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diff --git a/old/hipho10.txt b/old/hipho10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d753f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/hipho10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4428 @@ +Please take a look at the important information in this header. +We encourage you to keep this file on your own disk, keeping an +electronic path open for the next readers. Do not remove this. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**Etexts Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*These Etexts Prepared By Hundreds of Volunteers and Donations* + +Information on contacting Project Gutenberg to get Etexts, and +further information is included below. We need your donations. + + +The History and Practice of the Art of Photography by Snelling + +October, 1994 [Etext #168] + +The History and Practice of the Art of Photography +by Henry H. 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FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.04.29.93*END* + + + + +The Project Gutenberg Etext of The History and Practice of the Art of Photography + + +THE HISTORY AND PRACTICE OF THE ART OF PHOTOGRAPHY; + +OR THE PRODUCTION OF PICTURES THROUGH THE AGENCY OF LIGHT. + +CONTAINING ALL THE INSTRUCTIONS NECESSARY FOR THE COMPLETE +PRACTICE OF THE DAGUERREAN AND PHOTOGENIC ART, BOTH ON METALIC, +PLATES AND ON PAPER. + +By HENRY H. SNELLING. + +ILLUSTRATED WITH WOOD CUTS. + +New York: PUBLISHED BY G. P. PUTNAM, 155 Broadway, 1849. + + +Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1849, by H. H. Snelling, +in the Clerk's office, of the District Court of the Southern District +of New York. + +New York: PRINTED BY BUSTEED & McCOY, 163 Fulton Street. + + +TO EDWARD ANTHONY, ESQ., AN ESTEEMED FRIEND. + +Whose gentlemanly deportment, liberal feelings, and strict integrity +have secured him a large circle of friends, this work is Respectfully +Dedicated By the AUTHOR. + + + + + + PREFACE. + + + +The object of this little work is to fill a void much complained +of by Daguerreotypists--particularly young beginers. + +The author has waited a long time in hopes that some more able pen +would be devoted to the subject, but the wants of the numerous, +and constantly increasing, class, just mentioned, induces him +to wait no longer. + +All the English works on the subject--particularly on the practical +application, of Photogenic drawing--are deficient in many minute details, +which are essential to a complete understanding of the art. +Many of their methods of operating are entirely different from, +and much inferior to, those practised in the United States: +their apparatus, also, cannot compare with ours for completeness, +utility or simplicity. + +I shall, therefore, confine myself principally--so far as Photogenic +drawing upon metalic plates is concerned--to the methods +practised by the most celebrated and experienced operators, +drawing upon French and English authority only in cases +where I find it essential to the purpose for which I design +my work, namely: furnishing a complete system of Photography; +such an one as will enable any gentleman, or lady, who may wish +to practise the art, for profit or amusement, to do so without +the trouble and expense of seeking instruction from professors, +which in many cases within my own knowledge has prevented +persons from embracing the profession. + +To English authors I am principally indebted for that portion +of my work relating to Photogenic drawing on paper. +To them we owe nearly all the most important improvements in that +branch of the art. Besides, it has been but seldom attempted +in the United States, and then without any decided success. +Of these attempts I shall speak further in the Historical +portion of this volume. + +Every thing essential, therefore, to a complete knowledge of the whole art, +comprising all the most recent discoveries and improvements down to the day +of publication will be found herein laid down. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + + + + New York, January 27, 1849. + E. ANTHONY, ESQ. + +Dear Sir,--In submiting the accompanying "History and Practice +of Photography to your perusal, and for your approbation, I do +so with the utmost confidence in your ability as a practical man, +long engaged in the science of which it treats, as well as your +knowledge of the sciences generally; as well as your regard for candor. +To you, therefore, I leave the decision whether or no I have +accomplished my purpose, and produced a work which may not only +be of practical benefit to the Daguerrean artist, but of general +interest to the reading public, and your decision will influence +me in offering it for, or withholding it from, publication. + +If it meets your approbation, I would most respectfully ask permission +to dedicate it to you, subscribing myself, + With esteem, + Ever truly yours, + HENRY H. SNELLING + + + New York, February 1st, 1849. + Mr. H. H. SNELLING. + +Dear Sir--Your note of January 27th, requesting permission +to dedicate to me your "History and Practice of Photography," +I esteem a high compliment, particularly since I have read +the manuscript of your work. + +Such a treatise has long been needed, and the manner in which you have handled +the subject will make the book as interesting to the reading public as it +is valuable to the Daguerrean artist, or the amateur dabbler in Photography. +I have read nearly all of the many works upon this art that have emanated +from the London and Paris presses, and I think the reader will find in yours +the pith of them all, with much practical and useful information that I +do not remember to have seen communicated elsewhere. + +There is much in it to arouse the reflective and inventive +faculties of our Daguerreotypists. They have heretofore stumbled +along with very little knowledge of the true theory of their art, +and yet the quality of their productions is far in advance +of those of the French and English artists, most of whose +establishments I have had the pleasure of visiting I feel therefore, +that when a sufficient amount of theoretic knowledge shall have +been added to this practical skill on the part of our operators, +and when they shall have been made fully acquainted with what has +been attained or attempted by others, a still greater advance +in the art will be manifested. + +A GOOD Daguerreotypist is by no means a mere machine following +a certain set of fixed rules. Success in this art requires +personal skill and artistic taste to a much greater degree +than the unthinking public generally imagine; in fact more than +is imagined by nine-tenths of the Daguerreotypists themselves. +And we see as a natural result, that while the business numbers +its thousands of votaries, but few rise to any degree of eminence. +It is because they look upon their business as a mere mechanical +operation, and having no aim or pride beyond the earning of their +daily bread, they calculate what will be a fair per centage +on the cost of their plate, case, and chemicals, leaving MIND, +which is as much CAPITAL as anything else (where it is exercised,) +entirely out of the question. + +The art of taking photographs on PAPER, of which your work +treats at considerable length, has as yet attracted but little +attention in this country, though destined, as I fully believe, +to attain an importance far superior to that to which the +Daguerreotype has risen. + +The American mind needs a waking up upon the subject, and I +think your book will give a powerful impulse in this direction. +In Germany a high degree of perfection has been reached, +and I hope your countrymen will not be slow to follow. + +Your interesting account of the experiments of Mr. Wattles +was entirely new to me, and is another among the many evidences +that when the age is fully ripe for any great discovery, +it is rare that it does not occur to more than a single mind. + +Trusting that your work will meet with the encouragement which your trouble +in preparing it deserves, and with gratitude for the undeserved compliment +paid to me in its dedication, + + I remain, very sincerely, + Your friend and well wisher, + E. ANTHONY. + + + +PHOTOGRAPHY. + +CHAP. I. + +A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ART. + + +As in all cases of great and valuable inventions in science and art +the English lay claim to the honor of having first discovered +that of Photogenic drawing. But we shall see in the progress +of this history, that like many other assumptions of their authors, +priority in this is no more due them, then the invention of steamboats, +or the cotton gin. + +This claim is founded upon the fact that in 1802 Mr. Wedgwood +recorded an experiment in the Journal of the Royal Institution +of the following nature. + +"A piece of paper, or other convenient material, was placed upon +a frame and sponged over with a solution of nitrate of silver; +it was then placed behind a painting on glass and the light traversing +the painting produced a kind of copy upon the prepared paper, +those parts in which the rays were least intercepted being +of the darkest hues. Here, however, terminated the experiment; +for although both Mr. Wedgwood and Sir Humphry Davey experimented +carefully, for the purpose of endeavoring to fix the drawings +thus obtained, yet the object could not be accomplished, +and the whole ended in failure." + +This, by their own showing, was the earliest attempt of the English savans. +But this much of the principle was known to the Alchemists at an early date-- +although practically produced in another way--as the following experiment, +to be found in old books, amply proves. + +"Dissolve chalk in aquafortis to the consistence of milk, and add to it +a strong solution of silver; keep this liquor in a glass bottle well stopped; +then cutting out from a piece of paper the letters you would have appear, +paste it on the decanter, and lay it in the sun's rays in such a manner +that the rays may pass through the spaces cut out of the paper and fall +on the surface of the liquor the part of the glass through which the rays +pass will be turned black, while that under the paper remains white; +but particular care must be observed that the bottle be not moved +during the operation." + +Had not the alchemists been so intent upon the desire to discover +the far famed philosopher's stone, as to make them unmindful +of the accidental dawnings of more valuable discoveries, +this little experiment in chemistry might have induced them +to prosecute a more thorough search into the principle, +and Photogenic art would not now, as it is, be a new one. + +It is even asserted that the Jugglers of India were for many ages +in possession of a secret by which they were enabled, in a brief space, +to copy the likeness of any individual by the action of light. +This fact, if fact it be, may account for the celebrated magic +mirrors said to be possessed by these jugglers, and probable cause +of their power over the people. + +However, as early as 1556 the fact was established that a combination +of chloride and silver. called, from its appearance, horn silver, +was blackened by the sun's rays; and in the latter part of the last +century Mrs. Fulhame published an experiment by which a change +of color was effected in the chloride of gold by the agency of light; +and gave it as her opinion that words might be written in this way. +These incidents are considered as the first steps towards the discovery +of the Photogenic art. + +Mr. Wedgwood's experiments can scarcely be said to be any improvement +on them since he failed to bring them to practical usefulness, +and his countrymen will have to be satisfied with awarding +the honor of its complete adaptation to practical purposes, to MM. +Niepce and Daguerre of France, and to Professors Draper, +and Morse of New-York. + +These gentlemen--MM. Niepce and Daguerre--pursued the subject simultaneously, +without