and Announcements         696
+  Correct Form                                696
+  The Bridegroom's Family                     697
+  Other Items                                 697
+Wedding Preparations                          738
+  The Expense of the Wedding                  733
+  Bride's Privileges, The                     734
+  Who Pays?                                   735
+  Wedding Gown, The,                          735
+  Later Wear of the Wedding Gown              735
+  Bridal Flowers                              736
+  Widow's Bridal Attire                       786
+  Man's Wedding Garments, The                 736
+  Bride's Mother, The                         737
+  Church Wedding, The Formal                  737
+  Bride's Father, The                         738
+  Another Form                                738
+  Best Man's Duties, The                      738
+  Duties of the Ushers                        739
+  Wedding Reception, The                      739
+  Refreshments                                739
+  Going Away                                  739
+Weddings, The Simplest of                     744
+Week-End Visits                               710
+  Invitation, The                             710
+  Amusements                                  711
+  Hostess's Arrangements                      711
+Young Girls' Parties                          724
+  Birthday Party                              725
+
+[946 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+MISCELLANEOUS INDEX
+PAGES 790 TO 908
+Including Chapters on "Beauty and the Toilet,"
+"Nursery Hints and Fireside Gems,"
+"Domestic Science," "Canning and Pickling,"
+"Candy" "General Miscellaneous" and "Glossary"
+
+Acid or Lye, Burns from                       858
+Account Book, Kitchen                         867
+"Affection" (Quotation)                       808
+"After the Burial," from Lowell               809
+"All Girls and Boys" (Quotation)              808
+Almonds, Salted                               830
+Ants, Troubled With                           886
+Apples, The Quickest Way to Core              877
+Awkwardness Due to Eyes                       811
+
+Baby, Amusing                                 814
+"Baby-Class Tree, The" (Poem)                 805
+Baby's Fine Dresses                           803
+Baby's Kimona                                 802
+Baby's Layette                                801
+Baby's Meals                                  807
+Baby's Nerves                                 803
+Baby's Nose                                   814
+Baby's Outing                                 802
+Baby's Petticoats                             811
+Baby, Pretty Things for                       802
+"Baby's Purpose" (Quotation)                  808
+Baby (Quotations)                        801, 802
+Baby, Rather Hard On                          810
+Baby's Sleeves                                813
+Baby's Veil                                   814
+Baking, Apples Cored for                      874
+Baking Dishes, Discolored China               877
+Baking Help                                   868
+"Barefoot Boy" (Quotation)                    804
+Barefoot, Going                               803
+Basting Thread, To Save                       885
+Bathing the Baby, Hints for                   866
+Bathrobe, A                                   812
+Bathtub, Folding                              816
+BEAUTY AND THE TOILET                         790
+"Be Discreet" (Quotation)                     813
+Bed Sheeting                                  872
+Bed Time                                      815
+Beef, Creamed                                 829
+Beef-Tea, Preparing, A Way of                 866
+Bindings, Book With Delicate                  890
+Black Ants, How to Kill                       861
+Blacking, Soap With Stove                     857
+Blackheads                                    790
+Blankets, To Remove Stains from               858
+Blankets, To Wash White Woolen                889
+Bowl, Finger                                  883
+Boy's Garments                                802
+"Boys" (Quotation)                            802
+Bread, To Freshen                             865
+Breakfast Food, Cooking                       884
+Breakfast Food, To Open Packages              871
+Broom Bags                                    864
+Broom, How to Preserve the Household          880
+Bruise or Cut, For                            858
+Brush, To Sweep Stairs With Paint             859
+Bunions                                       799
+Bureau Drawers That Stick                     891
+Buttons for Future Use                        885
+Buttonhole, To Make a Neat                    876
+Buttons, Sewing on                            888
+
+Cake Tins, Greasing                           873
+Cake Tins, Non-Sticking                       860
+Cake Tins, To Prevent Sticking                865
+Canary Seed, To Keep Mice Away from           879
+Candle Grease, To Remove                      863
+Candle Grease, To Take Out of Linen           881
+Candles, To Keep in Warm Weather              879
+CANDY MAKING                                  848
+  Candy Making at Home                        848
+  Chocolate Candy, Plain                      851
