initial commit of ebook 17405HEADmain

9 files changed, 6860 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/17405-0.txt b/17405-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98ce972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/17405-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1931 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Art of War, by Sunzi
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: The Art of War
+
+Author: Sunzi
+
+Release Date: December 28, 2005 [eBook #17405]
+[Most recently updated: October 30, 2021]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ART OF WAR ***
+
+
+
+
+SUN TZU ON THE ART OF WAR
+
+THE OLDEST MILITARY TREATISE IN THE WORLD
+
+Translated from the Chinese
+
+By LIONEL GILES, M.A. (1910)
+
+
+   [This is the basic text of Sun Tzŭ on the Art of War. It was
+   extracted from Mr. Giles’ complete work as titled above. The
+   commentary itself, which, of course includes this work embedded
+   within it, has been released as Project Gutenberg’s eBook #132.]
+
+
+Contents
+
+ CHAPTER I. LAYING PLANS
+ CHAPTER II. WAGING WAR
+ CHAPTER III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM
+ CHAPTER IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS
+ CHAPTER V. ENERGY
+ CHAPTER VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG
+ CHAPTER VII. MANŒUVERING
+ CHAPTER VIII. VARIATION OF TACTICS
+ CHAPTER IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH
+ CHAPTER X. TERRAIN
+ CHAPTER XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS
+ CHAPTER XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE
+ CHAPTER XIII. THE USE OF SPIES
+
+
+
+
+I. LAYING PLANS
+
+
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.
+
+2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to
+ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be
+neglected.
+
+3. The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be
+taken into account in one’s deliberations, when seeking to determine
+the conditions obtaining in the field.
+
+4. These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The
+Commander; (5) Method and discipline.
+
+5, 6. _The Moral Law_ causes the people to be in complete accord with
+their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives,
+undismayed by any danger.
+
+7. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons.
+
+8. Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security;
+open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.
+
+9. The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity,
+benevolence, courage and strictness.
+
+10. By _Method and discipline_ are to be understood the marshalling of
+the army in its proper subdivisions, the gradations of rank among the
+officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the
+army, and the control of military expenditure.
+
+11. These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows
+them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.
+
+12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the
+military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in
+this wise:—
+
+13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?
+(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?
+(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?
+(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
+(5) Which army is the stronger?
+(6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
+(7) In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and
+punishment?
+
+14. By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or
+defeat.
+
+15. The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will
+conquer: let such a one be retained in command! The general that
+hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:—let
+such a one be dismissed!
+
+16. While heeding the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any
+helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.
+
+17. According as circumstances are favourable, one should modify one’s
+plans.
+
+18. All warfare is based on deception.
+
+19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our
+forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy
+believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are
+near.
+
+20. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.
+
+21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in
+superior strength, evade him.
+
+22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him.
+Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.
+
+23. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are
+united, separate them.
+
+24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not
+expected.
+
+25. These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged
+beforehand.
+
+26. Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his
+temple ere the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes
+but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to
+victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation
+at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is
+likely to win or lose.
+
+
+
+
+II. WAGING WAR
+
+
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field
+a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred
+thousand mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a
+thousand _li_, the expenditure at home and at the front, including
+entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums
+spent on chariots and armour, will reach the total of a thousand ounces
+of silver per day. Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.
+
+2. When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming,
+the men’s weapons will grow dull and their ardour will be damped. If
+you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength.
+
+3. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State
+will not be equal to the strain.
+
+4. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardour damped, your strength
+exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to
+take advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be
+able to avert the consequences that must ensue.
+
+5. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has
+never been seen associated with long delays.
+
+6. There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged
+warfare.
+
+7. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war
+that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.
+
+8. The skilful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his
+supply-waggons loaded more than twice.
+
+9. Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus
+the army will have food enough for its needs.
+
+10. Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by
+contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a
+distance causes the people to be impoverished.
+
+11. On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up;
+and high prices cause the people’s substance to be drained away.
+
+12. When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be
+afflicted by heavy exactions.
+
+13, 14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the
+homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their
+incomes will be dissipated; while Government expenses for broken
+chariots, worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows,
+spears and shields, protective mantlets, draught-oxen and heavy
+waggons, will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.
+
+15. Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One
+cartload of the enemy’s provisions is equivalent to twenty of one’s
+own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to
+twenty from one’s own store.
+
+16. Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger;
+that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have
+their rewards.
+
+17. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been
+taken, those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags
+should be substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled
+and used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be
+kindly treated and kept.
+
+18. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one’s own
+strength.
+
+19. In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy
+campaigns.
+
+20. Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of
+the people’s fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall
+be in peace or in peril.
+
+
+
+
+III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM
+
+
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is
+to take the enemy’s country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it
+is not so good. So, too, it is better to capture an army entire than to
+destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire
+than to destroy them.
+
+2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme
+excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s
+resistance without fighting.
+
+3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to baulk the enemy’s plans;
+the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy’s forces; the
+next in order is to attack the enemy’s army in the field; and the worst
+policy of all is to besiege walled cities.
+
+4. The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be
+avoided. The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various
+implements of war, will take up three whole months; and the piling up
+of mounds over against the walls will take three months more.
+
+5. The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men
+to the assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of
+his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the
+disastrous effects of a siege.
+
+6. Therefore the skilful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any
+fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he
+overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.
+
+7. With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire,
+and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This is
+the method of attacking by stratagem.
+
+8. It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy’s one, to
+surround him; if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to
+divide our army into two.
+
+9. If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in
+numbers, we can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can
+flee from him.
+
+10. Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in
+the end it must be captured by the larger force.
+
+11. Now the general is the bulwark of the State: if the bulwark is
+complete at all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is
+defective, the State will be weak.
+
+12. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his
+army:—
+
+13. (1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant
+of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army.
+
+14. (2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he
+administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in
+an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier’s minds.
+
+15. (3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination,
+through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to
+circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.
+
+16. But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to
+come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy
+into the army, and flinging victory away.
+
+17. Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory:
+(1) He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight.
+(2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior
+forces.
+(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout
+all its ranks.
+(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy
+unprepared.
+(5) He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by
+the sovereign.
+Victory lies in the knowledge of these five points.
+
+18. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need
+not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not
+the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If
+you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every
+battle.
+
+
+
+
+IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS
+
+
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond
+the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of
+defeating the enemy.
+
+2. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the
+opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself.
+
+3. Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but
+cannot make certain of defeating the enemy.
+
+4. Hence the saying: One may _know_ how to conquer without being able
+to _do_ it.
+
+5. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat
+the enemy means taking the offensive.
+
+6. Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength;
+attacking, a superabundance of strength.
+
+7. The general who is skilled in defence hides in the most secret
+recesses of the earth; he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from
+the topmost heights of heaven. Thus on the one hand we have ability to
+protect ourselves; on the other, a victory that is complete.
+
+8. To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is
+not the acme of excellence.
+
+9. Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and
+the whole Empire says, “Well done!”
+
+10. To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength; to see sun and
+moon is no sign of sharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder is no sign
+of a quick ear.
+
+11. What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins,
+but excels in winning with ease.
+
+12. Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor
+credit for courage.
+
+13. He wins his battles by making no mistakes. Making no mistakes is
+what establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an
+enemy that is already defeated.
+
+14. Hence the skilful fighter puts himself into a position which makes
+defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the
+enemy.
+
+15. Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle
+after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat
+first fights and afterwards looks for victory.
+
+16. The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly
+adheres to method and discipline; thus it is in his power to control
+success.
+
+17. In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement;
+secondly, Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly,
+Balancing of chances; fifthly, Victory.
+
+18. Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity to
+Measurement; Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of
+chances to Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances.
+
+19. A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound’s weight
+placed in the scale against a single grain.
+
+20. The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up
+waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep. So much for tactical
+dispositions.
+
+
+
+
+V. ENERGY
+
+
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: The control of a large force is the same principle as
+the control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up their
+numbers.
+
+2. Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different
+from fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting
+signs and signals.
+
+3. To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the
+enemy’s attack and remain unshaken—this is effected by manœuvers direct
+and indirect.
+
+4. That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against
+an egg—this is effected by the science of weak points and strong.
+
+5. In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle,
+but indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.
+
+6. Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven
+and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams; like the sun and
+moon, they end but to begin anew; like the four seasons, they pass away
+but to return once more.
+
+7. There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of
+these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard.
+
+8. There are not more than five primary colours (blue, yellow, red,
+white, and black), yet in combination they produce more hues than can
+ever be seen.
+
+9. There are not more than five cardinal tastes (sour, acrid, salt,
+sweet, bitter), yet combinations of them yield more flavours than can
+ever be tasted.
+
+10. In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack—the direct
+and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless
+series of manœuvers.
+
+11. The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is
+like moving in a circle—you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the
+possibilities of their combination?
+
+12. The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even
+roll stones along in its course.
+
+13. The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon
+which enables it to strike and destroy its victim.
+
+14. Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and
+prompt in his decision.
+
+15. Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to
+the releasing of the trigger.
+
+16. Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming
+disorder and yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos,
+your array may be without head or tail, yet it will be proof against
+defeat.
+
+17. Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline; simulated fear
+postulates courage; simulated weakness postulates strength.
+
+18. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of
+subdivision; concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a
+fund of latent energy; masking strength with weakness is to be effected
+by tactical dispositions.
+
+19. Thus one who is skilful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains
+deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act. He
+sacrifices something, that the enemy may snatch at it.
+
+20. By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body
+of picked men he lies in wait for him.
+
+21. The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and
+does not require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick
+out the right men and utilise combined energy.
+
+22. When he utilises combined energy, his fighting men become as it
+were like unto rolling logs or stones. For it is the nature of a log or
+stone to remain motionless on level ground, and to move when on a
+slope; if four-cornered, to come to a standstill, but if round-shaped,
+to go rolling down.
+
+23. Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum
+of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So
+much on the subject of energy.
+
+
+
+
+VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG
+
+
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of
+the enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field
+and has to hasten to battle, will arrive exhausted.
+
+2. Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but
+does not allow the enemy’s will to be imposed on him.
+
+3. By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach
+of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible
+for the enemy to draw near.
+
+4. If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him; if well supplied
+with food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him
+to move.
+
+5. Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march
+swiftly to places where you are not expected.
+
+6. An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches
+through country where the enemy is not.
+
+7. You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack
+places which are undefended.You can ensure the safety of your defence
+if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked.
+
+8. Hence that general is skilful in attack whose opponent does not know
+what to defend; and he is skilful in defence whose opponent does not
+know what to attack.
+
+9. O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be
+invisible, through you inaudible; and hence we can hold the enemy’s
+fate in our hands.
+
+10. You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the
+enemy’s weak points; you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your
+movements are more rapid than those of the enemy.
+
+11. If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even
+though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch. All we
+need do is attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
+
+12. If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging
+us even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the
+ground. All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in
+his way.
+
+13. By discovering the enemy’s dispositions and remaining invisible
+ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy’s must
+be divided.
+
+14. We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up
+into fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate
+parts of a whole, which means that we shall be many to the enemy’s few.
+
+15. And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior
+one, our opponents will be in dire straits.
+
+16. The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known; for then
+the enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several
+different points; and his forces being thus distributed in many
+directions, the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will
+be proportionately few.
+
+17. For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear;
+should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he
+strengthen his left, he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his
+right, he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere,
+he will everywhere be weak.
+
+18. Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible
+attacks; numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make
+these preparations against us.
+
+19. Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may
+concentrate from the greatest distances in order to fight.
+
+20. But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will be
+impotent to succour the right, the right equally impotent to succour
+the left, the van unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support
+the van. How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are
+anything under a hundred _li_ apart, and even the nearest are separated
+by several _li!_
+
+21. Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yüeh exceed our own
+in number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory.
+I say then that victory can be achieved.
+
+22. Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from
+fighting. Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of
+their success.
+
+23. Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity.
+Force him to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots.
+
+24. Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that you may
+know where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient.
+
+25. In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain
+is to conceal them; conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe
+from the prying of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the
+wisest brains.
+
+26. How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy’s own
+tactics—that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.
+
+27. All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can
+see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved.
+
+28. Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but
+let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.
+
+29. Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its natural
+course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.
+
+30. So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what
+is weak.
+
+31. Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over
+which it flows; the soldier works out his victory in relation to the
+foe whom he is facing.
+
+32. Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare
+there are no constant conditions.
+
+33. He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and
+thereby succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain.
+
+34. The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth) are not always
+equally predominant; the four seasons make way for each other in turn.
+There are short days and long; the moon has its periods of waning and
+waxing.
+
+
+
+
+VII. MANŒUVERING
+
+
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: In war, the general receives his commands from the
+sovereign.
+
+2. Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must blend
+and harmonise the different elements thereof before pitching his camp.
+
+3. After that, comes tactical manœuvering, than which there is nothing
+more difficult. The difficulty of tactical manœuvering consists in
+turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.
+
+4. Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the enemy
+out of the way, and though starting after him, to contrive to reach the
+goal before him, shows knowledge of the artifice of _deviation_.
+
+5. Manœuvering with an army is advantageous; with an undisciplined
+multitude, most dangerous.
+
+6. If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an
+advantage, the chances are that you will be too late. On the other
+hand, to detach a flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice
+of its baggage and stores.
+
+7. Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make
+forced marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual
+distance at a stretch, doing a hundred _li_ in order to wrest an
+advantage, the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into the
+hands of the enemy.
+
+8. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind,
+and on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its
+destination.
+
+9. If you march fifty _li_ in order to outmanœuver the enemy, you will
+lose the leader of your first division, and only half your force will
+reach the goal.
