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diff --git a/16947.txt b/16947.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5a3a2c --- /dev/null +++ b/16947.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1135 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Wyandot Government: A Short Study of Tribal +Society, by John Wesley Powell + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Wyandot Government: A Short Study of Tribal Society + Bureau of American Ethnology + +Author: John Wesley Powell + +Release Date: October 25, 2005 [EBook #16947] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WYANDOT GOVERNMENT *** + + + + +Produced by Carlo Traverso, Barbara Tozier, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net, from +images generously made available by the Bibliotheque +nationale de France at http://gallica.bnf.fr. + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: This text uses several diacritical marks: [)e] +represents "e with breve," [n] represents "superscript n," ' at +the end of syllables is a prime mark, [u.] represents "u with dot +below."] + + + + +SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. + +J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR. + + + + +WYANDOT GOVERNMENT: + +A SHORT STUDY OF TRIBAL SOCIETY. + + + +BY + + + +J. W. POWELL. + + + + +In the social organization of the Wyandots four groups are +recognized--the family, the gens, the phratry, and the tribe. + + +THE FAMILY. + +The family, as the term is here used, is nearly synonymous with the +household. It is composed of the persons who occupy one lodge, or, in +their permanent wigwams, one section of a communal dwelling. These +permanent dwellings are constructed in an oblong form, of poles +interwoven with bark. The fire is placed in line along the center, and +is usually built for two families, one occupying the place on each +side of the fire. + +The head of the family is a woman. + + +THE GENS. + +The gens is an organized body of consanguineal kindred in the female +line. "The woman carries the gens," is the formulated statement by +which a Wyandot expresses the idea that descent is in the female line. +Each gens has the name of some animal, the ancient of such animal +being its tutelar god. Up to the time that the tribe left Ohio, eleven +gentes were recognized, as follows: + +Deer, Bear, Highland Turtle (striped), Highland Turtle (black), Mud +Turtle, Smooth Large Turtle, Hawk, Beaver, Wolf, Sea Snake, and +Porcupine. + +In speaking of an individual he is said to be a wolf, a bear, or a +deer, as the case may be, meaning thereby that he belongs to that +gens; but in speaking of the body of people comprising a gens, they +are said to be relatives of the wolf, the bear, or the deer, as the +case may be. + +There is a body of names belonging to each gens, so that each person's +name indicates the gens to which he belongs. These names are derived +from the characteristics, habits, attitudes, or mythologic stories +connected with, the tutelar god. + +The following schedule presents the name of a man and a woman in each +gens, as illustrating this statement: + + Wun-dat English. + + Man of Deer gens De-wa-ti-re Lean Deer. + Woman of Deer gens A-ya-jin-ta Spotted Fawn. + Man of Bear gens A-tu-e-t[)e]s Long Claws. + Woman of Bear gens Tsa-ma[n]-da-ka-e Grunting for her + Young. + Man of Striped Turtle Ta-ha-so[n]-ta-ra-ta-se Going Around the + gens Lake. + Woman of Striped Tso-we-yun-kyu Gone from the Water. + Turtle gens + Man of Mud Turtle gens Sha-yaen-tsu-wat' Hard Skull. + Woman of Mud Ya[n]-daec-u-raes Finding Sand Beach. + Turtle gens + Man of Smooth Large Hu[n]'-du-cu-ta Throwing Sand. + Turtle gens + Woman of Smooth Tsu-ca-e[n] Slow Walker. + Large Turtle gens + Man of Wolf gens Ha-ro-u[n]-yu One who goes about in + the Dark; a Prowler. + Woman of Wolf gens Ya[n]-di-no Always Hungry. + Man of Snake gens Hu-ta-hu-sa Sitting in curled + Position. + Woman of Snake gens Di-je-rons One who Ripples the + Water. + Man of Porcupine gens Ha[n]-du-tu[n] The one who puts up + Quills. + Woman of Porcupine Ke-ya-runs-kwa Good-Sighted. + gens + + +THE PHRATRY. + +There are four phratries in the tribe, the three gentes Bear, Deer, +and Striped Turtle constituting the first; the Highland Turtle, Black +Turtle, and Smooth Large Turtle the second; the Hawk, Beaver, and Wolf +the third, and the Sea Snake and Porcupine the fourth. + +This unit in their organization has a mythologic basis, and is chiefly +used for religious purposes, in the preparation of medicines, and in +festivals and games. + +The eleven gentes, as four phratries, constitute the tribe. + +Each gens is a body of consanguineal kindred in the female line, and +each gens is allied to other gentes by consanguineal kinship through +the male line, and by affinity through marriage. + +To be a member of the tribe it is necessary to be a member of a gens; +to be a member of a gens it is necessary to belong to some family; and +to belong to a family a person must have been born in the family so +that his kinship is recognized, or he must be adopted into a family +and become a son, brother, or some definite relative; and this +artificial relationship gives him the same standing as actual +relationship in the family, in