+  Chocolate Candies                      850, 851
+  Chocolate Caramels                          851
+  Chocolate Fudge                             851
+  Chocolate Nut Caramels                      851
+  Chocolate Peppermint Wafers                 852
+  Chocolate Creams                            850
+  Chocolate Creams, No. 2                     851
+  Cocoanut Caramels                           852
+  Cocoanut Cream Bars                         851
+  Cocoanut Snow Balls                         852
+  Confectioners' and Common Candy             848
+  Cream Dates                                 854
+  Crystallized Fruits                         854
+  Bonbons, Making the                         850
+  Butter Scotch                               853
+  Flavor and Color                            849
+  Fondant, French or Boiled                   849
+  Fondant, Making the                         849
+  Hints, A Few                                855
+  Hoarhound Candy                             854
+  Maple Balls                                 852
+  Maple Candies                               852
+  Maple Creams, No. 2                         852
+  Maple Creams                                852
+  Marron Glaces                               854
+  Marshmallows                                854
+  Molasses Candies                            852
+  Molasses Taffy                              852
+  Molasses Taffy No. 2                        853
+  Nougat                                      853
+  Nut Bars                                    853
+  Nut Loaf                                    853
+  Other Candies                               854
+  Peanut Candy                                853
+  Popcorn Baskets                             853
+  Popcorn Candy                               853
+  Sour Drops                                  853
+  School Girl's Delight                       854
+  Stick Candy                                 854
+  Sugar, Boiling the                          848
+  Wafers                                      852
+CANNING                                       831
+  Apples                                      832
+  Apples and Quinces                          831
+  Apple Sauce                                 832
+  Butter, Apple                               832
+  Canning Fruits, Table for                   833
+  Corn                                        833
+  Grapes                                      833
+  Peaches                                     832
+  Peaches, Brandy                             832
+
+[948 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+Flowers, Wild                                 814
+Fly Paper Stains, To Remove                   866
+Fondue, Cheese                                829
+Food, Scorched                                875
+Forbearance (Quotation)                       807
+Forming Habits                                815
+Foulard Dress, Have You been Hoarding?        876
+Four Things (Quotation)                       815
+Freckles                                      791
+Freshen Nuts, How to                          868
+Friendship (Quotation)                        813
+Friends, Making (Quotation)                   814
+Fruit After Cutting, To Keep Grape            868
+Fruit Cans, When the Top Cannot Be Removed    873
+Fruit Stains, To Remove from the Hands        867
+Furniture Brush, A Serviceable                890
+Furniture, Clean Gilt                         801
+Furniture, Paint Wicker                       801
+Furniture Polish, A Good                      880
+Furniture, To Remove White Marks On           881
+Furniture, To Wash                            890
+
+Gas, How to Economize on                      886
+Gas, Save the                                 865
+Gilded Surfaces, To Clean                     891
+Gilt Frames, Cleaning                         888
+Gingham Apron for the Housewife               887
+Glass, Paint That Sticks to                   890
+Gloss, To Give Starch a                       874
+Glass Stopper, How to Remove                  866
+Gloves, To Clean Kid                          888
+Gnawing Holes, If the Mice Are                872
+Gowns, Afternoon                              810
+Gravies, Making                               875
+Gray Hair                                     795
+Grease from Silk, To Remove                   870
+Grease, To Take Out Wagon                     889
+Greatness of Love, The (Quotation)            806
+
+Hair, The                                     793
+Hair, Care of the                             794
+Hair, Clipping the                            794
+Hair, Color of the                            795
+Hair, Dyed                                    795
+Hair Brushes, Washing                         859
+Hair, Gray                                    795
+Hair and Health                               796
+Hair Tonic, A                                 796
+Hair, Washing the                             795
+Hands, The                                    797
+Hand Churn, Small                             878
+Handkerchiefs, Uses for Men's Old Silk        889
+Hands and Nose, Red                           792
+Hangers, Hat                                  864
