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+Project Gutenberg's The War Chief of the Six Nations, by Louis Aubrey Wood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The War Chief of the Six Nations
+       A Chronicle of Joseph Brant
+       Volume 16 (of 32) in the series Chronicles of Canada
+
+Author: Louis Aubrey Wood
+
+Editor: George M. Wrong and H. H. Langton
+
+Release Date: November 5, 2005 [EBook #17014]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WAR CHIEF OF THE SIX NATIONS ***
+
+
+
+
+This etext was produced by Gardner Buchanan.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHRONICLES OF CANADA
+Edited by George M. Wrong and H. H. Langton
+In thirty-two volumes
+
+Volume 16
+
+
+THE WAR CHIEF OF THE SIX NATIONS
+A Chronicle of Joseph Brant
+
+By LOUIS AUBREY WOOD
+TORONTO, 1915
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+I.    THE YOUNG MOHAWK
+II.   BATTLE OF LAKE GEORGE
+III.  SCHOOLDAYS AND AFTER
+IV.   THE WAYS DIVIDE
+V.    ACROSS THE SEA
+VI.   BRANT MEETS HERKIMER
+VII.  FORT STANWIX AND ORISKANY
+VIII. FIGHTING ON THE FRONTIER
+IX.   CHERRY VALLEY
+X.    MINISINK AND THE CHEMUNG RIVER
+XI.   OVER THE BORDER
+XII.  ENGLAND ONCE MORE
+XIII. STATESMAN OF THE TRIBES
+XIV.  THE CHURCH BELL RINGS
+XV.   THE PINE-TREE TOTTERS
+BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE YOUNG MOHAWK
+
+A group of huntsmen were camping on the Ohio river. The
+foliage swayed in the night wind, and the argent light
+of the moon ran in fleeting bars through the dim recesses
+of the forest. From the ground arose a ruddier glare.
+High and dry, fires had been built and the flames were
+darting and curvetting among the trees. In the weird
+light the hunters were clustered about in squads, silently
+stripping their prey or preparing their weapons for the
+morrow's chase. In the background were the women, moving
+here and there in the dancing shadows. One was bending
+low over a newborn infant, and as she uttered his name
+in the stillness of the evening it blended with the music
+of the tree-tops.
+
+'Thayendanegea!' [Footnote: Pronounced Tai-yen-da-nay-geh.]
+
+The name was taken from the great book of nature. It was
+a birth-name of the Mohawks meaning two sticks of wood
+bound together, a sign of strength; and the woman hoped
+that her tiny child might one day be a man of valour
+among the Mohawks. Could she have but known it, her desire
+was to be more than realized, for in vigour of mind and
+body he was destined to surpass all the offspring of his
+race.
+
+So it was, in the pear 1742, in the reign of King George
+the Second, that Thayendanegea was born among the Mohawks
+on the banks of the Ohio. To the untaught savage this
+sluggish stream was a thing of life, and he called it the
+'River Beautiful.' The Ohio valley was at this time the
+favourite hunting-ground of the Indian peoples. Because
+this valley was rich in game and comfortable to dwell in,
+it had been a scene of bitter strife. The problem of rule
+on the Ohio was of long standing. For a whole century
+Delaware and Shawnee and Wyandot and Six Nations contended
+for the territory; tribe was pitted against tribe, and then
+at last the answer was given. The Iroquois confederacy,
+or Six Nations, [Footnote: Mohawks, Cayugas, Senecas,
+Oneidas, Onondagas, and Tuscaroras.] whose villages lay by
+the Hudson river, united, determined, and vengeful, had
+gained the ascendancy; from the banks of the Hudson to the
+seats of the stranger beside lake Erie the lands belonged
+to them; and other tribes to the east and west and north
+and south paid them tribute. The Mohawks were the mightiest
+of the Six Nations; in the confederacy they were chief in
+council; from their ranks was chosen the head war chief,
+who commanded on the field of battle; they took the
+first-fruits of the chase, and were leaders in everything.
+
+Some time was to pass, however, before Thayendanegea
+could understand that he was sprung from a race of
+conquerors. As yet he was but a simple Indian babe, with
+staring brown eyes and raven-black hair. Of the mother
+who cared for him history has practically nothing to say.
+She may have been a Mohawk, but this is by no means
+certain. It has even been hinted that she came from the
+Western Indians, and was a damsel of the Shawnee race
+who had left the wigwams of her people. At all events we
+may be sure that she had the natural instincts and impulses
+of a forest mother; that she knew where the linden grew
+high and where the brown-red sycamores clustered thick
+by the margin of the stream. It may be supposed that when
+the sun mounted high she would tie the picturesque, richly
+ornamented baby-frame containing her boy to some drooping
+branch to swing from its leathern thong in the cooling
+breeze. We may imagine her tuneful voice singing the
+mother's Wa Wa song, the soft lullaby of the sylvan glades.
+Thayendanegea's eyes blink and tremble; he forgets the
+floating canopy above him and sleeps in his forest cradle.
+
+The hunting excursion to the Ohio came at length to an
+end, and then the Mohawks started for their lodges in
+the far north-east. Up the broad river sped the strongest
+canoe-men of all the peoples of the forest, with
+Thayendanegea stowed snugly in the bottom of some slender
+craft. Over the long and weary portages trudged his
+mother, her child bound loosely on her shoulders. Their
+route lay towards Lake Erie, then along the well-trodden
+trail to the Mohawk river; and the baby was for the first
+time among the fertile cornfields and the strange Long
+Houses of his people. At this period the Mohawks lived
+farthest east of all the tribes of the Six Nations. Their
+main settlements were along the Mohawk river in what is
+now the state of New York, but they claimed authority
+over the region stretching thence towards Montreal. They
+had three settlements on the Mohawk, the central one of
+which, called Canajoharie Castle, was the home of
+Thayendanegea's parents. Near by lived the celebrated
+William Johnson, His Majesty's representative for Indian
+Affairs in the colony of New York, who some years later
+became sole superintendent of 'the six united nations,
+their allies and dependents.'
+
+When Thayendanegea grew stronger he began to romp with
+the other boys of the village. With them he followed the
+women down to the river's brink, picking up shiny pebbles
+from the sand, or watching the minnows dart about in the
+sunlight. With them, when the days were long, he crawled
+through the brambles, looking for luscious berries, or
+ran with the wiry Indian dogs into copse and brushwood.
+Then he learned to swim, to fish, and to dip his paddle
+noiselessly in the stream. Like every red child,
+Thayendanegea listened rapt in wonder to the tales that
+were told him. The Mohawks had a storehouse of fable,
+and he soon became versed in the lore of the forest.
+Perhaps, too, he sat beside his wrinkled grandfather,
+who was a sachem, [Footnote: That Thayendanegea was the
+grandchild of one of these sachems who were so honoured
+appears from information given in an article published
+in the London Magazine; of July 1776. The material for
+this account of him is supposed to have been supplied by
+the famous author James Boswell, with whom, while on a
+visit to England in that year, he was intimate.] or petty
+king, of the Six Nations, and heard the old man tell the
+romantic story of his trip to England in the pear 1710,
+when Anne was sovereign queen; heard how five sachems at
+this time had gone on an embassy for their people and
+were right royally entertained in the city of London;
+how, as they passed through the streets, the little
+children flocked behind, marvelling at their odd appearance;
+how at the palace they appeared in garments of black and
+scarlet and gold and were gladly received by the queen,
+whom they promised to defend against her foes; and how,
+after seeing the soldiers march, and after riding in the
+queen's barge and enjoying various amusements, they
+returned to their own country.
+
+There is some obscurity surrounding the identity of
+Thayendanegea's father, but it is generally agreed that
+he was a full-blooded Mohawk and a chief of the Wolf
+clan. [Footnote: The Mohawks were divided into three
+clans--the Tortoise, the Bear, and the Wolf.] By some
+writers it is said that he bore the English name of Nickus
+Brant. Others say that Thayendanegea's father died while
+the son was still an infant and that the mother then
+married an Indian known to the English as Brant. By and
+by, as Thayendanegea mingled with the English, he acquired
+the name of Joseph, and so came down through history as
+Joseph Brant; but whether he acquired this name from his
+father or from his step-father we cannot tell, and it
+does not really matter. We shall know him hereafter by
+his English name.
+
+In the traditions of the Mohawk valley it is told how
+one day a regimental muster was being held, in Tryon
+county, in the colony of New York, at which William
+Johnson was present. Among the throng of those who were
+out to see the sights was Molly Brant, Joseph's elder
+sister, a lively, winsome girl of sixteen years. During
+the manoeuvres a field-officer rode by, mounted on a
+spirited steed. As he passed, Molly asked if she might
+get up behind. The officer, thinking it a bit of banter,
+said she might. In an instant she had sprung upon the
+crupper. Away went the steed, flying about the field.
+Molly clung tight to the officer, her blanket flapping
+in the breeze and her dark hair floating wide. Every one
+burst into merriment, and no one enjoyed the spectacle
+more than Colonel William Johnson himself. A flame of
+love for Molly was kindled in his heart, and, being a
+widower, he took her home and made her his bride after
+the Indian fashion. It would seem quite natural, then,
+that the superintendent should be interested in the career
+of Molly's brother Joseph. Born, as the young redskin
+was, of princely stock, he might, with such an advantage,
+be expected to attain to honour and dignity among the
+people of the Long House. There was, however, one obstacle;
+although Joseph's father was a chief, he did not inherit
+rank, for it was the custom of the Six Nations to trace
+descent through the blood of the mother, and his mother,
+who had brought him over hill and water from the banks
+of the Ohio, was of humble origin. If Joseph wished,
+therefore, to rise among his fellows, he must hew out
+his own path to greatness. By pluck and wisdom alone
+could he win a lasting place in the hearts of his people.
+As we tell his story, we shall see how he gathered strength
+and became a man of might and of valour.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+BATTLE OF LAKE GEORGE
+
+No one delighted more in the free and easy life of the
+frontier than did Colonel William Johnson. He was a
+typical colonial patroon, a representative of the king
+and a friend of the red man. The Indians trusted him
+implicitly. He had studied their character and knew well
+their language. He entered into their life with full
+sympathy for their traditions and was said to possess an
+influence over them such as had never been gained by any
+other white man. For a long time he lived at Fort Johnson,
+a three-storey dwelling of stone on the left bank of the
+Mohawk, and later at Johnson Hall, a more spacious mansion
+several miles farther north. Here all who came were
+treated with a lavish hand, and the wayfarer found a
+welcome as he stopped to admire the flowers which grew
+before the portals. Within were a retinue of servants,
+careful for the needs of all. When hearts were sad or
+time went slowly, a dwarf belonging to the household
+played a merry tune on his violin to drive away gloom
+from the wilderness mansion.
+
+On one occasion, however, Johnson's hospitality was taxed
+beyond all bounds. This was at Fort Johnson in the year
+1755, just after he had been made a major-general in the
+colonial militia. The French from Canada had already been
+making bold encroachments on territory claimed by the
+English to the north and the west. They had erected Fort
+Duquesne at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela
+rivers, where the great city of Pittsburgh now stands;
+they had fortified Niagara; and now they were bidding
+defiance to all the English colonists between the Alleghany
+Mountains and the sea. War had not been declared in
+Europe, but the inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies,
+only too eager to stay the hand of France in America,
+planned a series of blows against the enemy. Among other
+things, they decided that an attempt should be made to
+capture the French stronghold of Fort Frederic at Crown
+Point on Lake Champlain. The officer selected to Command
+the expedition to be sent on this enterprise was William
+Johnson, now a major-general of the colony of New York.
+
+It flashed at once across Johnson's mind that his redskin
+friends could aid him in the undertaking; so he sent
+messages with all speed to the tribes, asking them to
+gather at his house. Eleven hundred hungry Indians answered
+the summons. From all quarters they came in, taking up
+their residence for the time being upon his broad domain.
+Johnson's bright and genial face clouded as he looked
+upon the multitude of guests and saw his food supplies
+vanishing and every green thing that grew upon his fields
+and meadows being plucked up. But he bore it all
+good-naturedly, for he was determined to win their support.
+Seated on the grass in squads, according to their tribes,
+they listened while he addressed them and told them of
+their duties to the English crown. With rising eloquence
+he said that they were bound in their allegiance to the
+English as though with a silver chain. 'The ends of this
+silver chain,' he added, 'are fixed in the immovable
+mountains, in so firm a manner that the hands of no mortal
+enemy might be able to move it.' Then as he bade them
+take the field, he held a war belt in his hands and
+exclaimed with fervour:
+
+'My war kettle is on the fire; my canoe is ready to put
+into the water; my gun is loaded; my sword is by my side;
+and my axe is sharpened.'
+
+Little Abraham, sachem of the lower Mohawk valley, took
+the belt from him, Red Head, a chief of the Onondagas,
+made reply, telling him that from every castle warriors
+would follow him to the north. A war dance followed, and
+a large body of the Six Nations were ready for the fray.
+
+No doubt young Joseph Brant was in this great audience,
+listening to the speeches of his elders. He was only
+thirteen years of age at the time, but the spirit of the
+war-path was already upon him. The zealous appeals of
+the major-general must have stirred him greatly, and it
+may well be that this lad, with youthful frame and boyish
+features, here received an impulse which often sustained
+him in later years during his long career of active
+loyalty on behalf of the English cause. As it happened,
+Joseph was soon to be in active service. On August 8,
+1755, Johnson's expedition left Albany, and a week later
+arrived at the great carrying-place between the Hudson
+and Lac St Sacrement, as Lake George was then called. At
+this point Fort Lyman [Footnote: Afterwards named Fort
+Edward.] had been built the same summer. Thence the
+major-general set out, with fifteen hundred provincials
+and three hundred Indians, on his journey northward. King
+Hendrick, a chief of the Mohawks, led the tribesmen, and
+under his direction a number of braves were being tested
+for the first time. One of these--we may imagine the
+boy's intense delight--was young Joseph Brant.
+
+On reaching Lac St Sacrement Johnson made a halt and took
+up a strong position on the shore. Soon reinforcements
+arrived under General Phineas Lyman, his second in command.
+Johnson re-named the lake. 'I have given it,' he says,
+'the name of Lake George, not only in honour of His
+Majesty, but to assert his undoubted dominion here.'
+
+Meanwhile Baron Dieskau, the commander of the French
+forces, having landed at South Bay, the southern extremity
+of the waters of Lake Champlain, was moving down through
+the woods. His army was made up of a large body of French
+Canadians, Indians, and regular soldiers of the regiments
+of La Reine and Languedoc. He marched by way of Wood
+Creek, and was bent on making a vigorous attack on Fort
+Lyman. But when he arrived at a point about midway between
+Fort Lyman and Johnson's camp on Lake George, his Indians
+became unruly, declaring that they would march no farther
+south nor venture off the soil that belonged to France.
+There was nothing for Dieskau to do but to change his
+plans. Swerving in a north-westerly direction, he struck
+the new road that Johnson had made to the lake. This he
+followed, intending to fall upon the English forces
+wherever he should find them.
+
+Johnson's scouts, prowling to the southward, detected
+this move. Back to the encampment they brought the news
+of Dieskau's approach and the English leader at once made
+ready to defend his position. Trees were felled; the
+wagons and bateaux were brought up; a strong breastwork
+was built across the new-cut roadway; cannon were put in
+position to play upon the advancing enemy. Then discussion
+took place as to the advisability of making a sortie
+against the foe. It was suggested that five hundred men
+would be sufficient, but at the mention of this number
+King Hendrick, the Indian leader, interposed. What,
+indeed, could such a paltry handful do in the face of
+the oncoming Frenchmen?
+
+'If they are to fight,' he said, 'they are too few; if
+they are to be killed, they are too many.'
+
+In the early morning, September 8, 1755, a force of twelve
+hundred set forth, only to learn the wisdom of Hendrick's
+advice. Dieskau was proceeding cautiously, hoping to
+catch the English in a trap. He sent out flying wings of
+Indians and Canadians, while his French regulars formed
+the centre of his force. As the English advanced along
+the road, they found themselves suddenly attacked on both
+sides by the enemy. A stiff struggle then took place in
+which Johnson's men were badly worsted. King Hendrick's
+horse was shot down, and before he could free himself
+from his saddle he was slain by a bayonet thrust. Retreat
+now became necessary, and by a steady movement the English
+fell back upon their camp. There they determined to make
+a decisive stand. Dieskau, emboldened by the success of
+his previous advance, led his troops towards the lake in
+battle array. His progress, however, was stopped by the
+rude barricade which had been piled across the road, and
+by eleven o'clock the second engagement of the day was
+already being fought.
+
+Brant has described his feelings when, as a mere boy, he
+received his baptism of fire upon this battle-ground.
+When the clatter of the musketry fell upon his ears, his
+heart jumped and an indescribable fear seemed to take
+possession of him. His limbs trembled, and in despair he
+looked for something to steady him in the ordeal. Near
+by grew a slender sapling, and he clutched at this and
+held on tenaciously while the bullets went whizzing by.
+After a few volleys had been fired he regained his natural
+poise and took his place beside the old fighters who were
+holding their own against a savage attack. From this
+moment he acquitted himself with valour in the battle,
+and, youth though he was, he fulfilled his desire 'to
+support the character of a brave man of which he was
+exceedingly ambitious.'
+
+At length the French troops began to recoil before the
+sweep of the English cannon. Dieskau received a severe
+wound and the ardour of his followers was visibly cooled.