either, however being aware of the experiments of his colleague +in science. For several years, each pursued his researches individually +until chance made them acquainted, when they entered into co-partnership, +and conjointly brought the art almost to perfection. + +M. Niepce presented his first paper on the subject to the Royal +Society in 1827, naming his discovery Heliography. What led him +to the study of the principles of the art I have no means, at present, +of knowing, but it was probably owing to the facts recorded +by the Alchemists, Mrs. Fulhame and others, already mentioned. +But M. Daguerre, who is a celebrated dioramic painter, +being desirous of employing some of the singularly changeable salts +of silver to produce a peculiar class of effects in his paintings, +was led to pursue an investigation which resulted in the discovery +of the Daguerreotype, or Photogenic drawing on plates of copper +coated with silver. + +To this gentleman--to his liberality--are we Americans +indebted for the free use of his invention; and the large +and increasing class of Daguerrean artists of this country +should hold him in the most profound respect for it. +He was not willing that it should be confined to a few +individuals who might monopolise the benefits to be derived +from its practice, and shut out all chance of improvement. +Like a true, noble hearted French gentleman he desired that his +invention should spread freely throughout the whole world. +With these views he opened negociations with the French government +which were concluded most favorably to both the inventors, +and France has the "glory of endowing the whole world of +science and art with one of the most surprising discoveries +that honor the land." + +Notwithstanding this, it has been patented in England and the result +is what might have been expected: English pictures are far below +the standard of excellence of those taken by American artists. +I have seen some medium portraits, for which a guinea each had +been paid, and taken too, by a celebrated artist, that our poorest +Daguerreotypists would be ashamed to show to a second person, +much less suffer to leave their rooms. + +CALOTYPE, the name given to one of the methods of Photogenic drawing +on paper, discovered, and perfected by Mr. Fox Talbot of England, +is precisely in the same predicament, not only in that country +but in the United States, Mr. Talbot being patentee in both. +He is a man of some wealth, I believe, but he demands so high +a price for a single right in this country, that none can be found +who have the temerity to purchase. + +The execution of his pictures is also inferior to those taken by +the German artists, and I would remark en passant, that the Messrs. +Mead exhibited at the last fair of the American Institute, (of 1848,) +four Calotypes, which one of the firm brought from Germany last Spring, +that for beauty, depth of tone and excellence of execution surpass +the finest steel engraving. + +When Mr. Talbot's patent for the United States expires +and our ingenious Yankee boys have the opportunity, I have +not the slightest doubt of the Calotype, in their hands, +entirely superceding the Daguerreotype. + +Let them, therefore, study the principles of the art as laid down in +this little work, experiment, practice and perfect themselves in it, +and when that time does arrive be prepared to produce that degree +of excellence in Calotype they have already obtained in Daguerreotype. + +It is to Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, the distinguished inventor +of the Magnetic Telegraph, of New York, that we are indebted +for the application of Photography, to portrait taking. +He was in Paris, for the purpose of presenting to the scientific world +his Electro-Magnetic Telegraph, at the time, (1838,) M. Daguerre +announced his splendid discovery, and its astounding results having +an important bearing on the arts of design arrested his attention. +In his letter to me on the subject, the Professor gives +the following interesting facts. + +"The process was a secret, and negociations were then in progress, +for the disclosure of it to the public between the French government +and the distinguished discoverer. M. Daguerre had shown his +results to the king, and to a few only of the distinguished savans, +and by the advice of M. Arago, had determined to wait the action +of the French Chambers, before showing them to any other persons. +I was exceedingly desirous of seeing them, but knew not +how to approach M. Daguerre who was a stranger to me. +On mentioning my desire to Robert Walsh, Esq., our worthy Consul, +he said to me; 'state that you are an American, the inventor +of the Telegraph, request to see them, and invite him in turn +to see the Telegraph, and I know enough of the urbanity and +liberal feelings of the French, to insure you an invitation.' +I was successfull in my application, and with a young friend, +since deceased, the promising son of Edward Delevan, Esq., I +passed a most delightful hour with M. Daguerre, and his enchanting +sun-pictures. My letter containing an account of this visit, +and these pictures, was the first announcement in this country +of this splendid discovery." + +"I may here add the singular sequel to this visit. On the succeeding day +M. Daguerre paid me a visit to see the Telegraph and witness its operations. +He seemed much gratified and remained with me perhaps two hours; +two melancholy hours to him, as they afterwards proved; or while +he was with me, his buildings, including his diorama, his studio, +his laboratory, with all the beautiful pictures I had seen the day before, +were consumed by fire. Fortunately for mankind, matter only was consumed, +the soul and mind of the genius, and the process were still in existence." + +On his return home, Professor Morse waited with impatience +for the revelation of M. Daguerre's process, and no sooner was it +published than he procured a copy of the work containing it, +and at once commenced taking Daguerreotype pictures. +At first his object was solely to furnish his studio with +studies from nature; but his experiments led him into a belief +of the practicability of procuring portraits by the process, +and he was undoubtedly the first whose attempts were attended +with success. Thinking, at that time, that it was necessary +to place the sitters in a very strong light, they were all taken +with their eyes closed. + +Others were experimenting at the same time, among them +Mr. Wolcott and Prof. Draper, and Mr. Morse, with his +acustomed modesty, thinks that it would be difficult to say +to whom is due the credit of the first Daguerreotype portrait. +At all events, so far as my knowledge serves me, Professor Morse +deserves the laurel wreath, as from him originated the first +of our inumerable class of Daguerreotypists; and many of his +pupils have carried the manipulation to very great perfection. +In connection with this matter I will give the concluding +paragraph of a private letter from the Professor to me; He says. + +"If mine were the first, other experimenters soon made better results, +and if there are any who dispute that I was first, I shall have no argument +with them; for I was not so anxious to be the first to produce the result, +as to produce it in any way. I esteem it but the natural carrying out of +the wonderful discovery, and that the credit was after all due to Daguerre. +I lay no claim to any improvements." + +Since I commenced the compilation of this work, I have had the pleasure +of making the acquaintance of an American gentleman--James M. Wattles Esq.-- +who as early as 1828--and it will be seen, by what I have already stated, +that this is about the same date of M. Niepce's discovery--had his attention +attracted to the subject of Photography, or as he termed it "Solar picture +drawing," while taking landscape views by means of the camera-obscura. +When we reflect upon all the circumstances connected with his experiments, +the great disadvantages under which be labored, and his extreme youthfullness, +we cannot but feel a national pride--yet wonder--that a mere yankee boy, +surrounded by the deepest forests, hundred of miles from the populous +portion of our country, without the necessary materials, or resources +for procuring them, should by the force of his natural genius make +a discovery, and put it in practical use, to accomplish which, +the most learned philosophers of Europe, with every requisite apparatus, +and a profound knowledge of chemistry--spent years of toil to accomplish. +How much more latent talent may now be slumbering from the very same cause +which kept Mr. Wattles from publicly revealing his discoveries, viz; +want of encouragement--ridicule! + +At the time when the idea of taking pictures permanently on paper by +means of the camera-obscura first occurred to him, he was but sixteen +years of age, and under the instructions of Mr. Charles Le Seuer, +(a talented artist from Paris) at the New Harmony school, Indiana. +Drawing and painting being the natural bent of his mind, be was +frequently employed by the professors to make landscape sketches +in the manner mentioned. The beauty of the image of these landscapes +produced on the paper in the camera-obscura, caused him to pause +and admire them with all the ardor of a young artist, and wish +that by some means, he could fix them there in all their beauty. +From wishing he brought himself to think that it was not only possible +but actually capable of accomplishment and from thinking it could, +he resolved it should be done. + +He was, however, wholly ignorant of even the first principles +of chemistry, and natural philosophy, and all the knowledge he was +enabled to obtain from his teachers was of very little service to him. +To add to this, whenever he mentioned his hopes to his parents, +they laughed at him, and bade him attend to his studies and let +such moonshine thoughts alone--still he persevered, though secretly, +and he met with the succes his peseverance deserved. + +For the truth of his statement, Mr. Wattles refers to some of our +most respectable citizens residing at the west, and I am in hopes +that I shall be enabled to receive in time for this publication, +a confirmation from one or more of these gentlemen. Be that as it may, +I feel confident in the integrity of Mr. Wattles, and can give his +statement to the world without a doubt of its truth. + +The following sketch of his experiments and their results will, +undoubtedly, be interesting to every American reader and although +some of the profound philosophers of Europe may smile at his +method of proceeding, it will in some measure show the innate +genius of American minds, and prove that we are not far behind +our trans-atlantic brethren in the arts and sciences. + +Mr. Wattles says: "In my first efforts to effect the desired object, +they were feeble indeed, and owing to my limited knowledge of chemistry-- +wholly acquired by questioning my teachers--I met with repeated failures +but following them up with a determined spirit, I at last produced, +what I thought very fair samples--but to proceed to my experiments." + +"I first dipped a quarter sheet of thin white writing paper in a weak +solution of caustic (as I then called it) and dried it in an empty box, +to keep it in the dark; when dry, I placed it in the camera and watched +it with great patience for nearly half an hour, without producing +any visible result; evidently from the solution being to weak. +I then soaked the same piece of paper in a solution of common potash, +and then again in caustic water a little stronger than the first, +and when dry placed it in the camera. In about forty-five minutes I +plainly percieved the effect, in the gradual darkening of various parts +of the view, which was the old stone fort in the rear of the school garden, +with the trees, fence, &c. I then became convinced of the practicability +of producing beautiful solar pictures in this