+
+10. If you march thirty _li_ with the same object, two-thirds of your
+army will arrive.
+
+11. We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost;
+without provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost.
+
+12. We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the
+designs of our neighbours.
+
+13. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar
+with the face of the country—its mountains and forests, its pitfalls
+and precipices, its marshes and swamps.
+
+14. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we
+make use of local guides.
+
+15. In war, practise dissimulation, and you will succeed. Move only if
+there is a real advantage to be gained.
+
+16. Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by
+circumstances.
+
+17. Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of the
+forest.
+
+18. In raiding and plundering be like fire, in immovability like a
+mountain.
+
+19. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you
+move, fall like a thunderbolt.
+
+20. When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst
+your men; when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for
+the benefit of the soldiery.
+
+21. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
+
+22. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. Such is
+the art of manœuvering.
+
+23. The Book of Army Management says: On the field of battle, the
+spoken word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs
+and drums. Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the
+institution of banners and flags.
+
+24. Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and
+eyes of the host may be focussed on one particular point.
+
+25. The host thus forming a single united body, is it impossible either
+for the brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone.
+This is the art of handling large masses of men.
+
+26. In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums,
+and in fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing
+the ears and eyes of your army.
+
+27. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief may
+be robbed of his presence of mind.
+
+28. Now a soldier’s spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it has
+begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning
+to camp.
+
+29. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is
+keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This
+is the art of studying moods.
+
+30. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and
+hubbub amongst the enemy:—this is the art of retaining self-possession.
+
+31. To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait
+at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while
+the enemy is famished:—this is the art of husbanding one’s strength.
+
+32. To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect
+order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident
+array:—this is the art of studying circumstances.
+
+33. It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor
+to oppose him when he comes downhill.
+
+34. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers
+whose temper is keen.
+
+35. Do not swallow a bait offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with
+an army that is returning home.
+
+36. When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. Do not press a
+desperate foe too hard.
+
+37. Such is the art of warfare.
+
+
+
+
+VIII. VARIATION OF TACTICS
+
+
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: In war, the general receives his commands from the
+sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces.
+
+2. When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high
+roads intersect, join hands with your allies. Do not linger in
+dangerously isolated positions. In hemmed-in situations, you must
+resort to stratagem. In a desperate position, you must fight.
+
+3. There are roads which must not be followed, armies which must be not
+attacked, towns which must not be besieged, positions which must not be
+contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.
+
+4. The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany
+variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops.
+
+5. The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted
+with the configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn
+his knowledge to practical account.
+
+6. So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying
+his plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will
+fail to make the best use of his men.
+
+7. Hence in the wise leader’s plans, considerations of advantage and of
+disadvantage will be blended together.
+
+8. If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may
+succeed in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes.
+
+9. If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always
+ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from
+misfortune.
+
+10. Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; and make
+trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious
+allurements, and make them rush to any given point.
+
+11. The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the
+enemy’s not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the
+chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made
+our position unassailable.
+
+12. There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general:
+(1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction;
+(2) cowardice, which leads to capture;
+(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults;
+(4) a delicacy of honour which is sensitive to shame;
+(5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him to worry and
+trouble.
+
+13. These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the
+conduct of war.
+
+14. When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will
+surely be found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a
+subject of meditation.
+
+
+
+
+IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH
+
+
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and
+observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in
+the neighbourhood of valleys.
+
+2. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order
+to fight. So much for mountain warfare.
+
+3. After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.
+
+4. When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not
+advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army
+get across, and then deliver your attack.
+
+5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader
+near a river which he has to cross.
+
+6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not
+move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.
+
+7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over
+them quickly, without any delay.
+
+8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass
+near you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations
+in salt-marshes.
+
+9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with
+rising ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be
+in front, and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat
+country.
+
+10. These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which
+enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.
+
+11. All armies prefer high ground to low, and sunny places to dark.
+
+12. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army
+will be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.
+
+13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the
+slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of
+your soldiers and utilise the natural advantages of the ground.
+
+14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you
+wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it
+subsides.
+
+15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running
+between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets,
+quagmires and crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not
+approached.
+
+16. While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to
+approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on
+his rear.
+
+17. If in the neighbourhood of your camp there should be any hilly
+country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with
+reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed
+out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious
+spies are likely to be lurking.
+
+18. When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on
+the natural strength of his position.
+
+19. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious
+for the other side to advance.
+
+20. If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a
+bait.
+
+21. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is
+advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick
+grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.
+
+22. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade.
+Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.
+
+23. When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of
+chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area,
+it betokens the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different
+directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A
+few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is
+encamping.
+
+24. Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is
+about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the
+attack are signs that he will retreat.
+
+25. When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on
+the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.
+
+26. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.
+
+27. When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank,
+it means that the critical moment has come.
+
+28. When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.
+
+29. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint
+from want of food.
+
+30. If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves,
+the army is suffering from thirst.
+
+31. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to
+secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.
+
+32. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamour by night
+betokens nervousness.
+
+33. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general’s authority is
+weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If
+the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary.
+
+34. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for
+food, and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the
+camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents, you may
+know that they are determined to fight to the death.
+
+35. The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in
+subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.
+
+36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his
+resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.
+
+37. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy’s
+numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.
+
+38. When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign
+that the enemy wishes for a truce.
+
+39. If the enemy’s troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a
+long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again,
+the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.
+
+40. If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply
+sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we
+can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a
+close watch on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements.
+
+41. He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is
+sure to be captured by them.
+
+42. If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you,
+they will not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be
+practically useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you,
+punishments are not enforced, they will still be useless.
+
+43. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with
+humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a
+certain road to victory.
+
+44. If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army
+will be well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.
+
+45. If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his
+orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.
+
+
+
+
+X. TERRAIN
+
+
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1)
+Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporising ground; (4)
+narrow passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great
+distance from the enemy.
+
+2. Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called
+_accessible_.
+
+3. With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in
+occupying the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of
+supplies. Then you will be able to fight with advantage.
+
+4. Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called
+_entangling_.
+
+5. From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may
+sally forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your
+coming, and you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible,
+disaster will ensue.
+
+6. When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the
+first move, it is called temporising ground.
+
+7. In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an
+attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to
+retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his
+army has come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.
+
+8. With regard to _narrow passes_, if you can occupy them first, let
+them be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.
+
+9. Should the enemy forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after
+him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly
+garrisoned.
+
+10. With regard to _precipitous heights_, if you are beforehand with
+your adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there
+wait for him to come up.
+
+11. If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but
+retreat and try to entice him away.
+
+12. If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the
+strength of the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a
+battle, and fighting will be to your disadvantage.
+
+13. These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who
+has attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.
+
+14. Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from
+natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible.
+These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5)
+disorganisation; (6) rout.
+
+15. Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against
+another ten times its size, the result will be the _flight_ of the
+former.
+
+16. When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too
+weak, the result is _insubordination_. When the officers are too strong
+and the common soldiers too weak, the result is _collapse_.
+
+17. When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on
+meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of
+resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is
+in a position to fight, the result is _ruin_.
+
+18. When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are
+not clear and distinct; when there are no fixed duties assigned to
+officers and men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard
+manner, the result is utter _disorganisation_.
+
+19. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy’s strength, allows an
+inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment
+against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the
+front rank, the result must be a _rout_.
+
+20. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully
+noted by the general who has attained a responsible post.
+
+21. The natural formation of the country is the soldier’s best ally;
+but a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of
+victory, and of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and
+distances, constitutes the test of a great general.
+
+22. He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into
+practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practises
+them, will surely be defeated.
+
+23. If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even
+though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory,
+then you must not fight even at the ruler’s bidding.
+
+24. The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without
+fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do
+good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
+
+25. Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you
+into the deepest valleys; look on them as your own beloved sons, and
+they will stand by you even unto death.
+
+26. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority
+felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable,
+moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to
+spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose.
+
+27. If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are
+unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway
+towards victory.
+
+28. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that
+our own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway
+towards victory.
+
+29. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our
+men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of
+the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only
+halfway towards victory.
+
+30. Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered;
+once he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.
+
+31. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your
+victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you
+may make your victory complete.
+
+
+
+
+XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS
+
+
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: The art of war recognises nine varieties of ground:
+(1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4)
+open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground;
+(7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.
+
+2. When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive
+ground.
+
+3. When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great
+distance, it is facile ground.
+
+4. Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either
+side, is contentious ground.
+
+5. Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.
+
+6. Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he
+who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is ground
+of intersecting highways.
+
+7. When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country,
+leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.
+
+8. Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens—all country that
+is hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.
+
+9. Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can
+only retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy
+would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in
+ground.
+
+10. Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting
+without delay, is desperate ground.
+
+11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt
+not. On contentious ground, attack not.
+
+12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy’s way. On ground of
+intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.
+
+13. On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep
+steadily on the march.
+
+14. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground,
+fight.
+
+15. Those who were called skilful leaders of old knew how to drive a
+wedge between the enemy’s front and rear; to prevent co-operation
+between his large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from
+rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men.
+
+16. When the enemy’s men were scattered, they prevented them from
+concentrating; even when their forces were united, they managed to keep
+them in disorder.
+
+17. When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when
+otherwise, they stopped still.
+
+18. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly
+array and on the point of marching to the attack, I should say: “Begin
+by seizing something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be
+amenable to your will.”
+
+19. Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy’s
+unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded
+spots.
+
+20. The following are the principles to be observed by an invading
+force: The further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be
+the solidarity of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail
+against you.
+
+21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with
+food.
+
+22. Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax
+them. Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army
+continually on the move, and devise unfathomable plans.
+
+23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and
+they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is
+nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth
+their uttermost strength.
+
+24. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there
+is no place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in the heart
+of a hostile country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no
+help for it, they will fight hard.
+
+25. Thus, without waiting to be marshalled, the soldiers will be
+constantly on the _qui vive;_ without waiting to be asked, they will do
+your will; without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving
+orders, they can be trusted.
+
+26. Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious
+doubts. Then, until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.
+
+27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because
+they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it
+is not because they are disinclined to longevity.
+
+28. On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep,
+those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting
+the tears run down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay,
+and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.
+
+29. The skilful tactician may be likened to the _shuai-jan_. Now the
+_shuai-jan_ is a snake that is found in the Ch‘ang mountains. Strike at
+its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and
+you will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you will be
+attacked by head and tail both.
+
+30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the _shuai-jan_, I should
+answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yüeh are enemies; yet if
+they are crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm,
+they will come to each other’s assistance just as the left hand helps
+the right.
+
+31. Hence it is not enough to put one’s trust in the tethering of
+horses, and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground.
+
+32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard
+of courage which all must reach.
+
+33. How to make the best of both strong and weak—that is a question
+involving the proper use of ground.
+
+34. Thus the skilful general conducts his army just as though he were
+leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand.
+
+35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure
+secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order.
+
+36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports
+and appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance.
+
+37. By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the
+enemy without definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and taking
+circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.
+
+38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has
+climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He
+carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows his hand.
+
+39. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd
+driving a flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and none
+knows whither he is going.
+
+40. To muster his host and bring it into danger:—this may be termed the
+business of the general.
+
+41. The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground; the
+expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws
+of human nature: these are things that must most certainly be studied.
+
+42. When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that
+penetrating deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means
+dispersion.
+
+43. When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across
+neighbourhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When
+there are means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one
+of intersecting highways.
+
+44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground.
+When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground.
+
+45. When you have the enemy’s strongholds on your rear, and narrow
+passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of
+refuge at all, it is desperate ground.
+
+46. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity
+of purpose. On facile ground, I would see that there is close
+connection between all parts of my army.
+
+47. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.
+
+48. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defences. On
+ground of intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances.
+
+49. On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of
+supplies. On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road.
+
+50. On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat. On desperate
+ground, I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving
+their lives.
+
+51. For it is the soldier’s disposition to offer an obstinate
+resistance when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself,
+and to obey promptly when he has fallen into danger.
+
+52. We cannot enter into alliance with neighbouring princes until we
+are acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on
+the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country—its
+mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and
+swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless
+we make use of local guides.
+
+53. To be ignorant of any one of the following four or five principles
+does not befit a warlike prince.
+
+54. When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship
+shows itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy’s forces. He
+overawes his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining
+against him.
+
+55. Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry, nor
+does he foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret
+designs, keeping his antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture
+their cities and overthrow their kingdoms.
+
+56. Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders without regard
+to previous arrangements; and you will be able to handle a whole army
+as though you had to do with but a single man.
+
+57. Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know
+your design. When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes;
+but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy.
+
+58. Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it
+into desperate straits, and it will come off in safety.
+
+59. For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm’s way that is
+capable of striking a blow for victory.
+
+60. Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves
+to the enemy’s purpose.
+
+61. By persistently hanging on the enemy’s flank, we shall succeed in
+the long run in killing the commander-in-chief.
+
+62. This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.
+
+63. On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier
+passes, destroy the official tallies, and stop the passage of all
+emissaries.
+
+64. Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the
+situation.
+
+65. If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.
+
+66. Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly
+contrive to time his arrival on the ground.
+
+67. Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the
+enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.
+
+68. At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy
+gives you an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running
+hare, and it will be too late for the enemy to oppose you.
+
+
+
+
+XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE
+
+
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: There are five ways of attacking with fire. The first
+is to burn soldiers in their camp; the second is to burn stores; the
+third is to burn baggage-trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and
+magazines; the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy.