+At four o'clock the English general thought the opportune
+moment had arrived to make a sortie, and his men climbed
+over the rampart and drove the French to flight in every
+direction. The wounded Dieskau was made prisoner and
+borne to the camp of his enemy. Johnson's leg had been
+pierced by a bullet, and in this condition he was carried
+to his tent.
+
+As the two generals lay helpless on their litters, several
+redskins entered the tent and scowled upon the recumbent
+Dieskau. 'These fellows have been regarding me with a
+look not indicative of much compassion,' said the French
+commander. 'Anything else!' answered Johnson, 'for they
+wished to oblige me to deliver you into their hands in
+order to burn you, in revenge for the death of their
+comrades and of their chiefs who have been slain in the
+battle.' Then he added: 'Feel no uneasiness; you are safe
+with me.'
+
+This affair at Lake George was only an opening battle in
+the Seven Years' War between France and England which
+was waged in three continents and closed in America with
+the fall of Montreal in 1760. For his victory over Dieskau
+William Johnson was made a baronet, and thus became Sir
+William Johnson. He continued to offer his services until
+the war ended; and during the memorable campaign of 1759,
+while Wolfe and Amherst were operating in the east, he
+was sent with Brigadier Prideaux to effect, if possible,
+the capture of Fort Niagara. The expedition ascended the
+Mohawk in June, crossed over to Oswego, and thence followed
+the south shore of Lake Ontario to its destination. The
+French fort stood at the mouth of the Niagara where it
+enters Lake Ontario, and was under the command of Captain
+Pouchot. No sooner had this officer heard of the English
+approach than he sent to Presqu'Ile and other points in
+the west asking that reinforcements should be dispatched
+with all haste for his relief.
+
+The English investing army consisted of twenty-three
+hundred regulars and provincials, together with nine
+hundred Indians from the tribes of the Six Nations. At
+the very outset Prideaux was accidentally killed by the
+premature bursting of a shell from a coehorn and Johnson
+had to take command. Acting with vigour he prosecuted
+the siege until July 24, when firing in the distance told
+that help for the besieged would soon be at hand.
+Straightway Johnson selected one-third of his men and
+marched to meet the relieving force, which was led by
+Captain D'Aubrey and comprised eleven hundred French and
+several hundred redskins from the western tribes. The
+conflict which ensued was short but desperate. The Six
+Nations, posted on the flanks of the English line, fought
+valiantly, and, largely owing to their valour, the French
+were put to rout. On the same day Pouchot capitulated.
+By this success the chain of French forts stretching from
+the St Lawrence to Louisiana was snapped near the middle.
+Although Brant's deeds have not been recorded, it is
+stated on good authority that he was with Sir William
+Johnson on this occasion and that he bore himself with
+marked distinction.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+SCHOOLDAYS AND AFTER
+
+Through the storm and stress of these campaigns, the eyes
+of the Mohawks were upon Joseph Brant. They expected much
+of him, and he earnestly tried to fulfil their hopes.
+Still in his teens, he was already a seasoned warrior,
+having 'fought with Death and dulled his sword.' The
+Mohawks were pleased. Let a few more autumns strew the
+carpet of the forest, and they would have in him a brave
+and robust leader worthy of their tradition. Joseph, on
+the other hand, was dissatisfied. He had lived and communed
+with white men and had come to know a greatness that was
+not to be won by following the war-path. He had wielded
+the tomahawk; he had bivouacked among armed men on the
+field of battle: now he was eager for the schoolroom. He
+wished to widen his knowledge and to see the great world
+that lay beyond the rude haunts of the red men.
+
+Joseph was in this frame of mind when an Indian with the
+very English name of David Fowler came to Fort Johnson.
+Fowler was on a long journey from his home by the sea
+and rode on horseback. He had something to relate, he
+said, that was of significance for the Indian people. At
+Lebanon, in the colony of Connecticut, there was an
+institution for the education of any young redskin who
+might be able to come, and he had been sent by Doctor
+Eleazar Wheelock, its principal, to gather recruits.
+Addressing Sir William Johnson, he asked him if there
+were among the Six Nations Indians any lads whom he should
+like to send to the school.
+
+Sir William was not slow to act. Joseph Brant, the pride
+of Canajoharie Castle, thirsting for knowledge, must
+surely go. Two other boys, named Negyes and Center, were
+chosen to accompany him. These were 'three boys,' as Dr
+Wheelock afterwards wrote, 'who were willing to leave
+their friends and country, and come among strangers of
+another language and quite another manner of living, and
+where, perhaps, none of their nation, then living, had
+ever been.'
+
+The trip to Connecticut was made in 1761, and the lads
+arrived at Lebanon about mid-summer. They were not at
+all sure that the school would be to their liking and
+had planned, if such should prove to be the case, to make
+a hasty flight back to the Mohawk valley on the horses
+they brought with them. Negyes and Center looked rather
+woebegone as they came into Dr Wheelock's presence: 'Two
+of them,' he says, 'were but little better than naked.'
+Brant, however, created a good impression. 'The other,
+being of a family of distinction, was considerably clothed,
+Indian fashion, and could speak a few words of English.'
+
+The school was kept up by a number of benevolent persons
+who contributed liberally to its funds. Sir William
+Johnson was ready to do his share to aid the good work,
+and some four months and a half after the Mohawk boys
+had arrived he wrote to the principal: 'I shall not be
+backward to contribute my mite.' A house in which to hold
+the classes and two acres of land had been given by a
+farmer named Joshua Moor; hence the institution was
+generally called Moor's Indian Charity School. The
+principal, Dr Wheelock, was a man of wide scholarship,
+and became later on the founder of the seat of learning
+in New Hampshire now known as Dartmouth College.
+
+But little is known of the course of study pursued by
+Joseph at Moor's School. When he entered it his knowledge
+must have been very slender, and as a young man he began
+to learn things ordinarily taught to a mere child. It is
+likely that he now became much more fluent than formerly
+in his use of the English tongue. From the beginning his
+progress was very rapid, and Dr Wheelock does not stint
+the praise that he bestows upon him: 'Joseph is indeed
+an excellent youth,' was his comment; 'he has much endeared
+himself to me, as well as to his master, and everybody
+also by his good behaviour.'
+
+The master here spoken of was Charles Jeffrey Smith, a
+young man of ample means who wished to be of service to
+the Indians. He had come to the school after Joseph's
+arrival and helped the principal in giving instruction.
+He very soon remarked the superior intelligence which
+Joseph showed among the twenty-five pupils in his charge.
+Intending to make a missionary tour among the Indian
+tribes, he proposed to take his young pupil with him as
+an interpreter. Writing to Sir William Johnson about the
+matter, he referred to Joseph in most glowing terms: 'As
+he is a promising youth, of a sprightly genius, singular
+modesty, and a serious turn, I know of none so well
+calculated to answer my end as he is.'
+
+It was with sad misgivings that Joseph thought of turning
+his back upon the school, where he had been for scarcely
+two years; but Smith promised to continue as his teacher
+when they were together in the Indian country, and to
+pay him something for his work as an interpreter. This
+appealed to the young redskin. It appeared that his
+schooldays were ended in any event, for his people were
+jealous of his prolonged stay in the lodges of the stranger
+and he had received a message calling him back to
+Canajoharie Castle.
+
+In the month of June 1763, master and pupil set out
+together, but, as fate would have it, Smith's quest among
+the tribes was to be quickly ended. Hardly had he begun
+his pilgrimage when he found the Indians in wild commotion.
+Again the hatchet had been unburied, and for the sake of
+security he had to bring his mission to an abrupt end.
+
+Pontiac, great chief of the Ottawas, had raised the
+standard of revolt against English rule. This was an
+aftermath of the struggle just concluded with France,
+and began when the Western Indians saw that another race
+of pale-faces had come upon their lands. With skill and
+adroitness Pontiac had gathered many tribes into a strong
+offensive league. He declared that if they followed in
+his train he would drive the feet of the intruder from
+the red man's territory. There was a savage rising in
+May 1763. In a twinkling eight English posts in the
+interior fell before the savages. Fort Ligonier and Fort
+Pitt, [Footnote: Formerly Fort Duquesne.] at the head-waters
+of the Ohio, and Fort Detroit in the west, were alone
+left standing of all the places attacked, and Detroit
+was besieged by Pontiac with thirty-six chiefs at his
+back. The call to arms in defence was urgent. A portion
+of the Six Nations joined their old allies, the English,
+and among the warriors who went out was Joseph Brant.
+'Joseph tarried,' we are told, 'and went out with a
+company against the Indians, and was useful in the war,
+in which he behaved so much like the Christian and the
+soldier, that he gained great esteem.'
+
+A body of Mohawks were among the troops which brought
+succour to Major Gladwyn in his resistance at Fort Detroit
+in 1763, and it is possible that Brant was in the thick
+of the fight in this vicinity. It is possible, too, that
+he was with Colonel Bouquet in August at the battle of
+Bushy Run, near Fort Pitt. In this engagement, after two
+days of strenuous backwoods fighting, the Indians were
+finally worsted. Pontiac's star had begun to set. With
+hopeless odds against him, the stubborn chief of the
+Ottawas kept up the struggle until the following year,
+but at last he was compelled to sue for peace.
+
+In the meantime Brant's reputation among his tribesmen
+was steadily rising. In the spring of 1764, when the
+fighting was at an end, he returned to Canajoharie Castle.
+There he built a comfortable house, wedded the daughter
+of an Oneida chieftain, and dwelt for some years in peace
+and quiet. Two children, Isaac and Christiana, were born
+to him of this, his first, marriage. We may pass rapidly
+over these tranquil years of Brant's life. He did his
+domestic duties as a man should; and Sir William Johnson,
+finding him trustworthy, had constant work for him, and
+sent him on many important missions to the Indians, even
+to the far-western tribes. During this period Brant became
+a communicant in the Anglican Church, and, knowing well
+what hardships the missionaries had to endure, he gave
+them what help he could in their work among the red
+people. He assisted the Rev. John Stuart, a missionary to
+his tribe and afterwards a distinguished clergyman in Upper
+Canada, in his translation of the Acts of the Apostles,
+in a History of the Bible, and in a brief explanation of
+the Catechism, in the dialect of the Mohawks. It is
+related that a belated missionary, footsore and weary,
+crept one day to Brant's abode, where he was given food
+and cared for in his sickness. 'Joseph Brant,' the
+missionary wrote in grateful tribute, 'is exceeding kind.'
+
+It was well that a man of judicious mind and fearless
+heart was coming to the fore among the nation of the
+Mohawks. A cloud had begun to fleck the horizon; soon
+would come the sound of the approaching tempest. How
+would it fare with the Six Nations in the day of turmoil?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE WAYS DIVIDE
+
+The happy ending, in 1763, of the war with France left
+the English colonies in America with little to disturb
+them, except the discontented red men beyond the Alleghany
+Mountains. The colonies grew larger; they did more business
+and they gathered more wealth. But as they prospered they
+became self-confident and with scarce an enemy at home
+they became involved in a quarrel with the motherland
+across the sea. England, they said, was taxing them
+unjustly and posting soldiers in their chief cities to
+carry out her will. They were by no means disposed to
+submit. As early as 1770 a mob in Boston attacked an
+English guard and drew upon themselves its fire, which
+caused bloodshed in the city's streets. This was the
+prelude of the American Revolution. A brief lull came in
+the storm. But as Britain still insisted on the right to
+tax the colonies and made an impost on tea the test of
+her right, rebels in Boston accepted the challenge and
+were inflamed to violence; they swarmed on a tea-ship
+which had entered the bay, dragged the packets from the
+hold, and cast them into the waters of the harbour. When
+news of this act of violence reached England, parliament
+passed a bill providing for the shutting up of the port
+of Boston and removing the seat of government to Salem.
+In 1774 General Gage, the recently appointed governor of
+Massachusetts, placed the colony under military rule,
+and it was cut off from the rest of the country. The
+signal for revolt was thus given, and a general revolution
+soon followed.
+
+The colonists immediately divided into two parties; on
+the one side were those who felt that they must obey what
+they thought to be the call of liberty; on the other were
+those who had no desire, and felt no need, to follow a
+summons to insurrection against His Majesty the King.
+The red man began to see clearly that the whites, the
+'Long Knives,' brethren of the same race, would soon be
+at one another's throats, and that they, the natives,
+could not remain neutral when the war broke out.
+
+During these alarming days Sir William Johnson died, when
+scarcely sixty years of age. He had seen that the break
+with the motherland was coming, and the prospect was
+almost more than he could bear. On the very day of his
+death he had received dispatches from England that probably
+hastened his end. He was told, under the royal seal, of
+the great peril that lay in store for all the king's
+people, and he was urged to keep the Six Nations firm in
+their allegiance to the crown. On that morning, July
+11, 1774, the dying man called the Indians to council,
+and spoke what were to be his parting words to the tribes.
+They must, he said, stand by the king, undaunted and
+unmoved under every trial. A few hours later the gallant
+Sir William Johnson, the friend of all the sons of the
+forest, the guide and helper of Joseph Brant, had breathed
+his last. His estates and titles were inherited by his
+son John Johnson, who was also promoted to the rank of
+major-general in the army. The control of Indian Affairs
+passed into the hands of his son-in-law, Colonel Guy
+Johnson, an able man, but less popular and wanting the
+broad sympathies of the great superintendent. Brant was
+at once made secretary to Guy Johnson, and to these two
+men Sir William's work of dealing with the Indians now
+fell. Their task, laid on them by their king, was to keep
+the Six Nations true to his cause in the hour when the
+tomahawk should leave its girdle and the war fires should
+again gleam sullenly in the depths of the forest.
+
+Joseph Brant set about this work with restless energy.
+He was no longer the stripling who had gone away to the
+West that he might aid in bending the pride of Pontiac.
+Ten years had passed, and now he was a mature man with
+an ever-broadening vision. Some time during these years
+he had reached the position among his tribesmen which he
+long had coveted. He had been recognized by the Mohawks
+as one of their chieftains. This honour he had won by
+right not of birth but of merit, and for this reason he
+was known as a 'Pine-tree Chief.' Like the pine-tree,
+tall and strong and conspicuous among the trees of the
+forest, he had achieved a commanding place in the Mohawk
+nation. True, he was a chief merely by gift of his tribe,
+but he seems, nevertheless, to have been treated with
+the same respect and confidence as the hereditary chiefs.
+He rejoiced in his new distinction. Evil days were ahead,
+and he was now in a position to do effective work on
+behalf of his people and of the British when the inevitable
+war should break out. A still greater honour was in store
+for him. When war was declared he at once became recognized
+as the war leader of the Six Nations--the War Chief. The
+hereditary successor of King Hendrick, who was slain at
+Lake George in 1755, was Little Abraham; but Little
+Abraham, it appears, desired to remain neutral in the
+impending struggle, and by common consent Brant assumed
+the leadership of the Iroquois in war.
+
+Two things favoured Brant in any appeal he might make in
+the interests of the British to the loyalty of the Six
+Nations. For over a hundred years they had taken from
+the colonial agents who represented the crown wampum
+belts as a sign of treaty obligations. Treaties had been
+made with the king; the word of the red man had been
+given to the king. Promises made to them by the king's
+agents had always been performed. Why, therefore, should
+they now plight their faith to any other than their Great
+Father the King, who dwelt far over the waters? Besides,
+by recent actions of the colonists, the resentment of
+the Indians had been fanned to a fury. In 1774 some
+colonial land-hunters were scouring the country of the
+Shawnees. Without any real cause they fell upon some
+redskins and butchered several in an inhuman way. Not
+satisfied with this act of cruelty, they seized two brave
+chiefs, Bald Eagle and Silver Heels, and killed them in
+cold blood. The anger of the Indians was aroused and they
+rallied under the banner of the noble Logan, 'Mingo Chief'
+of the Shawnees. Against him the Virginians sent a large
+force of more than two thousand men. A fierce battle took
+place at the Great Kanawha river, at the point where that
+stream flows into the Ohio. For a time Logan and his
+Indian ally Cornstalk and their followers fought
+desperately, but in the end they were forced to flee
+across the Ohio. This war was short, indeed, but it had
+no just warrant, and the Indians could not forget the
+outrage that had been committed. The memory of it rankled
+with the Six Nations, especially among the Cayugas, to
+whom Logan was bound by ties of blood.
+
+While Joseph was doing his utmost to keep the Indians
+loyal and was keeping watch upon those who were plotting
+to win them from their allegiance to the crown, Sir John
+Johnson was growing anxious for his own life. So great
+was his, fear of being killed or abducted that he increased
+his body-guard to five hundred men. At the same time,
+he placed swivel-guns about his house, in order to
+withstand a sudden attack. He energetically organized
+the settlers on his domains into a protecting force. In
+particular the Highland loyalists in his district rallied
+to his aid, and soon a hundred and fifty brawny clansmen
+were ready to take the field at the shortest notice.
+
+But the Six Nations were by no means united in their
+loyalty to the crown. Brant saw that the tribe most
+wavering in its support was the Oneidas. He found that
+their missionary, Samuel Kirkland, was in league with
+the rebels, and sought to have this clergyman removed.
+Failing in this, he wrote to the Oneida chiefs, urging
+them to remain loyal to the king. A letter that an Oneida
+runner let fall at this time on an Indian path is the
+earliest bit of handwriting that we have from Joseph
+Brant's pen. In it he warns the Oneidas against the subtle
+work which the colonists were carrying on. 'Guy Johnson
+is in great fear of being taken prisoner by the Bostonians,'
+he says. 'We Mohawks are obliged to watch him constantly.
