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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of Troy, by Michael Clarke
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Story of Troy
+
+Author: Michael Clarke
+
+Release Date: February 8, 2006 [EBook #16990]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF TROY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Taavi Kalju and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: HEAD OF HOMER.
+
+_British Museum._]
+
+
+ECLECTIC SCHOOL READINGS
+
+
+THE STORY OF TROY
+
+BY
+
+M. CLARKE
+
+
+NEW YORK--CINCINNATI--CHICAGO
+AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1897, BY
+AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+INTRODUCTION--HOMER, THE FATHER OF POETRY                              7
+
+              THE GODS AND GODDESSES                                  11
+
+
+          I.  TROY BEFORE THE SIEGE                                   19
+
+         II.  THE JUDGMENT OF PARIS                                   33
+
+        III.  THE LEAGUE AGAINST TROY                                 46
+
+         IV.  BEGINNING OF THE WAR                                    63
+
+          V.  THE WRATH OF ACHILLES                                   76
+
+         VI.  THE DREAM OF AGAMEMNON                                  92
+
+        VII.  THE COMBAT BETWEEN MENELAUS AND PARIS                  109
+
+       VIII.  THE FIRST GREAT BATTLE                                 124
+
+         IX.  THE SECOND BATTLE--EXPLOIT OF DIOMEDE AND ULYSSES      149
+
+          X.  THE BATTLE AT THE SHIPS--DEATH OF PATROCLUS            166
+
+         XI.  END OF THE WRATH OF ACHILLES--DEATH OF HECTOR          193
+
+        XII.  DEATH OF ACHILLES--FALL AND DESTRUCTION OF TROY        220
+
+       XIII.  THE GREEK CHIEFS AFTER THE WAR                         240
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+I. HOMER, THE FATHER OF POETRY.
+
+In this book we are to tell the story of Troy, and particularly of the
+famous siege which ended in the total destruction of that renowned city.
+It is a story of brave warriors and heroes of 3000 years ago, about
+whose exploits the greatest poets and historians of ancient times have
+written. Some of the wonderful events of the memorable siege are related
+in a celebrated poem called the Ilʹi-ad, written in the Greek language.
+The author of this poem was Hoʹmer, who was the author of another great
+poem, the Odʹys-sey, which tells of the voyages and adventures of the
+Greek hero, U-lysʹses, after the taking of Troy.
+
+Homer has been called the Father of Poetry, because he was the first and
+greatest of poets. He lived so long ago that very little is known about
+him. We do not even know for a certainty when or where he was born. It
+is believed, however, that he lived in the ninth century before Christ,
+and that his native place was Smyrʹna, in Asia Minor. But long after
+his death several other cities claimed the honor of being his
+birthplace.
+
+    Seven Grecian cities vied for Homer dead,
+    Through which the living Homer begged his bread.
+
+    LEONIDAS.
+
+It is perhaps not true that Homer was so poor as to be obliged to beg
+for his bread; but it is probable that he earned his living by traveling
+from city to city through many parts of Greece and Asia Minor, reciting
+his poems in the palaces of princes, and at public assemblies. This was
+one of the customs of ancient times, when the art of writing was either
+not known, or very little practiced. The poets, or bards, of those days
+committed their compositions to memory, and repeated them aloud at
+gatherings of the people, particularly at festivals and athletic games,
+of which the ancient Greeks were very fond. At those games prizes and
+rewards were given to the bards as well as to the athletes.
+
+It is said that in the latter part of his life the great poet became
+blind, and that this was why he received the name of Homer, which
+signified a blind person. The name first given to him, we are told, was
+Mel-e-sigʹe-nes, from the river Meʹles, a small stream on the banks of
+which his native city of Smyrna was situated.
+
+So little being known of Homer's life, there has been much difference of
+opinion about him among learned men. Many have believed that Homer never
+existed. Others have thought that the Iliad and Odyssey were composed
+not by one author, but by several. "Some," says the English poet, Walter
+Savage Landor, "tell us that there were twenty Homers, some deny that
+there was ever one." Those who believe that there were "twenty Homers"
+think that different parts of the two great poems--the Iliad and
+Odyssey--were composed by different persons, and that all the parts were
+afterwards put together in the form in which they now appear. The
+opinion of most scholars at present, however, is that Homer did really
+exist, that he was a wandering bard, or minstrel, who sang or recited
+verses or ballads composed by himself, about the great deeds of heroes
+and warriors, and that those ballads, collected and arranged in after
+years in two separate books, form the poems known as the Iliad and
+Odyssey.
+
+Homer's poetry is what is called epic poetry, that is, it tells about
+heroes and heroic actions. The Iliad and Odyssey are the first and
+greatest of epic poems. In all ages since Homer's time, scholars have
+agreed in declaring them to be the finest poetic productions of human
+genius. No nation in the world has ever produced poems so beautiful or
+so perfect. They have been read and admired by learned men for more than
+2000 years. They have been translated into the languages of all
+civilized countries. In this book we make many quotations from the fine
+translation of the Iliad by our American poet, William Cullen Bryant. We
+quote also from the well-known translation by the English poet,
+Alexander Pope.
+
+The ancients had a very great admiration for the poetry of Homer. We are
+told that every educated Greek could repeat from memory any passage in
+the Iliad or Odyssey. Alexander the Great was so fond of Homer's poems
+that he always had them under his pillow while he slept. He kept the
+Iliad in a richly ornamented casket, saying that "the most perfect work
+of human genius ought to be preserved in a box the most valuable and
+precious in the world."
+
+So great was the veneration the Greeks had for Homer, that they erected
+temples and altars to him, and worshiped him as a god. They held
+festivals in his honor, and made medals bearing the figure of the poet
+sitting on a throne and holding in his hands the Iliad and Odyssey. One
+of the kings of Eʹgypt built in that country a magnificent temple, in
+which was set up a statue of Homer, surrounded with a beautiful
+representation of the seven cities that contended for the honor of being
+the place of his birth.
+
+    Great bard of Greece, whose ever-during verse
+    All ages venerate, all tongues rehearse;
+    Could blind idolatry be justly paid
+    To aught of mental power by man display'd,
+    To thee, thou sire of soul-exalting song,
+    That boundless worship might to thee belong.
+
+    HAYLEY.
+
+
+II. THE GODS AND GODDESSES.
+
+To understand the Story of Troy it is necessary to know something about
+the gods and goddesses, who played so important a part in the events we
+are to relate. We shall see that in the Troʹjan War nearly everything
+was ordered or directed by a god or goddess. The gods, indeed, had much
+to do in the causing of the war, and they took sides in the great
+struggle, some of them helping the Greeks and some helping the Trojans.
+
+The ancient Greeks believed that there were a great many gods. According
+to their religion all parts of the universe,--the heavens and the earth,
+the sun and the moon, the ocean, seas, and rivers, the mountains and
+forests, the winds and storms,--were ruled by different gods. The gods,
+too, it was supposed, controlled all the affairs of human life. There
+were a god of war and a god of peace, and gods of music, and poetry, and
+dancing, and hunting, and of all the other arts or occupations in which
+men engaged.
+
+The gods, it was believed, were in some respects like human beings. In
+form they usually appeared as men and women. They were passionate and
+vindictive, and often quarreled among themselves. They married and had
+children, and needed food and drink and sleep. Sometimes they married
+human beings, and the sons of such marriages were the heroes of
+antiquity, men of giant strength who performed daring and wonderful
+feats. The food of the gods was Am-broʹsia, which conferred immortality
+and perpetual youth on those who partook of it; their drink was a
+delicious wine called Necʹtar.
+
+The gods, then, were immortal beings. They never died; they never grew
+old, and they possessed immense power. They could change themselves, or
+human beings, into any form, and they could make themselves visible or
+invisible at pleasure. They could travel through the skies, or over
+earth or ocean, with the rapidity of lightning, often riding in gorgeous
+golden chariots drawn by horses of immortal breed. They were greatly
+feared by men, and when any disaster occurred,--if lives were lost by
+earthquake, or shipwreck, or any other calamity,--it was attributed to
+the anger of some god.
+
+Though immortal beings, however, the gods were subject to some of the
+physical infirmities of humanity. They could not die, but they might be
+wounded and suffer bodily pain the same as men. They often took part in
+the quarrels and wars of people on earth, and they had weapons and armor
+like human warriors.
+
+The usual place of residence of the principal gods was on the top of
+Mount O-lymʹpus in Greece. Here they dwelt in golden palaces, and they
+had a Council Chamber where they frequently feasted together at grand
+banquets, celestial music being rendered by A-polʹlo, the god of
+minstrelsy, and the Muses, who were the divinities of poetry and song.
+
+In all the chief cities grand temples were erected for the worship of
+the gods. One of the most famous was the Parʹthe-non, at Athens. At the
+shrines of the gods costly gifts in gold and silver were presented, and
+on their altars, often built in the open air, beasts were killed and
+burned as sacrifices, which were thought to be very pleasing to the
+divine beings to whom they were offered.
+
+[Illustration: THE PARTHENON.
+
+_From model in Metropolitan Museum, New York._]
+
+The greatest and most powerful of the gods was Juʹpi-ter, also called
+Jove or Zeus. To him all the rest were subject. He was the king of the
+gods, the mighty Thunderer, at whose nod Olympus shook, and at whose
+word the heavens trembled. From his great power in the regions of the
+sky he was sometimes called the "cloud-compelling Jove."
+
+    He, whose all-conscious eyes the world behold,
+    The eternal Thunderer sat, enthroned in gold.
+    High heaven the footstool of his feet he makes,
+    And wide beneath him all Olympus shakes.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book VIII.
+
+The wife of Jupiter, and the queen of heaven, was Juʹno, who, as we
+shall see, was the great enemy of Troy and the Trojans. One of the
+daughters of Jupiter, called Veʹnus, or Aph-ro-diʹte, was the goddess of
+beauty and love. Nepʹtune was the god of the sea. He usually carried in
+his hand a trident, or three-pronged scepter, the emblem of his
+authority.
+
+          His sumptuous palace-halls were built
+    Deep down in ocean, golden, glittering, proof
+    Against decay of time.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XIII.
+
+Mars was the god of war, and Pluʹto, also called Dis and Haʹdes, was god
+of the regions of the dead. One of the most glorious and powerful of the
+gods was Apollo, or Phœʹbus, or Sminʹtheus, for he had many names. He
+was god of the sun, and of medicine, music, and poetry. He is
+represented as holding in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre. Homer
+calls him the "god of the silver bow," and the "far-darting Apollo," for
+the ancients believed that with the dart of his arrow he sent down
+plagues upon men whenever they offended him.
+
+The other principal deities mentioned by Homer are Mi-nerʹva, or
+Palʹlas, the goddess of wisdom; Vulʹcan, the god of fire; and Merʹcu-ry,
+or Herʹmes, the messenger of Jupiter. Vulcan was also the patron, or
+god, of smiths. He had several forges; one was on Mount Olympus, and
+another was supposed to be under Mount Ætʹna in Sicʹi-ly. Here, with his
+giant workmen, the Cyʹclops, he made thunderbolts for Jupiter, and
+sometimes armor and weapons of war for earthly heroes.
+
+The gods, it was believed, made their will known to men in various
+ways,--sometimes by the flight of birds, frequently by dreams, and
+sometimes by appearing on earth under different forms, and speaking
+directly to kings and warriors. Very often men learned the will of the
+gods by consulting seers and soothsayers, or augurs,--persons who were
+supposed to have the power of foretelling events. There were temples
+also where the gods gave answers through priests. Such answers were
+called Orʹa-cles, and this name was also given to the priests. The most
+celebrated oracle of ancient times was in the temple of Apollo at
+Delʹphi, in Greece. To this place people came from all parts of the
+world to consult the god, whose answers were given by a priestess called
+Pythʹi-a.
+
+The ancients never engaged in war or any other important undertaking
+without sacrificing to the gods or consulting their oracles or
+soothsayers. Before going to battle they made sacrifices to the gods. If
+they were defeated in battle they regarded it as a sign of the anger of
+Jupiter, or Juno, or Minerva, or Apollo, or some of the other great
+beings who dwelt on Olympus. When making leagues or treaties of peace,
+they called the gods as witnesses, and prayed to Father Jupiter to send
+terrible punishments on any who should take false oaths, or break their
+promises. In the story of the Trojan War we shall find many examples of
+such appeals to the gods by the chiefs on both sides.
+
+    "O Father Jove, who rulest from the top
+    Of Ida, mightiest one and most august!
+    Whichever of these twain has done the wrong,
+    Grant that he pass to Pluto's dwelling, slain,
+    While friendship and a faithful league are ours.
+
+    "O Jupiter most mighty and august!
+    Whoever first shall break these solemn oaths,
+    So may their brains flow down upon the earth,--
+    Theirs and their children's."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+[Illustration: OFFERING TO MINERVA.
+
+_Painting by Gaudemaris._]
+
+
+
+
+THE STORY OF TROY.
+
+
+
+
+I. TROY BEFORE THE SIEGE.
+
+
+[Illustration: _Design by Burne-Jones._]
+
+That part of Asia Minor which borders the narrow channel now known as
+the Dar-da-nellesʹ, was in ancient times called Troʹas. Its capital was
+the city of Troy, which stood about three miles from the shore of the
+Æ-geʹan Sea, at the foot of Mount Ida, near the junction of two rivers,
+the Simʹo-is, and the Sca-manʹder or Xanʹthus. The people of Troy and
+Troas were called Trojans.
+
+Some of the first settlers in northwestern Asia Minor, before it was
+called Troas, came from Thrace, a country lying to the north of Greece.
+The king of these Thraʹcian colonists was Teuʹcer. During his reign a
+prince named Darʹdanus arrived in the new settlement. He was a son of
+Jupiter, and he came from Samʹo-thrace, one of the many islands of the
+Ægean Sea. It is said that he escaped from a great flood which swept
+over his native island, and that he was carried on a raft of wood to the
+coast of the kingdom of Teucer. Soon afterwards he married Teucer's
+daughter. He then built a city for himself amongst the hills of Mount
+Ida, and called it Dar-daʹni-a; and on the death of Teucer he became
+king of the whole country, to which he gave the same name, Dardania.
+
+    Jove was the father, cloud-compelling Jove,
+    Of Dardanus, by whom Dardania first
+    Was peopled, ere our sacred Troy was built
+    On the great plain,--a populous town; for men
+    Dwelt still upon the roots of Ida fresh
+    With Qiany springs.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XX.
+
+Dardanus was the ancestor of the Trojan line of kings. He had a grandson
+named Tros, and from him the city Troy, as well as the country Troas,
+took its name. The successor of King Tros was his son Iʹlus. By him Troy
+was built, and it was therefore also called Ilʹi-um or Ilʹi-on; hence
+the title of Homer's great poem,--the Iliad. From the names Dardanus
+and Teucer the city of Troy has also been sometimes called Dardania and
+Teuʹcri-a, and the Trojans are often referred to as Dardanians and
+Teucrians. Ilus was succeeded by his son La-omʹe-don, and Laomedon's son
+Priʹam was king of Troy during the famous siege.
+
+The story of the founding of Troy is a very interesting one. Ilus went
+forth from his father's city of Dardania, in search of adventures, as
+was the custom of young princes and heroes in those days; and he
+traveled on until he arrived at the court of the king of Phrygʹi-a, a
+country lying east of Troas. Here he found the people engaged in
+athletic games, at which the king gave valuable prizes for competition.
+Ilus took part in a wrestling match, and he won fifty young men and
+fifty maidens,--a strange sort of prize we may well think, but not at
+all strange or unusual in ancient times, when there were many slaves
+everywhere. During his stay in Phrygia the young Dardanian prince was
+hospitably entertained at the royal palace. When he was about to depart,
+the king gave him a spotted heifer, telling him to follow the animal,
+and to build a city for himself at the place where she should first lie
+down to rest.
+
+Ilus did as he was directed. With his fifty youths and fifty maidens he
+set out to follow the heifer, leaving her free to go along at her
+pleasure. She marched on for many miles, and at last lay down at the
+foot of Mount Ida on a beautiful plain watered by two rivers, and here
+Ilus encamped for the night. Before going to sleep he prayed to Jupiter
+to send him a sign that that was the site meant for his city. In the
+morning he found standing in front of his tent a wooden statue of the
+goddess Minerva, also called Pallas. The figure was three cubits high.
+In its right hand it held a spear, and in the left, a distaff and
+spindle.
+
+This was the Pal-laʹdi-um of Troy, which afterwards became very famous.
+The Trojans believed that it had been sent down from heaven, and that
+the safety of their city depended upon its preservation. Hence it was
+guarded with the greatest care in a temple specially built for the
+purpose.
+
+Ilus, being satisfied that the statue was the sign for which he had
+prayed, immediately set about building his city, and thus Troy was
+founded. It soon became the capital of Troas and the richest and most
+powerful city in that part of the world. During the reign of Laomedon,
+son of Ilus, its mighty walls were erected, which in the next reign
+withstood for ten years all the assaults of the Greeks. These walls were
+the work of no human hands. They were built by the ocean god Neptune.
+This god had conspired against Jupiter and attempted to dethrone him,
+and, as a punishment, his kingdom of the sea was taken away from him for
+one year, and he was ordered to spend that time in the service of the
+king of Troy.
+
+In building the great walls, Neptune was assisted by Apollo, who had
+also been driven from Olympus for an offense against Jupiter. Apollo had
+a son named Æs-cu-laʹpi-us, who was so skilled a physician that he
+could, and did, raise people from death to life. Jupiter was very angry
+at this. He feared that men might forget him and worship Æsculapius. He
+therefore hurled a thunderbolt at the great physician and killed him.
+Enraged at the death of his son, Apollo threatened to destroy the
+Cyclops, the giant workmen of Vulcan, who had forged the terrible
+thunderbolt. Before he could carry out his threat, however, Jupiter
+expelled him from heaven. He remained on earth for several years, after
+which he was permitted to return to his place among the gods on the top
+of Mount Olympus.
+
+[Illustration: NEPTUNE.
+
+_National Museum, Athens._]
+
+Though Neptune was bound to serve Laomedon for one year, there was an
+agreement between them that the god should get a certain reward for
+building the walls. But when the work was finished the Trojan king
+refused to keep his part of the bargain. Apollo had assisted by his
+powers of music. He played such tunes that he charmed even the huge
+blocks of stone, so that they moved themselves into their proper places,
+after Neptune had wrenched them from the mountain sides and had hewn
+them into shape. Moreover, Apollo had taken care of Laomedon's numerous
+flocks on Mount Ida. During the siege, Neptune, in a conversation with
+Apollo before the walls of Troy, spoke of their labors in the service of
+the Trojan king:
+
+    "Hast thou forgot, how, at the monarch's prayer,
+    We shared the lengthen'd labors of a year?
+    Troy walls I raised (for such were Jove's commands),
+    And yon proud bulwarks grew beneath my hands:
+    Thy task it was to feed the bellowing droves
+    Along fair Ida's vales and pendant groves."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XXI.
+
+Long before this, however, the two gods had punished Laomedon very
+severely for breaking his promise. Apollo, after being restored to
+heaven, sent a plague upon the city of Troy, and Neptune sent up from
+the sea an enormous serpent which killed many of the people.
+
+            A great serpent from the deep,
+    Lifting his horrible head above their homes,
+    Devoured the children.
+
+    LEWIS MORRIS.
+
+In this terrible calamity the king asked an oracle in what way the anger
+of the two gods might be appeased. The answer of the oracle was that a
+Trojan maiden must each year be given to the monster to be devoured.
+Every year, therefore, a young girl, chosen by lot, was taken down to
+the seashore and chained to a rock to become the prey of the serpent.
+And every year the monster came and swallowed up a Trojan maiden, and
+then went away and troubled the city no more until the following year,
+when he returned for another victim. At last the lot fell on He-siʹo-ne,
+the daughter of the king. Deep was Laomedon's grief at the thought of
+the awful fate to which his child was thus doomed.
+
+But help came at an unexpected moment. While, amid the lamentations of
+her family and friends, preparations were being made to chain Hesione to
+the rock, the great hero, Herʹcu-les, happened to visit Troy. He was on
+his way home to Greece, after performing in a distant eastern country
+one of those great exploits which made him famous in ancient story. The
+hero undertook to destroy the serpent, and thus save the princess, on
+condition that he should receive as a reward certain wonderful horses
+which Laomedon just then had in his possession. These horses were given
+to Laomedon's grandfather, Tros, on a very interesting occasion. Tros
+had a son named Ganʹy-mede, a youth of wonderful beauty, and Jupiter
+admired Ganymede so much that he had him carried up to heaven to be
+cupbearer to the gods--to serve the divine nectar at the banquets on
+Mount Olympus.
+
+          Godlike Ganymede, most beautiful
+    Of men; the gods beheld and caught him up
+    To heaven, so beautiful was he, to pour
+    The wine to Jove, and ever dwell with them.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XX.
+
+To compensate Tros for the loss of his son, Jupiter gave him four
+magnificent horses of immortal breed and marvelous fleetness. These were
+the horses which Hercules asked as his reward for destroying the
+serpent. As there was no other way of saving the life of his daughter,
+Laomedon consented. Hercules then went down to the seashore, bearing in
+his hand the huge club which he usually carried, and wearing his
+lion-skin over his shoulders. This was the skin of a fierce lion he had
+strangled to death in a forest in Greece, and he always wore it when
+going to perform any of his heroic feats.
+
+When Hesione had been bound to the rock, the hero stood beside her and
+awaited the coming of the serpent. In a short time its hideous form
+emerged from beneath the waves, and darting forward it was about to
+seize the princess, when Hercules rushed upon it, and with mighty
+strokes of his club beat the monster to death. Thus was the king's
+daughter saved and all Troy delivered from a terrible scourge. But when
+the hero claimed the reward that had been agreed upon, and which he had
+so well earned, Laomedon again proved himself to be a man who was
+neither honest nor grateful. Disregarding his promise, and forgetful,
+too, of what he and his people had already suffered as a result of his
+breach of faith with the two gods, he refused to give Hercules the
+horses.
+
+The hero at once went away from Troy, but not without resolving to
+return at a convenient time and punish Laomedon. This he did, not long
+afterwards, when he had completed the celebrated "twelve labors" at
+which he had been set by a Grecian king, whom Jupiter commanded him to
+serve for a period of years because of an offense he had committed. One
+of these labors was the killing of the lion. Another was the destroying
+of the Lerʹnæ-an hydra, a frightful serpent with many heads, which for a
+long time had been devouring man and beast in the district of Lerʹna in
+Greece.
+
+Having accomplished his twelve great labors and ended his term of
+service, Hercules collected an army and a fleet, and sailed to the
+shores of Troas. He then marched against the city, took it by surprise,
+and slew Laomedon and all his sons, with the exception of Po-darʹces,
+afterwards called Priam. This prince had tried to persuade his father to
+fulfill the engagement with Hercules, for which reason his life was
+spared. He was made a slave, however, as was done in ancient times with
+prisoners taken in war. But Hesione ransomed her brother, giving her
+gold-embroidered veil as the price of his freedom. From this time he was
+called Priam, a word which in the Greek language means "purchased."
+Hesione also prevailed upon Hercules to restore Priam to his right as
+heir to his father's throne, and so he became king of Troy. Hesione
+herself was carried off to Greece, where she was given in marriage to
+Telʹa-mon, king of Salʹa-mis, a friend of Hercules.
+
+Priam reigned over his kingdom of Troas many years in peace and
+prosperity. His wife and queen, the virtuous Hecʹu-ba, was a daughter of
+a Thracian king. They had nineteen children, many of whom became famous
+during the great siege. Their eldest son, Hecʹtor, was the bravest of
+the Trojan heroes. Their son Parʹis it was, as we shall see, who brought
+upon his country the disastrous war. Another son, Helʹe-nus, and his
+sister Cas-sanʹdra, were celebrated soothsayers.
+
+Cassandra was a maiden of remarkable beauty. The god Apollo loved her so
+much that he offered to grant her any request if she would accept him as
+her husband. Cassandra consented and asked for the power of foretelling
+events, but when she received it, she slighted the god and refused to
+perform her promise. Apollo was enraged at her conduct, yet he could not
+take back the gift he had bestowed. He decreed, however, that no one
+should believe or pay any attention to her predictions, true though they
+should be. And so when Cassandra foretold the evils that were to come
+upon Troy, even her own people would not credit her words. They spoke of
+her as the "mad prophetess."
+
+    Cassandra cried, and cursed the unhappy hour;
+    Foretold our fate; but by the god's decree,
+    All heard, and none believed the prophecy.
+
+    VERGIL.
+
+The first sorrow in the lives of King Priam and his good queen came a
+short time before the birth of Paris, when Hecuba dreamed that her next
+child would bring ruin upon his family and native city. This caused the
+deepest distress to Priam and Hecuba, especially when the soothsayer
+Æsʹa-cus declared that the dream would certainly be fulfilled. Then,
+though they were tender and loving parents, they made up their minds to
+sacrifice their own feelings rather than that such a calamity should
+befall their country. When the child was born, the king, therefore,
+ordered it to be given to Ar-che-laʹus, one of the shepherds of Mount
+Ida, with instructions to expose it in a place where it might be
+destroyed by wild beasts. The shepherd, though very unwilling to do so
+cruel a thing, was obliged to obey, but on returning to the spot a few
+days afterwards he found the infant boy alive and unhurt. Some say that
+the child had been nursed and carefully tended by a she-bear. Archelaus
+was so touched with pity at the sight of the innocent babe smiling in
+his face, that he took the boy to his cottage, and, giving him the name
+Paris, brought him up as one of his own family.
+
+With the herdsmen on Mount Ida, Paris spent his early years, not knowing
+that he was King Priam's son. He was a brave youth, and of exceeding
+beauty.
+
+                        "His sunny hair
+    Cluster'd about his temples like a god's."
+
+    TENNYSON, _Œnone_.
+
+He was skilled, too, in all athletic exercises, he was a bold huntsman,
+and so brave in defending the shepherds against the attacks of robbers
+that they called him Alexander, a name which means a protector of men.
+Thus the young prince became a favorite with the people who lived on
+the hills. Very happy he was amongst them, and amongst the flocks which
+his good friend and foster father, Archelaus, gave him to be his own. He
+was still more happy in the company of the charming nymph Œ-noʹne, the
+daughter of a river god; and he loved her and made her his wife. But
+this happiness was destined not to be of long duration. The Fates[A] had
+decreed it otherwise. Œnone the beautiful, whose sorrows have been the
+theme of many poets, was to lose the love of the young shepherd prince,
+and the dream of Hecuba was to have its fulfillment.
+
+                                    The Fate
+    That rules the will of Jove had spun the days
+    Of Paris and Œnone.
+
+    QUINTUS SMYRNÆUS.
+
+[Footnote A: The Fates were the three sisters, Cloʹtho, Lachʹe-sis, and
+Atʹro-pos, powerful goddesses who controlled the birth and life of
+mankind, Clotho, the youngest, presided over the moment of birth, and
+held a distaff in her hand; Lachesis spun out the thread of human
+existence (all the events and action's of man's life); and Atropos, with
+a pair of shears which she always carried, cut this thread at the moment
+of death.]
+
+
+
+
+II. THE JUDGMENT OF PARIS.
+
+
+It was through a quarrel among the three goddesses, Juno, Venus, and
+Minerva, that Œnone, the fair nymph of Mount Ida, met her sad fate, and
+that the destruction of Troy was brought about. The strife arose on the
+occasion of the marriage of Peʹleus and Theʹtis. Peleus was a king of
+Thesʹsa-ly, in Greece, and one of the great heroes of those days. Thetis
+was a daughter of the sea god Neʹre-us, who had fifty daughters, all
+beautiful sea nymphs, called "Ne-reʹi-des," from the name of their
+father. Their duty was to attend upon the greater sea gods, and
+especially to obey the orders of Neptune.
+
+Thetis was so beautiful that Jupiter himself wished to marry her, but
+the Fates told him she was destined to have a son who would be greater
+than his father. The king of heaven having no desire that a son of his
+should be greater than himself, gave up the idea of wedding the fair
+nymph of the sea, and consented that she should be the wife of Peleus,
+who had long loved and wooed her. But Thetis, being a goddess, was
+unwilling to marry a mortal man. However, she at last consented, and
+all the gods and goddesses, with one exception, were present at the
+marriage feast.
+
+    For in the elder time, when truth and worth
+    Were still revered and cherished here on earth,
+    The tenants of the skies would oft descend
+    To heroes' spotless homes, as friend to friend;
+    There meet them face to face, and freely share
+    In all that stirred the hearts of mortals there.
+
+    CATULLUS (Martin's tr.).
+
+The one exception was Eʹris, or Dis-corʹdi-a, the goddess of discord.
+This evil-minded deity had at one time been a resident of Olympus, but
+she caused so much dissension and quarreling there that Jupiter banished
+her forever from the heavenly mansions. The presence of such a being as
+a guest on so happy an occasion was not very desirable, and therefore no
+invitation was sent to her.
+
+Thus slighted, the goddess of discord resolved to have revenge by doing
+all that she could to disturb the peace and harmony of the marriage
+feast. With this evil purpose she suddenly appeared in the midst of the
+company, and threw on the table a beautiful golden apple, on which were
+inscribed the words, "Let it be given to the fairest."
+
+          "This was cast upon the board,
+    When all the full-faced presence of the gods
+    Ranged in the halls of Peleus; whereupon
+    Rose feud, with question unto whom 'twere due."
+
+    TENNYSON, _Œnone_.
+
+At once all the goddesses began to claim the glittering prize of beauty.
+Each contended that she was the "fairest," and therefore should have the
+
+        "fruit of pure Hesperian gold
+    That smelt ambrosially."
+
+But soon the only competitors were Juno, Venus, and Minerva, the other
+goddesses having withdrawn their claims. The contest then became more
+bitter, and at last Jupiter was called upon to act as judge in the
+dispute. This delicate task the king of heaven declined to undertake. He
+knew that whatever way he might decide, he would be sure to offend two
+of the three goddesses, and thereby destroy the peace of his own
+household. It was necessary, however, that an umpire should be chosen to
+put an end to the strife, and doubtless it was the decree of the Fates
+that the lot should fall on the handsome young shepherd of Mount Ida.
+His wisdom and prudence were well known to the gods, and all seemed to
+agree that he was a fit person to decide so great a contest.
+
+Paris was therefore appointed umpire. By Jupiter's command the golden
+apple was sent to him, to be given to that one of the three goddesses
+whom he should judge to be the most beautiful. The goddesses themselves
+were directed to appear before him on Mount Ida, so that, beholding
+their charms, he might be able to give a just decision. The English
+poet, Tennyson, in his poem "Œnone," gives a fine description of the
+three contending deities standing in the presence of the Trojan prince,
+each in her turn trying, by promise of great reward, to persuade him to
+declare in her favor. Juno spoke first, and she offered to bestow kingly
+power and immense wealth upon Paris, if he would award the prize to her.
+
+              "She to Paris made
+    Proffer of royal power, ample rule
+    Unquestion'd.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
+    'Honor,' she said, 'and homage, tax and toll,
+    From many an inland town and haven large.'"
+
+Minerva next addressed the judge, and she promised him great wisdom and
+knowledge, as well as success in war, if he would give the apple to her.
+
+Then Venus approached the young prince, who all the while held the
+golden prize in his hand. She had but few words to say, for she was
+confident in the power of her beauty and the tempting bribe she was
+about to offer.
+
+    "She with a subtle smile in her mild eyes,
+    The herald of her triumph, drawing nigh
+    Half-whisper'd in his ear, 'I promise thee
+    The fairest and most loving wife in Greece.'
+    She spoke and laugh'd."
+
+The subtle smile and the whispered promise won the heart of Paris.
+Forgetful of Œnone, and disregarding the promises of the other
+goddesses, he awarded the prize to Venus.
+
+                            He consign'd
+    To her soft hand the fruit of burnished rind;
+    And foam-born Venus grasp'd the graceful meed,
+    Of war, of evil war, the quickening seed.