+
+2. In order to carry out an attack, we must have means available. The
+material for raising fire should always be kept in readiness.
+
+3. There is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special
+days for starting a conflagration.
+
+4. The proper season is when the weather is very dry; the special days
+are those when the moon is in the constellations of the Sieve, the
+Wall, the Wing or the Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising
+wind.
+
+5. In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible
+developments:
+
+6. (1) When fire breaks out inside the enemy’s camp, respond at once
+with an attack from without.
+
+7. (2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy’s soldiers remain
+quiet, bide your time and do not attack.
+
+8. (3) When the force of the flames has reached its height, follow it
+up with an attack, if that is practicable; if not, stay where you are.
+
+9. (4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do
+not wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a
+favourable moment.
+
+10. (5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it. Do not attack from
+the leeward.
+
+11. A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze
+soon falls.
+
+12. In every army, the five developments connected with fire must be
+known, the movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the
+proper days.
+
+13. Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence;
+those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of
+strength.
+
+14. By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of
+all his belongings.
+
+15. Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed
+in his attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise; for the
+result is waste of time and general stagnation.
+
+16. Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead;
+the good general cultivates his resources.
+
+17. Move not unless you see an advantage; use not your troops unless
+there is something to be gained; fight not unless the position is
+critical.
+
+18. No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own
+spleen; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique.
+
+19. If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay where
+you are.
+
+20. Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by
+content.
+
+21. But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again
+into being; nor can the dead ever be brought back to life.
+
+22. Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full
+of caution. This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army
+intact.
+
+
+
+
+XIII. THE USE OF SPIES
+
+
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching
+them great distances entails heavy loss on the people and a drain on
+the resources of the State. The daily expenditure will amount to a
+thousand ounces of silver. There will be commotion at home and abroad,
+and men will drop down exhausted on the highways. As many as seven
+hundred thousand families will be impeded in their labor.
+
+2. Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the
+victory which is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in
+ignorance of the enemy’s condition simply because one grudges the
+outlay of a hundred ounces of silver in honours and emoluments, is the
+height of inhumanity.
+
+3. One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his
+sovereign, no master of victory.
+
+4. Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike
+and conquer, and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is
+_foreknowledge_.
+
+5. Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits; it cannot be
+obtained inductively from experience, nor by any deductive calculation.
+
+6. Knowledge of the enemy’s dispositions can only be obtained from
+other men.
+
+7. Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes: (1) Local
+spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies; (4) doomed spies; (5)
+surviving spies.
+
+8. When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none can discover the
+secret system. This is called “divine manipulation of the threads.” It
+is the sovereign’s most precious faculty.
+
+9. Having _local spies_ means employing the services of the inhabitants
+of a district.
+
+10. Having _inward spies_, making use of officials of the enemy.
+
+11. Having _converted spies_, getting hold of the enemy’s spies and
+using them for our own purposes.
+
+12. Having _doomed spies_, doing certain things openly for purposes of
+deception, and allowing our own spies to know of them and report them
+to the enemy.
+
+13. _Surviving spies_, finally, are those who bring back news from the
+enemy’s camp.
+
+14. Hence it is that with none in the whole army are more intimate
+relations to be maintained than with spies. None should be more
+liberally rewarded. In no other business should greater secrecy be
+preserved.
+
+15. Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain intuitive
+sagacity.
+
+16. They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and
+straightforwardness.
+
+17. Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of the
+truth of their reports.
+
+18. Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every kind of
+business.
+
+19. If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before the time is
+ripe, he must be put to death together with the man to whom the secret
+was told.
+
+20. Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to
+assassinate an individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding
+out the names of the attendants, the aides-de-camp, the door-keepers
+and sentries of the general in command. Our spies must be commissioned
+to ascertain these.
+
+21. The enemy’s spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out,
+tempted with bribes, led away and comfortably housed. Thus they will
+become converted spies and available for our service.
+
+22. It is through the information brought by the converted spy that we
+are able to acquire and employ local and inward spies.
+
+23. It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed
+spy to carry false tidings to the enemy.
+
+24. Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be used
+on appointed occasions.
+
+25. The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is knowledge of
+the enemy; and this knowledge can only be derived, in the first
+instance, from the converted spy. Hence it is essential that the
+converted spy be treated with the utmost liberality.
+
+26. Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I Chih who had
+served under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise of the Chou dynasty was due
+to Lü Ya who had served under the Yin.
+
+27. Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who
+will use the highest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying
+and thereby they achieve great results. Spies are a most important
+element in war, because on them depends an army’s ability to move.
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ART OF WAR ***
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
+be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
+law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
+so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the
+United States without permission and without paying copyright
+royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
+of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
+concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
+and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
+the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
+of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
+copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
+easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
+of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
+Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
+do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
+by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
+license, especially commercial redistribution.
+
+START: FULL LICENSE
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
+Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
+www.gutenberg.org/license.
+
+Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+
+1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
+destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
+possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
+Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
+by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
+person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
+1.E.8.
+
+1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
+paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
+agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
+Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
+of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
+works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
+States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
+United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
+claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
+displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
+all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
+that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
+free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
+works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
+Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
+comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
+same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
+you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
+in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
+check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
+agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
+distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
+other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
+representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
+country other than the United States.
+
+1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
+immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
+prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
+on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
+performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
+
+  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
+  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
+  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
+  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
+  United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
+  you are located before using this eBook.
+
+1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
+derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
+contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
+copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
+the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
+redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
+either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
+obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
+trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
+additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
+will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
+posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
+beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
+any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
+to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
+other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
+version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website
+(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
+to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
+of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
+Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
+full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+provided that:
+
+* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
+  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
+  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
+  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
+  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
+  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
+  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
+  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
+  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
+  Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
+  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
+  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
+  works.
+
+* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
+  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
+  receipt of the work.
+
+* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
+are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
+from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
+the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
+forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
+Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
+contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
+or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
+other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
+cannot be read by your equipment.
+
+1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
+with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
+with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
+lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
+or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
+opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
+the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
+without further opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
+OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
+damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
+violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
+agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
+limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
+unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
+remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
+accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
+production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
+including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
+the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
+or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
+additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
+Defect you cause.
+
+Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
+computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
+exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
+from people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
+generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
+Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
+www.gutenberg.org
+
+Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
+U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
+Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
+to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website
+and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+
+Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without
+widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
+DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
+state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
+donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
+
+Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
+freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
+distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
+volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
+the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
+necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
+edition.
+
+Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
+facility: www.gutenberg.org
+
+This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
diff --git a/17405-0.zip b/17405-0.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcc0fa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/17405-0.zip
diff --git a/17405-h.zip b/17405-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11e740e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/17405-h.zip
diff --git a/17405-h/17405-h.htm b/17405-h/17405-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9debd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/17405-h/17405-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,2794 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Art of War, by Sunzi</title>
+
+<style type="text/css">
+
+body { margin-left: 20%;
+       margin-right: 20%;
+       text-align: justify; }
+
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-weight:
+normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em;}
+
+h1 {font-size: 300%;
+    margin-top: 0.6em;
+    margin-bottom: 0.6em;
+    letter-spacing: 0.12em;
+    word-spacing: 0.2em;
+    text-indent: 0em;}
+h2 {font-size: 150%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;}
+h3 {font-size: 130%; margin-top: 1em;}
+h4 {font-size: 120%;}
+h5 {font-size: 110%;}
+
+div.chapter {page-break-before: always; margin-top: 4em;}
+
+hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;}
+
+p {text-indent: 1em;
+   margin-top: 0.25em;
+   margin-bottom: 0.25em; }
+
+p.letter {text-indent: 0%;
+          margin-left: 10%;
+          margin-right: 10%;
+          margin-top: 1em;
+          margin-bottom: 1em; }
+
+a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none}
+a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none}
+a:hover {color:red}
+
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Art of War, by Sunzi</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
+at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
+are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
+country where you are located before using this eBook.
+</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Art of War</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Sunzi</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 28, 2005 [eBook #17405]<br/>
+[Most recently updated: October 30, 2021]</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
+<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ART OF WAR ***</div>
+
+<h1>SUN TZU ON THE ART OF WAR</h1>
+
+<h3>THE OLDEST MILITARY TREATISE IN THE WORLD</h3>
+
+<h4>Translated from the Chinese<br/>
+By LIONEL GILES, M.A. (1910)</h4>
+
+<p class="letter">
+[This is the basic text of Sun Tzŭ on the Art of War. It was extracted from Mr.
+Giles&rsquo; complete work as titled above. The commentary itself, which, of
+course includes this work embedded within it, has been released as Project
+Gutenberg&rsquo;s eBook #132.]
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+
+<table summary="" style="">
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap01">CHAPTER I. LAYING PLANS</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap02">CHAPTER II. WAGING WAR</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap03">CHAPTER III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap04">CHAPTER IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap05">CHAPTER V. ENERGY</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap06">CHAPTER VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap07">CHAPTER VII. MANŒUVERING</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap08">CHAPTER VIII. VARIATION OF TACTICS</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap09">CHAPTER IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap10">CHAPTER X. TERRAIN</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap11">CHAPTER XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap12">CHAPTER XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap13">CHAPTER XIII. THE USE OF SPIES</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap01"></a>I. LAYING PLANS</h2>
+
+<p>
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence
+it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into
+account in one&rsquo;s deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions
+obtaining in the field.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander; (5)
+Method and discipline.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5, 6. <i>The Moral Law</i> causes the people to be in complete accord with
+their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed
+by any danger.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground
+and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence,
+courage and strictness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. By <i>Method and discipline</i> are to be understood the marshalling of the
+army in its proper subdivisions, the gradations of rank among the officers, the
+maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of
+military expenditure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them
+will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military
+conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?<br/>
+(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?<br/>
+(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?<br/>
+(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?<br/>
+(5) Which army is the stronger?<br/>
+(6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?<br/>
+(7) In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let
+such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel
+nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:&mdash;let such a one be dismissed!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. While heeding the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful
+circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. According as circumstances are favourable, one should modify one&rsquo;s
+plans.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. All warfare is based on deception.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we
+must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far
+away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior
+strength, evade him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be
+weak, that he may grow arrogant.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+23. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united,
+separate them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+25. These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged
+beforehand.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+26. Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere
+the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations
+beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to
+defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point
+that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap02"></a>II. WAGING WAR</h2>
+
+<p>
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a
+thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand
+mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand <i>li</i>,
+the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests,
+small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armour, will
+reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is the cost of
+raising an army of 100,000 men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, the
+men&rsquo;s weapons will grow dull and their ardour will be damped. If you lay
+siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be
+equal to the strain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardour damped, your strength
+exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take
+advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert
+the consequences that must ensue.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been
+seen associated with long delays.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can
+thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. The skilful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his
+supply-waggons loaded more than twice.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the
+army will have food enough for its needs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by
+contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance
+causes the people to be impoverished.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and
+high prices cause the people&rsquo;s substance to be drained away.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by
+heavy exactions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13, 14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of
+the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their incomes will be
+dissipated; while Government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses,
+breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective
+mantlets, draught-oxen and heavy waggons, will amount to four-tenths of its
+total revenue.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload
+of the enemy&rsquo;s provisions is equivalent to twenty of one&rsquo;s own, and
+likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from
+one&rsquo;s own store.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there
+may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken,
+those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags should be
+substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in
+conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one&rsquo;s own
+strength.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the
+people&rsquo;s fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in
+peace or in peril.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap03"></a>III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM</h2>
+
+<p>
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take
+the enemy&rsquo;s country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so
+good. So, too, it is better to capture an army entire than to destroy it, to
+capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence;
+supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy&rsquo;s resistance without
+fighting.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to baulk the enemy&rsquo;s plans;
+the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy&rsquo;s forces; the next
+in order is to attack the enemy&rsquo;s army in the field; and the worst policy
+of all is to besiege walled cities.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The
+preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will
+take up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over against the walls
+will take three months more.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the
+assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are
+slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of
+a siege.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. Therefore the skilful leader subdues the enemy&rsquo;s troops without any
+fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows
+their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus,
+without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This is the method of
+attacking by stratagem.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy&rsquo;s one, to
+surround him; if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide
+our army into two.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in numbers, we
+can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end
+it must be captured by the larger force.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. Now the general is the bulwark of the State: if the bulwark is complete at
+all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State
+will be weak.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his
+army:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. (1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the
+fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. (2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a
+kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes
+restlessness in the soldier&rsquo;s minds.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. (3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through
+ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes
+the confidence of the soldiers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from
+the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and
+flinging victory away.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory:<br/>
+(1) He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight.<br/>
+(2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.<br/>
+(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its
+ranks.<br/>
+(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared.<br/>
+(5) He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the
+sovereign.<br/>
+Victory lies in the knowledge of these five points.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not
+fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy,
+for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the
+enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap04"></a>IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS</h2>
+
+<p>
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the
+possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the
+enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the
+opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but cannot
+make certain of defeating the enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. Hence the saying: One may <i>know</i> how to conquer without being able to
+<i>do</i> it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat the
+enemy means taking the offensive.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength; attacking, a
+superabundance of strength.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. The general who is skilled in defence hides in the most secret recesses of
+the earth; he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights
+of heaven. Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves; on the
+other, a victory that is complete.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the
+acme of excellence.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the whole
+Empire says, &ldquo;Well done!&rdquo;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength; to see sun and moon is
+no sign of sharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but
+excels in winning with ease.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for
+courage.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. He wins his battles by making no mistakes. Making no mistakes is what
+establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is
+already defeated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. Hence the skilful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat
+impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after
+the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and
+afterwards looks for victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres to
+method and discipline; thus it is in his power to control success.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly,
+Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances;
+fifthly, Victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity to
+Measurement; Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to
+Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound&rsquo;s weight
+placed in the scale against a single grain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters
+into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep. So much for tactical dispositions.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap05"></a>V. ENERGY</h2>
+
+<p>
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: The control of a large force is the same principle as the
+control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from
+fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting signs and
+signals.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy&rsquo;s
+attack and remain unshaken&mdash;this is effected by manœuvers direct and
+indirect.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an
+egg&mdash;this is effected by the science of weak points and strong.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but
+indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and
+Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams; like the sun and moon, they
+end but to begin anew; like the four seasons, they pass away but to return once
+more.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of these
+five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. There are not more than five primary colours (blue, yellow, red, white, and
+black), yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever be seen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. There are not more than five cardinal tastes (sour, acrid, salt, sweet,
+bitter), yet combinations of them yield more flavours than can ever be tasted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack&mdash;the direct
+and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless series
+of manœuvers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like
+moving in a circle&mdash;you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the
+possibilities of their combination?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll
+stones along in its course.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which
+enables it to strike and destroy its victim.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and prompt in his
+decision.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the
+releasing of the trigger.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder and
+yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos, your array may be
+without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline; simulated fear postulates
+courage; simulated weakness postulates strength.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of
+subdivision; concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of
+latent energy; masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical
+dispositions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. Thus one who is skilful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains
+deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act. He sacrifices
+something, that the enemy may snatch at it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body of picked
+men he lies in wait for him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not
+require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick out the right men
+and utilise combined energy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. When he utilises combined energy, his fighting men become as it were like
+unto rolling logs or stones. For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain
+motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope; if four-cornered, to
+come to a standstill, but if round-shaped, to go rolling down.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+23. Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of a
+round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the
+subject of energy.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap06"></a>VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG</h2>
+
+<p>
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the
+enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field and has to
+hasten to battle, will arrive exhausted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not
+allow the enemy&rsquo;s will to be imposed on him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach of his
+own accord; or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible for the enemy
+to draw near.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him; if well supplied with
+food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march swiftly to
+places where you are not expected.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches through
+country where the enemy is not.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places
+which are undefended.You can ensure the safety of your defence if you only hold
+positions that cannot be attacked.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. Hence that general is skilful in attack whose opponent does not know what to
+defend; and he is skilful in defence whose opponent does not know what to
+attack.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be invisible,
+through you inaudible; and hence we can hold the enemy&rsquo;s fate in our
+hands.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the
+enemy&rsquo;s weak points; you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your
+movements are more rapid than those of the enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even though
+he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is
+attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us even
+though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All we
+need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. By discovering the enemy&rsquo;s dispositions and remaining invisible
+ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy&rsquo;s must be
+divided.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up into
+fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a
+whole, which means that we shall be many to the enemy&rsquo;s few.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior one,
+our opponents will be in dire straits.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known; for then the
+enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several different
+points; and his forces being thus distributed in many directions, the numbers
+we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately few.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear; should he
+strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left, he
+will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right, he will weaken his left.