+Guy Johnson assures himself, and depends upon your coming
+to his assistance... He believes not that you will assent
+to let him suffer.' The appeal thus made seems, however,
+to have met with little response from the Oneidas, and
+Brant was rebuffed. Even before this they had sent a
+letter to the governor of Connecticut expressing in,
+plain terms their desire to remain neutral when hostilities
+should commence. 'We cannot intermeddle in this dispute
+between two brothers,' was their decision. 'The quarrel
+seems to be unnatural.' The Oneidas had the right to
+their opinion, but their conduct must have stung the
+heart of the chief of the Mohawks. Yet never for a moment
+did his courage fail. He knew that the bulk of the Six
+Nations were willing to give their life's blood in the
+service of the king. He and they would be true to the
+old and binding covenant which their forefathers had made
+as allies of the crown. 'It will not do for us to break
+it,' said Brant, 'let what will become of us.'
+
+Civil war was now impending in the colonies. The battle
+of Lexington had been fought, and the whole country was
+taking breath before the plunge into the conflict. Guy
+Johnson and Brant were waiting to declare themselves and
+the time was nearly ripe. The first move was made just
+after the Mohawk chiefs had been summoned to a council
+at Guy Park, [Footnote: 'A beautiful situation immediately
+on the bank of the Mohawk. The elegant stone mansion is
+yet [1865] upon the premises giving the best evidence of
+substantial building.'--William L. Stone, _Life of Joseph
+Brant_, vol. i. p. 71.] about the end of May. Secret
+orders had come from General Gage, and Johnson knew
+precisely what course he was expected to follow. Leaving
+his house to what fate might befall it, he started westward
+with Brant and a force of Indians and white men. At their
+first important stopping-place, Cosby's Manor, a letter
+was sent back to throw a blind across their trail. Then,
+with their faces still towards the setting sun, the loyal
+band wended their way through the dark mazes of the forest.
+
+After a weary journey the loyalist party emerged among
+the populous western villages of the Iroquois confederacy.
+There, at Ontario, south of the lake of that name, was
+held a great assembly, and fifteen hundred warriors
+listened to the messengers of the king. In reply the
+chiefs of the assembled throng expressed their willingness
+to 'assist his Majesty's troops in their operations.'
+Johnson and Brant then went on to Oswego, on the margin
+of the lake, where an even larger body heard their plea.
+Johnson prepared for the redskins a typical repast, and
+'invited them to feast on a Bostonian.' The Indians avowed
+their willingness to fight for the king. Then, while the
+summer days were long, a flotilla of canoes, in which
+were many of the most renowned chiefs of the Six Nations,
+set out eastward for Montreal over the sparkling waters
+of Lake Ontario. In one of the slender craft knelt Joseph
+Brant, paddle in hand, thoughtful and yet rejoicing. He
+was but thirty-three years old, and yet, by shrewdness
+in council and by courage on the field of battle, he
+already occupied a prominent place among the chiefs of
+the confederacy. Moreover, great days were ahead. Soon
+the canoes entered the broad St Lawrence and were gliding
+swiftly among its islets. With steady motion they followed
+its majestic course as it moved towards the sea.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+ACROSS THE SEA
+
+Before many suns had set, this company of dusky warriors
+had brought their canoes to shore near the swift rapids
+which run by Montreal. The news of their coming was
+received with enthusiasm by the officers stationed at
+this place. Every friendly addition to the British ranks
+was of value now that war had begun. Sir Guy Carleton,
+the governor of Canada, was especially delighted that
+these bronzed stalwarts had made their appearance. He
+prized the abilities of the Indians in border warfare,
+and their arrival now might be of importance, since the
+local Canadian militia had not responded to the call to
+arms. The French seigneurs and clergy were favourable to
+the king's cause, but the habitants on the whole were
+not interested in the war, and Carleton's regular troops
+consisted of only eight hundred men of the Seventh and
+Twenty-Sixth regiments.
+
+No time was lost by the governor in summoning the redskins
+to an interview. Chief Brant, it appears, was the leading
+spokesman for the Indians on this occasion, and a sentence
+or two of the speech made by Carleton has been preserved
+by Brant himself. 'I exhort you,' was Carleton's earnest
+request of the Indians, 'to continue your adherence to
+the King, and not to break the solemn agreement made by
+your forefathers, for your own welfare is intimately
+connected with your continuing the allies of his Majesty.'
+In reply the Indians asserted once more their ancient
+pledges. 'We acknowledged,' said Brant, 'that it would
+certainly be the best in the end for our families and
+ourselves to remain under the King's protection, whatever
+difficulties we might have to contend with.'
+
+In order that he might render due service to the army,
+Brant was put under military discipline, and was given
+a captain's commission in the king's forces. He was in
+Montreal when Ethan Allen, a colonial adventurer, made
+an unauthorized attempt (Sept. 24, 1775) to surprise and
+capture the city. Carleton had been apprised of Allen's
+project; the plan miscarried, and Allen, along with other
+members of his band, was sent to England as a prisoner
+of war. Meanwhile General Montgomery had been advancing
+from the south, and, in September, he laid siege to Fort
+St John, the English stronghold on the Richelieu river.
+This post was stoutly defended by Major Preston with a
+force of regulars until Fort Chambly, near by, fell into
+the enemy's hands, and further resistance was useless.
+Whether Brant's services were employed in or about either
+of these forts cannot be ascertained, but we know that
+he had left the neighbourhood and was on his way to
+England before Montreal capitulated on November 17.
+
+Brant's visit to Montreal had no doubt an important
+influence on his career. This was perhaps the first time
+he had ever seen a sea-port. [Footnote: It is thought
+possible that he had gone down the St Lawrence as far as
+Montreal with Sir William Johnson in 1760.] At this time
+Montreal had some five or six thousand inhabitants and
+was a walled town of growing commercial importance. It
+had several commodious religious houses, some large,
+well-built churches, and a number of handsome residences.
+As Brant stood on the river's bank, he saw a medley of
+craft afloat in the current: ships of the fur traders
+laden with peltry; transports coming and going with food
+for the garrisons, or new men for the service;
+sloops-of-war, lying at anchor with their complement of
+guns, grim and menacing.
+
+All this gripped as with an iron hand the imaginative
+nature of the Mohawk chief. The spirit of romance was
+aglow within him, and he had a wondering desire to see
+the lands that lay beyond the ocean. He would sail upon
+the high seas; he would stand in the presence of the
+Great King. How beautiful was this land called England!
+and how powerful were its army and navy! Doubtless Guy
+Johnson and other officers at Montreal encouraged Brant
+to undertake the journey which he fain would make. It
+may be that it was they who first showed him how such a
+journey was possible. At any rate, before the ice had
+begun to lock the green waters of the St Lawrence, in
+the year 1775, he had passed through the Gulf and was
+tossing on the billows of the deep Atlantic. Towards the
+end of the year he arrived, along with Captain Tice, in
+the English metropolis. London had altered greatly since
+the days of Queen Anne more than half a century before,
+when his grandfather had been there. It had become a
+greater market for trade, and the common people had been
+elbowing their way to the parts where only fine residences
+had once stood. Two kings of the House of Hanover had in
+the meantime reigned and died, and now King George III,
+another of that line, sat upon the throne.
+
+On reaching London Chief Brant was escorted to a small
+hostel of not very imposing appearance called 'The Swan
+with Two Necks.' It was intended that he should soon be
+taken to other lodgings that would be more in keeping
+with his rank; but the innkeeper and others were so kind
+to him that he was loth to leave, and could not be coaxed
+to other quarters during his whole stay in London. In
+the streets he was accustomed to dress like the Europeans
+of the day, but on state occasions he wore a gala costume,
+his head crowned with waving plumes and his body decked
+with those fancy ornaments that pleased the proud Indian.
+On the burnished tomahawk that glistened in his belt was
+traced the initial 'J,' followed by his Indian title,
+'Thayendanegea.'
+
+Brant appeared at court and had audience with the king,
+for whose person he felt a sacred reverence. He loved
+freedom, but at the same time he always had a great
+respect for authority. A story is told of the pointed
+answer he made to his old instructor, Dr Wheelock, who,
+thinking to draw Brant over to the side of the colonists,
+or at least to keep him neutral, had written him a long
+and earnest appeal. The Mohawk chief replied in a kindly
+fashion, referring to the pleasant hours he had spent at
+the school. He remembered especially the prayers that
+were said in the household, and one prayer in particular
+that had been repeated over and over again; as they bent
+their heads in entreaty before the Maker of all things,
+the request had ever been 'that they might be able to
+live as good subjects, to fear God and honour the King.'
+
+Not only did high officials in London treat Brant with
+consideration, but men of learning, as well as of social
+position, vied with one another to make his visit
+interesting and pleasant. Among those who entertained
+him was James Boswell, who knew all the gossip of London
+society and was a man of rare talents. He took a peculiar
+liking to the bronzed chief of the Six Nations and
+persuaded him to sit for his portrait. The Earl of Warwick
+also wished to have Brant's picture, and the result was
+that he sat for George Romney, one of the most famous
+artists of the day. This portrait was probably painted
+at the artist's house in Cavendish Square, and we may
+accept it as a good likeness of Brant as he appeared at
+this time. With head erect, the strong-knit figure of
+the chief stands at repose. The eyes are mild and wide-set
+and about the lips a smile is playing. In the portrait
+we see, too, the resolute heart, the thoughtful mind,
+and the restless energy that made Joseph Brant a ruler
+of the native races.
+
+On being asked as to the help he might render to the
+English arms in the New World, Brant asserted strongly
+that he and his people were loyal. He said that, as War
+Chief, he would lead three thousand of his warriors into
+the struggle, and that they would fight manfully as
+subjects of the king. He knew full well how desperate
+the contest was going to be, and wishing to have some
+article on his body that would identify him in case of
+death, he bought from a London goldsmith a ring, in which
+he had his full name engraved. This he wore through the
+vicissitudes of many a long year.
+
+Before the winter was over Brant was anxious to return
+to his tribes, for he knew that when the hatchet was
+whirling the wigwam was more fitting for him that the
+palaces of London. Accordingly, in the spring of 1776,
+he set out for his western home.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+BRANT MEETS HERKIMER
+
+When the ship on which Brant was a passenger touched the
+shores of America, he was landed secretly somewhere near
+New York city. He was now face to face with the difficulty
+of reaching his friends--a task that called forth all
+his alertness. He was in a hostile country, a long way
+from the forests of the Mohawk valley lying above Albany.
+But he was a wily redskin, too clever to be caught, and
+after adroitly evading many dangers he eventually reached
+the border country and crossed over safely into Canada.
+
+In July 1776, several weeks before his arrival, the
+colonists had declared their independence. The language
+of the Declaration of Independence was confident, but
+soon after it was uttered the colonists suffered a series
+of defeats. Arnold was beaten by Carleton on Lake Champlain
+and Washington was forced to retreat until he had crossed
+the Delaware. It has been said that Brant took part in
+the Battle of the Cedars, where, on the north bank of
+the St Lawrence, Captain Forster overpowered a body of
+four hundred Americans; but this occurred in May 1776,
+and since Brant's ship did not arrive until July he could
+not have been one of the combatants in this engagement.
+What Brant was doing during the greater part of the year
+following his arrival in Canada has not been recorded.
+In the spring of 1777 we are able to pick up his trail
+again. While the armies were preparing for another summer
+campaign, Brant returned once more to his old haunts near
+the frontier of the colony of New York, taking up his
+position at a place called Oquaga on the Susquehanna
+river, south of the Mohawk valley. This was a favourite
+resort of the Indians, and Brant was well aware that from
+this point he could carry on to advantage a guerrilla
+warfare against the rebels and their sympathizers.
+
+His coming sent a shiver of dread through all the
+neighbouring settlements. Hitherto this part of the colony
+had been remote from the main theatre of the war, but
+now that Brant was there any moment might bring an attack,
+and the inhabitants began to make ready their defences.
+More particularly were steps for protection taken in
+Cherry Valley, a rich and fertile area stretching up
+towards the Mohawk. Because of its strength and situation,
+the house of Colonel Samuel Campbell, one of the prominent
+farmers in the valley, was selected for a fortified post,
+and logs and earth were banked about it and the two
+adjoining barns. Thither from all sides the people
+collected, thinking that at any moment the chief of the
+Mohawks might pounce upon them.
+
+Brant did, indeed, intend to assail this fortress, as it
+contained many of the leading rebels of that district,
+but a strange incident deceived him with regard to the
+strength of the place and made him change his purpose.
+It was not a common thing for him to make errors of
+judgement, but for once he was misled--hoodwinked--in a
+very simple manner. Like a wise commander he had set out
+to reconnoitre the enemy's position, and proceeded in
+the direction of Campbell's house with a small body of
+men. When about a mile away, he concealed himself behind
+some thick shrubbery on the crest of a hillock. As he
+peered through the tangled foliage his view was obscured,
+and he descried what seemed to him to be a battalion of
+troops marching near the house. This was nothing more than
+a number of boys with wooden guns in their hands playing
+at soldiers and parading in great glee upon the grassy
+sward beside the fortified house; but so well did they
+perform that Brant imagined they were soldiers training
+for active service in the war. 'Colonel Campbell has got
+his house well guarded, I perceive,' he said, turning
+about and addressing his followers. Thinking that it
+would be folly to venture near the spot with his slender
+force, Brant decided to retire and he took the road
+leading towards the Mohawk river. The same evening, as
+he lay in wait with his men behind a large boulder, two
+horsemen approached. One was an officer named Wormwood,
+the other a settler. Without having suspected an ambush,
+they suddenly found themselves in the clutches of an enemy.
+In the struggle Lieutenant Wormwood met his death, much
+to Brant's sorrow, as they had been good friends before
+the war. After this event the chief returned to Oquaga.
+
+As the weeks passed, his following on the Susquehanna
+grew apace. The name of the great War Chief had a charm
+about it that drew to his command warriors from every
+part of the forest. Little wonder that the settlers became
+more and more alarmed. At length they resolved to try to
+negotiate peace with him. One of their number, Nicholas
+Herkimer, decided to go to the Susquehanna and there have
+an interview with the chief himself. Herkimer was a
+citizen noted for his integrity and had been made a
+brigadier-general in the provincial army. He had formerly
+lived three miles from Brant, when his home was on the
+upper Mohawk, and knew him well. Nothing has ever been
+said to show that Herkimer lacked courage. But he was
+vain enough to think that a few words from him might
+weaken Brant's steadfast loyalty. Furthermore, like too
+many frontiersmen of his day, he held the Indian race in
+little esteem and, as we shall see, he did not scruple
+to treat them with the basest kind of treachery. The plea
+may be made that he was apprehensive of duplicity on the
+part of the Mohawk chief, but this does not wholly excuse
+his conduct.
+
+After duly making his plans, Herkimer invited Brant to
+meet him at Unadilla, on the Susquehanna, higher up than
+Oquaga. He arrived at this place in the month of July
+with three hundred and eighty militiamen, but had to wait
+a week before Brant put in an appearance. The fact that
+he came with such a numerous escort was well fitted to
+cause suspicion. Captain Brant also came with a large
+contingent of warriors, pitched his camp at some little
+distance from the Americans, and sent a runner to ask
+the general why he had been honoured with this visit.
+Herkimer replied that he merely wished to have a talk
+with his brother Brant and that would be all. The runner
+said he would bear the message back, but first asked
+slyly whether all these men were anxious to talk with
+the War Chief also. Before departing, Brant's messenger
+signified that the colonials must not trespass upon the
+field that stretched away towards the Indians' camp.
+About half-way between the two parties a shed was now
+put up, large enough to seat two hundred people. It was
+agreed that each side should send a deputation to this
+hall, where a meeting would be held. On no account,
+however, were any firearms or other weapons to be brought
+from the camps.
+
+Upon the day appointed Herkimer was the first to reach
+the spot, while Brant arrived a little later. The Indian
+chief had scented danger and was strictly on his guard.
+With him were two pale-faces, a Mohawk chief, about two
+score warriors, and an Indian woman. It was the custom
+in such a parley to draw a circle on the ground and for
+the leaders to stand or sit within this. Herkimer and
+two officers entered the circle, while Brant was accompanied
+by the inferior chieftain. Brant was all the time watching
+the general like a hawk and again asked him what was the
+meaning of his visit. Herkimer repeated that it was only
+for the sake of good fellowship.
+
+'And all these have come on a friendly visit too?' asked
+Captain Brant. 'All want to see the poor Indians; it is
+very kind.' Unaffected by Brant's irony, Herkimer next
+referred to the troubles between England and the colonies,
+and tried to draw out Brant. The chief was slow and
+taciturn in answering, but at last burst forth in no
+uncertain language. He said that 'the Indians were in
+concert with the King, as their fathers had been; ...
+that General Herkimer and his followers had joined the
+Boston people against their Sovereign.' For all that, he
+had no fear of the result and knew 'that although the
+Boston people were resolute, yet the King would humble
+them.'
+
+The meeting did not break up before there were signs of
+coming violence, but finally better feelings appeared to
+prevail and they decided to assemble again on the following
+morning.
+
+In the interval Herkimer is said to have devised one of
+the vilest schemes that has ever been charged against a
+man of his rank. He selected a settler, named Joseph
+Waggoner, and three other trusty men as his accomplices.