the gens, in the phratry, and in the +tribe. + +Thus a tribe is a body of kindred. + +Of the four groups thus described, the gens, the phratry, and the +tribe constitute the series of organic units; the family, or household +as here described, is not a unit of the gens or phratry, as two gentes +are represented in each--the father must belong to one gens, and the +mother and, her children to another. + + +_GOVERNMENT._ + +Society is maintained by the establishment of government, for rights +must be recognized and duties performed. + +In this tribe there is found a complete differentiation of the +military from the civil government. + + +_CIVIL GOVERNMENT._ + +The civil government inheres in a system of councils and chiefs. + +In each gens there is a council, composed of four women, called +_Y[u.]-wai-yu-wa-na_. These four women councillors select a chief of +the gens from its male members--that is, from their brothers and sons. +This gentile chief is the head of the gentile council. + +The coucil of the tribe is composed of the aggregated gentile +councils. The tribal council, therefore, is composed one-fifth of men +and four-fifths of women. + +The sachem of the tribe, or tribal chief, is chosen by the chiefs of +the gentes. + +There is sometimes a grand council of the gens, composed of the +councillors of the gens proper and all the heads of households and +leading men--brothers and sons. + +There is also sometimes a grand council of the tribe, composed of the +council of the tribe proper and the heads of households of the tribe, +and all the leading men of the tribe. + +These grand councils are convened for special purposes. + + +_METHODS OF CHOOSING AND INSTALLING COUNCILLORS AND CHIEFS._ + +The four women councillors of the gens are chosen by the heads of +households, themselves being women. There is no formal election, but +frequent discussion is had over the matter from time to time, in which +a sentiment grows up within the gens and throughout the tribe that, in +the event of the death of any councillor, a certain person will take +her place. + +In this manner there is usually one, two, or more potential +councillors in each gens who are expected to attend all the meetings +of the council, though they take no part in the deliberations and have +no vote. + +When a woman is installed as councillor a feast is prepared by the +gens to which she belongs, and to this feast all the members of the +tribe are invited. The woman is painted and dressed in her best attire +and the sachem of the tribe places upon her head the gentile chaplet +of feathers, and announces in a formal manner to the assembled guests +that the woman has been chosen a councillor. The ceremony is followed +by feasting and dancing, often continued late into the night. + +The gentile chief is chosen by the council women after consultation +with the other women and men of the gens. Often the gentile chief is a +potential chief through a period of probation. During this time he +attends the meetings of the council, but takes no part in the +deliberations, and has no vote. + +At his installation, the council women invest him with an elaborately +ornamented tunic, place upon his head a chaplet of feathers, and paint +the gentile totem on his face. The sachem of the tribe then announces +to the people that the man has been made chief of the gens, and +admitted to the council. This is also followed by a festival. + +The sachem of the tribe is selected by the men belonging to the +council of the tribe. Formerly the sachemship inhered in the Bear +gens, but at present he is chosen from the Deer gens, from the fact, +as the Wyandots say, that death has carried away all the wise men of +the Bear gens. + +The chief of the Wolf gens is the herald and the sheriff of the tribe. +He superintends the erection of the council-house and has the care of +it. He calls the council together in a formal manner when directed by +the sachem. He announces to the tribe all the decisions of the +council, and executes the directions of the council and of the sachem. + +Gentile councils are held frequently from day to day and from week to +week, and are called by the chief whenever deemed necessary. When +matters before the council are considered of great importance, a grand +council of the gens may be called. + +The tribal council is held regularly on the night of the full moon of +each lunation and at such other times as the sachem may determine; but +extra councils are usually called by the sachem at the request of a +number of councilors. + +Meetings of the gentile councils are very informal, but the meetings +of the tribal councils are conducted with due ceremony. When all the +persons are assembled, the chief of the Wolf gens calls them to order, +fills and lights a pipe, sends one puff of smoke to the heavens and +another to the earth. The pipe is then handed to the sachem, who fills +his mouth with smoke, and, turning from left to right with the sun, +slowly puffs it out over the heads of the councilors, who are sitting +in a circle. He then hands the pipe to the man on his left, and it is +smoked in turn by each person until it has been passed around the +circle. The sachem then explains the object for which the council is +called. Each person in the way