+If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible attacks;
+numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these preparations
+against us.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate
+from the greatest distances in order to fight.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will be impotent
+to succour the right, the right equally impotent to succour the left, the van
+unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. How much more so if
+the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred <i>li</i> apart,
+and even the nearest are separated by several <i>li!</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yüeh exceed our own in
+number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then
+that victory can be achieved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from fighting.
+Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of their success.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+23. Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity. Force him
+to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+24. Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that you may know
+where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+25. In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain is to
+conceal them; conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe from the prying
+of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+26. How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy&rsquo;s own
+tactics&mdash;that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+27. All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the
+strategy out of which victory is evolved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+28. Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your
+methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+29. Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its natural course runs
+away from high places and hastens downwards.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+30. So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what is
+weak.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+31. Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over which it
+flows; the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is
+facing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+32. Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare there are
+no constant conditions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+33. He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby
+succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+34. The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth) are not always equally
+predominant; the four seasons make way for each other in turn. There are short
+days and long; the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap07"></a>VII. MANŒUVERING</h2>
+
+<p>
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must blend and
+harmonise the different elements thereof before pitching his camp.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. After that, comes tactical manœuvering, than which there is nothing more
+difficult. The difficulty of tactical manœuvering consists in turning the
+devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the enemy out of
+the way, and though starting after him, to contrive to reach the goal before
+him, shows knowledge of the artifice of <i>deviation</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. Manœuvering with an army is advantageous; with an undisciplined multitude,
+most dangerous.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage,
+the chances are that you will be too late. On the other hand, to detach a
+flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make forced
+marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance at a
+stretch, doing a hundred <i>li</i> in order to wrest an advantage, the leaders
+of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind, and on
+this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. If you march fifty <i>li</i> in order to outmanœuver the enemy, you will
+lose the leader of your first division, and only half your force will reach the
+goal.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. If you march thirty <i>li</i> with the same object, two-thirds of your army
+will arrive.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost; without
+provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of
+our neighbours.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the
+face of the country&mdash;its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and
+precipices, its marshes and swamps.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use
+of local guides.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. In war, practise dissimulation, and you will succeed. Move only if there is
+a real advantage to be gained.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by
+circumstances.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of the forest.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. In raiding and plundering be like fire, in immovability like a mountain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move, fall
+like a thunderbolt.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your men;
+when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit of
+the soldiery.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. Such is the art
+of manœuvering.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+23. The Book of Army Management says: On the field of battle, the spoken word
+does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can
+ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and
+flags.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+24. Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes of
+the host may be focussed on one particular point.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+25. The host thus forming a single united body, is it impossible either for the
+brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art
+of handling large masses of men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+26. In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and in
+fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing the ears and
+eyes of your army.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+27. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief may be
+robbed of his presence of mind.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+28. Now a soldier&rsquo;s spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it has
+begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to camp.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+29. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but
+attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This is the art of
+studying moods.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+30. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub
+amongst the enemy:&mdash;this is the art of retaining self-possession.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+31. To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at ease
+while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy is
+famished:&mdash;this is the art of husbanding one&rsquo;s strength.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+32. To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect order,
+to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident
+array:&mdash;this is the art of studying circumstances.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+33. It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to
+oppose him when he comes downhill.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+34. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers whose
+temper is keen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+35. Do not swallow a bait offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with an army
+that is returning home.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+36. When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. Do not press a desperate
+foe too hard.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+37. Such is the art of warfare.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap08"></a>VIII. VARIATION OF TACTICS</h2>
+
+<p>
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign,
+collects his army and concentrates his forces.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high roads
+intersect, join hands with your allies. Do not linger in dangerously isolated
+positions. In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem. In a
+desperate position, you must fight.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. There are roads which must not be followed, armies which must be not
+attacked, towns which must not be besieged, positions which must not be
+contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany
+variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with the
+configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to
+practical account.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying his
+plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will fail to make
+the best use of his men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. Hence in the wise leader&rsquo;s plans, considerations of advantage and of
+disadvantage will be blended together.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed in
+accomplishing the essential part of our schemes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready to
+seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; and make trouble
+for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious allurements, and
+make them rush to any given point.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the
+enemy&rsquo;s not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the
+chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our
+position unassailable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general:<br/>
+(1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction;<br/>
+(2) cowardice, which leads to capture;<br/>
+(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults;<br/>
+(4) a delicacy of honour which is sensitive to shame;<br/>
+(5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him to worry and trouble.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the conduct of
+war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will surely be
+found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap09"></a>IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH</h2>
+
+<p>
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and
+observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the
+neighbourhood of valleys.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight.
+So much for mountain warfare.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance
+to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and
+then deliver your attack.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a
+river which he has to cross.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not move
+up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them
+quickly, without any delay.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near
+you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in
+salt-marshes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising
+ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and
+safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the
+Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. All armies prefer high ground to low, and sunny places to dark.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will be
+free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on
+your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and
+utilise the natural advantages of the ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to
+ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running
+between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and
+crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach
+them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. If in the neighbourhood of your camp there should be any hilly country,
+ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods
+with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for
+these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be
+lurking.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the
+natural strength of his position.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the
+other side to advance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing.
+The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that
+the enemy wants to make us suspicious.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled
+beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+23. When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots
+advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the
+approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows
+that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to
+and fro signify that the army is encamping.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+24. Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about
+to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs
+that he will retreat.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+25. When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings,
+it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+26. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+27. When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means
+that the critical moment has come.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+28. When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+29. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want
+of food.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+30. If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army
+is suffering from thirst.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+31. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure
+it, the soldiers are exhausted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+32. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamour by night betokens
+nervousness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+33. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general&rsquo;s authority is weak.
+If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers
+are angry, it means that the men are weary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+34. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and
+when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that
+they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to
+fight to the death.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+35. The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued
+tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources;
+too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+37. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy&rsquo;s
+numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+38. When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that
+the enemy wishes for a truce.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+39. If the enemy&rsquo;s troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a
+long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the
+situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+40. If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply
+sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is
+simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the
+enemy, and obtain reinforcements.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+41. He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to
+be captured by them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+42. If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will
+not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically useless.
+If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not
+enforced, they will still be useless.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+43. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but
+kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to
+victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+44. If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be
+well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+45. If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders
+being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap10"></a>X. TERRAIN</h2>
+
+<p>
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1)
+Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporising ground; (4) narrow
+passes; (5) precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the
+enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called
+<i>accessible</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the
+raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you
+will be able to fight with advantage.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called
+<i>entangling</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally
+forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you
+fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first
+move, it is called temporising ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an
+attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat,
+thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out,
+we may deliver our attack with advantage.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. With regard to <i>narrow passes</i>, if you can occupy them first, let them
+be strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. Should the enemy forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if
+the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. With regard to <i>precipitous heights</i>, if you are beforehand with your
+adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him
+to come up.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat
+and try to entice him away.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of
+the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will
+be to your disadvantage.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has
+attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural
+causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1)
+Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganisation; (6)
+rout.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten
+times its size, the result will be the <i>flight</i> of the former.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the
+result is <i>insubordination</i>. When the officers are too strong and the
+common soldiers too weak, the result is <i>collapse</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the
+enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the
+commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the
+result is <i>ruin</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not
+clear and distinct; when there are no fixed duties assigned to officers and
+men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is
+utter <i>disorganisation</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy&rsquo;s strength, allows an
+inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a
+powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the
+result must be a <i>rout</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the
+general who has attained a responsible post.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. The natural formation of the country is the soldier&rsquo;s best ally; but
+a power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and
+of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the
+test of a great general.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into
+practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practises them, will
+surely be defeated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+23. If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though
+the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not
+fight even at the ruler&rsquo;s bidding.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+24. The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing
+disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for
+his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+25. Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the
+deepest valleys; look on them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by
+you even unto death.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+26. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt;
+kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of
+quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they
+are useless for any practical purpose.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+27. If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware
+that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards
+victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+28. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own
+men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards
+victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+29. If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are
+in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes
+fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+30. Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he
+has broken camp, he is never at a loss.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+31. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory
+will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your
+victory complete.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap11"></a>XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS</h2>
+
+<p>
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: The art of war recognises nine varieties of ground: (1)
+Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground;
+(5) ground of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground;
+(8) hemmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it
+is facile ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is
+contentious ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who
+occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is ground of
+intersecting highways.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a
+number of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens&mdash;all country that is
+hard to traverse: this is difficult ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only
+retire by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to
+crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without
+delay, is desperate ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On
+contentious ground, attack not.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy&rsquo;s way. On ground of
+intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep steadily on
+the march.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground, fight.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. Those who were called skilful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge
+between the enemy&rsquo;s front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his
+large and small divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the
+officers from rallying their men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. When the enemy&rsquo;s men were scattered, they prevented them from
+concentrating; even when their forces were united, they managed to keep them in
+disorder.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise,
+they stopped still.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on
+the point of marching to the attack, I should say: &ldquo;Begin by seizing
+something which your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your
+will.&rdquo;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy&rsquo;s
+unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The
+further you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of
+your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them.
+Concentrate your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on
+the move, and devise unfathomable plans.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will
+prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not
+achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+24. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no
+place of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in the heart of a hostile
+country, they will show a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will
+fight hard.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+25. Thus, without waiting to be marshalled, the soldiers will be constantly on
+the <i>qui vive;</i> without waiting to be asked, they will do your will;
+without restrictions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be
+trusted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+26. Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts. Then,
+until death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they
+have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not
+because they are disinclined to longevity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+28. On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep, those
+sitting up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run
+down their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay, and they will display
+the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+29. The skilful tactician may be likened to the <i>shuai-jan</i>. Now the
+<i>shuai-jan</i> is a snake that is found in the Ch&lsquo;ang mountains. Strike
+at its head, and you will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you
+will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle, and you will be attacked by
+head and tail both.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the <i>shuai-jan</i>, I should
+answer, Yes. For the men of Wu and the men of Yüeh are enemies; yet if they are
+crossing a river in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to
+each other&rsquo;s assistance just as the left hand helps the right.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+31. Hence it is not enough to put one&rsquo;s trust in the tethering of horses,
+and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of
+courage which all must reach.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+33. How to make the best of both strong and weak&mdash;that is a question
+involving the proper use of ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+34. Thus the skilful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a
+single man, willy-nilly, by the hand.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy;
+upright and just, and thus maintain order.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and
+appearances, and thus keep them in total ignorance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+37. By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the enemy
+without definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes,
+he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed
+up a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep
+into hostile territory before he shows his hand.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+39. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd driving a
+flock of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and none knows whither he
+is going.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+40. To muster his host and bring it into danger:&mdash;this may be termed the
+business of the general.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+41. The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground; the
+expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of
+human nature: these are things that must most certainly be studied.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+42. When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that penetrating
+deeply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means dispersion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+43. When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across
+neighbourhood territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When there are
+means of communication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting
+highways.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When you
+penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+45. When you have the enemy&rsquo;s strongholds on your rear, and narrow passes
+in front, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it
+is desperate ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+46. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of
+purpose. On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between
+all parts of my army.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+47. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+48. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defences. On ground of
+intersecting highways, I would consolidate my alliances.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+49. On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies.