way; but, alas! my +picture vanished and with it, all--no not all--my hopes. With renewed +determination I began again by studying the nature of the preparation, +and came to the conclusion, that if I could destroy the part not acted +upon by the light without injuring that which was so acted upon, +I could save my pictures. I then made a strong solution of sal. +soda I had in the house, and soaked my paper in it, and then washed +it off in hot water, which perfectly fixed the view upon the paper. +This paper was very poor with thick spots, more absorbent than other parts, +and consequently made dark shades in the picture where they should +not have been; but it was enough to convince me that I had succeeded, +and that at some future time, when I had the means and a more +extensive knowledge of chemistry, I could apply myself to it again. +I have done so since, at various times, with perfect success; +but in every instance laboring under adverse circumstances." + +I have very recently learned, that, under the present patent laws +of the United States, every foreign patentee is required to put +his invention, or discovery, into practical use within eighteen +months after taking out his papers, or otherwise forfeit his patent. +With regard to Mr. Talbot's Calotype patent, this time has nearly, +if not quite expired, and my countrymen are now at perfect +liberty to appropriate the art if they feel disposed. +From the statement of Mr. Wattles, it will be perceived that this +can be done without dishonor, as in the first instance Mr. Talbot +had no positive right to his patent. + +Photography; or sun-painting is divided, according to the methods +adopted for producing pictures, into + + DAGUERREOTYPE, CHROMATYPE, + CALOTYPE, ENERGIATYPE, + CHRYSOTYPE, ANTHOTYPE and + CYANOTYPE, AMPHITYPE. + + + +CHAP. II. + +THE THEORY ON LIGHT.--THE PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE + + +Some philosophers contend that to the existence of light alone we owe +the beautiful effects produced by the Photogenic art, while others give +sufficient reasons for doubting the correctness of the assumption. +That the results are effected by a principle associated with light and +not by the luminous principle itself, is the most probable conclusion. +The importance of a knowledge of this fact becomes most essential +in practice, as will presently be seen. To this principle Mr. Hunt +gives the name of ENERGIA. + +THE NATURE of Light is not wholly known, but it is generally believed +to be matter, as in its motions it obeys the laws regulating matter. +So closely is it connected with heat and electricity that there can be little +doubt of their all being but different modifications of the same substance. +I will not, however, enter into a statement of the various theories of +Philosophers on this head, but content myself with that of Sir Isaac Newton; +who supposed rays of light to consist of minute particles of matter, +which are constantly emanating from luminous bodies and cause vision, +as odoriferous particles, proceeding from certain bodies, cause smelling. + +The effects of light upon other bodies, and how light is effected +by them, involve some of the most important principles, which if +properly understood by Daguerreotypists would enable them to improve +and correct many of the practical operations in their art. +These effects we shall exhibit in this and the following chapters. +Before we enter on this subject it will be necessary to become +familiar with the + +DEFINITIONS of some of the terms used in the science of optics. + +Luminous bodies are of two kinds; those which shine by their own light, +and those which shine by reflected light. + +Transparent bodies are such as permit rays of light to pass through them. + +Translucent bodies permit light to pass faintly, but without +representing the figure of objects seen through them. + +Opaque bodies permit no light to pass through them, but reflect light. + +A ray is a line of light. + +A beam is a collection of parallel rays. + +A pencil is a collection of converging, or diverging rays. + +A medium is any space through which light passes. + +Incident rays are those which fall upon the surface of a body. + +Reflected rays are those which are thrown off from a body. + +Parallel rays are such as proceed equally distant from each other +through their whole course. + +Converging rays are such as approach and tend to unite at any one point, +as at b. fig. 3. + +Diverging rays are those which continue to recede from each other, +as at e. Fig. 3. + +A Focus is that point at which converging rays meet. + +MOTION OF LIGHT--Rays of light are thrown off from luminous bodies +in every direction, but always in straight lines, which cross each +other at every point; but the particles of which each ray consists +are so minute that the rays do not appear to be impeded by each other. +A ray of light passing through an aperture into a dark room, +proceeds in a straight line; a fact of which any one may be convinced +by going into a darkened room and admiting light only through +a small aperture. + +Light also moves with great velocity, but becomes fainter as it recedes +from the source from which it eminates; in other words, diverging rays +of light diminish in intensity as the square of the distance increases. +For instance let a fig. 1, represent the luminous body from + [hipho_1.gif] +which light proceeds, and suppose three square boards, b. c. d. +severally one, four and sixteen square inches in size be placed; +b one foot, c two feet, and d four feet from a, it will be +perceived that the smallest board b will throw c into shadow; +that is, obstruct all rays of light that would otherwise fall on c, +and if b were removed c would in like manner hide the light +from d--Now, if b recieve as much light as would fall on c whose +surface is four times as large, the light must be four times +as powerful and sixteen times as powerful as that which would +fall on the second and third boards, because the same quantity +of light is diffused over a space four and sixteen times greater. +These same rays may be collected and their intensity again increased. + +Rays of light are reflected from one surface to another; Refracted, +or bent, as they pass from the surface of one transparent +medium to another; and Inflected, or turned from their course, +by the attraction of opaque bodies. From the first we +derive the principles on which mirrors are constructed; +to the second we are indebted for the power of the lenses, +and the blessings of sight,--for the light acts upon the retina +of the eye in the same manner as on the lens of a camera. +The latter has no important bearing upon our subject. + +When a ray of light falls perpendicularly upon an opaque body, +it is reflected bark in the same line in which it proceeds; +in this case the reflected ray returns in the same path +the incident ray traversed; but when a ray falls obliquely, it is +reflected obliquely, that is, it is thrown off in opposite direction, +and as far from the perpendicular as was the incident ray, as shown +at Fig. 2; a representing the incident ray and b the reflected. +The point, or angle c made by + [hipho_2.gif] +the incident ray, at the surface of the reflector e f, with a line c d, +perpendicular to that surface, is called the angle of incidence, +while the angle formed by the reflected ray b and the perpendicular line +d is called the angle of reflection, and these angles are always equal. + +It is by this reflection of light that objects are made visible; +but unless light falls directly upon the eye they are invisible, +and are not sensibly felt until after a certain series of +operations upon the various coverings and humors of the eye. +Smooth and polished surfaces reflect light most powerfully, +and send to the eye the images of the objects from which the light +proceeded before reflection. Glass, which is transparent-- +transmitting light--would be of no use to us as a mirror, +were it not first coated on one side with a metalic amalgam, +which interrupts the rays in their passage from the glass into +the air, and throws them either directly in the incident line, +or in an oblique direction. The reason why trees, +rocks and animals are not all mirrors, reflecting other forms +instead of their own, is, that their surfaces are uneven, +and rays of light reflected from an uneven surface are diffused +in all directions. + +Parallel rays falling obliquely upon a plane mirror are reflected parallel; +converging rays, with the same degree of convergence; and diverging +rays equally divergent. + +Stand before a mirror and your image is formed therein, +and appears to be as far behind the glass as you are before it, +making the angle of reflection equal to that of incidence, +as before stated. The incident ray and the reflected +ray form, together, what is called the passage of reflection, +and this will therefore make the actual distance of an image +to appear as far again from the eye as it really is. +Any object which reflects light is called a radiant. +The point behind a reflecting surface, from which they appear +to diverge, is called the virtual focus. + +Rays of light being reflected at the same angle at which they +fall upon a mirror, two persons can stand in such a position +that each can see the image of the other without seeing his own. +Again; you may see your whole figure in a mirror half your length, +but if you stand before one a few inches shorter the whole cannot +be reflected, as the incident ray which passes from your feet into +the mirror in the former case, will in the latter fall under it. +Images are always reversed in mirrors. + +Convex mirrors reflect light from a rounded surface and disperse +the rays in every direction, causing parallel rays to diverge, +diverging rays to diverge more, and converging rays to converge less-- +They represent objects smaller than they really are--because the angle +formed by the reflected ray is rendered more acute by a convex than +by a plane surface, and it is the diminishing of the visual angle, +by causing rays of light to be farther extended before they meet +in a point, which produces the image of convex mirrors. The greater +the convexity of a mirror, the more will the images of the objects +be diminished, and the nearer will they appear to the surface. +These mirrors furnish science with many curious and pleasing facts. + +Concave mirrors are the reverse of convex; the latter being rounded outwards, +the former hollowed inwards--they render rays of light more converging-- +collect rays instead of dispersing them, and magnify objects while the +convex diminishes them. + +Rays of light may be collected in the focus of a mirror to such intensity as +to melt metals. The ordinary burning glass is an illustration of this fact; +although the rays of light are refracted, or passed through the glass +and concentrated into a focus beneath. + +When incident rays are parallel, the reflected rays converge to a focus, +but when the incident rays proceed from a focus, or are divergent, +they are reflected parallel. It is only when an object is nearer to a +concave mirror than its centre of concavity, that its image is magnified; +for when the object is farther from the mirror, this centre will appear +less than the object, and in an inverted position. + +The centre of concavity in a concave mirror, is an imaginary +point placed in the centre of a circle formed by continuing +the boundary of the concavity of the mirror from any one point +of the edge to another parallel to and beneath it. + +REFRACTION OF LIGHT:--I now pass to the consideration of the passage +of light through bodies. + +A ray of light failing perpendicularly through the air upon a surface +of glass or water passes on in a straight line through the body; +but if it, in passing from one medium to another of different density, +fall obliquely, it is bent from its direct course and recedes from it, +either towards the right