+
+    COLUTHUS (Elton's tr.).
+
+Such was the famous judgment of Paris. It was perhaps a just decision,
+for it may be supposed that Venus, being the goddess of beauty, was
+really the most beautiful of the three. But the story does not give us a
+very high idea of the character of Paris, who now no longer took
+pleasure in the company of Œnone. All his thoughts and affections were
+turned away from her by the promise of Venus. He had grown weary, too,
+of his simple and innocent life among his flocks and herds on the
+mountain. He therefore wished much for some adventure that would take
+him away from scenes which had become distasteful to him.
+
+[Illustration: PARIS.
+
+_Vatican, Rome._]
+
+The opportunity soon came. A member of King Priam's family having died,
+it was announced that the funeral would be celebrated by athletic
+games, as was the custom in ancient times. Paris resolved to go down to
+the city and take part in these games. Prizes were to be offered for
+competition, and one of the prizes was to be the finest bull that could
+be picked from the herds on Mount Ida. Now it happened that the bull
+selected belonged to Paris himself, but it could not be taken without
+his consent. He was willing, however, to give it for the games on
+condition that he should be permitted to enter the list of competitors.
+
+The condition was agreed to, and so the shepherd prince parted from
+Œnone and went to the funeral games at Troy. He intended, perhaps, to
+return sometime, but it was many years before he saw the fair nymph of
+Mount Ida again,--not until he was about to die of a wound received from
+one of the Greeks in the Trojan War. Œnone knew what was to happen, for
+Apollo had conferred upon her the gift of prophecy, and she warned Paris
+that if he should go away from her he would bring ruin on himself and
+his country, telling him also that he would seek for her help when it
+would be too late to save him. These predictions, as we shall see, were
+fulfilled. Œnone's grief and despair in her loneliness after the
+departure of Paris are touchingly described in Tennyson's poem:
+
+    "O happy Heaven, how canst thou see my face?
+    O happy earth, how canst thou bear my weight?
+    O death, death, death, thou ever-floating cloud,
+    There are enough unhappy on this earth,
+    Pass by the happy souls, that love to live:
+    I pray thee, pass before my light of life,
+    And shadow all my soul, that I may die.
+    Thou weighest heavy on the heart within,
+    Weigh heavy on my eyelids: let me die."
+
+At the athletic games in Troy everybody admired the noble appearance of
+Paris, but nobody knew who he was. In the competitions he won all the
+first prizes, for Venus had given him godlike strength and swiftness. He
+defeated even Hector, who was the greatest athlete of Troy. Hector,
+angry at finding himself and all the highborn young men of the city
+beaten by an unknown stranger, resolved to put him to death, and Paris
+would probably have been killed, had he not fled for safety into the
+temple of Jupiter. Cassandra, who happened to be in the temple at the
+time, noticed Paris closely, and observing that he bore a strong
+resemblance to her brothers, she asked him about his birth and age. From
+his answers she was satisfied that he was her brother, and she at once
+introduced him to the king. Further inquiries were then made. The old
+shepherd, Archelaus, to whom Paris had been delivered in his infancy to
+be exposed on Mount Ida, was still living, and he came and told his
+story. Then King Priam and Queen Hecuba joyfully embraced and welcomed
+their son, never thinking of the terrible dream or of the prophecy of
+Æsacus. Hector, no longer angry or jealous, was glad to see his brother,
+and proud of his victories in the games. Everybody rejoiced except
+Cassandra. She knew the evil which was to come to Troy through Paris,
+but nobody would give credit to what the "mad prophetess" said.
+
+Thus restored to his high position as a prince of the royal house of
+Troy, Paris now resided in his father's palace, apparently contented and
+happy. But the promise made to him on Mount Ida, which he carefully
+concealed from his family, was always in his mind. His thoughts were
+ever turned toward Greece, where dwelt the fairest woman of those times.
+This was Helen, wife of Men-e-laʹus, king of Sparʹta, celebrated
+throughout the ancient world for her matchless beauty. Paris had been
+promised the fairest woman for his wife, and he felt sure that it could
+be no other than the far-famed Helen. To Greece therefore he resolved to
+go, as soon as there should be an excuse for undertaking what was then a
+long and dangerous voyage of many weeks, though in our day it is no more
+than a few hours' sail.
+
+The occasion was found when King Priam resolved to send ambassadors to
+the island of Salamis to demand the restoration of his sister Hesione,
+whom Hercules had carried off many years before. Her husband, Telamon,
+was now dead, but his son Aʹjax still held her as a prisoner at his
+court. Priam had never forgotten his sister's love for himself, for she
+it was, as will be remembered, who redeemed him from slavery and placed
+him on his father's throne. He now determined that she should be brought
+back to her native country, and Paris earnestly begged permission to
+take charge of the expedition which was to be sent to Salamis for that
+purpose. Priam consented, and a fleet worthy to convey the son of the
+king of Troy and his retinue to Greece was built by Pherʹe-clus, a
+skillful Trojan craftsman, whom the goddess Minerva (Pallas) had
+instructed in all kinds of workmanship.
+
+    For loved by Pallas, Pallas did impart
+    To him the shipwright's and the builder's art.
+    Beneath his hand the fleet of Paris rose,
+    The fatal cause of all his country's woes.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+Before the departure of the fleet, Cassandra raised her voice of
+warning, but as usual her words were not heeded, and so Paris set sail.
+He reached the shores of Greece in safety; but instead of proceeding to
+Salamis to demand Hesione from King Ajax, he steered his vessels to the
+coast of Sparta. This he did under the guidance and direction of Venus,
+who was now about to fulfill the promise by which she had won the golden
+prize on Mount Ida.
+
+Landing in Sparta, Paris hastened to the court of Menelaus, where he was
+hospitably received. The king gave banquets in his honor and invited him
+to prolong his stay in Sparta, and the beautiful Queen Helen joined in
+her husband's kind attentions to their guest.
+
+Soon after the arrival of Paris, the king of Sparta received an
+invitation to take part in a hunting expedition in the island of Crete.
+Having no suspicion of the evil design of Paris, he accepted the
+invitation. He departed for Crete, leaving to his queen the duty of
+entertaining the Trojan prince until his return. Then Paris, taking
+advantage of the absence of Menelaus, induced Helen to desert her
+husband and her home, and go with him to Troy. He told her of the
+promise of Venus, and assured her that she would be received with great
+honor in his father's palace, and protected against the anger of
+Menelaus.
+
+    From her husband's stranger-sheltering home
+    He tempted Helen o'er the ocean foam.
+
+    COLUTHUS (Elton's tr.).
+
+[Illustration: ABDUCTION OF HELEN.
+
+_Painting by Deutsch._]
+
+Helen having consented, Paris carried her off in his fleet. At the same
+time he carried away a vast quantity of treasure in gold and other
+costly things which belonged to King Menelaus. On the voyage homeward
+the ships were driven by a storm to the shores of the island of
+Cranʹa-e, where Paris and Helen remained for some time. When at last
+they reached the Trojan capital they were cordially welcomed by King
+Priam and Queen Hecuba, and in a short time they were married, and the
+event was celebrated with great rejoicing.
+
+But all the people of Troy did not take part in this rejoicing. Hector,
+the son of Priam, and others of his wisest counselors, strongly censured
+the conduct of Paris, and they advised the king to send Helen back to
+Sparta. But Priam would not listen to their prudent advice, and so she
+remained in Troy.
+
+The great beauty of Helen has been celebrated by poets in ancient and
+modern times. Tennyson, in his "Dream of Fair Women," introduces her as
+one of the forms of the vision he describes:
+
+          "I saw a lady within call,
+      Stiller than chisell'd marble, standing there;
+    A daughter of the gods, divinely tall,
+      And most divinely fair."
+
+
+
+
+III. THE LEAGUE AGAINST TROY.
+
+
+The carrying off of Helen was the cause of the Trojan War. Menelaus,
+upon hearing what Paris had done, immediately returned to Sparta, and
+began to make preparations to avenge the wrong. He called upon the other
+kings and princes of Greece to join him with their armies and fleets in
+a war against Troy. They were bound to do this by an oath they had taken
+at the time of the marriage of Helen and Menelaus.
+
+Helen was the daughter of Tynʹda-rus, who was king of Sparta before
+Menelaus. Some say that she was the daughter of Jupiter, and that
+Tyndarus was her stepfather. But from her infancy she was brought up at
+the royal palace of Sparta as the daughter of Tyndarus and his wife,
+Leʹda. When she became old enough to marry, the fame of her great beauty
+drew many of the young princes of Greece to Sparta, all competing for
+her favor, and each hoping to win her for his wife. This placed Tyndarus
+in a difficulty. He was alarmed at the sight of so many suitors for the
+hand of his daughter, for he knew that he could not give her to one
+without offending all the rest. He therefore resolved to adopt the
+advice of Ulysses, the prince of Ithʹa-ca (an island on the west coast
+of Greece). Ulysses, also named O-dysʹseus, was famed for great wisdom
+as well as valor in war.
+
+          Ulysses, man of many arts,
+    Son of Laertes, reared in Ithaca,
+    That rugged isle, and skilled in every form
+    Of shrewd device and action wisely planned.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+Ulysses had himself been one of the suitors for Helen, but he saw that
+among so many competitors he had little chance of success. Besides, he
+had fallen in love with Pe-nelʹo-pe, the niece of Tyndarus. He therefore
+withdrew from the contest, and he offered to suggest a plan for settling
+the difficulty about Helen, if Tyndarus would give him Penelope to be
+his wife. Tyndarus consented. Ulysses then advised that Helen should
+choose for herself which of the princes she would have for her husband,
+but that before she did so, all the suitors should pledge themselves by
+oath to submit to her decision, and engage that if any one should take
+her away from the husband of her choice, they would all join in
+punishing the offender.
+
+    If any dared to seize and bear her off,
+    All would unite in arms, and lay his town
+    Level with the ground.
+
+    EURIPIDES (Potter's tr.).
+
+The Grecian princes consented to this proposal. They all, including
+Ulysses himself, took the required oath. Helen then made choice of
+Menelaus, to whom she was immediately married with great pomp and
+popular rejoicing. On the death of Tyndarus, Menelaus became king of
+Sparta, and he and his beautiful queen lived and reigned together in
+prosperity and happiness until the ill-fated visit of Paris.
+
+Menelaus was the brother of Ag-a-memʹnon, king of My-ceʹnæ, one of the
+most powerful and wealthy of the kings of Helʹlas, as Greece was
+anciently called. Their father, Aʹtreus, was a son of the hero Peʹlops,
+who conquered the greater part of the peninsula named from him the
+Pel-oponneʹsus, and who was the grandson of Jupiter. Agamemnon, or
+A-triʹdes (son of Atreus), as he is often called, was commander in chief
+of all the Greek armies during the siege of Troy. From his high rank and
+authority Homer calls him the "king of men" and the "king of kings." He
+is sometimes also called "king of all Arʹgos," a powerful kingdom near
+Mycenæ, and from this name the Greeks are sometimes called "Arʹgives."
+The royal scepter which Agamemnon bore in his hands when addressing his
+soldiers was made by Vulcan for Jupiter.
+
+    The king of kings his awful figure raised;
+    High in his hand the golden sceptre blazed;
+    The golden sceptre, of celestial flame,
+    By Vulcan formed, from Jove to Hermes came:
+    To Pelops he the immortal gift resign'd;
+    The immortal gift great Pelops left behind.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+The kings and princes of Hellas, who met at the call of Menelaus,
+decided, after some discussion of the matter, that before declaring war
+against Troy it would be well to try to obtain satisfaction by peaceful
+means. They therefore sent ambassadors to Troy to demand the restoration
+of Helen and the treasures which Paris had carried off. Diʹo-mede, king
+of Æ-toʹlia, and the wise Ulysses, were chosen for this mission.
+Menelaus volunteered to accompany them, thinking that he might be able
+to persuade his wife to return to her home.
+
+When the Greek ambassadors arrived in the Trojan capital they were
+respectfully received by the king. During their stay in the city they
+were entertained at the residence of An-teʹnor, one of Priam's ministers
+of state, who had the wisdom to disapprove of the action of Paris, and
+to advise that the Spartan queen should be given back to her husband.
+Antenor much admired the appearance and eloquence of Ulysses, which are
+thus described in the Iliad:
+
+    "But when Ulysses rose, in thought profound,
+    His modest eyes he fixed upon the ground;
+    As one unskilled or dumb, he seem'd to stand,
+    Nor raised his head, nor stretch'd his sceptred hand;
+    But, when he speaks, what elocution flows!
+    Soft as the fleeces of descending snows,
+    The copious accents fall, with easy art;
+    Melting they fall, and sink into the heart!"
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+But the eloquence of Ulysses was of no avail. King Priam, blinded by his
+love for his son, saw not the threatened danger, and he refused the
+demand of the ambassadors. Menelaus was not even permitted to see his
+wife. Ulysses and his companions then returned to Greece, and at once
+preparations for war with Troy were commenced.
+
+These preparations occupied a very long time. Ten years were spent in
+getting together the vast force, which in more than a thousand ships was
+carried across the Ægean Sea to the Trojan shores, from the port of
+Auʹlis on the east coast-of Greece. Some of the Hel-lenʹic (Greek)
+princes were very unwilling to join the expedition, as they knew that
+the struggle would be a tedious and perilous one. Even Ulysses, who, as
+we have seen, had first proposed the suitors' oath at Sparta, was at the
+last moment unwilling to go. He had now become king of Ithaca, his
+father, La-erʹtes, having retired from the cares of government, and he
+would gladly have remained in his happy island home with his young wife,
+Penelope, and his infant son, Te-lemʹa-chus, both of whom he tenderly
+loved.
+
+But the man of many arts could not be spared from the Trojan War. He
+paid no heed, however, to the messages sent to him asking him to join
+the army at Aulis. Agamemnon resolved, therefore, to go himself to
+Ithaca to persuade Ulysses to take part in the expedition. He was
+accompanied by his brother Menelaus, and by a chief named Pal-a-meʹdes,
+a very wise and learned man as well as a brave warrior. As soon as
+Ulysses heard of their arrival in Ithaca, he pretended to be insane, and
+he tried by a very amusing stratagem to make them believe that he was
+really mad. Dressing himself in his best clothes, and going down to the
+seashore, he began to plow the beach with a horse and an _ox_ yoked
+together, and to scatter salt upon the sand instead of seed.
+
+[Illustration: ULYSSES FEIGNING MADNESS.
+
+_Heywood Hardy._]
+
+Palamedes, however, was more than a match in artifice for the Ithacan
+king. Taking Telemachus from the arms of his nurse, he placed the
+infant on the sand in front of the plowing team. Ulysses quickly turned
+the animals aside to avoid injuring his child, thus proving that he was
+not mad but in full possession of his senses. The king of Ithaca was
+therefore obliged to join the expedition to Troy. With twelve ships well
+manned he sailed from his rugged island, which he did not again see for
+twenty years. Ten years he spent at the siege, and ten on his homeward
+voyage, during which he met with the wonderful adventures that Homer
+describes in the Odyssey.
+
+Ulysses had his revenge upon Palamedes in a manner very unworthy of a
+brave man. In the camp before Troy, during the siege, he bribed one of
+the servants of Palamedes to conceal a sum of money in his master's
+tent. He then forged a letter, which he read before a council of the
+Greek generals, saying that Palamedes had taken it from a Trojan
+prisoner. This letter was written as if by King Priam to Palamedes,
+thanking him for the information he had given regarding the plans of the
+Greeks, and mentioning money as having been sent him in reward for his
+services. The Greek generals at once ordered a search to be made in the
+tent of Palamedes, and the money being found where it had been hidden by
+direction of Ulysses, the unfortunate Palamedes was immediately put to
+death as a traitor.
+
+    Palamedes, not unknown to fame,
+    Who suffered from the malice of the times,
+    Accused and sentenced for pretended crimes.
+
+    VERGIL.
+
+It is said that Palamedes was the inventor of weights and measures, and
+of the games of chess and backgammon, and that it was he who first
+placed sentinels round a camp and gave them a watchword.
+
+There was another of the Greek princes whose help in the Trojan War was
+obtained only by an ingenious trick. This was the famous A-chilʹles. He
+was the son of Peleus and Thetis, at whose marriage feast Eris threw the
+apple of discord on the table. The prophecy that Thetis would have a son
+greater than his father was fulfilled in Achilles, the bravest of the
+Greeks at the Trojan War, and the principal hero of Homer's Iliad.
+
+Thetis educated her son with great care. She had him instructed in all
+the accomplishments fitting for princes of those times. When he was an
+infant she dipped him in the river Styx, which, it was believed, made it
+impossible for any weapon wielded by mortal hands to wound him. But the
+water did not touch the child's heel by which his mother held him when
+she plunged him in the river, and it was in this part that he received
+the wound of which he died.
+
+Notwithstanding his being dipped in the Styx, Thetis was afraid to let
+Achilles go to the Trojan War, for Jupiter had told her that he would be
+killed if he took part in it. For this reason, as soon as she heard that
+the Grecian princes were gathering their forces, she secretly sent the
+youth to the court of Lyc-o-meʹdes, king of the island of Scyʹros. Here
+Achilles, dressed like a young girl, resided as a companion of the
+king's daughters. But Calʹchas, the soothsayer of the Grecian army, told
+the chiefs that without the help of Achilles Troy could not be taken.
+
+    Calchas the wise, the Grecian priest and guide,
+    That sacred seer, whose comprehensive view,
+    The past, the present, and the future knew.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+Calchas, however, could not tell where Achilles was to be found, and
+when they applied to Peleus, he too was unable or unwilling to tell
+them. In this difficulty the wily king of Ithaca did good service. After
+much inquiry he discovered that Achilles was at Scyros with the king's
+daughters. He soon made his way to the island, but here there was a new
+difficulty. He had never seen the young prince, and how was he to know
+him? But he devised a scheme which proved entirely successful. Equipping
+himself as a peddler, he went to the royal palace, exhibiting jewelry
+and other fancy articles to attract the attention of the ladies of the
+family. He also had some beautiful weapons of war among his wares.
+
+[Illustration: ACHILLES AT THE COURT OF LYCOMEDES.
+
+_Painting by Battoni._]
+
+As soon as he appeared, the maidens gathered about him and began
+examining the jewels. But one of the group eagerly seized a weapon, and
+handled it with much skill and pleasure. Satisfied that this was the
+young prince of whom he was in search, the pretended peddler announced
+his name and told why he had come. Achilles, for it was he, gladly
+agreed to take part with his countrymen in their great expedition, and
+he immediately returned to Phthiʹa, the capital of his father's kingdom
+of Thessaly. There he lost no time in making all necessary preparations.
+Soon afterwards he sailed for Aulis with the brave Myrʹmi-dons, as his
+soldiers were called, accompanied also by his devoted friend and
+constant companion, Pa-troʹclus.
+
+    Full fifty ships beneath Achilles' care,
+    The Achaians, Myrmidons, Hellenians bear;
+    Thessalians all, though various in their name;
+    The same their nation, and their chief the same.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+Agamemnon, the commander in chief of the great host, sailed with a
+hundred ships from his kingdom of Mycenæ, and his brother Menelaus,
+eager for vengeance upon the Trojans, sailed with sixty ships and a
+strong force of brave Spartans.
+
+    Great Agamemnon rules the numerous band,
+    A hundred vessels in long order stand,
+    And crowded nations wait his dread command.
+    High on the deck the king of men appears,
+    And his refulgent arms in triumph wears;
+    Proud of his host, unrivall'd in his reign,
+    In silent pomp he moves along the main.
+        His brother follows, and to vengeance warms,
+    The hardy Spartans, exercised in arms:
+        .    .    .    .    .    .
+    These, o'er the bending ocean, Helen's cause,
+    In sixty ships with Menelaus draws.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_ Book II.
+
+Among the other great warriors of Hellas who joined the expedition was
+Nesʹtor, the venerable king of Pyʹlos, distinguished for his eloquence,
+wisdom, and prudence.
+
+    In ninety sail, from Pylos' sandy coast,
+    Nestor the sage conducts his chosen host.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+The ancients believed that Nestor outlived three generations of men,
+which some suppose to have been three hundred years. From this it was a
+custom of the ancient Greeks and Romans, when wishing a long and happy
+life to their friends, to wish them to live as long as Nestor.
+
+    Experienced Nestor, in persuasion skill'd;
+    Words, sweet as honey, from his lips distill'd;
+    Two generations now had pass'd away,
+    Wise by his rules, and happy by his sway;
+    Two ages o'er his native realm he reign'd,
+    And now the example of the third remain'd.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+The two Ajaxes were also renowned warriors of the Grecian army,--Ajax
+Telamon and Ajax O-iʹleus, so called from the names of their fathers.
+Telamon was the king of Salamis, to whom, as has been told, Hercules
+gave Laomedon's daughter, Hesione. His son Ajax, a man of huge stature
+and giant strength, was, next to Achilles, the bravest of all the Greeks
+who went to the Trojan War.
+
+    With these appear the Salaminian bands,
+    Whom the gigantic Telamon commands;
+    In twelve black ships to Troy they steer their course,
+    And with the great Athenians join their force.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+Ajax Oileus, king of Loʹcris, was less in stature than his namesake, but
+few excelled him in the use of the spear or in swiftness of foot. He
+commanded forty ships in the great expedition.
+
+        Fierce Ajax led the Locrian squadrons on,
+    Ajax the less, Oileus' valiant son;
+    Skill'd to direct the flying dart aright;
+    Swift in pursuit, and active in the fight.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book II
+
+Two other valiant warriors, who led eighty ships each to the great
+muster, were Diomede, king of Argos, and I-domʹe-neus, king of
+Crete,--the "spear-renowned Idomeneus."
+
+    Crete's hundred cities pour forth all her sons.
+    These march'd, Idomeneus, beneath thy care.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+When at length all the kings and princes were assembled at Aulis, the
+vast fleet numbered 1185 ships, according to the account given by Homer.
+The total number of men which the ships carried is not known, but it is
+probable that it was not less than 100,000, as the largest of the
+vessels contained about 120, and the smallest 50 men each.
+
+Such was the mighty host that Hellas marshaled to punish Troy for the
+crime committed by Paris. Before setting out on so important an
+expedition the Greek chiefs deemed it proper, according to the custom of
+the ancients, to offer sacrifices to the gods, that their undertaking
+might have the favor of heaven. Altars were therefore erected, and the
+sacred services were carried out in due order. On these occasions
+animals--very frequently oxen--were killed, and portions of their flesh
+consumed by fire, such sacrifices being supposed to be very pleasing to
+the gods.
+
+While the Grecian chiefs were engaged in their religious ceremonies, the
+greater part of the army having already gone aboard the ships, they were
+startled at beholding a serpent dart out from beneath one of the altars,
+and, gliding along the ground, ascend a plane tree which grew close by.
+At the top of the tree was a nest containing eight young birds. The
+serpent devoured them, and immediately afterwards seized and devoured
+the mother bird, which had been fluttering around the nest. Then
+suddenly, before the eyes of the astonished Greeks, the reptile turned
+into stone. Amazed at this occurrence, and believing it to have some
+connection with their expedition, the assembled chiefs asked the
+soothsayer Calchas to explain what it meant. The seer replied, telling
+them that it was a sign that the war upon which they were about to enter
+would last ten years.
+
+"For us, indeed," said he, "Jupiter has shown a great sign. As this
+serpent has devoured the young of the sparrow, eight in number, and
+herself, the mother of the brood, was the ninth, so must we for as many
+years wage war, but in the tenth year we shall take the city."
+
+This story was eloquently told by Ulysses in the Greek camp before Troy,
+when in the tenth year of the siege, many of the troops, having grown
+weary of the war, desired to return to their homes.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+IV. BEGINNING OF THE WAR.
+
+
+The Greek chiefs, nothing daunted by the words of Calchas, now set sail
+with their immense fleet. Though the war was to be a long one, they were
+encouraged by the prophecy that they were to be the conquerors.
+
+Their first experience was not very fortunate. They safely crossed the
+Ægean Sea, but instead of steering for Troy, the pilots, through either
+ignorance or mistake, brought the vessels to the shore on the coast of
+Teu-thra'ni-a, a district in the kingdom of Mys'i-a, lying southeast of
+Troas. Here the Greeks landed, but they were at once attacked by
+Tel'e-phus, the king of that country, who came down upon them with a
+strong force, and drove them back to their ships after a battle in which
+many of them were killed. They would probably have fared much worse had
+it not been for the friendly aid of Bacʹchus, the god of wine. While
+Telephus was fighting at the head of his men he tripped and fell over a
+vine, which the god had caused to spring up suddenly from the earth at
+his feet. As he lay flat on the ground Achilles rushed forward and
+severely wounded him with a thrust of his spear.
+
+The Greeks, however, were obliged to take to the sea, and soon afterward
+a great storm arose, which destroyed many of their vessels. Owing to
+this misfortune they had to return to Aulis, where they set about
+repairing their damaged ships and getting ready to start again. While
+the Greeks were thus engaged, they were surprised by the appearance of
+King Telephus, who came to their camp to beg Achilles to cure his wound,
+an oracle he had consulted having told him that he could be cured only
+by the person who had wounded him.
+
+Achilles was at first unwilling to comply with the request of Telephus,
+but Ulysses advised him to do so. Telephus was one of the sons of
+Hercules, and it had been decreed that without the help of a son of that
+hero Troy could not be taken. Moreover, he was a son-in-law of Priam,
+and his country lay close to where the war was to be carried on. For
+these reasons Ulysses wished to make him friendly to the Greeks, and so
+he persuaded Achilles to cure the Teuthranian king. Achilles did this by
+dropping into the wound portions of the rust from the point of his
+spear. Telephus was so grateful that he joined the expedition against
+Troy, and undertook to pilot the Grecian fleet to the Trojan coast.
+
+But another difficulty now stood in the way of the Greeks. Their fleet
+was once more ready for departure, but the winds were unfavorable. In
+ancient times they could not make a sea voyage when the winds were
+against them. Their ships were very small, and were moved only by oars
+and sails. Homer gives us a good idea of the ancient system of
+navigation, where he tells, in the Odyssey, about young Telemachus
+setting out on a voyage in search of his father, Ulysses:
+
+                        Telemachus went up
+    The vessel's side, but Pallas first embarked,
+    And at the stern sat down, while next to her
+    Telemachus was seated. Then the crew
+    Cast loose the fastenings and went all on board,
+    And took their places on the rowers' seats,
+    While blue-eyed Pallas sent a favoring breeze,
+    A fresh wind from the west, that murmuring swept
+    The dark-blue main. Telemachus gave forth
+    The word to wield the tackle; they obeyed,
+    And raised the fir-tree mast, and, fitting it
+    Into its socket, bound it fast with cords,
+    And drew and spread with firmly twisted ropes
+    The shining sails on high. The steady wind
+    Swelled out the canvas in the midst; the ship
+    Moved on, the dark sea roaring round her keel,
+    As swiftly through the waves she cleft her way.
+
+    BRYANT, _Odyssey_, Book II.
+
+For many days the Greek chiefs at Aulis waited for favoring breezes, but
+none came.
+
+                      "The troops
+    Collected and embodied, here we sit
+    Inactive, and from Aulis wish to sail
+    In vain."
+
+    EURIPIDES (Potter's tr.).
+
+At last the soothsayer Calchas told them that the easterly winds which
+prevented them from sailing were caused by the anger of Di-anʹa. Diana
+was the goddess of hunting, and there was one of her sacred groves in
+the neighborhood of Aulis. In this grove King Agamemnon went hunting
+during the time the ships were being repaired after the storm, and he
+killed one of Diana's favorite deer. He even boasted that he was a
+greater hunter than Diana herself. This enraged the goddess, and Calchas
+said that her anger could be appeased only by the offering up of
+Agamemnon's daughter, Iph-i-ge-niʹa, as a sacrifice.
+
+[Illustration: DIANA HUNTING.
+
+_Painting by Makart._ (_Fragment_.)]
+
+The feelings of the father may be easily imagined. He heard the
+announcement of the soothsayer with the utmost horror, and he declared
+that he would withdraw from the expedition rather than permit his child
+to be put to death. But Ulysses and the other princes begged him to
+remember that the honor of their country was at stake. They said that if
+he should withdraw, the great cause for which they had labored for ten
+years would be lost, and the Trojan insult to his own family and to all
+Greece would remain unpunished.
+
+At last Agamemnon consented, and messengers were sent to Mycenæ to bring
+Iphigenia to Aulis. The king was even persuaded to deceive his wife,
+Clyt-em-nesʹtra. Knowing that she would not allow her daughter to be
+taken away for such a purpose, he wrote a letter to the queen, saying
+that Iphigenia had been chosen to be the wife of Achilles, and that he
+wished the marriage ceremony to be performed before the departure of the
+young prince for Troy.
+
+                        "I wrote, I seal'd
+    A letter to my wife, that she should send
+    Her daughter to Achilles as a bride
+    Affianc'd."
+
+    EURIPIDES (Potter's tr.).
+
+Clytemnestra agreed to the proposal, happy at the thought of her
+daughter being married to so great a prince as Achilles. Iphigenia
+accordingly accompanied the messengers to the Greek camp at Aulis. When
+she learned of the terrible fate to which she had been doomed, she threw
+herself at her father's feet and piteously implored his protection. But
+her tears and entreaties were in vain. The agonized father had now no
+power to save her, for the whole army demanded that the will of the
+goddess should be obeyed. Preparations for the awful sacrifice were
+therefore made, and when everything was ready, the beautiful young
+princess was led to the altar. Tennyson, in his "Dream of Fair Women,"
+has these lines about Iphigenia at Aulis:
+
+    "I was cut off from hope in that sad place,
+      Which men called Aulis in those iron years:
+    My father held his hand upon his face;
+      I, blinded with my tears,
+
+    Still strove to speak: my voice was thick with sighs
+      As in a dream. Dimly I could descry
+    The stern, black-bearded kings with wolfish eyes,
+      Waiting to see me die."
+
+But Iphigenia was not sacrificed after all. Her innocence excited the
+pity even of Diana, and at the last moment the goddess snatched the
+weeping maiden away in a cloud, and left in her place a beautiful deer
+to be offered up as a sacrifice. She carried the princess off to
+Tauʹri-ca, a country bordering the Black Sea, and there Iphigenia
+remained for many years, serving as a priestess in Diana's temple.
+
+The anger of Diana being appeased, favorable winds now began to blow,
+and the Greeks again set sail. This time they had a more fortunate
+voyage. Piloted by Telephus, the fleet crossed the Ægean Sea, and safely
+reached the coast of Troas. But here Calchas made another discouraging
+prophecy. He declared that the first Greek who stepped on Trojan soil
+would be killed in the first fight with the enemy. This the oracle at
+Delphi had also foretold. There was some hesitation, therefore, about
+landing, for the army of King Priam was ranged along the beach prepared
+for battle with the invaders.
+
+This was the occasion of an heroic act by Pro-tes-i-laʹus, king of
+Phylʹa-ce in Thessaly, who boldly leaped ashore as soon as the vessels
+touched the land. The prediction of Calchas was soon fulfilled.
+Protesilaus was struck dead in the first fight by a spear launched by
+the hands of the Trojan leader, Hector. The bravery of the Thessalian
+king, and the grief of his queen, La-od-a-miʹa, when she heard of his
+death, have been much celebrated in song and story.
+
+                    Protesilaus the brave,
+    Who now lay silent in the gloomy grave:
+    The first who boldly touch'd the Trojan shore,
+    And dyed a Phrygian lance with Grecian gore;
+    There lies, far distant from his native plain;
+    And his sad consort beats her breast in vain.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+Laodamia in her sorrow prayed to the gods that she might see her husband
+again on earth. Jupiter heard her prayer, and he ordered Mercury to
+conduct Protesilaus from Hades, the land of the dead, to Thessaly, to
+remain with Laodamia for the space of three hours.