and manner he chooses tells what he +thinks should be done in the case. If a majority of the council is +agreed as to action, the sachem does not speak, but may simply +announce the decision. But in some cases there may be protracted +debate, which is carried on with great deliberation. In case of a tie, +the sachem is expected to speak. + +It is considered dishonorable for any man to reverse his decision +after having spoken. + +Such are the organic elements of the Wyandot government. + + +_FUNCTIONS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT._ + +It is the function of government to preserve rights and enforce the +performance of duties. Rights and duties are co-relative. Rights imply +duties, and duties imply rights. The right inhering in the party of +the first part imposes a duty on the party of the second part. The +right and its co-relative duty are inseparable parts of a relation +that must be maintained by government; and the relations which +governments are established to maintain may be treated under the +general head of rights. + +In Wyandot government these rights may be classed as follows: + + First--Rights of marriage. + Second--Rights to names. + Third--Rights to personal adornments. + Fourth--Rights of order in encampments and migrations. + Fifth--Rights of property. + Sixth--Rights of person. + Seventh--Rights of community. + Eighth--Rights of religion. + +To maintain rights, rules of conduct are established, not by formal +enactment, but by regulated usage. Such custom-made laws may be called +regulations. + + +_MARRIAGE REGULATIONS._ + +Marriage between members of the same gens is forbidden, but +consanguineal marriages between persons of different gentes are +permitted. For example, a man may not marry his mother's sister's +daughter, as she belongs to the same gens with himself; but he can +marry his father's sister's daughter, because she belongs to a +different gens. + +Husbands retain all their rights and privileges in their own gentes, +though they live with the gentes of their wives. Children, +irrespective of sex, belong to the gens of the mother. Men and women +must marry within the tribe. A woman taken to wife from without the +tribe must first be adopted into some family of a gens other than that +to which the man belongs. That a woman may take for a husband a man +without the tribe he must also be adopted into the family of some gens +other than that of the woman. What has been called by some +ethnologists endogamy and exogamy are correlative parts of one +regulation, and the Wyandots, like all other tribes of which we have +any knowledge in North America, are both endogamous and exogamous. + +Polygamy is permitted, but the wives must belong to different gentes. +The first wife remains the head of the household. Polyandry is +prohibited. + +A man seeking a wife consults her mother, sometimes direct, and +sometimes through his own mother. The mother of the girl advises with +the women councilors to obtain their consent, and the young people +usually submit quietly to their decision. Sometimes the women +councilors consult with the men. + +When a girl is betrothed, the man makes such presents to the mother as +he can. It is customary to consummate the marriage before the end of +the moon in which the betrothal is made. Bridegroom and bride make +promises of faithfulness to the parents and women councilors of both +parties. It is customary to give a marriage feast, in which the gentes +of both parties take part. For a short time at least, bride and groom +live with the bride's mother, or rather in the original household of +the bride. + +The time when they will set up housekeeping for themselves is usually +arranged before marriage. + +In the event of the death of the mother, the children belong to her +sister or to her nearest female kin, the matter being settled by the +council women of the gens. As the children belong to the mother, on +the death of the father the mother and children are cared for by her +nearest male relative until subsequent marriage. + + +_NAME REGULATIONS._ + +It has been previously explained that there is a body of names, the +exclusive property of each gens. Once a year, at the green-corn +festival, the council women of the gens select the names for the +children born during the previous year, and the chief of the gens +proclaims these names at the festival. No person may change his name, +but every person, man or woman, by honorable or dishonorable conduct, +or by remarkable circumstance, may win a second name commemorative of +deed or circumstance, which is a kind of title. + + +_REGULATIONS OF PERSONAL ADORNMENT._ + +Each clan has a distinctive method of painting the face, a distinctive +chaplet to be worn by the gentile chief and council women when they +are inaugurated, and subsequently at festival occasions, and +distinctive ornaments for all its members, to be used at festivals and +religious ceremonies. + + +_REGULATIONS OF ORDER IN ENCAMPMENT AND MIGRATIONS._ + +The camp of the tribe is in an open circle or horse-shoe, and the +gentes camp in following order, beginning on the left and going around +to the right: + +Deer, Bear, Highland Turtle (striped), Highland Turtle (black), Mud +Turtle, Smooth Large Turtle, Hawk, Beaver, Wolf, Sea