or left, and this bending is called refraction; +(see fig. 3, b.) If a ray of light passes from a rarer into a denser medium +it is refracted towards a perpendicular in that medium; but if it passes from +a denser into rarer it is bent further from a perpendicular in that medium. +Owing to this bending of the rays of light the angles of refraction +and incidence are never equal. + +Transparent bodies differ in their power of bending light-- +as a general rule, the refractive power is proportioned to +the density--but the chemical constitution of bodies as well +as their density, is found to effect their refracting power. +Inflamable bodies possess this power to a great degree. + +The sines of the angle of incidence and refraction (that is, +the perpendicular drawn from the extremity of an arc to the diameter +of a circle,) are always in the same ratio; viz: from air into water, +the sine of the angle of refraction is nearly as four to three, +whatever be the position of the ray with respect to the refracting surface. +From air into sulphur, the sine of the angle of refraction is as two to one-- +therefore the rays of light cannot be refracted whenever the sine +of the angle of refraction becomes equal to the radius* of a circle, +and light falling very obliquely upon a transparent medium ceases +to be refracted; this is termed total reflection. + +* The RADIUS of a circle is a straight line passing from the centre +to the circumference. + +Since the brightness of a reflected image depends upon the quantity of light, +it is quite evident that those images which arise from total reflection +are by far the most vivid, as in ordinary cases of reflection a portion +of light is absorbed. + +I should be pleased to enter more fully into this branch +of the science of optics, but the bounds to which I am +necessarily limited in a work of this kind will not admit of it. +In the next chapter, however, I shall give a synopsis of Mr. Hunt's +treatise on the "Influence of the Solar Rays on Compound Bodies, +with especial reference to their Photographic application"-- +A work which should be in the hands of every Daguerreotypist, +and which I hope soon to see republished in this country. +I will conclude this chapter with a brief statement of the +principles upon which the Photographic art is founded. + +SOLAR and Steller light contains three kinds of rays, viz: + +1. Colorific, or rays of color. + +2. Calorific, or rays of heat. + +3. Chemical rays, or those which produce chemical effects. + +On the first and third the Photographic principle depends. +In explaining this principle the accompanying wood cuts, +(figs. 3 and 4) will render it more intelligible. + +If a pencil of the sun's rays fall upon a prism, it is bent in passing +through the transparent medium; and some rays being more refracted +than others, we procure an elongated image of the luminous beam, +exhibiting three distinct colors, red, yellow and blue, which are +to be regarded as primitives--and from their interblending, seven, +as recorded by Newton, and shown in the accompanying wood cut. +These rays being absorbed, or reflected differently by various bodies, +give to nature the charm of color. Thus to the eve is given the pleasure +we derive in looking upon the green fields and forests, the enumerable +varieties of flowers, the glowing ruby, jasper, topaz, amethist, and emerald, +the brilliant diamond, and all the rich and varied hues of nature, +both animate and inanimate. + [hipho_3.gif] + +Now, if we allow this prismatic spectrum (b. fig. 3.) to fall upon +any surface (as at c.) prepared with a sensitive photographic compound, +we shall find that the chemical effect produced bears no relation +to the intensity of the light of any particular colored ray, +but that, on the contrary, it is dispersed over the largest portion +of the spectrum, being most energetic in the least luminous rays, +and ever active over an extensive space, where no traces of light +can be detected. Fig. 4, will give the student a better idea +of this principle. It is a copy of the kind of impression +which the spectrum, spoken of, would make on a piece of paper +covered with a very sensitive photographic preparation. +The white space a. corresponds with the most luminous, or yellow ray, +(5, fig. 3) over limits of which all chemical change is prevented. +A similar action is also produced by the lower end of the red ray c; +but in the upper portion, however we find a decided change +(as at d). The most active chemical change, you will percieve, +is produced by the rays above the yellow a; viz. 4, 3, 2 and 1 +(as at b) the green (4) being the least active, and the blue +(3) and violet (1) rays the most so, the action still continuing +far beyond the point b which is the end of the luminous image. + [hipho_4.gif] + +Suppose we wish to copy by the Daguerreotype, or Calotype process, +any objects highly colored--blue, red and yellow, for instance predominating-- +the last of course reflects the most light, the blue the least; +but the rays from the blue surface will make the most intense impression, +whilst the red radiations are working very slowly, and the yellow +remains entirely inactive. This accounts for the difficulty experienced +in copying bright green foliage, or warmly colored portraits; a large +portion of the yellow and red rays entering into the composition of both-- +and the imperfections of a Daguerreotype portrait of a person with a +freckled face depends upon the same cause. + +A yellow, hazy atmosphere, even when the light is very bright, +will effectually prevent any good photographic result-- +and in the height of summer, with the most sensative process, +it not unfrequently happens that the most anoying failures +arise from this agency of a yellow medium. A building +painted of a yellow color, which may reflect the sun's rays +directly into the operator's room will have the same effect. +Daguerreotypists, being ignorant of these facts, are very apt +to charge their want of success to the plates, or chemicals, +or any thing but the real cause; and it would be well to bear +these facts constantly in mind and as far as possible avoid them. +This, may be accomplished, in a measure, by a choice of location +or by having the glass of your windows tinged with blue; or a screen +of thin blue paper may be interposed between the light and sitter. +In selecting subjects, all striking contrasts in color should +be avoided, and sitters for portraits should be cautioned +not to wear anything that may produce the effect spoken of-- +dark dresses always being the best. + +The action of light both combines and decomposes bodies. +For instance, chlorine and hydrogen will remain in a glass vessel without +alteration if kept in the dark; but if exposed to the rays of the sun, +they immediately enter into combination, and produce hydrochloric acid. +On the other hand, if colorless nitric acid be exposed to the sun, +it becomes yellow, then changes to red, and oxygen is liberated +by the partial decomposition effected by the solar rays. + +Of the organic substances none are more readily acted upon by light +than the various combinations of silver. + +Of these some are more, and others less sensitive. If Chloride of silver, +which is a white precipitate formed by adding chloride of sodium (common salt) +to a solution of nitrate of silver, be exposed to diffused light, +it speedily assumes a violet tint, and ultimately becomes nearly black. +With iodide of silver, bromide of silver, ammonio-nitrate of silver, +and other salts of this metal, the result will be much the same. + +Some bodies, which under the influence of light, undergo chemical changes, +have the power of restoring themselves to their original condition in +the dark. This is more remarkably displayed in the iodide of platinum, +which readily recieves a photogenic image by darkening over the +exposed surfaces, but speedily loses it by bleaching in the dark. +The ioduret of Daguerre's plate, and some other iodides, exhibit the +same peculiarity--This leads us to the striking fact, that bodies +which have undergone a change of estate under the influence of day-light +have some latent power by which they can renovate themselves. +Possibly the hours of night are as necessary to inanimate nature as they +are to the animate. During the day, an excitement which we do not heed, +unless in a state of disease, is maintained by the influence of light +and the hours of repose, during which the equilibrium is restored, +are absolutely necessary to the continuance of health. + +Instead of a few chemical compounds of gold and silver, +which at first were alone supposed to be photographic, +we are now aware that copper, platinum, lead, nikel, and indeed, +probably all the elements, are equally liably to change under +the sun's influence. This fact may be of benefit to engravers, +for if steel can be made to take photographic impressions, +the more laborious process of etching may be dispensed with. +In fact, in the latter part of this work, a process is described +for etching and taking printed impressions from Daguerreotype plates. +As yet this process has produced no decided beneficial results-- +but future experiments may accomplish some practical discovery +of intrinsic value to the art of engraving. + +A very simple experiment will prove how essential light is to the coloring +of the various species comprising the vegetable and animal kingdoms. +If we transplant any shrub from the light of day into a dark cellar, +we will soon see it lose its bright green color, and become perfectly white. + +Another effect of light is that it appears to impart to bodies some power +by which they more readily enter into chemical combination with others. +We have already said that chlorine and hydrogen, if kept in the dark, will +remain unaltered; but if the chlorine alone be previously exposed to the sun, +the chlorine thus solarised will unite with the hydrogen in the dark. +Sulphate of iron will throw down gold or silver from their solutions slowly +in the dark; but if either solution be first exposed to sunshine, and the +mixture be then made, in the dark, the precipitation takes place instantly. +Here is again, evidence of either an absorption of some material agent from +the sunbeam, or an alteration in the chemical constitution of the body. +It was from understanding these principles and applying them that philosophers +were enabled to produce the Calotype, Daguerreotype, &c. For the effects +and action of light on the camera, see Chapter V. + +Some advances have been made towards producing Photographic +impressions in color--the impossibility of which some of our +best and oldest artists have most pertinaciously maintained. +The colored image of the spectrum has been most faithfully copied, +ray for ray, on paper spread with the juice of the Cochorus Japonica, +(a species of plant) and the fluoride of silver; +and on silver plate covered with a thin film of chloride. +The day may be still remote when this much to be desired +decideratum shall be accomplished in portrait taking; +but I am led to hope that future experiments may master +the secret which now causes it to be looked upon, by many, +as an impossibility. + +That great advantages have resulted, and that greater still will +result from the discovery of the Photographic art, few will deny. +The faithful manner in which it copies nature, even to the most +minute details, renders it of much value to the painter; but a few minutes +sufficing to take a view that formerly would have occupied several days. +Its superiority in portraits, over miniature or oil painting has been +tacitly acknowledged by the thousands who employ it to secure their own, +or a friends likeness, and by the steady increase in the number of +artists who are weekly, aye daily springing up in every town and village +in the land. + + + +CHAP. III. + +SYNOPSIS OF MR. HUNT'S TREATISE ON "THE INFLUENCE OF THE +SOLAR RAYS ON COMPOUND BODIES, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO +THEIR PHOTOGRAPHIC APPLICATION." + + +OXIDE OF SILVER exposed for a few hours to good sunshine, +passes into a more decided olive color, than characterises it +when first prepared by precipitation from nitrate of silver. +Longer exposure renders this color very much lighter, +and the covered parts, are found much darker, than those on which +the light has acted directly. In some instances where the oxide +of silver has been spread on the paper a decided whitening +process in some parts, after a few days exposure, is noticed. +Oxide of silver disolved in ammonia is a valuable photographic fluid; +one application of a strong solution forming an exceedingly +sensitive surface. The pictures on this paper are easily fixed +by salt or weak ammonia. + +NITRATE OF SILVER.