+On difficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+50. On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat. On desperate ground,
+I would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+51. For it is the soldier&rsquo;s disposition to offer an obstinate resistance
+when surrounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey
+promptly when he has fallen into danger.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+52. We cannot enter into alliance with neighbouring princes until we are
+acquainted with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march
+unless we are familiar with the face of the country&mdash;its mountains and
+forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be
+unable to turn natural advantages to account unless we make use of local
+guides.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+53. To be ignorant of any one of the following four or five principles does not
+befit a warlike prince.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+54. When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows
+itself in preventing the concentration of the enemy&rsquo;s forces. He overawes
+his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining against him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+55. Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry, nor does he
+foster the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs,
+keeping his antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their cities and
+overthrow their kingdoms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+56. Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders without regard to
+previous arrangements; and you will be able to handle a whole army as though
+you had to do with but a single man.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+57. Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know your
+design. When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes; but tell them
+nothing when the situation is gloomy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+58. Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it into
+desperate straits, and it will come off in safety.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+59. For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm&rsquo;s way that is
+capable of striking a blow for victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+60. Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the
+enemy&rsquo;s purpose.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+61. By persistently hanging on the enemy&rsquo;s flank, we shall succeed in the
+long run in killing the commander-in-chief.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+62. This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+63. On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier passes,
+destroy the official tallies, and stop the passage of all emissaries.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+64. Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the situation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+65. If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+66. Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly contrive
+to time his arrival on the ground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+67. Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the enemy
+until you can fight a decisive battle.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+68. At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives you
+an opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be
+too late for the enemy to oppose you.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap12"></a>XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE</h2>
+
+<p>
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: There are five ways of attacking with fire. The first is to
+burn soldiers in their camp; the second is to burn stores; the third is to burn
+baggage-trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines; the fifth is to
+hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. In order to carry out an attack, we must have means available. The material
+for raising fire should always be kept in readiness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. There is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special days for
+starting a conflagration.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. The proper season is when the weather is very dry; the special days are
+those when the moon is in the constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing
+or the Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising wind.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible
+developments:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. (1) When fire breaks out inside the enemy&rsquo;s camp, respond at once with
+an attack from without.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. (2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy&rsquo;s soldiers remain
+quiet, bide your time and do not attack.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. (3) When the force of the flames has reached its height, follow it up with
+an attack, if that is practicable; if not, stay where you are.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. (4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait
+for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favourable moment.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. (5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it. Do not attack from the
+leeward.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze soon falls.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. In every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known, the
+movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence; those
+who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his
+belongings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed in his
+attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste
+of time and general stagnation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead; the good
+general cultivates his resources.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. Move not unless you see an advantage; use not your troops unless there is
+something to be gained; fight not unless the position is critical.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen;
+no general should fight a battle simply out of pique.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay where you
+are.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by content.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being;
+nor can the dead ever be brought back to life.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of
+caution. This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap13"></a>XIII. THE USE OF SPIES</h2>
+
+<p>
+1. Sun Tzŭ said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching them
+great distances entails heavy loss on the people and a drain on the resources
+of the State. The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver.
+There will be commotion at home and abroad, and men will drop down exhausted on
+the highways. As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded in
+their labor.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+2. Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which
+is decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the
+enemy&rsquo;s condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred
+ounces of silver in honours and emoluments, is the height of inhumanity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+3. One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign, no
+master of victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+4. Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike and
+conquer, and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is
+<i>foreknowledge</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+5. Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits; it cannot be
+obtained inductively from experience, nor by any deductive calculation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+6. Knowledge of the enemy&rsquo;s dispositions can only be obtained from other
+men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+7. Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes: (1) Local spies; (2)
+inward spies; (3) converted spies; (4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+8. When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none can discover the secret
+system. This is called &ldquo;divine manipulation of the threads.&rdquo; It is
+the sovereign&rsquo;s most precious faculty.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+9. Having <i>local spies</i> means employing the services of the inhabitants of
+a district.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+10. Having <i>inward spies</i>, making use of officials of the enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+11. Having <i>converted spies</i>, getting hold of the enemy&rsquo;s spies and
+using them for our own purposes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+12. Having <i>doomed spies</i>, doing certain things openly for purposes of
+deception, and allowing our own spies to know of them and report them to the
+enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+13. <i>Surviving spies</i>, finally, are those who bring back news from the
+enemy&rsquo;s camp.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+14. Hence it is that with none in the whole army are more intimate relations to
+be maintained than with spies. None should be more liberally rewarded. In no
+other business should greater secrecy be preserved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+15. Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain intuitive sagacity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+16. They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and
+straightforwardness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+17. Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of the truth of
+their reports.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+18. Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every kind of business.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+19. If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before the time is ripe, he
+must be put to death together with the man to whom the secret was told.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+20. Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to assassinate
+an individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding out the names of the
+attendants, the aides-de-camp, the door-keepers and sentries of the general in
+command. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+21. The enemy&rsquo;s spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out,
+tempted with bribes, led away and comfortably housed. Thus they will become
+converted spies and available for our service.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+22. It is through the information brought by the converted spy that we are able
+to acquire and employ local and inward spies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+23. It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed spy to
+carry false tidings to the enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+24. Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be used on
+appointed occasions.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+25. The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is knowledge of the
+enemy; and this knowledge can only be derived, in the first instance, from the
+converted spy. Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated with the
+utmost liberality.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+26. Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I Chih who had served under
+the Hsia. Likewise, the rise of the Chou dynasty was due to Lü Ya who had
+served under the Yin.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+27. Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who will use
+the highest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying and thereby they
+achieve great results. Spies are a most important element in war, because on
+them depends an army&rsquo;s ability to move.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ART OF WAR ***</div>
+<div style='text-align:left'>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Updated editions will replace the previous one&#8212;the old editions will
+be renamed.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
+law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
+so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
+States without permission and without paying copyright
+royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
+of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
+Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG&#8482;
+concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
+and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
+the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
+of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
+copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
+easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
+of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
+Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
+do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
+by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
+license, especially commercial redistribution.
+</div>
+
+<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br />
+<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br />
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+To protect the Project Gutenberg&#8482; mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase &#8220;Project
+Gutenberg&#8221;), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
+Project Gutenberg&#8482; License available with this file or online at
+www.gutenberg.org/license.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
+Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg&#8482;
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
+destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works in your
+possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
+Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
+by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
+or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.B. &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; is a registered trademark. It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
+paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works if you follow the terms of this
+agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg&#8482;
+electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (&#8220;the
+Foundation&#8221; or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
+of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works. Nearly all the individual
+works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
+States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
+United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
+claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
+displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
+all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
+that you will support the Project Gutenberg&#8482; mission of promoting
+free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg&#8482;
+works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
+Project Gutenberg&#8482; name associated with the work. You can easily
+comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
+same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License when
+you share it without charge with others.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
+in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
+check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
+agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
+distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
+other Project Gutenberg&#8482; work. The Foundation makes no
+representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
+country other than the United States.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
+immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License must appear
+prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg&#8482; work (any work
+on which the phrase &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; appears, or with which the
+phrase &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; is associated) is accessed, displayed,
+performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
+</div>
+
+<blockquote>
+  <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
+    at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
+    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
+    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
+  </div>
+</blockquote>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work is
+derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
+contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
+copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
+the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
+redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase &#8220;Project
+Gutenberg&#8221; associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
+either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
+obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg&#8482;
+trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
+additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
+will be linked to the Project Gutenberg&#8482; License for all works
+posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
+beginning of this work.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg&#8482;
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg&#8482;.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg&#8482; License.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
+any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
+to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg&#8482; work in a format
+other than &#8220;Plain Vanilla ASCII&#8221; or other format used in the official
+version posted on the official Project Gutenberg&#8482; website
+(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
+to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
+of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original &#8220;Plain
+Vanilla ASCII&#8221; or other form. Any alternate format must include the
+full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg&#8482; works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
+provided that:
+</div>
+
+<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'>
+    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
+        &bull; You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+        the use of Project Gutenberg&#8482; works calculated using the method
+        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
+        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg&#8482; trademark, but he has
+        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
+        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
+        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
+        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
+        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
+        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
+        Section 4, &#8220;Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
+        Literary Archive Foundation.&#8221;
+    </div>
+
+    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
+        &bull; You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg&#8482;
+        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
+        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
+        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
+        works.
+    </div>
+
+    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
+        &bull; You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
+        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
+        receipt of the work.
+    </div>
+
+    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
+        &bull; You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+        distribution of Project Gutenberg&#8482; works.
+    </div>
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
+Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work or group of works on different terms than
+are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
+from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
+the Project Gutenberg&#8482; trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
+forth in Section 3 below.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
+Gutenberg&#8482; collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg&#8482;
+electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
+contain &#8220;Defects,&#8221; such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
+or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
+intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
+other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
+cannot be read by your equipment.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the &#8220;Right
+of Replacement or Refund&#8221; described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg&#8482; trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
+with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
+with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
+lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
+or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
+opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
+the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
+without further opportunities to fix the problem.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you &#8216;AS-IS&#8217;, WITH NO
+OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
+damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
+violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
+agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
+limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
+unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
+remaining provisions.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works in
+accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
+production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
+electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
+including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
+the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
+or any Project Gutenberg&#8482; work, (b) alteration, modification, or
+additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg&#8482; work, and (c) any
+Defect you cause.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
+Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Project Gutenberg&#8482; is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
+computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
+exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
+from people in all walks of life.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg&#8482;&#8217;s
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg&#8482; collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg&#8482; and future
+generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
+Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
+Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service. The Foundation&#8217;s EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
+U.S. federal laws and your state&#8217;s laws.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+The Foundation&#8217;s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
+Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
+to date contact information can be found at the Foundation&#8217;s website
+and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
+Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Project Gutenberg&#8482; depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
+public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
+DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
+visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
+donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
+Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
+Gutenberg&#8482; concept of a library of electronic works that could be
+freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
+distributed Project Gutenberg&#8482; eBooks with only a loose network of
+volunteer support.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Project Gutenberg&#8482; eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
+the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
+necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
+edition.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
+facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+This website includes information about Project Gutenberg&#8482;,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+</body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd86da4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #17405 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17405)
diff --git a/old/17405.txt b/old/17405.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42ca3cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/17405.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2119 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Art of War, by Sun Tzu
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Art of War
+Subtitle: Text Only, no Commentary
+
+Author: Sun Tzu
+
+Translator: Lionel Giles
+
+Release Date: December 28, 2005  [eBook #17405]
+[Last updated: January 14, 2012]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ART OF WAR ***
+
+
+                     SUN TZU ON THE ART OF WAR 
+            THE OLDEST MILITARY TREATISE IN THE WORLD 
+
+                    Translated from the Chinese 
+                    By LIONEL GILES, M.A. (1910)
+
+
+
+[This is the basic text of Sun Tzu on the Art of War.  It was
+extracted from Mr. Giles' complete work as titled above.  The
+commentary itself, which, of course includes this work embedded
+within it, has been released as Project Gutenberg's eBook #132.]
+
+
+
+
+I. LAYING PLANS
+
+
+ 1. Sun Tzu said:  The art of war is of vital importance
+    to the State.
+
+ 2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either
+    to safety or to ruin.  Hence it is a subject of inquiry
+    which can on no account be neglected.
+
+ 3. The art of war, then, is governed by five constant
+    factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations,
+    when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.
+
+ 4. These are:  (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth;
+    (4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline.
+
+5,6. The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete
+    accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him
+    regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger.
+
+ 7. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat,
+    times and seasons.
+
+ 8. Earth comprises distances, great and small;
+    danger and security; open ground and narrow passes;
+    the chances of life and death.
+
+ 9. The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom,
+    sincerity, benevolence, courage and strictness.
+
+10. By method and discipline are to be understood
+    the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions,
+    the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance
+    of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the
+    control of military expenditure.
+
+11. These five heads should be familiar to every general: 
+    he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them
+    not will fail.
+
+12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking
+    to determine the military conditions, let them be made
+    the basis of a comparison, in this wise:--
+
+13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued
+        with the Moral law?
+    (2) Which of the two generals has most ability?
+    (3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven
+        and Earth?
+    (4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
+    (5) Which army is stronger?
+    (6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
+    (7) In which army is there the greater constancy
+        both in reward and punishment?
+
+14. By means of these seven considerations I can
+    forecast victory or defeat.
+
+15. The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts
+    upon it, will conquer:  let such a one be retained in command! 
+    The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it,
+    will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!
+
+16. While heading the profit of my counsel,
+    avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances
+    over and beyond the ordinary rules.
+
+17. According as circumstances are favorable,
+    one should modify one's plans.
