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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Meaning of the War, by Henri Bergson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Meaning of the War
+       Life & Matter in Conflict
+
+Author: Henri Bergson
+
+Commentator: H. Wildon Carr
+
+Release Date: November 20, 2005 [EBook #17111]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEANING OF THE WAR ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Thierry Alberto, Henry Craig, Jeannie Howse
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MEANING
+OF THE WAR
+
+LIFE & MATTER IN CONFLICT
+
+BY HENRI BERGSON
+
+
+
+WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
+H. WILDON CARR
+
+
+
+LONDON
+T. FISHER UNWIN LTD.
+ADELPHI TERRACE
+
+_English translation first published June 1915_
+_Second impression, July 1915_
+_Third impression, August 1915_
+
+(_All rights reserved_)
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                        PAGE
+
+INTRODUCTION                                               9
+
+LIFE AND MATTER AT WAR                                    15
+
+THE FORCE WHICH WASTES AND THAT WHICH DOES NOT WASTE      41
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+This little volume contains the discourse delivered by M. Bergson as
+President of the _Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques_ at its
+annual public meeting on December 12, 1914. It is the address which
+preceded the announcement of the prizes and awards bestowed by the
+Academy. It is now issued in book form with the consent of the author,
+and his full appreciation of the object, to give it the widest
+circulation. Although it is brief, it is a message addressed directly
+to the heart of our people in the crisis of war. To it is added a
+short article on the same theme, contributed to the _Bulletin des
+Armées de la République_, November 4, 1914.
+
+It has been said that war, with all its terrible evils, is the
+occasion of at least one good which humanity values as above price: it
+inspires great poetry. On the other hand, it seems to crush
+philosophy. Many may think that in this message it is poetry to which
+M. Bergson is giving expression. It is, however, from the depth of his
+philosophy that the inspiration is drawn. The full significance of the
+doctrines he has been teaching, and their whole moral and political
+bearing, are brought into clear light, focussed, as it were, on the
+actual present struggle. Yet is there no word that breathes hatred to
+any person or to any race. It is by the triumph of a spiritual
+principle that philosophy may hope to free humanity from the
+oppression of a materialist doctrine.
+
+The opposing principle has had, and still has, philosophers to defend
+it, and they belong to no particular nation or race. One of its most
+brilliant and influential exponents was a Frenchman, the diplomatist,
+Comte Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (1816-1882). A brief word on this
+remarkable man may help the reader to understand the mention of his
+name on page 30. His _Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines_ (1855)
+was the first of a series of writings to affirm, on ethnological
+grounds, the superiority of the Aryan race, and its right and destiny
+by reason of that superiority to rule all other races as bondsmen. He
+was the friend of Wagner, and also of Nietzsche. Madame
+Förster-Nietzsche in her biography of her brother has spoken of the
+almost reverent regard which he entertained for Gobineau, and it may
+be that from him Nietzsche derived the idea which he developed into
+his doctrine of the non-morality of the superman.
+
+Were the discourse of M. Bergson no more than the utterance of a
+philosopher stirred by deep patriotic feeling to uphold his country's
+cause and denounce his country's foes, then, however eloquent its
+appeal, it would have no significance or value beyond its present
+power to inspire courage in the hearts of his comrades. And it would
+not differ from equally earnest appeals which other philosophers have
+addressed to the world on behalf of their fellow-countrymen. It has a
+much deeper meaning. It is no mere indictment of modern Germany's
+rulers or people. It goes to the very heart of the problem of the
+future of humanity. Shall the splendid material progress which has
+marked the scientific achievement of the last century be the forging
+of a sword to destroy the freedom which life has won with it from
+matter?
+
+As these words are written the conflict is raging, and the decision
+seems still far off. Death is striking down the young in all the
+nations, and among them many on whom our highest hopes were founded.
+"But whatever be the price of victory," so writes M. Bergson to me,
+"it will not have been too dearly bought if humanity is finally
+delivered from the nightmare which weighs on it."
+
+  H. WILDON CARR
+
+  LONDON, _May 1915_
+
+
+
+
+LIFE AND MATTER AT WAR
+
+
+
+
+LIFE AND MATTER AT WAR
+
+
+"Comprendre et ne pas s'indigner": this has been said to be the last
+word of philosophy. I believe none of it; and, had I to choose, I
+should much prefer, when in presence of crime, to give my indignation
+rein and not to understand. Happily, the choice has not to be made. On
+the contrary, there are forms of anger which, by a thorough
+comprehension of their objects, derive the force to sustain and renew
+their vigour. Our anger is of that kind. We have only to detach the
+inner meaning of this war, and our horror for those who made it will
+be increased. Moreover, nothing is easier. A little history, and a
+little philosophy, will suffice.
+
+For a long period Germany devoted herself to poetry, to art, to
+metaphysic. She was made, so she said, for thought and imagination;
+"she had no feeling for the reality of things." It is true that her
+administration had defects, that she was divided into rival states,
+that anarchy at certain times seemed beyond remedy. Nevertheless, an
+attentive study would have revealed, beneath this disorder, the normal
+process of life, which is always too rank at the first and later on
+prunes away its excess, makes its choice and adopts a lasting form.
+From her municipal activity there would have issued at length a good
+administration which would have assured order without suppressing
+liberty. From the closer union of the confederated states that unity
+in diversity, which is the distinguishing mark of organized beings,
+would have arisen. But time was needed for that, as it always is
+needed by life, in order that its possibilities may be realized.
+
+Now, while Germany was thus working out the task of her organic
+self-development there was within her, or rather by her side, a people
+with whom every process tended to take a mechanical form.
+Artificiality marked the creation of Prussia; for she was formed by
+clumsily sewing together, edge to edge, provinces either acquired or
+conquered. Her administration was mechanical; it did its work with the
+regularity of a well-appointed machine. Not less mechanical--extreme
+both in precision and in power--was the army, on which the attention
+of the Hohenzollerns was concentrated. Whether it was that the people
+had been drilled for centuries to mechanical obedience; or that an
+elemental instinct for conquest and plunder, absorbing to itself the
+life of the nation, had simplified its aims and reduced them to
+materialism; or that the Prussian character was originally so made--it
+is certain that the idea of Prussia always evoked a vision of
+rudeness, of rigidity, of automatism, as if everything within her went
+by clockwork, from the gesture of her kings to the step of her
+soldiers.
+
+A day came when Germany had to choose between a rigid and ready-made
+system of unification, mechanically superposed from without, and the
+unity which comes from within by a natural effort of life. At the same
+time the choice was offered her between an administrative mechanism,
+into which she would merely have to fit herself--a complete order,
+doubtless, but poverty-stricken, like everything else that is
+artificial--and that richer and more flexible order which the wills of
+men, when freely associated, evolve of themselves. How would she
+choose?
+
+There was a man on the spot in whom the methods of Prussia were
+incarnate--a genius, I admit, but an evil genius; for he was devoid of
+scruple, devoid of faith, devoid of pity, and devoid of soul. He had
+just removed the only obstacle which could spoil his plan; he had got
+rid of Austria. He said to himself: "We are going to make Germany
+take over, along with Prussian centralization and discipline, all our
+ambitions and all our appetites. If she hesitates, if the confederate
+peoples do not arrive of their own accord at this common resolution, I
+know how to compel them; I will cause a breath of hatred to pass over
+them, all alike. I will launch them against a common enemy, an enemy
+we have hood-winked and waylaid, and whom we shall try to catch
+unarmed. Then when the hour of triumph shall sound, I will rise up;
+from Germany, in her intoxication, I will snatch a covenant, which,
+like that of Faust with Mephistopheles, she has signed with her blood,
+and by which she also, like Faust, has traded her soul away for the
+good things of earth."
+
+He did as he had said. The covenant was made. But, to ensure that it
+would never be broken, Germany must be made to feel, for ever and
+ever, the necessity of the armour in which she was imprisoned.
+Bismarck took his measures accordingly. Among the confidences which
+fell from his lips and were gathered up by his intimates is this
+revealing word: "We took nothing from Austria after Sadowa because we
+wanted to be able one day to be reconciled with her." So, then, in
+taking Alsace and a part of Lorraine, his idea was that no
+reconciliation with the French would be possible. He intended that the
+German people should believe itself in permanent danger of war, that
+the new Empire should remain armed to the teeth, and that Germany,
+instead of dissolving Prussian militarism into her own life, should
+reinforce it by militarizing herself.
+
+She reinforced it; and day by day the machine grew in complexity and
+power. But in the process it yielded automatically a result very
+different from that which its constructors had foreseen. It is the
+story of the witch who, by a magic incantation, had won the consent of
+her broomstick to go to the river and fill her buckets; having no
+formula ready to check the work, she watched her cave fill with water
+until she was drowned.
+
+The Prussian army had been organized, brought to perfection, tended
+with love by the Kings of Prussia, in order that it might serve their
+lust of conquest. To take possession of neighbours' territory was then
+the sole aim; territory was almost the whole of the national wealth.
+But with the nineteenth century there was a new departure. The idea
+peculiar to that century of diverting science to the satisfaction of
+men's material wants evoked a development of industry, and
+consequently of commerce, so extraordinary that the old conception of
+wealth was completely overthrown. Not more than fifty years were
+needed to bring about this transformation. On the morrow of the war of
+1870 a nation expressly made for appropriating the good things of this
+world had no alternative but to become industrial and commercial. Not
+on that account, however, would she change the essential principle of
+her action. On the contrary, she had but to utilize her habits of
+discipline, method, tenacity, minute care, precise information--and,
+we may add, of impertinence and spying--to which she owed the growth
+of her military power. She would thus equip herself with industry and
+commerce not less formidable than her army, and able to march, on
+their part also, in military order.