+These persons were to assist him in a conspiracy against
+Brant's life that was simply an attempt at murder. The
+details of the plot were furnished in a confession made
+afterwards by Waggoner. As the parties stood in the
+circle, the four accomplices were to take a cue from
+Herkimer and shoot the Indians down without warning. But
+Herkimer was reckoning without his host. Joseph Brant
+was far too shrewd to walk headlong into such an open
+snare. It is plain that he had come to suspect the
+intentions of his adversary. Next morning, as he stepped
+into the circle, he assumed a grave and dignified mien.
+Addressing Herkimer, he spoke in stern accents:
+
+'I have five hundred warriors with me, armed and ready
+for battle. You are in my power; but as we have been
+friends and neighbours, I will not take advantage of you.'
+
+As he ended, a great band of redskins advanced from the
+engirdling forest, and the war-whoop rent the air. Backed
+by his faithful warriors, the War Chief could speak in
+tones of authority to his foe. He did not forget to thank
+him for his coming, but bade him direct his steps once
+again towards his home on the Mohawk. Thereupon Brant
+turned about and strode away among the trees. Just then
+thick clouds blotted out the sky; a terrible storm swept
+in violence across the land, a fitting presage, as men
+thought, of the scourge of war that must now bring ruin
+and havoc in its wake.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+FORT STANWIX AND ORISKANY
+
+Fresh from undoing Herkimer's ugly plot, Brant abandoned
+the Susquehanna and went off in the direction of Lake
+Ontario. A great Indian council was to be held at Oswego,
+and possibly he was hurrying to this meeting.
+
+A vigorous campaign had been set on foot for the midsummer
+of 1777 by General Burgoyne, who was now in command of
+the British forces at Montreal. It was arranged that
+Burgoyne should strike southward with the main army until
+he reached the Hudson river. Meanwhile another body of
+troops, under Lieutenant-Colonel St Leger, would make a
+long detour by way of Lake Ontario and the western part
+of the colony of New York. The object of this latter
+movement was to rally the Indians, collect a force of
+loyalists, and fight through the heart of the country
+with the hope of forming a junction with Burgoyne's army
+at Albany.
+
+St Leger reached Oswego about the middle of July. There
+he was joined by a regiment of loyalists, the famous
+Royal Greens, and a company of Tory Rangers under Colonel
+John Butler. Brant was present with two hundred Mohawks,
+while a large band of Senecas were also grouped under
+the king's standard. In all there were seventeen hundred
+men, fully one thousand of whom were Indians under the
+supreme command of Captain Brant.
+
+On starting out, St Leger, who knew that a surprise might
+be attempted, outlined his order of march with great
+care. A detachment from one of the battalions was sent
+on ahead, and this was later joined by Captain Brant with
+a party of his warriors. Five columns of Indians went in
+front, in single file; the flanks also were protected by
+Indians at a distance of one hundred paces from the
+central column.
+
+It was intended that the first blow should be struck at
+Fort Stanwix, on the head-waters of the Mohawk. This was
+an old English stronghold that had fallen into decay,
+but was being repaired and defended in the interest of
+the revolting colonies by Colonel Peter Gansevoort. It
+lay on the traffic-road to Oneida Lake, and was considered
+a strong point of vantage. Its garrison was made up of
+about seven hundred and fifty colonials. They had provisions
+enough to last for six weeks and a goodly supply of
+ammunition, and hoped to be able to withstand attack
+until help should arrive.
+
+The English leader reached this fort on August 3, and
+immediately began to invest it. A demand was sent in
+under a flag of truce calling upon the garrison to
+surrender. St Leger said it was his desire 'to spare when
+possible' and only 'to strike where necessary.' He was
+willing to buy their stock of provisions and grant security
+to all within the fort. The offer was generous, but the
+garrison rejected it with a good-tempered disdain and
+the siege went on with renewed earnestness. The Indians,
+hiding in the thickets, poured their fire upon those who
+were working on the walls. The presence of the savages
+lent a weird fury to the scene, made it, indeed, well-nigh
+uncanny. One evening in particular they 'spread themselves
+through the woods, completely encircling the Fort, and
+commenced a terrible yelling, which was continued at
+intervals the greater part of the night.' Fort Stanwix
+was soon in dire straits. The news of the investment had
+sent a thrill through the whole of the Mohawk valley.
+The colonials came together in haste, and soon about a
+thousand of them, led by Nicholas Herkimer, were ascending
+the river in straggling array. They hurried on their
+course with such zeal that they did not even send out
+scouting parties to warn them of danger and prevent
+surprise. On August 5 this relief force was close to
+Oriskany, and only eight miles distant from St Leger's
+position. Herkimer now matured a clever plan, the success
+of which he confidently expected would bring him victory.
+He chose three men and sent them forward to gain entrance
+to the fort and to tell Gansevoort that help was coming.
+The moment they arrived the besieged were to fire three
+guns in rapid succession. This was to be Herkimer's
+signal; he would speed at once along the road to the
+British position and fling himself on its rear, while,
+at the same time, Gansevoort must issue forth and attack
+it in front. St Leger's army, it was hoped, would crumble
+in hopeless defeat between two shattering fires.
+
+As fortune would have it, this ruse was doomed to complete
+failure. The messengers set out at eleven o'clock at
+night, and Herkimer thought they would surely reach the
+fort by three in the morning. But he waited in vain the
+whole night through; no sound of cannonade disturbed the
+quiet air. As the hours crept by his officers became
+fretful and impatient; in the end they declared for an
+immediate advance, denouncing Herkimer as a faltering
+coward. At length the old man, sorely against his will,
+gave the order to march. The relief party streamed through
+the forest with disordered ranks. In the meantime Brant's
+Indians had not been idle. They had carefully watched
+the manoeuvres of the hostile force, and had given timely
+warning. St Leger at once took steps to bar the road to
+attack. For this purpose a division of the Royal Greens
+was detailed, as well as the Tory Rangers, with Butler
+in command. The bulk of the contingent, however, were
+Indians, and it fell to the lot of Joseph Brant to fasten
+Herkimer in the strong meshes of his net.
+
+The ground over which the Americans had to pass was
+uneven, and this had not escaped the watchful eye of
+Brant. He was an adept in the tactics of Indian warfare,
+and now used his knowledge to good effect. Herkimer had
+not gone far along the narrow trail before he found
+himself in difficulties. The road slanted down into a
+boggy hollow some six or seven miles below Fort Stanwix.
+This hollow had a winding course in the form of a crescent,
+and across its march a causeway of heavy logs had been
+built. Between the ends of the encircling ravine there
+was an elevated position, thickly wooded and dry. Upon
+this Brant had laid his ambush, having posted his men
+with only a slight opening in their ranks towards the
+incline of the road.
+
+Down into the gully came the colonials, their wagons and
+a small guard bringing up the rear. As they toiled up
+the opposing ascent, the gap was closed upon them, and
+they were surrounded on every side. The rear-guard were
+left behind with the wagons and fled in a tumult, with
+a throng of Indians in close pursuit. From the sheltering
+trees a deadly fusillade swept the hapless files of those
+who were hemmed about on the rising ground. Darting from
+their cover, the Indians sprang upon such as lay wounded
+and dispatched them with knife and tomahawk.
+
+The first onslaught had resulted in a carnival of blood.
+Now the colonials, owing to their numbers, were able to
+get together and to place themselves on the defensive.
+The fight soon became hand to hand and there ensued one
+of the most gruesome melees of the whole War of the
+Revolution. The men were able to look into one another's
+faces; they fought at quarters too close for bullets,
+and relied upon gun-stock, knife-blade, and bayonet.
+There was slashing and cutting, clubbing and throttling,
+and often in their frenzy they grappled tight and died
+in one another's fast embrace. In the midst of it all
+Herkimer proved himself no craven. With his leg ripped
+by a bullet he propped himself against a tree, lit his
+pipe, and directed the order of the battle. Above the
+din rang out clear the wild cries of the red men, their
+painted bodies flashing bright among the trees. In the
+forefront was Brant, fighting vehemently, his towering
+form set firmly, his deep voice echoing loud.
+
+While the battle was at its height, rolling clouds had
+gathered and a drenching storm checked the combatants in
+their work of slaughter. The colonials were still fighting
+desperately, but for them the day was lost. After the
+few moments' interval they re-formed their scattered
+ranks and resolutely faced the foe. No sooner, however,
+had the struggle again commenced than the noise of cannon
+came reverberating upon the moist air. The appointed
+messengers had arrived at Fort Stanwix, many hours late,
+and the signal had been given. Deceived by the cannonading
+and fearing that St Leger might be in distress, the
+loyalists rapidly drew off with their Indian allies,
+leaving their opponents on the crimson field. But so
+exhausted were the colonials by the fierce fighting they
+had experienced that they could not follow after the
+retreating army and were forced to move dejectedly down
+the Mohawk valley. Four hundred of their men had fallen
+in the battle, dead or wounded, nearly half the number
+that had entered the swampy ravine. On a litter of green
+boughs General Herkimer was carried to his stone house
+on the river, where, a few weeks after the cruel fight,
+he died with the same fortitude that he had shown when
+under fire.
+
+The laurels for this victory at Oriskany rested with
+Captain Brant. He had commanded the greater part of the
+loyalist forces and his plan had placed the enemy at
+their mercy. Thanks to this success, the colonials had
+received a stunning blow, and Colonel St Leger's army
+was possibly saved from an utter rout. But the Indians
+had paid a heavy price for their victory; many of their
+chiefs and warriors lay dead upon the field.
+
+The siege of Fort Stanwix was kept up until August 22.
+By this time St Leger had reached a point one hundred
+and fifty yards from its outer wall. During the interval
+the word of Herkimer's defeat had brought General Arnold
+with a strong body of militiamen to the rescue. While
+still some distance away this commander thought that he
+might create a false alarm in the English camp. A
+half-witted fellow, who went by the name of Hon-Yost
+Schuyler, had been captured and was in Arnold's camp. He
+was freed on condition that he should go to the English
+camp and give an exaggerated account of the new force
+which was coming to the relief of Fort Stanwix. When he
+reached the camp Schuyler went first among the Indians,
+showing a coat riddled with bullets, and told of the host
+that was on its way. When asked how many there were, he
+pointed to the fluttering leaves above his head. The
+redskins always had a superstitious awe of this stupid
+fellow and now they were terror-stricken by his words
+and antics. Panic seized the besiegers. Perhaps Brant
+tried to quell the disorder, but, if he did, his efforts
+were in vain. St Leger himself seemed to share in the
+panic, for he beat a hasty retreat, following the road
+leading to Oswego. But the War Chief of the Six Nations--it
+is pleasant to relate--did not retreat with him. While
+St Leger journeyed to the north, Brant had called together
+a band of his willing followers. Then he took one of
+those flying marches which made him famous in border
+warfare. Crossing the territory of the enemy with great
+skill and daring, he hurried eastward, and in a short
+time he was in the camp of General Burgoyne on the banks
+of the Hudson.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+FIGHTING ON THE FRONTIER
+
+Brant was now regularly in the pay of the British, and
+until the close of the war he was to be employed actively
+in weakening the colonists by destroying their settlements
+intervening between the populous centres of the Atlantic
+states and the borders of Canada. In this unhappy
+fratricidal war each side used the Indians to strike
+terror into the hearts of its enemies, and as a result,
+in the quiet valleys lying between the Hudson and Ohio
+and the Great Lakes, there was an appalling destruction
+of property and loss of life. Brant proved himself one
+of the most successful of the leaders in this border
+warfare, and while he does not seem ever to have been
+guilty of wanton cruelty himself, those under him, on
+more than one occasion, ruthlessly murdered their foes,
+irrespective of age or sex. That he tacitly permitted
+his followers to murder and scalp unarmed settlers shows
+that he was still much of a savage. As one historian has
+written: 'He was not a devil, and not an angel.' It is
+true, as we shall see, that on several occasions he
+intervened to save Tory friends and acquaintances, but
+these are isolated examples, and his raids were accompanied
+by all the horrors of Indian warfare. The only excuse
+that can be offered for him is that he was no worse than
+his age, and that the white loyalist leaders, such as
+the Butlers, as well as the colonial commanders of the
+revolutionists, were equally callous regarding the
+destruction of property and life.
+
+Brant appears to have spent the winter of 1777 and 1778
+in Canada, but with the opening of military operations
+in the spring he was again at Oquaga and Unadilla. One
+of his first exploits of the year 1778 was at Springfield,
+a small settlement lying some miles beyond Cherry Valley
+at the head of Lake Otsego. When news of Brant's approach
+reached this place, a number of the men-folk fled for
+their lives. Those who remained were taken prisoners.
+The chief gathered the women and children into one house
+and set the torch to all the other buildings in the
+settlement. Brant's care for the weaker sex and the
+children during this expedition shows that he had a
+tenderness of heart unusual among the red men of his
+time.
+
+During the hay-making season the chief was reconnoitring
+in the Schoharie district, which was situated some distance
+west of Albany and south of the Mohawk river. The scythe
+had been at work in the tall grass, and a farmer's lad
+was busy in a sunlit meadow raking hay. As he dragged
+the loose bundles over the stubble, he heard a footfall
+in his rear. Turning about he saw that a sturdy Indian
+dressed in warrior's garb had stolen upon him. The boy
+involuntarily raised his rake as though to strike.
+
+'Do not be afraid, young man,' the intruder said in good
+English; 'I will not hurt you.'
+
+The warrior then asked the youth in friendly terms where
+a Mr Foster, a loyalist, had his dwelling. He went further
+and asked the lad his name.
+
+'I know your father well,' said the redskin, when the
+boy had answered his questions; 'he lives neighbour to
+Captain McKean. I know McKean very well, and a fine fellow
+he is too.'
+
+The boy was now quite reassured that the Indian would do
+him no harm, and boldly inquired who his interrogator
+might be.
+
+'My name is Brant,' answered the redskin, although he
+pondered for a moment before replying.
+
+'What! Joseph Brant?' said the youth, as a sharp thrill
+went coursing through his veins.
+
+'No!' answered the warrior, 'I am a cousin of his'; but
+a smile lit up his dark countenance, and the boy knew
+that his denial was just a bit of native humour. Thereupon
+Brant disappeared in the direction of Foster's house.
+The boy at once rushed from the field to the fortified
+post near by to tell his story, and a hue and cry was
+soon raised. A party hurried to the loyalist's house to
+seek Brant, but he was not there. Foster said that he
+had never come and that he knew nothing of him. So,
+checkmated in their search, the group of would-be captors
+had to wheel about and go back disappointed to their
+fortress.
+
+Brant was fast gaining an unsavoury reputation which he
+but partly merited. Owing to the character of the country
+in which he was fighting, and to the lack of discipline
+in the force under his command, destruction of property
+and plunder were certain to occur. Brant, as we shall
+see, did little to discourage this among his warriors.
+His argument was that his antagonists had taken up arms
+against their lawful king. As rebels, their lands and
+property were forfeited to the crown and were justly
+liable to seizure by the king's forces. To the settlers
+on the border, however, Brant was looked upon as a ruthless
+marauder, thirsting for blood. Whenever acts of wanton
+cruelty took place, the blame was generally laid at his
+door. This explains the bitterness of their attitude to
+him both during and after the conflict and the singular
+fear which his name inspired among them.
+
+At Unadilla Brant had begun to fortify an area which lent
+itself to defence, and thither the tribesmen flocked from
+the surrounding districts. So determined were the settlers
+to capture him that they offered a reward to any one who
+would bring them any knowledge of his movements. Even
+men like Captain McKean, whom Brant had mentioned so
+kindly to the farmer's boy, were hot upon his trail. This
+officer set out with five other men in order, if possible,
+to effect Brant's capture. While on their quest the little
+party came one night to the house of a Quaker. To their
+great delight, the Quaker told them that Brant had been
+at his place during the day and would come back. He warned
+them, however, that Brant was prepared to meet them, and
+that if he returned suddenly their lives would be in
+danger. McKean, however, was stubborn in his resolve to
+stay.
+
+'Your house, friend Sleeper,' he said, with a show of
+bravado, 'shall be my fort to-night.'
+
+But the Quaker would have none of them, and sent the
+searchers on their way. Then Captain McKean wrote a letter
+to Brant. Placing this in a stick, he cast it on an Indian
+path, where it was soon found by a redskin and carried
+to the War Chief's wigwam. In the letter McKean arraigned
+Brant for the ferocious manner in which he was fighting,
+and dared the Mohawk chief to single combat, or to send
+a chosen body of men to meet him in fair field against
+an equal number. If he showed his face in Cherry Valley,
+threatened McKean, 'they would change him from a Brant
+into a Goose.'
+
+Brant knew the impulsive nature of McKean and took this
+amusing letter for what it was worth. Yet the letter was
+not without its effect upon him. They had dared him;
+they had taunted him with threats; he would show them
+that Joseph Brant would have a day of reckoning and that
+right early. 'Cherry Valley people,' he wrote in the
+postscript of a short note sent to an ardent loyalist,
+'[are] very bold, and intended to make nothing of us;
+they call us wild geese, but I know the contrary.'
+
+Early in July a bloody engagement had occurred in the
+valley of Wyoming, an extensive region in Pennsylvania
+on the north branch of the Susquehanna river. For many
+years after the encounter it was commonly believed that
+Brant was the leader of the Indians who took part in it.
+The valley of Wyoming had once been a possession of the
+tribes of the Six Nations but, in 1754, they had been
+ousted from their inheritance by a colonizing company.
+When the Revolutionary War began it was already well
+peopled with settlers. Naturally eager for vengeance,
+the dispossessed Indians invited the co-operation of
+Colonel John Butler and his rangers in a raid. Butler
+accepted the invitation, and the Indians and rangers to
+the number of five hundred made a swift descent of the
+Susquehanna and invaded the valley. Their approach,
+however, had been discovered, and the entire militia of
+the district, mustering eight hundred, advanced against
+them. In the battle which followed, the defenders were
+defeated with great slaughter and many scalps were taken.