+
+Laodamia was happy for the brief time allowed her to enjoy again the
+companionship of her beloved Protesilaus, and she listened with pride to
+the story of his brave deed on the Trojan shore.
+
+    "Thou know'st, the Delphic oracle foretold
+    That the first Greek who touched the Trojan strand
+    Should die; but me the threat could not withhold:
+    A generous cause a victim did demand;
+    And forth I leapt upon the sanely plain;
+    A self-devoted chief--by Hector slain."
+
+    WORDSWORTH, _Laodamia_.
+
+But the happy moments flew swiftly by, and when the three hours had
+passed, Mercury returned to take the hero back to the world of shades.
+The parting was too much for the fond Laodamia. She died of grief as her
+husband disappeared from her sight.
+
+Protesilaus was buried on the Trojan shore, and around his grave, it is
+said, there grew very wonderful trees. These trees withered away as
+soon as their tops reached high enough to be seen from the city of Troy.
+Then fresh trees sprang up from their roots, and withered in like manner
+when they reached the same height, and so this marvelous growth and
+decay continued for ages.
+
+                              Upon the side
+    Of Hellespont (such faith was entertained)
+    A knot of spiry trees for ages grew
+    From out the tomb of him for whom she died;
+    And ever, when such stature they had gained
+    That Ilium's walls were subject to their view,
+    The trees' tall summits withered at the sight;
+    A constant interchange of growth and blight!
+
+    WORDSWORTH, _Laodamia_.
+
+The heroic act of Protesilaus was the beginning of the great war. Before
+he fell himself he slew many of the enemy, and hosts of his countrymen,
+encouraged by his example, poured from their ships and encountered the
+Trojans in fierce conflict. In this first battle the Greeks were
+victorious. Though Hector and his brave troops fought valiantly they
+were driven back from the shore, and compelled to take refuge within the
+strong walls of the city.
+
+The Trojans were well prepared for the war. King Priam had not been idle
+while the Greek leaders were mustering their forces. From all parts of
+his kingdom he had gathered immense supplies of provisions, and the
+princes and chiefs of Troas came with large armies to defend their king
+and country. The most celebrated of these chiefs was the hero Æ-neʹas,
+son of An-chiʹses and the goddess Venus. He commanded the Dardanian
+forces, and had as his lieutenants the two brave warriors, Acʹa-mas and
+Ar-chilʹo-chus.
+
+        Divine Æneas brings the Dardan race.
+    Archilochus and Acamas divide
+    The warrior's toils, and combat by his side.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+The Trojans had numerous and powerful allies. Troops were sent to them
+from the neighboring countries of Phrygia, Mysia, Lycʹi-a and Caʹri-a.
+The Lycian forces were led by Sar-peʹdon, a son of Jupiter, and a
+renowned warrior.
+
+    A chief, who led to Troy's beleaguer'd wall
+    A host of heroes, and outshined them all.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XVI.
+
+But the greatest of the heroes who defended Troy, and, with the
+exception of Achilles, the greatest and bravest of all who took part in
+the Trojan War, was the famous Hector.
+
+    The boast of nations, the defense of Troy!
+    To whom her safety and her fame she owed;
+    Her chief, her hero, and almost her god!
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XXII.
+
+So long as Hector lived Troy was safe. When he died, his great rival,
+Achilles, by whose hand he was slain, rejoiced with the Greeks as if
+Troy had already fallen.
+
+        "Ye sons of Greece, in triumph bring
+    The corpse of Hector, and your pæans sing.
+    Be this the song, slow-moving toward the shore,
+    'Hector is dead, and Ilion is no more.'"
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XXII.
+
+But though led by the great Hector, the Trojans, after their first
+defeat, were unable to keep up the fight in the open field against the
+vast numbers of the Greeks. Seeing, therefore, that they must depend for
+safety on the strong walls which Neptune had built, they drew all their
+forces into the city, leaving the enemy in possession of the surrounding
+country.
+
+Then the famous siege of ten years began. The Greeks hauled their ships
+out of the water, and fixed them on the beach in an upright position
+supported by props. Close to the vessels, on the land side, they erected
+their tents, which extended in a long line, one wing, or end, of which
+was guarded by Achilles, and the other by Ajax Telamon. Between this
+encampment and the walls of Troy--a distance of three or four
+miles--many a fierce conflict took place, and many a brave warrior fell
+during the great contest. For the Trojans, headed by Hector or some
+other of their chiefs, often came out from the city through the
+principal gate, called the Scæʹan Gate, which faced the Grecian camp,
+and fought the enemy in the open plain, on the bank of the celebrated
+river Simois.
+
+    And from the walls of strong-besieged Troy,
+    When their brave hope, bold Hector, march'd to field,
+    Stood many Trojan mothers, sharing joy
+    To see their youthful son's bright weapons wield;
+    And to their hope they such odd action yield,
+      That through their light joy seemed to appear,
+      Like bright things stain'd, a kind of heavy fear.
+
+    And from the strond of Dardan, where they fought,
+    To Simois' reedy banks the red blood ran,
+    Whose waves to imitate the battle sought
+    With swelling ridges; and their ranks began
+    To break upon the galled shore, and then
+      Retire again, till, meeting greater ranks,
+      They join and shoot their foam at Simois' banks.
+
+    SHAKESPEARE, _Lucrece_.
+
+
+
+
+V. THE WRATH OF ACHILLES.
+
+
+For over nine years the siege was carried on without one side or the
+other gaining any important victory. The Trojans were protected by their
+walls, which the Greeks were unable to break down, for the ancients had
+no such powerful engines of war as those used in armies of the present
+day. The strongest buildings may now be easily destroyed by cannon; but
+in those days they had no cannon or gunpowder or dynamite. Success in
+war in ancient times depended almost entirely on the bravery of the
+soldiers or on strategy and artifice, in which, as we shall see, the
+king of Ithaca was much skilled.
+
+The Greek and Trojan warriors fought with swords, axes, bows and arrows,
+and javelins, or long spears tipped with sharp iron points. Sometimes
+they used huge stones which the heroes hurled at the foe with the full
+strength of their powerful arms. They had shields of circular or oval
+shape, which they wore on the arm to ward off blows, and which could be
+moved at pleasure so as to cover almost any part of the body. Their
+chests were protected by corselets or breastplates made of metal, and
+metal greaves, or boots, incased their legs from the knees to the feet.
+On their heads they wore helmets, usually of brass.
+
+The chiefs fought in chariots, from which they darted their spears at
+the enemy with such force and so true an aim as to wound or kill at a
+considerable distance. The chariots were two-wheeled, open at the back,
+and often drawn by three horses. They usually carried two warriors, both
+standing, and the charioteer, or driver, was generally the companion or
+friend, and not the servant, of the fighters who stood behind him.
+Sometimes the warriors came down from their chariots and fought hand to
+hand at close quarters with the enemy. The common soldiers always fought
+on foot. There were no horse soldiers.
+
+But in the Trojan War success or defeat did not always depend on the
+bravery of the soldiers or on the skill or strategy of the generals.
+Very much depended on the gods. We have seen how those divine beings had
+to do with the events that led to the war. We shall also see them taking
+part in the battles, sometimes giving victory to one side and sometimes
+to the other. The Trojan War was in fact as much a war of the gods as of
+men, and in Homer's story we find Jupiter and Juno and Apollo and
+Neptune and Venus and Minerva mentioned almost as frequently as the
+Greek and Trojan heroes. In the beginning of the Iliad we find Apollo
+sending a plague among the Greeks because of an insult offered to his
+priest, Chryʹses; for the daughter of Chryses, a beautiful maiden named
+Chry-seʹis, was carried off by Achilles after the taking of Theʹbe, a
+town of Mysia.
+
+During the long siege the Grecian chiefs extended the war into the
+surrounding districts. While part of their forces was left at the camp
+to protect the ships and keep the Trojans cooped up within their walls,
+expeditions were sent out against many of the towns of Troas, or of the
+neighboring countries which were allies and supporters of Troy. When the
+Greeks captured a town they carried off not only the provisions and
+riches it contained, but also many of its inhabitants, whom they sold as
+slaves, according to the custom of the time, or kept as slaves in their
+own service. In one of these expeditions Priam's youngest son,
+Troʹi-lus, the hero of Shakespeare's play of "Troilus and Cresʹsi-da,"
+was slain by Achilles.
+
+It was in the tenth year of the war that Thebe was taken, and the maiden
+Chryseis was captured. About the same time the town of Lyr-nesʹsus was
+seized by an expedition, also led by Achilles, and among the prisoners
+was a beautiful woman named Bri-seʹis. In the division of the spoils
+among the chiefs, Chryseis fell to the share of Agamemnon, and the
+maiden Briseis was given to Achilles, who took her to his tent with the
+intention of making her his wife. But the priest Chryses was deeply
+grieved at the taking away of his daughter, and he came to the Grecian
+camp to beg the chiefs to restore her to him. In his hand he bore a
+golden scepter bound with fillets, or green branches, the emblems of his
+priestly office, and he also carried with him valuable gifts for King
+Agamemnon. Being admitted to the presence of the warrior chiefs
+assembled in council, he begged them to release his child.
+
+    He sued to all, but chief implored for grace
+    The brother-kings, of Atreus' royal race.
+      "Ye kings and warriors! may your vows be crown'd,
+    And Troy's proud walls lie level with the ground.
+    May Jove restore you when your toils are o'er
+    Safe to the pleasures of your native shore.
+    But, oh! relieve a wretched parent's pain,
+    And give Chryseis to these arms again."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+Hearing the prayer of the venerable priest, many of the chiefs were
+moved to pity, and they advised that his request should be granted, but
+Agamemnon angrily refused.
+
+[Illustration: APOLLO.
+
+_Berlin Museum._]
+
+
+                                He dismissed
+    The priest with scorn, and added threatening words:--
+      "Old man, let me not find thee loitering here,
+    Beside the roomy ships, or coming back
+    Hereafter, lest the fillet thou dost bear
+    And scepter of thy god protect thee not.
+    This maiden I release not till old age
+    Shall overtake her in my Argive home,
+    Far from her native country."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+Chryses then departed from the Grecian camp, and as he returned home in
+sorrow, walking along the shores of the sea, he prayed to Apollo to
+punish the insult thus offered to his priest.
+
+    "O Smintheus! if I ever helped to deck
+    Thy glorious temple, if I ever burned
+    Upon thy altar the fat thighs of goats
+    And bullocks, grant my prayer, and let thy shafts
+    Avenge upon the Greeks the tears I shed."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+Apollo heard the prayer of Chryses, and he sent a deadly plague upon the
+Grecian army. With his silver bow, every clang of which was heard
+throughout the camp, the archer god darted his terrible arrows among the
+Greeks, smiting them down in great numbers.
+
+              He came as comes the night,
+    And, seated from the ships aloof, sent forth
+    An arrow; terrible was heard the clang
+    Of that resplendent bow. At first he smote
+    The mules and the swift dogs, and then on man
+    He turned the deadly arrow. All around
+    Glared evermore the frequent funeral piles.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+For nine days the arrows of death were sent upon the Greek army, and the
+funeral piles of the victims were continually burning, for it was the
+custom in those times to burn the bodies of the dead. On the tenth day
+of the plague Achilles called a council of the chiefs to consider how
+the anger of the god might be appeased, and he spoke before them,
+saying:
+
+"Let us consult some prophet or priest who will tell us why Phœbus
+Apollo is so much enraged with us, and whether he may, when we shall
+have offered sacrifices upon his altar, take away this pestilence which
+is destroying our people."
+
+Then Calchas, the soothsayer, arose and said:
+
+"O Achilles, I can tell why the god is wroth against us, and willing I
+am to tell it, but perhaps I may irritate the king who rules over all
+the Argives, and in his anger he may do evil to me. Promise me,
+therefore, your protection, and I will declare why this plague has come
+upon the Greeks."
+
+"Fear nothing, O Calchas," answered Achilles. "While I am alive not one
+of all the Greeks, not even Agamemnon himself, shall harm you."
+
+    "Fear nothing, but speak boldly out whate'er
+    Thou knowest, and declare the will of heaven.
+    For by Apollo, dear to Jove, whom thou,
+    Calchas, dost pray to, when thou givest forth
+    The sacred oracles to men of Greece,
+    No man, while yet I live, and see the light
+    Of day, shall lay a violent hand on thee."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+Thus encouraged, Calchas announced to the chiefs that Apollo was angry
+because his priest had been dishonored and insulted by Agamemnon. This
+was why the people were perishing, and the wrath of the god could be
+appeased only by restoring Chryseis to her father, and sending a hundred
+victims to be offered in sacrifice to the god. Upon hearing these words
+Agamemnon was filled with anger against Calchas.
+
+"Prophet of evil," he exclaimed, "never have you spoken anything good
+for me. And now you say I must give up the maiden. I shall do so, since
+I wish not the destruction of the people, but another I must have, for
+it is not fitting that I alone of all the Argives shall be without a
+prize."
+
+To this Achilles answered that there was no prize just then that
+Agamemnon could have. "How can we give you a prize," said he, "since
+all the spoils have already been divided? We cannot ask the people to
+return what has been given to them. Be satisfied then to let the maiden
+go. When we have taken the strong city of Troy we will compensate you
+fourfold."
+
+"Not so," replied Agamemnon. "If the Greeks give me a suitable prize, I
+shall be content, but if not, I will seize yours or that of Ajax or
+Ulysses. This matter, however, we will attend to afterwards. For the
+present let the maid be sent back to her father, that the wrath of the
+Far-darter may be appeased."
+
+At this Achilles was very angry, and he said:
+
+"Impudent and greedy man, how can the Greeks fight bravely under your
+command? As for me, I did not come here to make war against the Trojans
+because of any quarrel of my own. The Trojans have done no wrong to me.
+It is to get satisfaction for your brother we have come here in our
+ships, and we do most of the fighting while to you is given most of the
+spoils. But now I will return home to Phthia. Perhaps you will then have
+little treasure to share."
+
+Greatly enraged at this speech, Agamemnon replied in wrathful words: "Go
+home, by all means, with your ships and your Myrmidons. Other chiefs
+there are here who will honor me, and I care not for your anger."
+
+                          "Thus, in turn,
+    I threaten thee; since Phœbus takes away
+    Chryseis, I will send her in my ship
+    And with my friends, and, coming to thy tent,
+    Will bear away the fair-cheeked maid, thy prize,
+    Briseis, that thou learn how far I stand
+    Above thee, and that other chiefs may fear
+    To measure strength with me, and brave my power."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+Furious at this threat, Achilles put his hand to his sword with the
+intention of slaying Agamemnon, and he had half drawn the weapon from
+its scabbard, but just at that moment the goddess Minerva stood behind
+him and caught him by his yellow hair. She had been sent down from
+heaven by Juno to pacify the hero, for Juno and Minerva were friendly to
+the Greeks. Ever since the judgment on Mount Ida they hated Paris, and
+the city and country to which he belonged, and therefore they wished
+that there should be no strife amongst the Greek chiefs, which would
+prevent them from taking and destroying the hated city.
+
+Achilles was astonished when he beheld the goddess, who appeared to him
+alone, being invisible to all the rest. He instantly knew who she was,
+and he said to her: "O goddess, have you come to witness the insolence
+of the son of Atreus? You shall also witness the punishment I shall
+inflict upon him for his haughtiness."
+
+But Minerva spoke soothing words to the hero:
+
+    "I came from heaven to pacify thy wrath,
+    If thou wilt heed my counsel. I am sent
+    By Juno the white-armed, to whom ye both
+    Are dear, who ever watches o'er you both.
+    Refrain from violence; let not thy hand
+    Unsheath the sword, but utter with thy tongue
+    Reproaches, as occasion may arise,
+    For I declare what time shall bring to pass;
+    Threefold amends shall yet be offered thee,
+    In gifts of princely cost, for this day's wrong.
+    Now calm thy angry spirit, and obey."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+Thus Minerva spoke, and Achilles, answering her, said: "Willingly, O
+goddess, shall I observe your command, though in my soul much enraged,
+for so it is better, since the gods are ever favorable to those who obey
+them."
+
+So speaking he put his sword back into its scabbard, while the goddess
+swiftly returned to Olympus. Then the hero again addressed Agamemnon in
+bitter words, and he took a solemn oath on the scepter he held in his
+hand, that he would refuse to help the Greeks when they next should seek
+his aid for battle with the Trojans.
+
+      "Tremendous oath! inviolate to kings;
+    By this I swear:--when bleeding Greece again
+    Shall call Achilles, she shall call in vain."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+The venerable Nestor then arose to speak, and he begged the two chiefs
+to cease quarreling with each other, for the Trojans, he said, would
+greatly rejoice to hear of strife between the bravest men of the Greeks.
+He advised Achilles, though of a goddess-mother born, not to contend
+against his superior in authority, and he entreated Agamemnon not to
+dishonor Achilles, the bulwark of the Greeks, by taking away the prize
+which had been allotted to him.
+
+    "Forbid it, gods! Achilles should be lost,
+    The pride of Greece, and bulwark of our host."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+But the wise Nestor advised and entreated in vain. Agamemnon would not
+yield from his purpose of taking away the prize of Achilles, and so the
+council of the chiefs came to an end.
+
+      Rising from that strife of words, the twain
+    Dissolved the assembly at the Grecian fleet.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+[Illustration: ACHILLES DEPRIVED OF BRISEIS.
+
+_Drawn by Hubbell._]
+
+Immediately afterwards, by order of the king, the maiden Chryseis was
+conducted to her father's home, and sacrifices were offered to Apollo.
+The anger of the god being thus appeased, the army was relieved from
+the plague. Then Agamemnon proceeded to carry out his threat against
+Achilles. Calling two of his officers, or heralds, Tal-thybʹi-us and
+Eu-rybʹa-tes, he commanded them thus:
+
+      "Go ye to where Achilles holds his tent,
+    And take the fair Briseis by the hand,
+    And bring her hither. If he yield her not,
+    I shall come forth to claim her with a band
+    Of warriors, and it shall be worse for him."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+Achilles received the heralds respectfully. He had no blame for them,
+since they were but messengers. Nor did he refuse to obey the command of
+the king. He delivered Briseis to the heralds, and they conducted her to
+the tent of Agamemnon. Thus was committed the deed which brought
+countless woes upon the Greeks, for Achilles, in deep grief and anger,
+vowed that he would no more lead his Myrmidons to battle for a king who
+had so dishonored and insulted him.
+
+"Let these heralds," said he, "be the witnesses before gods and men of
+the insult offered to me by this tyrant king, and when there shall be
+need of me again to save the Greeks from destruction, appeal to me shall
+be in vain."
+
+Such was the origin of the wrath of Achilles, which is the subject of
+Homer's Iliad. The Iliad is not a complete story of the Trojan War, but
+an account of the disasters which happened to the Greeks through the
+anger of Achilles. The poem, indeed, relates the events of only
+fifty-eight days, but they were events of the highest interest and they
+were very numerous. It is remarked by Pope that the subject of the Iliad
+is the shortest and most single ever chosen by any poet. Yet Homer has
+supplied a vaster variety of incidents, a greater number of councils,
+speeches, battles, and events of all kinds, than are to be found in any
+other poem.
+
+The Iliad begins with the wrath of Achilles, which in the first line of
+the first book is announced as the poet's theme:
+
+    Achilles' wrath, to Greece the direful spring
+    Of woes unnumber'd, heavenly goddess, sing!
+    That wrath which hurl'd to Pluto's gloomy reign
+    The souls of mighty chiefs untimely slain;
+    Whose limbs unburied on the naked shore,
+    Devouring dogs and hungry vultures tore:
+    Since great Achilles and Atrides strove,
+    Such was the sovereign doom, and such the will of Jove!
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+The heavenly goddess here invoked was Calliʹope, the patroness of epic
+song, and one of the nine Muses. These were sister deities, daughters of
+Jupiter, who presided over poetry, science, music, and dancing. Apollo,
+as god of music and the fine arts, was their leader. They held their
+meetings on the top of Mount Par-nas'sus in Greece. On the slope of this
+mount was the celebrated spring or fountain of Cas-taʹli-a, whose waters
+were supposed to give the true poetic spirit to all who drank of them.
+
+The epic poets usually began their poems by invoking the aid of the
+Muse. Homer does this in the very first line of the Iliad, the word for
+word translation of which is: "O goddess, sing the wrath of Achilles,
+the son of Peleus."
+
+So also the English poet, Milton, begins his great epic poem, "Paradise
+Lost," which tells about the disobedience of Adam and Eve in the Garden
+of Eden:
+
+    Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit
+    Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste
+    Brought death into the world, and all our woe,
+    With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
+    Restore us, and regain the blissful seat,
+    _Sing, heavenly Muse_, that, on the secret top
+    Of Oreb or of Sinai, didst inspire
+    That shepherd who first taught the chosen seed
+    In the beginning how the heavens and earth
+    Rose out of Chaos; or, if Sion hill
+    Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that flow'd
+    Fast by the oracle of God, _I thence_
+    _Invoke thy aid_ to my advent'rous song.
+
+
+
+
+VI. THE DREAM OF AGAMEMNON.
+
+
+Very soon great evils came upon the Greeks because of the strife between
+the chiefs. When Chryseis was restored to her father, Apollo stopped the
+plague; but the wrong done to Achilles provoked the anger of another
+deity. This was Thetis, who, having much power with Jupiter, was able to
+persuade him to take up the cause of her injured son.
+
+For as soon as the heralds departed from his tent, leading away the
+fair-cheeked Briseis, Achilles withdrew from his friends, retired to the
+seashore, and sitting there alone he bitterly wept, and with
+outstretched hands prayed to his mother, Thetis. The goddess heard his
+voice, and ascending from the depths of the ocean, where she dwelt in
+the palace of her aged father, Nereus, she sat down beside the hero, and
+soothing him with her hand, she inquired the cause of his distress. "Why
+do you weep, my son? What grief has come upon thy mind?"
+
+Then Achilles related to his mother what Agamemnon had done, and he
+begged her to go to Mount Olympus and entreat Jupiter to punish the
+insult that had been offered to her son. He spoke of the service she had
+done for Jupiter long before, when Juno, Neptune, and Minerva had made a
+plot to bind him, and cast him from the throne of heaven. They might
+have succeeded in doing this if Thetis had not called Briʹa-reus up from
+Pluto's kingdom to help Jupiter. Briareus was a mighty giant who had a
+hundred hands, and his appearance in Olympus so terrified the
+conspirators that they did not attempt to carry out their wicked plot.
+
+"Now," said Achilles to his mother, "remind Jupiter of this, and beg him
+to aid the Trojans and give them victory in battle, so that Agamemnon
+may feel the effects of his folly in dishonoring me."
+
+    "Ascend to heaven and bring thy prayer to Jove,
+    If e'er by word or act thou gav'st him aid.
+    For I remember, in my father's halls
+    I often heard thee, glorying, tell how thou,
+    Alone of all the gods, didst interpose
+    To save the cloud-compeller, Saturn's son,
+    From shameful overthrow, when all the rest
+    Who dwell upon Olympus had conspired
+    To bind him,--Juno, Neptune, and with them
+    Pallas Athene. Thou didst come and loose
+    His bonds, and call up to the Olympian heights
+    The hundred-handed, whom the immortal gods
+    Have named Briareus."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+Thetis readily consented to do as her son desired.
+
+"Not now, however!" said she, "for yesterday Jupiter went to
+E-thi-oʹpi-a to a banquet, and all the gods went with him. But in twelve
+days he will return. Then I will go to Olympus and tell your words to
+thunder-delighting Jove, and I think I shall be able to persuade him to
+grant your request."
+
+                  "Thou, meanwhile, abide
+    By thy swift ships, incensed against the Greeks,
+    And take no part in all their battles more."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+Thetis did not forget her promise. On the twelfth day, at the dawn of
+morning, she emerged from beneath the waves, and went up to Olympus.
+There she threw herself at the feet of Jupiter, as he sat on the summit
+of the mount apart from the other gods, and earnestly prayed him to
+grant victory to the Trojans until the Greeks should make amends to her
+son for the injury that had been done him.
+
+Now it may seem that it was not just to ask that the whole Greek army
+should be punished for the act of their general. But the other chiefs
+and their people were hardly less to blame than Agamemnon, for they did
+not try to prevent him from doing the wrong. If they had opposed him
+very much, he would not perhaps have dared to insult their greatest
+warrior, the man without whose help they knew Troy could not be taken.
+Therefore Thetis begged Jupiter to punish all the Greeks by giving
+victory to the Trojans.
+
+        "O Jupiter, my father, if among
+    The immortals I have ever given thee aid
+    By word or act, deny not my request.
+    Honor my son whose life is doomed to end
+    So soon; for Agamemnon, king of men,
+    Hath done him shameful wrong: he takes from him
+    And keeps the prize he won in war. But thou,
+    Olympian Jupiter, supremely wise,
+    Honor him thou, and give the Trojan host
+    The victory, until the humbled Greeks
+    Heap large increase of honors on my son."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+Jupiter hesitated for some time before consenting to grant the prayer of
+Thetis.
+
+"This," said he, "is a serious matter, for by doing as you desire I may
+give offense to Juno, who has already been blaming me among the gods,
+saying that I aid the Trojans in battle. However, since you will have it
+so, I shall grant your request."
+
+                        "And that thou
+    Mayst be assured, behold, I give the nod;
+    For this, with me, the immortals know, portends
+    The highest certainty; no word of mine
+    Which once my nod confirms can be revoked,
+    Or prove untrue, or fail to be fulfilled."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+The awful nod was then given, and mighty Olympus trembled. Thetis,
+rejoicing at the success of her mission, departed from the heavenly
+regions and plunged into the depths of the sea, while Jupiter went to
+his golden palace where the other gods were sitting around the
+banqueting table. As he entered all rose up to do him honor, and met him
+as he advanced to his throne. But his talk with Thetis had not escaped
+the notice of Juno, and suspecting what it was about, she addressed her
+spouse in harsh words.
+
+"Thou art ever," said she, "plotting secret things apart from me, and
+now I greatly fear that the silver-footed Thetis has persuaded thee to
+do some evil to the Greeks."
+
+    "Thou hast promised her, I cannot doubt,
+    To give Achilles honor and to cause
+    Myriads of Greeks to perish by their fleet."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+"You are always suspecting," answered Jupiter, "but now it will avail
+you nothing. Even though I have done what you say, such is my sovereign
+pleasure. Be silent, and sit down in peace, and take care not to provoke
+my anger."
+
+[Illustration: JUNO.
+
+_National Museum, Naples._]
+
+At this point Vulcan interfered, entreating his mother, Juno, to submit
+to the will of almighty Jove; "for," said he, "if the Thunderer wishes
+to hurl us from our seats in heaven he can easily do it, since his power
+is far greater than that of all the other gods."
+
+Vulcan then reminded her how she and he had both been punished on a
+former occasion for an offense against Jupiter. When Hercules was
+returning to Greece from Troy after capturing that city, Juno, who hated
+the great hero, caused a storm to be raised in the Ægean Sea, which
+drove his ships out of their course and almost destroyed them. That she
+might do this without Jupiter knowing it, she contrived to cast him into
+a deep sleep. When he awoke and found out what she had done, he was so
+angry that he hung her from the heavens by a golden chain, and tied two
+heavy iron anvils to her feet. Vulcan tried to loose the chains and set
+his mother free, and for this offense Jupiter hurled him from the abode
+of the gods. He fell on the island of Lem'nos in the Ægean Sea, but some
+of the inhabitants, seeing him descend, caught him in their arms.
+Nevertheless, he broke his leg by the fall and was ever afterwards lame.
+
+                                  How he fell
+    From heaven they fabled, thrown by angry Jove
+    Sheer o'er the crystal battlements; from morn
+    To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,
+    A summer's day; and with the setting sun
+    Dropped from the zenith, like a falling star,
+    On Lemnos, the Ægean isle.
+
+    MILTON, _Paradise Lost_, Book I.
+
+After reminding Juno of these things, and restoring peace between her
+and the king of heaven, Vulcan took upon himself the office of
+cupbearer. He poured nectar into golden goblets and served it round to
+the gods and goddesses, all of whom laughed at the sight of the lame god
+bustling through the banqueting hall performing the work of Ganymede.
+They feasted till sunset, Apollo giving them sweet music from his lyre,
+while the goddesses of song accompanied him with their voices.
+
+        Thus the blest gods the genial day prolong,
+    In feasts ambrosial, and celestial song.
+    Apollo tuned the lyre; the Muses round
+    With voice alternate aid the silver sound.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book I.
+
+When the banquet was over, the gods and goddesses retired to their
+palaces,--golden palaces built by Vulcan,--and they sought repose in
+sleep. But Jupiter did not sleep, for he was thinking how he might carry
+out his promise to Thetis. After much thought he resolved to send a
+message to Agamemnon by means of a dream, telling him to lead his
+forces at once against Troy, as it was the will of the gods that the
+city should now fall into the hands of the Greeks. And so this false
+Dream or Lying Spirit was sent on its deceitful errand. It took the form
+of the venerable Nestor, and, appearing to Agamemnon while he was
+sleeping in his tent, delivered to him the command of Jupiter:
+
+    "Monarch, awake! 'tis Jove's command I bear;
+    Thou and thy glory claim his heavenly care.
+    In just array draw forth the embattled train,
+    Lead all thy Grecians to the dusty plain;
+    E'en now, O king! 'tis given thee to destroy
+    The lofty towers of wide-extended Troy."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+As soon as Agamemnon awoke he hastily called a council of the chiefs to
+meet at the ships of Nestor. There he told them of the command of Jove,
+as sent to him in his dream. All agreed that the divine will should be
+obeyed, but Agamemnon, like a prudent general, thought it would be well,
+before going to battle, to find out whether the troops, after their
+toils of nine years, were still willing to support him in carrying on
+the war. With this object he resolved to try the plan of pretending to
+them that he had made up his mind to stop the siege and return at once
+to Greece. But he directed the chiefs to advise their followers not to
+consent to the proposal, and to encourage them to make one more fight
+for the honor of their country. Then the heralds summoned the whole army
+to assemble, and the vast host gathered together on the plain before the
+camp, to listen to the words of their commander. Homer's description of
+the muster of the forces on this occasion is very beautiful:
+
+    The sceptred rulers lead; the following host,
+    Pour'd forth by thousands, darkens all the coast.
+    As from some rocky cleft the shepherd sees
+    Clustering in heaps on heaps the driving bees,
+    Rolling and blackening, swarms succeeding swarms,
+    With deeper murmurs and more hoarse alarms;
+    Dusky they spread, a close embodied crowd,
+    And o'er the vale descends the living cloud.
+    So, from the tents and ships, a lengthen'd train
+    Spreads all the beach, and wide o'ershades the plain:
+    Along the region runs a deafening sound;
+    Beneath their footsteps groans the trembling ground.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+The whole Greek army being thus assembled, with the exception of the
+wrathful Achilles and his Myrmidons, Agamemnon then addressed them,
+leaning on his scepter. He told them he now believed that Troy could not
+be taken, and that Jupiter, who before promised victory to the Greeks,
+now commanded them to return to Argos.
+
+"Let us therefore," said he, "get ready our ships and hasten to set sail
+for our dear native land, where our wives with our beloved children sit
+within their dwellings expecting us." The proposal was received with a
+loud shout of joy, and the moment the king finished speaking, the vast
+multitude began at once to make preparations for launching the vessels
+into the sea.
+
+    So was the whole assembly swayed; they ran
+    With tumult to the ships; beneath their feet
+    Rose clouds of dust, and each exhorted each
+    To seize the ships and drag them to the deep.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+But Juno, from her seat on high Olympus, was watching these movements,
+and she resolved that the war against the hated Trojans should not thus
+come to an end. She therefore sent Minerva down with a message to
+Ulysses. The azure-eyed goddess, as Minerva is often called by Homer,
+hastened to the Grecian camp, and approached the Ithacan king, who was
+standing near his ships, much grieved at seeing his countrymen preparing
+to depart. Minerva addressed him in earnest words, begging him to use
+his influence with the Greeks and persuade them not to go.