Snake, Porcupine. + +The order in which the households camp in the gentile group is +regulated by the gentile councilors and adjusted from time to time in +such a manner that the oldest family is placed on the left, and the +youngest on the right. In migrations and expeditions the order of +travel follows the analogy of encampment. + + +_PROPERTY RIGHTS._ + +Within the area claimed by the tribe each gens occupies a smaller +tract for the purpose of cultivation. The right of the gens to +cultivate a particular tract is a matter settled in the council of the +tribe, and the gens may abandon one tract for another only with the +consent of the tribe. The women councillors partition the gentile land +among the householders, and the household tracts are distinctly marked +by them. The ground is re-partitioned once in two years. The heads of +households are responsible for the cultivation of the tract, and +should this duty be neglected the council of the gens calls the +responsible parties to account. + +Cultivation is communal; that is, all of the able-bodied women of the +gens take part in the cultivation of each household tract in the +following manner: + +The head of the household sends her brother or son into the forest or +to the stream to bring in game or fish for a feast; then the +able-bodied women of the gens are invited to assist in the cultivation +of the land, and when this work is done a feast is given. + +The wigwam or lodge and all articles of the household belong to the +woman--the head of the household--and at her death are inherited by +her eldest daughter, or nearest of female kin. The matter is settled +by the council women. If the husband die his property is inherited by +his brother or his sister's son, except such portion as may be buried +with him. His property consists of his clothing, hunting and fishing +implements, and such articles as are used personally by himself. + +Usually a small canoe is the individual property of the man. Large +canoes are made by the male members of the gentes, and are the +property of the gentes. + + +_RIGHTS OF PERSON._ + +Each individual has a right to freedom of person and security from +personal and bodily injury, unless adjudged guilty of crime by proper +authority. + + +_COMMUNITY RIGHTS._ + +Each gens has the right to the services of all its women in the +cultivation of the soil. Each gens has the right to the service of all +its male members in avenging wrongs, and the tribe has the right to +the service of all its male members in time of war. + + +_RIGHTS OF RELIGION._ + +Each phratry has the right to certain religious ceremonies and the +preparation of certain medicines. + +Each gens has the exclusive right to worship its tutelar god, and each +individual has the exclusive right to the possession and use of a +particular amulet. + + +_CRIMES._ + +The violations of right are crimes. Some of the crimes recognized by +the Wyandots are as follows: + + 1. Adultery. + 2. Theft. + 3. Maiming. + 4. Murder. + 5. Treason. + 6. Witchcraft. + +A maiden guilty of fornication may be punished by her mother or female +guardian, but if the crime is flagrant and repeated, so as to become a +matter of general gossip, and the mother fails to correct it, the +matter may be taken up by the council women of the gens. + +A woman guilty of adultery, for the first offense is punished by +having her hair cropped; for repeated offenses her left ear is cut +off. + + +_THEFT._ + +The punishment for theft is twofold restitution. When the prosecutor +and prosecuted belong to the same gens, the trial is before the +council of the gens, and from it there is no appeal. If the parties +involved are of different gentes, the prosecutor, through the head of +his household, lays the matter before the council of his own gens; by +it the matter is laid before the gentile council of the accused in a +formal manner. Thereupon it becomes the duty of the council of the +accused to investigate the facts for themselves, and to settle the +matter with the council of the plaintiff. Failure thus to do is +followed by retaliation in the seizing of any property of the gens +which may be found. + + +_MAIMING._ + +Maiming is compounded, and the method of procedure in prosecution is +essentially the same as for theft. + + +_MURDER._ + +In the case of murder, if both parties are members of the same gens, +the matter is tried by the gentile council on complaint of the head of +the household, but there may be an appeal to the council of the tribe. +Where the parties belong to different gentes, complaint is formally +made by the injured party, through the chief of his gens, in the +following manner: + +A wooden tablet is prepared, upon which is inscribed the totem or +heraldic emblem of the injured man's gens, and a picture-writing +setting forth the offense follows. + +The gentile chief appears before the chief of the council of the +offender, and formally states the offense, explaining the +picture-writing, which is then delivered. + +A council of the offender's gens is thereupon called and a trial is +held. It is the duty of this council to examine the evidence for +themselves and to come to a conclusion without further presentation of +the matter on the part of the person aggrieved. Having