+Older American historians misrepresented the fight as a
+cruel massacre of non-combatants and asserted that Brant
+was present. British writers, following them, fell into
+the same error. Thomas Campbell's poem, 'Gertrude of
+Wyoming,' written in 1809, gives a gruesome picture of
+the episode, telling of the work which was done by the
+'monster Brant.' During his visit to England in 1823,
+the War Chief's youngest son, John Brant, vindicated his
+father in a letter to Campbell, and showed that the
+reference to his father in this poem was based on false
+information. He declared that 'living witnesses' had
+convinced him that his father was not in the neighbourhood
+of Wyoming at the time of the so-called massacre; testimony
+has been forthcoming to support the claims which John
+Brant then made. It has been shown that the tribesmen of
+the Six Nations whom Butler had with him were Senecas,
+while the rest were Indians from the western tribes, and
+that Brant's tribe, the Mohawks, were not present.
+Nevertheless the Wyoming slaughter differs only in degree
+from other scenes of bloodshed and plunder in which Brant
+took part. In the month, indeed, in which the vale of
+Wyoming was being bathed in blood, he swept down on the
+little hamlet of Andrustown, and, bearing away a few
+captives and much booty, disappeared with his followers
+in the surrounding forest.
+
+It was now nearing the time of harvest, and in the Mohawk
+valley the grain had ripened to a golden brown. Even amid
+the din of war men must live, and so the settlers began
+to garner the season's crop. Nowhere on the river were
+there fuller barns than in the populous district that
+went by the name of the German Flatts. Bordering the
+Mohawk river on either side, it stretched for ten miles
+along the valley, rich in soil, and with broad green
+pastures and plenteous herds. The settlers knew that the
+enemy was not far off, and they grew more afraid of attack
+with each passing day. They had two strongholds to which
+they could flee in case of trouble, Fort Herkimer on one
+bank of the river, Fort Dayton on the other; but these
+would be of little use to the settlers if they had not
+sufficient warning of the approach of the enemy. Mindful
+of this, they sent four of their number to act as scouts
+and to warn the settlement of any danger. While on this
+mission three of the party met with death at the hands
+of their adversaries, but the fourth escaped and hastened
+back to the German Flatts. One evening, just before
+sunset, he arrived with the fearful tidings that Brant
+was moving up the river with a large band of Indians and
+would soon be upon them. The alarm was spread through
+the valley, and men, women, and children gathered up what
+articles of value they could take with them in their
+hurried flight, and rushed pell-mell to the forts. During
+the evening some carried off a portion of their household
+effects in small boats. In the meantime Caldwell, commanding
+a party of rangers, with Indians under Brant, had come
+to the outskirts of the settlement. Then, even before
+the first gleam of daylight had begun to slant across
+the valley, the Indians were flitting like ghostly spectres
+in and out among the buildings. Almost at the same moment
+flames arose in every direction, flashing and darting
+against the morning sky. Powerless to stay the destruction,
+the settlers, huddled behind their defences, witnessed
+a melancholy sight. Houses and barns, everything that
+could be given to the fire, were soon a heap of smoking
+embers.
+
+Caldwell had no means of laying siege to the forts, as
+he was without cannon; so he made no effort to effect
+their capture. But he did not check his warriors from
+roaming at will over the valley. Running down the slopes
+into the pasture land, they rounded up the horses, the
+herds of black cattle, and the browsing sheep; and, having
+collected these together, they drove them from the meadows
+and disappeared with them among the trees. Before sundown
+they were many miles away, leaving behind desolation and
+blank dismay.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+CHERRY VALLEY
+
+The next occurrences in Brant's life are even more
+deplorable than those narrated in the preceding chapter.
+The Cherry Valley episode can only be regarded as a sad
+instance of what the use of Indian allies sometimes
+involved. A peaceful farming district was devastated;
+peasants were plundered and slain. It is true that some
+of them were in arms against British rule, but as a whole
+they were quietly engaged in farming operations, striving
+to build up homes for themselves on the outskirts of
+civilization. In this work of devastation and death Brant
+was only second in command; the leader was a white man
+and a British officer. But neither Brant nor Butler, who
+commanded the expedition, was able to restrain the cruelty
+and ferocity of the Indian warriors until much havoc had
+been wrought.
+
+A haze was now brooding over the Susquehanna, and the
+autumn leaves were being tinged with red. The struggle
+of the year 1778 seemed over and Brant decided to spend
+the winter at Niagara. Accordingly he set out with a band
+of warriors from his entrenched position at Unadilla and
+went forward by easy stages along the old and well-beaten
+Indian trail leading towards Lake Ontario. He had proceeded
+well on his way when, to his surprise, a party of former
+allies crossed his path in the forest. Led by Captain
+Walter N. Butler, a son of Colonel John Butler, the
+victorious leader at Wyoming, a body of the Tory Rangers
+who had been with Brant at Oriskany were going eastward.
+In 1777 their youthful officer had suffered harsh
+imprisonment among the enemy, and, burning for vengeance,
+he was making a late-season tramp into the rebels' country.
+He had asked for a number of his father's rangers, and
+his request had been granted. He was also allowed the
+privilege of taking Brant along with him, should the
+chieftain be found willing to join his force.
+
+On meeting with Brant so opportunely by the way, he gave
+him an outline of the measures of retaliation which he
+proposed to adopt. As the scheme was unfolded, the
+war-scarred chief of the Mohawks saw that he was meant
+to serve under this youth of small experience. Brant
+was ready for almost any work that might be of service
+to his king, but he was at first reluctant to serve under
+Butler. The situation between the two leaders became
+strained, but at last Brant gave in; their differences
+were patched up, and the two men came to friendly terms.
+Orders were issued by Brant to his motley throng of
+redskins, and five hundred of them reversed their march.
+The united contingent of seven hundred men first headed
+for the banks of the Tioga river, one of the branches of
+the Susquehanna. Here a conference was held, and it was
+agreed that they should make a combined attack upon the
+settlers of Cherry Valley. To Butler this was more than
+pleasing, eager as he was to pay off what he considered
+a heavy score. The heart of the War Chief throbbed with
+savage delight. A flaunting challenge still rang in his
+ears; the settlers had invited him to enter their valley,
+and now he would answer their gibing call. Little did
+the inhabitants of Cherry Valley dream what was in store
+for them. During the summer they had carried most of
+their movable property to a well-built fortress. But as
+everything had now grown tranquil, they had taken it back
+to their homes again. Yet hardly had this been accomplished
+before Colonel Ichabod Alden, commandant of the fort,
+received a note from an official source telling him that
+enemies were near at hand.
+
+In spite of the trustworthy source from which it came,
+Colonel Alden gave barely any heed to this warning message.
+He declared that the threatened danger was but an idle
+rumour, that all would be well, and that he would take
+every precaution for the safety of his people. On November
+9 spies were sent out in different directions with a view
+to getting fuller information. One body of these went
+boldly down the Susquehanna, where their own carelessness
+brought about their undoing. At nightfall they lit a
+fire, and, wrapping themselves up snugly, had gone fast
+asleep. But to their astonishment, as they rubbed their
+eyes in the light of morning, they were surrounded by a
+party of Indians, were bundled off as prisoners of war,
+and hurried into the presence of Brant and Butler, who
+extracted much useful information from them. In the light
+of this information plans were made for an immediate
+attack on the settlement in Cherry Valley. The settlers
+were still unsuspecting, when, on the evening of November
+10, the enemy arrived within a mile of the fort and crept
+to the summit of a hill densely shaded by evergreens,
+and hid themselves from sight. The snow was fluttering
+down, but towards morning this had changed to a drizzling
+rain, and the air was thick and murky. Groping their way
+forward as silently as possible, they stole upon the
+slumbering cluster of habitations. Just as they came near
+the edge of the village, a settler was seen riding in on
+horseback. An Indian fired and wounded him. But the man
+clung to his horse and pressed on heroically to sound
+the alarm. Before rushing to the onslaught, the Rangers,
+under the immediate command of Butler, paused a moment
+to see what damage their powder had taken through the
+wet. This moment was fatal for the settlement, for the
+Indians now rushed on in advance and sped into the doomed
+village like hounds let slip from their leashes.
+
+The savages were now beyond control, and Brant knew that
+even he could not stay the slaughter. Fiercest of all
+were the Senecas, who tomahawked and slew with the
+relentless fury of demons. But the War Chief thought of
+the family of a Mr Wells, whom he knew and hoped that he
+might save. He took a short cut for this settler's house,
+but the way lay across a ploughed field, and as he ran
+the earth yielded under his feet and he made slow progress
+through the heavy soil. When he came to the house, he
+saw that it was already too late. The Senecas and other
+Indians with them had done their work. Not one of the
+inmates had escaped the tomahawk.
+
+While the attack upon the houses was in progress, the
+Indians made several assaults upon the fort, but to no
+avail. Their work of destruction, however, went on
+unchecked among the habitations of the settlers. It was
+not long before flames were mounting in every quarter.
+Butler, dismayed to see the Indians so completely beyond
+control, was forced to hold his regular troops in readiness
+to oppose a sally from the garrison. Brant meanwhile
+exerted himself in performing numerous acts of kindness,
+and did what he could to check the rude violence of his
+savage band. In one house he found a peasant woman working
+calmly at her daily toil.
+
+'Are you thus engaged,' he questioned, 'while all your
+neighbours are murdered around you?'
+
+'We are the king's people,' was the simple response.
+
+'That plea will not avail you to-day,' said the chieftain.
+'They have murdered Mr Wells's family, who were as dear
+to me as my own.'
+
+'But,' replied the woman, 'there is one Joseph Brant: if
+he is with the Indians, he will save us.'
+
+'I am Joseph Brant,' came the rapid answer, 'but I have
+not the command, and I know not that I can save you.'
+
+No sooner had he done speaking than his sharp eye detected
+a group of Senecas coming to the house. 'Get into bed
+quick,' he said abruptly, 'and feign yourself sick.' The
+woman did his bidding, and the Indians when they entered
+were completely deceived by her pretence. Then, as they
+departed, Brant gave a piercing signal, and some of his
+Mohawks gathered into the room. He had called them to
+help him save this woman and her family. His mark on them
+would, he believed, make them safe even in this time of
+general slaughter. He had no colouring matter with him
+and he asked the Mohawks to use theirs. With deft fingers
+the Indians then placed the chief's own mark upon the
+woman and her children in order to protect them.
+
+'You are now probably safe,' said Brant and moved out
+again into the smoke of fire and battle.
+
+When the massacre was over, it was found that thirty or
+forty settlers had escaped death and had been made
+prisoners. From one of these Brant made inquiries respecting
+the whereabouts of Captain McKean. He learned that this
+officer had taken his family away to the Mohawk valley.
+
+'He sent me a challenge once,' remarked Brant; 'I have
+now come to accept it. He is a fine soldier thus to
+retreat.'
+
+'Captain McKean,' was the rejoinder, 'would not turn his
+back upon an enemy where there was a possibility of
+success.'
+
+'I know it,' said Brant, with open generosity. 'He is a
+brave man, and I would have given more to take him than
+any other man in Cherry Valley. But,' he added, 'I would
+not have hurt a hair of his head.'
+
+On the evening of the day of carnage the prisoners were
+led down the valley to the loyalist encampment, several
+miles to the south of the fort. Fires had been lighted
+on every side, and within the extensive range of these
+fires the luckless captives were corralled for the night.
+But the air was chill, and many who were clothed in scanty
+fashion passed the hours of darkness in helpless agony
+on the cold, bare ground. During the night the shrill
+cries of the Indians, as they gloated over the scene of
+their triumph, resounded through the forest. The spoils
+were divided among the raiders, and with the dawning of
+another day they set out in the direction of Niagara.
+
+The captives were separated into small parties, and
+apportioned among the different sections of the force.
+They had expected little mercy from the victors, but to
+their surprise clemency was shown to them. Butler had
+now succeeded in reasserting his authority on their
+behalf. As the marching bands came to a standstill, they
+were collected together and the women and children were
+released. Only the wives of two colonial officers with
+their families were held captive and carried away into
+the western forests. In Cherry Valley heaps of smoking
+debris were all that remained. Groups of redskins still
+hovered about the unhappy village until, on the following
+day, they saw that an enemy was approaching. A body of
+militia had come from the Mohawk river, but they were
+too late; the savages, avoiding an encounter, departed,
+and the scene was one of havoc and desolation. As one
+chronicler has written: 'The cocks crowed from the tops
+of the forest trees, and the dogs howled through the
+fields and woods.'
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+MINISINK AND THE CHEMUNG RIVER
+
+Brant now proceeded to the loyalist rendezvous at Niagara,
+but his restless spirit would not allow him to remain
+idle. He was soon intent on forwarding a design of
+far-reaching import, in the prosecution of which he hoped
+to receive the assistance of the western tribes. He held
+intercourse with the Delawares and the Shawnees, and
+planned a joint campaign with them to take place during
+the winter months. The Western Indians were to make an
+attack on the borders of Virginia, while he would lead
+an expedition into the heart of the colony of New York.
+This bold enterprise, however, was fated to miscarry.
+Word came that Governor Hamilton, the British commander
+of Fort Detroit, had been overpowered by Colonel George
+Clark, in February, on the Wabash river. Hamilton, who
+had captured Fort Vincennes there, had for some time been
+endeavouring to interest the western tribes in the British
+cause; but, on July 5, 1778, Clark had captured the town
+of Kaskaskia in the Illinois country, and, after a forced
+march from that place to the Wabash with his Virginia
+militia, had appeared at Fort Vincennes and compelled
+Hamilton to surrender. The blow was a severe one and
+robbed the western tribes of their courage; they were so
+discomfited, indeed, that they would not venture into
+the country of the enemy. Balked in his purpose, Brant
+was forced to remain inactive at headquarters.
+
+During the spring of 1779 the whole struggle in America
+was rather bare of events. The raids against Wyoming and
+Cherry Valley had roused the indignation of the Congress
+of the United States, and it had turned its attention
+energetically to the Indian races who were opposed to
+its rule. They must be crushed at all hazards. On February
+25 Congress had voted that means should be taken to bring
+aid to those settlements which had been suffering from
+the Indians. A campaign of vengeance into the homeland
+of the Six Nations was to be the crowning effort of the
+year. This was the plan. A numerically strong force was
+to operate under the command of General Sullivan. Sullivan
+was to move up from Pennsylvania, and along the Susquehanna
+until he reached the Tioga river. At the same time,
+General James Clinton was to advance from the north,
+meeting his brother officer by the way. The two divisions
+should then follow the bed of the Chemung river, and
+sweep mercilessly upon the villages of the Senecas and
+Cayugas.
+
+Clinton was at Canajoharie Castle on June 16. With
+difficulty he crossed the twenty-mile portage to Lake
+Otsego, and by the end of the month was able to tell
+General Sullivan that he was ready for the last stage of
+the journey. Sullivan, on the other hand, was making no
+attempt to hasten. He moved forward at a leisurely pace,
+and Clinton grew very impatient at the delay. Even Brant
+marvelled at Sullivan's inaction. The War Chief knew only
+too well that when the two rebel forces met the struggle
+to save the homes of his people would be difficult.
+
+At this juncture the great Mohawk lay with a considerable
+body of warriors at Grassy Brook. He had learned that
+Minisink in the Shawangunk Mountains close to the New
+Jersey line was left unguarded, and decided to fall upon
+it. Taking sixty redskins and twenty-seven white men
+apparelled as Indians, he advanced so stealthily that
+his approach was unnoticed. During the night of July 19
+he surprised the town, burnt it to the ground, and carried
+off prisoners and booty.
+
+Orange county, in which Minisink was situated, was at
+once in a state of tumult. The local militia flocked
+together, and were eager to follow hard after their daring
+foe. Some thought it more prudent to stay at home, but
+the majority wished immediately to take up the chase.
+The matter was settled when Major Meeker sprang on his
+horse, waved his sword, and cried with vehemence: 'Let
+the brave men follow me, the cowards may stay behind.'
+With this, the ill-advised settlers picked up the trail
+of the redskins and started in pursuit. A body of scouts
+who were slightly in the lead emerged, after various
+exciting adventures, upon the broad hills that skirt the
+Delaware river. Below them they could see the Indians
+twining in and out among the trees. The red men were
+evidently making for a shallow place where they might
+ford the stream.
+
+To the colonials this seemed a stroke of good fortune.
+They would dash down the hill and dispute Brant's passage
+of the river. Acting on the impulse, they swung confidently
+along, only to find themselves outgeneralled. No sooner
+had they sunk from sight in the forest than Brant had
+artfully changed his march. He slipped through a deep
+ravine and came out on the enemy's rear. Then he chose
+his own position for an ambush. The Orange county men,
+looking high and low for the Indians, at length came to
+a halt, when to their dismay they found that the enemy
+were posted in an unlooked-for quarter. There, in
+concealment behind them, lay Brant's force. The War Chief
+now issued from among his redskins, and made overtures
+to the opposing force. He advised them to surrender
+without offering resistance; if they did so he would see
+that no harm befell them. Should the battle begin, he
+added, he might be unable to restrain his followers. The
+only answer which came was a hurtling bullet that clipped
+a hole through the covering of his belt. In an instant
+Brant had faced about and disappeared under cover.