--This salt in a state of purity, does not appear +to be sensibly affected by light, but the presence of the smallest +portion of organic matter renders it exceedingly liable to change +under luminous influence. + +If a piece of nitrated paper is placed upon hot iron, +or held near the fire, it will be found that at a heat just +below that at which the paper chars, the salt is decomposed. +Where the heat is greatest, the silver is revived, +and immediately around it, the paper becomes a deep blue; +beyond this a pretty decided green color results, +and beyond the green, a yellow or yellow brown stain is made. +This exhibits a remarkable analogy between heat and light,-- +before spoken of in chap. II--and is of some practical +importance in the preparation of the paper. + +PRISMATIC ANALYSIS.--The method of accomplishing the prismatic decomposition +of rays of light by the spectrum has already been described on pages 22 +and 23. The color of the impressed spectrum, on paper washed with nitrate +of silver, is at first, a pale brown, which passes slowly into a deeper shade; +that portion corresponding with the blue rays becoming a blue brown; +and under the violet of a peculiar pinkey shade, a very decided green tint, +on the point which corresponds with the least refrangible blue rays, +may be observed, its limits of action being near the centre of the yellow ray, +and its maximum about the centre of the blue, although the action up to +the edge of the violet ray is continued with very little diminution of effect; +beyond this point the action is very feeble. + +When the spectrum is made to act on paper which has been +previously darkened, by exposure to sunshine under cupro-sulphate +of ammonia, the phenomena are materially different. +The photographic spectrum is lengthened out on the red or negative +side by a faint but very visible red portion, which extends +fully up to the end of the red rays, as seen by the naked eye. +The tint of the general spectrum, too, instead of brown is +dark grey, passing, however, at its most refracted or positive +end into a ruddy brown. + +In its Photographic application, the nitrate of silver is the most valuable +of the salts of that metal, as from it most of the other argentine compounds +can be prepared, although it is not of itself sufficiently sensible to light +to render it of much use. + +CHLORIDE OF SILVER.--This salt of silver, whether in its +precipitated state, or when fused, changes its color to a fine +bluish grey by a very short exposure to the sun's rays. +If combined with a small quantity of nitrate, the change is +more rapid, it attains a deep brown, then slowly passes into +a fine olive, and eventually, after a few weeks, the metalic +silver is seen to be revived on the surface of the salt. +Great differences of color are produced on chlorides of silver +precipitated by different muriates. Nearly every variety +in combination with the nitrate, becomes at last of the same +olive color, the following examples, therefore, have reference +to a few minutes exposure, only, to good sunshine; it must +also be recollected that the chloride of silver in these cases +is contaminated with the precipitant. + +Muriate of ammonia precipitates chloride to darken to a fine +chocolate brown, whilst muriate of lime produces a brick-red color. +Muriates of potash and soda afford a precipitate, which darkens +speedly to a pure dark brown, and muriatic acid, or aqueous chlorine, +do not appear to increase the darkening power beyond the lilac +to which the pure chloride of silver changes by exposure. +This difference of color appears to be owing to the admixture +of the earth or alkali used with the silver salt. + +The prismatic impression on paper spread with the chloride of +silver is often very beautifully tinted, the intensity of color +varying with the kind of muriate used. Spread paper with muriate +of ammonia or baryta and you obtain a range of colors nearly +corresponding with the natural hues of the prismatic spectrum. +Under favorable circumstances the mean red ray, leaves a red impression, +which passes into a green over the space occupied by the yellow rays. +Above this a leaden hue is observed, and about the mean blue ray, +where the action is greatest, it rapidly passes through brown +into black, and through the most refrangible rays it gradually +declines into a bluish brown, which tint is continued throughout +the invisible rays. At the least refrangible end of the spectrum, +the very remarkable phenomenon has been observed, of the extreme red +rays exerting a protecting influence, and preserving the paper from +that change, which it would otherwise undergo, under the influence +of the dispersed light which always surrounds the spectrum. +Not only the extreme red ray exerts this very peculiar property, +but the ordinary red ray through nearly its whole length. + +In photographic drawing this salt is of the utmost importance. +Mr. Talbot's application of it will be given hereafter in another +portion of this work. + +IODIDE OF SILVER--Perfectly pure, undergoes very little change +under the influence of light or heat; but if a very slight +excess of the nitrate of silver be added it becomes infinitely +more senitive than the chloride + +The spectrum impressed upon paper prepared with a weak solution of +the hydriodate of potash presents some very remarkable peculiarities. +The maximum of intensity is found at the edge of the most refrangible +violet rays, or a little beyond it, varying slightly according to the kind +of paper used, and the quantity of free nitrate of silver present. +The action commences at a point nearly coincident with the mean red +of the luminous spectrum, where it gives a dull ash or lead color, +while the most refrangible rays impress a ruddy snuff-brown, +the change of tint coming on rather suddenly about the end of +the blue or beginning of the violet rays of the luminous spectrum. +Beyond the extreme violet rays, the action rapidly diminishes, +but the darkening produced by these invisible rays, extends a +very small space beyond the point at which they cease to act on +the chloride of silver. + +In its photographic application, it is, alone, of very little use; +but in combination with other reagents it becomes exquisitely sensitive. +With gallic acid and the ferrocyanate of potash it forms two of the most +sensitive photographic solutions with which we are acquainted. +These are used in the calotype process. + +IODURET OF SILVER.--If upon a plate of polished silver we place +a small piece of iodine, and apply the heat of a lamp beneath +the plate for a moment, a system of rings is speedily formed. +The first ring, which spreading constantly forms the exterior +of the circle, is of a bright yellow color; within this, +there arises, sucessively, rings of green, red and blue colors, +and then again a fine yellow circle, centred by a greyish spot +on the place occupied by the iodine. On exposing these to the light, +the outer yellow circle almost instantly changes color, +the others slowly, in the order of their position, the interior +yellow circle resisting for a long time the solar influence. +These rings must be regarded as films of the ioduret of silver, +varying, not only in thickness, but in the more or less perfect +states of combination in which the iodine and metal are. +The exterior circle is an ioduret in a very loose state +of chemical agregation; the attractive forces increase as we +proceed towards the centre, where a well formed ioduret, +or probably a true iodide of silver, is formed, which is acted +upon by sunlight with difficulty. The exterior and most +sensitive film constitutes the surface of Daguerreotype plates. +The changes which these colored rings undergo are remarkable; +by a few minutes exposure to sunlight, an inversion of nearly +all the colors takes place, the two first rings becoming a deep +olive green; and a deep blue inclining to black. + +The nature of the change which the ioduret of silver undergoes +on Daguerreotype plates, through the action of light, +Mr. Hunt considers to be a decided case of decomposition, +and cites several circumstances in proof of his position. +These with other facts given by Mr. Hunt in his great work +on the Photographic art, but to volumnious to include in a +volume of the size to which I am obliged to cofine myself, +should be thoroughly studied by all Daguerreotypists. + +PRISMATIC ANALYSIS.--The most refrangible portion of the spectrum, +(on a Daguerreotype plate) appears, after the plate has been +exposed to the vapor of mercury, to have impressed its colors; +the light and delicate film of mercury, which covers that portion, +assuming a fine blue tint about the central parts, which are +gradually shaded off into a pale grey; and this is again surrounded +by a very delicate rose hue, which is lost in a band of pure white. +Beyond this a protecting influence is powerfully exerted; +and notwithstanding the action of the dispersed light, +which is very evident over the plate, a line is left, +perfectly free from mercurial vapor, and which, consequently, +when viewed by a side light, appears quite dark. +The green rays are represented by a line of a corresponding tint, +considerably less in size than the luminous green rays. +The yellow rays appear to be without action, or to act negatively, +the space upon which they fall being protected from the +mercurial vapor; and it consequently is seen as a dark band. +A white line of vapor marks the place of the orange rays. +The red rays effect the sensitive surface in a peculiar manner; +and we have the mercurial vapor, assuming a molecular arrangement +which gives to it a fine rose hue; this tint is surrounded by a +line of white vapor, shaded at the lowest extremity with a very +soft green. Over the space occupied by the extreme red rays, +a protecting influence is again exerted; the space is retained +free from mercurial vapor and the band is found to surround +the whole of the least refrangible rays, and to unite itself +with the band which surrounds the rays of greatest refrangibility. +This band is not equally well defined throughout its whole extent. +It is most evident from the extreme red to the green; +it fades in passing through the blue, and increases again, +as it leaves the indigo, until beyond the invisible chemical +rays it is nearly as strong as it is at the calorific end +of the spectrum. + +Images on Daguerreotype plates which have been completely obliterated +by rubbing may be restored, by placing it in a tolerably strong solution +of iodine in water. + +BROMIDE OF SILVER.--This salt, like the iodide, does not appear to be readily +changed by the action of light; but when combined with the nitrate of silver +it forms a very sensitive photographic preparation. + +Paper prepared with this salt, blackens over its whole extent with nearly +equal intensity, when submitted to the prismatic spectrum. The most +characteristic peculiarity of the spectrum is its extravagant length. +Instead of terminating at the mean yellow ray, the darkened portion +extends down to the very extremity of the visible red rays. +In tint it is pretty uniformly of a grey-black over its whole extent, +except that a slight fringe of redness is perceptible at the least +refracted end. Beyond the red ray, an extended space is protected +from the agency of the dispersed light, and its whiteness maintained; +thus confirming the evidence of some chemical power in action, +over a space beyond the luminous spectrum, which corresponds with +the rays of the least refrangibility. + +This salt is extensively used in photographic drawing. + +PREPARATIONS OF GOLD.