+
+"It cannot be," said she, "that you, brave chiefs, will leave to Priam
+the glory of victory, and to the Trojans possession of Helen, on whose
+account so many of your people have perished, far from their native
+land."
+
+Ulysses knew the voice of the goddess, and promptly he complied with her
+request. He went among the ships and talked to the leaders, reminding
+them that it was not Agamemnon's wish that they should give up the war,
+and entreating them to set an example of courage to their followers.
+
+      "Warriors like you, with strength and wisdom bless'd,
+    By brave examples should confirm the rest."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+He also spoke to the soldiers, reproving them for their hasty flight,
+and bidding them listen to the words of their leaders, who knew better
+than they when and how to act. His efforts were successful. As speedily
+as they had fled to their ships the Greeks now rushed back, and again
+assembled to await the orders of their commander.
+
+    Back to the assembly roll the thronging train,
+    Desert the ships, and pour upon the plain.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+But there was one evil-minded individual who tried to incite the others
+to rebellion. This was Ther-siʹtes, a vulgar brawler, and the ugliest
+man in the whole Greek army.
+
+                      Of the multitude
+    Who came to Ilium, none so base as he,--
+    Squint-eyed, with one lame foot, and on his back
+    A lump, and shoulders curving towards the chest;
+    His head was sharp, and over it the hairs
+    Were thinly scattered.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+This ill-conditioned grumbler, as deformed in mind as in body, took much
+pleasure in abusing the bravest warriors of the army, particularly
+Achilles and Ulysses. But on the present occasion he raised his shrill
+voice in words of insult against Agamemnon. "Your tents," cried he to
+the king, "are full of money and prizes bestowed upon you by us. Do you
+want still more gold, which we by our valor must win for you from the
+enemy? If the Greeks were not women instead of men, they would return
+home in their ships and leave you here to fight the Trojans. Little
+honor and few prizes would you then have!"
+
+                      "O ye coward race!
+    Ye abject Greeklings, Greeks no longer, haste
+    Homeward with all the fleet, and let us leave
+    This man at Troy to win his trophies here."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+Thus did Thersites revile Agamemnon, but his insolent speech brought
+speedy punishment upon him. Ulysses, who was close at hand, turned with
+angry looks upon the offender and rebuked him in stern language. Then
+with his scepter he smote Thersites on the back and shoulders, until he
+wept with pain and crouched down upon his seat in fear and trembling.
+
+    Trembling he sat, and shrunk in abject fears,
+    From his vile visage wiped the scalding tears.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+All the Greeks laughed heartily at the cowering wretch as he wiped his
+face, and they loudly applauded the act of the Ithacan chief. "Surely,"
+said they, "Ulysses has performed many good deeds, but now he has done
+the best thing of all in punishing this foul-mouthed reviler as he
+deserved."
+
+Then Ulysses, taking in his hand the famous scepter of Agamemnon, made
+an eloquent speech to the army, Minerva, the azure-eyed, in the
+appearance of a herald, having commanded the people to be silent, that
+they might hear the words of the wisest of their leaders. It was upon
+this occasion that the Ithacan king told the story of the serpent
+devouring the birds at Aulis, as already related. Many of the Greeks had
+forgotten the marvelous occurrence, and the prediction of Calchas that
+in the tenth year of the siege Troy would be taken. Being now reminded
+of it, they were filled with fresh hope and courage, for the tenth year
+had come, and the end of the contest was not far off, which was to be
+for them a great victory, as the soothsayer had declared. "Therefore,
+brave Greeks," said Ulysses, after telling the story, "since the
+prophecy is so near its fulfillment, let us all remain here until we
+have captured the city of Priam."
+
+        He spake, and loud applause thereon ensued
+    From all the Greeks, and fearfully the ships
+    Rang with the clamorous voices uttering
+    The praises of Ulysses, and his words.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+The venerable Nestor and King Agamemnon then addressed the troops, after
+which they all went to their tents and ships to prepare for battle. They
+began by making the customary sacrifices to the gods, Agamemnon offered
+up a fat ox five years old. Homer fully describes how this was done.
+First the king and his chiefs stood around the ox, holding pounded
+barley cakes in their upraised hands, and praying to Jupiter to grant
+them victory in the approaching battle. After the prayer the ox was
+killed, and the carcass cut into pieces. Portions of the flesh were then
+burned on leafless billets, while other portions were roasted for the
+banquet which followed.
+
+After the banquet the loud-voiced heralds summoned all the warriors and
+their followers to assemble. Immediately they came from their ships and
+tents, and then, on the advice of Nestor, there was a review of the
+whole army. The azure-eyed Minerva moved amongst them, bearing in her
+hand the ægis, or shield of Jupiter, from which hung a hundred golden
+fringes, each "worth a hundred oxen in price." She went through the
+hosts of the Greeks encouraging them to fight bravely, and so they were
+now more eager for battle than to return to their native land.
+
+It is at this part of his story--the review of the forces--that Homer
+gives the remarkable account known as the "Catalogue of the Ships." In
+it he tells the names of all the Greek kings and princes and chiefs, the
+Grecian states from which they came, and the number of ships which each
+brought to the war. To do this was no easy task, and so the poet, before
+undertaking it, again seeks the aid of the Muses:
+
+          O Muses, goddesses who dwell on high,
+    Tell me,--for all things ye behold and know,
+    While we know nothing and may only hear
+    The random tales of rumor,--tell me who
+    Were chiefs and princes of the Greeks; for I
+    Should fail to number and to name them all,--
+    Had I ten tongues, ten throats, a voice unapt
+    To weary, uttered from a heart of brass,--
+    Unless the Muses aided me.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+The allies and leaders of the Trojans are also named and described in
+the "Catalogue of the Ships," for they too were marshaling their forces
+within the city. From their walls they had observed the movements of the
+Greeks, and, moreover, Jupiter had sent down his swift-footed messenger,
+Iʹris, to bid them get ready for battle. The goddess found Priam and
+Hector and others of the chiefs of Troy sitting in council, and she told
+them of the vast host of the Greeks that was just then marching towards
+the city.
+
+    "I have seen many battles, yet have ne'er
+    Beheld such armies, and so vast as these,--
+    In number like the sands and summer leaves.
+    They march across the plain, prepared to give
+    Battle beneath the city walls. To thee,
+    O Hector, it belongs to heed my voice
+    And counsel. Many are the allies within
+    The walls of this great town of Priam, men
+    Of diverse race and speech. Let every chief
+    Of these array his countrymen for war,
+    And give them orders for the coming fight."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+Hector promptly obeyed the command of the goddess. Dismissing the
+council, he and the other chiefs at once placed themselves at the head
+of their troops and marched forth through the gates into the plain.
+
+
+
+
+VII. THE COMBAT BETWEEN MENELAUS AND PARIS.
+
+
+The two great armies, now in battle array on the plain before the city
+walls, began to advance towards each other. The Trojans moved along with
+great clatter, which Homer compares to the noise of flocks of cranes:
+
+                    The Trojan host moved on
+    With shouts and clang of arms, as when the cry
+    Of cranes is in the air, that, flying south
+    From winter and its mighty breadth of rain,
+    Wing their way over ocean.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+The Greeks, on the other hand, advanced in deep silence.
+
+                    But silently the Greeks
+    Went forward, breathing valor, mindful still
+    To aid each other in the coming fray.
+        As when the south wind shrouds a mountain-top
+    In vapors that awake the shepherd's fear,--
+    A surer covert for the thief than night,--
+    And round him one can only see as far
+    As one can hurl a stone,--such was the cloud
+    Of dust that from the warriors' trampling feet
+    Rose round their rapid march and filled the air.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+As soon as the armies approached each other, almost front to front,
+Paris rushed forward from the Trojan lines, and challenged the Greeks to
+send their bravest warrior to fight him in simple combat. In appearance
+he was beautiful as a god. Over his shoulders he wore a panther's skin.
+His weapons were a bow, a sword, and two spears tipped with brass, which
+he brandished in his hands. The challenge was speedily answered by
+Menelaus, who bounded from his chariot the moment he beheld Paris,
+rejoicing that at last the time had come to have revenge on the man who
+had so greatly wronged him.
+
+        As a hungry lion who has made
+    A prey of some large beast--a horned stag
+    Or mountain goat--rejoices, and with speed
+    Devours it, though swift hounds and sturdy youths
+    Press on his flank, so Menelaus felt
+    Great joy when Paris, of the godlike form,
+    Appeared in sight, for now he thought to wreak
+    His vengence on the guilty one, and straight
+    Sprang from his car to earth with all his arms.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+But when Paris saw who it was that had come forth to fight him, he was
+seized with a great fear, and he shrank back into the ranks of his
+companions.
+
+    As one who meets within a mountain glade
+    A serpent, starts aside with sudden fright,
+    And takes the backward way with trembling limbs.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+Though Paris was really a brave man, his feeling of his own guilt and
+the sight of Menelaus, whom he had injured, made him a coward for the
+moment, and so he fled from before the face of the enraged king of
+Sparta. The noble Hector was deeply vexed at seeing his brother's
+flight, and in angry words upbraided him for his shameful conduct.
+
+"Better would it have been," said he, "if you had never been born than
+thus to bring disgrace upon us all. Well may the Greeks laugh at finding
+that you, whom they supposed to be a hero, possess neither spirit nor
+courage. You have brought evil on your father, your city, and your
+people, by carrying away a beautiful woman from her husband, yet you now
+fear to meet that warrior in battle. The Trojans are but a weak-minded
+race, else they would have long since given you the death you deserve."
+
+Paris admitted that his brother's rebuke was just, and he now declared
+that he was willing to meet Menelaus in single combat, Helen and her
+treasures to be the prize of the victor.
+
+        "Cause the Trojans and the Greeks
+    To pause from battle, while, between the hosts,
+    I and the warlike Menelaus strive
+    In single fight for Helen and her wealth.
+    Whoever shall prevail and prove himself
+    The better warrior, let him take with him
+    The treasure and the woman, and depart;
+    While all the other Trojans, having made
+    A faithful league of amity? shall dwell
+    On Ilium's fertile plain, and all the Greeks
+    Return to Argos."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+Hector rejoiced at his brother's words, and, immediately going forward
+into the center of the open space between the two armies, he spoke in a
+loud voice to the Greeks and Trojans, telling them of the proposal which
+Paris had made. The brave Menelaus heard the challenge with delight, and
+promptly accepted it.
+
+        "Now hear me also,--me whose spirit feels
+    The wrong most keenly. I propose that now
+    The Greeks and Trojans separate reconciled,
+    For greatly have ye suffered for the sake
+    Of this my quarrel, and the original fault
+    Of Paris. Whomsoever fate ordains
+    To perish, let him die; but let the rest
+    Be from this moment reconciled, and part."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+The Greeks and Trojans were happy at the hope thus offered of a speedy
+end to the war. Hector sent for King Priam, that he and Agamemnon and
+the other leaders on both sides might declare their approval of the
+proposed conditions, and pledge themselves in the presence of both
+armies to abide by the result of the combat between the two heroes. Just
+then the Trojan monarch was seated on one of the watchtowers of the
+walls, looking down on the plain where the great hosts were assembled.
+With him were several of his venerable chiefs, now too old to take part
+in fighting.
+
+While they sat there the beautiful Helen came out from the palace to
+witness the approaching conflict. She had been told of it by the
+messenger Iris, who, descending from heaven, and taking the form of
+La-odʹi-ce, one of Priam's daughters, appeared to Helen in her chamber.
+There she was busy at her loom, making in golden tapestry a
+representation of some of the great events of the war. In those days, as
+we read in many parts of Homer, the noblest ladies, even queens and
+their daughters, did not think it beneath them to work at spinning and
+weaving and other useful occupations, and so Helen was employed when
+Iris came to tell her that Paris and Menelaus were about to fight for
+her and her treasure.
+
+[Illustration: HELEN OF TROY.
+
+_Painting by Lord Leighton._]
+
+From her spinning Helen rose up and went to the walls to view the
+combat. As she came near the place where Priam sat, even the venerable
+chiefs were compelled to admire her wondrous beauty. "Fair as the
+immortal goddesses she is," said they; "yet much better would it be if
+she would return to her own country, and not remain here to bring ruin
+upon us and our children." But Priam called to her to sit by his side,
+and said to her:
+
+    "No crime of thine our present sufferings draws,
+    Not thou, but Heaven's disposing will, the cause
+    The gods these armies and this force employ,
+    The hostile gods conspire the fate of Troy."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+Then King Priam asked Helen to name for him some of the Greek leaders
+whom he saw before him, not far from the city walls.
+
+"Who is that tall and gallant hero," he asked, "who seems like unto a
+king? Never have I beheld a man so graceful, nor so venerable." "Revered
+and honored father," answered Helen, "would that death had taken me
+before I left my husband and home to come with your son hither, but the
+Fates did not will it so, therefore am I here. That hero whom you see is
+the wide-ruling Agamemnon, the son of Atreus, both a good king and a
+brave warrior, and once my brother-in-law."
+
+    "My brother once, before my days of shame,
+    And oh! that still he bore a brother's name!"
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+"O happy Agamemnon," exclaimed Priam, "fortunate in ruling over so
+mighty a host! But who is this other chief, less in height than
+Agamemnon, though broader in the shoulders? His arms lie on the ground,
+while he himself moves from rank to rank like a thick-fleeced ram which
+wanders through a great flock of sheep."
+
+    "The stately ram thus measures o'er the ground,
+    And, master of the flock, surveys them round."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+"That," said Helen, "is the wise Ulysses, man of many arts. Though
+nursed in a rugged island, yet is he skilled in all kinds of stratagem
+and prudent counsel." Ajax and Idomeneus were next noticed by King
+Priam,--Ajax the mighty, who overtopped the Argives by his head and
+shoulders, and Idomeneus the valiant king of Crete. Helen knew them
+well, for she had seen them at her Spartan home.
+
+    "Ajax the great," the beauteous queen replied,
+    "Himself a host; the Grecian strength and pride.
+    See! bold Idomeneus superior towers
+    Amid yon circle of his Cretan powers,
+    Great as a god! I saw him once before,
+    With Menelaus on the Spartan shore.
+    The rest I know, and could in order name;
+    All valiant chiefs, and men of mighty fame."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+But at this point the heralds sent by Hector came to tell Priam that he
+was wanted on the plain below to approve the terms of the challenge.
+Immediately the king, descending from the ramparts, mounted his chariot,
+accompanied by his wise counselor, Antenor. They drove through the Scæan
+Gate into the space between both armies, and there, with the ceremonies
+usual on such occasions, a solemn league was formed between the two
+monarchs. First, they mixed in a bowl wine brought by both parties. This
+was an emblem of reconciliation. Next, water was poured on the hands of
+the kings, after which Agamemnon cut with his dagger hairs from the
+heads of three lambs. These were divided among the chiefs on both sides,
+so that all might be bound by the pledge about to be made. Then
+Agamemnon, stretching forth his hands, prayed thus aloud:
+
+"O father Jupiter, most glorious, most mighty, and thou, O Sun, who
+beholdest all things, and ye rivers, and thou earth, and ye in the
+regions of the dead that punish those who swear false oaths, be ye
+witnesses of this league. If, on the one hand, Paris slay Menelaus, let
+him keep Helen and all her possessions, and let us return home in our
+ships. But if, on the contrary, Menelaus slay Paris, let the Trojans
+restore Helen and all her treasures, and pay a fine to the Argives such
+as may be just."
+
+Then the lambs were sacrificed, and the kings drank of the mixed wine.
+Some of it was also poured on the earth, while the Greeks and Trojans
+joined in praying that terrible punishment might be sent upon any person
+who should violate the league:
+
+    "Hear, mighty Jove! and hear, ye gods on high!
+    And may their blood, who first the league confound,
+    Shed like this wine, disdain the thirsty ground."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+Such was the league formed between the kings and chiefs of the two great
+armies. Priam then went back to the city, for he could not bear to
+witness a conflict in which his son might be slain. Lots were now drawn
+to decide which of the warriors should cast his spear first. Paris won,
+and immediately the champions, putting on their armor and taking up
+their weapons, advanced into the middle of the ground that Hector and
+Ulysses had measured out for the combat.
+
+Then the fight began. Paris hurled his javelin, but Menelaus warded off
+the blow with his strong brazen shield. In his turn the Spartan king
+poised his long spear for a throw at his enemy. At the same time he
+prayed to Jupiter to give him strength and victory:
+
+        "O Sovereign Jove! vouchsafe that I avenge
+    On guilty Paris wrongs which he was first
+    To offer; let him fall beneath my hand,
+    That men may dread hereafter to requite
+    The friendship of a host with injury."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+Then Menelaus cast his spear. It pierced the shield and corselet of
+Paris, and might have made a fatal wound had he not bent himself
+sideways, and so escaped the full force of the weapon. Instantly
+Menelaus rushed forward, sword in hand, and dealt a powerful blow at his
+enemy's head. This time Paris was saved by the brazen helmet he wore,
+for when Menelaus struck it, the blade of his sword broke in pieces.
+
+Angry at his ill luck, the Spartan warrior seized his foe by the
+horsehair crest of his helmet, and began to drag him towards the Grecian
+lines; but at this point Venus came to the aid of her favorite. Standing
+unseen beside him, she broke the helmet strap under his chin, and thus
+released him from the grasp of the wrathful Menelaus. Then she cast a
+thick mist around the Trojan prince, and, carrying him off to the city,
+set him down in his chamber, within his own palace. The goddess also
+conducted Helen to the palace, from the watchtower in which, after her
+conversation with Priam, she had remained to witness the combat on the
+plain. As soon as Helen beheld Paris she spoke to him in harsh words:
+
+        "Com'st thou from battle? Rather would that thou
+    Hadst perished by the mighty hand of him
+    Who was my husband. It was once, I know,
+    Thy boast that thou wert more than peer in strength
+    And power of hand, and practice with the spear,
+    To warlike Menelaus. Go then now,
+    Defy him to the combat once again.
+    And yet I counsel thee to stand aloof,
+    Nor rashly seek a combat, hand to hand,
+    With fair-haired Menelaus, lest perchance
+    He smite thee with his spear and thou be slain."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+Meanwhile the Spartan king, furious as a lion, paced up and down the
+field searching for Paris, but not even the Trojans could tell where he
+was. If he were amongst them they would not have concealed him, for they
+loved him not, knowing that he was the cause of all the sufferings which
+the long war had brought upon them.
+
+                              None of all
+    The Trojans, or of their renowned allies,
+    Could point him out to Menelaus, loved
+    Of Mars; and had they known his lurking-place
+    They would not for his sake have kept him hid,
+    For like black death they hated him.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book III.
+
+Paris having disappeared from the field, the Greeks claimed the victory
+for their champion, and Agamemnon called upon the Trojans to give up
+Helen and her treasures, in accordance with the conditions of the
+league. But the gods did not thus will it. The Fates had decreed the
+destruction of Troy, and so the war could not have a peaceful ending.
+Besides, the Greeks were doomed to suffer as Jupiter had promised
+Thetis, because of the wrong that had been done to Achilles. Therefore,
+after the matter had been discussed in a council of the gods in their
+golden palace on Olympus, Minerva was sent down to urge the Trojans to
+attack the Greeks, so that the league might be broken, and the war
+renewed. According to the custom of heavenly messengers in such cases,
+the goddess took the form of La-odʹo-cus, son of Antenor. Then,
+approaching Panʹda-rus, a famous archer of the Trojan allies, she
+persuaded him to aim an arrow at Menelaus.
+
+"Great honor," she said, "you will have from all the Trojans, if you
+slay the son of Atreus, and from Paris you may expect splendid gifts."
+
+But Minerva, being friendly to the Greeks, did not really wish that
+Menelaus should be killed; therefore, when Pandarus bent his bow and
+with true aim let fly his arrow, she took care to turn the deadly weapon
+aside.
+
+    Pallas assists, and (weakened in its force)
+    Diverts the weapon from its destined course:
+    So from her babe, when slumber seals his eye,
+    The watchful mother wafts the envenom'd fly.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book IV.
+
+Nevertheless the arrow pierced the Spartan king's belt and made a slight
+wound, but the skillful surgeon, Ma-chaʹon, son of the famous physician,
+Æsculapius, stanched the blood and applied soothing balsams which his
+father had taught him to use.
+
+The league being thus broken by the treacherous act of Pandarus, both
+sides at once prepared for battle. Agamemnon went on foot through his
+army, speaking words of praise to the chiefs, whom he found active in
+marshaling and encouraging their men. "Father Jupiter," he said, "will
+not help those Trojans who have so basely broken their solemn pledges.
+When we have taken their city we shall carry away rich spoils in our
+ships." Of all the leaders none arranged and directed his troops more
+wisely than the venerable Nestor.
+
+    The cavalry with steeds and cars he placed
+    In front. A vast and valiant multitude
+    Of infantry he stationed in the rear,
+    To be the bulwark of the war. Between
+    He made the faint of spirit take their place,
+    That, though unwillingly, they might be forced
+    To combat with the rest.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book IV.
+
+Then he gave strict orders to the charioteers, warning them not to trust
+too much to their valor, or rashly advance in front of their comrades.
+
+        "Let no man, too vain of horsemanship,
+    And trusting in his valor, dare advance
+    Beyond the rest to attack the men of Troy,
+    Nor let him fall behind the rest, to make
+    Our ranks the weaker. Whoso from his car
+    Can reach an enemy's, let him stand and strike
+    With his long spear, for 'tis the shrewder way."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book IV.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+VIII. THE FIRST GREAT BATTLE.
+
+
+[Illustration: _Design by Burne-Jones._]
+
+Nearly three books of the Iliad are occupied in telling about the battle
+that now followed, though it lasted only one day. But it was a fierce
+and mighty conflict in which many brave warriors fought and fell.
+
+              For that day
+    Saw many a Trojan slain, and many a Greek,
+    Stretched side by side upon the bloody field.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book IV.
+
+All the chiefs of both armies took part in this battle, except Achilles,
+who still remained inactive at his ships, "indignant for the sake of the
+fair-haired Briseis." The heroes of the day on the Trojan side were
+Hector and Æneas. Of the Greeks (also sometimes called A-chaʹians) none
+performed so many feats of valor as Diomede (or Diomed), also called
+Ty-diʹdes, from the name of his father, Tyʹdeus. He was the particular
+favorite of Minerva, who caused a bright light to shine from his shield
+and helmet, which made him a striking figure in the field, and very
+terrible to the enemy.
+
+              Pallas to Tydides Diomed
+    Gave strength and courage, that he might appear
+    Among the Achaians greatly eminent,
+    And win a glorious name. Upon his head
+    And shield she caused a constant flame to play,
+    Like to the autumnal star that shines in heaven
+    Most brightly when new-bathed in ocean tides.
+    Such light she caused to beam upon his crest
+    And shoulders, as she sent the warrior forth
+    Into the thick and tumult of the fight.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+Diomede slew many brave warriors, and often, breaking through the close
+ranks of the Trojans, drove them back towards their walls, before he
+himself was smitten with an arrow sent flying at him by the archer
+Pandarus. The weapon pierced his shoulder right through, and the blood
+came streaming down his armor. Then Pandarus shouted to his comrades to
+advance, boasting that now the bravest of the Greeks was fatally
+wounded. But Diomede prayed to Minerva for aid, and his prayer was
+heard. Immediately the goddess appeared and stood beside him, and in an
+instant healed his wound. Then she encouraged him, saying: "Henceforth
+fight with confidence, O Diomede. I have given you great strength. I
+have also removed from your eyes the mortal mists which heretofore were
+upon them, so that now you may know gods from men. Beware, however, of
+using your weapons against any god, unless Venus should come into the
+battle. Her I desire and command you to wound."
+
+[Illustration: MINERVA.
+
+_Vatican, Rome._]
+
+With fresh courage and increased fury Diomede again rushed into the
+conflict, striking down a Trojan with every blow of his huge sword.
+Æneas, noticing his exploits, hastily sought out Pandarus and begged him
+to aim an arrow at the man who was thus destroying their ranks.
+
+"That man," said Pandarus, "very much resembles the warlike son of
+Tydeus, and if it be he, some god is surely at his side to protect him,
+for only a little ago I smote him in the shoulder, and I thought I had
+sent him to Pluto's kingdom. Of small use it seems is this bow of mine.
+Already I have aimed at two chiefs, Menelaus and Diomede, and wounded
+both, but I have only roused them the more to heroic deeds."
+
+                        "In an evil hour
+    I took my bow and quiver from the wall
+    And came to lead the Trojans for the sake
+    Of Hector. But if ever I return
+    To see my native country and my wife
+    And my tall spacious mansion, may some foe
+    Strike off my head if with these hands I fail
+    To break my bow in pieces, casting it
+    Into the flames, a useless weapon now."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+But Æneas made the great archer try his skill once more. Taking Pandarus
+with him in his own chariot, he drove rapidly to where Diomede was
+dealing death amongst the Trojans with his terrible sword. Sthenʹe-lus,
+the companion and charioteer of Diomede, saw them coming, and he advised
+his friend to retreat, and not risk his life in a contest with two such
+heroes as Æneas and Pandarus, one the son of a goddess, and the other
+excelling all men in the use of the bow. But Diomede sternly refused to
+retire from the conflict. Nor would he even consent to mount his chariot
+as Sthenelus urged him to do.
+
+"As I am," said he, "I shall advance against them, for Minerva has made
+me fearless. And if it be my fortune to slay both, do you, Sthenelus,
+seize the horses of Æneas and drive them into the ranks of the Greeks.
+Valuable prizes they will be, for they are of that heavenly breed which
+Jupiter gave to King Tros as the price of his son Ganymede."
+
+But now the chariot of Æneas was close at hand. This time Pandarus used
+his spear, which he launched with great force. It struck the shield of
+Diomede and, piercing it through, fixed itself in his breastplate. With
+a shout of joy Pandarus exclaimed, "Now, I think, I have given you your
+death wound."
+
+"Not so," replied the son of Tydeus, "thou hast missed thy aim, but one
+of you, at least, shall die." As he spoke he hurled his lance. Directed
+by Minerva, the weapon flew right into the face of the unfortunate
+Pandarus, striking him lifeless to the earth.
+
+    Headlong he falls, his helmet knocks the ground;
+    Earth groans beneath him, and his arms resound.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+Instantly Æneas leaped down from his chariot, with his shield and spear,
+to defend the body of his heroic comrade against being despoiled by the
+Greeks. This was one of the customs of war in those times. When a hero
+was slain in battle the enemy carried off his arms and armor as trophies
+of victory. But Æneas did his best to protect the corpse of his fallen
+friend from being thus dishonored.
+
+    Watchful he wheels, protects it every way,
+    As the grim lion stalks around his prey.
+    O'er the fall'n trunk his ample shield displayed,
+    He hides the hero with his mighty shade,
+    And threats aloud! the Greeks with longing eyes
+    Behold at distance, but forbear the prize.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+But Diomede, braver than the rest, took up a great stone and hurled it
+at Æneas.
+
+    Not two strong men the enormous weight could raise,
+    Such men as live in these degenerate days.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book. V.
+
+It struck the Trojan hero on the hip, tearing the flesh and crushing the
+joint. He sank upon his knees, a dark mist covering his eyes. And now
+Æneas would have perished by the sword of the furious Diomede had not
+his mother, Venus, come quickly to his aid. With her shining robe the
+goddess shielded his body, and spreading her arms about him she bore him
+away from the battle. Then Sthenelus, not forgetting the bidding of his
+friend, rushed forward, and, seizing the fleet steeds of the Dardan
+prince, drove them off to the Grecian camp.
+
+But Diomede went in pursuit of Venus. He had seen and recognized her as
+she descended on the field, Minerva having given him power of sight to
+know gods from men. The goddess also, as we have seen, commanded him to
+wound Venus should she come into the field. Diomede, therefore, when he
+had overtaken Venus, as she was bearing away the Trojan hero, thrust at
+her with his lance, and pierced the skin of her tender hand. From the
+wound out gushed the Iʹchor, as the blood of the gods was called.
+
+                            The ichor,--such
+    As from the blessed gods may flow; for they
+    Eat not the wheaten loaf, nor drink dark wine;
+    And therefore they are bloodless, and are called
+    Immortal.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+Crying aloud with pain, the goddess dropped her son from her arms, but
+Apollo enveloped him in a thick cloud, thus saving him from the wrath of
+the furious Greeks. Meanwhile the swift-footed Iris hastened down from
+heaven to the aid of Venus, whom she conducted to where Mars sat on the
+left of the battlefield, watching the conflict. At the entreaty of his
+wounded sister.
+
+                      Mars resigned to her his steeds
+    With trappings of bright gold. She climbed the car,
+    Still grieving, and, beside her, Iris took
+    Her seat, and caught the reins and plied the lash.
+    On flew the coursers, on, with willing speed,
+    And soon were at the mansion of the gods
+    On high Olympus.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+There the goddess was affectionately received by her mother, Di-oʹne,
+who begged her to be patient, reminding her that in times past others of
+the gods had suffered by the hands of men. Mars, she said, was chained
+in a brazen cell for fifteen months by the giants Oʹtus and
+Eph-i-alʹtes, and he would perhaps have perished there but that Mercury
+set him free by stealing into the cell, and slipping the chains out of
+the rings to which they were fastened. Juno herself, and Pluto, the god
+of Hades, were wounded by Hercules. "As for this son of Tydeus," said
+Dione, "who has dared to war upon an immortal, he shall be punished for
+his crime."
+
+                                  "The fool!
+    He knew not that, the man who dares to meet
+    The gods in combat lives not long. No child
+    Shall prattling call him father when he comes
+    Returning from the dreadful tasks of war."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+Dione then wiped the ichor from the hand of Venus, and at her touch the
+wound healed and the pain ceased.
+
+Meanwhile, on the plain before Troy Diomede still eagerly pursued Æneas,
+though knowing that the hero was under divine protection. Thrice did he
+rush on, and thrice did Apollo drive him back, but when he made the
+fourth attempt,
+
+    The archer of the skies, Apollo, thus
+    With menacing words rebuked him: "Diomed,
+    Beware; desist, nor think to make thyself
+    The equal of a god. The deathless race
+    Of gods is not as those who walk the earth."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+Diomede shrank back, fearing the wrath of the Far-darter, and Apollo
+bore Æneas away, and set him down in his own temple in sacred
+Perʹga-mus, the citadel of Troy. There Diana and La-toʹna, the mother of
+Apollo, healed his wound and restored his health and strength. Then
+Apollo begged Mars to assist the Trojans in the battle, and particularly
+to drive from the field the impious son of Tydeus, who had dared to
+attack the immortals with his spear, and would now fight even with
+Jupiter himself. The god of war consented, and assuming the form of
+Acʹa-mas, a Thracian leader, he went through the Trojan ranks
+encouraging the chiefs to fight bravely.
+
+        "O sons of Priam, him who claims descent
+    From Jupiter! how long will ye submit
+    To see your people slaughtered by the Greeks?
+    Is it until the battle-storm shall reach
+    Your city's stately portals?"
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+The hero Sarpedon also appealed to Hector, and then the Trojan commander
+in chief, leaping from his chariot, and brandishing his javelins,
+rushed among his troops exhorting them to battle.
+
+                                  Terrible
+    The conflict that ensued. The men of Troy
+    Made head against the Greeks: the Greeks stood firm,
+    Nor ever thought of flight.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+Soon, however, the Greeks were forced to fall back. Their great chiefs,
+Agamemnon and Menelaus, and the two Ajaxes and Ulysses, performed
+wondrous deeds of courage, slaying many Trojan warriors. But Minerva had
+left the field, and Mars was fighting on the Trojan side. Æneas, too,
+had returned to the battle with renewed strength and courage, and Hector
+and Sarpedon were in the front, dealing death among the enemy. The
+fierce god of war and mighty Hector fought side by side, and they slew
+numbers of Argive warriors.