+Straightway the enemy bore down at break-neck speed upon
+the tree-sheltered lair of the Indians. In wading through
+a narrow brook that obstructed their advance, their ranks
+became disordered, and Brant made effective use of the
+situation. His voice rose in a war-whoop and his warriors
+sprang into motion. After delivering one sharp, destructive
+volley, they seized their tomahawks and surged into the
+midst of their foe. From an hour before noon until sundown,
+sheltered by trees and rocks, both sides fought stubbornly.
+At last the whites gave way, and the battle closed with
+appalling slaughter. Of the retreating remnant thirty
+survived, while the bodies of many of their comrades were
+left upon the field of battle. Of those who sought safety
+by swimming the Delaware, a number were killed in the
+water by the Indians, who fired upon them as they struggled
+towards the opposite bank.
+
+After the fight, as Brant traversed the blood-stained
+field he bent over the wounded form of Gabriel Wisner,
+who was a magistrate of Orange county. The fallen man,
+though suffering excruciating pain, was still able to
+speak, but the chieftain saw that he was dying. There
+were wolves in the forest, and these would soon visit
+the scene of carnage. To bear Wisner from the field would
+avail nothing. For a moment the War Chief debated what
+he should do. Then, turning the attention of the wounded
+man in another direction, he poised his hatchet. In a
+flash it had smitten the skull of the dying magistrate
+and his misery was at an end. In this act as in others
+Brant showed that his contact with civilization had not
+freed him from the basic instincts of his savage nature.
+Few white men could have performed such a deed even on
+the field of battle with so much calmness.
+
+Brant now returned to the border country and, together
+with Sir John Johnson, drew up a plan of defence. It was
+resolved that they should fortify a position on the
+Chemung river, to resist the advance of the Americans
+into the Indian country. The place selected was not far
+from the village of Newtown. A breastwork was built, half
+a mile in length, and this was protected on one side by
+the river and on the other by two stretches of elevated
+ground. Upon these ridges battalions were placed. But
+the defenders were able to muster only a comparatively
+small force, vastly inferior to the foe in numbers. In
+all, the garrison consisted of about eight hundred men,
+two-thirds of whom were Indians.
+
+It was barely four weeks after the battle on the Delaware
+that Generals Sullivan and Clinton joined forces at Tioga.
+They had a very powerful army, consisting altogether of
+some five thousand men, including a strong brigade of
+experienced riflemen and an artillery corps with a number
+of heavy guns. They had sent out corps of light infantry
+in advance and were now moving slowly against the defences
+occupied by the king's forces.
+
+The War Chief was in charge of the Indians, and despite
+the strength of the opposing force he had resolved to
+make a determined stand. As the foe came on, he sent out
+his men in small parties from the works to annoy them
+and retard their advance. The Indians attacked the invaders
+after the manner of bush-fighters, firing and then seeking
+cover while they reloaded their muskets. The conflict
+that ensued was desperate beyond description. Every bit
+of cover--bush, tree, or boulder--held its man. With
+dogged valour the savages stood their ground, till driven
+back by the very impetus of the onset. The enemy were
+massed deep in front and but little impression could be
+made on their compact ranks. More distressing still, the
+Americans had brought their heavy artillery into play,
+and it began to thunder against the defences. On this
+day Brant was an inspiring figure to his thin line of
+warriors. His resolute countenance gave them hope; his
+resonant voice rang out strong and clear amid the clamour
+and spurred them to resist. Wherever the fight was fiercest
+he made his way, issuing his orders with care, speaking
+words of cheer, and, in the face of death, striving to
+stem the current of certain defeat.
+
+Meanwhile General Sullivan had caught sight of the troops
+that infested the rising ground. A detachment was
+immediately told off under Major Poor with orders to
+storm the slopes and drive the defenders from their
+position. The War Chief grasped the situation in an
+instant. In a last attempt to save the day, he rallied
+his warriors and, with the aid of a battalion of Rangers,
+threw himself with renewed energy into the struggle. But
+though Brant hurried from place to place with the utmost
+energy, it soon became evident that the day was lost.
+The Americans climbed the ascent and, in the teeth of a
+brave opposition, turned the loyalists' flank. The troops
+of the enemy began to fold about the garrison.
+
+'Oonah! Oonah!' The savages' doleful cry of retreat
+vibrated upon the air. Moving towards the stream, redskins
+and white men crossed it together in headlong flight. It
+was an Indian custom to carry the dead from the field of
+battle, but on this occasion so precipitate was their
+retreat that eleven corpses were left to lie where they
+had fallen in the struggle. Sullivan and his army had
+undisputed possession of the field. To Brant and to the
+men of the Six Nations this was a day of grief and
+disaster. The gates of their country were thrown open;
+their villages were left undefended; there was nothing
+to prevent the ravager from treading down and plundering
+the fair land of their fathers, the pride of a noble
+race, the gift of the centuries. But in the light of
+their conduct at the affair in Cherry Valley it must be
+said that their fate was not undeserved.
+
+As General Sullivan advanced, burning and devastating,
+he came at length into the valley of the Genesee. This
+he made 'a scene of drear and sickening desolation. The
+Indians were hunted like wild beasts, till neither house
+nor fruit-tree, nor field of corn, nor inhabitant, remained
+in the whole country.' One hundred and twenty-eight houses
+were razed in the town of Genesee. Sullivan became known
+to the Indians as the 'Town Destroyer.' 'And to this
+day,' said Cornplanter, in a speech delivered many years
+afterwards, 'when the name is heard, our women look behind
+them and turn pale and our children cling close to the
+necks of their mothers.'
+
+The War Chief had, indeed, been beaten on the Chemung
+river. And yet, in the hour of defeat, he had added lustre
+to his name. In the annals of the forest there are few
+incidents as glorious as this Spartan-like struggle on
+the frontiers of the Indian country. Points of similarity
+can be traced between this battle and another which was
+waged, in 1813, by the great Shawnee warrior Tecumseh,
+at Moravian Town, on the Canadian Thames. Like Brant,
+Tecumseh was allied with a force of white men, and, like
+the chief of the Mohawks in the struggle on the Chemung,
+Tecumseh played the leading role in the battle of the
+Thames. In each engagement the fight was against an army
+much stronger in numbers; in each the defeat was not
+without honour to the Indian leader.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+OVER THE BORDER
+
+Instead of proceeding to attack the strong loyalist fort
+at Niagara, General Sullivan re-crossed the Genesee on
+September 16. Lack of provisions, he asserted, was his
+reason for turning back. Before this, Brant had frustrated
+a plot which was afoot among the Indians to desert the
+British cause. Red jacket, an influential chief of the
+Senecas and a very persuasive orator, had suggested that
+the Six Nations should negotiate a permanent peace with
+the colonists. 'What have the English done for us,' he
+exclaimed, as he pointed in the direction of the Mohawk
+valley, 'that we should become homeless and helpless for
+their sakes?' A considerable following embraced the view
+of the Seneca chieftain, and it was agreed that a runner
+should be sent to the camp of General Sullivan to acquaint
+him with their desire to come to terms. If Sullivan was
+prepared to negotiate with them, he was to be asked to
+send his proposals under a flag of truce. These proceedings
+came to Brant's knowledge and, whether his act may be
+justified or not, he adopted probably the only means of
+preventing a wholesale desertion to the enemy. He chose
+two of his trustiest warriors and gave them instructions
+to waylay the bearers of the flag of truce from Sullivan's
+camp. The bearers were killed and the proposals of the
+American commander fell into Brant's hands, and Red Jacket
+and his party were left to imagine that Sullivan had not
+been gracious enough even to send them an answer.
+
+Not long after the rout of the Six Nations on the Chemung
+river and the destruction of their villages the snow had
+begun to fall. The winter of 1779-80 was an unusually
+severe one, and the Indians suffered untold hardships
+through famine and disease. They were driven to trek in
+great numbers to the vicinity of the English fort at
+Niagara. Brant was there at this time, and during his
+sojourn he saw a wedding performed according to the sacred
+rites of the Anglican Church. He had lost his first wife,
+the mother of Isaac and Christiana, and had married her
+half-sister, Susanna; but she also had died childless,
+and Brant had taken to his tent the daughter of a Mohawk
+chief, whom he now decided to wed after the manner of
+the white people. His third bride, who was about twenty-one
+years of age at the time of her marriage, is known in
+history as Catherine Brant. She bore Brant three sons
+and four daughters, and lived for some years after his
+death. Her father was the leading sachem of the Tortoise
+clan and consequently she was able to bestow high rank
+within the Mohawk nation upon her son, Ahyouwaighs, or
+John Brant.
+
+The story of Brant's part in the War of the Revolution
+from this time on can be related very briefly. Before
+spring he was again on the war-path and helped to destroy
+the villages of the Oneidas, because of their active
+sympathy for the rebel cause. In the month of April he
+closed in upon the settlement of Harpersfield and levelled
+it to the ground. As he was making his way back from
+the last adventure, he was seized with fever and forced
+to move by slow stages. He allowed his warriors to travel
+only every other day. There is an anecdote telling how
+he cured himself of his malady in a very Indian-like
+manner. Taking his position on the side of a hill, a
+haunt of rattlesnakes, he waited till one should crawl
+out to bask in the sun. When at length a snake showed
+itself he seized it and bore it to his camp. This reptile
+was cooked in a broth, and Brant supped eagerly of the
+hot decoction. And after partaking of this wonderful
+remedy, according to the story, he was well again in a
+very short time.
+
+In August of the same year, 1780, Brant again invaded
+the Mohawk valley. On this occasion he gained his object
+by an artful device. He learned that some stores were
+being borne to Fort Schuyler and pretended that he was
+going to seize them and attack the fort itself. The local
+militia marched to the fort's defence and, while they
+were intent on this, Brant doubled back to the rear.
+Swooping down upon the white settlement at Canajoharie,
+he laid everything low and carried away captive many
+women and children. Later in the season he made a similar
+descent into the Schoharie-kill, but here there is on
+record to his credit at least one act of kindness. After
+the raid, a group of settlers were gathered together,
+telling of all the mishaps that had occurred to them.
+One sad-eyed woman told of the loss of her husband and
+several of her children. She had been bereft even of an
+infant, which had been torn from its cradle. But that
+morning, while the officers of the colonial camp were
+seated at their breakfast, a painted redskin sprang into
+their midst carrying in his arms a slender child and
+handed a letter to the officer in command. It was the
+woman's child that he bore, and the letter was from Joseph
+Brant.
+
+'Sir,' ran the epistle, 'I send you by one of my runners
+the child which he will deliver, that you may know that
+whatever others do, I do not make war upon women and
+children. I am sorry to say that I have those engaged
+with me in the service who are more savage than the
+savages themselves.'
+
+The year 1781 brought the war to its climax. On October
+19 Lord Cornwallis, hard pressed at Yorktown by an army
+of sixteen thousand men under Washington and a powerful
+French fleet under Admiral de Grasse, was forced to
+surrender. This was the last important episode before
+peace was arranged. During the summer the War Chief had
+still been fighting on the border and harassing the
+country of those who sympathized with the Americans. In
+August he was found in the west, having defeated a part
+of Colonel Clark's forces near the Great Miami river,
+which empties into Lake Erie.
+
+The treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United
+States of America was signed in November 1782. Canada,
+Newfoundland, and what are now the Maritime Provinces of
+the Dominion remained in the hands of the crown, but the
+independence of the other English colonies in the New
+World was recognized. In the whole text of the treaty
+there was not a word about the Six Nations. But all their
+lands south of Lake Ontario as far as the banks of the
+Hudson came into the possession of the United States.
+For some time it seemed as though the Indians' sacrifices
+on behalf of His Majesty the King were to be reckoned as
+nothing, and the tribesmen who had been loyal were very
+wroth. They had fought valiantly for the crown, and now
+expected that the king should do something for them in
+return. All that they had to fall back upon was the
+promise that their rights would be respected when the
+conflict ended.
+
+'Now is the time for you to help the King,' General
+Haldimand had said to the assembled redskins in 1775.
+'The war has commenced. Assist the King now, and you will
+find it to your advantage. Go now and fight for your
+possessions, and, whatever you lose of your property
+during the war, the King will make up to you when peace
+returns.'
+
+Sir Guy Carleton had also assured the Indians that money
+would be spent to give them the same position after the
+war that they had occupied before it, and that the
+government would not be lax in dealing with their needs.
+In 1779, when General Haldimand was already in command
+of all the forces in Canada, he had reiterated his
+promises, and said that he would do his best to fulfil
+them, 'as soon as that happy time [the restoration of
+peace] should come.'
+
+When the war was ended most of the Mohawk nation were
+dwelling on the west bank of the Niagara river. They had
+pitched their wigwams close to the landing-place, now
+Lewiston, which was some miles above the fort. Their old
+territory was situated in the heart of the country of
+their conquerors and to this they could not return with
+safety. The Senecas, who lived near by, saw how sad was
+their plight and offered them land upon which they might
+reside. The Mohawks appreciated the kindness of this
+proposal of the warlike nation which had fought by their
+side in the long struggle, but they could not accept the
+offer. In the words of Brant himself, they were resolved
+to 'sink or swim' with the English.
+
+To settle the matter the War Chief journeyed down the St
+Lawrence to confer with the Canadian leaders. At Quebec
+he met General Haldimand and was welcomed by this officer
+with the sincerest friendship and given a chance to
+discuss the unhappy lot of his homeless people. Haldimand
+said that he would be quite ready to fulfil the promises
+that he had made during the war. Brant replied that his
+tribesmen would like to settle on English ground, and
+named the region on the Bay of Quinte as a spot suited
+to their needs. These lands were especially fertile and
+beautiful, and Haldimand was quite willing that the grant
+should be made in accordance with their wishes. He said
+that a tract would soon be purchased and given to the
+warriors of the Six Nations. Brant must have been well
+accompanied on his journey to the east, since on his way
+back twenty Indian families turned aside and pitched
+their abodes in the territory allotted to them on the
+Bay of Quinte. They were ruled by an Indian named Captain
+John, and a thriving Mohawk settlement was thus begun.
+Brant continued his journey along the south side of Lake
+Ontario, and came once again to Niagara.
+
+But when the War Chief told the waiting redskins of his
+negotiations with General Haldimand there was a great
+outcry of dissatisfaction. The Senecas, who were the
+chief objectors, stated that they could not allow their
+kinsmen and old comrades-in-arms to go so far away from
+them as the Bay of Quinte. The Senecas were still afraid
+that they might have difficulties with the people of the
+United States, in whose country they were dwelling. The
+Mohawks must be near at hand to come to their rescue
+should the hatchet again be upraised.
+
+Brant felt very keenly for the Senecas, who had done him
+such yeoman service in the war. They could be cruel in
+combat, but were very loyal to their friends, and he knew
+that something must be done for them. Accordingly, he
+repaired a second time to Quebec and again discussed the
+situation with General Haldimand. The outcome was that
+he obtained another grant of land, on the Grand river,
+which runs with a southerly course into the waters of
+Lake Erie. A tract six miles wide on each side of this
+stream, extending from its source to its mouth, was
+allotted to the Six Nations. This beautiful district,
+bordering on the shore of Lake Erie, only forty miles
+from the outer fringe of the Seneca villages, was in a
+direct line of intercourse between the Six Nations and
+the many tribes of the west and the upper lakes. Brant
+obtained the title-deeds to this territory for the Indians
+in the autumn of 1784, under the seal of royal authority.
+It was a gift, as indicated by the terms of the award,
+'which the Mohawks and others of the Six Nations... with
+their posterity,' were to enjoy for ever.
+
+Having been provided with a new home, the band of
+copper-hued patriots now began to cross the Niagara. They
+were loyalists of another than the white race, and, like
+the other Loyalists, they had left their Long Houses
+behind in the hands of the stranger. On their bodies were
+the marks and scars of many a campaign; their limbs had
+become suppler with the long march and swarthier in the
+summer sun; they did not dare to cast a glance back at
+the fair land that had been the hunting-ground of their
+fathers. With them were their women, dark-eyed Amazons
+of the north. Their little ones toddled by their side.
+The journey was shortly over and they beheld the waters
+of the Grand river, flowing between their narrow banks.
+Here, in the flowering glades, they raised their tents
+and lit anew their council fires. Then they toiled up
+against the current, searching out the borders of their
+country; down-stream they shot again, their glad eyes
+beaming as they saw how wide and goodly was their heritage.
+
+The nation of the Mohawks had come to Canada to stay.
+Among them settled many from their kindred tribes, red
+men who would not forsake their Great White Father the
+King. By the sheltering boughs of the regal maple, the
+silver-garbed beech, or the drooping willow they built
+the rough huts of a forest people. Then they tilled the
+soil, and learned to love their new abode. Although of
+a ferocious stock, unrivalled in the arts of savage
+warfare, the Mohawks and other Indians of the Six Nations
+in Canada have rarely, if ever, been surpassed by any
+other red men in the ways of peace.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+ENGLAND ONCE MORE
+
+Meanwhile, how was it faring with the tribesmen of the
+Six Nations who had remained in their former territories
+east of the Niagara? They were anxious to come to terms
+with the government of the United States, but not by
+themselves alone. In any treaty which might be made, they
+wished the concurrence of the western tribes. The officials
+of the new republic were, however, opposed to this and
+treated their desire with scant courtesy. In 1784 a
+conference was called at Fort Stanwix, but the western
+tribes were not invited to come. While this was taking
+place, Red Jacket, the Seneca orator, rose in the company
+of his fellows and uttered a speech burning with eloquence.