+
+From that time onwards these two were seen going forward together,
+advancing at an even pace and reciprocally supporting each
+other--industry, which had answered the appeal of the spirit of
+conquest, on one side; on the other, the army, in which that spirit
+was incarnate, with the navy, which had just been added to the forces
+of the army. Industry was free to develop in all directions; but, from
+the first, war was the end in view. In enormous factories, such as the
+world had never seen, tens of thousands of workmen toiled in casting
+great guns, while by their side, in workshops and laboratories, every
+invention which the disinterested genius of neighbouring peoples had
+been able to achieve was immediately captured, bent from its intended
+use, and converted into an engine of war. Reciprocally, the army and
+navy which owed their growth to the increasing wealth of the nation,
+repaid the debt by placing their services at the disposal of this
+wealth: they undertook to open roads for commerce and outlets for
+industry. But through this very combination the movement imposed on
+Prussia by her kings, and on Germany by Prussia, was bound to swerve
+from its course, whilst gathering speed and flinging itself forward.
+Sooner or later it was bound to escape from all control and become a
+plunge into the abyss.
+
+For, even though the spirit of conquest knows no limit in itself, it
+must limit its ambitions as long as the question is simply that of
+seizing a neighbour's territory. To constitute their kingdom, kings of
+Prussia had been obliged to undertake a long series of wars. Whether
+the name of the spoiler be Frederick or William, not more than one or
+two provinces can be annexed at a time: to take more is to weaken
+oneself. But suppose that the same insatiable thirst for conquest
+enters into the new form of wealth--what follows? Boundless ambition,
+which till then had spread out the coming of its gains over indefinite
+time, since each one of them would be worth only a definite portion of
+space, will now leap all at once to an object boundless as itself.
+Rights will be set up on every point of the globe where raw material
+for industry, refitting stations for ships, concessions for
+capitalists, or outlets for production are seen to exist. In fact, the
+policy which had served Prussia so well passed at a bound from the
+most calculating prudence to the wildest temerity. Bismarck, whose
+common-sense put some restraint on the logic of his principles, was
+still averse to colonial enterprises; he said that all the affairs of
+the East were not worth the bones of one Pomeranian grenadier. But
+Germany, retaining Bismarck's former impulse, went straight on and
+rushed forward along the lines of least resistance to east and west:
+on the one side lay the route to the Orient, on the other the empire
+of the sea. But in so doing she virtually declared war on the nations
+which Bismarck had managed to keep allied or friendly. Her ambition
+looked forward to the domination of the world.
+
+Moreover, there was no moral restraint which could keep this ambition
+under control. Intoxicated by victory, by the prestige which victory
+had given her, and of which her commerce, her industry, her science
+even, had reaped the benefit, Germany plunged into a material
+prosperity such as she had never known, such as she would never have
+dared to dream of. She told herself that if force had wrought this
+miracle, if force had given her riches and honour, it was because
+force had within it a hidden virtue, mysterious--nay, divine. Yes,
+brute force with its train of trickery and lies, when it comes with
+powers of attack sufficient for the conquest of the world, must needs
+be in direct line from heaven and a revelation of the will of God on
+earth. The people to whom this power of attack had come were the
+elect, a chosen race by whose side the others are races of bondmen. To
+such a race nothing is forbidden that may help in establishing its
+dominion. Let none speak to it of inviolable right! Right is what is
+written in a treaty; a treaty is what registers the will of a
+conqueror--that is, the direction of his force for the time being:
+force, then, and right are the same thing; and if force is pleased to
+take a new direction, the old right becomes ancient history and the
+treaty, which backed it with a solemn undertaking, no more than a
+scrap of paper. Thus Germany, struck with wonder in presence of her
+victories, of the brute force which had been their means, of the
+material prosperity which was the outcome, translated her amazement
+into an idea. And see how, at the call of this idea, a thousand
+thoughts, as if awaked from slumber, and shaking off the dust of
+libraries, came rushing in from every side--thoughts which Germany had
+suffered to sleep among her poets and philosophers, every one which
+could lend a seductive or striking form to a conviction already made!
+Henceforth German imperialism had a theory of its own. Taught in
+schools and universities, it easily moulded to itself a nation already
+broken-in to passive obedience and having no loftier ideal wherewith
+to oppose the official doctrine. Many persons have explained the
+aberrations of German policy as due to that theory. For my part, I see
+in it nothing more than a philosophy doomed to translate into ideas
+what was, in its essence, insatiable ambition and will perverted by
+pride. The doctrine is an effect rather than a cause; and should the
+day come when Germany, conscious of her moral humiliation, shall say,
+to excuse herself, that she had trusted herself too much to certain
+theories, that an error of judgment is not a crime, it will then be
+necessary to remind her that her philosophy was simply a translation
+into intellectual terms of her brutality, her appetites, and her
+vices. So, too, in most cases, doctrines are the means by which
+nations and individuals seek to explain what they are and what they
+do. Germany, having finally become a predatory nation, invokes Hegel
+as witness; just as a Germany enamoured of moral beauty would have
+declared herself faithful to Kant, just as a sentimental Germany would
+have found her tutelary genius in Jacobi or Schopenhauer. Had she
+leaned in any other direction and been unable to find at home the
+philosophy she needed, she would have procured it from abroad. Thus
+when she wished to convince herself that predestined races exist, she
+took from France, that she might hoist him into celebrity, a writer
+whom we have not read--Gobineau.
+
+None the less is it true that perverse ambition, once erected into
+theory, feels more at ease in working itself out to the end; a part of
+the responsibility will then be thrown upon logic. If the German race
+is the elect, it will be the only race which has an unconditional
+right to live; the others will be tolerated races, and this toleration
+will be precisely what is called "the state of peace." Let war come;
+the annihilation of the enemy will be the end Germany has to pursue.
+She will not strike at combatants only; she will massacre women,
+children, old men; she will pillage and burn; the ideal will be to
+destroy towns, villages, the whole population. Such is the conclusion
+of the theory. Now we come to its aim and true principle.
+
+As long as war was no more than a means to the settlement of a dispute
+between two nations, the conflict was localized to the two armies
+involved. More and more of useless violence was eliminated; innocent
+populations were kept outside the quarrel. Thus little by little a
+code of war was drawn up. From the first, however, the Prussian army,
+organized as it was for conquest, did not take kindly to this law. But
+from the time when Prussian militarism, now turned into German
+militarism, had become one with industrialism, it was the enemy's
+industry, his commerce, the sources of his wealth, his wealth itself,
+as well as his military power, which war must now make the end in
+view. His factories must be destroyed that his competition may be
+suppressed. Moreover, that he may be impoverished once and for all and
+the aggressor enriched, his towns must be put to ransom, pillaged, and
+burned. Above all must the war be short, not only in order that the
+economic life of Germany might not suffer too much, but further, and
+chiefly, because her military power lacked that consciousness of a
+right superior to force by which she could sustain and recuperate her
+energies. Her moral force, being only the pride which comes from
+material force, would be exposed to the same vicissitudes as this
+latter: in proportion as the one was being expended the other would be
+used up. Time for moral force to become used up must not be given. The
+machine must deliver its blow all at once. And this it could do by
+terrorizing the population, and so paralysing the nation. To achieve
+that end, no scruple must be suffered to embarrass the play of its
+wheels. Hence a system of atrocities prepared in advance--a system as
+sagaciously put together as the machine itself.
+
+Such is the explanation of the spectacle before us. "Scientific
+barbarism," "systematic barbarism," are phrases we have heard. Yes,
+barbarism reinforced by the capture of civilization. Throughout the
+course of the history we have been following there is, as it were, the
+continuous clang of militarism and industrialism, of machinery and
+mechanism, of debased moral materialism.
+
+Many years hence, when the reaction of the past shall have left only
+the grand outline in view, this perhaps is how a philosopher will
+speak of it. He will say that the idea, peculiar to the nineteenth
+century, of employing science in the satisfaction of our material
+wants had given a wholly unforeseen extension to the mechanical arts
+and had equipped man in less than fifty years with more tools than he
+had made during the thousands of years he had lived on the earth. Each
+new machine being for man a new organ--an artificial organ which
+merely prolongs the natural organs--his body became suddenly and
+prodigiously increased in size, without his soul being able at the
+same time to dilate to the dimensions of his new body. From this
+disproportion there issued the problems, moral, social, international,
+which most of the nations endeavoured to solve by filling up the
+soulless void in the body politic by creating more liberty, more
+fraternity, more justice than the world had ever seen. Now, while
+mankind laboured at this task of spiritualization, inferior powers--I
+was going to say infernal powers--plotted an inverse experience for
+mankind. What would happen if the mechanical forces, which science had
+brought to a state of readiness for the service of man, should
+themselves take possession of man in order to make his nature material
+as their own? What kind of a world would it be if this mechanism
+should seize the human race entire, and if the peoples, instead of
+raising themselves to a richer and more harmonious diversity, as
+_persons_ may do, were to fall into the uniformity of _things_? What
+kind of a society would that be which should mechanically obey a word
+of command mechanically transmitted; which should rule its science and
+its conscience in accordance therewith; and which should lose, along
+with the sense of justice, the power to discern between truth and
+falsehood? What would mankind be when brute force should hold the
+place of moral force? What new barbarism, this time final, would arise
+from these conditions to stifle feeling, ideas, and the whole
+civilization of which the old barbarism contained the germ? What would
+happen, in short, if the moral effort of humanity should turn in its
+tracks at the moment of attaining its goal, and if some diabolical
+contrivance should cause it to produce the mechanization of spirit
+instead of the spiritualization of matter? There was a people
+predestined to try the experiment. Prussia had been militarized by her
+kings; Germany had been militarized by Prussia; a powerful nation was
+on the spot marching forward in mechanical order. Administration and
+military mechanism were only waiting to make alliance with industrial
+mechanism. The combination once made, a formidable machine would come
+into existence. A touch upon the starting-gear and the other nations
+would be dragged in the wake of Germany, subjects to the same
+movement, prisoners of the same mechanism. Such would be the meaning
+of the war on the day when Germany should decide upon its
+declaration.