+
+18. All warfare is based on deception.
+
+19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable;
+    when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we
+    are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away;
+    when far away, we must make him believe we are near.
+
+20. Hold out baits to entice the enemy.  Feign disorder,
+    and crush him.
+
+21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. 
+    If he is in superior strength, evade him.
+
+22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to
+    irritate him.  Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.
+
+23. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. 
+    If his forces are united, separate them.
+
+24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where
+    you are not expected.
+
+25. These military devices, leading to victory,
+    must not be divulged beforehand.
+
+26. Now the general who wins a battle makes many
+    calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought. 
+    The general who loses a battle makes but few
+    calculations beforehand.  Thus do many calculations
+    lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat: 
+    how much more no calculation at all!  It is by attention
+    to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.
+
+
+II. WAGING WAR
+
+
+ 1. Sun Tzu said:  In the operations of war,
+    where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots,
+    as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand
+    mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them
+    a thousand li, the expenditure at home and at the front,
+    including entertainment of guests, small items such as
+    glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor,
+    will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. 
+    Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.
+
+ 2. When you engage in actual fighting, if victory
+    is long in coming, then men's weapons will grow dull and
+    their ardor will be damped.  If you lay siege to a town,
+    you will exhaust your strength.
+
+ 3. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources
+    of the State will not be equal to the strain.
+
+ 4. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped,
+    your strength exhausted and your treasure spent,
+    other chieftains will spring up to take advantage
+    of your extremity.  Then no man, however wise,
+    will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.
+
+ 5. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war,
+    cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays.
+
+ 6. There is no instance of a country having benefited
+    from prolonged warfare.
+
+ 7. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted
+    with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand
+    the profitable way of carrying it on.
+
+ 8. The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy,
+    neither are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice.
+
+ 9. Bring war material with you from home, but forage
+    on the enemy.  Thus the army will have food enough
+    for its needs.
+
+10. Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army
+    to be maintained by contributions from a distance. 
+    Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes
+    the people to be impoverished.
+
+11. On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes
+    prices to go up; and high prices cause the people's
+    substance to be drained away.
+
+12. When their substance is drained away, the peasantry
+    will be afflicted by heavy exactions.
+
+13,14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion
+    of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare,
+    and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated;
+    while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses,
+    breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields,
+    protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons,
+    will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.
+
+15. Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging
+    on the enemy.  One cartload of the enemy's provisions
+    is equivalent to twenty of one's own, and likewise
+    a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty
+    from one's own store.
+
+16. Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must
+    be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from
+    defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.
+
+17. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots
+    have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first. 
+    Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy,
+    and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. 
+    The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept.
+
+18. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment
+    one's own strength.
+
+19. In war, then, let your great object be victory,
+    not lengthy campaigns.
+
+20. Thus it may be known that the leader of armies
+    is the arbiter of the people's fate, the man on whom it
+    depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.
+
+
+III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM
+
+
+ 1. Sun Tzu said:  In the practical art of war, the best
+    thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact;
+    to shatter and destroy it is not so good.  So, too, it is
+    better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it,
+    to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire
+    than to destroy them.
+
+ 2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles
+    is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists
+    in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.
+
+ 3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to
+    balk the enemy's plans; the next best is to prevent
+    the junction of the enemy's forces; the next in
+    order is to attack the enemy's army in the field;
+    and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.
+
+ 4. The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it
+    can possibly be avoided.  The preparation of mantlets,
+    movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take
+    up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over
+    against the walls will take three months more.
+
+ 5. The general, unable to control his irritation,
+    will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants,
+    with the result that one-third of his men are slain,
+    while the town still remains untaken.  Such are the disastrous
+    effects of a siege.
+
+ 6. Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's
+    troops without any fighting; he captures their cities
+    without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom
+    without lengthy operations in the field.
+
+ 7. With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery
+    of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph
+    will be complete.  This is the method of attacking by stratagem.
+
+ 8. It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten
+    to the enemy's one, to surround him; if five to one,
+    to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army
+    into two.
+
+ 9. If equally matched, we can offer battle;
+    if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy;
+    if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.
+
+10. Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made
+    by a small force, in the end it must be captured
+    by the larger force.
+
+11. Now the general is the bulwark of the State;
+    if the bulwark is complete at all points; the State will
+    be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will
+    be weak.
+
+12. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring
+    misfortune upon his army:--
+
+13. (1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat,
+    being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. 
+    This is called hobbling the army.
+
+14. (2) By attempting to govern an army in the
+    same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant
+    of the conditions which obtain in an army.  This causes
+    restlessness in the soldier's minds.
+
+15. (3) By employing the officers of his army
+    without discrimination, through ignorance of the
+    military principle of adaptation to circumstances. 
+    This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.
+
+16. But when the army is restless and distrustful,
+    trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. 
+    This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging
+    victory away.
+
+17. Thus we may know that there are five essentials
+    for victory:
+    (1) He will win who knows when to fight and when
+        not to fight.
+    (2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior
+        and inferior forces.
+    (3) He will win whose army is animated by the same
+        spirit throughout all its ranks.
+    (4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take
+        the enemy unprepared.
+    (5) He will win who has military capacity and is
+        not interfered with by the sovereign.
+
+18. Hence the saying:  If you know the enemy
+    and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a
+    hundred battles.  If you know yourself but not the enemy,
+    for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. 
+    If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will
+    succumb in every battle.
+
+
+IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS
+
+
+ 1. Sun Tzu said:  The good fighters of old first put
+    themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then
+    waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.
+
+ 2. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our
+    own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy
+    is provided by the enemy himself.
+ 3. Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat,
+    but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy.
+
+ 4. Hence the saying:  One may know how to conquer
+    without being able to do it.
+
+ 5. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics;
+    ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive.
+
+ 6. Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient
+    strength; attacking, a superabundance of strength.
+
+ 7. The general who is skilled in defense hides in the
+    most secret recesses of the earth; he who is skilled in
+    attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven. 
+    Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves;
+    on the other, a victory that is complete.
+
+ 8. To see victory only when it is within the ken
+    of the common herd is not the acme of excellence.
+
+ 9. Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight
+    and conquer and the whole Empire says, "Well done!"
+
+10. To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength;
+    to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight;
+    to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.
+
+11. What the ancients called a clever fighter is
+    one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.
+
+12. Hence his victories bring him neither reputation
+    for wisdom nor credit for courage.
+
+13. He wins his battles by making no mistakes. 
+    Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty
+    of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is
+    already defeated.
+
+14. Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into
+    a position which makes defeat impossible, and does
+    not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.
+
+15. Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist
+    only seeks battle after the victory has been won,
+    whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights
+    and afterwards looks for victory.
+
+16. The consummate leader cultivates the moral law,
+    and strictly adheres to method and discipline; thus it is
+    in his power to control success.
+
+17. In respect of military method, we have,
+    firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity;
+    thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances;
+    fifthly, Victory.
+
+18. Measurement owes its existence to Earth;
+    Estimation of quantity to Measurement; Calculation to
+    Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to Calculation;
+    and Victory to Balancing of chances.
+
+19. A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as
+    a pound's weight placed in the scale against a single grain.
+
+20. The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting
+    of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.
+
+
+V. ENERGY
+
+
+ 1. Sun Tzu said:  The control of a large force
+    is the same principle as the control of a few men: 
+    it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers.
+
+ 2. Fighting with a large army under your command
+    is nowise different from fighting with a small one: 
+    it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals.
+
+ 3. To ensure that your whole host may withstand
+    the brunt of the enemy's attack and remain unshaken--
+    this is effected by maneuvers direct and indirect.
+
+ 4. That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone
+    dashed against an egg--this is effected by the science
+    of weak points and strong.
+
+ 5. In all fighting, the direct method may be used
+    for joining battle, but indirect methods will be needed
+    in order to secure victory.
+
+ 6. Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible
+    as Heaven and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams;
+    like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew;
+    like the four seasons, they pass away to return once more.
+
+ 7. There are not more than five musical notes,
+    yet the combinations of these five give rise to more
+    melodies than can ever be heard.
+
+ 8. There are not more than five primary colors
+    (blue, yellow, red, white, and black), yet in combination
+    they produce more hues than can ever been seen.
+
+ 9. There are not more than five cardinal tastes
+    (sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter), yet combinations
+    of them yield more flavors than can ever be tasted.
+
+10. In battle, there are not more than two methods
+    of attack--the direct and the indirect; yet these two
+    in combination give rise to an endless series of maneuvers.
+
+11. The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. 
+    It is like moving in a circle--you never come to an end. 
+    Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination?
+
+12. The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent
+    which will even roll stones along in its course.
+
+13. The quality of decision is like the well-timed
+    swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy
+    its victim.
+
+14. Therefore the good fighter will be terrible
+    in his onset, and prompt in his decision.
+
+15. Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow;
+    decision, to the releasing of a trigger.
+
+16. Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may
+    be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all;
+    amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head
+    or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.
+
+17. Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline,
+    simulated fear postulates courage; simulated weakness
+    postulates strength.
+
+18. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is
+    simply a question of subdivision; concealing courage under
+    a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy;
+    masking strength with weakness is to be effected
+    by tactical dispositions.
+
+19. Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy
+    on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to
+    which the enemy will act.  He sacrifices something,
+    that the enemy may snatch at it.
+
+20. By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march;
+    then with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him.
+
+21. The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined
+    energy, and does not require too much from individuals. 
+    Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize
+    combined energy.
+
+22. When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting
+    men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones. 
+    For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain
+    motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope;
+    if four-cornered, to come to a standstill, but if
+    round-shaped, to go rolling down.
+
+23. Thus the energy developed by good fighting men
+    is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain
+    thousands of feet in height.  So much on the subject
+    of energy.
+
+
+VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG
+
+
+ 1. Sun Tzu said:  Whoever is first in the field and
+    awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight;
+    whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle
+    will arrive exhausted.
+
+ 2. Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on
+    the enemy, but does not allow the enemy's will to be imposed on him.
+
+ 3. By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy
+    to approach of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage,
+    he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.
+
+ 4. If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him;
+    if well supplied with food, he can starve him out;
+    if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.
+
+ 5. Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend;
+    march swiftly to places where you are not expected.
+
+ 6. An army may march great distances without distress,
+    if it marches through country where the enemy is not.
+
+ 7. You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks
+    if you only attack places which are undefended.You can
+    ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold
+    positions that cannot be attacked.
+
+ 8. Hence that general is skillful in attack whose
+    opponent does not know what to defend; and he is skillful
+    in defense whose opponent does not know what to attack.
+
+ 9. O divine art of subtlety and secrecy!  Through you
+    we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible;
+    and hence we can hold the enemy's fate in our hands.
+
+10. You may advance and be absolutely irresistible,
+    if you make for the enemy's weak points; you may retire
+    and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid
+    than those of the enemy.
+
+11. If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced
+    to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high
+    rampart and a deep ditch.  All we need do is attack
+    some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
+
+12. If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent
+    the enemy from engaging us even though the lines
+    of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. 
+    All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable
+    in his way.
+
+13. By discovering the enemy's dispositions and remaining
+    invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated,
+    while the enemy's must be divided.
+
+14. We can form a single united body, while the
+    enemy must split up into fractions.  Hence there will
+    be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole,
+    which means that we shall be many to the enemy's few.
+
+15. And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force
+    with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits.
+
+16. The spot where we intend to fight must not be
+    made known; for then the enemy will have to prepare
+    against a possible attack at several different points;
+    and his forces being thus distributed in many directions,
+    the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will
+    be proportionately few.
+
+17. For should the enemy strengthen his van,
+    he will weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear,
+    he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left,
+    he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right,
+    he will weaken his left.  If he sends reinforcements everywhere,
+    he will everywhere be weak.
+
+18. Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare
+    against possible attacks; numerical strength, from compelling
+    our adversary to make these preparations against us.
+
+19. Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle,
+    we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order
+    to fight.
+
+20. But if neither time nor place be known,
+    then the left wing will be impotent to succor the right,
+    the right equally impotent to succor the left, the van
+    unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. 
+    How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are
+    anything under a hundred LI apart, and even the nearest
+    are separated by several LI!
+
+21. Though according to my estimate the soldiers
+    of Yueh exceed our own in number, that shall advantage
+    them nothing in the matter of victory.  I say then
+    that victory can be achieved.
+
+22. Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may
+    prevent him from fighting.  Scheme so as to discover
+    his plans and the likelihood of their success.
+
+23. Rouse him, and learn the principle of his
+    activity or inactivity.  Force him to reveal himself,
+    so as to find out his vulnerable spots.
+
+24. Carefully compare the opposing army with your own,
+    so that you may know where strength is superabundant
+    and where it is deficient.
+
+25. In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch
+    you can attain is to conceal them; conceal your dispositions,
+    and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies,
+    from the machinations of the wisest brains.
+
+26. How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy's
+    own tactics--that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.
+
+27. All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer,
+    but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory
+    is evolved.
+
+28. Do not repeat the tactics which have gained
+    you one victory, but let your methods be regulated
+    by the infinite variety of circumstances.
+
+29. Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its
+    natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.
+
+30. So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong
+    and to strike at what is weak.
+
+31. Water shapes its course according to the nature
+    of the ground over which it flows; the soldier works
+    out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.
+
+32. Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape,
+    so in warfare there are no constant conditions.
+
+33. He who can modify his tactics in relation to his
+    opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called
+    a heaven-born captain.
+
+34. The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth)
+    are not always equally predominant; the four seasons make
+    way for each other in turn.  There are short days and long;
+    the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.