--Chloride of Gold, freed from an excess +of acid is slowly changed under the action of light; +a regularly increasing darkness taking place until it +becomes purple, the first action of the light being to whiten +the paper, which, if removed from the light at this stage, +will gradually darken and eventually develope the picture. +This process may be quickened by placing the paper in cold water. + +Chloride of gold with nitrate of silver gives a precipitate of a yellow +brown color. Paper impregnated with the acetate of lead, when washed +with perfectly neutral chloride of gold, acquires a brownish-yellow hue. +The first impression of light seems rather to whiten than darken the paper, +by discharging the original color, and substituting for it a pale +greyish tint, which by slow degrees increases to a dark slate color; +but if arrested, while yet, not more than a moderate ash grey, and held +in a current of steam, the color of the parts acted upon by light-- +and of that only--darkens immediately to a deep purple. + +Here I must leave the subject of the action of light upon metalic compounds-- +referring to Mr. Hunts work for any further information the student may +desire on the other metals--as I find myself going beyond my limits. +I cannot, however, entirely dismiss the subject without giving a few examples +of the action of light on the juices of plants, some of which produce +very good photographic effect. + +CORCHORUS JAPONICA--The juice of the flowers of this plant +impart a fine yellow color to paper, and, so far as ascertained, +is the most sensitive of any vegetable preparation; +but owing to its continuing to change color even in the dark, +photographic images taken on paper prepared with it soon fade out. + +WALL FLOWER.--This flower yields a juice, when expressed +with alcohol, from which subsides, on standing, a bright +yellow finely divided faecula, leaving a greenish-yellow +transparent liquid, only slightly colored supernatant. +The faecula spreads well on paper, and is very sensitive to light, +but appears at the same time to undergo a sort of chromatic analysis, +and to comport itself as if composed of two very distinct +coloring principles, very differently affected. The one on +which the intensity and sub-orange tint of the color depends, +is speedily destroyed, but the paper is not thereby fully whitened. +A paler yellow remains as a residual tint, and this on +continued exposure to the light, slowly darkens to brown. +Exposed to the spectrum, the paper is first reduced nearly +to whiteness in the region of the blue and violet rays. +More slowly, an insulated solar image is whitened in the less +refrangible portion of the red. Continue the exposure, +and a brown impression begins to be percieved in the midst +of the white streak, which darkens slowly over the region +between the lower blue and extreme violet rays. + +THE RED POPPY yields a very beautiful red color, which is entirely +destroyed by light. When perfectly dried on paper the color becomes blue. +This blue color is speedily discharged by exposure to the sun's rays, +and papers prepared with it afford very interesting photographs.-- +Future experiments will undoubtedly more fully develope the photogenic +properties of flowers, and practically apply them. + +Certain precautions are necessary in extracting the coloring matter +of flowers. The petals of fresh flowers, carefully selected, +are crushed to a pulp in a mortar, either alone or with the addition +of a litte alcohol, and the juice expressed by squeezing +the pulp in a clean linen or cotton cloth. It is then to be +spread upon paper with a flat brush, and dried in the air. +If alcohol be not added, it must be applied immediately, +as the air changes or destroys the color instantly. + +Most flowers give out their coloring matter to alcohol or water-- +but the former is found to weaken, and in some cases to discharge +altogether these colors; but they are in most cases restored in drying. +Paper tinged with vegetable colors must be kept perfectly dry +and in darkness. + +To secure an eveness of tint on paper it should be first moistened on +the back by sponging, and blotting off with bibulous paper. It should then +be pinned on a board, the moist side downwards, so that two of its edges-- +the right and lower ones--project a little over those of the board. +Incline the board twenty or thirty degrees to the horizon, +and apply the tincture with a brush in strokes from right to left, +taking care not to go over the edges which rests on the board, +but to pass clearly over those that project; and also observing +to carry the tint from below upwards by quick sweeping strokes, +leaving no dry spaces between them. Cross these with other strokes +from above downwards, leaving no floating liquid on the paper. +Dry as quickly as possible, avoiding, however, such heat as may +injure the tint + + + +CHAP. IV. + +A FEW HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS TO DAGUERREOTYPISTS. + + +There are very few who may not be capable of practising the Photographic art, +either on paper, or metalic plates--but, like all other professions, +some are more clever in its various processes than others. + +Impatience is a great drawback to perfect success, +and combined with laziness is a decided enemy. Besides this, +no one can excel in Photography who does not possess a natural +taste for the fine arts, who is not quick in discerning grace +and beauty--is regardless of the principles of perspective, +foreshorting and other rules of drawing, and who sets about +it merely for the sake of gain--without the least ambition +to rise to the first rank, both in its practice and theory. +There is no profession or trade in which a slovenly manner +will not show itself, and none where its effects will be more +apparent than this. + +In order to be great in any pursuit, we must be ourselves, +and keep all things, in order. In your show and reception rooms, +let neatness prevail; have your specimens so placed-- +leaning slightly forward--as to obtain the strongest light +upon them, and at the same time prevent that glassiness +of apearance which detracts so materially from the effect they +are intended to produce. If possible, let the light be of a +north-western aspect, mellowed by curtains of a semitransparent hue. +Your show-cases, at the door, should be kept well cleaned. +I have often been disgusted while attempting to examine portraits +in the cases of our artists, at the greasy coating and marks +of dirty fingers upon the glass and frame enclosing them. +Believe it, many a good customer is lost for no other reason. + +In your operating room, dust should be carefully excluded. +It should be furnished with nothing apt to collect and retain dust; +a carpet is therefore not only a useless article, but very improper. +A bare floor is to be prefered; but if you must cover it use matting. +There is no place about your establishment where greater +care should be taken to have order and cleanliness; for it +will prevent many failures often attributed to other causes. +"A place for every thing, and every thing in its place," should be +an absolute maxim with all artists. Do not oblige the ladies, +on going away from your rooms, to say--"That H. is a slovenly man; +see how my dress is ruined by sitting down in a chair that looked +as if it had just come out of a porter house kitchen and had not +been cleaned for six months." + +In choosing your operating room, obtain one with a north-western aspect, +if possible; and either with, or capable of having attached, +a large skylight. Good pictures may be taken without the sky-light, +but not the most pleasing or effective. + +A very important point to be observed, is to keep the camera perfectly +free from dust. The operator should be careful to see that the slightest +particle be removed, for the act of inserting the plate-holder will set +it in motion, if left, and cause those little black spots on the plate, +by which an otherwise good picture is spoiled. The camera should be +so placed as to prevent the sun shining into the lenses. + +In taking portraits, the conformation of the sitter should be minutely +studied to enable you to place her or him in a position the most +graceful and easy to be obtained. The eyes should be fixed on some +object a little above the camera, and to one side--but never into, +or on the instrument, as some direct; the latter generally gives +a fixed, silly, staring, scowling or painful expression to the face. +Care should also be taken, that the hands and feet, in whatever position, +are not too forward or back ward from the face when that is in good focus + +If any large surface of white is present, such as the shirt front, +or lady's handkerchief, a piece of dark cloth (a temporary bosom +of nankeen is best,) may be put over it, but quickly withdrawn +when the process is about two thirds finished. + +A very pleasing effect is given to portraits, by introducing, +behind the sitter, an engraving or other picture--if a painting, +avoid those in which warm and glowing tints predominate. +The subject of these pictures may be applicable to the taste +or occupation of the person whose portrait you are taking. +This adds much to the interest of the picture, which is otherwise +frequently dull, cold and inanimate. + +Mr. J. H. Whitehurst of Richmond, Va., has introduced a revolving +background, which is set in motion during the operation, and produces +a distinctness and boldness in the image not otherwise to be obtained. +The effect upon the background of the plate is equally pleasing; +it having the appearance of a beautifully clouded sky. + +In practising Photographic drawing on paper, the student +must bear in mind that it is positively essential, to secure +success in the various processes, to use the utmost precaution +in spreading the solutions, and washes from the combination +of which the sensitive surfaces result. The same brush should +always be used for the same solution, and never used for any other, +and always washed in clean water after having been employed. +Any metalic mounting on the brushes should be avoided, +as the metal precipitates the silver from its solution. +The brushes should be made of camels or badger's hair and sufficiently +broad and large to cover the paper in two or three sweeps; +for if small ones be employed, many strokes must be given, +which leave corresponding streaks that will become visible +when submitted to light, and spoil the picture. + +These few preliminary hints and suggestions, will, I trust, +be of some service to all who adopt this pleasing art as a profession; +and will, with a due attention to the directions given in the practical +working of the Daguerreotype, Calotype, etc., ensure a corresponding +measure of success. + + + +CHAP. V. + +DAGUERREOTYPE APPARATUS. + + +The entire Daguerreotype process is comprised in seven +distinct operations; viz: + +1.--Cleaning and polishing the plate. + +2.--Applying the sensitive coating. + +3--Submitting the plate to the action of light in the camera. + +4.--Bringing out the picture; in other words rendering it visible. + +5.--Fixing the image, or making it perminent--so that the light +may no longer act upon it. + +6.--Gilding: or covering the picture with a thin film of gold-- +which not only protects it, but greatly improves its distinctness +and tone of color. + +7.--Coloring the picture. + +For these various operations the following articles-- +which make up the entire apparatus of a Daguerrean artist-- +must be procured + +1.