+
+She decided, he will continue, but the result was very different from
+what had been predicted. For the moral forces, which were to submit to
+the forces of matter by their side, suddenly revealed themselves as
+creators of material force. A simple idea, the heroic conception which
+a small people had formed of its honour, enabled it to make head
+against a powerful empire. At the cry of outraged justice we saw,
+moreover, in a nation which till then had trusted in its fleet, one
+million, two millions of soldiers suddenly rise from the earth. A yet
+greater miracle: in a nation thought to be mortally divided against
+itself all became brothers in the space of a day. From that moment the
+issue of the conflict was not open to doubt. On the one side, there
+was force spread out on the surface; on the other, there was force in
+the depths. On one side, mechanism, the manufactured article which
+cannot repair its own injuries; on the other, life, the power of
+creation which makes and remakes itself at every instant. On one side,
+that which uses itself up; on the other, that which does not use
+itself up.
+
+Indeed, our philosopher will conclude, the machine did use itself up.
+For a long time it resisted; then it bent; then it broke. Alas! it had
+crushed under it a multitude of our children; and over the fate of
+this young life, which was so naturally and purely heroic, our tears
+will continue to fall. An implacable law decrees that spirit must
+encounter the resistance of matter, that life cannot advance without
+bruising that which lives, and that great moral results are purchased
+by much blood and by many tears. But this time the sacrifice was to be
+rich in fruit as it had been rich in beauty. That the powers of death
+might be matched against life in one supreme combat, destiny had
+gathered them all at a single point. And behold how death was
+conquered; how humanity was saved by material suffering from the moral
+downfall which would have been its end; while the peoples, joyful in
+their desolation, raised on high the song of deliverance from the
+depths of ruin and of grief!
+
+
+
+
+THE FORCE WHICH WASTES AND THAT WHICH DOES NOT WASTE
+
+
+
+
+THE FORCE WHICH WASTES AND THAT WHICH DOES NOT WASTE
+
+
+The issue of the struggle is not doubtful. Germany will succumb.
+Material force and moral force, all which is sustaining her, will end
+by failing her, because she is living on provision she has
+accumulated, is spending it, and has no way of renewing it.
+
+Of her material resources all is known. She has money, but her credit
+is falling, and one does not see where she is to borrow. She needs
+nitrates for her explosives, fuel for her motors, bread for her
+sixty-five million inhabitants, for all of which she has made
+provision; but the day will come when her granaries will be empty and
+her tanks dry. How will she refill them? War, as she practises it,
+makes frightful havoc of her warriors. Yet here again replenishment is
+impossible, no aid will come from without, because an enterprise
+launched with the object of imposing German rule, German "culture,"
+German products, only interests and ever will only interest what is
+already German. Such is the situation of Germany confronted by a
+France who is keeping her credit intact and her ports open, who is
+procuring herself victual and munitions as she pleases, who reinforces
+her armies with all that her allies bring to her support, and who can
+count on the ever more active sympathy of the civilized world because
+her cause is that of humanity itself.
+
+Still this is only material force, the force which is seen. What can
+we say of moral force, the force which is not seen, which yet matters
+most since it can in a certain degree make good what is lacking of
+the other, and without which the other is worthless?
+
+The moral energy of nations, as of individuals, is only sustained by
+an ideal higher than themselves, and stronger than themselves, to
+which they cling firmly when they feel their courage waver. Where is
+the ideal of the Germany of to-day? The time when her philosophers
+proclaimed the inviolability of right, the eminent dignity of the
+person, the duty of mutual respect among nations, is no more. Germany,
+militarized by Prussia, has cast aside those noble ideas, ideas she
+received for the most part from the France of the eighteenth century
+and of the Revolution. She has made for herself a new soul, or rather
+she has meekly accepted the soul Bismarck has given her. To him has
+been attributed the famous maxim "Might is right." But in truth
+Bismarck never pronounced it, for he had well guarded himself against
+a distinction of right from might. Right was simply in his view what
+is willed by the strongest, what is consigned by the conqueror in the
+law he imposes on the conquered. In that is summed up his whole
+morality. Germany to-day knows no other. She, too, worships brute
+force. And because she believes herself the strongest, she is
+altogether absorbed in self-adoration. Her energy comes from her
+pride. Her moral force is only the confidence which her material force
+inspires in her. And this means that in this respect she is living on
+reserves without means of replenishment. Even before England had
+commenced to blockade her coasts she had blockaded herself morally, in
+isolating herself from every ideal capable of giving her new life.
+
+So she will see her forces waste and her courage at the same time. But
+the energy of our soldiers is drawn from something which does not
+waste, from an ideal of justice and freedom. Time has no hold on us.
+To the force which feeds only on its own brutality we are opposing
+that which seeks outside and above itself a principle of life and
+renovation. Whilst the one is gradually spending itself, the other is
+continually remaking itself. The one is already wavering, the other
+abides unshaken. Have no fear, our force will slay theirs.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PRINTED AT
+THE BALLANTYNE PRESS
+LONDON & EDINBURGH
+
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+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Meaning of the War, by Henri Bergson
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Meaning Of The War, by Henri Bergson.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Meaning of the War, by Henri Bergson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Meaning of the War
+       Life & Matter in Conflict
+
+Author: Henri Bergson
+
+Commentator: H. Wildon Carr
+
+Release Date: November 20, 2005 [EBook #17111]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEANING OF THE WAR ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Thierry Alberto, Henry Craig, Jeannie Howse
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a>
+
+<h1>THE MEANING<br />
+OF THE WAR</h1>
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h3>LIFE &amp; MATTER IN CONFLICT</h3>
+<br />
+<br />
+<h2>BY HENRI BERGSON</h2>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<h3>WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY<br />
+H. WILDON CARR</h3>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<h5>LONDON<br />
+T. FISHER UNWIN LTD.<br />
+ADELPHI TERRACE</h5>
+
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+<h4><i>English translation first published June 1915</i><br /><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a>
+<i>Second impression, July 1915</i><br />
+<i>Third impression, August 1915</i></h4>
+<br />
+<h5>(<i>All rights reserved</i>)</h5>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="toc" id="toc"></a><hr />
+<br />
+
+<a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a>
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+<br />
+
+
+<div class="centered">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" width="90%" summary="Table of Contents">
+  <tr>
+  <td width="80%">&nbsp;</td>
+  <td class="tdrsc" width="20%"><span style="font-size: 90%;">Page</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">INTRODUCTION</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">9</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">LIFE AND MATTER AT WAR</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#LIFE_AND_MATTER_AT_WAR">15</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdl">THE FORCE WHICH WASTES AND THAT WHICH DOES NOT WASTE</td>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_FORCE_WHICH_WASTES">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a><hr />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span><br />
+<h3>INTRODUCTION</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>This little volume contains the discourse delivered by M. Bergson as
+President of the <i>Acad&eacute;mie des Sciences Morales et Politiques</i> at its
+annual public meeting on December 12, 1914. It is the address which
+preceded the announcement of the prizes and awards bestowed by the
+Academy. It is now issued in book form with the consent of the author,
+and his full appreciation of the object, to give it the widest
+circulation. Although it is brief, it is a message addressed directly
+to the heart of our people in the crisis of war. To it is added a
+short article on the same theme, contributed to the <i>Bulletin des
+Arm&eacute;es de la R&eacute;publique</i>, November 4, 1914.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>It has been said that war, with all its terrible evils, is the
+occasion of at least one good which humanity values as above price: it
+inspires great poetry. On the other hand, it seems to crush
+philosophy. Many may think that in this message it is poetry to which
+M. Bergson is giving expression. It is, however, from the depth of his
+philosophy that the inspiration is drawn. The full significance of the
+doctrines he has been teaching, and their whole moral and political
+bearing, are brought into clear light, focussed, as it were, on the
+actual present struggle. Yet is there no word that breathes hatred to
+any person or to any race. It is by the triumph of a spiritual
+principle that philosophy may hope to free humanity from the
+oppression of a materialist doctrine.</p>
+
+<p>The opposing principle has had, and still has, philosophers to defend
+it, and they belong to no particular nation or race. One <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>of its most
+brilliant and influential exponents was a Frenchman, the diplomatist,
+Comte Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (1816-1882). A brief word on this
+remarkable man may help the reader to understand the mention of his
+name on page 30. His <i>Essai sur l'in&eacute;galit&eacute; des races humaines</i> (1855)
+was the first of a series of writings to affirm, on ethnological
+grounds, the superiority of the Aryan race, and its right and destiny
+by reason of that superiority to rule all other races as bondsmen. He
+was the friend of Wagner, and also of Nietzsche. Madame
+F&ouml;rster-Nietzsche in her biography of her brother has spoken of the
+almost reverent regard which he entertained for Gobineau, and it may
+be that from him Nietzsche derived the idea which he developed into
+his doctrine of the non-morality of the superman.</p>
+
+<p>Were the discourse of M. Bergson no more <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>than the utterance of a
+philosopher stirred by deep patriotic feeling to uphold his country's
+cause and denounce his country's foes, then, however eloquent its
+appeal, it would have no significance or value beyond its present
+power to inspire courage in the hearts of his comrades. And it would
+not differ from equally earnest appeals which other philosophers have
+addressed to the world on behalf of their fellow-countrymen. It has a
+much deeper meaning. It is no mere indictment of modern Germany's
+rulers or people. It goes to the very heart of the problem of the
+future of humanity. Shall the splendid material progress which has
+marked the scientific achievement of the last century be the forging
+of a sword to destroy the freedom which life has won with it from
+matter?</p>
+
+<p>As these words are written the conflict is raging, and the decision
+seems still far off. Death is striking down the young in all the
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>nations, and among them many on whom our highest hopes were founded.
