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diff --git a/17405-h/17405-h.htm b/17405-h/17405-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9debd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/17405-h/17405-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2794 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Art of War, by Sunzi</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + +body { margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + text-align: justify; } + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-weight: +normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em;} + +h1 {font-size: 300%; + margin-top: 0.6em; + margin-bottom: 0.6em; + letter-spacing: 0.12em; + word-spacing: 0.2em; + text-indent: 0em;} +h2 {font-size: 150%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +h3 {font-size: 130%; margin-top: 1em;} +h4 {font-size: 120%;} +h5 {font-size: 110%;} + +div.chapter {page-break-before: always; margin-top: 4em;} + +hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} + +p {text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: 0.25em; + margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + +p.letter {text-indent: 0%; + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; } + +a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:hover {color:red} + +</style> +</head> +<body> + +<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Art of War, by Sunzi</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Art of War</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Sunzi</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 28, 2005 [eBook #17405]<br/> +[Most recently updated: October 30, 2021]</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> +<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ART OF WAR ***</div> + +<h1>SUN TZU ON THE ART OF WAR</h1> + +<h3>THE OLDEST MILITARY TREATISE IN THE WORLD</h3> + +<h4>Translated from the Chinese<br/> +By LIONEL GILES, M.A. (1910)</h4> + +<p class="letter"> +[This is the basic text of Sun Tzŭ on the Art of War. It was extracted from Mr. +Giles’ complete work as titled above. The commentary itself, which, of +course includes this work embedded within it, has been released as Project +Gutenberg’s eBook #132.] +</p> + +<hr /> + +<h2>Contents</h2> + +<table summary="" style=""> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap01">CHAPTER I. LAYING PLANS</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap02">CHAPTER II. WAGING WAR</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap03">CHAPTER III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap04">CHAPTER IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap05">CHAPTER V. ENERGY</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap06">CHAPTER VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap07">CHAPTER VII. MANŒUVERING</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap08">CHAPTER VIII. VARIATION OF TACTICS</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap09">CHAPTER IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap10">CHAPTER X. TERRAIN</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap11">CHAPTER XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap12">CHAPTER XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> <a href="#chap13">CHAPTER XIII. THE USE OF SPIES</a></td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap01"></a>I. LAYING PLANS</h2> + +<p> +1. Sun Tzŭ said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State. +</p> + +<p> +2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence +it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected. +</p> + +<p> +3. The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into +account in one’s deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions +obtaining in the field. +</p> + +<p> +4. These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander; (5) +Method and discipline. +</p> + +<p> +5, 6. <i>The Moral Law</i> causes the people to be in complete accord with +their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed +by any danger. +</p> + +<p> +7. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons. +</p> + +<p> +8. Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground +and narrow passes; the chances of life and death. +</p> + +<p> +9. The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, +courage and strictness. +</p> + +<p> +10. By <i>Method and discipline</i> are to be understood the marshalling of the +army in its proper subdivisions, the gradations of rank among the officers, the +maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of +military expenditure. +</p> + +<p> +11. These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them +will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail. +</p> + +<p> +12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military +conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise:— +</p> + +<p> +13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?<br/> +(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?<br/> +(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?<br/> +(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?<br/> +(5) Which army is the stronger?<br/> +(6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?<br/> +(7) In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment? +</p> + +<p> +14. By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat. +</p> + +<p> +15. The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let +such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel +nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:—let such a one be dismissed! +</p> + +<p> +16. While heeding the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful +circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules. +</p> + +<p> +17. According as circumstances are favourable, one should modify one’s +plans. +</p> + +<p> +18. All warfare is based on deception. +</p> + +<p> +19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we +must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far +away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near. +</p> + +<p> +20. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him. +</p> + +<p> +21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior +strength, evade him. +</p> + +<p> +22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be +weak, that he may grow arrogant. +</p> + +<p> +23. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united, +separate them. +</p> + +<p> +24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected. +</p> + +<p> +25. These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged +beforehand. +</p> + +<p> +26. Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere +the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations +beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to +defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point +that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap02"></a>II. WAGING WAR</h2> + +<p> +1. Sun Tzŭ said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a +thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand +mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand <i>li</i>, +the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, +small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armour, will +reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is the cost of +raising an army of 100,000 men. +</p> + +<p> +2. When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, the +men’s weapons will grow dull and their ardour will be damped. If you lay +siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength. +</p> + +<p> +3. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be +equal to the strain. +</p> + +<p> +4. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardour damped, your strength +exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take +advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert +the consequences that must ensue. +</p> + +<p> +5. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been +seen associated with long delays. +</p> + +<p> +6. There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare. +</p> + +<p> +7. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can +thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on. +</p> + +<p> +8. The skilful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his +supply-waggons loaded more than twice. +</p> + +<p> +9. Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the +army will have food enough for its needs. +</p> + +<p> +10. Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by +contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance +causes the people to be impoverished. +</p> + +<p> +11. On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and +high prices cause the people’s substance to be drained away. +</p> + +<p> +12. When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by +heavy exactions. +</p> + +<p> +13, 14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of +the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their incomes will be +dissipated; while Government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, +breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective +mantlets, draught-oxen and heavy waggons, will amount to four-tenths of its +total revenue. +</p> + +<p> +15. Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload +of the enemy’s provisions is equivalent to twenty of one’s own, and +likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from +one’s own store. +</p> + +<p> +16. Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there +may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards. +</p> + +<p> +17. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken, +those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags should be +substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in +conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept. +</p> + +<p> +18. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one’s own +strength. +</p> + +<p> +19. In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns. +</p> + +<p> +20. Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the +people’s fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in +peace or in peril. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap03"></a>III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM</h2> + +<p> +1. Sun Tzŭ said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take +the enemy’s country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so +good. So, too, it is better to capture an army entire than to destroy it, to +capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them. +</p> + +<p> +2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; +supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without +fighting. +</p> + +<p> +3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to baulk the enemy’s plans; +the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy’s forces; the next +in order is to attack the enemy’s army in the field; and the worst policy +of all is to besiege walled cities. +</p> + +<p> +4. The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The +preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will +take up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over against the walls +will take three months more. +</p> + +<p> +5. The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the +assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are +slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of +a siege. +</p> + +<p> +6. Therefore the skilful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any +fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows +their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field. +</p> + +<p> +7. With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus, +without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This is the method of +attacking by stratagem. +</p> + +<p> +8. It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy’s one, to +surround him; if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide +our army into two. +</p> + +<p> +9. If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in numbers, we +can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him. +</p> + +<p> +10. Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end +it must be captured by the larger force. +</p> + +<p> +11. Now the general is the bulwark of the State: if the bulwark is complete at +all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State +will be weak. +</p> + +<p> +12. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his +army:— +</p> + +<p> +13. (1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the +fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army. +</p> + +<p> +14. (2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a +kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes +restlessness in the soldier’s minds. +</p> + +<p> +15. (3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through +ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes +the confidence of the soldiers. +</p> + +<p> +16. But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from +the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and +flinging victory away. +</p> + +<p> +17. Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory:<br/> +(1) He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight.<br/> +(2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.<br/> +(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its +ranks.<br/> +(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared.<br/> +(5) He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the +sovereign.<br/> +Victory lies in the knowledge of these five points. +</p> + +<p> +18. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not +fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, +for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the +enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap04"></a>IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS</h2> + +<p> +1. Sun Tzŭ said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the +possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the +enemy. +</p> + +<p> +2. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the +opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself. +</p> + +<p> +3. Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but cannot +make certain of defeating the enemy. +</p> + +<p> +4. Hence the saying: One may <i>know</i> how to conquer without being able to +<i>do</i> it. +</p> + +<p> +5. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat the +enemy means taking the offensive. +</p> + +<p> +6. Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength; attacking, a +superabundance of strength. +</p> + +<p> +7. The general who is skilled in defence hides in the most secret recesses of +the earth; he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights +of heaven. Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves; on the +other, a victory that is complete. +</p> + +<p> +8. To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the +acme of excellence. +</p> + +<p> +9. Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the whole +Empire says, “Well done!” +</p> + +<p> +10. To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength; to see sun and moon is +no sign of sharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear. +</p> + +<p> +11. What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but +excels in winning with ease. +</p> + +<p> +12. Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for +courage. +</p> + +<p> +13. He wins his battles by making no mistakes. Making no mistakes is what +establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is +already defeated. +</p> + +<p> +14. Hence the skilful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat +impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy. +</p> + +<p> +15. Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after +the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and +afterwards looks for victory. +</p> + +<p> +16. The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres to +method and discipline; thus it is in his power to control success. +</p> + +<p> +17. In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly, +Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances; +fifthly, Victory. +</p> + +<p> +18. Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity to +Measurement; Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to +Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances. +</p> + +<p> +19. A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound’s weight +placed in the scale against a single grain. +</p> + +<p> +20. The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters +into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep. So much for tactical dispositions. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap05"></a>V. ENERGY</h2> + +<p> +1. Sun Tzŭ said: The control of a large force is the same principle as the +control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers. +</p> + +<p> +2. Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from +fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting signs and +signals. +</p> + +<p> +3. To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy’s +attack and remain unshaken—this is effected by manœuvers direct and +indirect. +</p> + +<p> +4. That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an +egg—this is effected by the science of weak points and strong. +</p> + +<p> +5. In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but +indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory. +</p> + +<p> +6. Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and +Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams; like the sun and moon, they +end but to begin anew; like the four seasons, they pass away but to return once +more. +</p> + +<p> +7. There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of these +five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard. +</p> + +<p> +8. There are not more than five primary colours (blue, yellow, red, white, and +black), yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever be seen. +</p> + +<p> +9. There are not more than five cardinal tastes (sour, acrid, salt, sweet, +bitter), yet combinations of them yield more flavours than can ever be tasted. +</p> + +<p> +10. In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack—the direct +and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless series +of manœuvers. +</p> + +<p> +11. The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like +moving in a circle—you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the +possibilities of their combination? +</p> + +<p> +12. The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll +stones along in its course. +</p> + +<p> +13. The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which +enables it to strike and destroy its victim. +</p> + +<p> +14. Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and prompt in his +decision. +</p> + +<p> +15. Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the +releasing of the trigger. +</p> + +<p> +16. Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder and +yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos, your array may be +without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat. +</p> + +<p> +17. Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline; simulated fear postulates +courage; simulated weakness postulates strength. +</p> + +<p> +18. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of +subdivision; concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of +latent energy; masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical +dispositions. +</p> + +<p> +19. Thus one who is skilful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains +deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act. He sacrifices +something, that the enemy may snatch at it. +</p> + +<p> +20. By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body of picked +men he lies in wait for him. +</p> + +<p> +21. The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not +require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick out the right men +and utilise combined energy. +</p> + +<p> +22. When he utilises combined energy, his fighting men become as it were like +unto rolling logs or stones. For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain +motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope; if four-cornered, to +come to a standstill, but if round-shaped, to go rolling down. +</p> + +<p> +23. Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of a +round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the +subject of energy. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap06"></a>VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG</h2> + +<p> +1. Sun Tzŭ said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the +enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field and has to +hasten to battle, will arrive exhausted. +</p> + +<p> +2. Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not +allow the enemy’s will to be imposed on him. +</p> + +<p> +3. By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach of his +own accord; or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible for the enemy +to draw near. +</p> + +<p> +4. If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him; if well supplied with +food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him to move. +</p> + +<p> +5. Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march swiftly to +places where you are not expected. +</p> + +<p> +6. An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches through +country where the enemy is not. +</p> + +<p> +7. You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places +which are undefended.You can ensure the safety of your defence if you only hold +positions that cannot be attacked. +</p> + +<p> +8. Hence that general is skilful in attack whose opponent does not know what to +defend; and he is skilful in defence whose opponent does not know what to +attack. +</p> + +<p> +9. O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be invisible, +through you inaudible; and hence we can hold the enemy’s fate in our +hands. +</p> + +<p> +10. You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the +enemy’s weak points; you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your +movements are more rapid than those of the enemy. +</p> + +<p> +11. If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even though +he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is +attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve. +</p> + +<p> +12. If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us even +though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All we +need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way. +</p> + +<p> +13. By discovering the enemy’s dispositions and remaining invisible +ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy’s must be +divided. +</p> + +<p> +14. We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up into +fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a +whole, which means that we shall be many to the enemy’s few. +</p> + +<p> +15. And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior one, +our opponents will be in dire straits. +</p> + +<p> +16. The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known; for then the +enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several different +points; and his forces being thus distributed in many directions, the numbers +we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately few. +</p> + +<p> +17. For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear; should he +strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left, he +will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right, he will weaken his left. +If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak. +</p> + +<p> +18. Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible attacks; +numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these preparations +against us. +</p> + +<p> +19. Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate +from the greatest distances in order to fight. +</p> + +<p> +20. But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will be impotent +to succour the right, the right equally impotent to succour the left, the van +unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. How much more so if +the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred <i>li</i> apart, +and even the nearest are separated by several <i>li!