--THE CAMERA.--(Fig. 5.). The Camera Obscura of the Italian +philosophers, although highly appreciated, on account of the magical +character of the pictures it produced, remained little other +than a scientific toy, until the discovery of M. Daguerre. +The value of this instrument is now great, and the interest of +the process which it so essentially aids, universally admitted. +A full description of it will therefore be interesting. + [hipho_5.gif] + +The camera is a dark box (a), having a tube with lenses (b) placed +in one end of it, through which the radiations from external +objects pass, and form a diminished picture upon the ground glass +(g) placed at the proper distance in the box to receive it; +the cap c covering the lenses at b until the plate is ready +to receive the image of the object to be copied. + +Thus a (fig. 6.) representing the lens, and b the object desired to +be represented, the rays (c, c) proceeding from it fall upon the lens, +and are transmitted to a point, which varies with the curvature of +the glass, where an inverted image (d) of b is very accurately formed. +At this point, termed the focus, the sensitive photographic material +is placed for the purpose of obtaining the required picture. + +The great disideratum in a photographic camera is perfect lenses. +They should be achromatic, and the utmost + [hipho_6.gif] +transparency should be obtained; and under the closest +inspection of the glass not the slightest wavy appearance, +or dark spot should be detected; and a curvature which as much +as possible prevents spherical aberration should be secured. +The effect produced by this last defect is a convergence +of perpendiculars, as for instance; two towers of any building, +would be represented as leaning towards each other; and in a +portrait the features would seem contracted, distorted and +mingled together, so as to throw the picture out of drawing +and make it look more like a caricature than a likeness. +If the lens be not achromatic, a chromatic aberration takes place, +which produces an indistinct, hazy appearance around the edges +of the picture, arising from the blending of the rays. + +The diameter and focal length of a lens must depend in a great measure +on the distance of the object, and also on the superficies of the plate +or paper to be covered. For portraits one of 1 1/2 inches diameter, +and from 4 1/2 to 5 1/2 inches focus may be used; but for distant views, +one from 2 inches to 3 inches diameter, and from 8 to 12 inches focal +length will answer much better. For single lenses, the aperture +in front should be placed at a distance from it, corresponding to +the diameter, and of a size not more than one third of the same. +A variety of movable diaphrams or caps, to cover the aperture in front, +are very useful, as the intensity of the light may be modified by them +and more or less distinctness and clearness of delineation obtained. +These caps alway come with Voitlander instruments and should be secured +by the purchaser. + +Though the single acromatic lens answers very well for copying engravings; +taking views from nature or art, for portraits the double should always +be used. The extensive manufacture of the most approved cameras, +both in Europe and in this country, obviates all necessity for any one +attempting to construct one for their own use. Lenses are now made so +perfect by some artisans that, what is called the "quick working camera" +will take a picture in one second, while the ordinary cameras require +from eight to sixty. + +The camera in most general use is that manufactured by Voitlander and Son +of Germany. Their small size consists of two seperate acromatic lenses; +the first, or external one, has a free aperture of 1 1/2 inches; the second, +or internal, 1 5/8 inches; and both have the same focus, viz: 5 3/4 inches. +The larger size differs from the smaller. The inner lens is an achromatic +3 1/4 inches diameter, its focal length being 30 inches. The outer lens +is a meniscus--that is bounded by a concave and convex spherical surface +which meet--having a focal length of 18 inches. For every distant view, +the aperture in front is contracted by a diaphram to 1/8 of an inch. +By this means the light is reflected with considerable intensity and +the clearness and correctness of the pictures are truly surprising. + +THE AMERICA instruments are constructed on the same principle +and many of them are equally perfect. Mr. Edward Anthony +of 205 Broadway, New York city, has constructed, and sold +cameras fully equal to the German and for which Voitlander +instruments have been refused in exchange by the purchaser. + +The ordinary camera box (see fig. 5, a) varies in size +to suit the tube, and is termed medium, half, or whole. +Within the box is a slide to assist in regulating the focus, +and in enlarging or diminishing the picture. In one end of this +slide is a springed groove into which the ground-glass spectrum +(g fig. 5) is slid, for the purpose of more conveniently arranging +the focus. After the plate is prepared it is placed in the holder-- +partly seen at e, fig. 5, and covered with the dark slide f, fig. 5; +the spectrum is then withdrawn and the holder takes its place, +and the lids d, d, are closed after removing the dark slide f. +The plate is now ready to receive the image, and the cap c +may be removed to admit the light into the box. + +A camera constructed by Voitlander is thus described by Mr. Fisher. +"It is made entirely of brass, so that variations of climate has +no effect upon it. It is very portable and when packed in its box, +with all the necessary apparatus and materials for practising +the Daguerreotype art, occupies but very little space. +It is not, however, well adapted for the Calotype process." + +"The brass foot A (fig. 7.), is placed on a table, or other firm support, +and the pillar B. screwed into it; the body of the camera, C, C is laid +into the double forked bearing D. D. The instrument is now properly +adjusted by means of the set screws, e, e, e, in the brass foot, +or it may be raised, lowered, or moved, by the telescope stand, +and when correct, fixed by the screw b. The landscape to be delineated +is viewed either through the + [hipho_7.gif] +small lens, g, or with the naked eye on the ground glass plate H, +the focus being adjusted by the screw I. The optical part of the instrument +consist of the small set of achromatic lenses already described. +When the portrait or view is deleniated on the ground glass +to the entire satisfaction of the operator, the brass cap L is +placed over the lens, and the entire body is removed away into +the dark, taking care not to disturb the position of the stand. +The body is now detached at the part H, and the prepared paper +or plate enclosed in the brass frame work introduced in its place; +the whole is again placed upon the pedestal, the brass cap L is removed, +by which the paper or plate is exposed to the full influence +of the light, after which the cap is again replaced. + +Mr. Woodbridge, of this city, has constructed an instrument for taking full +length portraits on plates 10 by 13 inches, which is worthy of some notice. +It is a double camera, consisting of two boxes, placed in a frame, +one above the other, and so arranged as to slide easily up and down. +After the focus has been adjusted, on the object, in both cameras, +the plate is put into the upper box, in the manner already described, +until the superior portion of the figure is complete; it is then +placed in the second box and the lower extremities obtained. +The adjustment of the instrument is so complete that + [hipho_8.gif] +a perfect union of the parts is effected in the picture without the least +possible line of demarkation being visible. Fig. 8 gives a front view +of this instrument. + +Fig. 9 represents Talbot's Calotype Camera,--a very beautiful instrument. + +The copying camera box has an extra slide in the back end, +by which it may be considerably lengthened at pleasure. + +II.--CAMERA STAND.--The best constructed stands are made +of maple or blackwallnut wood, having a cast iron socket +(a, fig. 12,) through which the sliding rod b passes, and into +which the legs c, c, with iron screw ferules are inserted. +The platform d is made of two pieces, hinged together, +as at e, and having a thumb screw for the purpose of elevating +or depressing the instrument. + [hipho_9.gif] + +III. MERCURY BATH.--Fig. 13 gives a front view of the mercury bath +now in general use in this country for mercurializing and bringing +out the picture. It is quite an improvement on those first used. +To make it more portable it is in three pieces, a b and c; +having a groove e on one side to receive the thermometre tube and scale +by which the proper degree of heating the mercury is ascertained. +Into the top are nicely fitted two or three iron frames, with shoulders, +for the plate to rest in, suitable for the different sizes of plates. +The bath is heated by means of a spirit lamp placed under it. +From two to four ounces of highly purified mercury are put into +the bath at a time. + +IV. PLATE BLOCKS AND VICES.--There are several kinds of this article in use; +I shall describe the two best only. + +Fig. 10 gives an idea of the improvement on the English hand block. +The top a is perfectly flat + [hipho_10.gif] +and smooth--a little smaller than the plate, so as to permit the latter +to project a very little all around--having at opposite angles c c +two clasps, one fixed the other moveable, but capable of being fastened +by the thumb screw d, so as to secure the plate tightly upon the block. +This block turns upon a swivle, b, which is attached to the table +by the screw c, This block is only used for holding the plate while +undergoing the first operation in cleaning. + [hipho_11.gif] + +Fig. 11, shows the form of Lewis' newly patented plate vice, +which for durability, simplicity and utility is preferable to all others. +It consists of a simple platform and arm of cast iron, the former, +a, having a groove, d, in the centre for fixing the different sizes +of plate beds, e--and the latter supporting the leaves, e f. +On this vice which is secured to a table, or bench, the plate +receives its finishing polish with rouge, or prepared lampblack. +Mr. Lewis gives the following directions for its use. "As the cam +wears tighten it with the adjusting screw (g) so as to allow the lever +(f) to fall back into a horizontal position; the plate being in its +place at the time. Oil the wearing parts occasionally." + +Some Daguerreotypists, however, use a foot lathe with buff wheels +of various forms; but this vice is sufficient for all ordinary purposes. + +V. COATING BOXES.--The usual form for iodine and + [hipho_12.gif] + [hipho_13.gif] +bromine boxes is see, at figs. 14 and 15. They are far +superior to those in use with the English operators. +Each consists of a wooden box (a,) having firmly embeded within it +a stout glass jar (c), the edges of which are ground. +Over this is placed the sliding cover b, double the length +of the box, one half occupied by a piece of ground glass +(e), tightly pressed upon the glass pot by a spring (i) beneath +the cross bar g, and fits the pot so accurately that it +effectually prevents the escape of the vapor of the iodine, +bromine or other accelerating liquid contained therein. +The other half of the lid is cut through, shoulders being +left at the four angles for the different sizes of frames, +designed to recieve the plate while undergoing the coating process. +When the plate is put into the frame, the cover b is shoved +under the second lid h and when coated to the proper degree, +it resumes its former position and the plate is placed in the holder +of the camera box. To test the tightness of the box, light a piece +of paper, put it into the pot and cover it with the sliding lid. +The burning paper expels the air from the pot, and if it +be perfectly tight you may raise the whole box by the lid. + +VI. GLASS FUNNELS.