+"But whatever be the price of victory," so writes M. Bergson to me,
+"it will not have been too dearly bought if humanity is finally
+delivered from the nightmare which weighs on it."</p>
+
+<p class="right">H. WILDON CARR</p>
+<br />
+<p><span class="sc">London</span>, <i>May 1915</i></p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
+<h2>LIFE AND MATTER AT WAR</h2>
+
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="LIFE_AND_MATTER_AT_WAR" id="LIFE_AND_MATTER_AT_WAR"></a><hr />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+<h3>LIFE AND MATTER AT WAR</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>"Comprendre et ne pas s'indigner": this has been said to be the last
+word of philosophy. I believe none of it; and, had I to choose, I
+should much prefer, when in presence of crime, to give my indignation
+rein and not to understand. Happily, the choice has not to be made. On
+the contrary, there are forms of anger which, by a thorough
+comprehension of their objects, derive the force to sustain and renew
+their vigour. Our anger is of that kind. We have only to detach the
+inner meaning of this war, and our horror for those who made it will
+be increased. Moreover, nothing is easier. A little history, and a
+little philosophy, will suffice.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>For a long period Germany devoted herself to poetry, to art, to
+metaphysic. She was made, so she said, for thought and imagination;
+"she had no feeling for the reality of things." It is true that her
+administration had defects, that she was divided into rival states,
+that anarchy at certain times seemed beyond remedy. Nevertheless, an
+attentive study would have revealed, beneath this disorder, the normal
+process of life, which is always too rank at the first and later on
+prunes away its excess, makes its choice and adopts a lasting form.
+From her municipal activity there would have issued at length a good
+administration which would have assured order without suppressing
+liberty. From the closer union of the confederated states that unity
+in diversity, which is the distinguishing mark of organized beings,
+would have arisen. But time was needed for that, as it always is
+needed by life, in order that its possibilities may be realized.</p>
+
+<p>Now, while Germany was thus working <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>out the task of her organic
+self-development there was within her, or rather by her side, a people
+with whom every process tended to take a mechanical form.
+Artificiality marked the creation of Prussia; for she was formed by
+clumsily sewing together, edge to edge, provinces either acquired or
+conquered. Her administration was mechanical; it did its work with the
+regularity of a well-appointed machine. Not less mechanical&mdash;extreme
+both in precision and in power&mdash;was the army, on which the attention
+of the Hohenzollerns was concentrated. Whether it was that the people
+had been drilled for centuries to mechanical obedience; or that an
+elemental instinct for conquest and plunder, absorbing to itself the
+life of the nation, had simplified its aims and reduced them to
+materialism; or that the Prussian character was originally so made&mdash;it
+is certain that the idea of Prussia always evoked a vision of
+rudeness, of rigidity, of automatism, as if everything within her went
+by clockwork, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>from the gesture of her kings to the step of her
+soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>A day came when Germany had to choose between a rigid and ready-made
+system of unification, mechanically superposed from without, and the
+unity which comes from within by a natural effort of life. At the same
+time the choice was offered her between an administrative mechanism,
+into which she would merely have to fit herself&mdash;a complete order,
+doubtless, but poverty-stricken, like everything else that is
+artificial&mdash;and that richer and more flexible order which the wills of
+men, when freely associated, evolve of themselves. How would she
+choose?</p>
+
+<p>There was a man on the spot in whom the methods of Prussia were
+incarnate&mdash;a genius, I admit, but an evil genius; for he was devoid of
+scruple, devoid of faith, devoid of pity, and devoid of soul. He had
+just removed the only obstacle which could spoil his plan; he had got
+rid of Austria. He said to himself: <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>"We are going to make Germany
+take over, along with Prussian centralization and discipline, all our
+ambitions and all our appetites. If she hesitates, if the confederate
+peoples do not arrive of their own accord at this common resolution, I
+know how to compel them; I will cause a breath of hatred to pass over
+them, all alike. I will launch them against a common enemy, an enemy
+we have hood-winked and waylaid, and whom we shall try to catch
+unarmed. Then when the hour of triumph shall sound, I will rise up;
+from Germany, in her intoxication, I will snatch a covenant, which,
+like that of Faust with Mephistopheles, she has signed with her blood,
+and by which she also, like Faust, has traded her soul away for the
+good things of earth."</p>
+
+<p>He did as he had said. The covenant was made. But, to ensure that it
+would never be broken, Germany must be made to feel, for ever and
+ever, the necessity of the armour in which she was imprisoned.
+Bismarck took <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>his measures accordingly. Among the confidences which
+fell from his lips and were gathered up by his intimates is this
+revealing word: "We took nothing from Austria after Sadowa because we
+wanted to be able one day to be reconciled with her." So, then, in
+taking Alsace and a part of Lorraine, his idea was that no
+reconciliation with the French would be possible. He intended that the
+German people should believe itself in permanent danger of war, that
+the new Empire should remain armed to the teeth, and that Germany,
+instead of dissolving Prussian militarism into her own life, should
+reinforce it by militarizing herself.</p>
+
+<p>She reinforced it; and day by day the machine grew in complexity and
+power. But in the process it yielded automatically a result very
+different from that which its constructors had foreseen. It is the
+story of the witch who, by a magic incantation, had won the consent of
+her broomstick to go to the river and fill her buckets; having <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>no
+formula ready to check the work, she watched her cave fill with water
+until she was drowned.</p>
+
+<p>The Prussian army had been organized, brought to perfection, tended
+with love by the Kings of Prussia, in order that it might serve their
+lust of conquest. To take possession of neighbours' territory was then
+the sole aim; territory was almost the whole of the national wealth.
+But with the nineteenth century there was a new departure. The idea
+peculiar to that century of diverting science to the satisfaction of
+men's material wants evoked a development of industry, and
+consequently of commerce, so extraordinary that the old conception of
+wealth was completely overthrown. Not more than fifty years were
+needed to bring about this transformation. On the morrow of the war of
+1870 a nation expressly made for appropriating the good things of this
+world had no alternative but to become industrial and commercial. Not
+on that account, however, would she change the essential <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>principle of
+her action. On the contrary, she had but to utilize her habits of
+discipline, method, tenacity, minute care, precise information&mdash;and,
+we may add, of impertinence and spying&mdash;to which she owed the growth
+of her military power. She would thus equip herself with industry and
+commerce not less formidable than her army, and able to march, on
+their part also, in military order.</p>
+
+<p>From that time onwards these two were seen going forward together,
+advancing at an even pace and reciprocally supporting each
+other&mdash;industry, which had answered the appeal of the spirit of
+conquest, on one side; on the other, the army, in which that spirit
+was incarnate, with the navy, which had just been added to the forces
+of the army. Industry was free to develop in all directions; but, from
+the first, war was the end in view. In enormous factories, such as the
+world had never seen, tens of thousands of workmen toiled in casting
+great guns, while by their <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>side, in workshops and laboratories, every
+invention which the disinterested genius of neighbouring peoples had
+been able to achieve was immediately captured, bent from its intended
+use, and converted into an engine of war. Reciprocally, the army and
+navy which owed their growth to the increasing wealth of the nation,
+repaid the debt by placing their services at the disposal of this
+wealth: they undertook to open roads for commerce and outlets for
+industry. But through this very combination the movement imposed on
+Prussia by her kings, and on Germany by Prussia, was bound to swerve
+from its course, whilst gathering speed and flinging itself forward.
+Sooner or later it was bound to escape from all control and become a
+plunge into the abyss.</p>
+
+<p>For, even though the spirit of conquest knows no limit in itself, it
+must limit its ambitions as long as the question is simply that of
+seizing a neighbour's territory. To constitute their kingdom, kings of
+Prussia <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>had been obliged to undertake a long series of wars. Whether
+the name of the spoiler be Frederick or William, not more than one or
+two provinces can be annexed at a time: to take more is to weaken
+oneself. But suppose that the same insatiable thirst for conquest
+enters into the new form of wealth&mdash;what follows? Boundless ambition,
+which till then had spread out the coming of its gains over indefinite
+time, since each one of them would be worth only a definite portion of
+space, will now leap all at once to an object boundless as itself.