+
+
+VII. MANEUVERING
+
+
+ 1. Sun Tzu said:  In war, the general receives his
+    commands from the sovereign.
+
+ 2. Having collected an army and concentrated his forces,
+    he must blend and harmonize the different elements thereof
+    before pitching his camp.
+
+ 3. After that, comes tactical maneuvering,
+    than which there is nothing more difficult. 
+    The difficulty of tactical maneuvering consists
+    in turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.
+
+ 4. Thus, to take a long and circuitous route,
+    after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting
+    after him, to contrive to reach the goal before him,
+    shows knowledge of the artifice of DEVIATION.
+
+ 5. Maneuvering with an army is advantageous;
+    with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous.
+
+ 6. If you set a fully equipped army in march in order
+    to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be
+    too late.  On the other hand, to detach a flying column
+    for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage
+    and stores.
+
+ 7. Thus, if you order your men to roll up their
+    buff-coats, and make forced marches without halting day
+    or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch,
+    doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage,
+    the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into
+    the hands of the enemy.
+
+ 8. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded
+    ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth
+    of your army will reach its destination.
+
+ 9. If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver
+    the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division,
+    and only half your force will reach the goal.
+
+10. If you march thirty LI with the same object,
+    two-thirds of your army will arrive.
+
+11. We may take it then that an army without its
+    baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost;
+    without bases of supply it is lost.
+
+12. We cannot enter into alliances until we are
+    acquainted with the designs of our neighbors.
+
+13. We are not fit to lead an army on the march
+    unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its
+    mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices,
+    its marshes and swamps.
+
+14. We shall be unable to turn natural advantage
+    to account unless we make use of local guides.
+
+15. In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed.
+
+16. Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops,
+    must be decided by circumstances.
+
+17. Let your rapidity be that of the wind,
+    your compactness that of the forest.
+
+18. In raiding and plundering be like fire,
+    in immovability like a mountain.
+
+19. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night,
+    and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt.
+
+20. When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be
+    divided amongst your men; when you capture new territory,
+    cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery.
+
+21. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
+
+22. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice
+    of deviation.  Such is the art of maneuvering.
+
+23. The Book of Army Management says:  On the field
+    of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough: 
+    hence the institution of gongs and drums.  Nor can ordinary
+    objects be seen clearly enough:  hence the institution
+    of banners and flags.
+
+24. Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means
+    whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused
+    on one particular point.
+
+25. The host thus forming a single united body,
+    is it impossible either for the brave to advance alone,
+    or for the cowardly to retreat alone.  This is the art
+    of handling large masses of men.
+
+26. In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires
+    and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners,
+    as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.
+
+27. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit;
+    a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.
+
+28. Now a soldier's spirit is keenest in the morning;
+    by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening,
+    his mind is bent only on returning to camp.
+
+29. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when
+    its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish
+    and inclined to return.  This is the art of studying moods.
+
+30. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance
+    of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy:--this is the art
+    of retaining self-possession.
+
+31. To be near the goal while the enemy is still
+    far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is
+    toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy
+    is famished:--this is the art of husbanding one's strength.
+
+32. To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose
+    banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking
+    an army drawn up in calm and confident array:--this
+    is the art of studying circumstances.
+
+33. It is a military axiom not to advance uphill
+    against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.
+
+34. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight;
+    do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen.
+
+35. Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy. 
+    Do not interfere with an army that is returning home.
+
+36. When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. 
+    Do not press a desperate foe too hard.
+
+37. Such is the art of warfare.
+
+
+VIII. VARIATION IN TACTICS
+
+
+ 1. Sun Tzu said:  In war, the general receives
+    his commands from the sovereign, collects his army
+    and concentrates his forces
+
+ 2. When in difficult country, do not encamp.  In country
+    where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies. 
+    Do not linger in dangerously isolated positions. 
+    In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem. 
+    In desperate position, you must fight.
+
+ 3. There are roads which must not be followed,
+    armies which must be not attacked, towns which must
+    not be besieged, positions which must not be contested,
+    commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.
+
+ 4. The general who thoroughly understands the advantages
+    that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle
+    his troops.
+
+ 5. The general who does not understand these, may be well
+    acquainted with the configuration of the country, yet he
+    will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account.
+
+ 6. So, the student of war who is unversed in the art
+    of war of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted
+    with the Five Advantages, will fail to make the best use
+    of his men.
+
+ 7. Hence in the wise leader's plans, considerations of
+    advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together.
+
+ 8. If our expectation of advantage be tempered in
+    this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential
+    part of our schemes.
+
+ 9. If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties
+    we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate
+    ourselves from misfortune.
+
+10. Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage
+    on them; and make trouble for them, and keep them
+    constantly engaged; hold out specious allurements,
+    and make them rush to any given point.
+
+11. The art of war teaches us to rely not on the
+    likelihood of the enemy's not coming, but on our own readiness
+    to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking,
+    but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.
+
+12. There are five dangerous faults which may affect
+    a general:
+    (1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction;
+    (2) cowardice, which leads to capture;
+    (3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults;
+    (4) a delicacy of honor which is sensitive to shame;
+    (5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him
+        to worry and trouble.
+
+13. These are the five besetting sins of a general,
+    ruinous to the conduct of war.
+
+14. When an army is overthrown and its leader slain,
+    the cause will surely be found among these five
+    dangerous faults.  Let them be a subject of meditation.
+
+
+IX.  THE ARMY ON THE MARCH
+
+
+ 1. Sun Tzu said:  We come now to the question of
+    encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy. 
+    Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood
+    of valleys.
+
+ 2. Camp in high places, facing the sun.  Do not climb
+    heights in order to fight.  So much for mountain warfare.
+
+ 3. After crossing a river, you should get far away
+    from it.
+
+ 4. When an invading force crosses a river in its
+    onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream.
+    It will be best to let half the army get across,
+    and then deliver your attack.
+
+ 5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go
+    to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.
+
+ 6. Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing
+    the sun.  Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy. 
+    So much for river warfare.
+
+ 7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern
+    should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.
+
+ 8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should
+    have water and grass near you, and get your back
+    to a clump of trees.  So much for operations in salt-marches.
+
+ 9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible
+    position with rising ground to your right and on your rear,
+    so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind. 
+    So much for campaigning in flat country.
+
+10. These are the four useful branches of military
+    knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish
+    four several sovereigns.
+
+11. All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny
+    places to dark.
+
+12. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard
+    ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind,
+    and this will spell victory.
+
+13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the
+    sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. 
+    Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers
+    and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.
+
+14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country,
+    a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked
+    with foam, you must wait until it subsides.
+
+15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs
+    with torrents running between, deep natural hollows,
+    confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses,
+    should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
+
+16. While we keep away from such places, we should
+    get the enemy to approach them; while we face them,
+    we should let the enemy have them on his rear.
+
+17. If in the neighborhood of your camp there should
+    be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass,
+    hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick
+    undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched;
+    for these are places where men in ambush or insidious
+    spies are likely to be lurking.
+
+18. When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet,
+    he is relying on the natural strength of his position.
+
+19. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle,
+    he is anxious for the other side to advance.
+
+20. If his place of encampment is easy of access,
+    he is tendering a bait.
+
+21. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the
+    enemy is advancing.  The appearance of a number of screens
+    in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to 
+    make us suspicious.
+
+22. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign
+    of an ambuscade.  Startled beasts indicate that a sudden
+    attack is coming.
+
+23. When there is dust rising in a high column,
+    it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low,
+    but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach
+    of infantry.  When it branches out in different directions,
+    it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. 
+    A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army
+    is encamping.
+
+24. Humble words and increased preparations are signs
+    that the enemy is about to advance.  Violent language
+    and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he
+    will retreat.
+
+25. When the light chariots come out first and take
+    up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy
+    is forming for battle.
+
+26. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant
+    indicate a plot.
+
+27. When there is much running about and the soldiers
+    fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come.
+
+28. When some are seen advancing and some retreating,
+    it is a lure.
+
+29. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears,
+    they are faint from want of food.
+
+30. If those who are sent to draw water begin
+    by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst.
+
+31. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and
+    makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted.
+
+32. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. 
+    Clamor by night betokens nervousness.
+
+33. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general's
+    authority is weak.  If the banners and flags are shifted
+    about, sedition is afoot.  If the officers are angry,
+    it means that the men are weary.
+
+34. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills
+    its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their
+    cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they
+    will not return to their tents, you may know that they
+    are determined to fight to the death.
+
+35. The sight of men whispering together in small
+    knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection
+    amongst the rank and file.
+
+36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is
+    at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray
+    a condition of dire distress.
+
+37. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright
+    at the enemy's numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence.
+
+38. When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths,
+    it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce.
+
+39. If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain
+    facing ours for a long time without either joining
+    battle or taking themselves off again, the situation
+    is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.
+
+40. If our troops are no more in number than the enemy,
+    that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack
+    can be made.  What we can do is simply to concentrate all
+    our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy,
+    and obtain reinforcements.
+
+41. He who exercises no forethought but makes light
+    of his opponents is sure to be captured by them.
+
+42. If soldiers are punished before they have grown
+    attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and,
+    unless submissive, then will be practically useless. 
+    If, when the soldiers have become attached to you,
+    punishments are not enforced, they will still be useless.
+
+43. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first
+    instance with humanity, but kept under control by means
+    of iron discipline.  This is a certain road to victory.
+
+44. If in training soldiers commands are habitually
+    enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not,
+    its discipline will be bad.
+
+45. If a general shows confidence in his men but always
+    insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.
+
+
+X. TERRAIN
+
+
+ 1. Sun Tzu said:  We may distinguish six kinds of terrain,
+    to wit:  (1) Accessible ground; (2) entangling ground;
+    (3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5) precipitous
+    heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.
+
+ 2. Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides
+    is called accessible.
+
+ 3. With regard to ground of this nature, be before
+    the enemy in occupying the raised and sunny spots,
+    and carefully guard your line of supplies.  Then you
+    will be able to fight with advantage.
+
+ 4. Ground which can be abandoned but is hard
+    to re-occupy is called entangling.
+
+ 5. From a position of this sort, if the enemy
+    is unprepared, you may sally forth and defeat him. 
+    But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you
+    fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible,
+    disaster will ensue.
+
+ 6. When the position is such that neither side will gain
+    by making the first move, it is called temporizing ground.
+
+ 7. In a position of this sort, even though the enemy
+    should offer us an attractive bait, it will be advisable
+    not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus enticing
+    the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has
+    come out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.
+
+ 8. With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy
+    them first, let them be strongly garrisoned and await
+    the advent of the enemy.
+
+ 9. Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass,
+    do not go after him if the pass is fully garrisoned,
+    but only if it is weakly garrisoned.
+
+10. With regard to precipitous heights, if you are
+    beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy the
+    raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come up.
+
+11. If the enemy has occupied them before you,
+    do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.
+
+12. If you are situated at a great distance from
+    the enemy, and the strength of the two armies is equal,
+    it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will be
+    to your disadvantage.
+
+13. These six are the principles connected with Earth. 
+    The general who has attained a responsible post must be
+    careful to study them.
+
+14. Now an army is exposed to six several calamities,
+    not arising from natural causes, but from faults
+    for which the general is responsible.  These are: 
+    (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin;
+    (5) disorganization; (6) rout.
+
+15. Other conditions being equal, if one force is
+    hurled against another ten times its size, the result
+    will be the flight of the former.
+
+16. When the common soldiers are too strong and
+    their officers too weak, the result is insubordination. 
+    When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers
+    too weak, the result is collapse.
+
+17. When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate,
+    and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account
+    from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief
+    can tell whether or not he is in a position to fight,
+    the result is ruin.
+
+18. When the general is weak and without authority;
+    when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there
+    are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men,
+    and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner,
+    the result is utter disorganization.
+
+19. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's
+    strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one,
+    or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one,
+    and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank,
+    the result must be rout.
+
+20. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must
+    be carefully noted by the general who has attained
+    a responsible post.
+
+21. The natural formation of the country is the soldier's
+    best ally; but a power of estimating the adversary,
+    of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrewdly
+    calculating difficulties, dangers and distances,
+    constitutes the test of a great general.
+
+22. He who knows these things, and in fighting puts
+    his knowledge into practice, will win his battles. 
+    He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely
+    be defeated.
+
+23. If fighting is sure to result in victory,
+    then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it;
+    if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not
+    fight even at the ruler's bidding.
+
+24. The general who advances without coveting fame
+    and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only
+    thought is to protect his country and do good service
+    for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
+
+25. Regard your soldiers as your children, and they
+    will follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them
+    as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you
+    even unto death.
+
+26. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make
+    your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce
+    your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder: 
+    then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children;
+    they are useless for any practical purpose.
+
+27. If we know that our own men are in a condition
+    to attack, but are unaware that the enemy is not open
+    to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
+
+28. If we know that the enemy is open to attack,
+    but are unaware that our own men are not in a condition
+    to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
+
+29. If we know that the enemy is open to attack,
+    and also know that our men are in a condition to attack,
+    but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes
+    fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway
+    towards victory.
+
+30. Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion,
+    is never bewildered; once he has broken camp, he is never
+    at a loss.
+
+31. Hence the saying:  If you know the enemy and
+    know yourself, your victory will not stand in doubt;
+    if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your
+    victory complete.
+
+
+XI. THE NINE SITUATIONS
+
+
+ 1. Sun Tzu said:  The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground:
+    (1) Dispersive ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground;
+    (4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways;
+    (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed-in ground;
+    (9) desperate ground.