+
+Such destruction of her beloved Greeks was not pleasing to Juno, who was
+watching the conflict from her place on high Olympus, and she begged of
+Jupiter to permit her to drive Mars from the battle. Jupiter consented,
+but he advised her to intrust that work to Minerva, who had often before
+"brought grievous troubles on the god of war." Juno obeyed. Then the two
+goddesses, who had already mounted the queen of heaven's own grand
+chariot, glittering with gold and silver and brass, set out for the
+Grecian camp.
+
+    Eight brazen spokes in radiant order flame;
+    The circles gold, of uncorrupted frame,
+    Such as the heavens produce: and round the gold
+    Two brazen rings of work divine were roll'd.
+    The bossy naves of solid silver shone;
+    Braces of gold suspend the moving throne;
+    The car, behind, an arching figure bore;
+    The bending concave form'd an arch before.
+    Silver the beam, the extended yoke was gold,
+    And golden reins the immortal coursers hold.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+Riding in this magnificent chariot, driven by Juno herself, "midway
+between the earth and the starry heaven," the goddesses descended upon
+the plain of Troy, near where the Simois and the Scamander united their
+streams. There they alighted, and cast a dense mist around the chariot
+and the steeds to hide them from mortal view. Then they hastened to
+where the bravest of the Greek chiefs were standing around the warrior
+Diomede, Juno likening herself to the herald Stenʹtor, who had a voice
+louder than the shout of fifty men.
+
+    Stentor the strong, endued with brazen lungs,
+    Whose throat surpass'd the force of fifty tongues.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+Appearing before the Greek chiefs in the form of the loud-voiced
+herald, the queen of heaven cried out in words of reproof:
+
+"Shame upon you, Argives! You are heroes only in name. While the divine
+Achilles was with you, fighting at the front, the Trojans dared not
+advance beyond their gates, for they dreaded his mighty spear; but now
+they are almost at your ships."
+
+Minerva, too, severely censured Diomede for holding back from the
+battle, but the warrior answered that it was by her command that he had
+refrained from attacking Mars. "You did not permit me," said he, "to
+fight with any of the gods except Venus."
+
+"Fear not this Mars at all," answered Minerva, "nor any of the
+immortals. Come now and direct your steeds against the war god, and I
+will be with you." So saying, and putting on her head the helmet of
+Pluto, which made any person who wore it invisible, she mounted the
+chariot beside the brave Diomede, and, seizing the reins, drove rapidly
+to where the fierce Mars was slaying Greek warriors.
+
+As soon as Mars beheld Diomede approaching, he rushed against him, and
+hurled his brazen spear; but Minerva grasped the weapon and turned it
+aside from the chariot. Diomede now thrust forward his lance, Minerva
+directing it, and adding her strength to give force to the blow. It
+pierced the loin of the war god, making a deep wound.
+
+                        Mars bellows with the pain:
+    Loud as the roar encountering armies yield,
+    When shouting millions shake the thundering field.
+    Both armies start, and trembling gaze around;
+    And earth and heaven rebellow to the sound.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book V.
+
+The wounded god disappeared in a dark cloud, and, quickly ascending to
+Olympus, made bitter complaint to Jupiter against Minerva. But the king
+of heaven sternly reproved him, saying that he had brought his
+sufferings upon himself, for discord and wars were always his delight.
+Nevertheless he ordered Pæʹon, the physician of the gods, to heal the
+wound, which was immediately done.
+
+Meanwhile Juno and Minerva returned to Olympus, Mars being removed from
+the battlefield. And now the fortune of war began to favor the Greeks.
+The Trojans, no longer aided by a god fighting on their side, were
+driven back to their walls, and it seemed as if they were about to be
+totally defeated. In this perilous situation Helenus, the prophet and
+soothsayer, advised his brother Hector to go quickly into the city, and
+request their mother, the queen, to call together the matrons of Troy,
+and with them to offer up sacrifices and prayers in the temple of
+Minerva, begging the help and protection of that goddess. The advice
+seemed good to Hector. Leaping from his chariot, he went through the
+army bidding the warriors to fight bravely during his absence. Then he
+hastened to the city. At the Scæan Gate he was met by crowds of anxious
+wives and mothers and daughters, who eagerly inquired for their
+husbands, sons, and brothers.
+
+                          He admonished all
+    Duly to importune the gods in prayer,
+    For woe, he said, was near to many a one.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VI.
+
+Arriving at the royal palace Hector was met by his mother, who offered
+him wine to refresh himself with. But the hero would not taste the
+liquor. "Do not ask me to drink wine, dear mother," he said, "for it
+would enfeeble me, and deprive me of my strength and valor."
+
+    "Inflaming wine, pernicious to mankind,
+    Unnerves the limbs, and dulls the noble mind."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book VI.
+
+Then Hector told his mother why he had come from the field of battle.
+She gladly consented to do as her son requested, and so Queen Hecuba and
+the matrons of Troy went to the temple of Minerva, and prayed and
+offered sacrifices. But the goddess refused to hear their prayers, for
+she still hated the Trojans because of the never-forgotten judgment on
+Mount Ida.
+
+Meantime the hero went to the palace of Paris, whom he found in his
+chamber, handling and preparing his armor, while Helen sat near him with
+her maids, directing their various tasks. Angry at seeing his brother
+thus engaged, instead of being in the front of the fight, Hector
+reproached him in sharp and bitter words.
+
+"The people," said he, "are perishing, the conflict rages round the
+walls, and all on your account. Arise, then, and act, lest our city soon
+be in flames." Paris answered mildly, saying that he deserved his
+brother's censure, and promising that he would immediately repair to the
+field of battle.
+
+Hector next proceeded to his own home to visit his dear wife,
+An-dromʹa-che, and his infant son; "for I know not," said he, "whether I
+shall ever return to them again." Arriving at the palace, he learned
+from Andromache's maids that their mistress had just gone towards the
+city walls.
+
+        "To the lofty tower of Troy she went
+    When it was told her that the Trojan troops
+    Lost heart, and that the valor of the Greeks
+    Prevailed. She now is hurrying toward the walls.
+    Like one distracted, with her son and nurse."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VI.
+
+Leaving the palace, Hector hastened through the city, and, arriving at
+the Scæan Gate, he there met Andromache and her nurse, the latter
+bearing in her arms the infant Sca-man'dri-us. His father had given the
+child this name, from the name of the river, but the people called him
+As-tyʹa-nax, meaning "city-king." The lines in which Homer describes the
+interview which here took place between the noble Hector and his loving
+wife, are among the most beautiful of the whole Iliad. Andromache was a
+daughter of E-ëʹti-on, king of Thebe, the town from which the maiden
+Chryseis was carried away. Eëtion and all his family had been slain,
+with the exception of Andromache, who therefore had now neither parents
+nor brothers nor sisters. Of this she spoke in touching words, while
+entreating Hector to remain within the city and not again risk his life
+in battle.
+
+      "Too brave! thy valor yet will cause thy death:
+    Thou hast no pity on thy tender child,
+    Nor me, unhappy one, who soon must be
+    Thy widow. All the Greeks will rush on thee
+    To take thy life. A happier lot were mine,
+    If I must lose thee, to go down to earth,
+    For I shall have no hope when thou art gone,--
+    Nothing but sorrow. Father I have none,
+    And no dear mother. Great Achilles slew
+    My father when he sacked the populous town
+    Of the Cilicians,--Thebe with high gates.
+                                  Hector, thou
+    Art father and dear mother now to me,
+    And brother and my youthful spouse besides.
+    In pity keep within the fortress here,
+    Nor make thy child an orphan nor thy wife
+    A widow."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VI.
+
+Hector was deeply moved by these words, but he could not think of
+deserting his brave companions.
+
+                                  "All this
+    I bear in mind, dear wife; but I should stand
+    Ashamed before the men and long-robed dames
+    Of Troy, were I to keep aloof and shun
+    The conflict, cowardlike. Not thus my heart
+    Prompts me, for greatly have I learned to dare
+    And strike among the foremost sons of Troy,
+    Upholding my great father's fame and mine;
+    Yet well in my undoubting mind I know
+    The day shall come in which our sacred Troy,
+    And Priam, and the people over whom
+    Spear-bearing Priam rules, shall perish all."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VI.
+
+But it was not the dark prospect of his country's ruin that grieved the
+loving husband so much as the thought that his wife might some day be
+carried off as a slave by the conquering Greeks.
+
+    "But not the sorrows of the Trojan race,
+    Nor those of Hecuba herself, nor those
+    Of royal Priam, nor the woes that wait
+    My brothers many and brave,--who all at last,
+    Slain by the pitiless foe, shall lie in dust,--
+    Grieve me so much as thine, when some mailed Greek
+    Shall lead thee weeping hence, and take from thee
+    Thy day of freedom.    .    .    .    .
+                              O let the earth
+    Be heaped above my head in death before
+    I hear thy cries as thou art borne away!"
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VI.
+
+[Illustration: HECTOR PARTING FROM ANDROMACHE.
+
+_Painting by Maignan._]
+
+Then Hector stretched out his hands to embrace his son, but the little
+fellow shrank back and screamed in fright at the nodding crest on his
+father's helmet. Both parents gently smiled, and Hector, taking off his
+helmet, and placing it on the ground, kissed his boy, and fondled him in
+his arms, praying to the gods that he might become a brave warrior, and
+the defender of his country.
+
+        "O Jupiter and all ye deities,
+    Vouchsafe that this my son may yet become
+    Among the Trojans eminent like me,
+    And nobly rule in Ilium. May they say,
+    'This man is greater than his father was.'"
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VI.
+
+The parting between the hero and his sorrowing wife was very affecting.
+Andromache received the infant from his father's arms, mingling tears
+with her smiles as she looked into the face of her child.
+
+                                  The chief
+    Beheld, and, moved with tender pity, smoothed
+    Her forehead gently with his hand and said:--
+    "Sorrow not thus, beloved one, for me.
+    No living man can send me to the shades
+    Before my time; no man of woman born,
+    Coward or brave, can shun his destiny.
+    But go thou home, and tend thy labors there,--
+    The web, the distaff,--and command thy maids
+    To speed the work. The cares of war pertain
+    To all men born in Troy, and most to me."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VI.
+
+Then Hector took his helmet from the ground, and Andromache departed for
+her home, "oft looking back, and shedding many tears."
+
+As the hero went out at the Scæan Gate, after taking leave of his wife,
+he met Paris, arrayed in his shining armor, and eager to join the
+battle. Together they rushed into the plain, and slew many of the enemy.
+The goddess Minerva, observing that the battle was going against the
+Greeks, quickly descended from the top of Olympus. Apollo, seeing her
+from the Trojan citadel, hastened to meet her, and he proposed that they
+should now bring the conflict to an end for the day. With this object,
+Minerva having consented, they both agreed to cause Hector to challenge
+one of the Greek warriors to engage with him in single combat. Helenus,
+being a soothsayer, knew the purpose of the gods, and he told his
+brother. "But," said he, "you shall not fall in the fight, for it is not
+thy fate yet to perish. Thus have the immortal gods spoken, and I have
+heard their voice."
+
+Hector rejoiced at his brother's words, and immediately advancing to the
+front of the army he commanded the Trojans to cease fighting.
+
+                        He bore his spear,
+    Holding it in the middle, and pressed back
+    The ranks of Trojans, and they all sat down.
+    And Agamemnon caused the well-armed Greeks
+    To sit down also.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VII.
+
+Then the Trojan chief, standing between the two hosts, spoke in a loud
+voice, and challenged the bravest of the Greeks to engage with him in
+mortal combat. For a few moments there was silence in the ranks of the
+Argives. Even the boldest of them hesitated at the thought of fighting
+such a warrior as Hector. At length Menelaus, rising from his seat,
+declared that he was ready to accept the challenge, and so he put on his
+armor. But Agamemnon held him back, warning him against rashly venturing
+into a conflict with a man who was much stronger and braver than he, and
+whom every other chief, even Achilles himself, regarded with fear.
+
+Nestor then arose, and in severe words upbraided his countrymen for
+their want of courage. "Would that my frame were unworn with years," he
+exclaimed, "then Hector should soon find a foe to meet him; but now
+among the bravest of the Achaians there is no one to meet the Trojan
+leader in arms."
+
+The venerable Nestor had no sooner ceased speaking than nine warriors
+started to their feet, every one eager for the honor of being permitted
+to accept the challenge of Hector. Among them were Agamemnon, the two
+Ajaxes, Diomede, and Ulysses. Nestor then proposed that one should be
+chosen by lot. This was agreed to, and lots being cast, the honor fell
+to Ajax Telamon, the mightiest and most valiant of the Greeks except
+Achilles. The hero greatly rejoiced, believing that he would conquer
+Hector, and so he quickly put on his armor, and went forward to the
+ground marked out for the combat.
+
+    His massy javelin quivering in his hand,
+    He stood, the bulwark of the Grecian band.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book VII.
+
+Hector having also taken his place on the ground, the combat began.
+First the Trojan chief, brandishing his long spear, hurled it at his
+foe. Ajax received it on his shield, which was made of seven folds of
+oxhides and an eighth fold of solid brass. Through six of the hides the
+weapon of Hector pierced, but it stuck fast in the seventh.
+
+Then the Grecian champion sent forth his javelin. It passed right
+through Hector's shield and corselet, and might have proved fatal, had
+the hero not quickly bent aside his body. Again both champions launched
+spears, one after the other. This time Hector was slightly wounded in
+the neck. Nothing daunted, however, he seized a huge stone which lay at
+his feet, and hurled it at Ajax. It struck the hero's shield and the
+brass resounded with the blow. Quickly the Argive warrior took up a much
+larger stone, and flung it at his antagonist with tremendous force. The
+stone crashed through Hector's shield, and, striking him on the knee,
+stretched him flat on the ground. But Apollo instantly raised him up,
+renewing his strength, and then with their swords the two heroes fell
+upon each other, fighting hand to hand. At this point, night having come
+on, two heralds, one from the Trojan army, the other from the Greek,
+approached the champions, and ordered them to cease fighting, I-daeʹus,
+the Trojan herald, giving the command in a loud voice:
+
+        "Cease to contend, dear sons, in deadly fray;
+    Ye both are loved by cloud-compelling Jove,
+    And both are great in war, as all men know.
+    The night is come; be then the night obeyed."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VII.
+
+Ajax answered that as it was Hector who gave the challenge, it was for
+him first to speak of truce. Hector replied, speaking words of praise
+and admiration for his antagonist, and saying that they should now cease
+from battle for the day.
+
+    "Since, then, the night extends her gloomy shade,
+    And heaven enjoins it, be the night obey'd.
+    Return, brave Ajax, to thy Grecian friends,
+    And joy the nations whom thy arm defends;
+    But let us, on this memorable day,
+    Exchange some gift: that Greece and Troy may say
+    'Not hate, but glory, made these chiefs contend;
+    And each brave foe was in his soul a friend.'"
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book VII.
+
+Then Hector gave Ajax a silver-studded sword with scabbard, and Ajax
+presented to Hector a belt of rich purple. Thus ended the terrible
+conflict which had raged throughout the day, and the two heroes retired,
+each joyfully welcomed by his comrades and friends.
+
+            Then they both departed,--one
+    To join the Grecian host, and one to meet
+    The Trojan people, who rejoiced to see
+    Hector alive, unwounded, and now safe
+    From the great might and irresistible arm
+    Of Ajax. Straightway to the town they led
+    Him for whose life they scarce had dared to hope.
+    And Ajax also by the well-armed Greeks,
+    Exulting in his feats of arms, was brought
+    To noble Agamemnon.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VII.
+
+
+
+
+IX. THE SECOND BATTLE--EXPLOIT OF DIOMEDE AND ULYSSES.
+
+
+Before the Greek leaders retired to rest for the night, they held a
+council in the tent of Agamemnon, at which they resolved to perform
+funeral rites, early in the morning, in honor of their comrades who had
+been slain in the battle. They also resolved, on the advice of Nestor,
+to build a strong wall and dig a deep trench in front of their camp,
+that their ships might be secure against the attacks of the enemy.
+
+The Trojan chiefs, too, held a council. They were discouraged by their
+losses in the battle, and many of them thought that they could not now
+succeed in the war, because of the treacherous act of Pandarus in
+breaking the league. The wise Antenor was of this opinion, and in his
+speech at the council he advised that Helen and her treasures should be
+given up to the Greeks.
+
+    "Send we the Argive Helen back with all
+    Her treasures; let the sons of Atreus lead
+    The dame away; for now we wage the war
+    After our faith is broken, and I deem
+    We cannot prosper till we make amends."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VII.
+
+But Paris would not agree to this. He was willing to give up Helen's
+treasures, and to give treasure of his own as compensation to the
+Greeks, but he would not consent to restore Helen herself. King Priam
+weakly gave way to his son, and ordered that a herald should be sent to
+the Greek leaders to tell them of the offer of Paris, and to request
+that fighting should not be resumed until the dead should be taken from
+the battlefield, and funeral services performed.
+
+Accordingly the Trojan herald Idæus went next morning to the tent of
+Agamemnon. There he found the Argive chiefs assembled. Upon hearing his
+message, they scornfully rejected the terms proposed by Paris, but they
+agreed to a truce for the funeral ceremonies. Idæus returned to the
+city, and told the Trojan leaders of the answer he had received. Both
+Greeks and Trojans then began collecting their dead from the field and
+building great piles of wood, or pyres, to burn the bodies upon.
+
+    All wailing, silently they bore away
+    Their slaughtered friends, and heaped them on the pyre
+    With aching hearts, and, when they had consumed
+    The dead with fire, returned to hallowed Troy.
+    The nobly-armed Achaians also heaped
+    Their slaughtered warriors on the funeral pile
+    With aching hearts; and when they had consumed
+    Their dead with fire they sought their hollow ships.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VII.
+
+Before dawn next morning the Greeks set about building a wall and
+digging a trench on the side of their camp facing Troy, as Nestor had
+advised. They finished the work in one day, and a mighty work it was.
+The wall was strengthened with lofty towers, and the gates were so large
+that chariots could pass through. The trench was broad and deep, and on
+the outer edge it was defended by strong, sharp stakes. The gods,
+looking down from Olympus, admired these labors, but Neptune, much
+displeased, made bitter complaint to Jupiter:
+
+                          "Now will the fame
+    Of this their work go forth wherever shines
+    The light of day, and men will quite forget
+    The wall which once we built with toiling hands--
+    Phœbus Apollo and myself--around
+    The city of renowned Laomedon."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VII.
+
+But Jupiter relieved the anxiety of the ocean god by telling him that
+when the war was over, and the Greeks had departed from Troy, he might
+overthrow the great wall with his waves, and cover the shore with sand.
+Thus the Grecian bulwark would vanish from the plain.
+
+After their great labors on the wall and trench the Greeks feasted in
+their tents, and next day, the truce being now ended, both armies
+prepared for battle. Meanwhile Jupiter, held a council on high Olympus,
+at which he gave strict command that none of the gods should take part
+on either side in the fight before Troy; and he declared that if any of
+them should disobey this order, he would hurl the offender down into the
+dark pit of Tarʹta-rus, in the gloomy kingdom of Pluto.
+
+    Deep, deep in the great gulf below the earth,
+    With iron gates and threshold forged of brass.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VIII.
+
+But Minerva begged that she might be permitted to assist the Greeks by
+her advice. To this the king of heaven assented. Then mounting his
+chariot, to which were yoked his brazen-footed, swift-flying steeds,
+adorned with golden manes, he sped through the skies between the earth
+and starry heaven to the summit of Mount Ida. There in a sacred
+inclosure in which was an altar erected to him, the father of the gods
+sat looking down upon the towers of Ilium and the ships of the Greeks.
+The two hosts, led by their great chiefs, were now engaged in fierce
+battle.
+
+[Illustration: JUPITER ON MOUNT IDA.
+
+_Drawn by Hubbell._]
+
+    The sounding darts in iron tempests flew;
+    Victors and vanquish'd join promiscuous cries,
+    Triumphant shouts and dying groans arise;
+    With streaming blood the slippery fields are dyed,
+    And slaughtered heroes swell the dreadful tide.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book VIII.
+
+Thus the terrible conflict went on until midday, when Jupiter, taking in
+his hand the golden scales of fate, weighed the fortunes of the Trojans
+and Greeks.
+
+                                      By the midst
+    He held the balance, and, behold, the fate
+    Of Greece in that day's fight sank down until
+    It touched the nourishing earth, while that of Troy
+    Rose and flew upward toward the spacious heaven.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VIII.
+
+Then the mighty god thundered from Mount Ida, and sent his lightnings
+burning and flashing down against the army of the Greeks. In amazement
+and terror the Argive chiefs fled from the field. Nestor alone remained,
+though not willingly, for he too was seeking safety in flight when one
+of the horses of his chariot was killed by an arrow from the bow of
+Paris. The venerable king himself might have perished at the hands of
+Hector, had not Diomede hastened up and taken him into his own chariot.
+
+Both warriors then advanced against the Trojan chief, and Diomede hurled
+his javelin. The weapon missed Hector, but killed his charioteer. Still
+rushing on, the brave son of Tydeus was about to cast another spear,
+when a terrific bolt of lightning flashed from the heavens and tore up
+the earth in front of his steeds. Looking upon this as a sign of the
+anger of Jupiter, the two heroes hastily retreated towards their camp.
+Hector pursued them, and the Trojans, encouraged by his example, now
+pressed forward until the Greeks were driven in behind their trench and
+wall. Then Agamemnon, in deep despair, prayed to almighty Jove that he
+would at least permit him and his people to get away in safety with
+their ships.
+
+    "Now be at least one wish of mine fulfilled,--
+    That we may yet escape and get us hence;
+    Nor let the Trojans thus destroy the Greeks."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VIII.
+
+Jupiter heard the prayer of the king, and in pity for his distress sent
+a favorable omen. This was an eagle bearing in its talons a fawn, which
+it dropped down by the side of the altar where the Greek chiefs were
+just then offering sacrifice. Believing that the bird had come from
+Jove, the Greeks took courage, and rushing out through their gates, with
+Diomede and Agamemnon and Menelaus and Ajax at their head, they
+furiously attacked the Trojans and slew many of them. Teucer, the
+brother of Ajax Telamon, did great destruction with his bow and arrows,
+in the use of which he was as skillful even as Pandarus. After killing
+several of the enemy, he aimed twice at Hector, missing him, however,
+each time, but at the second shot he slew the Trojan leader's
+charioteer. Hector then jumped to the ground, and, seizing a great
+stone, hurled it with mighty force, striking the unfortunate Teucer on
+the neck, and felling him to the earth. And now the Trojans, rushing
+once more upon the Greeks, again drove them back to their camp.
+
+                                  They drave
+    The Achaians backward to the yawning trench.
+    Then Hector came, with fury in his eyes,
+    Among the foremost warriors. As a hound,
+    Sure of his own swift feet, attacks behind
+    The lion or wild boar, and tears his flank,
+    Yet warily observes him as he turns,
+    So Hector followed close the long-haired Greeks,
+    And ever slew the hindmost as they fled.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VIII.
+
+But night now put an end to the battle. This was a most welcome relief
+to the Greek leaders, thoroughly disheartened as they were at the sight
+of the enemy almost at their ships. On the other hand the warriors of
+Troy "most unwillingly beheld the sunset," for it prevented them from
+following up their victory. But Hector was confident that on the next
+day he would be able to destroy the Achaian host and fleet, and so end
+the war. He therefore addressed his troops, commanding them to remain on
+the field for the night, that they might be ready to fall upon the
+Greeks, should they attempt to go aboard their vessels, and "escape
+across the mighty deep."
+
+      So high in hope, they sat the whole night through
+    In warlike lines, and many watch fires blazed.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book VIII.
+
+Meanwhile the Grecian leaders held a council of war, and Agamemnon
+advised that they should take to their ships, and set sail for Greece,
+as it now seemed to be the will of Jupiter that they should never
+capture Troy. Upon hearing this the chiefs sat for a time in gloomy
+silence. At length Diomede spoke out, censuring the king for his
+cowardly counsel.
+
+"The gods," said he, "have given you, O son of Atreus, high rank and
+great power, but not much of courage. Return home if you are so
+inclined, but the other Greeks will remain until they have overthrown
+Troy, for it was by the direction of the immortals that we came here."
+
+These words were loudly applauded by the assembled leaders. Then guards
+were placed to watch the wall and trench, after which Agamemnon gave
+the chiefs a banquet in his tent. When all had partaken of the good
+things set before them, the wise Nestor advised that an effort be made
+to appease the anger of Achilles. This proposal even Agamemnon warmly
+approved, for he now admitted that he had done a great wrong in taking
+away Briseis, and he declared that he would restore the maiden at once
+to Achilles, and send him rich gifts besides.
+
+              "I erred, and I deny it not.
+    That man indeed is equal to a host,
+    Whom Jupiter doth love and honor thus,
+    Humbling the Achaian people for his sake.
+    And now, since, yielding to my wayward mood
+    I erred, let me appease him, if I may,
+    With gifts of priceless worth."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book IX.
+
+Agamemnon then promised that he would send to Achilles a large sum in
+gold, with twenty shining caldrons, and twelve steeds which had won many
+prizes by their fleetness. Moreover, when they should return to Greece
+after having conquered the Trojans, he would give him one of his
+daughters to be his wife, and with her, as a marriage portion, seven
+rich cities of Argos.
+
+The Greek chiefs were very glad to hear these proposals, and they
+resolved to appoint ambassadors to send to Achilles to beg him to
+accept these gifts and make peace with Agamemnon. On the advice of
+Nestor they chose for this important mission the prudent Ulysses, an
+aged chief named Phœʹnix, and the valiant warrior Ajax. Phœnix had been
+the instructor of Achilles in his youth, and had been sent by King
+Peleus with the expedition to Troy to be his son's friend and counselor.
+The three ambassadors, with two heralds, accordingly set out for the
+camp of the Myrmidonian chief. They found him sitting in his tent with
+his friend Patroclus.
+
+    Amused at ease, the godlike man they found,
+    Pleased with the solemn harp's harmonious sound.
+    (The well wrought harp from conquered Thebæ came;
+    Of polish'd silver was its costly frame).
+    With this he soothes his angry soul, and sings
+    The immortal deeds of heroes and of kings.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book IX.
+
+The ambassadors were received with great respect. Achilles rose from his
+seat and welcomed them as warriors and friends. Then food and drink were
+placed before them, and after they had refreshed themselves, Ulysses
+stated the object of their visit. He described the danger of the Grecian
+army, threatened with destruction by the terrible Hector and his
+victorious hosts. He next told of the many gifts which Agamemnon had
+offered, and then in earnest words he begged Achilles to lay aside his
+anger, and come to the relief of his countrymen in their great peril.
+
+But the wrath of the son of Peleus was not thus to be appeased. He
+replied to Ulysses in a long speech, recounting his services during the
+war, and bitterly complaining of the ingratitude and selfishness of
+Agamemnon.
+
+    "Twelve cities have I with my fleet laid waste,
+    And with my Myrmidons have I o'erthrown
+    Eleven upon this fertile Trojan coast.
+    Full many a precious spoil from these I bore,
+    And to Atrides Agamemnon gave.
+    He, loitering in his fleet, received them all;
+    Few he distributed, and many kept."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book IX.
+
+As for the apologies which Agamemnon now made, the wrathful hero
+declared that he could have no confidence in a man who had deceived him,
+nor would he accept the offered gifts.
+
+                        "Let him ne'er again,
+    Though shameless, dare to look me in the face.
+    I will not join in council nor in act
+    With him: he has deceived and wronged me once,
+    And now he cannot wheedle me with words.
+    Let once suffice. I leave him to himself,
+    To perish. All-providing Jupiter
+    Hath made him mad. I hate his gifts; I hold
+    In utter scorn the giver."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book IX.
+
+In vain also were the entreaties of Phœnix and Ajax. They too tried to
+persuade the hero to dismiss from his mind the thought of his wrongs,
+and lead his brave Myrmidons once more into the field for the honor of
+his country. But Achilles persisted in his refusal to take further part
+in the war, and so there was nothing left for the ambassadors but to
+return to the tent of Agamemnon and report the failure of their mission.
+
+In deep disappointment and distress the chiefs heard the story. Then
+again they held counsel together to consider what was best to
+do,--whether to prepare for another battle, or to betake themselves at
+once to their ships and set sail for Greece. Nestor proposed that some
+brave and prudent chief should venture into the Trojan camp, and, if
+possible, find out what were the plans of Hector.
+
+    "Is there (said he) a chief so greatly brave,
+    His life to hazard, and his country save?
+    Lives there a man, who singly dares to go
+    To yonder camp, or seize some straggling foe?
+    Or favor'd by the night approach so near,
+    Their speech, their counsels, and designs to hear?"
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book X.
+
+Diomede offered himself for this service, and being permitted to select
+a companion, he made choice of Ulysses. The two warriors at once put on
+their armor, and took up their weapons. Then they went out into the
+plain, each praying to Minerva to grant them success. Cautiously they
+moved forward towards the camp of the enemy.
+
+    With dreadful thoughts they trace the dreary way,
+    Through the black horrors of the ensanguined plain,
+    Through dust, through blood, o'er arms, and hills of slain.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book X.
+
+Now it happened that about the same time Hector had sent a young Trojan
+chief, Doʹlon by name, on a similar errand,--to make his way into the
+Grecian camp, and find out the designs of the Argive leaders. Dolon
+offered to undertake the dangerous task on condition that he should have
+as his reward the chariot and horses of Achilles, when the Greeks should
+be conquered. Hector agreed to the condition, and the Trojan spy, arming
+himself, set forth for the Greek camp. He had not gone far when Ulysses
+and Diomede saw him advancing, whereupon they lay down among the dead
+bodies and allowed him to go forward a considerable distance. Then they
+rose up and followed him.
+
+At first Dolon supposed that they were Trojans sent by Hector to call
+him back, but, soon seeing that they were enemies, he fled with great
+speed in the direction of the ships. The two Greeks hastened in
+pursuit, and Diomede hurled a spear after the fugitive. He purposely
+missed him, however, for their object was to take the Trojan alive, that
+they might get from him the information they desired. The weapon passed
+over the shoulder of Dolon, and sank into the ground in front of him.
+Instantly he stood still, trembling with fear, and the Greek warriors,
+hurrying up, seized him by the hands. The frightened Trojan flung
+himself on his knees, and begged them to spare his life, promising that
+his father, who was rich, would pay a high ransom. Ulysses commanded him
+to tell what his errand was to the Grecian camp, and also to tell them
+all about the Trojan army, and of the plans of Hector.
+
+    "Tell me,--and tell the truth,--where hast thou left
+    Hector, the leader of the host, and where
+    Are laid his warlike arms; where stand his steeds;
+    Where are the sentinels, and where the tents
+    Of other chiefs? On what do they consult?
+    Will they remain beside our galleys here,
+    Or do they meditate, since, as they say,
+    The Greeks are beaten, a return to Troy?"
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book X.
+
+The terrified Dolon, hoping to move the Greeks to mercy, told even more
+than he was asked to tell. There was a Thracian king, he said, who had
+that very day arrived with a troop of soldiers to help the Trojans.
+Rheʹsus was his name. He had steeds beautiful to behold, and fleet as
+the wind, his chariot shone with gold and silver, and the armor he wore
+was all of gold.
+
+"Even now," said Dolon, "Rhesus and his followers are in a camp by
+themselves separated from the others, and it will be easy to take them
+by surprise as they lie asleep, and carry off the rich things they
+possess."
+
+This news was joyfully received by the Greek heroes. They had heard of
+an oracle which declared that Troy could never be captured if these same
+horses of Rhesus should once drink of the water of Xanthus or feed on
+the grass of the Trojan plain. They therefore resolved to rob Rhesus of
+his magnificent steeds. But first they killed the unhappy Dolon, paying
+no heed to his prayers for mercy. Then they hurried on to the Thracian
+camp, where they found the warriors sunk in deep repose, after the
+fatigues of the day's journey.