+Rights will be set up on every point of the globe where raw material
+for industry, refitting stations for ships, concessions for
+capitalists, or outlets for production are seen to exist. In fact, the
+policy which had served Prussia so well passed at a bound from the
+most calculating prudence to the wildest temerity. Bismarck, whose
+common-sense put some restraint on the logic of his principles, was
+still averse to colonial enterprises; he said that all the affairs of
+the East were <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>not worth the bones of one Pomeranian grenadier. But
+Germany, retaining Bismarck's former impulse, went straight on and
+rushed forward along the lines of least resistance to east and west:
+on the one side lay the route to the Orient, on the other the empire
+of the sea. But in so doing she virtually declared war on the nations
+which Bismarck had managed to keep allied or friendly. Her ambition
+looked forward to the domination of the world.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, there was no moral restraint which could keep this ambition
+under control. Intoxicated by victory, by the prestige which victory
+had given her, and of which her commerce, her industry, her science
+even, had reaped the benefit, Germany plunged into a material
+prosperity such as she had never known, such as she would never have
+dared to dream of. She told herself that if force had wrought this
+miracle, if force had given her riches and honour, it was because
+force had within it a hidden virtue, mysterious&mdash;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>nay, divine. Yes,
+brute force with its train of trickery and lies, when it comes with
+powers of attack sufficient for the conquest of the world, must needs
+be in direct line from heaven and a revelation of the will of God on
+earth. The people to whom this power of attack had come were the
+elect, a chosen race by whose side the others are races of bondmen. To
+such a race nothing is forbidden that may help in establishing its
+dominion. Let none speak to it of inviolable right! Right is what is
+written in a treaty; a treaty is what registers the will of a
+conqueror&mdash;that is, the direction of his force for the time being:
+force, then, and right are the same thing; and if force is pleased to
+take a new direction, the old right becomes ancient history and the
+treaty, which backed it with a solemn undertaking, no more than a
+scrap of paper. Thus Germany, struck with wonder in presence of her
+victories, of the brute force which had been their means, of the
+material prosperity which was the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>outcome, translated her amazement
+into an idea. And see how, at the call of this idea, a thousand
+thoughts, as if awaked from slumber, and shaking off the dust of
+libraries, came rushing in from every side&mdash;thoughts which Germany had
+suffered to sleep among her poets and philosophers, every one which
+could lend a seductive or striking form to a conviction already made!
+Henceforth German imperialism had a theory of its own. Taught in
+schools and universities, it easily moulded to itself a nation already
+broken-in to passive obedience and having no loftier ideal wherewith
+to oppose the official doctrine. Many persons have explained the
+aberrations of German policy as due to that theory. For my part, I see
+in it nothing more than a philosophy doomed to translate into ideas
+what was, in its essence, insatiable ambition and will perverted by
+pride. The doctrine is an effect rather than a cause; and should the
+day come when Germany, conscious of her moral humiliation, shall say,
+to excuse herself, that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>she had trusted herself too much to certain
+theories, that an error of judgment is not a crime, it will then be
+necessary to remind her that her philosophy was simply a translation
+into intellectual terms of her brutality, her appetites, and her
+vices. So, too, in most cases, doctrines are the means by which
+nations and individuals seek to explain what they are and what they
+do. Germany, having finally become a predatory nation, invokes Hegel
+as witness; just as a Germany enamoured of moral beauty would have
+declared herself faithful to Kant, just as a sentimental Germany would
+have found her tutelary genius in Jacobi or Schopenhauer. Had she
+leaned in any other direction and been unable to find at home the
+philosophy she needed, she would have procured it from abroad. Thus
+when she wished to convince herself that predestined races exist, she
+took from France, that she might hoist him into celebrity, a writer
+whom we have not read&mdash;Gobineau.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>None the less is it true that perverse ambition, once erected into
+theory, feels more at ease in working itself out to the end; a part of
+the responsibility will then be thrown upon logic. If the German race
+is the elect, it will be the only race which has an unconditional
+right to live; the others will be tolerated races, and this toleration
+will be precisely what is called "the state of peace." Let war come;
+the annihilation of the enemy will be the end Germany has to pursue.
+She will not strike at combatants only; she will massacre women,
+children, old men; she will pillage and burn; the ideal will be to
+destroy towns, villages, the whole population. Such is the conclusion
+of the theory. Now we come to its aim and true principle.</p>
+
+<p>As long as war was no more than a means to the settlement of a dispute
+between two nations, the conflict was localized to the two armies
+involved. More and more of useless violence was eliminated; innocent
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>populations were kept outside the quarrel. Thus little by little a
+code of war was drawn up. From the first, however, the Prussian army,
+organized as it was for conquest, did not take kindly to this law. But
+from the time when Prussian militarism, now turned into German
+militarism, had become one with industrialism, it was the enemy's
+industry, his commerce, the sources of his wealth, his wealth itself,
+as well as his military power, which war must now make the end in
+view. His factories must be destroyed that his competition may be
+suppressed. Moreover, that he may be impoverished once and for all and
+the aggressor enriched, his towns must be put to ransom, pillaged, and
+burned. Above all must the war be short, not only in order that the
+economic life of Germany might not suffer too much, but further, and
+chiefly, because her military power lacked that consciousness of a
+right superior to force by which she could sustain and recuperate her
+energies. Her moral force, being only the pride which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>comes from
+material force, would be exposed to the same vicissitudes as this
+latter: in proportion as the one was being expended the other would be
+used up. Time for moral force to become used up must not be given. The
+machine must deliver its blow all at once. And this it could do by
+terrorizing the population, and so paralysing the nation. To achieve
+that end, no scruple must be suffered to embarrass the play of its
+wheels. Hence a system of atrocities prepared in advance&mdash;a system as
+sagaciously put together as the machine itself.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the explanation of the spectacle before us. "Scientific
+barbarism," "systematic barbarism," are phrases we have heard. Yes,
+barbarism reinforced by the capture of civilization. Throughout the
+course of the history we have been following there is, as it were, the
+continuous clang of militarism and industrialism, of machinery and
+mechanism, of debased moral materialism.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>Many years hence, when the reaction of the past shall have left only
+the grand outline in view, this perhaps is how a philosopher will
+speak of it. He will say that the idea, peculiar to the nineteenth
+century, of employing science in the satisfaction of our material
+wants had given a wholly unforeseen extension to the mechanical arts
+and had equipped man in less than fifty years with more tools than he
+had made during the thousands of years he had lived on the earth. Each
+new machine being for man a new organ&mdash;an artificial organ which
+merely prolongs the natural organs&mdash;his body became suddenly and
+prodigiously increased in size, without his soul being able at the
+same time to dilate to the dimensions of his new body. From this
+disproportion there issued the problems, moral, social, international,
+which most of the nations endeavoured to solve by filling up the
+soulless void in the body politic by creating more liberty, more
+fraternity, more justice than the world had ever seen. Now, while
+mankind laboured <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>at this task of spiritualization, inferior powers&mdash;I
+was going to say infernal powers&mdash;plotted an inverse experience for
+mankind. What would happen if the mechanical forces, which science had
+brought to a state of readiness for the service of man, should
+themselves take possession of man in order to make his nature material
+as their own? What kind of a world would it be if this mechanism
+should seize the human race entire, and if the peoples, instead of
+raising themselves to a richer and more harmonious diversity, as
+<i>persons</i> may do, were to fall into the uniformity of <i>things</i>? What
+kind of a society would that be which should mechanically obey a word
+of command mechanically transmitted; which should rule its science and
+its conscience in accordance therewith; and which should lose, along
+with the sense of justice, the power to discern between truth and
+falsehood? What would mankind be when brute force should hold the
+place of moral force? What new barbarism, this time final, would arise
+from these <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>conditions to stifle feeling, ideas, and the whole
+civilization of which the old barbarism contained the germ? What would
+happen, in short, if the moral effort of humanity should turn in its
+tracks at the moment of attaining its goal, and if some diabolical
+contrivance should cause it to produce the mechanization of spirit
+instead of the spiritualization of matter? There was a people
+predestined to try the experiment. Prussia had been militarized by her
+kings; Germany had been militarized by Prussia; a powerful nation was
+on the spot marching forward in mechanical order. Administration and
+military mechanism were only waiting to make alliance with industrial
+mechanism. The combination once made, a formidable machine would come
+into existence. A touch upon the starting-gear and the other nations
+would be dragged in the wake of Germany, subjects to the same
+movement, prisoners of the same mechanism. Such would be the meaning
+of the war on the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>day when Germany should decide upon its
+declaration.</p>
+
+<p>She decided, he will continue, but the result was very different from
+what had been predicted. For the moral forces, which were to submit to
+the forces of matter by their side, suddenly revealed themselves as
+creators of material force. A simple idea, the heroic conception which
+a small people had formed of its honour, enabled it to make head
+against a powerful empire. At the cry of outraged justice we saw,
+moreover, in a nation which till then had trusted in its fleet, one
+million, two millions of soldiers suddenly rise from the earth. A yet
+greater miracle: in a nation thought to be mortally divided against
+itself all became brothers in the space of a day. From that moment the
+issue of the conflict was not open to doubt. On the one side, there
+was force spread out on the surface; on the other, there was force in
+the depths. On one side, mechanism, the manufactured <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>article which
+cannot repair its own injuries; on the other, life, the power of
+creation which makes and remakes itself at every instant. On one side,
+that which uses itself up; on the other, that which does not use
+itself up.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, our philosopher will conclude, the machine did use itself up.