</i> +</p> + +<p> +21. Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yüeh exceed our own in +number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then +that victory can be achieved. +</p> + +<p> +22. Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from fighting. +Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of their success. +</p> + +<p> +23. Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity. Force him +to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots. +</p> + +<p> +24. Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that you may know +where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient. +</p> + +<p> +25. In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain is to +conceal them; conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe from the prying +of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains. +</p> + +<p> +26. How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy’s own +tactics—that is what the multitude cannot comprehend. +</p> + +<p> +27. All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the +strategy out of which victory is evolved. +</p> + +<p> +28. Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your +methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances. +</p> + +<p> +29. Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its natural course runs +away from high places and hastens downwards. +</p> + +<p> +30. So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what is +weak. +</p> + +<p> +31. Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over which it +flows; the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is +facing. +</p> + +<p> +32. Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare there are +no constant conditions. +</p> + +<p> +33. He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby +succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain. +</p> + +<p> +34. The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth) are not always equally +predominant; the four seasons make way for each other in turn. There are short +days and long; the moon has its periods of waning and waxing. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap07"></a>VII. MANŒUVERING</h2> + +<p> +1. Sun Tzŭ said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign. +</p> + +<p> +2. Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must blend and +harmonise the different elements thereof before pitching his camp. +</p> + +<p> +3. After that, comes tactical manœuvering, than which there is nothing more +difficult. The difficulty of tactical manœuvering consists in turning the +devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain. +</p> + +<p> +4. Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the enemy out of +the way, and though starting after him, to contrive to reach the goal before +him, shows knowledge of the artifice of <i>deviation</i>. +</p> + +<p> +5. Manœuvering with an army is advantageous; with an undisciplined multitude, +most dangerous. +</p> + +<p> +6. If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage, +the chances are that you will be too late. On the other hand, to detach a +flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores. +</p> + +<p> +7. Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make forced +marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance at a +stretch, doing a hundred <i>li</i> in order to wrest an advantage, the leaders +of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy. +</p> + +<p> +8. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind, and on +this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination. +</p> + +<p> +9. If you march fifty <i>li</i> in order to outmanœuver the enemy, you will +lose the leader of your first division, and only half your force will reach the +goal. +</p> + +<p> +10. If you march thirty <i>li</i> with the same object, two-thirds of your army +will arrive. +</p> + +<p> +11. We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost; without +provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost. +</p> + +<p> +12. We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of +our neighbours. +</p> + +<p> +13. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the +face of the country—its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and +precipices, its marshes and swamps. +</p> + +<p> +14. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use +of local guides. +</p> + +<p> +15. In war, practise dissimulation, and you will succeed. Move only if there is +a real advantage to be gained. +</p> + +<p> +16. Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by +circumstances. +</p> + +<p> +17. Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of the forest. +</p> + +<p> +18. In raiding and plundering be like fire, in immovability like a mountain. +</p> + +<p> +19. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move, fall +like a thunderbolt. +</p> + +<p> +20. When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your men; +when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit of +the soldiery. +</p> + +<p> +21. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move. +</p> + +<p> +22. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. Such is the art +of manœuvering. +</p> + +<p> +23. The Book of Army Management says: On the field of battle, the spoken word +does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can +ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and +flags. +</p> + +<p> +24. Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes of +the host may be focussed on one particular point. +</p> + +<p> +25. The host thus forming a single united body, is it impossible either for the +brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art +of handling large masses of men. +</p> + +<p> +26. In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and in +fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing the ears and +eyes of your army. +</p> + +<p> +27. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief may be +robbed of his presence of mind. +</p> + +<p> +28. Now a soldier’s spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it has +begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to camp. +</p> + +<p> +29. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but +attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This is the art of +studying moods. +</p> + +<p> +30. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub +amongst the enemy:—this is the art of retaining self-possession. +</p> + +<p> +31. To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at ease +while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy is +famished:—this is the art of husbanding one’s strength. +</p> + +<p> +32. To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect order, +to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident +array:—this is the art of studying circumstances. +</p> + +<p> +33. It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to +oppose him when he comes downhill. +</p> + +<p> +34. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers whose +temper is keen. +</p> + +<p> +35. Do not swallow a bait offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with an army +that is returning home. +</p> + +<p> +36. When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. Do not press a desperate +foe too hard. +</p> + +<p> +37. Such is the art of warfare. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap08"></a>VIII. VARIATION OF TACTICS</h2> + +<p> +1. Sun Tzŭ said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign, +collects his army and concentrates his forces. +</p> + +<p> +2. When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high roads +intersect, join hands with your allies. Do not linger in dangerously isolated +positions. In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem. In a +desperate position, you must fight. +</p> + +<p> +3. There are roads which must not be followed, armies which must be not +attacked, towns which must not be besieged, positions which must not be +contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed. +</p> + +<p> +4. The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany +variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops. +</p> + +<p> +5. The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with the +configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to +practical account. +</p> + +<p> +6. So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying his +plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will fail to make +the best use of his men. +</p> + +<p> +7. Hence in the wise leader’s plans, considerations of advantage and of +disadvantage will be blended together. +</p> + +<p> +8. If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed in +accomplishing the essential part of our schemes. +</p> + +<p> +9. If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready to +seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune. +</p> + +<p> +10. Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; and make trouble +for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious allurements, and +make them rush to any given point. +</p> + +<p> +11. The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the +enemy’s not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the +chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our +position unassailable. +</p> + +<p> +12. There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general:<br/> +(1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction;<br/> +(2) cowardice, which leads to capture;<br/> +(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults;<br/> +(4) a delicacy of honour which is sensitive to shame;<br/> +(5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him to worry and trouble. +</p> + +<p> +13. These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the conduct of +war. +</p> + +<p> +14. When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will surely be +found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap09"></a>IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH</h2> + +<p> +1. Sun Tzŭ said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and +observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the +neighbourhood of valleys. +</p> + +<p> +2. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight. +So much for mountain warfare. +</p> + +<p> +3. After crossing a river, you should get far away from it. +</p> + +<p> +4. When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance +to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and +then deliver your attack. +</p> + +<p> +5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a +river which he has to cross. +</p> + +<p> +6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not move +up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare. +</p> + +<p> +7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them +quickly, without any delay. +</p> + +<p> +8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near +you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in +salt-marshes. +</p> + +<p> +9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising +ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and +safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country. +</p> + +<p> +10. These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the +Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns. +</p> + +<p> +11. All armies prefer high ground to low, and sunny places to dark. +</p> + +<p> +12. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will be +free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory. +</p> + +<p> +13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on +your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and +utilise the natural advantages of the ground. +</p> + +<p> +14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to +ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides. +</p> + +<p> +15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running +between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and +crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached. +</p> + +<p> +16. While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach +them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear. +</p> + +<p> +17. If in the neighbourhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, +ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods +with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for +these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be +lurking. +</p> + +<p> +18. When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the +natural strength of his position. +</p> + +<p> +19. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the +other side to advance. +</p> + +<p> +20. If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait. +</p> + +<p> +21. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. +The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that +the enemy wants to make us suspicious. +</p> + +<p> +22. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled +beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming. +</p> + +<p> +23. When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots +advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the +approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows +that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to +and fro signify that the army is encamping. +</p> + +<p> +24. Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about +to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs +that he will retreat. +</p> + +<p> +25. When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings, +it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle. +</p> + +<p> +26. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot. +</p> + +<p> +27. When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means +that the critical moment has come. +</p> + +<p> +28. When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure. +</p> + +<p> +29. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want +of food. +</p> + +<p> +30. If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army +is suffering from thirst. +</p> + +<p> +31. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure +it, the soldiers are exhausted. +</p> + +<p> +32. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamour by night betokens +nervousness. +</p> + +<p> +33. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general’s authority is weak. +If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers +are angry, it means that the men are weary. +</p> + +<p> +34. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and +when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that +they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to +fight to the death. +</p> + +<p> +35. The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued +tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file. +</p> + +<p> +36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources; +too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress. +</p> + +<p> +37. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy’s +numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence. +</p> + +<p> +38. When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that +the enemy wishes for a truce. +</p> + +<p> +39. If the enemy’s troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a +long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the +situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection. +</p> + +<p> +40. If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply +sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is +simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the +enemy, and obtain reinforcements. +</p> + +<p> +41. He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to +be captured by them. +</p> + +<p> +42. If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will +not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically useless. +If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not +enforced, they will still be useless. +</p> + +<p> +43. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but +kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to +victory. +</p> + +<p> +44. If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be +well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad. +</p> + +<p> +45. If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders +being obeyed, the gain will be mutual. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap10"></a>X. TERRAIN</h2> + +<p> +1. Sun Tzŭ said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) +Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporising ground; (4) narrow +passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the +enemy. +</p> + +<p> +2. Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called +<i>accessible</i>. +</p> + +<p> +3. With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the +raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you +will be able to fight with advantage. +</p> + +<p> +4. Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called +<i>entangling</i>. +</p> + +<p> +5. From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally +forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you +fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue. +</p> + +<p> +6. When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first +move, it is called temporising ground. +</p> + +<p> +7. In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an +attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, +thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, +we may deliver our attack with advantage. +</p> + +<p> +8. With regard to <i>narrow passes</i>, if you can occupy them first, let them +be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy. +</p> + +<p> +9. Should the enemy forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if +the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned. +</p> + +<p> +10. With regard to <i>precipitous heights</i>, if you are beforehand with your +adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him +to come up. +</p> + +<p> +11. If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat +and try to entice him away. +</p> + +<p> +12. If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of +the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will +be to your disadvantage. +</p> + +<p> +13. These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has +attained a responsible post must be careful to study them. +</p> + +<p> +14. Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural +causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) +Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganisation; (6) +rout. +</p> + +<p> +15. Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten +times its size, the result will be the <i>flight</i> of the former. +</p> + +<p> +16. When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the +result is <i>insubordination</i>. When the officers are too strong and the +common soldiers too weak, the result is <i>collapse</i>. +</p> + +<p> +17. When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the +enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the +commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the +result is <i>ruin</i>. +</p> + +<p> +18. When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not +clear and distinct; when there are no fixed duties assigned to officers and +men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is +utter <i>disorganisation</i>. +</p> + +<p> +19. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy’s strength, allows an +inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a +powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the +result must be a <i>rout</i>. +</p> + +<p> +20. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the +general who has attained a responsible post. +</p> + +<p> +21. The natural formation of the country is the soldier’s best ally; but +a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and +of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the +test of a great general. +</p> + +<p> +22. He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into +practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practises them, will +surely be defeated. +</p> + +<p> +23. If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though +the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not +fight even at the ruler’s bidding. +</p> + +<p> +24. The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing +disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for +his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom. +</p> + +<p> +25. Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the +deepest valleys; look on them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by +you even unto death. +</p> + +<p> +26. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; +kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of +quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they +are useless for any practical purpose. +</p> + +<p> +27. If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware +that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards +victory. +</p> + +<p> +28. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own +men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards +victory. +</p> + +<p> +29. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are +in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes +fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory. +</p> + +<p> +30. Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he +has broken camp, he is never at a loss. +</p> + +<p> +31. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory +will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your +victory complete. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap11"></a>XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS</h2> + +<p> +1. Sun Tzŭ said: The art of war recognises nine varieties of ground: (1) +Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; +(5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; +(8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground. +</p> + +<p> +2. When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground. +</p> + +<p> +3. When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it +is facile ground. +</p> + +<p> +4. Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is +contentious ground. +</p> + +<p> +5. Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground. +</p> + +<p> +6. Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who +occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is ground of +intersecting highways. +</p> + +<p> +7. When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a +number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground. +</p> + +<p> +8. Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens—all country that is +hard to traverse: this is difficult ground. +</p> + +<p> +9. Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only +retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to +crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground. +</p> + +<p> +10. Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without +delay, is desperate ground. +</p> + +<p> +11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On +contentious ground, attack not. +</p> + +<p> +12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy’s way. On ground of +intersecting highways, join hands with your allies. +</p> + +<p> +13. On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep steadily on +the march. +</p> + +<p> +14. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground, fight. +</p> + +<p> +15. Those who were called skilful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge +between the enemy’s front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his +large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the +officers from rallying their men. +</p> + +<p> +16. When the enemy’s men were scattered, they prevented them from +concentrating; even when their forces were united, they managed to keep them in +disorder. +</p> + +<p> +17. When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, +they stopped still. +</p> + +<p> +18. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on +the point of marching to the attack, I should say: “Begin by seizing +something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your +will.” +</p> + +<p> +19. Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy’s +unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots. +</p> + +<p> +20. The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The +further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of +your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you. +</p> + +<p> +21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food. +</p> + +<p> +22. Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them. +Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on +the move, and devise unfathomable plans. +</p> + +<p> +23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will +prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not +achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength. +</p> + +<p> +24. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no +place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in the heart of a hostile +country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will +fight hard. +</p> + +<p> +25. Thus, without waiting to be marshalled, the soldiers will be constantly on +the <i>qui vive;</i> without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; +without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be +trusted. +</p> + +<p> +26. Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, +until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared. +</p> + +<p> +27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they +have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not +because they are disinclined to longevity. +</p> + +<p> +28. On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep, those +sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run +down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay, and they will display +the courage of a Chu or a Kuei. +</p> + +<p> +29. The skilful tactician may be likened to the <i>shuai-jan</i>. Now the +<i>shuai-jan</i> is a snake that is found in the Ch‘ang mountains. Strike +at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you +will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you will be attacked by +head and tail both. +</p> + +<p> +30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the <i>shuai-jan</i>, I should +answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yüeh are enemies; yet if they are +crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to +each other’s assistance just as the left hand helps the right. +</p> + +<p> +31. Hence it is not enough to put one’s trust in the tethering of horses, +and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground. +</p> + +<p> +32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of +courage which all must reach. +</p> + +<p> +33. How to make the best of both strong and weak—that is a question +involving the proper use of ground. +</p> + +<p> +34. Thus the skilful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a +single man, willy-nilly, by the hand. +</p> + +<p> +35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy; +upright and just, and thus maintain order. +</p> + +<p> +36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and +appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance. +</p> + +<p> +37. By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the enemy +without definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes, +he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose. +</p> + +<p> +38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed +up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep +into hostile territory before he shows his hand. +</p> + +<p> +39. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd driving a +flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and none knows whither he +is going. +</p> + +<p> +40. To muster his host and bring it into danger:—this may be termed the +business of the general. +</p> + +<p> +41. The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground; the +expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of +human nature: these are things that must most certainly be studied. +</p> + +<p> +42. When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that penetrating +deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means dispersion. +</p> + +<p> +43. When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across +neighbourhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When there are +means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting +highways. +</p> + +<p> +44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When you +penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground. +</p> + +<p> +45. When you have the enemy’s strongholds on your rear, and narrow passes +in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it +is desperate ground. +</p> + +<p> +46. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of +purpose. On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between +all parts of my army. +</p> + +<p> +47. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear. +</p> + +<p> +48. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defences. On ground of +intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances. +</p> + +<p> +49. On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies. +On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road. +</p> + +<p> +50. On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat. On desperate ground, +I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives. +</p> + +<p> +51. For it is the soldier’s disposition to offer an obstinate resistance +when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey +promptly when he has fallen into danger. +</p> + +<p> +52. We cannot enter into alliance with neighbouring princes until we are +acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march +unless we are familiar with the face of the country—its mountains and +forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be +unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local +guides. +</p> + +<p> +53. To be ignorant of any one of the following four or five principles does not +befit a warlike prince. +</p> + +<p> +54. When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows +itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy’s forces. He overawes +his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining against him. +</p> + +<p> +55. Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry, nor does he +foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs, +keeping his antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their cities and +overthrow their kingdoms. +</p> + +<p> +56. Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders without regard to +previous arrangements; and you will be able to handle a whole army as though +you had to do with but a single man. +</p> + +<p> +57. Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know your +design. When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes; but tell them +nothing when the situation is gloomy. +</p> + +<p> +58. Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it into +desperate straits, and it will come off in safety. +</p> + +<p> +59. For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm’s way that is +capable of striking a blow for victory. +</p> + +<p> +60. Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the +enemy’s purpose. +</p> + +<p> +61. By persistently hanging on the enemy’s flank, we shall succeed in the +long run in killing the commander-in-chief. +</p> + +<p> +62. This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning. +</p> + +<p> +63. On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier passes, +destroy the official tallies, and stop the passage of all emissaries. +</p> + +<p> +64. Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the situation. +</p> + +<p> +65. If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in. +</p> + +<p> +66. Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly contrive +to time his arrival on the ground. +</p> + +<p> +67. Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the enemy +until you can fight a decisive battle. +</p> + +<p> +68. At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives you +an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be +too late for the enemy to oppose you. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap12"></a>XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE</h2> + +<p> +1. Sun Tzŭ said: There are five ways of attacking with fire. The first is to +burn soldiers in their camp; the second is to burn stores; the third is to burn +baggage-trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines; the fifth is to +hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy. +</p> + +<p> +2. In order to carry out an attack, we must have means available. The material +for raising fire should always be kept in readiness. +</p> + +<p> +3. There is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special days for +starting a conflagration. +</p> + +<p> +4. The proper season is when the weather is very dry; the special days are +those when the moon is in the constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing +or the Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising wind. +</p> + +<p> +5. In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible +developments: +</p> + +<p> +6. (1) When fire breaks out inside the enemy’s camp, respond at once with +an attack from without. +</p> + +<p> +7. (2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy’s soldiers remain +quiet, bide your time and do not attack. +</p> + +<p> +8. (3) When the force of the flames has reached its height, follow it up with +an attack, if that is practicable; if not, stay where you are. +</p> + +<p> +9. (4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait +for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favourable moment. +</p> + +<p> +10. (5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it. Do not attack from the +leeward. +</p> + +<p> +11. A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze soon falls. +</p> + +<p> +12. In every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known, the +movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days. +</p> + +<p> +13. Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence; those +who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength. +</p> + +<p> +14. By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his +belongings. +</p> + +<p> +15. Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed in his +attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste +of time and general stagnation. +</p> + +<p> +16. Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead; the good +general cultivates his resources. +</p> + +<p> +17. Move not unless you see an advantage; use not your troops unless there is +something to be gained; fight not unless the position is critical. +</p> + +<p> +18. No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen; +no general should fight a battle simply out of pique. +</p> + +<p> +19. If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay where you +are. +</p> + +<p> +20. Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by content. +</p> + +<p> +21. But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being; +nor can the dead ever be brought back to life. +</p> + +<p> +22. Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of +caution. This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2><a name="chap13"></a>XIII. THE USE OF SPIES</h2> + +<p> +1. Sun Tzŭ said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching them +great distances entails heavy loss on the people and a drain on the resources +of the State. The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver. +There will be commotion at home and abroad, and men will drop down exhausted on +the highways. As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded in +their labor. +</p> + +<p> +2. Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which +is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the +enemy’s condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred +ounces of silver in honours and emoluments, is the height of inhumanity. +</p> + +<p> +3. One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign, no +master of victory. +</p> + +<p> +4. Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike and +conquer, and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is +<i>foreknowledge</i>. +</p> + +<p> +5. Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits; it cannot be +obtained inductively from experience, nor by any deductive calculation. +</p> + +<p> +6. Knowledge of the enemy’s dispositions can only be obtained from other +men. +</p> + +<p> +7. Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes: (1) Local spies; (2) +inward spies; (3) converted spies; (4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies. +</p> + +<p> +8. When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none can discover the secret +system. This is called “divine manipulation of the threads.” It is +the sovereign’s most precious faculty. +</p> + +<p> +9. Having <i>local spies</i> means employing the services of the inhabitants of +a district. +</p> + +<p> +10. Having <i>inward spies</i>, making use of officials of the enemy. +</p> + +<p> +11. Having <i>converted spies</i>, getting hold of the enemy’s spies and +using them for our own purposes. +</p> + +<p> +12. Having <i>doomed spies</i>, doing certain things openly for purposes of +deception, and allowing our own spies to know of them and report them to the +enemy. +</p> + +<p> +13. <i>Surviving spies</i>, finally, are those who bring back news from the +enemy’s camp. +</p> + +<p> +14. Hence it is that with none in the whole army are more intimate relations to +be maintained than with spies. None should be more liberally rewarded. In no +other business should greater secrecy be preserved. +</p> + +<p> +15. Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain intuitive sagacity. +</p> + +<p> +16. They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and +straightforwardness. +</p> + +<p> +17. Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of the truth of +their reports. +</p> + +<p> +18. Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every kind of business. +</p> + +<p> +19. If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before the time is ripe, he +must be put to death together with the man to whom the secret was told. +</p> + +<p> +20. Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to assassinate +an individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding out the names of the +attendants, the aides-de-camp, the door-keepers and sentries of the general in +command. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these. +</p> + +<p> +21. The enemy’s spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out, +tempted with bribes, led away and comfortably housed. Thus they will become +converted spies and available for our service. +</p> + +<p> +22. It is through the information brought by the converted spy that we are able +to acquire and employ local and inward spies. +</p> + +<p> +23. It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed spy to +carry false tidings to the enemy. +</p> + +<p> +24. Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be used on +appointed occasions. +</p> + +<p> +25. The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is knowledge of the +enemy; and this knowledge can only be derived, in the first instance, from the +converted spy. Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated with the +utmost liberality. +</p> + +<p> +26. Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I Chih who had served under +the Hsia. Likewise, the rise of the Chou dynasty was due to Lü Ya who had +served under the Yin. +</p> + +<p> +27. Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who will use +the highest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying and thereby they +achieve great results. Spies are a most important element in war, because on +them depends an army’s ability to move. +</p> + +</div><!--end chapter--> + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ART OF WAR ***</div> +<div style='text-align:left'> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will +be renamed. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ +concept and trademark. 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