+
+ 2. When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory,
+    it is dispersive ground.
+
+ 3. When he has penetrated into hostile territory,
+    but to no great distance, it is facile ground.
+
+ 4. Ground the possession of which imports great
+    advantage to either side, is contentious ground.
+
+ 5. Ground on which each side has liberty of movement
+    is open ground.
+
+ 6. Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states,
+    so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire
+    at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.
+
+ 7. When an army has penetrated into the heart of a
+    hostile country, leaving a number of fortified cities
+    in its rear, it is serious ground.
+
+ 8. Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all
+    country that is hard to traverse:  this is difficult ground.
+
+ 9. Ground which is reached through narrow gorges,
+    and from which we can only retire by tortuous paths,
+    so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush
+    a large body of our men:  this is hemmed in ground.
+
+10. Ground on which we can only be saved from
+    destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.
+
+11. On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. 
+    On facile ground, halt not.  On contentious ground,
+    attack not.
+
+12. On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way. 
+    On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands
+    with your allies.
+
+13. On serious ground, gather in plunder. 
+    In difficult ground, keep steadily on the march.
+
+14. On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. 
+    On desperate ground, fight.
+
+15. Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew
+    how to drive a wedge between the enemy's front and rear;
+    to prevent co-operation between his large and small divisions;
+    to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad,
+    the officers from rallying their men.
+
+16. When the enemy's men were united, they managed
+    to keep them in disorder.
+
+17. When it was to their advantage, they made
+    a forward move; when otherwise, they stopped still.
+
+18. If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy
+    in orderly array and on the point of marching to the attack,
+    I should say:  "Begin by seizing something which your
+    opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will."
+
+19. Rapidity is the essence of war:  take advantage of
+    the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected routes,
+    and attack unguarded spots.
+
+20. The following are the principles to be observed
+    by an invading force:  The further you penetrate into
+    a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your troops,
+    and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.
+
+21. Make forays in fertile country in order to supply
+    your army with food.
+
+22. Carefully study the well-being of your men,
+    and do not overtax them.  Concentrate your energy and hoard
+    your strength.  Keep your army continually on the move,
+    and devise unfathomable plans.
+
+23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there
+    is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight. 
+    If they will face death, there is nothing they may
+    not achieve.  Officers and men alike will put forth
+    their uttermost strength.
+
+24. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose
+    the sense of fear.  If there is no place of refuge,
+    they will stand firm.  If they are in hostile country,
+    they will show a stubborn front.  If there is no help
+    for it, they will fight hard.
+
+25. Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers
+    will be constantly on the qui vive; without waiting to
+    be asked, they will do your will; without restrictions,
+    they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can
+    be trusted.
+
+26. Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with
+    superstitious doubts.  Then, until death itself comes,
+    no calamity need be feared.
+
+27. If our soldiers are not overburdened with money,
+    it is not because they have a distaste for riches;
+    if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they
+    are disinclined to longevity.
+
+28. On the day they are ordered out to battle,
+    your soldiers may weep, those sitting up bedewing
+    their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run
+    down their cheeks.  But let them once be brought to bay,
+    and they will display the courage of a Chu or a Kuei.
+
+29. The skillful tactician may be likened to the
+    shuai-jan. Now the shuai-jan is a snake that is found
+    in the ChUng mountains.  Strike at its head, and you
+    will be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you
+    will be attacked by its head; strike at its middle,
+    and you will be attacked by head and tail both.
+
+30. Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan,
+    I should answer, Yes.  For the men of Wu and the men
+    of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a river
+    in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come
+    to each other's assistance just as the left hand helps the right.
+
+31. Hence it is not enough to put one's trust
+    in the tethering of horses, and the burying of chariot
+    wheels in the ground
+
+32. The principle on which to manage an army is to set
+    up one standard of courage which all must reach.
+
+33. How to make the best of both strong and weak--that
+    is a question involving the proper use of ground.
+
+34. Thus the skillful general conducts his army just
+    as though he were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by
+    the hand.
+
+35. It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus
+    ensure secrecy; upright and just, and thus maintain order.
+
+36. He must be able to mystify his officers and men
+    by false reports and appearances, and thus keep them
+    in total ignorance.
+
+37. By altering his arrangements and changing
+    his plans, he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge. 
+    By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes,
+    he prevents the enemy from anticipating his purpose.
+
+38. At the critical moment, the leader of an army
+    acts like one who has climbed up a height and then kicks
+    away the ladder behind him.  He carries his men deep
+    into hostile territory before he shows his hand.
+
+39. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots;
+    like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives
+    his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he
+    is going.
+
+40. To muster his host and bring it into danger:--this
+    may be termed the business of the general.
+
+41. The different measures suited to the nine
+    varieties of ground; the expediency of aggressive or
+    defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature: 
+    these are things that must most certainly be studied.
+
+42. When invading hostile territory, the general
+    principle is, that penetrating deeply brings cohesion;
+    penetrating but a short way means dispersion.
+
+43. When you leave your own country behind, and take
+    your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself
+    on critical ground.  When there are means of communication
+    on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.
+
+44. When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is
+    serious ground.  When you penetrate but a little way,
+    it is facile ground.
+
+45. When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear,
+    and narrow passes in front, it is hemmed-in ground. 
+    When there is no place of refuge at all, it is desperate ground.
+
+46. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire
+    my men with unity of purpose.  On facile ground, I would
+    see that there is close connection between all parts
+    of my army.
+
+47. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.
+
+48. On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye
+    on my defenses.  On ground of intersecting highways,
+    I would consolidate my alliances.
+
+49. On serious ground, I would try to ensure
+    a continuous stream of supplies.  On difficult ground,
+    I would keep pushing on along the road.
+
+50. On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way
+    of retreat.  On desperate ground, I would proclaim
+    to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.
+
+51. For it is the soldier's disposition to offer
+    an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard
+    when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when he
+    has fallen into danger.
+
+52. We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring
+    princes until we are acquainted with their designs.  We are
+    not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar
+    with the face of the country--its mountains and forests,
+    its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps. 
+    We shall be unable to turn natural advantages to account
+    unless we make use of local guides.
+
+53. To be ignored of any one of the following four
+    or five principles does not befit a warlike prince.
+
+54. When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state,
+    his generalship shows itself in preventing the concentration
+    of the enemy's forces.  He overawes his opponents,
+    and their allies are prevented from joining against him.
+
+55. Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all
+    and sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states. 
+    He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his
+    antagonists in awe.  Thus he is able to capture their
+    cities and overthrow their kingdoms.
+
+56. Bestow rewards without regard to rule,
+    issue orders without regard to previous arrangements;
+    and you will be able to handle a whole army as though
+    you had to do with but a single man.
+
+57. Confront your soldiers with the deed itself;
+    never let them know your design.  When the outlook is bright,
+    bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing when
+    the situation is gloomy.
+
+58. Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive;
+    plunge it into desperate straits, and it will come off
+    in safety.
+
+59. For it is precisely when a force has fallen into
+    harm's way that is capable of striking a blow for victory.
+
+60. Success in warfare is gained by carefully
+    accommodating ourselves to the enemy's purpose.
+
+61. By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank, we shall
+    succeed in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief.
+
+62. This is called ability to accomplish a thing
+    by sheer cunning.
+
+63. On the day that you take up your command,
+    block the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies,
+    and stop the passage of all emissaries.
+
+64. Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you
+    may control the situation.
+
+65. If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.
+
+66. Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear,
+    and subtly contrive to time his arrival on the ground.
+
+67. Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate
+    yourself to the enemy until you can fight a decisive battle.
+
+68. At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden,
+    until the enemy gives you an opening; afterwards emulate
+    the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too late
+    for the enemy to oppose you.
+
+
+XII. THE ATTACK BY FIRE
+
+
+ 1. Sun Tzu said:  There are five ways of attacking
+    with fire.  The first is to burn soldiers in their camp;
+    the second is to burn stores; the third is to burn
+    baggage trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines;
+    the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy.
+
+ 2. In order to carry out an attack, we must have
+    means available.  The material for raising fire should
+    always be kept in readiness.
+
+ 3. There is a proper season for making attacks with fire,
+    and special days for starting a conflagration.
+
+ 4. The proper season is when the weather is very dry;
+    the special days are those when the moon is in the
+    constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing
+    or the Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising wind.
+
+ 5. In attacking with fire, one should be prepared
+    to meet five possible developments:
+
+ 6. (1) When fire breaks out inside to enemy's camp,
+    respond at once with an attack from without.
+
+ 7. (2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy's
+    soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack.
+
+ 8. (3) When the force of the flames has reached its height,
+    follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable;
+    if not, stay where you are.
+
+ 9. (4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire
+    from without, do not wait for it to break out within,
+    but deliver your attack at a favorable moment.
+
+10. (5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it. 
+    Do not attack from the leeward.
+
+11. A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long,
+    but a night breeze soon falls.
+
+12. In every army, the five developments connected with
+    fire must be known, the movements of the stars calculated,
+    and a watch kept for the proper days.
+
+13. Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence;
+    those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength.
+
+14. By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted,
+    but not robbed of all his belongings.
+
+15. Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his
+    battles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating
+    the spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste of time
+    and general stagnation.
+
+16. Hence the saying:  The enlightened ruler lays his
+    plans well ahead; the good general cultivates his resources.
+
+17. Move not unless you see an advantage; use not
+    your troops unless there is something to be gained;
+    fight not unless the position is critical.
+
+18. No ruler should put troops into the field merely
+    to gratify his own spleen; no general should fight
+    a battle simply out of pique.
+
+19. If it is to your advantage, make a forward move;
+    if not, stay where you are.
+
+20. Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may
+    be succeeded by content.
+
+21. But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can
+    never come again into being; nor can the dead ever
+    be brought back to life.
+
+22. Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful,
+    and the good general full of caution.  This is the way
+    to keep a country at peace and an army intact.
+
+
+XIII. THE USE OF SPIES
+
+
+ 1. Sun Tzu said:  Raising a host of a hundred thousand
+    men and marching them great distances entails heavy loss
+    on the people and a drain on the resources of the State. 
+    The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces
+    of silver.  There will be commotion at home and abroad,
+    and men will drop down exhausted on the highways. 
+    As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded
+    in their labor.
+
+ 2. Hostile armies may face each other for years,
+    striving for the victory which is decided in a single day. 
+    This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy's
+    condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred
+    ounces of silver in honors and emoluments, is the height
+    of inhumanity.
+
+ 3. One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present
+    help to his sovereign, no master of victory.
+
+ 4. Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good
+    general to strike and conquer, and achieve things beyond
+    the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge.
+
+ 5. Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits;
+    it cannot be obtained inductively from experience,
+    nor by any deductive calculation.
+
+ 6. Knowledge of the enemy's dispositions can only
+    be obtained from other men.
+
+ 7. Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes: 
+    (1) Local spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies;
+    (4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies.
+
+ 8. When these five kinds of spy are all at work,
+    none can discover the secret system.  This is called "divine
+    manipulation of the threads."  It is the sovereign's
+    most precious faculty.
+
+ 9. Having local spies means employing the services
+    of the inhabitants of a district.
+
+10. Having inward spies, making use of officials
+    of the enemy.
+
+11. Having converted spies, getting hold of the enemy's
+    spies and using them for our own purposes.
+
+12. Having doomed spies, doing certain things openly
+    for purposes of deception, and allowing our spies to know
+    of them and report them to the enemy.
+
+13. Surviving spies, finally, are those who bring
+    back news from the enemy's camp.
+
+14. Hence it is that which none in the whole army are
+    more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies. 
+    None should be more liberally rewarded.  In no other
+    business should greater secrecy be preserved.
+
+15. Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain
+    intuitive sagacity.
+
+16. They cannot be properly managed without benevolence
+    and straightforwardness.
+
+17. Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make
+    certain of the truth of their reports.
+
+18. Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every
+    kind of business.
+
+19. If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy
+    before the time is ripe, he must be put to death together
+    with the man to whom the secret was told.
+
+20. Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm
+    a city, or to assassinate an individual, it is always
+    necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants,
+    the aides-de-camp, and door-keepers and sentries of the general
+    in command.  Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these.
+
+21. The enemy's spies who have come to spy on us
+    must be sought out, tempted with bribes, led away and
+    comfortably housed.  Thus they will become converted
+    spies and available for our service.
+
+22. It is through the information brought by the
+    converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ
+    local and inward spies.
+
+23. It is owing to his information, again, that we can
+    cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy.
+
+24. Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving
+    spy can be used on appointed occasions.
+
+25. The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties
+    is knowledge of the enemy; and this knowledge can only
+    be derived, in the first instance, from the converted spy. 
+    Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated
+    with the utmost liberality.
+
+26. Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I
+    Chih who had served under the Hsia.  Likewise, the rise
+    of the Chou dynasty was due to Lu Ya who had served
+    under the Yin.
+
+27. Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the
+    wise general who will use the highest intelligence of
+    the army for purposes of spying and thereby they achieve
+    great results.  Spies are a most important element in water,
+    because on them depends an army's ability to move.
+
+
+[END - Sun Tzu on the Art of War, text-only]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ART OF WAR ***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 132a.txt or 132a.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/3/132
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://www.gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+This particular work is one of the few copyrighted individual works
+included with the permission of the copyright holder.  Information on
+the copyright owner for this particular work and the terms of use
+imposed by the copyright holder on this work are set forth at the
+beginning of this work.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year.
+
+http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+http://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
diff --git a/old/17405.zip b/old/17405.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1ad7e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/17405.zip