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diff --git a/17306-h/17306-h.htm b/17306-h/17306-h.htm index ec7dea4..b61c5e1 100644 --- a/17306-h/17306-h.htm +++ b/17306-h/17306-h.htm @@ -39,44 +39,16 @@ </style> </head> <body> -<h2> -<a href="#startoftext">The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844, by Frederick Engels</a> -</h2> -<pre> -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Condition of the Working-Class in England -in 1844, by Frederick Engels, Translated by Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 - with a Preface written in 1892 +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 17306 ***</div> -Author: Frederick Engels - - - -Release Date: December 13, 2005 [eBook #17306] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) +<h2> +<a href="#startoftext">The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844, by Frederick Engels</a> +</h2> -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONDITION OF THE WORKING-CLASS -IN ENGLAND IN 1844*** -</pre> <p><a name="startoftext"></a></p> -<p>Transcribed from the January 1943 George Allen & Unwin reprint -of the March 1892 edition by David Price, email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk</p> + <h1>The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844<br /> With a Preface written in 1892</h1> <p>by<br /> @@ -316,7 +288,7 @@ People’s Charter; they were supported by the majority of the small trading class, and the only difference between the two was whether the Charter should be carried by physical or by moral force. Then came the commercial crash of 1847 and the Irish famine, and with both -the prospect of revolution</p> +the prospect of revolution.</p> <p><!-- page xii--><a name="pagexii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. xii</span>“The French Revolution of 1848 saved the English middle-class. The Socialistic pronunciamentos of the victorious French workmen frightened @@ -410,7 +382,7 @@ submitted to, and which always set themselves right in the end.</p> There was temporary improvement even for the great mass. But this improvement always was reduced to the old level by the influx of the great body of the unemployed reserve, by the constant superseding of -bands by new machinery, by the immigration of the agricultural population, +hands by new machinery, by the immigration of the agricultural population, now, too, more and more superseded by machines.</p> <p>“A permanent improvement can be recognised for two ‘protected’ sections only of the working-class. Firstly, the factory hands. @@ -1580,7 +1552,7 @@ in a district where the cautious refinement of modern design has refrained from creating one single tenement for poverty; which seems, as it were, dedicated to the exclusive enjoyment of wealth, that <i>there</i> want, and famine, and disease, and vice should stalk in all their kindred -horrors, consuming body by body, soul, by soul!</p> +horrors, consuming body by body, soul by soul!</p> <p>“It is indeed a monstrous state of things! Enjoyment the most absolute, that bodily ease, intellectual excitement, or the more innocent pleasures of sense can supply to man’s craving, @@ -4077,7 +4049,7 @@ introduction of mills 4,408 921 1,006 1,201 940 826 633 153 22 Town of Carlisle, after introduction -of mills 4,738 930 l,201 1,134 677 727 452 80 1 +of mills 4,738 930 1,201 1,134 677 727 452 80 1 Preston, factory town 4,947 1,136 1,379 1,114 553 532 298 38 3 Leeds, factory @@ -4830,7 +4802,7 @@ has become the most criminal in the world. From the annual criminal tables of the Home Secretary, it is evident that the increase of crime in England has proceeded with incomprehensible rapidity. The numbers of arrests for <i>criminal</i> offences reached in the years: 1805, -4,605; 1810, 5,146; 1815, 7,898; 1820, 13,710; 1825, 14,437; 1830,18,107; +4,605; 1810, 5,146; 1815, 7,898; 1820, 13,710; 1825, 14,437; 1830, 18,107; 1835, 20,731; 1840, 27,187; 1841, 27,760; 1842, 31,309 in England and Wales alone. That is to say, they increased sevenfold in thirty-seven years. Of these arrests, in 1842, 4,497 were made in Lancashire @@ -5302,7 +5274,7 @@ a big tear. Jack again said: “There is work enough for women folks and childer hereabouts, but none for men; thou mayest sooner find a hundred pound on the road than work for men—but I should never have believed that either thou or any one else would have seen me mending -my wife’s stockings, for, it is bad work. But she can hardly +my wife’s stockings, for it is bad work. But she can hardly stand on her feet; I am afraid she will be laid up, and then I don’t know what is to become of us, for it’s a good bit that she has been the man in the house and I the woman; it is bad work, Joe;” @@ -5894,7 +5866,7 @@ revenges itself by correspondingly premature age and debility. On the other hand, retarded development of the female constitution occurs, the breasts mature late or not at all. <a name="citation162c"></a><a href="#footnote162c">{162c}</a> Menstruation first appears in the <!-- page 163--><a name="page163"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 163</span>seventeenth -or Eighteenth, sometimes in the twentieth year, and is often wholly +or eighteenth, sometimes in the twentieth year, and is often wholly wanting. <a name="citation163a"></a><a href="#footnote163a">{163a}</a> Irregular menstruation, coupled with great pain and numerous affections, especially with anæmia, is very frequent, as the medical reports @@ -7127,7 +7099,7 @@ custom seems to be universal in Wolverhampton, and its natural consequence is frequent bowel complaints and other diseases. Moreover, the children usually do not get enough to eat, and have rarely other clothing than their working rags, for which reason, if for no other, they cannot -go to Sunday school The dwellings are bad and filthy, often so much +go to Sunday school. The dwellings are bad and filthy, often so much so that they give rise to disease; and in spite of the not materially unhealthy work, the children are puny, weak, and, in many cases, severely crippled. In Willenhall, for instance, there are countless persons @@ -8023,7 +7995,7 @@ Radical party. It had its headquarters then in Birmingham and Manchester, and later in London; extorted the Reform Bill from the Oligarchs of the old Parliament by a union with the Liberal bourgeoisie, and has steadily consolidated itself, since then, as a more and more pronounced -working-men’s party in opposition to the bourgeoisie In 1835 a +working-men’s party in opposition to the bourgeoisie. In 1835 a committee of the General Working-men’s Association of London, with William Lovett at its head, drew up the People’s Charter, whose six points are as follows: (1) Universal suffrage for every man @@ -8908,7 +8880,7 @@ of the Peace to condemn them; such dread of this “lightning” “Attorney General” who seemed to be everywhere at once spread among them, that at Belper, for instance, upon Roberts’ arrival, a truck firm published the following notice:</p> -<blockquote><p>“NOTICE!”</p> +<blockquote><p>“NOTICE!</p> <p>“<span class="smcap">pentrich coal mine</span>.</p> <p>“The Messrs. Haslam think it necessary, in order to prevent all mistakes, to announce that all persons employed in their colliery @@ -9257,7 +9229,7 @@ brings the poacher a meal for himself and his starving family. But if he is caught he goes to jail, and for a second offence receives at the least seven years’ transportation. From the severity of these laws arise the frequent bloody conflicts with the gamekeepers, -which lead to a number of murders every year Hence the post of gamekeeper +which lead to a number of murders every year. Hence the post of gamekeeper is not only dangerous, but of ill-repute and despised. Last year, in two cases, gamekeepers shot themselves rather than continue their work. Such is the moderate price at which the landed aristocracy @@ -11113,367 +11085,9 @@ disorder more deeply than any other English bourgeois, and demands the organisation of labour.</p> <p><a name="footnote296"></a><a href="#citation296">{296}</a> And it did.</p> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CONDITION OF THE WORKING-CLASS</p> -<pre> -IN ENGLAND IN 1844*** - - -***** This file should be named 17306-h.htm or 17306-h.zip****** - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/3/0/17306 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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