+
+    There slept the warriors, overpowered with toil;
+    Their glittering arms were near them, fairly ranged
+    In triple rows, and by each suit of arms
+    Two coursers. Rhesus slumbered in the midst.
+    Near him were his fleet horses, which were made
+    Fast to the chariot's border by the reins.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book X.
+
+Diomede slew Rhesus and twrelve of his companions, while Ulysses untied
+the king's steeds, and led them forth into the field. Then, hastening
+across the plain with their rich prize, they soon reached the Grecian
+camp, where Nestor and the other chiefs joyfully welcomed them.
+
+                Their friends, rejoicing, flocked
+    Around them, greeting them with grasp of hands
+    And with glad words.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book X.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+X. THE BATTLE AT THE SHIPS--DEATH OF PATROCLUS.
+
+
+At dawn the Achaian leaders resolved to try again the fortunes of war.
+They were encouraged by the exploit of Ulysses and Diomede, and Jupiter
+sent down Eris, the goddess of strife, to incite them to ardor for
+battle. The goddess stood on the ship of Ulysses, which was in the
+center of the fleet, and shouted so loud that she was heard all over the
+Greek camp.
+
+    Loud was the voice, and terrible, in which
+    She shouted from her station to the Greeks,
+    And into every heart it carried strength,
+    And the resolve to combat manfully,
+    And never yield. The battle now to them
+    Seemed more to be desired than the return
+    To their dear country in their roomy ships.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XI.
+
+Then began the greatest battle of the siege. So numerous were the
+exploits of heroes in this mighty conflict that the account of it
+occupies nearly eight books of the Iliad.
+
+Agamemnon led the Grecian warriors during the earlier part of the day.
+He was arrayed in brilliant armor, his breastplate being of gold and
+bronze and tin.
+
+    Ten were its bars of tawny bronze, and twelve
+    Were gold, and twenty tin; and on each side
+    Were three bronze serpents stretching toward the neck.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XI.
+
+His sword, glittering with golden studs, hung from his shoulder in a
+silver sheath, and in his hands he bore two great spears, brass-tipped
+and sharp. As he went forth to meet the foe, Juno and Minerva made a
+sound as of thunder in the sky, "honoring the king of Mycenæ, rich in
+gold." Thus did the Argive chief enter the field at the head of his
+warriors.
+
+The Trojans were already on the ground, their great leader, Hector, clad
+in shining brazen armor, giving his commands, now in the front and now
+in the rear. Like wolves rushing to combat the two hosts sprang against
+each other, and soon the battle raged furiously, the heroes on both
+sides fighting with equal valor.
+
+                            They of Troy
+    And they of Argos smote each other down,
+    And neither thought of ignominious flight.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XI.
+
+But about midday the Greeks prevailed against the Trojans, and drove
+them back to the city gates. Agamemnon slew with his sword two of King
+Priam's sons, Iʹsus and Anʹti-phus, and with his spear he struck down
+many of the Trojan heroes.
+
+[Illustration: IRIS.
+
+_Painting by Watts._]
+
+Hector had not yet taken part in the battle; Jupiter having sent him an
+order by the messenger Iris not to begin fighting until Agamemnon should
+retire wounded from the field. This soon happened. The king was wounded
+in the arm by the Trojan chief Coʹon, whose brother, I-phidʹa-mas,
+Agamemnon had slain. These two chiefs were sons of the venerable
+Antenor. But Agamemnon, before withdrawing, rushed upon Coön and slew
+him also. Then, leaping into his chariot, he ordered his charioteer to
+drive him quickly to his ships, for he was suffering much from the pain
+of his wound.
+
+Hector, seeing the flight of the Greek leader, called loudly to the
+Trojans to advance upon their foes, at the same time setting them the
+example.
+
+                          Himself, inspired
+    With fiery valor, rushed among the foes
+    In the mid-battle foremost, like a storm
+    That swoops from heaven, and on the dark-blue sea
+    Falls suddenly, and stirs it to its depths.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XI.
+
+The fortune of battle now turned in favor of the men of Troy. Nine
+warrior princes of the Greeks were struck down, one after another, by
+the sword of Hector. The brave Diomede, wounded by an arrow from the bow
+of Paris, was obliged to retire to his tent. A spear hurled by the
+Trojan chief, Soʹcus, pierced the corselet of Ulysses, and wounded him
+in the side. But the Trojan did not long survive this exploit, for as he
+turned to flee, Ulysses sent a javelin through his body, felling him
+lifeless to the earth. A serious misfortune had almost happened to the
+Greeks at the hand of Paris, who shot a triple barbed arrow at the hero
+and physician, Machaon, wounding him in the shoulder. The life of the
+great son of Æsculapius being worth many men, Idomeneus cried to Nestor
+to come and take him away in his chariot.
+
+    "Haste, mount thy chariot; let Machaon take
+    A place beside thee; urge thy firm-paced steeds
+    Rapidly toward the fleet; a leech like him,
+    Who cuts the arrow from the wound and soothes
+    The pain with balms, is worth a host to us."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XI.
+
+Many of their leaders being now disabled, the Greeks were driven from
+the field and forced to take refuge behind their fortifications. At the
+trench a terrible conflict took place. The Trojan warriors made efforts
+to pass it in their chariots, while the Greeks fought with desperate
+fury to force the invaders back. Many heroes on both sides were wounded
+and many slain.
+
+    The towers and battlements were steeped in blood
+    Of heroes,--Greeks and Trojans.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XII.
+
+At last Hector took up a large stone and hurled it with tremendous force
+against one of the gates. It tore off the strong hinges, and shattered
+the massive beams, so mighty was the blow. Then through the wide opening
+the Trojan leader sprang into the Grecian camp, brandishing two spears
+in his hands, and calling on his men to follow. Promptly they obeyed.
+Some rushed in by the gateway, and some over the wall, while the
+terrified Greeks fled in disorder and dismay to their ships.
+
+So far none of the gods had taken part in the battle. But Neptune now
+resolved to come to the rescue of the Greeks, having observed that
+Jupiter, though still seated in his sacred inclosure on Mount Ida, was
+no longer watching the conflict.
+
+                            On Troy no more
+    He turned those glorious eyes, for now he deemed
+    That none of all the gods would seek to aid
+    Either the Greeks or Trojans in the strife.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XIII.
+
+The ocean god, however, resolved to make the attempt. From the wooded
+height of Samothrace he had been viewing the fight, and had seen that
+the Achaian army and fleet were threatened with destruction. Quickly,
+therefore, descending to the sea, he plunged down to his golden mansion
+beneath the waves, and there put on his armor and mounted his chariot.
+
+    He yoked his swift and brazen-footed steeds,
+    With manes of flowing gold, to draw his car,
+    And put on golden mail, and took his scourge,
+    Wrought of fine gold, and climbed the chariot-seat,
+    And rode upon the waves. The whales came forth
+    From their deep haunts, and frolicked round his way:
+    They knew their king. The waves rejoicing smoothed
+    A path, and rapidly the coursers flew;
+    Nor was the brazen axle wet below.
+    And thus they brought him to the Greecian fleet.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XIII.
+
+Arrived at the fleet, Neptune assumed the shape and voice of the
+soothsayer Calchas, and, going amongst the Grecian leaders, urged them
+to battle. With his scepter he touched the two Ajaxes, thereby giving
+more than mortal strength to their limbs, and filling their breasts with
+valor. Thus encouraged the Greek heroes turned fiercely upon the
+Trojans, and again great feats of war were performed by the chiefs on
+both sides. Hector, Paris, Helenus, Deiphʹo-bus, and Æneas fought in
+front of the Trojan lines, while Menelaus, Idomeneus, Teucer, the two
+Ajaxes, and An-tilʹo-chus, the son of Nestor, bravely led the conflict
+at the head of the Greeks.
+
+                                    All along the line
+    The murderous conflict bristled with long spears.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XIII.
+
+Juno rejoiced exceedingly at seeing the monarch of the ocean aiding the
+Greeks, but she much feared that Jupiter might notice him, and order him
+off the field. This he would be sure to do, if he should again turn his
+eyes on the battle. Juno therefore went to the island of Lesʹbos, where
+Somʹnus, the god of sleep, resided, and she entreated that deity to
+hasten to Mount Ida, and cause her royal spouse to fall into a deep
+slumber. Somnus consented, and having done as Juno desired, he hurried
+down to the Grecian fleet with a message to Neptune.
+
+      "Now, Neptune, give the Greeks thy earnest aid,
+    And though it be but for a little space,
+    While Jupiter yet slumbers, let them win
+    The glory of the day; for I have wrapt
+    His senses in a gentle lethargy."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XIV.
+
+Hearing these words, Neptune rushed to the front of the Greek lines and
+again urged the leaders to stand bravely against the enemy. Then,
+grasping in his hand a sword "of fearful length and flashing blade like
+lightning," he led them on to battle.
+
+And now the warriors of both sides were once more in deadly conflict.
+Hector cast a spear at Ajax, but the weapon struck where two belts
+crossed upon the hero's breast, overlapping each other, and he escaped
+unhurt. Then the son of Telamon struck at the Trojan leader. His weapon
+was a heavy stone, one of many that lay around, which were used as props
+for the ships. The missile, hurled with giant force and true aim, smote
+the Trojan on the breast and felled him like a tree struck by lightning.
+
+                            As when beneath
+    The stroke of Father Jupiter an oak
+    Falls broken at the root,  .  .  .  .  .  .
+    So dropped the valiant Hector to the earth
+    Amid the dust; his hand let fall the spear;
+    His shield and helm fell with him, and his mail
+    Of shining brass clashed round him.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XIV.
+
+With shouts of triumph the Greeks rushed forward, hoping to slay the
+fallen warrior, and despoil him of his armor. But his comrades, Æneas
+and A-geʹnor and Sarpedon and many others, crowded around him, and
+protected him with their shields. He was then carried to the bank of the
+Xanthus and bathed in its waters, which revived him a little.
+
+When the Greeks saw Hector borne away as if dead, they fought with
+increased valor, and soon drove the Trojans back across the trench,
+slaying many of their chiefs.
+
+Meanwhile Jupiter, awaking from his slumber, and looking down upon the
+battlefield, beheld the men of Troy put to flight, and Neptune at the
+head of the pursuing Greeks. Turning angrily upon Juno, who was at his
+side, he rebuked her in severe words, for he now saw the trick that had
+been played upon him. He reminded her of how he had punished her on a
+former occasion for her ill treatment of his son Hercules.
+
+                                "Dost thou forget
+    When thou didst swing suspended, and I tied
+    Two anvils to thy feet, and bound a chain
+    Of gold that none could break around thy wrists?
+    Then didst thou hang in air amid the clouds,
+    And all the gods of high Olympus saw
+    With pity. They stood near, but none of them
+    Were able to release thee."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XV.
+
+Juno pleaded that it was not at her request that Neptune had gone to the
+aid of the Greeks. He had done that without consulting her. She indeed,
+she said, would rather advise Neptune to obey the command of the king of
+heaven and submit to his will.
+
+The anger of the father of the gods was appeased by Juno's mild words.
+Then he bade her hasten to Olympus and send the messenger Iris down to
+order Neptune to leave the battle. He bade her also to direct Apollo to
+restore Hector's strength and prepare him for the fight. But he
+explained to Juno why he wished that for the present the Trojans should
+be victorious. It was because he had promised Thetis that the Greeks
+should be punished for the wrong Agamemnon had done to her son. Yet the
+time would come, he said, when the great Hector would be slain by the
+hand of Achilles, and when by Minerva's aid the lofty towers of Troy
+would be overthrown. Juno was therefore glad to obey the command of her
+royal spouse.
+
+                        As the thought of man
+    Flies rapidly, when, having traveled far,
+    He thinks, "Here would I be, I would be there,"
+    And flits from place to place, so swiftly flew
+    Imperial Juno to the Olympian mount.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XV.
+
+There she informed Iris and Apollo of the will of Father Jove. Forthwith
+the two gods hastened to Mount Ida to receive their orders from Jupiter
+himself. The orders were quickly given. Then with the speed of the winds
+the messenger of heaven and the god of the silver bow darted down from
+Ida's top to the plain of Troy.
+
+Neptune, on hearing of the command of Jupiter, was at first unwilling to
+obey. Jupiter, he said, had no authority over him.
+
+    "We are three brothers,
+    The sons of Saturn,--Jupiter and I,
+    And Pluto, regent of the realm below.
+    Three parts were made of all existing things,
+    And each of us received his heritage.
+    The lots were shaken; and to me it fell
+    To dwell forever in the hoary deep,
+    And Pluto took the gloomy realm of night,
+    And lastly, Jupiter the ample heaven
+    And air and clouds. Yet doth the earth remain,
+    With high Olympus, common to us all.
+    Therefore I yield me not to do his will,
+    Great as he is; and let him be content
+    With his third part."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XV.
+
+But Iris advised Neptune to obey, reminding him that Jupiter had power
+of punishing those who offended him. At last Neptune yielded, and,
+quitting the Grecian army, took his way to the sea, and plunged beneath
+the waves to his palace in the ocean depths.
+
+Meanwhile Apollo hastened to the side of the Trojan prince, who was
+still weak from the blow of Ajax. Quickly the god restored the hero's
+strength and breathed fresh courage into his breast. Then he commanded
+Hector to hasten forward and lead his warriors against the enemy. In an
+instant the Trojan prince was on his feet, hurrying to the front. When
+the Greek chiefs saw him they were astonished as well as terrified, for
+they had thought him dead, and now they believed he had been rescued
+from death by some god. They resolved, however, to fight bravely, and so
+they stood firmly together. Hector meanwhile advanced, Apollo moving
+before him with the shield of Jupiter, the terrible aegis, which Jupiter
+had given him to shake before the Greeks and fill their hearts with
+fear.
+
+                                "Hector led
+    The van in rapid march. Before him walked
+    Phœbus, the terrible aggis in his hands,
+    Dazzlingly bright within its shaggy fringe,
+    By Vulcan forged, the great artificer,
+    And given to Jupiter, with which to rout
+    Armies of men. With this in hand he led
+    The assailants on."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XV.
+
+Against an attack so led the bravery of the Greeks was of little avail.
+Numbers of their warriors were slain, and the rest fled back to their
+camp, pursued by Hector and his triumphant hosts. This time the Trojans
+were not hindered by the trench or the wall, for Apollo with his mighty
+feet trampled down the earth banks, and overthrew the great wall as
+easily as a child at play on the beach overthrows a tiny mound of sand.
+
+Then a fierce struggle took place, the Greeks fighting with desperate
+fury to defend their ships, which the Trojans, with lighted torches in
+their hands, tried to set on fire. At one of the galleys there was a
+terrific conflict. Hector, having grasped the vessel by the stern,
+called to his men to bring on their flaming brands, while the mighty
+Ajax stood on the rowers' bench, ready with his long spear to strike the
+assailants back.
+
+              On the blade of that long spear
+    The hero took them as they came, and slew
+    In close encounter twelve before the fleet.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XV.
+
+But at last the brave son of Telamon was forced to give way, Hector
+having cut his spear shaft in two by a stroke of his huge sword. Then
+the Trojans hurled forward their blazing torches, and the ship was soon
+wrapped in flames. The Greeks were now in the greatest peril. No hope
+seemed left to them to save their fleet from destruction. But help came
+from an unexpected quarter. Patroclus, the friend and companion of
+Achilles, had been watching the terrible conflict at the ships. As soon
+as he saw the vessel on fire he hurried to the tent of the Myrmidonian
+chief, and with tears in his eyes implored him to have pity on his
+perishing countrymen.
+
+"The Greeks," said he, "are sorely pressed. Their bravest leaders are
+wounded, while you sit here, giving way to your wrath. If you will not
+yourself go to their rescue, at least permit me to lead the Myrmidons to
+battle, and let me wear your armor. The Trojans at the sight of it may
+think I am Achilles, and be so terrified that our people may have a
+little breathing time."
+
+To this proposal Achilles assented, but he warned Patroclus not to
+pursue the Trojans too far, lest he might meet his death at the hands of
+one of the gods. "Rescue our good ships," said he, "but when you have
+driven the enemy from the fleet, return hither."
+
+With joy and eager haste Patroclus put on the armor of Achilles. Then
+the great chief himself marshaled his Myrmidons in battle array, after
+which he addressed them, bidding them fight valiantly. The occasion, he
+said, had now come which they had so long desired, for they had often
+blamed him because he had kept them from joining their countrymen in the
+field. Fierce and fearless these Myrmidons were, and over two thousand
+strong.
+
+            Achilles, dear to Jupiter, had led
+    Fifty swift barks to Ilium, and in each
+    Were fifty men, companions at the oar.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVI.
+
+Patroclus now mounted the chariot of Achilles, with the brave
+Au-tomʹe-don as charioteer, a hero next in valor to the renowned son of
+Peleus himself. There were three horses in the team, Xanthus and
+Baʹli-us, both of immortal breed, and fleet as the wind, and Pedʹa-sus,
+which, though of mortal stock, was a match for the others in speed.
+
+    Like in strength, in swiftness and in grace,
+    A mortal courser match'd the immortal race.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XVI.
+
+Great was the terror of the Trojans when they beheld the Myrmidons march
+forth to battle.
+
+                                  Every heart grew faint
+    With fear; the close ranks wavered; for they thought
+    That the swift son of Peleus at the fleet
+    Had laid aside his wrath, and was again
+    The friend of Agamemnon. Eagerly
+    They looked around for an escape from death.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVI.
+
+[Illustration: AUTOMEDON AND THE HORSES OF ACHILLES.
+
+_Painting by Regnault._]
+
+The Greek fleet was soon out of danger, for Patroclus and his Myrmidons,
+having furiously attacked the Trojans, quickly drove them away from the
+burning vessel and put out the fire. Having thus saved the ships, the
+Myrmidonian warriors, aided by the other Greeks, then drove the Trojans
+with great slaughter from the camp into the plain, and on towards the
+walls of the city.
+
+      In that scattered conflict of the chiefs
+    Each Argive slew a warrior.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVI.
+
+Even the mighty Hector was not able to stop the flight of the
+panic-stricken Trojans, who seemed for the moment to have lost all their
+courage, so great was their fear at the name of Achilles. The hero
+Sarpedon at the head of his brave Lycians attempted to turn back the
+onset of the Myrmidons, and he sought out their leader to engage him in
+single combat. Both warriors sprang from their chariots at the same
+moment, and rushed at each other, hurling their spears. Twice Sarpedon
+missed his foe, but one of the weapons killed Pedasus, the horse of
+"mortal stock." The leader of the Myrmidons cast his javelin with truer
+aim, for it pierced the Lycian chief right in the breast, and the hero
+fell like a tall pine tree falling in the forest at the last blow of the
+woodman's ax.
+
+Then a fierce conflict took place over the body, the Greeks seeking to
+obtain possession of the warrior's armor, which they did after many on
+both sides had been slain in the struggle. The body itself was sent by
+Apollo, at Jupiter's command, to Lycia, that the hero's kinsmen there
+might perform funeral rites in his honor.
+
+                          In robes of heaven
+    He clothed him, giving him to Sleep and Death,
+    Twin brothers, and swift bearers of the dead,
+    And they, with speed conveying it, laid down
+    The corpse in Lycia's broad and opulent realm.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVI.
+
+Jupiter thus honored Sarpedon because the hero was his own son. He would
+have saved him from the spear of Patroclus, but the Fates had decreed
+that Sarpedon should die in the battle, and the decrees of the Fates
+were not to be set aside even by Jove himself.
+
+Patroclus, too, was doomed to fall in the conflict of the day, and the
+moment was now at hand. Forgetting the warning Achilles had given him,
+he pursued the Trojans up to the very gates of the city. Then he
+attempted to scale the wall, but he was driven back by Apollo, who spoke
+to him in threatening voice, saying that not by him should Troy be
+taken, nor by his chief, though mightier far than he. Hastily Patroclus
+withdrew from the walls, fearing the wrath of the archer god, but he
+continued to deal death among the Trojans as they came within reach of
+his weapons.
+
+At last Hector, urged by Apollo, rushed forward in his chariot to
+encounter Patroclus. The Myrmidon leader lifted a large stone, and flung
+it with all his force at the Trojan chief as he approached. It missed
+Hector, but killed Ce-briʹo-nes, his charioteer, and while they fought
+over the body, each helped by brave comrades, many more on both sides
+were laid in the dust. Again the archer god interfered, this time coming
+unseen behind Patroclus, and striking him with his open palm between the
+shoulders. The hero staggered under the blow, his huge spear was
+shattered in his hands, and his shield dropped to the ground. Then
+Eu-phorʹbus, a Dardanian chief, hurried forward, and with his lance
+wounded him in the back. Thus disarmed and almost overpowered, Patroclus
+turned to seek refuge in the ranks of his friends. As he was retreating,
+Hector rushed upon him, and thrusting a spear deep into his body, gave
+the brave warrior his death wound.
+
+                                The hero fell
+    With clashing mail, and all the Greeks beheld
+    His fall with grief.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVI.
+
+Then there was a long and terrific fight around the corpse of the fallen
+champion. The description of it occupies a whole book of the Iliad. The
+armor Patroclus wore was, as we have seen, the rich armor of Achilles,
+and the Trojans were eager to get possession of it. They wished also to
+get possession of the hero's body, that his friends might not have the
+satisfaction of performing the usual funeral rites in his honor.
+Menelaus was the first to stand guard over the body, and Euphorbus was
+the first to fall in the fight. Hector had gone in pursuit of the
+charioteer, Automedon, thinking to slay him, and capture the immortal
+horses of Achilles. But Apollo warned him against the attempt.
+
+    "Hector, thou art pursuing what thy feet
+    Will never overtake, the steeds which draw
+    The chariot of Achilles. Hard it were
+    For mortal man to tame them or to guide,
+    Save for Achilles, goddess-born. Meanwhile
+    Hath warlike Menelaus, Atreus' son,
+    Guarding the slain Patroclus, overthrown
+    Euphorbus, bravest of the Trojan host."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVII.
+
+Hearing these words Hector hastened back to where the corpse of the
+Greek hero was lying. When Menelaus saw him approaching, he withdrew,
+and hurried off to seek help, for he feared to encounter the terrible
+Trojan leader. Then Hector stripped Patroclus of the splendid armor of
+Achilles, and he was about dragging away the body, but just at that
+moment Ajax rushed up. Hector now retreated, leaping into his chariot
+and giving the glittering armor to his friends to be carried away to
+Troy.
+
+For thus fleeing from the fight the Trojan chief was severely rebuked by
+Glauʹcus, a Lycian warrior, who had been the comrade of the brave
+Sarpedon. Glaucus wished to get the body of Patroclus so that with it he
+might ransom Sarpedon's armor from the Greeks. Hector answered Glaucus,
+saying that he feared not the battle's fury, as he would presently show.
+Then he put on the armor of Achilles and he called to the Trojans to
+follow him, promising a rich reward to the warrior who should carry off
+the body for which they were going to fight.
+
+    "To him who from the field will drag and bring
+    The slain Patroclus to the Trojan knights,
+    Compelling Ajax to give way,--to him
+    I yield up half the spoil; the other half
+    I keep, and let his glory equal mine."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVII.
+
+With Hector at their head the Trojans now rushed forward. Ajax, seeing
+them advance, bade Menelaus summon the other Greek warriors to help in
+defending the body of their countryman. Quickly they were called and
+quickly they came. Then hand to hand and sword to sword both armies
+fought, and the battle raged furiously round the corpse of Patroclus.
+
+                      They of Ilium strove
+    To drag it to the city, they of Greece,
+    To bear it to the fleet.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVII.
+
+At last Menelaus and a brother warrior lifted up the body and bore it
+away towards the trench. The Trojans followed, but the two Ajaxes turned
+around and, facing the pursuers, fought with heroic bravery to hold them
+back.
+
+                                  Thus, in hot pursuit
+    And close array, the Trojans following strook
+    With swords and two-edged spears; but when the twain
+    Turned and stood firm to meet them, every cheek
+    Grew pale, and not a single Trojan dared
+    Draw near the Greeks to combat for the corse.
+          Thus rapidly they bore away the dead
+    Toward their good galleys from the battlefield.
+    Onward with them the furious battle swept.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVII.
+
+Meanwhile Antilochus, the son of Nestor, was sent from the field to
+carry to Achilles the sad news of the death of Patroclus. The chief was
+just then sitting near his ships thinking over the event which he feared
+had already happened, for the shouts of the Greeks as they fled from the
+plain pursued by the Trojans, had reached his ears. Upon learning the
+tidings brought by Antilochus, the hero burst into a fit of grief,
+tearing his hair, throwing himself on the earth, and uttering loud
+lamentations. His goddess mother, Thetis, in her father's palace beneath
+the waves, heard his cries. She hastened up, attended by a number of sea
+nymphs, and, embracing her son, inquired the cause of his grief.
+Achilles told her of the death of his dear friend, and then said:
+
+                              "No wish
+    Have I to live or to concern myself
+    In men's affairs, save this: that Hector first,
+    Pierced by my spear, shall yield his life, and pay
+    The debt of vengeance for Patroclus slain."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVIII.
+
+The weeping mother, wishing to save her son, told him of the fate which
+had decreed that his own death should soon follow that of Hector.
+
+    "Ah then, I see thee dying, see thee dead!
+    When Hector falls, thou diest."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XVIII.
+
+But the warning of Thetis was in vain. "Let my death come," said he,
+"when the gods will it. I shall have revenge on Hector, by whose hand my
+friend has been slain."
+
+Seeing that she could not induce him to alter his purpose, his mother
+reminded him that his bright armor had been seized by the Trojans. She
+bade him therefore not go to battle until she should bring him new armor
+made by Vulcan, which she promised to do early next morning. Then she
+commanded the other nymphs to return to their ocean home, and she
+herself ascended to Olympus, to ask the god of smiths to forge
+glittering armor for her son.
+
+Meantime the fight over the body of Patroclus still continued. The
+Greeks were now driven to their ships, and in danger of being totally
+defeated. Three times Hector seized the body by the feet, to drag it
+away, and three times the mighty Ajaxes forced him back. Still again he
+seized it, and this time he would have borne it away, had not Juno sent
+Iris down to Achilles to bid him hasten to the relief of his friends.
+
+"But how," he asked, "can I go forth to the battle, since the enemy have
+my arms?" Iris answered:
+
+        "Go thou to the trench, and show thyself
+    To them of Troy, that, haply smit with fear,
+    They may desist from battle."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVIII.
+
+Then the goddess Minerva spread a golden cloud around the head of
+Achilles, and she kindled in it a bright flame that streamed upward to
+the sky. And the hero went out beyond the wall, and stood beside the
+trench, and he shouted in a voice loud as a trumpet sound,--a shout that
+carried dismay into the ranks of the Trojans.
+
+    The hearts of all who heard that brazen voice
+    Were troubled, and their steeds with flowing manes
+    Turned backward with the chariots,--such the dread
+    Of coming slaughter.
+        .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .
+    Thrice o'er the trench Achilles shouted; thrice
+    The men of Troy and their renowned allies
+    Fell into wild disorder. Then there died,
+    Entangled midst the chariots, and transfixed
+    By their own spears, twelve of their bravest chiefs.
+    The Greeks bore off Patroclus from the field
+    With eager haste, and placed him on a bier,
+    And there the friends that loved him gathered round
+    Lamenting.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVIII
+
+So ended the long and terrible battle of the day, for Juno now commanded
+the sun to set. In obedience to the queen of heaven the god of light
+descended into the ocean streams, though unwillingly he did so, as it
+was earlier than the proper time for sunset.
+
+The Trojan leaders, meanwhile, assembled in council on the plain to
+consider what preparations should be made for the battle of the morrow,
+in which, they knew, the terrible Achilles would take part.
+Po-lydʹa-mas, a prudent chief, proposed that they should withdraw into
+the city. There they might defend themselves from their ramparts, for
+even Achilles, with all his valor, would not be able to force his way
+through their strong walls. But Hector rejected this wise advice. He
+resolved to risk the chance of war in the open field, and let the god of
+battles decide who should win.
+
+    "Soon as the morn the purple orient warms,
+    Fierce on yon navy will we pour our arms.
+    If great Achilles rise in all his might,
+    His be the danger: I shall stand the fight.
+    Honor, ye gods! or let me gain or give;
+    And live he glorious, whosoe'er shall live!"
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XVIII.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+XI. END OF THE WRATH OF ACHILLES--DEATH OF HECTOR.
+
+
+[Illustration: _Design by Burne-Jones._]
+
+Thetis faithfully performed her promise to Achilles. Having ascended to
+the top of Olympus, she found the god of smiths busy in his forge, a
+workshop so magnificent that it was a wonder to the gods themselves.
+
+            Silver-footed Thetis came
+    Meanwhile to Vulcan's halls, eternal, gemmed
+    With stars, a wonder to the immortals, wrought
+    Of brass by the lame god. She found him there
+    Sweating and toiling, and with busy hand
+    Plying the bellows.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVIII.
+
+Vulcan willingly consented to make the armor as Thetis requested, for
+she had been his friend and had protected him in his infancy, when his
+mother Juno threw him out of heaven into the sea. Juno did this because
+Vulcan was not a good-looking child. He was, in fact, so ugly that his
+mother could not bear the sight of him, and so she cast him out of
+Olympus. But Thetis and her sister Eu-ryn'o-me received him in their
+arms as he fell, and for nine years they nursed and took care of him in
+their father's palace beneath the waves. Gladly, therefore, Vulcan set
+to work at the request of his old friend. In his workshop were immense
+furnaces, and he had plenty of precious material in store.
+
+                        Upon the fire
+    He laid impenetrable brass, and tin,
+    And precious gold and silver; on its block
+    Placed the huge anvil, took the ponderous sledge,
+    And held the pincers in the other hand.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVIII.
+
+[Illustration: THETIS BRINGING ARMOR TO ACHILLES.
+
+_Painting by Gerard._]
+
+And first he made a shield, large and massive, upon which he wrought
+figures of the earth and the sky, the sun, moon, and stars, with many
+other beautiful designs. He wrought upon it numerous scenes of human
+life,--representations of war and peace, of battles and sieges, of
+reapers in the harvest fields, of shepherds tending their flocks, of
+vintagers gathering their grapes; and scenes of festivity with music,
+song, and dancing. Homer gives a long and splendid description of this
+wonderful shield. When Vulcan had finished it, he forged a corselet
+brighter than fire, and greaves of tin, and a helmet with crest of gold.
+Then he laid the magnificent armor at the feet of Thetis, and the
+goddess bore it away and carried it down to the Grecian camp in the
+early morning to present it to her son.
+
+                Like a falcon in her flight,
+    Down plunging from Olympus capped with snow,
+    She bore the shining armor Vulcan gave.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVIII.
+
+Great was the delight of Achilles on seeing the beautiful armor and the
+marvelous workmanship of its various parts. And now he hastened to
+prepare for battle. First he went along the beach from tent to tent,
+calling with a mighty shout on his brother chiefs to assemble. When all
+were together he spoke friendly words to Agamemnon, expressing sorrow
+that strife had come between them, and declaring that his wrath was now
+ended.
+
+    "Here then my anger ends; let war succeed,
+    And even as Greece has bled, let Ilion bleed.
+    Now call the hosts, and try if in our sight
+    Troy yet shall dare to camp a second night!"
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XIX.
+
+Agamemnon, too, spoke words of peace and friendship, and all the chiefs
+rejoiced that the anger of Achilles, which had brought so many woes
+upon the Greeks, was at length appeased. Then the troops took their
+morning meal, and when they had refreshed themselves with food and
+drink, they marched forth to the field. Achilles, having put on his
+bright armor, mounted his chariot, to which were yoked the two immortal
+and swift-footed steeds, Xanthus and Balius.
+
+And here a wonderful thing occurred. When the hero spoke to the animals,
+charging them in loud and terrible voice to bring him back safely from
+the battle, and not leave him dead on the plain, as they had left
+Patroclus, Xanthus, to whom Juno had, for the moment, given the power of
+speech, replied to the words of his master, saying that it was not
+through any fault of himself and his comrade that Patroclus had been
+slain, but by the interference of Apollo. He also warned Achilles that
+the hour of his own death was near at hand.