+Harsh Commands                                813
+Health as an Aid to Beauty                    790
+Hem, Putting in a Temporary                   885
+Hemstitching                                  871
+Hems of Table Linen, To Turn Easily and Accurately  889
+Hints, House-Cleaning                         888
+Homes, Summer                                 881
+Honesty (Quotation)                           814
+Hot Water Bottle, To Preserve                 859
+House Account, Keeping a                      874
+House, A Spotless                             879
+Household, A Convenience for                  889
+Household, A Handy Disinfectant for the       892
+House Key, How to Carry                       862
+Housekeeping, Systematic                      868
+Housewife, Hints for the                      892
+Housewife, Systematic, A                      879
+Human Face, The (Quotation)                   806
+
+Ice Box, Borax as a Purifier for              891
+Idleness (Quotation)                          804
+Indulgence                                    807
+
+Intemperance (Quotation)                      803
+Ironing Day, Conveniences for                 877
+Ironing Board, Conveniences for               861
+Iron Holders Made from Asbestos               884
+Iron Rust, To Remove                          877
+Iron Sink, To Keep in Good Condition          886
+
+JAMS AND JELLIES                              845
+  Apple                                       845
+  Blackberry Jam                              846
+  Blackberry                                  845
+  Crab Apple                                  845
+  Cranberry                                   845
+  Gooseberry Jam                              847
+  Grape                                       846
+  Orange Marmalade                            846
+  Peach                                       847
+  Plum and Apple Jam                          846
+  Raspberry Jams                              847
+  Rhubarb                                     846
+  Rhubarb and Apple                           846
+  Spiced Grape                                846
+  Strawberry and Red Currant Jam              847
+  Tomato Marmalade                            846
+JAMS AND JELLIES (DOMESTIC SCIENCE METHOD)    822
+  Glasses for Jelly, To Prepare               822
+  Jelly Glasses, To Cover                     823
+  Jelly Bag, To Make                          823
+  Good Fruits for Making Jelly                823
+  General Directions for Making Jelly         823
+  Apple Jelly                                 823
+  Barberry Jelly                              824
+  Crab Apple Jelly                            823
+  Currant Jelly                               824
+  Grape Jam                                   824
+  Grape Jelly                                 824
+  Quince Jelly                                824
+  Raspberry Jam                               824
+  Raspberry Jelly                             824
+  Strawberry Jam                              824
+Keep Dainties Away from the Beginning         809
+Kerosene Lamps, Paint Smoked from             857
+Kettles, Burned                               867
+Kitchen Apron                                 877
+Kitchen Apron, How to Attach Holder to        863
+Kitchen Apron, Making a                       875
+Kitchen, Convenient Addition to               862
+Kitchen, Drop Table for                       877
+Kitchen, A Useful Article in                  886
+
+Lace, Sewing                                  876
+Laces, To Wash                                858
+Lamp Burners, To Clean                        858
+Lamps, Kerosene                               868
+Lap-Board, When Using                         876
+Last Step, The                                868
+Laugh, The Value of (Quotation)               812
+Learning to Sew                               804
+Learning Wisdom (Quotation)                   810
+Leather Furniture, Clean                      861
+Lemons, How to Obtain More Juice              858
+Lemons, Washing                               872
+Life (Quotation)                              816
+Linen Collars, Use of Old                     859
+Linen, To Make Easier to Write on             878
+Linoleum, Clean                               862
+Linoleum or Oilcloth That Is Cracked          891
+Little Minds                                  815
+Liquid Whiteners                              793
+Living Room, Attractive                       882
+Long Seams, Basting                           885
+Love (Quotation)                              805
+Love, The Two Symptoms of                     813
+Lunches, Putting Up                           891
+
+Maidenhood (Quotation)                        813
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS INDEX 949]
+
+Machine Grease, To Remove                     879
+Market, Going to                              890
+MARMALADES AND BUTTERS (DOMESTIC SCIENCE METHOD)  825
+  Apple                                       825
+  Crab Apple                                  825
+  Peach                                       825
+  Pineapple                                   825
+  Rhubarb                                     825
+Marred, If Tour Paint Has Been                881