+For a long time it resisted; then it bent; then it broke. Alas! it had
+crushed under it a multitude of our children; and over the fate of
+this young life, which was so naturally and purely heroic, our tears
+will continue to fall. An implacable law decrees that spirit must
+encounter the resistance of matter, that life cannot advance without
+bruising that which lives, and that great moral results are purchased
+by much blood and by many tears. But this time the sacrifice was to be
+rich in fruit as it had been rich in beauty. That the powers of death
+might be matched against life in one supreme combat, destiny had
+gathered them all at a single point. And behold how death was
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>conquered; how humanity was saved by material suffering from the moral
+downfall which would have been its end; while the peoples, joyful in
+their desolation, raised on high the song of deliverance from the
+depths of ruin and of grief!</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+<h2>THE FORCE WHICH WASTES AND THAT WHICH DOES NOT WASTE</h2>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<a name="THE_FORCE_WHICH_WASTES" id="THE_FORCE_WHICH_WASTES"></a><hr />
+<br />
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+<h3>THE FORCE WHICH WASTES AND THAT WHICH DOES NOT WASTE</h3>
+<br />
+
+<p>The issue of the struggle is not doubtful. Germany will succumb.
+Material force and moral force, all which is sustaining her, will end
+by failing her, because she is living on provision she has
+accumulated, is spending it, and has no way of renewing it.</p>
+
+<p>Of her material resources all is known. She has money, but her credit
+is falling, and one does not see where she is to borrow. She needs
+nitrates for her explosives, fuel for her motors, bread for her
+sixty-five million inhabitants, for all of which she has made
+provision; but the day will come when her <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>granaries will be empty and
+her tanks dry. How will she refill them? War, as she practises it,
+makes frightful havoc of her warriors. Yet here again replenishment is
+impossible, no aid will come from without, because an enterprise
+launched with the object of imposing German rule, German "culture,"
+German products, only interests and ever will only interest what is
+already German. Such is the situation of Germany confronted by a
+France who is keeping her credit intact and her ports open, who is
+procuring herself victual and munitions as she pleases, who reinforces
+her armies with all that her allies bring to her support, and who can
+count on the ever more active sympathy of the civilized world because
+her cause is that of humanity itself.</p>
+
+<p>Still this is only material force, the force which is seen. What can
+we say of moral force, the force which is not seen, which yet matters
+most since it can in a certain degree make good what is lacking of
+the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>other, and without which the other is worthless?</p>
+
+<p>The moral energy of nations, as of individuals, is only sustained by
+an ideal higher than themselves, and stronger than themselves, to
+which they cling firmly when they feel their courage waver. Where is
+the ideal of the Germany of to-day? The time when her philosophers
+proclaimed the inviolability of right, the eminent dignity of the
+person, the duty of mutual respect among nations, is no more. Germany,
+militarized by Prussia, has cast aside those noble ideas, ideas she
+received for the most part from the France of the eighteenth century
+and of the Revolution. She has made for herself a new soul, or rather
+she has meekly accepted the soul Bismarck has given her. To him has
+been attributed the famous maxim "Might is right." But in truth
+Bismarck never pronounced it, for he had well guarded himself against
+a distinction of right from might. Right was simply in his view what
+is willed <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>by the strongest, what is consigned by the conqueror in the
+law he imposes on the conquered. In that is summed up his whole
+morality. Germany to-day knows no other. She, too, worships brute
+force. And because she believes herself the strongest, she is
+altogether absorbed in self-adoration. Her energy comes from her
+pride. Her moral force is only the confidence which her material force
+inspires in her. And this means that in this respect she is living on
+reserves without means of replenishment. Even before England had
+commenced to blockade her coasts she had blockaded herself morally, in
+isolating herself from every ideal capable of giving her new life.</p>
+
+<p>So she will see her forces waste and her courage at the same time. But
+the energy of our soldiers is drawn from something which does not
+waste, from an ideal of justice and freedom. Time has no hold on us.
+To the force which feeds only on its own brutality we are opposing
+that which seeks outside <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>and above itself a principle of life and
+renovation. Whilst the one is gradually spending itself, the other is
+continually remaking itself. The one is already wavering, the other
+abides unshaken. Have no fear, our force will slay theirs.</p>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<h5>PRINTED AT<br />
+THE BALLANTYNE PRESS<br />
+LONDON &amp; EDINBURGH</h5>
+
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr />
+<br />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Meaning of the War, by Henri Bergson
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Meaning of the War, by Henri Bergson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Meaning of the War
+       Life & Matter in Conflict
+
+Author: Henri Bergson
+
+Commentator: H. Wildon Carr
+
+Release Date: November 20, 2005 [EBook #17111]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MEANING OF THE WAR ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Thierry Alberto, Henry Craig, Jeannie Howse
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MEANING
+OF THE WAR
+
+LIFE & MATTER IN CONFLICT
+
+BY HENRI BERGSON
+
+
+
+WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
+H. WILDON CARR
+
+
+
+LONDON
+T. FISHER UNWIN LTD.
+ADELPHI TERRACE
+
+_English translation first published June 1915_
+_Second impression, July 1915_
+_Third impression, August 1915_
+
+(_All rights reserved_)
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                        PAGE
+
+INTRODUCTION                                               9
+
+LIFE AND MATTER AT WAR                                    15
+
+THE FORCE WHICH WASTES AND THAT WHICH DOES NOT WASTE      41
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+This little volume contains the discourse delivered by M. Bergson as
+President of the _Academie des Sciences Morales et Politiques_ at its
+annual public meeting on December 12, 1914. It is the address which
+preceded the announcement of the prizes and awards bestowed by the
+Academy. It is now issued in book form with the consent of the author,
+and his full appreciation of the object, to give it the widest
+circulation. Although it is brief, it is a message addressed directly
+to the heart of our people in the crisis of war. To it is added a
+short article on the same theme, contributed to the _Bulletin des
+Armees de la Republique_, November 4, 1914.
+
+It has been said that war, with all its terrible evils, is the
+occasion of at least one good which humanity values as above price: it
+inspires great poetry. On the other hand, it seems to crush
+philosophy. Many may think that in this message it is poetry to which
+M. Bergson is giving expression. It is, however, from the depth of his
+philosophy that the inspiration is drawn. The full significance of the
+doctrines he has been teaching, and their whole moral and political
+bearing, are brought into clear light, focussed, as it were, on the
+actual present struggle. Yet is there no word that breathes hatred to
+any person or to any race. It is by the triumph of a spiritual
+principle that philosophy may hope to free humanity from the
+oppression of a materialist doctrine.
+
+The opposing principle has had, and still has, philosophers to defend
+it, and they belong to no particular nation or race. One of its most
+brilliant and influential exponents was a Frenchman, the diplomatist,
+Comte Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (1816-1882). A brief word on this
+remarkable man may help the reader to understand the mention of his
+name on page 30. His _Essai sur l'inegalite des races humaines_ (1855)
+was the first of a series of writings to affirm, on ethnological
+grounds, the superiority of the Aryan race, and its right and destiny
+by reason of that superiority to rule all other races as bondsmen. He
+was the friend of Wagner, and also of Nietzsche. Madame
+Foerster-Nietzsche in her biography of her brother has spoken of the
+almost reverent regard which he entertained for Gobineau, and it may
+be that from him Nietzsche derived the idea which he developed into
+his doctrine of the non-morality of the superman.
+
+Were the discourse of M. Bergson no more than the utterance of a
+philosopher stirred by deep patriotic feeling to uphold his country's
+cause and denounce his country's foes, then, however eloquent its
+appeal, it would have no significance or value beyond its present
+power to inspire courage in the hearts of his comrades. And it would
+not differ from equally earnest appeals which other philosophers have
+addressed to the world on behalf of their fellow-countrymen. It has a
+much deeper meaning. It is no mere indictment of modern Germany's
+rulers or people. It goes to the very heart of the problem of the
+future of humanity. Shall the splendid material progress which has
+marked the scientific achievement of the last century be the forging
+of a sword to destroy the freedom which life has won with it from
+matter?
+
+As these words are written the conflict is raging, and the decision
+seems still far off. Death is striking down the young in all the
+nations, and among them many on whom our highest hopes were founded.
+"But whatever be the price of victory," so writes M. Bergson to me,
+"it will not have been too dearly bought if humanity is finally
+delivered from the nightmare which weighs on it."
+
+  H. WILDON CARR
+
+  LONDON, _May 1915_
+
+
+
+
+LIFE AND MATTER AT WAR
+
+
+
+
+LIFE AND MATTER AT WAR
+
+
+"Comprendre et ne pas s'indigner": this has been said to be the last
+word of philosophy. I believe none of it; and, had I to choose, I
+should much prefer, when in presence of crime, to give my indignation
+rein and not to understand. Happily, the choice has not to be made. On
+the contrary, there are forms of anger which, by a thorough
+comprehension of their objects, derive the force to sustain and renew
+their vigour. Our anger is of that kind. We have only to detach the
+inner meaning of this war, and our horror for those who made it will
+be increased. Moreover, nothing is easier. A little history, and a
+little philosophy, will suffice.
+
+For a long period Germany devoted herself to poetry, to art, to
+metaphysic. She was made, so she said, for thought and imagination;
+"she had no feeling for the reality of things." It is true that her
+administration had defects, that she was divided into rival states,
+that anarchy at certain times seemed beyond remedy. Nevertheless, an
+attentive study would have revealed, beneath this disorder, the normal
+process of life, which is always too rank at the first and later on
+prunes away its excess, makes its choice and adopts a lasting form.
+From her municipal activity there would have issued at length a good
+administration which would have assured order without suppressing
+liberty. From the closer union of the confederated states that unity
+in diversity, which is the distinguishing mark of organized beings,
+would have arisen. But time was needed for that, as it always is
+needed by life, in order that its possibilities may be realized.
+
+Now, while Germany was thus working out the task of her organic
+self-development there was within her, or rather by her side, a people
+with whom every process tended to take a mechanical form.