+
+    "Not through our crime, or slowness in the course,
+    Fell thy Patroclus, but by heavenly force;
+    The bright far-shooting god who gilds the day
+    (Confess'd we saw him) tore his arms away.
+    No--could our swiftness o'er the winds prevail,
+    Or beat the pinions of the western gale,
+    All were in vain--the Fates thy death demand,
+    Due to a mortal and immortal hand."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XIX.
+
+But Achilles already knew his fate, and he was prepared to meet it with
+courage.
+
+    "I know my fate: to die, to see no more
+    My much-loved parents, and my native shore--
+    Enough--when heaven ordains, I sink in night:
+    Now perish Troy!" He said, and rush'd to fight.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XIX,
+
+In the battle which now began many of the gods took active part,
+Jupiter, at a council on Mount Olympus, having given them permission to
+do so. Down to the plain before Troy they sped with haste, Juno,
+Minerva, Neptune, Mercury, and Vulcan taking the side of the Greeks, and
+Mars, Apollo, Venus, Diana, Latona, and the river god, Xanthus, going to
+the assistance of the Trojans.
+
+Meantime Achilles, having rushed forth to the field, plunged into the
+thick of the fight, eagerly seeking for Hector. But first he met Æneas,
+whom Apollo had urged to encounter him. Achilles warned the Trojan hero
+to withdraw from the battle.
+
+"Once already," said he, "I forced you to flee before my spear, running
+fast down Ida's slopes. I counsel you now to retire, lest evil happen to
+you."
+
+Æneas answered that he was not to be thus frightened, as if he were a
+beardless boy. "I am the son of the goddess Venus," said he, "and my
+father, Anchises, was descended from Jove himself. We are not here,
+however, to talk, but to fight, and words will not turn me from my
+purpose."
+
+So saying, Æneas hurled his spear. It struck the shield of Achilles with
+a ringing sound, and passed through two of its folds.
+
+                        Vulcan's skill
+    Fenced with five folds the disk,--the outer two
+    Of brass, the inner two of tin; between
+    Was one of gold, and there the brazen spear
+    Was stayed.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XX.
+
+Achilles now cast his heavy javelin. Through the shield of Æneas it
+crashed, but, as the hero stooped to avoid it, the spear passed over his
+shoulder, and plunged deep into the earth. Then with sword in hand, the
+Myrmidonian chief rushed furiously upon Æneas. He would probably have
+slain him, had not Neptune interfered. But the ocean god spread a mist
+over the eyes of the Greek warrior, and carried Æneas away in safety to
+the rear of the battlefield. The Trojan prince was thus preserved
+because the Dardan race, to which he belonged, was beloved by Jupiter.
+Moreover it was decreed by the Fates that the son of Anchises should, in
+later times, rule over a Trojan people, and that his sons' sons should
+rule after him.
+
+Having placed Æneas out of danger, Neptune removed the mist from the
+eyes of Achilles. The hero, on looking about him, was amazed at not
+seeing the foe with whom, only an instant before, he had been in fierce
+conflict. But he did not wait to think over this strange occurrence.
+Rushing into the midst of the Trojans, he smote down warrior after
+warrior, as they came within reach of his spear. Amongst them was
+Pol-y-doʹrus, the youngest son of Priam. His father had forbidden him to
+go into the battle, because he loved him most of all his sons. But
+Polydorus was a brave youth, and he wished to show his swiftness, for in
+speed of foot he excelled all the young men of Troy.
+
+    He ranged the field, until he lost his life.
+    Him with a javelin the swift-footed son
+    Of Peleus smote as he was hurrying by.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XX.
+
+Now Hector had been warned by Apollo to avoid meeting Achilles, but when
+he saw his young brother slain, he could no longer stand aloof. He
+therefore sprang forward to attack the son of Thetis. As soon as
+Achilles saw the Trojan chief, he bounded towards him, crying out:
+
+    "Draw nearer that thou mayst the sooner die."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XX.
+
+Hector replied in words of defiance, and then brandished and hurled
+forth his spear. But Minerva turned it aside, and it missed its aim.
+Then Achilles, with a wild shout, rushed against his enemy. Apollo now
+came to the rescue, covering the Trojan hero in a veil of clouds, and
+taking him away from the conflict. The enraged Achilles struck into the
+dense mist with his sword again and again, and in loud voice reproached
+Hector for what seemed to be his cowardly flight.
+
+        "Hound as thou art, thou hast once more escaped
+    Thy death; for it was near. Again the hand
+    Of Phœbus rescues thee. I shall meet thee yet
+    And end thee utterly, if any god
+    Favor me also. I will now pursue
+    And strike the other Trojan warriors down."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XX.
+
+The enraged hero then attacked the Trojans so furiously that they fled
+before him in dismay. Some rushed towards the gates of the city, others
+to the Xanthus, into which they leaped in such numbers that the river
+was soon filled with a crowd of steeds and men.
+
+    So, plunged in Xanthus by Achilles' force,
+    Roars the resounding surge with men and horse.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XXI.
+
+But now the terrible Myrmidonian chief descended from his chariot, and
+with sword in hand pursued the Trojans into the water. There he slew so
+many that the stream became blocked with the bodies of the dead. The
+river god, roused to anger, called to Achilles in a loud voice from the
+depths of the Xanthus, saying that if he meant to destroy the whole
+Trojan race, he must do it on the plain, and not stop the waters in
+their course to the sea.
+
+    "For now my pleasant waters, in their flow,
+    Are choked with heaps of dead, and I no more
+    Can pour them into the great deep, so thick
+    The corpses clog my bed, while thou dost slay
+    And sparest not."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXI.
+
+Achilles answered that he would not cease to slay the treaty-breaking
+Trojans until they were punished as they deserved. At this the river god
+was so enraged that he sent his waters with tremendous force against the
+hero. The waves now surged around Achilles, beating upon his shield, and
+buffeting him so violently that he was in danger of being overwhelmed.
+He saved himself only by grasping the bough of an elm tree which grew on
+the river's edge, and so gaining the bank. Then the angry god, rising in
+greater fury, swept his mighty billows out upon the plain. The Greek
+hero bravely attempted to fight this new enemy, but his valor and his
+weapons were powerless against such an attack.
+
+                  As often as the noble son
+    Of Peleus made a stand in hope to know
+    Whether the deathless gods of the great heaven
+    Conspired to make him flee, so often came
+    A mighty billow of the Jove-born stream
+    And drenched his shoulders. Then again he sprang
+    Away; the rapid torrent made his knees
+    To tremble, while it swept, where'er he trod,
+    The earth from underneath his feet.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXI.
+
+Achilles now prayed to the gods for help, and Neptune and Minerva came
+and encouraged him, saying that he was not to be thus conquered. Still
+as Xanthus called upon his brother river, Simois, to join him in defense
+of King Priam's noble city, it might have fared badly with the Greeks,
+had not Vulcan come to their help. At the request of Juno the god of
+fire sent down a vast quantity of flames, which scorched and dried up
+the plain, and burned the trees and reeds on the banks of the rivers.
+Vulcan began to dry up even the rivers themselves. Then Xanthus became
+terrified and begged for mercy, promising that he would not again
+interfere in the fight on either side.
+
+    "Oh Vulcan! oh! what power resists thy might?
+    I faint, I sink, unequal to the fight--
+    I yield--Let Ilion fall; if fate decree--
+    Ah--bend no more thy fiery arms on me!"
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XXI.
+
+It was not, however, until Juno entreated him to do so, that Vulcan
+withdrew his flames, and the rivers were permitted to flow on again in
+peace and safety. Achilles now renewed his attack on the Trojans. The
+gods also rushed into the conflict. Mars launched his brazen spear at
+Minerva, but, with the terrible ægis, the goddess warded off the blow.
+Then Minerva lifted up a great rough stone and hurled it at Mars,
+striking him on the neck, and stretching him senseless on the ground.
+
+                                        He fell
+    With nerveless limbs, and covered, as he lay,
+    Seven acres of the field.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXI.
+
+[Illustration: VENUS.
+
+_Canova._]
+
+Venus hastened to the relief of the wounded god, and, taking him by the
+hand, led him away groaning with pain. Juno, who had been a spectator of
+the fight, now approached Minerva, and urged her to attack Venus. She
+gladly consented to do as the queen of heaven desired. Following up the
+goddess of beauty, Minerva gave her a mighty blow on the breast,
+throwing her prostrate on the earth. At the same time Neptune
+challenged Apollo to fight. He reminded him, too, of King Laomedon's
+conduct toward both of them, many years before, and reproached him for
+being now on the side of the descendants of that faithless king. But
+Apollo refused to fight with the ocean god.
+
+    "Thou wouldst not deem me wise, should I contend
+    With thee, O Neptune, for the sake of men,
+    Who flourish like the forest leaves awhile,
+    And feed upon the fruits of earth and then
+    Decay and perish."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXI.
+
+But though Apollo would not fight with Neptune, he continued to help the
+Trojans. Achilles had driven them in terror up under their walls, and
+King Priam had ordered the gates to be thrown open to admit the flying
+hosts. Multitudes of them rushed in, while the furious son of Thetis
+pressed on behind. It was a moment of danger for Troy, and the Greeks
+might soon have taken the city, if Apollo had not encouraged young
+Agenor, the son of Antenor, to attack Achilles. The brave youth
+advanced, and cast his spear, striking the hero at the knee. But it
+could not pierce the armor Vulcan had made. Then the Greek chief aimed
+at Agenor, and again Apollo came to the rescue, concealing the Trojan
+youth in a veil of darkness, and carrying him safely away. But in an
+instant the god returned, and, taking upon himself Agenor's shape and
+appearance, stood for a moment in front of Achilles. Then he turned and
+fled along the plain, followed fast by the enraged Greek. Thus Apollo
+gave the Trojans time to get within the city and shut their gates.
+
+                Achilles chased the god
+    Ever before him, yet still near, across
+    The fruitful fields, to the deep-eddied stream
+    Of Xanthus; for Apollo artfully
+    Made it to seem that he should soon o'ertake
+    His flying foe, and thus beguiled him on.
+    Meanwhile the routed Trojans gladly thronged
+    Into the city, filled the streets, and closed
+    The portals.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXI.
+
+Hector alone of all the Trojans remained outside the walls, standing in
+front of the Scæan Gate. Achilles still pursued Apollo, thinking that he
+was Agenor, but at last the god made himself known to his pursuer. The
+hero reproached him angrily for his deception, and then with the utmost
+speed he hastened across the plain towards the city. From the ramparts
+the aged King Priam beheld him coming, and in piteous words he cried out
+to Hector, imploring him to take refuge within the walls. Queen Hecuba,
+too, with tears in her eyes, begged her son to withdraw, and not be so
+mad as to encounter the terrible Greek chief alone. But Hector would
+not yield to the entreaties of his weeping parents. He had refused to
+take the advice of Polydamas to withdraw into the city on the previous
+night, and if he should pass within the walls now, after Achilles had
+slain so many of the Trojans, Polydamas would be the first to reproach
+him. Thus the hero reasoned with himself and so he resolved to stand and
+face his foe.
+
+    "No--if I e'er return, return I must
+    Glorious, my country's terror laid in dust:
+    Or if I perish, let her see me fall
+    In field at least, and fighting for her wall."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XXII.
+
+Achilles now approached. Terrible he was in appearance. His great
+javelin quivered fearfully on his shoulder, and a light as of blazing
+fire, or of the rising sun, shone from his heavenly armor. Hector
+trembled with fear when he looked upon the Grecian leader. So great was
+his terror that he did not dare to wait, but fled away round the city
+wall. Achilles quickly pursued him, as a hawk pursues a dove. They ran
+till they came to two springs where the stream of the Xanthus rose. From
+one of these springs a hot vapor ascended, like smoke from fire, and
+from the other a current cold as ice issued even in summer. Past these
+the warriors swept on.
+
+                One fled, and one pursued,--
+    A brave man fled, a braver followed close,
+    And swiftly both. Not for a common prize,
+    A victim from the herd, a bullock's hide,
+    Such as reward the fleet of foot, they ran,--
+    The race was for the knightly Hector's life.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXII.
+
+Three times they ran round the walls, in sight of the Greeks and
+Trojans. The gods of heaven, too, were looking on from the top of Mount
+Olympus, and Jupiter, taking pity on Hector, thought that they should
+save him from death. But Minerva protested. His doom, she said, had been
+fixed by the Fates, and even Jupiter could not alter it--at least not
+with the approval of the other gods. The cloud-compelling king was
+obliged to give way, and so the Trojan chief was left to his fate. Then
+Minerva rushed down to the field, and still Hector fled and Achilles
+pursued. As often as they passed around, Hector attempted to approach
+the gates, hoping for help from his friends. But each time Achilles got
+before him and turned him away towards the plain; and he made a sign to
+the Greeks that none of them should cast a spear, for he wished that he
+alone should have all the glory of slaying the greatest of the Trojan
+heroes.
+
+Now Apollo had been helping Hector, giving him strength and speed, but
+when, for the fourth time, the heroes reached the Xanthus springs,
+Jupiter raised high the golden balance of fate. There were two lots in
+the scales, one for the son of Peleus, the other for the Trojan chief.
+By the middle the king of heaven held the balance, and the lot of Hector
+sank down. Immediately Apollo departed from the field, for he could no
+longer go against the Fates. Then Minerva came close to Hector's side,
+and, taking the form and voice of his brother Deiphobus, she urged him
+to stand and fight Achilles.
+
+        "Hard pressed I find thee, brother, by the swift
+    Achilles, who, with feet that never rest,
+    Pursues thee round the walls of Priam's town.
+    But let us make a stand and beat him back."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXII.
+
+Thus encouraged, as he thought by his brother, whom he was surprised to
+see at his side, for he believed him to be in the city, the Trojan hero
+turned around, and was soon face to face with his great foe. Knowing
+that the hour had now come when one of them must die, Hector proposed to
+Achilles that they should make a covenant, or agreement, between them
+that the victor in the fight should give the other's body to his
+friends, so that funeral rites might be performed. But the wrathful
+Achilles refused. He would have no covenant with his enemy.
+
+    "Accursed Hector, never talk to me
+    Of covenants. Men and lions plight no faith,
+    Nor wolves agree with lambs, but each must plan
+    Evil against the other. So between
+    Thyself and me no compact can exist,
+    Or understood intent. First, one of us
+    Must fall and yield his life blood to the god
+    Of battles."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXII.
+
+Then the fight began, Achilles first cast his spear. It was a weapon
+heavy, huge, and strong, that no mortal arm but his own could wield. Its
+shaft was made of a tree which the famous Chiʹron, instructor of heroes
+in the art of war, had cut on Mount Peʹli-on and given to the father of
+Achilles.
+
+                                His strength
+    Alone sufficed to wield it. 'Twas an ash
+    Which Chiron felled in Pelion's top, and gave
+    To Peleus, that it yet might be the death
+    Of heroes.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XVI.
+
+The Trojan chief stooped to avoid the blow, and the spear, passing over
+him, sunk in the earth. Minerva, unseen by Hector, plucked it out and
+gave it back to Achilles. Hector now launched his weapon. With true aim
+he hurled it, for it struck the center of his antagonist's shield, but
+the workmanship of Vulcan was not to be pierced, and so the javelin of
+the Trojan hero bounded from the brazen armor and fell to the ground. He
+called loudly to Deiphobus for another spear. There was no answer, and
+then looking around him he discovered that he had been deceived.
+
+            All comfortless he stands; then, with a sigh:
+    "'Tis so--Heaven wills it, and my hour is nigh.
+    I deem'd Deiphobus had heard my call,
+    But he secure lies guarded in the wall.
+    A god deceived me; Pallas, 'twas thy deed,
+    Death and black fate approach! 'tis I must bleed."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XXII.
+
+Nevertheless, Hector resolved to fight bravely to the end, and so he
+drew his sword and rushed upon Achilles. The Greek warrior, watching his
+foe closely as he approached, noticed an opening in his armor, where the
+collar of the corselet joined the shoulder. At that spot he furiously
+thrust his speat, and pierced the Trojan hero through the neck. Hector
+fell to the ground, mortally wounded. In his dying moments he begged
+Achilles to send his body to his parents, telling him that they would
+give large ransom in gold. But his entreaties were in vain. Neither by
+prayers nor by promise of gold could the conqueror be moved. The last
+words of Hector were words warning Achilles of his own doom:
+
+    "A day will come when fate's decree
+    And angry gods shall wreak this wrong on thee;
+    Phœbus and Paris shall avenge my fate,
+    And stretch thee here before the Scæan Gate."
+    He ceased. The Fates suppress'd his laboring breath,
+    And his eyes stiffen'd at the hand of death.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XXII.
+
+So died the great champion of the Trojans. The Greeks crowded around the
+dead hero, admiring his stature and beautiful figure, and remarking one
+to another that Hector was far less dangerous to touch now than when he
+was setting fire to their fleet.
+
+But the anger of Achilles was not appeased even by the death of his foe.
+Eager for still more vengeance, he bound the feet of the dead hero with
+leather thongs to the back of his chariot, leaving the head to trail
+along the ground, and thus he drove to the ships, dragging the noble
+Hector in the dust.
+
+The Trojans, beholding this dreadful spectacle from the walls of the
+city, broke out into loud lamentations, and King Priam and Queen Hecuba
+were almost distracted with grief. Andromache had not been a witness of
+the combat. She was at home with her maids, making preparations for
+Hector's return from the battle, and was therefore unaware of the
+terrible events which had taken place. But the sound of the wailing on
+the ramparts having reached her ears, she rushed forth from the palace,
+fearful that some evil had happened to her husband. Hastening through
+the streets to the Scæan Gate, she ascended the tower, and looking out
+on the plain, saw the body of her beloved Hector dragged behind the
+wheels of the chariot of Achilles. Overpowered with grief at the sight,
+the unhappy woman sank fainting into the arms of her attendants.
+
+    A sudden darkness shades her swimming eyes:
+    She faints, she falls; her breath, her color flies.
+    Her hair's fair ornaments, the braids that bound,
+    The net that held them, and the wreath that crown'd,
+    The veil and diadem flew far away
+    (The gift of Venus on her bridal day).
+    Around a train of weeping sisters stands
+    To raise her sinking with assistant hands.
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XXII.
+
+While the Trojans thus mourned the loss of their chief, his body was
+dragged into the Grecian camp and flung on the beach beside the ships.
+Preparations were then made for funeral services in honor of Patroclus.
+The ceremonies occupied three days. A vast quantity of wood was cut down
+on Mount Ida, and carried to the plain, where the logs were heaped
+together in an immense pile, a hundred feet square. Upon this they
+placed the corpse. They next put upon the pile the fat of several oxen,
+that it might the more easily burn, and they slew and laid upon it the
+dead man's horses. Achilles cut off a lock of his own hair and put it in
+the dead hero's hand, and each of the other warriors placed a lock of
+his hair on the body.
+
+Torches were now applied, and they prayed to the wind gods, Boʹre-as and
+Zephʹy-rus, to send strong breezes to fan the flames. All through the
+night the pile blazed with a mighty roar, and in the morning, when it
+was consumed, the embers were quenched with wine, and the bones of
+Patroclus were gathered up and inclosed in a golden urn. On the spot
+where the pyre had stood they raised a mound of earth as a monument to
+the hero.
+
+Then there were funeral games at which valuable prizes, given by
+Achilles, were competed for,--prizes of gold and silver, and shining
+weapons, and vases, and steeds, and oxen. Diomede won the prize in the
+chariot race, for he ran with the immortal horses he had taken in battle
+from Æneas. In the wrestling match Ulysses and Ajax Telamon were the
+rival champions. Both displayed such strength and skill that it could
+not be decided which was the victor, and so a prize of equal value was
+given to each. Ajax Telamon also competed with Diomede in a combat with
+swords, and both were declared equal and received each a prize.
+
+In the contest with bow and arrows, Teuʹcer and Me-riʹo-nes were the
+competitors, and a dove tied to the top of a mast fixed in the ground,
+was the object aimed at. Teucer missed the bird, but he struck and cut
+the cord that fastened her to the pole, and she flew up into the
+heavens. Then Meriones shot at her with his arrow. The weapon pierced
+the dove beneath the wing and she fell to the earth. This feat was
+greatly admired by the spectators, and Meriones received as his prize
+ten double-bladed battle-axes. To Teucer, whose performance was also
+much applauded, a prize of ten single-bladed axes was given.
+
+Thus did Achilles honor his dead friend by funeral rites and funeral
+games. But his wrath against Hector still continued, even when he had
+dragged the hero's body at his chariot wheels three times round the tomb
+of Patroclus. This cruel insult he repeated at dawn for several days.
+But Apollo watched the body.
+
+                        Apollo, moved
+    With pity for the hero, kept him free
+    From soil or stain, though dead, and o'er him held
+    The golden ægis, lest, when roughly dragged
+    Along the ground, the body might be torn.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXIV.
+
+[Illustration: MERIONES' WONDERFUL SHOT.
+
+_Drawn by Hubbell._]
+
+But at last the gods, with the exception of Juno, were moved to pity,
+and on the twelfth day from the death of the Trojan hero, Jupiter
+summoned Thetis to Olympus, and bade her command Achilles to restore
+Hector's body to his parents. He also sent Iris with a message to King
+Priam, telling him to go to the Greek fleet, bearing with him a suitable
+ransom for his son. Thetis promptly carried out the order of Jupiter.
+She told her son of the command of the king of heaven, and Achilles
+answered that since it was the will of Jove he was ready to obey.
+
+    "Let him who brings the ransom come and take
+    The body, if it be the will of Jove."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXIV.
+
+Joyfully the aged Priam received the message of Iris, and he made haste
+to set out for the Grecian camp. He took with him costly things as
+ransom,--ten talents of gold, and precious vases and goblets, and many
+beautiful robes of state. These were carried in a wagon drawn by four
+mules, which were driven by the herald Idæus. The king rode in his own
+chariot and he himself was the charioteer. As they crossed the plain
+they were met by the god Mercury, whom Jupiter had sent to conduct them
+safely to the tent of the Greek warrior.
+
+    "Haste, guide King Priam to the Grecian fleet,
+    Yet so that none may see him, and no Greek
+    Know of his coming, till he stand before
+    Pelides."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXIV.
+
+Mercury mounted the chariot of Priam, and taking in his hands the reins,
+he drove rapidly towards the ships. When they came to the trenches the
+god cast the guards into a deep slumber, and so the Trojan king and his
+companion reached the tent of the chief of the Myrmidons, unseen by any
+of the Greeks. Then Mercury departed, and ascended to Olympus.
+
+Achilles received his visitors respectfully, and the aged king, kissing
+the hero's hand, knelt down before him and begged him have pity on a
+father mourning for his son.
+
+                        "For his sake I come
+    To the Greek fleet, and to redeem his corse
+    I bring uncounted ransom. O, revere
+    The gods, Achilles, and be merciful,
+    Calling to mind thy father! happier he
+    Than I; for I have borne what no man else
+    That dwells on earth could bear,--have laid my lips
+    Upon the hand of him who slew my son."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXIV.
+
+The Greek chief, moved by this appeal, replied in kind words and
+accepted the ransom, after which he caused Priam and Idæus to sit down
+and refresh themselves with food and drink, and invited them to remain
+with him for the night. He also granted a truce of twelve days for
+funeral rites in honor of Hector.
+
+Early in the morning the Trojan king and his herald arose, and Mercury
+again descended from Olympus to conduct them safely from the Grecian
+camp. Quickly they yoked their steeds, and mournfully they drove across
+the plain to the city. Cassandra, who stood watching on the citadel of
+Pergamus, saw them coming, and she cried out in a loud voice to the
+people, bidding them go and meet their dead hero.
+
+    "If e'er ye rush'd in crowds, with vast delight,
+    To hail your hero glorious from the fight,
+    Now meet him dead, and let your sorrows flow;
+    Your common triumph, and your common woe."
+
+    POPE, _Iliad_, Book XXIV.
+
+Amid the lamentations of the people the corpse was borne through the
+streets to the royal palace, where it was placed on a magnificent couch.
+Then Andromache and Queen Hecuba approached the body and wept aloud,
+each in turn uttering words of grief. Helen, too, came to mourn over
+Hector, and she spoke of his constant kindness and tenderness to her.
+
+    "O Hector, who wert dearest to my heart
+    Of all my husband's brothers,--for the wife
+    Am I of godlike Paris, him whose fleet
+    Brought me to Troy,--would I had sooner died!
+    And now the twentieth year is past since first
+    I came a stranger from my native shore,
+    Yet have I never heard from thee a word
+    Of anger or reproach. And when the sons
+    Of Priam, and his daughters, and the wives
+    Of Priam's sons, in all their fair array,
+    Taunted me grievously, or Hecuba
+    Herself,--for Priam ever was to me
+    A gracious father,--thou didst take my part
+    With kindly admonitions, and restrain
+    Their tongues with soft address and gentle words.
+    Therefore my heart is grieved, and I bewail
+    Thee and myself at once,--unhappy me!
+    For now I have no friend in all wide Troy,--
+    None to be kind to me: they hate me all."
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXIV.
+
+With the funeral of Hector the Iliad of Homer ends. The poet's subject,
+as has been said, was the Wrath of Achilles, and the poem properly
+closes when the results of the hero's wrath have been related. The
+concluding lines of the twenty-fourth, and last, book of the Iliad
+describe the funeral ceremonies of Hector, which were the same as those
+performed by the Greeks in honor of Patroclus.
+
+                          Nine days they toiled
+    To bring the trunks of trees, and when the tenth
+    Arose to light the abodes of men, they brought
+    The corse of valiant Hector from the town
+    With many tears, and laid it on the wood
+    High up, and flung the fire to light the pile.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXIV.
+
+The fire burned all night, and next day they gathered the bones of
+Hector and placed them in a golden urn. Then they buried the urn and
+erected a tomb over the grave.
+
+    In haste they reared the tomb, with sentries set
+    On every side, lest all too soon the Greeks
+    Should come in armor to renew the war.
+    When now the tomb was built, the multitude
+    Returned, and in the halls where Priam dwelt,
+    Nursling of Jove, were feasted royally.
+    Such was the mighty Hector's burial rite.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book XXIV.
+
+[Illustration: FEASTING-CUP.]
+
+
+
+
+XII. DEATH OF ACHILLES--FALL AND DESTRUCTION OF TROY.
+
+
+After the funeral of Hector the war was renewed. For a time the Trojans
+remained within the walls of their city, which were strong enough to
+resist all the assaults of the enemy. But some allies having come to
+their assistance, they were encouraged to sally forth again and fight
+the Greeks in the open plain. The famous and beautiful Queen
+Pen-the-si-leʹa came with an army of her Amʹa-zons, a nation of female
+warriors who dwelt on the shores of the Black Sea.
+
+    Penthesilea there with haughty grace,
+    Leads to the wars an Amazonian race;
+    In their right hands a pointed dart they wield;
+    The left for ward, sustains the lunar shield.
+
+    VERGIL.
+
+Brave as she was beautiful, the queen of the Amazons scorned to remain
+behind the shelter of walls, and so, leading her valiant band of women
+out through the gates, she made a fierce attack on the Greeks. A
+terrific battle then began, and many warriors on both sides were laid
+in the dust. Penthesilea herself was slain by Achilles. The hero was
+unwilling to fight with a woman, and he tried to avoid meeting the
+queen, but she attacked him so furiously, first hurling her spear, and
+then rushing upon him sword in hand, that he was obliged to strike in
+self-defense. With a thrust of his lance he gave her a mortal wound, and
+the brave heroine fell, begging Achilles to permit her body to be taken
+away by her own people.
+
+[Illustration: COMBAT OF THE AMAZONS.
+
+_Painting by Michelena._]
+
+Filled with pity for the unfortunate queen, and with admiration for her
+courage and beauty, the hero granted the request. He even proposed that
+the Greeks should perform funeral rites and build a tomb in her honor.
+The foul-mouthed Thersites (mentioned in a previous chapter as having
+been chastised by Ulysses) scoffed at this proposal, and ridiculed
+Achilles, saying that he was not so soft-hearted in his treatment of
+Hector. Enraged at his insulting words, the chief of the Myrmidons
+struck him dead with a mighty blow of his fist.
+
+Now Diomede was a relative of the unfortunate Thersites, and he demanded
+that Achilles should pay to the family of the dead man the fine required
+by Greek law for such offenses. Achilles refused, and he was about to
+retire again in anger from the war, and even to return home. But
+Ulysses persuaded Diomede to withdraw his claim, and so made peace
+between the two chiefs.
+
+Another ally, and a very powerful one, now came to help the Trojans.
+This was Memʹnon, king of Ethiopia, and nephew of Priam, being the son
+of Priam's brother Ti-thoʹnus, and Au-roʹra, goddess of the dawn. With
+an army of ten thousand men he arrived at Troy, and immediately entered
+the field to do battle with the Greeks. Again there was great slaughter
+of heroes on both sides. Memnon killed Antilochus, the son of Nestor,
+and Nestor challenged Memnon to single combat. But on account of the
+great age of the venerable Greek, the Ethiopian warrior declined to
+fight him. Achilles then challenged Memnon, and the two heroes fought in
+presence of both armies. The conflict was long and furious, for Memnon,
+too, had a suit of armor made for him by Vulcan, at the request of his
+goddess mother Aurora, and in strength and courage he was almost equal
+to Achilles. Once more, however, fortune favored the chief of the
+Myrmidons. The brave Memnon was slain, and Aurora bore away his body
+that funeral rites might be performed.
+
+But the time was now at hand when the great warrior who so far had
+conquered in every fight was to meet his own doom. We have seen that
+Hector, as he lay dying in front of the Scæan Gate, warned Achilles
+that he himself should fall by the hand of Paris. This prophecy was
+fulfilled.
+
+By the death of Memnon the Trojans were much discouraged. Their powerful
+allies had been defeated, and they were no longer able to hold the field
+against the enemy. Soon after the death of Memnon there was a great
+battle, in which the Greeks, headed by Achilles, drove them back to the
+city walls. Through the Scæan Gate, which lay open, the Trojans rushed
+in terror and confusion, the Greeks pressing on close behind. Achilles
+reached the gate, and was about to enter, when Paris aimed at him with
+an arrow. Guided by Apollo, the weapon struck the hero in the heel, the
+only part in which he could be fatally wounded.
+
+The warrior fell to the ground, whereupon the Trojan prince hastened up
+and slew him with his sword. A terrific struggle took place over the
+body of the dead chief, but by mighty efforts Ajax Telamon and Ulysses
+succeeded in gaining possession of it, and carrying it to the Grecian
+camp. Deep was the grief of the Greeks at the death of their great
+champion. Magnificent funeral rites and games were celebrated in his
+honor, his goddess mother, Thetis, presiding over the ceremonies. After
+the body had been burned in the customary manner, the bones were placed
+in a vase of gold, made by Vulcan, and a vast mound was raised on the
+shore as a monument to the hero.
+
+    The sacred army of the warlike Greeks
+    Built up a tomb magnificently vast
+    Upon a cape of the broad Hellespont,
+    There to be seen, far off upon the deep,
+    By those who now are born, or shall be born
+    In future years.
+
+    BRYANT, _Odyssey_, Book XXIV.
+
+The armor of Achilles was offered as a reward for the warrior who had
+fought most bravely in rescuing the body, and who had done most harm to
+the Trojans. To decide the question which of the Greek chiefs deserved
+this honor, it was resolved to take the votes of the Trojan prisoners
+then in the Greek camp, who had witnessed the struggle at the Scæan
+Gate. The majority of votes were in favor of Ulysses, and to him,
+therefore, the splendid shield and corselet and helmet and greaves, made
+by Vulcan for the son of Thetis, were given. Ajax was so disappointed
+and grieved at not having obtained the coveted prize that he became
+insane, and in his frenzy he slew himself with his own sword.