+Massage                                       792
+Matrimony, Cares of (Quotation)               811
+Meals, Airing House After                     888
+Meals, Cheerfulness at                   871, 883
+Meat, Broiling                                870
+Meat, The Color Should Be                     873
+Meat, Larding a Piece of                      878
+Medicine Cupboard                             865
+MEDICAL DICTIONARY                            893
+Medicine (Quotation)                          811
+Method                                        807
+Methods of Cooking Eggs                       813
+Mildew, To Remove                             874
+Milk Vessels, Never Pour Scalding Water Into  872
+Mittens, Kitchen                              875
+Moulding by Circumstances (Quotation)         815
+Moulding, To Prevent Fruits from              891
+Mop Handles, Uses of                          884
+Money to Children                             812
+Mother (Quotation)                            801
+Motherhood                                    801
+Moths                                         871
+Moths in Carpet                               890
+Mould, To Keep Free From                      859
+Mouth Breathing                               812
+Mouth and Teeth                               797
+Muddy Skirt, To Make Wash Easily              871
+Mud Stains, To Remove                         876
+Music, To Pack                                863
+Mutton Chops, To Make Tender                  875
+Mysterious Future, The (Quotation)            808
+
+Nails, Care of the                            797
+Finger Nail Powder                            797
+Implements                                    797
+The Process                                   797
+Nails, Ingrowing                              799
+Nail Powder, Finger                           797
+Needles, For Broken                           862
+Needle Holder, A                              857
+Needle Sharpener                              867
+Needles, Threading                            885
+Nicknames (Quotation)                         803
+Night Petticoats                              812
+Night Lamp, A New                             864
+Noon of Life, The (Quotation)                 812
+Now or Never (Quotation)                      811
+Nursery                                       810
+NURSERY HINTS' AND FIRESIDE GEMS              800
+Obedience                                     812
+Oil Cloth, Buying a New                       874
+Old Velvet, Uses for                          858
+Oranges as Medicine                           806
+Oven, After Cake is Removed from              873
+Oysters, Creamed                              829
+Oysters, Raw                                  883
+Paint and Varnish, Cleaning                   860
+Pancakes, Sour Milk                           869
+Pantry, Closed Cupboards in the               874
+Peaches, Left Over                            870
+Pea-Pods, Uses for                            878
+Peas Cooking                                  886
+Petticoats, Children                          867
+Petticoat, making over a Heatherbloom         887
+
+Petticoats, Making Children's                 873
+Piano Keys, To Clean                          881
+PICKLES                                       835
+  Beet                                        835
+  Blackberries, Mothers'                      836
+  Brocoli                                     836
+  Cabbage                                     836
+  Cantelope, Sweet                            836
+  Catsup, Aunt Mary's                         838
+  Catsup, Grape                               839
+  Catsup, Gooseberry                          838
+  Catsup, Pepper                              839
+  Catsup, Tomato                              838
+  Cauliflower                                 835
+  Celery Sauce, Mother Used to Make           837
+  Cherries                                    839
+  Chili Sauce                            837, 840
+  Cucumber, Ripe                              837
+  Cucumber, Sliced                            838
+  Currants, Spiced                            840
+  Dill Pickles, Grandmother's                 838
+  Grapes, Spiced                              840
+  Green Beans                                 841
+  Green Tomato                                839
+  Mustard                                836, 838
+  Oyster Catsup                               839
+  Peaches, Sweet                              836
+  Pears, Ginger                               840
+  Pickles, Bottled                            838
+  Pickles, Mustard                            839
+  Pickles, Mixed                              836
+  Pickles, Spanish                            840
+  Pickles, Sweet Mixed                        839
+  Prunes, Sweet                               836
+  Relish, Corn                                839
+  Relish, Tomato                              837
+  Sauce, Green Tomato, for Meats or Fish      837
+  Soye Tomato                                 840
+  Spiced Vinegar for Pickles                  838
+  Tomato                                      837
+  Tomato, Green                          837, 840
+  Tomato Relish                               837