+His attitude towards the Americans had undergone a change
+since Brant had undone his treachery before the war had
+closed. The Six Nations should renew the contest, said
+Red Jacket. Never should they submit to the yoke of their
+oppressors. On the other hand, Chief Cornplanter, with
+sounder judgment, argued for peace. It would surely be
+an unwise thing for the Indians to enter upon a fresh
+war single-handed, and without the assistance of their
+former allies, the English.
+
+At length Cornplanter had his way, and on October 22 a
+treaty was made with the representatives of the United
+States. By this treaty the Indians were to give up all
+the prisoners of war still in their hands. Until this
+was done, six hostages were to be furnished from among
+their number. At the same time, the boundaries of the
+country over which they held sway were defined.
+
+Loud murmurs of complaint arose within the Six Nations
+on the completion of this pact, and no one was more angry
+than Joseph Brant himself. He was at Quebec, on the point
+of leaving for England, but he hurried back on learning
+the terms of the treaty. He was especially exasperated
+because Aaron Hill, one of the lesser chiefs of the
+Mohawks, was to be given up as a hostage. Arriving at
+Cataraqui, Brant, on November 27, sent a long and stirring
+letter to Colonel Munroe. In this he showed that his
+Indians were in no way to blame for the retention of
+prisoners of war. The fight was over, and the Six Nations
+wanted harmony restored. With considerable feeling, he
+referred to the 'customs and manners of the Mohawks.'
+'They are always active and true,' he protested; 'no
+double faces at war or any other business.
+
+The difficulty was quickly righted and the War Chief
+satisfied, but he saw that all the Indian races were in
+a precarious position and might, sooner or later, be
+drawn into hostilities. Meanwhile he was meditating a
+scheme which might be likened to the bold conception of
+Pontiac. In vision he saw all the Indian tribes united
+into one far-reaching confederacy for the assertion of
+their liberties. Brant was of a singularly ambitious
+disposition and had no humble idea of his own capacities.
+He pictured himself as the chosen head of such a vast
+league of the native races. It was with this in view that
+at this very time he paid a visit to the western tribes
+and sought to ascertain their ideas upon the subject.
+
+At the close of 1785 Brant was ready to make his second
+journey across the Atlantic. It was indeed fitting, after
+his years of active service for the crown, that he should
+do homage once more at the English court. He desired,
+also, to plead the cause of his Mohawks, who had lost so
+much in the struggle. It is even likely that he was
+pondering over his design of uniting all the tribes and
+wished to disclose this scheme to the home authorities.
+A striking sketch of the War Chief's appearance during
+this period is given by the Baroness Riedesel. This
+talented lady, who had met the Mohawk chief at Quebec,
+was the wife of the noted general who led a troop of
+Hessians in the War of the Revolution.
+
+'I saw at this time,' she writes, 'the famous Indian
+Chief, Captain Brant. His manners are polished: he
+expressed himself with fluency, and was much esteemed by
+General Haldimand.' The strenuous scenes through which
+Brant had lived, indeed, seem to have left but little
+impression on his face. 'I dined once with him at the
+General's,' continued the baroness. 'In his dress he
+showed off to advantage the half military and half savage
+costume. His countenance was manly and intelligent, and
+his disposition very mild.'
+
+On his arrival in London for the second time, Brant
+received a welcome even exceeding that which was given
+him on his first visit. He was lauded as king of the red
+men and lord of the boundless forest. In the houses of
+the most illustrious people in the realm he was given a
+place of high honour. One of those who took delight in
+Brant's company was Lord Percy, heir to the dukedom of
+Northumberland. Lord Percy had served in America and had
+been adopted, according to Indian custom, into one of
+the tribes of the Six Nations, and was called in its
+language the Evergreen Brake. Charles James Fox, the
+statesman, was also among the admirers of the War Chief.
+Fox caused a beautiful silver snuff-box to be sent to
+Brant, engraved with his initials. The Prince of Wales
+was attracted by the chieftain and took Brant with him
+on many of his jaunts about the capital. Brant was amazed
+at some of the places to which his royal conductor
+resorted. At the royal palace he was warmly greeted by
+King George and Queen Charlotte and held in high esteem.
+
+His official visit to their Majesties was marked by a
+somewhat uncommon incident. As a dutiful subject, it was
+in keeping with tradition that he should kiss the king's
+hand, but this he refused to do. The War Chief could not
+bend, even before the greatest of potentates. Turning to
+the queen, however, after the fashion of a cavalier,
+Brant said that he would be only too pleased to kiss her
+hand. George III did not seem in the least annoyed. He
+appeared rather to be delighted at this courtesy shown
+his queen, and so the affair passed happily.
+
+One humorous episode which happened during Brant's stay
+in London caused quite a sensation. Through the good
+graces of Earl Moira, he was invited to attend a masquerade
+ball in Mayfair. It was to be a festive event, and people
+of distinguished rank were expected to be present. Brant
+did not go to any pains to deck himself out artfully for
+the occasion, but was attired only in the costume of his
+tribe. To change his appearance, he painted a portion of
+his face, and arrived in this guise at the place of
+entertainment. As he entered the gay ball-room, his lofty
+plumage swayed grandly and a glittering tomahawk shone
+from his girdle. The scene that met his eyes was resplendent
+with life and beauty. Masked figures were flitting by,
+clad in every imaginable garb. Here was a sleek-faced
+friar, rotund and merry; there, a gypsy maid, or mild-eyed
+shepherdess with her stave. Lonely hermits and whimsical
+jesters, cackling witches, and members of a pilgrim
+band--all thronged together with laugh or grimace, adding
+their own peculiar lustre to the brilliant assembly. By
+and by a Turk came strolling down the floor; he was a
+diplomat of high degree, and two nymphs from the paradise
+of Islam hovered near at hand. Suddenly the Turk caught
+sight of the painted features of the sturdy redskin. He
+stopped, and fixed the Indian with his gaze. Here, he
+thought, was the chance for a bit of frolic. In a moment
+he had lost his stately demeanour and lurched jocularly
+towards the warrior. He reached for the Indian's face,
+thinking it was screened with parchment. The next instant
+he had tweaked the nose of the great chief of the Six
+Nations. Above the confusing medley of sounds burst the
+wild accents of the blood-freezing war-whoop. On the
+instant Brant's tomahawk was forth from his girdle, and
+was whirling about the head of the astonished offender.
+Never had such a cry been heard within the halls of
+fashion. Faces turned ashen pale and screams resounded
+through the spacious mansion. Helter-skelter, in every
+direction, fled the terrified masqueraders. The Moslem
+thought that his last hour on earth had come. Then Brant's
+arm fell; his tense features relaxed, and he had become
+once more the genial 'Captain of the Mohawks.' According
+to his own declaration, which may or may not have been
+exactly true, he only intended a playful contribution to
+the pleasures of the evening. The Turk was calmed, and
+the frightened company came slowly streaming back.
+Everything was explained and Brant became a greater hero
+than ever before. Yet it is hardly likely that the pompous
+follower of Islam ever forgot the lively scene which his
+rashness had produced.
+
+Notwithstanding the gay round of entertainment in which
+he joined, Brant had been attending to the business
+matters that had brought him to England. He had sent a
+letter relative to the affairs of the Six Nations to Lord
+Sydney, the secretary of state for Colonial Affairs, and
+he delivered a speech upon the same topic in Sydney's
+presence. He told him of the losses sustained by the
+Indians, and hoped that a speedy settlement would be made
+with them by the British government. 'On my mentioning
+these matters, since my arrival in England,' wrote Brant,
+'I am informed that orders are given that this shall be
+done; which will give great relief and satisfaction to
+those faithful Indians, who will have spirit to go on,
+and their hearts [will] be filled with gratitude for the
+King, their father's, kindness.'
+
+Just before leaving for America, Brant received a letter
+from Lord Sydney saying that King George desired that
+the red men should receive justice. 'His Majesty,' said
+Sydney, 'in consideration of the zealous and hearty
+exertions of his Indian allies in the support of his
+cause, and as a proof of his friendly disposition toward
+them, has been graciously pleased to consent that the
+losses already certified by the Superintendent-General
+shall be made good.'
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+STATESMAN OF THE TRIBES
+
+When Brant appeared again in the open councils of his
+people, he found the red men still in a fretful mood.
+The Treaty of Fort Stanwix was a source of constant
+aggravation to them. The white settlers were pressing
+over their frontiers so boldly that the Indians felt that
+their lands must sooner or later slip from their grasp.
+England feared an outbreak of war, and the Indians believed
+that in such a case she would aid them. A proof of this
+was the manner in which she was keeping garrisons in the
+western posts which she had agreed to surrender. It is
+now conceded that this was done because the United States
+had failed to live up to its pledges. Be that as it may,
+Joseph Brant was expected in case of hostilities to
+organize the strong league of native races that he had
+planned to form.
+
+In November 1786 a great council of Indian tribes was
+held at Huron Village, on the Detroit river. This was
+well attended, and its deliberations were very grave. An
+address, probably written by Brant, was sent by order of
+the assembled Indians to the Congress of the United
+States. Peace was desired, but it would be necessary for
+the Congressional representatives to treat with the
+redskins as a whole; difficulties had been engendered
+because the United States had entered into negotiations
+with separate tribes--'kindled council-fires wherever it
+saw fit'--without ever deigning to consult the Indians
+as a whole; this, affirmed the address, must happen no
+longer.
+
+During the next few years the War Chief was unsparing in
+his efforts to come to some solution of the problem which
+the attitude of the United States had presented. He was
+quite aware that there was not enough concerted action
+among the various tribes. In his efforts to unite them
+he was aided and supported in all that he did by the
+English officials. But, try as Brant might, it seemed
+impossible to arrive at that wide union among the tribes
+at which he was aiming. On every hand were differences
+of opinion and petty jealousies. In 1789 General St Clair,
+indeed, was able to make two separate treaties with the
+Indians, much to the delight of the government at
+Philadelphia. 'I am persuaded,' St Clair wrote confidently,
+'[that] their general confederacy is entirely broken.
+Indeed it would not be very difficult, if circumstances
+required it, to set them at deadly variance.'
+
+But though unwilling to unite, it was with jealous and
+angry eyes that they watched the white men cross the
+Ohio. The year 1790 found the western tribes ablaze with
+passion and again on the war-path against the United
+States. The Shawnees, Potawatomis, and Miamis were the
+leaders of the revolt. An expedition under General Harmar
+marched against them, but it was defeated with great
+loss. The Six Nations were the next in arms, and fell
+without mercy on the settlements by the Alleghany river.
+
+The horizon was now dark and it seemed as though a
+widespread struggle with the Indians was certain to occur.
+While the British authorities trusted implicitly in Joseph
+Brant, the executive of the United States was also trying
+to win his confidence. Both sides clearly recognized that
+the future of the red men depended largely on the policy
+that Brant should adopt. To have two great nations each
+striving to enlist one's services is a fair indication
+that the possession of those services will give either
+nation a distinct advantage. Brant did not lack vanity,
+and on this occasion he was more than flattered. But, to
+do justice to Brant, it must be admitted that all the
+time he had been in favour of peace. He did not wish the
+tribes to go madly into an unequal contest when there
+was very slight hope of success, and yet he was strongly
+of the opinion that his people must not bow too readily
+to the avarice of the pale-face. The Ohio river should
+be the dividing-line between the Indian territories in
+the west and those of the republic, and by this they must
+stand or fall.
+
+The government of the United States at length concluded
+that neither Brant nor the tribes would listen to its
+terms and that war was inevitable. It determined to carry
+the fight vigorously into the very strongholds of the
+western tribes. General St Clair was chosen for this
+purpose, and he was given a large force to deal with a
+certain unrest which had developed in the country of the
+Miamis. What the War Chief had feared was now about to
+happen. His hatchet was dull and rusted, and he had grown
+unused to the strain and hazard of the war-path. But
+could he hold aloof? The 'Long Knives' were moving against
+the lodges of his brethren in the west, and so he bent
+his ear once more to hear the warrior's call.
+
+St Clair set out from Fort Washington in September 1791
+and proceeded in the direction of the Miami villages, to
+the south-west of Lake Erie. As he advanced, he found
+himself worried by bands of redskins who hung upon his
+line of march. By November 3, however, he had come within
+fifteen miles of the Indian villages. When he pitched
+his camp, his army of militiamen and regulars numbered
+about fourteen hundred men all told. The Indians were
+also fairly numerous, and were under the guidance of
+Little Turtle, a brave chief of the Miamis. Though drawn
+from various nations, their hearts were knit together by
+the peril which confronted them. Within their ranks were
+a hundred and fifty stalwarts of the Mohawk tribe, as
+well as a number of white men and half-breeds from Canada,
+who had come to their assistance.
+
+When the fight began the Mohawks were seen to do the
+bidding of a tall and agile chieftain. Though Little
+Turtle was the nominal leader, it is conceded that the
+main antagonist whom St Clair had pitted against him in
+this engagement was Joseph Brant. Having sent his militiamen
+on in advance, the American general had bivouacked with
+the regulars by the side of a small stream, which ran
+into the Wabash. Just before daybreak on November 4, the
+raw militiamen found themselves suddenly attacked by a
+force of redskins. The Americans, who were about a quarter
+of a mile from the principal camp, turned and fled in
+confusion. This was what the Indians desired. So hotly
+did the militiamen retreat towards the camp that St
+Clair's main force was almost carried off its feet. A
+rally was made, but the Indians dashed forward with
+swiftness and daring. Following on the heels of the
+fleeing militiamen, they were soon at the very edge of
+the encampment. There they began to pick off the American
+gunners one by one.
+
+In a short time St Clair's invading army was hemmed in
+on every side and many of his officers had fallen. Charge
+after charge was made by his men, but all to no avail.
+At length he saw that the day was lost and gave orders
+for retreat, hoping to save what was left of his force.
+A weak spot was found in the redskins' line, and a remnant
+of St Clair's proud army went free, scurrying off in wild
+precipitation to Fort Jefferson, thirty miles away. The
+ground was thickly strewn with their dead. It has been
+computed that in this battle eight hundred of St Clair's
+force were killed or wounded.
+
+This disaster in the country of the Miamis showed the
+United States how hard it would be to break the spirit
+of the red men. War having effected nothing, it was again
+decided to resort to entreaty. A number of chiefs of
+different tribes were invited to go to Philadelphia, and
+among them was Captain Brant. 'I can assure you,' wrote
+the secretary of state in the federal government to Brant
+on February 2, 1792, 'that the President of the United
+States will be highly gratified by receiving and conversing
+with a chief of such eminence as you are, on a subject
+so interesting and important to the human race.' After
+some persuasion Brant consented to go and, proceeding on
+horseback by way of the Mohawk valley, he arrived at the
+capital city on June 20. There he was gladly welcomed,
+and every effort was made to win him for the United
+States. 'I was offered a thousand guineas down,' wrote
+the War Chief at a later time, 'and to have the half-pay
+and pension I receive from Great Britain doubled, merely
+on condition that I would use my endeavours to bring
+about a peace. But this I rejected.' The American
+authorities then held out an even more tempting bait.
+They would give him pre-emption rights over land estimated
+to be worth twenty thousand pounds and an annual allowance
+of fifteen hundred dollars. But Brant steadfastly refused,
+and his reason was very plain. How could he accept such
+a bribe? 'They might expect me,' he said, 'to act contrary
+to His Majesty's interest and the honour of our nations.'
+He did, however, promise that he would urge the Miamis
+to come to terms with the United States, and that he
+would go to them for that purpose.
+
+As he was on his way home from Philadelphia he found that
+a Dutch-American, named Dygert, was pursuing him with
+the intention of making an attempt upon his life. In New
+York, while he was talking to several officers at his
+lodgings in Broadway, he happened to peer out, and saw
+a man in the street below with his eyes intently fixed
+on the window of his room.
+
+'There is Dygert now,' he cried.
+
+Colonel Willet, one of the officers, went down and accused
+the man of basely plotting Brant's assassination.
+
+'Do you know,' said the colonel, 'that if you kill that
+savage, you will be hanged?'
+
+'Who,' said Dygert in surprise, 'would hang me for killing
+an Indian?'
+
+You will see,' answered Willet; if you execute your
+purpose, you may depend upon it that you will be hanged
+up immediately.'
+
+At this the would-be criminal went off and did not trouble
+the War Chief any more.
+
+On his safe return to Canada Brant was taken ill and was
+not able to attend a grand council held in the autumn at
+Au Glaize, on the Great Miami. When the council met it
+was agreed that hostilities should be suspended until a
+fresh council should be held at Miami Rapids.
+
+During the winter of 1792-93 Brant received a visit from
+Simcoe, lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, at his home
+on Grand River. This officer, who had lately been installed
+at Niagara, carried a letter to the War Chief from his
+old friend Lord Percy, now the Duke of Northumberland,
+together with a brace of pistols that the duke had sent
+to him. Simcoe was on his way to Detroit by sled, and
+stopped for three days at the Mohawk village. A _feu de
+joie_ was fired in his honour, flags were hoisted, and
+the Indians made a display of their trophies of war.
+
+Brant and some of the redskins accompanied the
+lieutenant-governor as far as the Thames river, where
+was situated the village of the Delawares. Here the War
+Chief was forced to return. Soon afterwards His Excellency
+again halted at Grand River on his way back. The Indians
+entertained him in royal style, performing the calumet
+dance, the feather dance, and several other dances of
+their tribe.