decided the +matter among themselves, they appear before the chief of the council +of the aggrieved party to offer compensation. + +If the gens of the offender fail to settle the matter with the gens of +the aggrieved party, it is the duty of his nearest relative to avenge +the wrong. Either party may appeal to the council of the tribe. The +appeal must be made in due form, by the presentation of a tablet of +accusation. + +Inquiry into the effect of a failure to observe prescribed formalities +developed an interesting fact. In procedure against crime, failure in +formality is not considered a violation of the rights of the accused, +but proof of his innocence. It is considered supernatural evidence +that the charges are false. In trials for all offenses forms of +procedure are, therefore, likely to be earnestly questioned. + + +_TREASON._ + +Treason consists in revealing the secrets of the medicine preparations +or giving other information or assistance to enemies of the tribe, and +is punished by death. The trial is before the council of the tribe. + + +_WITCHCRAFT._ + +Witchcraft is punished by death, stabbing, tomahawking, or burning. +Charges of witchcraft are investigated by the grand council of the +tribe. When the accused is adjudged guilty, he may appeal to +supernatural judgment. The test is by fire. A circular fire is built +on the ground, through which the accused must run from east and west +and from north to south. If no injury is received he is adjudged +innocent; if he falls into the fire he is adjudged guilty. Should a +person accused of having the general reputation of practicing +witchcraft become deaf, blind, or have sore eyes, earache, headache, +or other diseases considered loathsome, he is supposed to have failed +in practicing his arts upon others, and to have fallen a victim to +them himself. Such cases are most likely to be punished. + + +_OUTLAWRY._ + +The institution of outlawry exists among the Wyandots in a peculiar +form. An outlaw is one who by his crimes has placed himself without +the protection of his clan. A man can be declared an outlaw by his own +clan, who thus publish to the tribe that they will not defend him in +case he is injured by another. But usually outlawry is declared only +after trial before the tribal council. + +The method of procedure is analogous to that in case of murder. When +the person has been adjudged guilty and sentence of outlawry declared, +it is the duty of the chief of the Wolf clan to make known the +decision of the council. This he does by appearing before each clan in +the order of its encampment, and declaring in terms the crime of the +outlaw and the sentence of outlawry, which may be either of two +grades. + +In the lowest grade it is declared that if the man shall thereafter +continue in the commission of similar crimes, it will be lawful for +any person to kill him; and if killed, rightfully or wrongfully, his +clan will not avenge his death. + +Outlawry of the highest degree makes it the duty of any member of the +tribe who may meet with the offender to kill him. + + +_MILITARY GOVERNMENT._ + +The management of military affairs inheres in the military council and +chief. The military council is composed of all the able-bodied men of +the tribe; the military chief is chosen by the council from the +Porcupine gens. Each gentile chief is responsible for the military +training of the youth under his authority. There is usually one or +more potential military chiefs, who are the close companions and +assistants of the chief in time of war, and in case of the death of +the chief, take his place in the order of seniority. + +Prisoners of war are adopted into the tribe or killed. To be adopted +into the tribe, it is necessary that the prisoner should be adopted +into some family. The warrior taking the prisoner has the first right +to adopt him, and his male or female relatives have the right in the +order of their kinship. If no one claims the prisoner for this +purpose, he is caused to run the gauntlet as a test of his courage. + +If at his trial he behaves manfully, claimants are not wanting, but if +he behaves disgracefully he is put to death. + + +_FELLOWHOOD._ + +There is an interesting institution found among the Wyandots, as among +some other of our North American tribes, namely, that of fellowhood. +Two young men agree to be perpetual friends to each other, or more +than brothers. Each reveals to the other the secrets of his life, and +counsels with him on matters of importance, and defends him from wrong +and violence, and at his death is chief mourner. + + * * * * * + +The government of the Wyandots, with the social organization upon +which it is based, affords a typical example of tribal government +throughout North America. Within that area there are several hundred +distinct governments. In so great a number there is great variety, and +in this variety we find different degrees of organization, the degrees +of organization being determined by the differentiation of the +functions of the government and the correlative specialization of +organic elements. + +Much has yet to be done in the study of these governments before safe +generalizations may be made. But enough is known to warrant the +following statement: + +Tribal government in North America is based on kinship in that the +fundamental units of social organization are bodies of consanguineal +kindred either in the male or female line; these units being what has +been well denominated "gentes." + +These "gentes" are organized into tribes by ties of relationship and +affinity, and this organization is of such a character that the man's +position in the tribe is fixed by his kinship. There is no place in a +tribe for any person whose kinship is not fixed, and only those +persons can be adopted into the tribe who are adopted into some family +with artificial kinship specified. The fabric of Indian society is a +complex tissue of kinship. The warp is made of streams of kinship +blood, and the woof of marriage ties. + +With most tribes military and civil affairs are differentiated. The +functions of civil government are in general differentiated only to +this extent, that executive functions are performed by chiefs and +sachems, but these chiefs and sachems are also members of the council. +The council is legislature and court. Perhaps it were better to say +that the council is the court whose decisions are law, and that the +legislative body properly has not been developed. + +In general, crimes are well defined. Procedure is formal, and forms +are held as of such importance that error therein is _prima facie_ +evidence that the subject-matter formulated was false. + +When one gens charges crime against a member of another, it can of its +own motion proceed only to retaliation. To prevent retaliation, the +gens of the offender must take the necessary steps to disprove the +crime, or to compound or punish it. The charge once made is held as +just and true until it has been disproved, and in trial the cause of +the defendant is first stated. The anger of the prosecuting gens must +be placated. + +In the tribal governments there are many institutions, customs, and +traditions which give evidence of a former condition in which society +was based not upon kinship, but upon marriage. + +From a survey of the facts it seems highly probably that kinship +society, as it exists among the tribes of North America, has developed +from connubial society, which is discovered elsewhere on the globe. In +fact, there are a few tribes that seem scarcely to have passed that +indefinite boundary between the two social states. Philologic research +leads to the same conclusion. + +Nowhere in North America have a people been discovered who have passed +beyond tribal society to national society based on property, i.e., +that form of society which is characteristic of civilization. Some +peoples may not have reached kinship society; none have passed it. + +Nations with civilized institutions, art with palaces, monotheism as +the worship of the Great Spirit, all vanish from the priscan condition +of North America in the light of anthropologic research. Tribes with +the social institutions of kinship, art with its highest architectural +development exhibited in the structure of communal dwellings, and +polytheism in the worship of mythic animals and nature-gods remain. + + + + +INDEX + + +Adultery, Wyandot law for, 66 + +Chiefs, Wyandot, Election of, 61, 62 +Crimes, Wyandot laws for, 66, 67 + +Encampment regulations (Wyandot), 64 + +Family, The term, defined, 59 +Fellowhood, Wyandot institution of, 68 + +Gens, The term, defined, 59 +Government, Wyandot civil, 61 + Functions of, 63 + +Kinship society, 68, 69 + +Maiming, Wyandot law for, 66 +Marriage regulations (Wyandot), 63, 64 +Migration regulations (Wyandot), 64 +Military government (Wyandot), 68 +Murder, Wyandot law for, 66 + +Name regulations of the Wyandot tribe, 64 + +Outlawry, Wyandot institution of, 67 + +Personal adornment regulations (Wyandot), 64 +Phratry defined, 60, 61 + +Society, Kinship, 68, 69 + +Theft, Wyandot law for, 66 +Treason, Wyandot law for, 67 +Tribal government based on kinship, 68, 69 +Tribal society, A study of (Wyandot), 59-69 + +Witchcraft, Wyandot law for, 67 +Wyandot criminal laws, 66, 67 + for adultery, 66 + for maiming, 66 + murder, 66 + of outlawry, 67 + for theft, 66 + for treason, 67 + for witchcraft, 67 +Wyandot government, 59-69 +Wyandot military government, 68 +Wyandot regulations, 63, 64 + of encampment, 64 + of migration, 64 + of name, 64 + of personal adornment, 64 +Wyandot rights, 65 + of community, 65 + of person, 65 + of religion, 65 + + + +[Transcriber's Note: This index is a subset of the original index +assocated with _First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the +Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1879-80_, by J. W. Powell.] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wyandot Government: A Short Study of +Tribal Society, by John Wesley Powell + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WYANDOT GOVERNMENT *** + +***** This file should be named 16947.txt or 16947.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/9/4/16947/ + +Produced by Carlo Traverso, Barbara Tozier, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net, from +images generously made available by the Bibliotheque +nationale de France at http://gallica.bnf.fr. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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