+PICKLES (Domestic Science Method)             826
+  Chili Sauce                                 826
+  Cucumber, Sweet                             827
+  Olive Oil Pickles                           826
+  Pickled Pears or Peaches, Sweet             826
+  Tomato, Green                               827
+Picnic Supplies                               808
+Pie Crust, How to Make                        863
+Pillows, to Air                               878
+Pillow Slips, Changing                        859
+Pillows, Separate Night and Day               886
+Pimples                                       791
+Pinafore, The                                 810
+Pineapple, To Preserve                        884
+Pincushion, A Brick                           867
+Pitchers, To Prevent Dripping                 865
+Plaster-of-Paris, To Clean                    881
+Playground for Boys                           808
+Plaited Skirt, Pressing a                     873
+Poison Bottle, To Mark                        865
+Poison, Let the Bottle Tinkle                 863
+Politics and Veracity (Quotation)             813
+Pomades, Use of                               794
+Potatoes, To Improve Baked                    875
+Potatoes, Boiled                              869
+Potatoes, Browning                            872
+Powder, To Use                                793
+Praying of a Child (Poem)                     800
+PRESERVES                                     841
+  Apple                                       841
+  Apricot                                     842
+  Brandied Peaches                            844
+  Cherries                                    841
+  Citron                                      842
+
+[950 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]
+
+  Citron and Quince                           842
+  Fig and Rhubarb                             841
+  Grape                                       844
+  Lemon Butter                                841
+  Peaches                                     844
+  Pear                              841, 842, 843
+  Pear Chip                                   845
+  Pineapple                                   842
+  Purple Plums                                844
+  Quinces                                     844
+  Raspberry and Currant                       822
+  Rhubarb                                     841
+  Spiced Currant                              843
+  Spiced Gooseberries                         843
+  Spiced Grapes                               844
+  Spiced Peaches                              845
+  Strawberry                        822, 841, 843
+  Tomato                                      843
+Princess Skirt                                813
+Progress (Quotation)                          809
+Prominent Ear                                 814
+Pudding, Steaming or Boiling                  886
+Purses, Old Suitcases and                     891
+Putty, To Remove                              871
+Quilts, Hanging Out                           890
+Quilts, Washing                               884
+Rarebit, Welsh                                830
+Ravelings, A Use for                          866
+Reading (Quotation)                           813
+Reasoning Versus Punishment                   802
+Red Ant, To Destroy                           867
+Rice, Boiling                                 870
+Roaches, To Exterminate                       886
+Rock Me to Sleep (Quotation)                  809
+Romper, The                                   807
+Rouge                                         793
+Rubber, To Mend                               877
+Ruffle Easily, To                             873
+Rugs, To Clean Light                          880
+Rugs, Cleaning                                861
+Rule, A Good (Quotation)                      804
+Rust, Charcoal to Prevent                     857
+
+Sacks, A Use for                              857
+Salad, Delicious                              880
+Salted Almonds                                830
+Sanitary Care of Baby' Bottles                815
+Sanitary Drinking Cups                        812
+Saw, Toy                                      874
+Scallops, To Mark                             876
+Schooling, Early (Quotation)                  803
+Screens, Putting A way                        882
+Scrub Bucket, Convenient                      880
+Scrub Bucket Leaks, When the                  869
+Scrubbing Brush, The Care of                  857
+Scrubbing Tender Faces                        805
+Seam, Stitching down                          873
+Securing Covering at Night                    814
+Selfishness (Quotation)                       807
+Sewing Machine, After Cleaning the            887
+Sewing Machine, Conveniences                  873
+Sewing Room, A Hint                           862
+Sewing, To Save Time by                       858
+Sewing, Time Saved in                         864
+Sheets, to Hold in Place                      866
+Shelves for Cupboard                          883
+Shoes, Children's, To Save                    879
+Shoe Cover, A                                 863
+Shoe Polisher, A Satisfactory                 866
+Shortcake, Meat                               875