+
+In the middle of the summer of 1793 a great assembly of
+Indians took place at Miami Rapids. Commissioners who
+were sent to represent the United States were not allowed
+to approach the place of meeting. Brant made three
+speeches, urging upon the Indians the advisability of
+peace. But the red men were still headstrong, and the
+commissioners had to go away without having reached any
+understanding with them.
+
+The end of the struggle, however, was coming fast. In
+1794 General Wayne marched to the neighbourhood of Fort
+Miami with a numerous force, defeated the Indians at the
+Fallen Timbers, and drove them before him in all directions.
+Crestfallen and heartsore, they saw that the day of the
+white man had come at last. Brant stood by as their helper
+to the very end, but it availed them little. The Black
+Snake, as they called General Wayne, had beaten them,
+and they knew he would beat them again. The tribesmen
+who had come from the far west withdrew sullenly across
+the Mississippi, the other races submitted, and the Treaty
+of Greenville was signed with General Wayne on August 3,
+1795. The ox-cart began to rumble north of the Ohio; the
+tall forests fell before the settler's axe, and the red
+man lived and walked no more alone by the 'River Beautiful.'
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+THE CHURCH BELL RINGS
+
+Joseph Brant had been a valiant warrior; he had dealt
+with the affairs of the Six Nations wisely and well. But
+he had never forgotten that one of the first duties of
+any ruler is to be, in some sense, a priest unto his
+people. From a lad, he seems to have been a devoted
+Christian. The alarms of war had drawn his mind for a
+period, it is true, to worldly considerations alone, but
+now that strife had ceased he became once more the friend
+of the missionary and sought to supply the spiritual
+needs of the tribes over which his influence was felt.
+
+Like every Indian, the wonderful things which Brant saw
+all about him in nature held his mind in a spell. To him
+there was One who had created all things, and who was
+ever ready and willing to sustain His children. On one
+occasion in council Brant spoke of the primitive freedom
+of the Indian people, and then exclaimed: 'This country
+was given to us by the Great Spirit above; we wish to
+enjoy it.' He went on to tell how the Indians had tried
+to get peace, how their efforts had failed, and how their
+patience was now all gone. Yet there was one covert in
+which they might find shelter in time of storm. 'We
+therefore throw ourselves,' was his final utterance,
+'under the protection of the Great Spirit above, who, we
+hope, will order all things for the best.'
+
+While Brant was on his second visit to England, the
+Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
+Parts asked his help in getting out their printed books
+for the Indians. He willingly assented, and soon had a
+new edition of the Prayer and Psalm Book in preparation,
+He translated also the Gospel of St Mark. The Prayer and
+Psalm Book and his translation of the Gospel of St Mark
+were issued as one book. The publication of this volume
+must have brought a feeling of pride to the breast of
+the Mohawk chief. The book was a work of art, well printed
+and with some fine engravings. The frontispiece depicted
+the inside of a chapel, in which the king and queen were
+standing with a bishop on each side of them. The monarch
+and his consort were handing sacred books to the Indians,
+who were clustered about in an expectant attitude.
+
+A few years later Brant translated into the Mohawk tongue
+the Liturgy of the Anglican Church as well as a doctrinal
+primer. Copies of these were sent to Harvard University,
+and its corporation replied with a cordial vote of thanks
+to the War Chief for his gift. Brant also planned to
+write a comprehensive history of the Six Nations, but
+unfortunately this work seems never to have been commenced.
+
+Hardly had the Mohawks settled at Grand River when they
+began to feel that they should have a church building in
+which to worship. Funds were gathered, and as early as
+1785 they were laying the foundations of a suitable
+edifice. This building, which was reared in the depths
+of the forest about two miles from the centre of what is
+now the city of Brantford, generally went by the name of
+'The Old Mohawk Church.' In 1904, on a petition to the
+king, it was given the title of 'His Majesty's Chapel of
+the Mohawks.' Thus was restored the name of the church
+in which the Indians were wont to worship in the Mohawk
+valley. With its square tower, quaint slender steeple,
+and the graves of bygone generations of red men who have
+worshipped in it gathered about its walls, it is a
+venerable reminder of the past. The Bible which was first
+used in 'The Old Mohawk Church' was a gift from Queen
+Anne to the tribesmen in 1712 and was brought to Grand
+River from their former home on the Mohawk. The silver
+communion plate was part of a service which had also been
+presented to them by the same queen before they came to
+Canada. It was of burnished silver and bore the Royal
+Coat of Arms. The remaining pieces of this set were given
+to the Indians who settled in the Bay of Quinte district.
+In the year 1786 there was sent to the church a large
+and melodious bell. This was a presentation from the
+British government, and on it was stamped the arms of
+the reigning House of Hanover.
+
+In all the wide region later known as the province of
+Upper Canada, as yet no other Protestant sanctuary had
+opened its doors for the use of Christian believers. With
+the erection of this temple of the Mohawks begins the
+history of the Protestant churches in one of the fairest
+sections of the Dominion of Canada. It was a sweet and
+solemn bell that pealed out its message when service was
+held on those Sabbaths in pioneer days. Into the solitudes
+it rang, wakening the stillness, echoing to hill-top,
+and throbbing down to distant valley. Up and along the
+river stole the gladsome strain, the first call to prayer
+ever heard in this scarcely broken wilderness. From among
+the trees emerged the exiled people of the Long House.
+They mingled together; they entered the courts of the
+Great Spirit, silent and full of awe. There they listened
+to the Gospel story and burst forth into many happy songs
+of thanksgiving and of love.
+
+Brant was very desirous of securing a missionary who
+would suit the tastes of all. He tried to get a resident
+missionary in the person of his friend Davenport Phelps,
+but the bishop of Quebec refused Phelps ordination; and
+it was not until 1822, when the New England Company took
+over the missionary work on the Mohawk reserve, that the
+Indians of Grand River had a resident pastor. Brant also
+had won from General Haldimand a promise that a school
+should be built for the education of the Indian children,
+and that a flour-mill should be erected for the grinding
+of corn.
+
+Brant was deeply interested also in the native amusements
+of the people of the Long House. He seems to have retained
+a boyish heart in the later years of his life, and he
+saw with pleasure the sports and pastimes of the Indian
+youth. Hour after hour he would sit as an honoured
+spectator watching them play a hard-fought game of lacrosse
+that required fleetness of foot and straightness of limb.
+An eye-witness who sat with Brant at one of these games
+has told of the excitement which the match aroused. On
+this occasion a great company of Senecas had come all
+the way from New York state in order to compete for the
+mastery with their kinsmen, the Mohawks. The contest
+lasted for three days before the Senecas finally won the
+valuable stakes which were offered as the prize.
+
+The field which was cleared for the game was fairly
+extensive, the goals being placed about five hundred feet
+apart. The teams had sixty men a side. When any one
+dropped out from either party another was supposed to
+take his place, and so the energies of the contestants
+did not flag. The netted rackets employed in the game of
+lacrosse were three and a half feet in length, straight
+at the handle but curved at the other end. The broad
+portion used for throwing or carrying the ball was formed
+of thongs of deerskin, interwoven and drawn firm and
+tight. It was a picturesque sight when the opposing teams
+were ready to commence play. The animated warriors were
+nude except for a breech-cloth reaching to the knee. When
+all was in readiness, an Indian maiden came tripping into
+the centre of the field. She was prettily attired after
+the custom of her tribe, wore bracelets of silver and a
+red tiara decked with eagle feathers. Placing the ball
+among the players, she hurried from the field of play.
+Two experts from the rival parties then raised the ball
+between their rackets and strove to make the first
+successful throw. The great game had now begun, and each
+time the ball went through a goal it counted one tally.
+The score-keepers, who were chosen from the older sachems
+of the tribes, were invested with peculiar powers. If
+one team was making far less tallies than its opponent,
+they could diminish its rival's score (without the players'
+knowledge, however) in order that the contest might be
+protracted. Games of this vigorous kind have made the
+athletes of the Six Nations noted in both Canada and the
+United States down to the present day.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+THE PINE-TREE TOTTERS
+
+It came to pass before long that the Indians wished to
+dispose of some of the land granted to them on Grand
+River. The United Empire Loyalists and others, lured by
+the prospect of cheap land, kept crossing into Canada
+from the United States; accessions to the population of
+the Great Lakes region had come by immigration from the
+British Isles, and the country was making forward strides.
+Straggling settlers and speculators were often anxious
+to purchase land in the richer districts when they could
+get it at a low price. It happened, however, that after
+the redskins had sold and leased bits of their territory
+to such persons, the provincial government began to
+interfere. The land, it said, belonged to the Indians
+only so long as they remained upon it. They could not,
+therefore, sell any of it, as they had no direct ownership
+of the soil.
+
+This decision shed a new light upon the proprietary rights
+of the Six Nations in Canada and the Indians were sorely
+perplexed. All along they thought that they held their
+lands like other settlers who had proved their loyalty.
+Brant vigorously took up their case, made several able
+speeches on their behalf, and freely corresponded with
+the authorities of the province regarding the matter. In
+1793 Governor Simcoe issued a new proclamation respecting
+the grant, but this did not end the dispute. The province
+still claimed the right of pre-emption with respect to
+the whole of their reserve. Later on the matter was
+carried to England, and the British government tended to
+favour the Indians' claims. But nothing was done, owing
+to contentions among the redskins themselves. It was
+only, indeed, after Brant's death that the affair was
+finally settled. The sale of large tracts of Indian land
+was then authorized, and the money received was safely
+invested for the benefit of the Mohawks and others of
+the Six Nations in Canada. In connection with this
+difficult question Brant had intended making a trip to
+England, but was forced to abandon the idea.
+
+During the latter part of his life Brant visited different
+parts of America and twice journeyed as far as the Atlantic
+seaboard. On these occasions he had the opportunity of
+talking over old campaigns with officers who had fought
+against him in the war, and he delighted his listeners
+with stirring stories of his experiences in the field.
+On one occasion, when in Philadelphia, he was entertained
+in sumptuous fashion by Colonel Aaron Burr. A dinner
+party was held in his honour, and among the guests were
+Talleyrand and Volney. Early in the evening the War Chief
+was rather taciturn, and the other guests were somewhat
+disappointed. But this was only a passing mood, from
+which Brant soon freed himself. Launching into the
+conversation, he was soon the centre of attraction.
+
+Though Captain Brant was able to pass his later years in
+comparative ease, his life was marred by the occurrence
+of two untoward events. His eldest son, Isaac, was a
+reprobate over whom the father exercised little influence.
+Isaac had been guilty of acts of violence and had begun
+to threaten Joseph Brant himself. He was jealous of the
+numerous children of Catherine Brant and took occasion
+to offer her various insults. In 1795 both father and
+son were at Burlington Heights, at a time when the Indians
+were receiving supplies from the provincial government.
+Isaac, crazed with liquor, tried to assault his father
+in one of the lower rooms of an inn, but he was held in
+check by several of his youthful companions.
+
+Captain Brant drew a dirk which he usually carried with
+him, and in the excitement of the moment inflicted a
+slight wound on Isaac's hand. The cut was not serious,
+but Isaac would not allow it to be properly treated, and
+subsequently died from an attack of brain fever. The War
+Chief was sorely grieved at the result of his hasty
+action, and fretted about it until the end of his days.
+He is said to have hung the dirk up in his room and to
+have often wept as he gazed upon it. The other source of
+trouble to Brant was the revolt against his rule of a
+small minority among the tribes. This movement was led
+by Brant's old adversary, Red Jacket, and another chief,
+the Farmer's Brother. A council was held by the dissenters
+at Buffalo Creek in 1803, and Joseph Brant was formally
+deposed as head of the confederacy of the Six Nations.
+But as this meeting had not been legally convoked, its
+decisions were of no validity among the Nations. The
+following year, at another council, legitimately assembled,
+the tribesmen openly declared their confidence in the
+War Chief's rule.
+
+Because of Brant's many services to the crown, the British
+government gave him a fine stretch of land on the north-west
+shore of Lake Ontario, near the entrance to Burlington
+Bay. On his estate, known as Wellington Square, he erected
+a large two-storey house, in which he might spend the
+remaining years of his life. A number of black slaves
+whom he had captured in the war were his servants and
+gave him every attention. Brant is said to have subjected
+these negroes to a rigid discipline and to have been more
+or less of a taskmaster in his treatment of them. In his
+declining years he was wont to gaze over the waters of
+Lake Ontario, remembering the country stretching from
+the southern shore where once he had struggled, and the
+valley of the Mohawk, where had been the lodges of his
+people.
+
+But the giant pine-tree of the forest was now beginning
+to bend. Tall and erect, it had out-topped and outrivalled
+every other tree of the woodland. Men knew that that
+pine-tree was tottering. In the autumn of 1807 the Captain
+of the Six Nations was in the grip of a serious illness.
+Friends and neighbours came to bring solace and comfort,
+for he was widely revered. Racked with pain, but
+uncomplaining, he passed the few weary hours of life
+which were left. On November 24, 1807, the long trail
+came to an end. Close by Brant's bedside. John Norton,
+[Footnote: Norton was a Scotsman who, coming to Canada
+early in life, settled among the Mohawks and won a chief's
+rank among them. He played an important part in the War
+of 1812.] a chieftain of his tribe, leaned to catch the
+last faltering word.
+
+'Have pity on the poor Indians,' whispered the dying War
+Chief; 'if you can get any influence with the great,
+endeavour to do them all the good you can.'
+
+The body of Captain Brant was taken to Grand River and
+buried beside the walls of the church he had helped to
+rear. In the centre of the busy city of Brantford--whose
+name, as well as that of the county, commemorates his
+--stands a beautiful monument, picturesque and massive,
+to his worth and valour; in the hearts of the people of
+Canada he is enshrined as a loyal subject, a man of noble
+action, and a dauntless hero. Seldom in the annals of
+Canada do we find a character so many-sided as the Captain
+of the Mohawks. He was a child of nature, and she endowed
+him with many gifts--a stout and hardy frame, a deportment
+pleasing and attractive, and an eloquent tongue. It was
+these natural endowments that gave him endurance in the
+conflict, pre-eminence in council, and that won for him
+the admiration of his contemporaries.
+
+The education which Brant received was meagre, but he
+could hardly have put what knowledge he had to better
+advantage. After he had been relieved from the arduous
+life of the camp, he began to satisfy again his desires
+for self-culture. His correspondence towards the close
+of his life shows a marked improvement in style over that
+of his earlier years. There is no lack of convincing
+evidence that Brant had a penetrating and well-balanced
+intellect; but his chief glory is the constant efforts
+he put forth for the moral and religious uplift of his
+people.
+
+With respect to Brant's abilities as a military leader,
+there will continue to exist differences of opinion. That
+he possessed the craftiness of his race in a superlative
+degree, and that he used this to baffle his opponents on
+the field of battle, cannot be denied. Some will go
+further and assert that he had a remarkable genius in
+the art of stratagem. Whatever powers he had he used,
+from his boyhood days, in the interests of British rule
+in America, and the services rendered by this last great
+leader of the Six Nations in the War of the Revolution
+were not among the least of the influences that enabled
+Great Britain to maintain a foothold on the North American
+continent. Joseph Brant in the War of the Revolution and
+his descendants in the War of 1812 played essential parts
+in firmly basing British institutions and British rule
+in Canada.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
+
+The principal authority for material on Joseph Brant is
+William L. Stone's _Life of Joseph Brant_ (Thayendanegea),
+2 vols. (1838). This includes an account of the border
+wars of the American Revolution and sketches of the Indian
+campaigns of Generals Harmar, St Clair, and Wayne. A
+brief biography entitled _Memoir of Captain Joseph Brant_,
+'compiled from authentic records,' was published anonymously
+in Brantford in 1872. _History of Brant County_ (1883),
+Part II, pages 85-149, is devoted almost exclusively to
+Brant and his family. Samuel G. Drake's _Biography and
+History of the Indians of North America from its First
+Discovery_ has one chapter (pp. 577-93) given exclusively
+to Brant. The chapter in the same work dealing with Red
+Jacket will also be found of interest to the student of
+Brant's career. William L. Stone, Jr.'s _Life and Times
+of Sir William Johnson_, 2 vols. (1865), contains much
+valuable information regarding the events which shaped
+the early career of Brant. B. B. Thatcher in his _Indian
+Biography_, 2 vols., dismisses Brant with an unsympathetic
+and prejudiced paragraph, but several of his chapters,
+particularly the one dealing with Red Jacket, throw much
+light on the struggles in which Brant took part.
+
+Other works which contain much material relating to Joseph
+Brant are Mrs Holden's _The Brant Family_; Eleazar
+Wheelock's _Narrative of the Original Design, Rise,
+Progress and Present State of the Indian Charity-School
+at Lebanon, In Connecticut_ (1763); William V. Moore's
+_Indian Wars of the United States_; Jean N. McIlwraith's
+_Sir Frederick Haldimand_, and A. G. Bradley's _Lord
+Dorchester_ in the 'Makers of Canada' series; Lewis H.
+Morgan's _League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee, or Iroquois_;
+E. M. Chadwick's _The People of the Long House_; _Documents
+relating to the Constitutional History of Canada,
+1759-1791_, selected and edited by Adam Shortt and Arthur
+G. Doughty; _Haldimand Papers_, January 1779 to March
+1783, copies of which are in the Dominion Archives;
+_Handbook of Canadian Indians_, edited by James White,
+F.R.G.S.
+
+See also in this Series: _The Dawn of Canadian History_;
+_The Father of British Canada_; _The War Chief of the
+Ottawas_; _Tecumseh_.
+
+
+
+END
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The War Chief of the Six Nations
+by Louis Aubrey Wood
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