+Artificiality marked the creation of Prussia; for she was formed by
+clumsily sewing together, edge to edge, provinces either acquired or
+conquered. Her administration was mechanical; it did its work with the
+regularity of a well-appointed machine. Not less mechanical--extreme
+both in precision and in power--was the army, on which the attention
+of the Hohenzollerns was concentrated. Whether it was that the people
+had been drilled for centuries to mechanical obedience; or that an
+elemental instinct for conquest and plunder, absorbing to itself the
+life of the nation, had simplified its aims and reduced them to
+materialism; or that the Prussian character was originally so made--it
+is certain that the idea of Prussia always evoked a vision of
+rudeness, of rigidity, of automatism, as if everything within her went
+by clockwork, from the gesture of her kings to the step of her
+soldiers.
+
+A day came when Germany had to choose between a rigid and ready-made
+system of unification, mechanically superposed from without, and the
+unity which comes from within by a natural effort of life. At the same
+time the choice was offered her between an administrative mechanism,
+into which she would merely have to fit herself--a complete order,
+doubtless, but poverty-stricken, like everything else that is
+artificial--and that richer and more flexible order which the wills of
+men, when freely associated, evolve of themselves. How would she
+choose?
+
+There was a man on the spot in whom the methods of Prussia were
+incarnate--a genius, I admit, but an evil genius; for he was devoid of
+scruple, devoid of faith, devoid of pity, and devoid of soul. He had
+just removed the only obstacle which could spoil his plan; he had got
+rid of Austria. He said to himself: "We are going to make Germany
+take over, along with Prussian centralization and discipline, all our
+ambitions and all our appetites. If she hesitates, if the confederate
+peoples do not arrive of their own accord at this common resolution, I
+know how to compel them; I will cause a breath of hatred to pass over
+them, all alike. I will launch them against a common enemy, an enemy
+we have hood-winked and waylaid, and whom we shall try to catch
+unarmed. Then when the hour of triumph shall sound, I will rise up;
+from Germany, in her intoxication, I will snatch a covenant, which,
+like that of Faust with Mephistopheles, she has signed with her blood,
+and by which she also, like Faust, has traded her soul away for the
+good things of earth."
+
+He did as he had said. The covenant was made. But, to ensure that it
+would never be broken, Germany must be made to feel, for ever and
+ever, the necessity of the armour in which she was imprisoned.
+Bismarck took his measures accordingly. Among the confidences which
+fell from his lips and were gathered up by his intimates is this
+revealing word: "We took nothing from Austria after Sadowa because we
+wanted to be able one day to be reconciled with her." So, then, in
+taking Alsace and a part of Lorraine, his idea was that no
+reconciliation with the French would be possible. He intended that the
+German people should believe itself in permanent danger of war, that
+the new Empire should remain armed to the teeth, and that Germany,
+instead of dissolving Prussian militarism into her own life, should
+reinforce it by militarizing herself.
+
+She reinforced it; and day by day the machine grew in complexity and
+power. But in the process it yielded automatically a result very
+different from that which its constructors had foreseen. It is the
+story of the witch who, by a magic incantation, had won the consent of
+her broomstick to go to the river and fill her buckets; having no
+formula ready to check the work, she watched her cave fill with water
+until she was drowned.
+
+The Prussian army had been organized, brought to perfection, tended
+with love by the Kings of Prussia, in order that it might serve their
+lust of conquest. To take possession of neighbours' territory was then
+the sole aim; territory was almost the whole of the national wealth.
+But with the nineteenth century there was a new departure. The idea
+peculiar to that century of diverting science to the satisfaction of
+men's material wants evoked a development of industry, and
+consequently of commerce, so extraordinary that the old conception of
+wealth was completely overthrown. Not more than fifty years were
+needed to bring about this transformation. On the morrow of the war of
+1870 a nation expressly made for appropriating the good things of this
+world had no alternative but to become industrial and commercial. Not
+on that account, however, would she change the essential principle of
+her action. On the contrary, she had but to utilize her habits of
+discipline, method, tenacity, minute care, precise information--and,
+we may add, of impertinence and spying--to which she owed the growth
+of her military power. She would thus equip herself with industry and
+commerce not less formidable than her army, and able to march, on
+their part also, in military order.
+
+From that time onwards these two were seen going forward together,
+advancing at an even pace and reciprocally supporting each
+other--industry, which had answered the appeal of the spirit of
+conquest, on one side; on the other, the army, in which that spirit
+was incarnate, with the navy, which had just been added to the forces
+of the army. Industry was free to develop in all directions; but, from
+the first, war was the end in view. In enormous factories, such as the
+world had never seen, tens of thousands of workmen toiled in casting
+great guns, while by their side, in workshops and laboratories, every
+invention which the disinterested genius of neighbouring peoples had
+been able to achieve was immediately captured, bent from its intended
+use, and converted into an engine of war. Reciprocally, the army and
+navy which owed their growth to the increasing wealth of the nation,
+repaid the debt by placing their services at the disposal of this
+wealth: they undertook to open roads for commerce and outlets for
+industry. But through this very combination the movement imposed on
+Prussia by her kings, and on Germany by Prussia, was bound to swerve
+from its course, whilst gathering speed and flinging itself forward.
+Sooner or later it was bound to escape from all control and become a
+plunge into the abyss.
+
+For, even though the spirit of conquest knows no limit in itself, it
+must limit its ambitions as long as the question is simply that of
+seizing a neighbour's territory. To constitute their kingdom, kings of
+Prussia had been obliged to undertake a long series of wars. Whether
+the name of the spoiler be Frederick or William, not more than one or
+two provinces can be annexed at a time: to take more is to weaken
+oneself. But suppose that the same insatiable thirst for conquest
+enters into the new form of wealth--what follows? Boundless ambition,
+which till then had spread out the coming of its gains over indefinite
+time, since each one of them would be worth only a definite portion of
+space, will now leap all at once to an object boundless as itself.
+Rights will be set up on every point of the globe where raw material
+for industry, refitting stations for ships, concessions for
+capitalists, or outlets for production are seen to exist. In fact, the
+policy which had served Prussia so well passed at a bound from the
+most calculating prudence to the wildest temerity. Bismarck, whose
+common-sense put some restraint on the logic of his principles, was
+still averse to colonial enterprises; he said that all the affairs of
+the East were not worth the bones of one Pomeranian grenadier. But
+Germany, retaining Bismarck's former impulse, went straight on and
+rushed forward along the lines of least resistance to east and west:
+on the one side lay the route to the Orient, on the other the empire
+of the sea. But in so doing she virtually declared war on the nations
+which Bismarck had managed to keep allied or friendly. Her ambition
+looked forward to the domination of the world.
+
+Moreover, there was no moral restraint which could keep this ambition
+under control. Intoxicated by victory, by the prestige which victory
+had given her, and of which her commerce, her industry, her science
+even, had reaped the benefit, Germany plunged into a material
+prosperity such as she had never known, such as she would never have
+dared to dream of. She told herself that if force had wrought this
+miracle, if force had given her riches and honour, it was because
+force had within it a hidden virtue, mysterious--nay, divine. Yes,
+brute force with its train of trickery and lies, when it comes with
+powers of attack sufficient for the conquest of the world, must needs
+be in direct line from heaven and a revelation of the will of God on
+earth. The people to whom this power of attack had come were the
+elect, a chosen race by whose side the others are races of bondmen. To
+such a race nothing is forbidden that may help in establishing its
+dominion. Let none speak to it of inviolable right! Right is what is
+written in a treaty; a treaty is what registers the will of a
+conqueror--that is, the direction of his force for the time being:
+force, then, and right are the same thing; and if force is pleased to
+take a new direction, the old right becomes ancient history and the
+treaty, which backed it with a solemn undertaking, no more than a
+scrap of paper. Thus Germany, struck with wonder in presence of her
+victories, of the brute force which had been their means, of the
+material prosperity which was the outcome, translated her amazement
+into an idea. And see how, at the call of this idea, a thousand
+thoughts, as if awaked from slumber, and shaking off the dust of
+libraries, came rushing in from every side--thoughts which Germany had
+suffered to sleep among her poets and philosophers, every one which
+could lend a seductive or striking form to a conviction already made!
+Henceforth German imperialism had a theory of its own. Taught in
+schools and universities, it easily moulded to itself a nation already
+broken-in to passive obedience and having no loftier ideal wherewith
+to oppose the official doctrine. Many persons have explained the
+aberrations of German policy as due to that theory. For my part, I see
+in it nothing more than a philosophy doomed to translate into ideas
+what was, in its essence, insatiable ambition and will perverted by
+pride. The doctrine is an effect rather than a cause; and should the
+day come when Germany, conscious of her moral humiliation, shall say,
+to excuse herself, that she had trusted herself too much to certain
+theories, that an error of judgment is not a crime, it will then be
+necessary to remind her that her philosophy was simply a translation
+into intellectual terms of her brutality, her appetites, and her
+vices. So, too, in most cases, doctrines are the means by which
+nations and individuals seek to explain what they are and what they
+do. Germany, having finally become a predatory nation, invokes Hegel
+as witness; just as a Germany enamoured of moral beauty would have
+declared herself faithful to Kant, just as a sentimental Germany would
+have found her tutelary genius in Jacobi or Schopenhauer. Had she
+leaned in any other direction and been unable to find at home the
+philosophy she needed, she would have procured it from abroad. Thus
+when she wished to convince herself that predestined races exist, she
+took from France, that she might hoist him into celebrity, a writer
+whom we have not read--Gobineau.