+Sickness, in Case of                          857
+Sieve, To Clean                               860
+Silence (Quotation)                           811
+Silk Gloves, To Preserve                      867
+Silk, Grease Stains on                        883
+Silk, Using on the Machine                    863
+Silverware, Cleaning                          890
+Silver, To Clean                              859
+
+Skins of Tomatoes, To Remove Quickly          878
+Skirts, To Press                              863
+Soap Shaker, Home-Made                        861
+Soft Soap, To Make                            886
+Song of Long Ago, A (Quotation)               810
+Songs and Story-Telling                       813
+Souring, To Keep Bread from                   872
+Spoon, Uses of a Wooden                       890
+Sprinkling Clothes, New Method                671
+Stains, Old Perspiration                      889
+Stains, Removing                              859
+Stained Water Bottles, To Make Clean          871
+Stale Bread, Uses for                         872
+Starch, To Prevent from Boiling Over          866
+Stews and Hash, How to Make                   864
+Stilletto, Convenient Place for               860
+Stocking Tops, For Convenient Holders         864
+Stockings from Wearing Out, To Prevent        867
+Stoves, Cleaning                              870
+Stove, The Easiest Way to Blacken             875
+Suits, Wash                                   872
+Sunburn                                       791
+Sweaters                                      814
+Sweeping as a Beautifier                      882
+Sweeping Brush, Cleaning the                  881
+System (Quotation)                            807
+
+Tablecloths, to Prevent from blowing off      865
+Table Linen, Mending                     869, 885
+Table Linen, A Neat Way to Hem                883
+Table Linen, Fruit Stains on                  880
+Table, Preparing Oranges for the              871
+Table, To Prevent Marks on the                888
+Tomato, Hollowing out a                       875
+Tangled Threads, To Remove                    887
+Tarnished Brass, To Wash                      876
+Tea and Coffee                                815
+Tears, Banish                                 816
+Tears (Quotation)                             803
+Teeth, Children's                             798
+Teeth, Cleansing the                          798
+Teeth Second                                  803
+Temperature of the Nursery                    809
+Tinware Rusting, To Prevent                   878
+Tireless Talkers (Quotation)                  806
+Toast, Curried                                829
+Toaster, A Good Substitute for a              883
+Tomato, Curry of                              830
+Tooth Powder                                  811
+Tough Meat, to Make Tender                    884
+Towels, Loops on                              859
+Towels, Tea                                   879
+Toy, Children's                               869
+Toys, Discarded                               859
+Training (Quotation)                          803
+Tub, Galvanized                               874
+Tub for the Playroom                          811
+Tufted Furniture, For                         862
+
+Underclothing, Hemstitching                   885
+Undergarments (Infants)                       803
+Unique Table Protector                        815
+Unselfishness                                 806
+
+Vegetables, Boiling                           890
+Vegetable, Chestnuts as                       874
+Vegetables, To Make Tender                    878
+Vegetables, To Restore Freshness to           887
+Veils, Washing                                881
+"Village Blacksmith," from Longfellow's       806
+Vinegar, For Clearing                         858
+Vinegar, To Give a Nice Flavor                872
+
+Wall Paper, Light Colored                     879
+Water Pipes in the Kitchen                    872
+Wedding Celebrations                          810
+
+[MISCELLANEOUS INDEX 951]
+
+Welsh Rarebit                                 830
+Whisks, Worn Brooms or                        887
+White Dress, if turned yellow                 874
+White Fabric, To Remove Dust from             887
+White Spots Caused by Dishes, to Remove       866
+Wholesome Pleasures                           805
+Wild Flowers                                  802
+Windows, Cleaning in Winter                   861
+Windows, For Closing                          892
+Window, Sanitary Screen                       871
+Windows, Washing                              861
+Wood Berries, Bright, May Be Preserved        881
+Wood Floors, Soft to Paint                    889
+Wood Work, Old, to Keep Clean                 881
+Wood Work, To Wash Grained                    888
+Woolen Clothing, Cleaning Black               877
+Woolens, Washing Fine                         888
+Wringer Rollers, Renewing                     865
+Wrinkles                                      792
+Wrinkled Hands                                792
+
+Zweiback Noodles                              808
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Mother's Remedies, by T. J. Ritter
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