+
+The Greeks had now lost their two most powerful warriors, and they began
+to think that it was impossible for them to take Troy by force, and
+that they must try other methods. So the wise Ulysses then set his
+brain to work to devise some stratagem by which the city might be taken.
+The first thing he did was to capture the Trojan prince and soothsayer,
+Helenus, who had gone out from the city to offer sacrifices in the
+temple of Apollo on Mount Ida. Calchas, the Greek soothsayer, had said
+that Helenus was the only mortal who knew by what means Troy could be
+conquered, and so Ulysses made him prisoner and threatened him with
+death if he did not tell.
+
+Then Helenus told the Ithacan chief that before Troy could be taken
+three things must be done. First, he said, the Greeks must get the
+arrows of Hercules; next, they must carry away the sacred Palladium, for
+as long as it remained within the walls the city was safe; and, lastly,
+they must have the help of the son of Achilles.
+
+Now the arrows of Hercules could be obtained only from Phil-oc-teʹtes, a
+Greek chief who received them from Hercules himself. These arrows had
+been dipped in the blood of the hydra, a monster Hercules had slain.
+This made them poisonous, so that wounds inflicted by them were fatal.
+Philoctetes was with his countrymen at Aulis when they set sail for
+Troy, but he was bitten on the foot by a serpent, and the smell of the
+injured part being so offensive that his comrades could not endure it,
+he had been left behind, on the advice of Ulysses.
+
+    Far in an island, suffering grievous pangs,--
+    The hallowed isle of Lemnos. There the Greeks
+    Left him, in torture from a venomed wound
+    Made by a serpent's fangs. He lay and pined.
+
+    BRYANT, _Iliad_, Book II.
+
+Ulysses now resolved to get Philoctetes to come to Troy, if he were
+still alive, and so, taking Diomede with him, he set out for Lemnos.
+They found him at the cave where they had left him ten years before. The
+wound was not yet healed, and he had suffered much, having had no means
+of existence except game which he had to procure himself.
+
+    Exposed to the inclement skies,
+    Deserted and forlorn he lies;
+    No friend or fellow-mourner there,
+    To soothe his sorrows and divide his care.
+
+    SOPHOCLES (Francklin's tr.)
+
+Still enraged at their former ill-treatment of him, Philoctetes at first
+refused the request of the two chiefs. Their mission would have failed
+had not Hercules appeared to him in a dream and advised him to go to
+Troy, telling him that his wound would be healed by the famous Machaon.
+He then gladly went with Ulysses and Diomede. On his arrival at the
+Grecian camp the great physician cured him by casting him into a deep
+sleep and cutting away the diseased flesh from the injured foot. He
+awoke in perfect health and strength, and at once joined his countrymen
+in the war, resolved to make good use of his fatal arrows.
+
+An opportunity soon offered, for the Trojans now began again to venture
+out in the open plain, thinking that the Greeks were not so dangerous
+since the terrible Achilles was no longer at their head. Their new
+general in chief was Paris, and Philoctetes, happening to encounter him
+in battle, aimed at him with one of his poisoned arrows and pierced him
+through the shoulder. Paris was immediately carried back to the city,
+suffering intense pain, for the poison quickly began to take effect.
+Then at last the thoughts of Paris turned to the fair Œnone, whom,
+twenty years before, he had left in sorrow and loneliness on Mount Ida.
+He remembered her words, that he would one day have recourse to her for
+help. Hoping, therefore, that she might take pity on him, and perhaps
+cure him of his wound, for she had been instructed in medicine by
+Apollo, he ordered his attendants to carry him to where she still dwelt
+on the slopes of Ida. Œnone had not forgotten his cruel desertion of
+her, and so she refused to use her skill in his behalf. But when she
+heard that he was dead, she came down to Troy, and in her grief threw
+herself on his funeral pyre, and perished by his side.
+
+                    She rose, and slowly down,
+    By the long torrent's ever-deepen'd roar,
+    Paced, following, as in trance, the silent cry.
+        .    .    .    .    .    .    .
+    Then moving quickly forward till the heat
+    Smote on her brow, she lifted up a voice
+    Of shrill command, "Who burns upon the pyre?"
+    Whereon their oldest and their boldest said,
+    "He whom thou wouldst not heal!" and all at once
+    The morning light of happy marriage broke
+    Thro' all the clouded years of widowhood,
+    And muffling up her comely head, and crying
+    "Husband!" she leapt upon the funeral pile,
+    And mixt herself with him and past in fire.
+
+    TENNYSON, _Death of Œnone_.
+
+Meanwhile the Ithacan king, not forgetting the other conditions
+mentioned by Helenus, set sail for the island of Scyros, where the son
+of Achilles resided. His name was Pyrʹrhus, or Ne-op-tolʹ-mus, and, as
+he was a brave youth, he rejoiced at having an opportunity of fighting
+the Trojans, by whom his father had been killed. Ulysses gave him his
+father's armor, and by many heroic deeds in the war he proved that he
+was worthy to wear it.
+
+The Palladium was now to be carried off from Troy, and this was a task
+by no means easy to perform. But the man of many arts succeeded in
+accomplishing it. Putting on the garments of a beggar, and scourging his
+body so as to leave marks, he went to the Scæan Gate, and entreated the
+guards to admit him. He told them that he was a Greek slave, and that he
+wished to escape from his master who had cruelly ill-used him. The
+guards, believing his story, permitted him to enter the city.
+
+                      "He had given himself
+    Unseemly stripes, and o'er his shoulders flung
+    Vile garments like a slave's, and entered thus
+    The enemy's town, and walked its spacious streets.
+    Another man he seemed in that disguise.--
+    A beggar, though when at the Achaian fleet
+    So different was the semblance that he wore.
+    He entered Ilium thus transformed, and none
+    Knew who it was that passed."
+
+    BRYANT, _Odyssey_, Book IV.
+
+But Helen, happening to pass by at a place near the king's palace, where
+the pretended beggar sat down to rest, immediately recognized him. He
+made a sign to her to keep silent, thinking that Paris being now dead,
+Helen perhaps was friendly to the Greeks, and wished them to take Troy,
+so that she might return to her own country. In this Ulysses was right,
+as very soon appeared, and as Helen declared years afterwards, when
+telling to his own son, Telemachus, the story of the Ithacan king's
+adventure within the walls of Troy.
+
+                  "For I already longed
+    For my old home, and deeply I deplored
+    The evil fate that Venus brought on me,
+    Who led me thither from my own dear land."
+
+    BRYANT, _Odyssey_, Book IV.
+
+Helen passed on without uttering a word, but in the evening she sent one
+of her maids to bring Ulysses secretly to her apartment in the palace.
+There she expressed her joy at meeting her countryman, and after
+hospitably entertaining him, she listened with pleasure to his plans.
+She then told him of the plans of the Trojans, and where and how the
+Palladium was to be got. Having thus obtained the information he
+desired, Ulysses contrived to make his way back unobserved to the Greek
+camp. In a few days he returned, accompanied by Diomede. They got into
+the city by scaling the walls, and Diomede, climbing on the shoulders of
+Ulysses, entered the citadel. Here, by following the directions given by
+Helen, he found the famous statue, and he and his companion carried it
+off to their friends at the ships, who rejoiced at the success of the
+undertaking.
+
+Troy was now no longer under the protection of Pallas Minerva. Though
+that goddess helped the Greeks in their battles, she was obliged to
+save the city itself while it contained her sacred statue. But the
+Palladium being no longer within the walls, she was now at liberty to
+help the Greeks to capture and destroy the city. She therefore put into
+the mind of Ulysses the idea of the wooden horse, and she instructed the
+Greek chief E-peʹus how to make it. This horse was of vast size, large
+enough to contain about a hundred men, for it was hollow within.
+
+                By Minerva's aid, a fabric reared,
+    Which like a steed of monstrous height appeared;
+    The sides were flanked with pine.
+
+    VERGIL.
+
+When it was finished, provisions were put into it. Then Ulysses, and
+Pyrrhus, and Menelaus, and Epeus, and a number of other Greek warriors,
+mounted into it by means of a ladder, after which the opening was
+fastened by strong bolts.
+
+                    In the hollow side,
+    Selected numbers of their soldiers hide;
+    With inward arms the dire machine they load;
+    And iron bowels stuff the dark abode.
+
+    VERGIL.
+
+Meanwhile the other Greeks broke up their camp, and all going aboard
+their ships, they set sail, as if they had given up the siege, and were
+about to return to Greece. But they went no farther than the island of
+Tenʹe-dos, about three miles from the shore.
+
+    In sight of Troy lies Tenedos, an isle
+    (While Fortune did on Priam's empire smile)
+    Renowned for wealth; but since, a faithless bay,
+    Where ships exposed to wind and weather lay.
+    There was their fleet concealed.
+
+    VERGIL.
+
+As soon as the Trojans saw from their walls that the tents of the enemy
+were removed, and that their fleet had departed, they were filled with
+surprise and delight. They believed that the Greeks had given up the
+war, and so, throwing open their gates, they rushed out in multitudes
+upon the plain, King Priam riding in his chariot at their head.
+
+    The Trojans, cooped within their walls so long,
+    Unbar their gates, and issue in a throng
+    Like swarming bees, and with delight survey
+    The camp deserted, where the Grecians lay.
+
+    VERGIL.
+
+But soon their attention was attracted by the huge wooden horse, and
+they gathered about it, astonished at its great size, and wondering what
+it meant. Some thought that it meant evil to Troy, and advised that it
+should be burned; others proposed that it should be hauled into the city
+and placed within the citadel. La-ocʹo-on, one of Priam's sons, who was
+also a priest of Apollo, cried out in a loud voice, warning the king
+and people against doing this. "Are you so foolish," he exclaimed, "as
+to suppose that the enemy are gone? Put no faith in this horse. Whatever
+it is, I fear the Greeks even when offering gifts."
+
+    "This hollow fabric either must enclose
+    Within its blind recess, our secret foes;
+    Or 'tis an engine raised above the town
+    To overlook the walls, and then to batter down.
+    Somewhat is sure designed by fraud or force:
+    Trust not their presents, nor admit the horse."
+
+    VERGIL.
+
+Thus saying, Laocoon hurled his spear against the side of the horse, and
+it sent forth a hollow sound like a deep groan. But at this moment a
+stranger, having the appearance of a Greek, was brought before the king.
+Some Trojan shepherds, finding him loitering on the river bank, had made
+him prisoner. Being asked who he was and why he was there, he told an
+artful story. His name, he said, was Si'non, and he was a Greek. His
+countrymen, having decided to give up the war, resolved to offer one of
+themselves as a sacrifice to the gods, that they might get fair winds to
+return home, and they selected him to be the victim. To escape that
+terrible fate he concealed himself among the reeds by the side of the
+Scamander until the fleet departed. This was Sinon's account of
+himself. The Trojans believed it, and the prisoner was set free. But the
+king asked him to tell them about the wooden horse,--why it had been
+made, and left there upon the plain.
+
+Then Sinon told another false story. He said that the horse was a peace
+offering to Minerva, who had been angry because the Palladium was taken
+from Troy. For that insult to her, the goddess commanded the Greeks to
+return to their own country, and Calchas ordered them to build the horse
+as an atonement for their crime. He also told them to make it so large
+that the Trojans might not be able to drag it within their gates; for if
+it were brought into the city, it would be a protection to Troy, but if
+any harm were done to it, ruin would come on the kingdom of Priam.
+
+    "We raised and dedicate this wondrous frame,
+    So lofty, lest through your forbidden gates
+    It pass, and intercept our better fates;
+    For, once admitted there, our hopes are lost;
+    And Troy may then a new Palladium boast
+    For so religion and the gods ordain,
+    That, if you violate with hands profane
+    Minerva's gift, your town in flames shall burn;
+    (Which omen, O ye gods, on Græcia turn!)
+    But if it climb, with your assisting hands,
+    The Trojan walls, and in the city stands;
+    Then Troy shall Argos and Mycenæ burn,
+    And the reverse of fate on us return."
+
+    VERGIL.
+
+King Priam and the Trojans believed this story too, and a terrible thing
+which just then happened made them believe it all the more. After
+Laocoon had hurled his spear at the wooden horse, he and his two sons
+went to offer sacrifice to the gods at an altar erected on the beach.
+While they were thus engaged, two enormous serpents, darting out from
+the sea, glided up to the altar, seized the priest and his sons, and
+crushed all three to death in their tremendous coils.
+
+    First around the tender boys they wind,
+    Then with their sharpened fangs their limbs and bodies grind.
+    The wretched father, running to their aid
+    With pious haste, but vain, they next invade:
+    Twice round his waist their winding volumes rolled;
+    And twice about his gasping throat they fold.
+    The priest thus doubly choked--their crests divide,
+    And towering o'er his head in triumph ride.
+
+    VERGIL.
+
+The terrified Trojans regarded this awful event as a punishment sent by
+the gods upon Laocoon for insulting Minerva by casting his spear at her
+gift, which they now believed the horse to be. They therefore resolved
+to take the huge figure into the city in spite of the advice of
+Cassandra, who also warned them that it would bring ruin upon Troy. And
+so they made a great breach in the walls, for none of their gates were
+large enough to admit the vast image, and fastening strong ropes to its
+feet they dragged it into the citadel. Then they decorated the temples
+with garlands of green boughs, and spent the remainder of the day in
+festivity and rejoicing.
+
+But in the dead of the night, when they were all sunk in deep repose,
+the treacherous Sinon drew the bolts from the trapdoor in the side of
+the wooden horse, and out came the Greek warriors, rejoicing at the
+success of their stratagem.
+
+Sinon next hurried down to the beach, and there kindled a fire as a
+signal to his countrymen on the ships. They knew what it meant, for it
+was part of the plan that had been agreed on. Quickly plying their oars,
+they soon reached the shore, and, marching across the plain, the Greeks
+poured in thousands into the streets, through the breach that had been
+made in the walls.
+
+The Trojans, startled from their sleep by the noise, understood at once
+what had happened. Hastily they rushed to arms, and, led and encouraged
+by Æneas and other chiefs, they fought valiantly to drive out the enemy,
+but all their valor was in vain. Troy was at last taken. The victorious
+Greeks swept through the city, dealing death and destruction around
+them. King Priam was slain by Pyrrhus, at the foot of the altar in one
+of the temples, to which he fled for safety. His son Deiphobus, who had
+married Helen after the death of Paris, was slain by Menelaus. The
+Spartan king, believing that what his wife had done had been decreed by
+the Fates and the will of the gods, pardoned her and took her with him
+to his ships. The women of the Trojan royal family were carried off as
+slaves.
+
+Æneas, with his father Anchises and his son I-uʹlus, escaped from the
+city, and sailed from Troas with a fleet and a number of warlike
+followers. After many adventures by sea and land, which the Roman poet,
+Verʹgil, tells about in his poem called the Æ-neʹid, he reached Italy.
+There he established a settlement, and his descendants, it is said, were
+the founders of Rome.
+
+Having completed their work of destruction and carried off to their
+ships all the riches of Troy, the Greeks set fire to the city, and in a
+few hours nothing remained but a mass of smouldering ruins. So ended the
+famous Trojan War. The prophecy of the soothsayer, Æsacus, at the birth
+of Paris, was fulfilled. Paris had brought destruction upon his family
+and country.
+
+[Illustration: CAPTIVE ANDROMACHE.
+
+_Painting by Lord Leighton._]
+
+
+
+
+XIII. THE GREEK CHIEFS AFTER THE WAR.
+
+
+Great was the rejoicing of the Greeks at having at last brought the long
+and terrible war to a successful end. They had lost heavily in men and
+treasure, but they had defeated and destroyed the enemy, and taken
+possession of all the wealth of the rich city of Troy. They now looked
+forward with pleasure to the prospect of a safe return to their homes
+and families, which they had not seen for ten years. But for some of
+them, as we shall see, this happy hope was never realized.
+
+The most unfortunate of them all was Agamemnon. He reached his kingdom
+and city of Mycenæ in safety, but he was there cruelly murdered by
+Æ-gisʹthus, a relative of his, whom his wife, Clytemnestra, had married
+during his absence.
+
+              Ægisthus planned a snare.
+    He chose among the people twenty men,
+    The bravest, whom he stationed out of sight,
+    And gave command that others should prepare
+    A banquet. Then with chariots and with steeds,
+    And with a deadly purpose in his heart,
+    He went, and, meeting Agamemnon, bade
+    The shepherd of the people to the feast,
+    And slew him at the board.
+
+    BRYANT, _Odyssey_, Book IV.
+
+The Trojan princess, Cassandra, who accompanied Agamemnon to Mycenæ, had
+warned him of his doom, but as usual her words were disregarded, and she
+herself was slain at the same time as the ill-fated king. Agamemnon had
+a son named O-resʹtes, who was then but a boy, and Ægisthus intended to
+kill him also, but the youth's sister, E-lecʹtra, contrived to have him
+sent secretly to the court of his uncle, Stroʹphi-us, king of Phoʹcis.
+Here he was affectionately received and tenderly cared for. His constant
+companion was his cousin, Pylʹa-des, the son of Strophius, and so strong
+was their friendship for each other that it became famous in song and
+story.
+
+When Orestes reached the years of manhood, he resolved to punish the
+murderers of his father. With this object he went to Mycenæ, taking with
+him his friend and companion, Pylades; and having obtained admission to
+the royal palace, he slew Ægisthus.
+
+    Seven years in rich Mycenæ he bore rule,
+    And on the eighth, to his destruction, came
+    The nobly-born Orestes, just returned
+    From Athens, and cut off that man of blood,
+    The crafty wretch Ægisthus, by whose hand
+    Fell his illustrious father.
+
+    BRYANT, _Odyssey_, Book III.
+
+As Clytemnestra had taken part in the murder of Agamemnon, Orestes slew
+her also. This killing of his own mother provoked the anger of the gods,
+and Orestes was commanded to go to the oracle of Apollo, at Delphi, to
+learn there what punishment he should suffer for his crime. He obeyed,
+and the oracle told him that he must bring to Greece a statue of Diana
+which was then in the temple of that goddess in Taurica.
+
+This was a dangerous enterprise, for the king of Taurica had a practice
+of sacrificing in that very temple any foreigners found in his country.
+Nevertheless Orestes undertook the task. He went to Taurica,
+accompanied, as usual, by his ever faithful friend Pylades. No sooner
+had they arrived than they were seized and carried before the king, and
+condemned to be sacrificed. But Orestes discovered, to his surprise and
+delight, that the priestess of the temple was his own sister, Iphigenia,
+who, as will be remembered, had been carried away many years before by
+Diana herself, when about to be sacrificed by the Greeks at Aulis. By
+the help of Iphigenia, the two friends not only escaped from Taurica,
+but carried off the statue, and Iphigenia returned with them to Greece.
+Orestes succeeded to the throne of his father, and as king of Mycenæ he
+lived and reigned many years in prosperity and happiness.
+
+Menelaus returned to his kingdom of Sparta with his wife, Helen, but he
+had many wanderings and adventures. He was detained by unfavorable winds
+for some time on an island near the coast of Egypt, and he might never
+have reached home but for the advice he received from Proʹteus, one of
+the sea gods. It was no easy matter to get advice from Proteus. It was
+very difficult to find him, and still more difficult to get him to
+answer questions, for he had a habit of changing himself rapidly into
+many different forms, and so escaping from those who came to consult
+him. But Menelaus had the good fortune of meeting a water nymph named
+I-doʹthe-a, a daughter of Proteus, and she directed him what to do.
+There was a certain cave near the seaside, to which the Old Man of the
+Sea, as Proteus was sometimes called, came every day at noon to sleep.
+Idothea told Menelaus he would find the old man there, and that he must
+seize him quickly in his arms, and hold him fast in spite of all his
+changes, until he took the shape in which he had first appeared. Then he
+would answer any question put to him.
+
+                                  "As soon
+    As ye behold him stretched at length, exert
+    Your utmost strength to hold him there, although
+    He strive and struggle to escape your hands;
+    For he will try all stratagems, and take
+    The form of every reptile on the earth,
+    And turn to water and to raging flame,--
+    Yet hold him firmly still, and all the more
+    Make fast the bands. When he again shall take
+    The form in which thou sawest him asleep,
+    Desist from force, and loose the bands that held
+    The ancient prophet. Ask of him what god
+    Afflicts thee thus, and by what means to cross
+    The fishy deep and find thy home again."
+
+    BRYANT, _Odyssey_, Book IV.
+
+Menelaus followed these directions, taking with him three of his bravest
+warriors, as Idothea also advised. They found Proteus, and rushing upon
+him, they seized and held him firmly in their grip, though he tried hard
+to escape.
+
+              First he took the shape
+    Of a maned lion, of a serpent next,
+    Then of a panther, then of a huge boar,
+    Then turned to flowing water, then became
+    A tall tree full of leaves. With resolute hearts
+    We held him fast, until the aged seer
+    Was weaned out, in spite of all his wiles.
+
+    BRYANT, _Odyssey_, Book IV,
+
+The Old Man of the Sea then told Menelaus that he must go to Egypt, to
+the river there, and offer sacrifices to the gods, and that they would
+send him forth upon his voyage home, which would be speedy and safe. The
+Greek chief did as Proteus directed, and the prophecy was fulfilled. He
+soon reached his Spartan home, where, with his famous queen, Helen, he
+spent the remainder of his life in happiness.
+
+Idomeneus, the warrior king of Crete, reached his island kingdom in
+safety.
+
+    Idomeneus brought also back to Crete
+    All his companions who survived the war;
+    The sea took none of them.
+
+    BRYANT, _Odyssey_, Book III.
+
+But a sad event occurred on his arrival in the island. During his voyage
+home there was a terrible storm, and Idomeneus much feared that his
+fleet might be destroyed. He then made a vow that if his ships escaped,
+he would sacrifice to Neptune the first living creature he met on
+landing. Unfortunately this happened to be his own son, who came down to
+the shore to receive and welcome his father. Idomeneus, though
+overwhelmed with grief, nevertheless fulfilled his promise to the god,
+but the Creʹtans were so incensed at the inhuman act that they banished
+him from the island.
+
+        A flying rumor had been spread
+    That fierce Idomeneus from Crete was fled,
+    Expelled and exiled.
+
+    VERGIL.
+
+Thus driven from his own country Idomeneus sailed westward until he came
+to the southern coast of Italy, where he founded the city and colony of
+Sal-lenʹtia, and lived to an extreme old age.
+
+The fate of Ajax Oileus, king of Locris, was almost as terrible as that
+of Agamemnon. On the night of the destruction of Troy he had cruelly
+ill-treated the princess Cassandra, whom he dragged from the altar of
+the temple of Minerva, to which she had fled for refuge. Even the Greeks
+themselves were shocked at the crime, and they threatened to punish him
+for it. He was, however, allowed to set sail for Greece. But Minerva
+borrowed from Jupiter his flaming thunderbolts, and, obtaining
+permission from Neptune, she raised a furious tempest, which destroyed
+the Locrian king's ship. He himself swam to a rock, and as he sat there
+he defiantly cried out that he was safe in spite of all the gods. This
+insult to the immortals brought upon him the wrath of Neptune, who,
+smiting the rock with his awful trident, hurled the impious Ajax into
+the depths of the sea.
+
+                            He had said
+    That he, in spite of all the gods, would come
+    Safe from those mountain waves. When Neptune heard
+    The boaster's challenge, instantly he laid
+    His strong hand on the trident, smote the rock
+    And cleft it to the base. Part stood erect,
+    Part fell into the deep. There Ajax sat,
+    And felt the shock, and with the falling mass
+    Was carried headlong to the billowy depths
+    Below, and drank the brine and perished there.
+
+    BRYANT, _Odyssey_, Book IV.
+
+The venerable Nestor reached his home without misfortune or accident He
+ended his days in peace in his kingdom of Pylos, though he had to mourn
+the loss of his brave son Antilochus, whom Memnon had slain.
+
+Diomede also reached his kingdom of Ætolia, but he found that in his
+absence his home had been seized by a stranger. This was a punishment
+sent upon him by Venus, whom, as we have seen, he had wounded in the
+hand at the siege of Troy.
+
+    "Mad as I was, when I, with mortal arms,
+    Presumed against immortal powers to move,
+    And violate with wounds the queen of love."
+
+    VERGIL.
+
+Quitting his kingdom and country, the warrior wandered to other lands.
+He finally settled in the south of Italy, where he built a city, which
+he called Ar-gyrʹi-pa, and married the daughter of Dauʹnus, the king of
+the country.
+
+    Great Diomede has compassed round with walls
+    The city, which Argyripa he calls,
+    From his own Argos named.
+
+    VERGIL.
+
+Neoptolemus, or Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, returned to Phthia, where
+his grandfather, Peleus, still lived and reigned. He took with him
+Andromache and Helenus, the only one of Priam's sons who lived after the
+destruction of Troy. Pyrrhus, died a few years after his return, and
+Andromache became the wife of Helenus. The Trojan prince soon gained the
+friendship of Peleus, who gave him a kingdom in E-piʹrus to rule over,
+and here he and Andromache spent the remainder of their lives together.
+
+But no one of all the warrior chiefs of Greece who fought at Troy met
+with so many dangers in returning to his native land as the famous
+Ulysses. Ten year elapsed after the end of the great war before he
+reached his Ithacan home. There he was welcomed by his devoted wife,
+Penelope, and his affectionate son, Telemachus, who had passed all those
+years in loving remembrance of him and anxious hope of his coming. His
+wonderful adventures during his many wanderings are described in Homer's
+Odyssey. An account of them would fill another book like this Story of
+Troy.
+
+
+
+
+PERSONS AND PLACES MENTIONED.
+
+
+Acʹ a mas
+A c̵haʹians (yans)
+A c̵hil'lēs̝
+Æ ġēʹan
+Æ ġisʹthus
+Æ nēʹas
+Æ nēʹid
+Æsʹ a cus
+Æs c̵ū lāʹ pi us
+Ætʹna
+Æ toʹ li a
+Ag a memʹ non
+A ġēʹnor
+Aʹjax
+Amʹa zons
+An dromʹac̵he
+An tēʹ nor
+An tilʹo c̵hus
+Anʹti phus
+Aph ro dīʹ te
+A polʹ lo
+Ar c̵he laʹ us
+Ar c̵hilʹo c̵hus
+Arʹġīves
+Arʹgos
+Ar ġyrʹ i pa
+As tyʹa nax
+Aʹtreus (trūs)
+A trīʹ dēs
+Atʹ ro pos
+Auʹ lis
+Au roʹra
+Au tomʹ e don
+Bac̵ʹc̵hus
+Baʹ li us
+Boʹ re as
+Briʹa reus (rūs)
+Bri seʹ is
+C̵alʹc̵has
+C̵al līʹo pe
+C̵aʹri a
+C̵as sanʹdra
+C̵as tāʹ li a
+Ce lūʹo nēs̝
+C̵hīʹ ron
+C̵hry seʹ is
+C̵hryʹsēs̝
+C̵loʹ tho
+C̵lyt em nesʹ tra
+C̵oʹon
+C̵ranʹa ë
+C̵resʹsi da
+C̵reʹtans
+Cyʹclǒps
+Dar da nellesʹ
+Dar dāʹ ni a
+Darʹ da nus
+Dauʹ nus
+De iphʹ o bus
+Dělʹ phī
+Dī ănʹ a
+Dīʹ o mede
+Dīʹ o ne
+Dis corʹ di a
+Doʹ lon
+E ëʹ ti on
+Eʹġypt
+E lěcʹ tra
+E pēʹ us
+Eph i ălʹ tēs̝
+E pīʹ rus
+Eʹ ris
+E thi oʹ pi a
+Eū phorʹ bus
+Eū ry̆lʹ a tēs̝
+Eū ry̆nʹ o me
+Ganʹ y mede
+Glauʹ c̵us
+Hāʹ dēs̝
+Hecʹ tor
+Hecʹ ū ba
+Helʹ e nus
+Helʹ las
+Hẽrʹ c̵ū lēs̝
+Hẽrʹ mēs
+He sīʹ o ne
+Hōʹ mer
+I dæʹ us
+I dŏmʹ e neus (nūs)
+I dōʹ the a
+Ilʹ i on
+Ilʹ i um
+Iʹ lus
+I phidʹ a mas
+Iph i ġe nīʹ a
+Iʹ ris
+Iʹ sus
+Ithʹ a c̵a
+I ūʹ lus
+Juʹ no
+Juʹ pi ter
+Lac̵hʹ e sis
+La ẽrʹ tēs̝
+La oc̵ʹ o ön
+La od a miʹ a
+La odʹ i çe
+La odʹ o cus
+La omʹ e don
+La toʹ na
+Lēʹ da
+Lemʹ nos
+Lẽrʹ na
+Lesʹ bos
+Lōʹ cris
+Lycʹ i a
+Lyc̵ o meʹ dēs̝
+Lyr nesʹ sus
+Ma c̵haʹ on
+Mēʹ lēs̝
+Mel e siġʹ e nēs̝
+Memʹ non
+Men e lāʹ us
+Mẽrʹ c̵ū ry
+Me rīʹ o nēs̝
+Mĭ nẽrʹ va
+My çēʹ næ
+Myrʹ mi dons
+Mysʹ i a
+Ne op tolʹ e mus
+Nepʹ tūne
+Ne reʹ i dēs̝
+Neʹ re us
+Nesʹ tor
+O dy̆sʹ seus (sūs)
+Œ nōʹ ne
+O iʹ leus (lūs)
+O lymʹ pus
+O resʹ tēs̝
+Oʹ tus
+Pæʹ on
+Pal a mēʹ dēs̝
+Pal lāʹ di um
+Pal' las
+Panʹ da rus
+Par năsʹ sus
+Parʹ is
+Parʹ the non
+Pa trōʹ c̵lus
+Pědʹ a sus
+Pē leus (lūs)
+Pēʹ li on
+Pel o pon nēʹ sus
+Pēʹ lops
+Pe nelʹ o pe
+Pen the si lēʹ a
+Pẽrʹ ga mus
+Pherʹ e c̵lus
+Phil oc̵ tēʹ tēs̝
+Phōʹ çis
+Phœʹ bus
+Phœʹ nix
+Phry̆ġʹ i a
+Phthiʹ a
+Phylʹ a c̵e
+Pluʹ to
+Po darʹ c̵ēs̝
+Po ly̆dʹ a mas
+Pol y dōʹ rus
+Prīʹ am
+Pro tes i lāʹ us
+Prōʹ teus (tūs)
+Pylʹ a dēs̝
+Pȳʹ los
+Py̆rʹ rhus
+Py̆thʹ i a
+Rhēʹ sus
+Sălʹ a mis
+Sal lenʹ tia
+Sămʹ o thrac̵e
+Sar pēʹ don
+Sc̵a mănʹ der
+Sc̵a mănʹ dri us
+Sçȳʹ ros
+Siçʹ i ly
+Simʹ o is
+Sīʹ non
+Sminʹ theus (thūs)
+Smyrʹ na
+Sōʹc̵us
+Somʹ nus
+Sparʹ ta
+Stenʹ tor
+Sthĕnʹ e lus
+Strōʹ phi us
+Tal thy̆bʹ i us
+Tarʹ ta rus
+Tauʹ ri c̵a
+Tĕlʹ a mon
+Te lĕmʹ ac̵hus
+Tĕlʹ e phus
+Tĕnʹ e dŏs
+Teuʹ c̵er
+Teuʹ c̵ri a
+Teu thrāʹ ni a
+Thēʹ be
+Thẽr sīʹ tēs̝
+Thĕsʹ sa ly̆
+Thēʹ tis
+Ti thōʹ nus
+Trōʹ as
+Trōʹ ilus
+Tȳʹ deus (dūs)
+Ty dī̄ʹ dēs̝
+Ty̆nʹ da rus
+U ly̆sʹ sēs̝
+Vēʹ nus
+Vērʹ ġil
+Vŭlʹ c̵an
+Xănʹ thus
+Zĕphʹ y rus
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of Troy, by Michael Clarke
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