+
+None the less is it true that perverse ambition, once erected into
+theory, feels more at ease in working itself out to the end; a part of
+the responsibility will then be thrown upon logic. If the German race
+is the elect, it will be the only race which has an unconditional
+right to live; the others will be tolerated races, and this toleration
+will be precisely what is called "the state of peace." Let war come;
+the annihilation of the enemy will be the end Germany has to pursue.
+She will not strike at combatants only; she will massacre women,
+children, old men; she will pillage and burn; the ideal will be to
+destroy towns, villages, the whole population. Such is the conclusion
+of the theory. Now we come to its aim and true principle.
+
+As long as war was no more than a means to the settlement of a dispute
+between two nations, the conflict was localized to the two armies
+involved. More and more of useless violence was eliminated; innocent
+populations were kept outside the quarrel. Thus little by little a
+code of war was drawn up. From the first, however, the Prussian army,
+organized as it was for conquest, did not take kindly to this law. But
+from the time when Prussian militarism, now turned into German
+militarism, had become one with industrialism, it was the enemy's
+industry, his commerce, the sources of his wealth, his wealth itself,
+as well as his military power, which war must now make the end in
+view. His factories must be destroyed that his competition may be
+suppressed. Moreover, that he may be impoverished once and for all and
+the aggressor enriched, his towns must be put to ransom, pillaged, and
+burned. Above all must the war be short, not only in order that the
+economic life of Germany might not suffer too much, but further, and
+chiefly, because her military power lacked that consciousness of a
+right superior to force by which she could sustain and recuperate her
+energies. Her moral force, being only the pride which comes from
+material force, would be exposed to the same vicissitudes as this
+latter: in proportion as the one was being expended the other would be
+used up. Time for moral force to become used up must not be given. The
+machine must deliver its blow all at once. And this it could do by
+terrorizing the population, and so paralysing the nation. To achieve
+that end, no scruple must be suffered to embarrass the play of its
+wheels. Hence a system of atrocities prepared in advance--a system as
+sagaciously put together as the machine itself.
+
+Such is the explanation of the spectacle before us. "Scientific
+barbarism," "systematic barbarism," are phrases we have heard. Yes,
+barbarism reinforced by the capture of civilization. Throughout the
+course of the history we have been following there is, as it were, the
+continuous clang of militarism and industrialism, of machinery and
+mechanism, of debased moral materialism.
+
+Many years hence, when the reaction of the past shall have left only
+the grand outline in view, this perhaps is how a philosopher will
+speak of it. He will say that the idea, peculiar to the nineteenth
+century, of employing science in the satisfaction of our material
+wants had given a wholly unforeseen extension to the mechanical arts
+and had equipped man in less than fifty years with more tools than he
+had made during the thousands of years he had lived on the earth. Each
+new machine being for man a new organ--an artificial organ which
+merely prolongs the natural organs--his body became suddenly and
+prodigiously increased in size, without his soul being able at the
+same time to dilate to the dimensions of his new body. From this
+disproportion there issued the problems, moral, social, international,
+which most of the nations endeavoured to solve by filling up the
+soulless void in the body politic by creating more liberty, more
+fraternity, more justice than the world had ever seen. Now, while
+mankind laboured at this task of spiritualization, inferior powers--I
+was going to say infernal powers--plotted an inverse experience for
+mankind. What would happen if the mechanical forces, which science had
+brought to a state of readiness for the service of man, should
+themselves take possession of man in order to make his nature material
+as their own? What kind of a world would it be if this mechanism
+should seize the human race entire, and if the peoples, instead of
+raising themselves to a richer and more harmonious diversity, as
+_persons_ may do, were to fall into the uniformity of _things_? What
+kind of a society would that be which should mechanically obey a word
+of command mechanically transmitted; which should rule its science and
+its conscience in accordance therewith; and which should lose, along
+with the sense of justice, the power to discern between truth and
+falsehood? What would mankind be when brute force should hold the
+place of moral force? What new barbarism, this time final, would arise
+from these conditions to stifle feeling, ideas, and the whole
+civilization of which the old barbarism contained the germ? What would
+happen, in short, if the moral effort of humanity should turn in its
+tracks at the moment of attaining its goal, and if some diabolical
+contrivance should cause it to produce the mechanization of spirit
+instead of the spiritualization of matter? There was a people
+predestined to try the experiment. Prussia had been militarized by her
+kings; Germany had been militarized by Prussia; a powerful nation was
+on the spot marching forward in mechanical order. Administration and
+military mechanism were only waiting to make alliance with industrial
+mechanism. The combination once made, a formidable machine would come
+into existence. A touch upon the starting-gear and the other nations
+would be dragged in the wake of Germany, subjects to the same
+movement, prisoners of the same mechanism. Such would be the meaning
+of the war on the day when Germany should decide upon its
+declaration.
+
+She decided, he will continue, but the result was very different from
+what had been predicted. For the moral forces, which were to submit to
+the forces of matter by their side, suddenly revealed themselves as
+creators of material force. A simple idea, the heroic conception which
+a small people had formed of its honour, enabled it to make head
+against a powerful empire. At the cry of outraged justice we saw,
+moreover, in a nation which till then had trusted in its fleet, one
+million, two millions of soldiers suddenly rise from the earth. A yet
+greater miracle: in a nation thought to be mortally divided against
+itself all became brothers in the space of a day. From that moment the
+issue of the conflict was not open to doubt. On the one side, there
+was force spread out on the surface; on the other, there was force in
+the depths. On one side, mechanism, the manufactured article which
+cannot repair its own injuries; on the other, life, the power of
+creation which makes and remakes itself at every instant. On one side,
+that which uses itself up; on the other, that which does not use
+itself up.
+
+Indeed, our philosopher will conclude, the machine did use itself up.
+For a long time it resisted; then it bent; then it broke. Alas! it had
+crushed under it a multitude of our children; and over the fate of
+this young life, which was so naturally and purely heroic, our tears
+will continue to fall. An implacable law decrees that spirit must
+encounter the resistance of matter, that life cannot advance without
+bruising that which lives, and that great moral results are purchased
+by much blood and by many tears. But this time the sacrifice was to be
+rich in fruit as it had been rich in beauty. That the powers of death
+might be matched against life in one supreme combat, destiny had
+gathered them all at a single point. And behold how death was
+conquered; how humanity was saved by material suffering from the moral
+downfall which would have been its end; while the peoples, joyful in
+their desolation, raised on high the song of deliverance from the
+depths of ruin and of grief!
+
+
+
+
+THE FORCE WHICH WASTES AND THAT WHICH DOES NOT WASTE
+
+
+
+
+THE FORCE WHICH WASTES AND THAT WHICH DOES NOT WASTE
+
+
+The issue of the struggle is not doubtful. Germany will succumb.
+Material force and moral force, all which is sustaining her, will end
+by failing her, because she is living on provision she has
+accumulated, is spending it, and has no way of renewing it.
+
+Of her material resources all is known. She has money, but her credit
+is falling, and one does not see where she is to borrow. She needs
+nitrates for her explosives, fuel for her motors, bread for her
+sixty-five million inhabitants, for all of which she has made
+provision; but the day will come when her granaries will be empty and
+her tanks dry. How will she refill them? War, as she practises it,
+makes frightful havoc of her warriors. Yet here again replenishment is
+impossible, no aid will come from without, because an enterprise
+launched with the object of imposing German rule, German "culture,"
+German products, only interests and ever will only interest what is
+already German. Such is the situation of Germany confronted by a
+France who is keeping her credit intact and her ports open, who is
+procuring herself victual and munitions as she pleases, who reinforces
+her armies with all that her allies bring to her support, and who can
+count on the ever more active sympathy of the civilized world because
+her cause is that of humanity itself.
+
+Still this is only material force, the force which is seen. What can
+we say of moral force, the force which is not seen, which yet matters
+most since it can in a certain degree make good what is lacking of
+the other, and without which the other is worthless?
+
+The moral energy of nations, as of individuals, is only sustained by
+an ideal higher than themselves, and stronger than themselves, to
+which they cling firmly when they feel their courage waver. Where is
+the ideal of the Germany of to-day? The time when her philosophers
+proclaimed the inviolability of right, the eminent dignity of the
+person, the duty of mutual respect among nations, is no more. Germany,
+militarized by Prussia, has cast aside those noble ideas, ideas she
+received for the most part from the France of the eighteenth century
+and of the Revolution. She has made for herself a new soul, or rather
+she has meekly accepted the soul Bismarck has given her. To him has
+been attributed the famous maxim "Might is right." But in truth
+Bismarck never pronounced it, for he had well guarded himself against
+a distinction of right from might. Right was simply in his view what
+is willed by the strongest, what is consigned by the conqueror in the
+law he imposes on the conquered. In that is summed up his whole
+morality. Germany to-day knows no other. She, too, worships brute
+force. And because she believes herself the strongest, she is
+altogether absorbed in self-adoration. Her energy comes from her
+pride. Her moral force is only the confidence which her material force
+inspires in her. And this means that in this respect she is living on
+reserves without means of replenishment. Even before England had
+commenced to blockade her coasts she had blockaded herself morally, in
+isolating herself from every ideal capable of giving her new life.
+
+So she will see her forces waste and her courage at the same time. But
+the energy of our soldiers is drawn from something which does not
+waste, from an ideal of justice and freedom. Time has no hold on us.
+To the force which feeds only on its own brutality we are opposing
+that which seeks outside and above itself a principle of life and
+renovation. Whilst the one is gradually spending itself, the other is
+continually remaking itself. The one is already wavering, the other
+abides unshaken. Have no fear, our force will slay theirs.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PRINTED AT
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