--Are a necessary article to the Daguerreotypist, +for filtering water, solutions, &c. + [hipho_14.gif] + +VII. GILDING STAND.--For nervous persons the gilding stand is +a useful article. It is adjusted to a perfect level by thumb +screws placed in its base. + +VIII. SPIRIT LAMPS.--The most useful and economical of those +made are the Britania, as they are less liable to break; +and the tube for the wick being fastened to the body by a screw +renders it less liable to get out of order or explode. +Glass is the cheapest, and for an amateur will do very well, +but for a professed artist the Britania should always be obtained. + +IX. COLOR BOX.--These are generally found on sale at the shops, +and usually contain eight colors, four brushes and a gold cup. +The artist would, however, do well to obtain, all the colors mentioned +in the last chapter of this work, and be sure to get the very best, +as there are various qualities of the same color, particularly carmine, +which is very expensive, and the cupidity of some may induce them +to sell a poor article for the sake of larger profits. + [hipho_15.gif] + +STILL.--Daguerreotypists should always use distilled water for solutions, +and washing the plate, as common water holds various substances in solution +which detract very materially from the excellence of a photograph, +and often gives much trouble, quite unaccountable to many. +For the purpose of distilling water the apparatus represented at Fig. 16 +is both convenient and economical. + +It may be either wholly of good stout tin, or of sheet iron tinned +on the inside, and may be used over a common fire, or on a stove. +A is the body, which may be made to hold from one to four gallons of water, +which is introduced at the opening b, which is then stopped by a cork. +The tube d connects the neck a of the still with the worm tub, +or refrigerator B, at e, which is kept filled with cold water by means +of the funnel c, and drawn off as fast as it becomes warm by the cock f. +The distilled water is condensed in the worm--and passes off at the cock b, +under which a bottle, or other vessel, should be placed to receive it. +The different joints are rendered tight by lute, or in its absence, +some stiff paste spread upon a piece of linen and wrapped around them +will answer very well; an addition of sealing wax over all will make +them doubly secure. + [hipho_16.gif] + +HYGROMETER.--This is an instrument never to be found, I believe, +in the rooms of our operators, although it would be of much use to them, +for ascertaining the quantity of moisture floating about the room; +and as it is necessary to have the atmosphere as dry as possible to prevent +an undue absorption of this watery vapor by the iodine &c., and to +procure good pictures,--its detection becomes a matter of importance. +Mason's hygrometer, manufactured by Mr. Roach and sold by Mr. Anthony, +205 Broadway, New York is the best in use. + +It consists of two thermometre tubes placed, side by side, +on a metalic scale, which is graduated equally to both tubes. +The bulb of one of these tubes communicates, by means of a +net-work of cotton, with a glass reservoir of water attached +to the back of the scale. Fig. 17 and 18 represent a front +and back view of this instrument. + +Fig. 17 is the front view, showing the tubes with their respective scales; +the bulb b being covered with the network of cotton communicating with +the reservoir c fig. 18, at d. + [hipho_17.gif] + [hipho_18.gif] +The evaporation of the water from this bulb decreases the temperature +of the mercury in the tube b in proportion to the dryness of the atmosphere, +and the number of degrees the tube b indicates below that of the other, +shows the real state of the atmosphere in the room; for instance, +if b stands at forty and a at sixty-one the room is in a state +of extreme dryness, the difference of twenty-one degrees between +the thermometers--let a stand at any one point--gives this result. +If they do not differ, or there is only four or five degrees variation, +the atmosphere of the room is very moist and means should be taken +to expel the superfluous quantity. + +HEAD RESTS.--The button head rest with chair back clip, A fig. +19--is much the best for travelling artists, as it can be taken apart, +into several pieces and closely packed; is easily and firmly +fixed to the back of a chair by the clamp and screw a and b, +and is readily adjusted to the head, as the buttons c, c and arms d, +d are movable. + +Sometimes the button rest is fixed to a pole, which is screwed to the chair; +but this method is not so secure and solid as the clip and occupies more room +in packing. Both the pole and clip, are furnished in some cases with brass +band rests instead of the button; but the only recommendation these can +possibly possess in the eyes of any artist, is their cheapness. + [hipho_19.gif] + +For a Daguerreotypist permanently located the independent iron head-rest, +B fig. 19, is the most preferable, principally on account of its solidity. +It is entirely of iron, is supported by a tripod a) of the same metal and can +be elevated by means of a rod (b) passing through the body of the tripod, +to a height sufficient for a person, standing, to rest against. + +GALVANIC BATTERY.--This article is used for the purpose of giving +to imperfectly coated plates a thicker covering of silver. +The form of battery now most universally employed for electrotype, +and other galvanic purposes, is Smee's--Fig. 20. It consists + [hipho_20.gif] +of a piece of platinized silver, A, on the top of which is +fixed a beam of wood, B, to prevent contact with the silver. +A binding screw C is soldered on to the silver plate to connect +it with any desired object, by means of the copper wire, e. +A plate of amalgamated zinc, D, varying with the fancy of the operator +from one half to the entire width of the silver is placed on each side +of the wood. This is set into a glass vessel, P,--the extreme ends +of the wood resting upon its edge--on which the acid with which it +is charged has no effect. The jar is charged with sulphurid acid, +(common oil of vitriol) diluted in eight parts its bulk of water. +The zinc plates of the battery have been amalgamated with quicksilver, +and when the battery is set into the jar of acid there should be no +action percieved upon them when the poles F, G, are not in contact. +Should any action be percieved, it indicates imperfect amalgamation; +this can be easily remedied by pouring a little mercury upon them +immediately after removing them from the acid, taking care to get +none upon the centre plate A. + +Directions for use.--A sheet of silver must be attached +to the wire connected with the centre plate A of the battery, +and placed in the silver solution--prepared as directed below. +The plate to be silvered is first cleaned with diluted sulphuric acid, +and then attached to the wire, G, proceeding from the zinc +plates D, D, and placed in the silver solution, opposite the silver +plate attached to the pole F, and about half an inch from it. +A slight effervescence will now be percieved from the battery, +and the silver will be deposited upon the Daguerreotype plate, +while at the same time a portion of the silver plate is dissolved. + +To prepare the solution of silver.--Dissolve one ounce +of chloride of silver in a solution of two ounces of cyanide +of potassium, previously dissolved in one quart of water. +The oxide of silver may be used instead of the chloride. +This solution is put into a tumbler, or other vessel. + [hipho_21.gif] + [hipho_22.gif] + +This battery with the necessary articles for using it may be obtained +of E. Anthony, 205 Broadway, New York city. + +The other articles required by every operator may be simply enumerated, viz: + +Stickng, or sealing paper. + +A pair of pliers, or forceps. + +Porcelain pans or dishes, for applying the hyposulphite of soda and washing +after the imagine is fixed, something in form like fig. 23. + +A support for holding the plate while being washed, like fig. 24 + [hipho_25.gif] + +BUFF STICKS.--Fig. 25.--These are usually from one to three feet in length, +and about three inches wide--some think two and a half sufficient. +The underside, which is convex, is covered with a strip of finely +prepared buckskin, or velvet, well padded with cotton or tow. + +All the articles enumerated in this chapter may be obtained, +of the very best quality and at the most reasonable rates, +of Mr. E. Anthony, 205, Broadway, New York. + + + +CHAP. VI. + +THE DAGUERREOTYPE PROCESS. + +The process of taking Daguerreotype pictures differs very materially +from all others of the photographic art, inasmuch as the production +of the image is effected upon plates of copper coated with silver. +The silver employed should be as pure as possible; the thickness of the plate +is of little consequence, provided there be sufficient silver to bear +the cleaning and polishing--is free from copper spots, is susceptible +of a high polish, an exquisitely sensitive coating and a pleasing tone. +These qualities are possessed to an eminent degree by the French plates. + +Having already enumerated the various processes--and the apparatus +necessary for the manipulation, I will here give a list of the +chemicals to be used, and then proceed to explain them more fully. +The requisite chemicals are-- + + NITRIC ACID, ROUGE, + DRY IODINE, MERCURY, + DRYING POWDER, HYPOSULPHITE OF SODA, + CYANIDE OF POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE OF GOLD; OR + ROTTENSTONE, HYPOSULPHITE OF GOLD. + TRIPOLI, CHLORIDE OF SILVER. + CHLORIDE OF IODINE, } their compounds, or other + BROMINE } accelerating mixtures. + +FIRST OPERATION.--Cleaning and polishing the plate.-- +For this purpose the operator will require the-- + +Plate Blocks, + +Plate Vice + +Spirit Lamp, + +Polishing Buffs, + +Nitric Acid, diluted in fifteen times its bulk of water + +Galvanic Battery, to galvanize the plate, if it is too imperfect to be +used without, previous cleaning it, as directed in the last chapter. + +Rottenstone, + +Tripoli, which is too often dispensed with. + +Rouge, or lampblack--the first being most preferable. +The English operators mix the two together. + +Prepared cotton Wool, or Canton flannel. If the first is used, +it should be excluded from the dust, as it is not so easily +cleansed as the latter. + +The plate is secured, with its silver side upward, to the block, +by the means described on page 58--having previously turned the edges +backward all around. The amount of cleaning a plate requires, +depends upon the state it is in. We will suppose one in the +worst condition; dirty, scratched, and full of mercury spots, +all of which imperfections are more or less to be encountered. +The mercury spots are to be removed by burning the plate. +To do this hold the plate over the flame of a spirit lamp, +more particularly under the mercury spots, until they, +assume a dull appearance, when the lamp is to be removed, +and the plate allowed to cool, after which it is attached +to the block. + +Place the block upon the swivle, and hold it firmly with the left hand; +take a small knot or pellet of cotton, or, if you like it better, +a small piece of canton flannel--wet it with a little diluted nitric acid; +then sift some finely prepared rottenstone--Davie's,* if you can get it-- +upon it, and rub it over the plate with a continual circular motion, +till all traces of the dirt and scratches are removed; then wipe off +the rottenstone with a clean piece of cotton, adopting, as before, +a slight circular motion, at the same time wiping the edges of the plate. +Even the back should not be neglected, but throughly cleansed from any +dirt or greasy film it may have received from handling. + +* Sold by E. Anthony. + +When this is thoroughly accomplished, mix a portion of your tripoli +with the dilute nitric acid, to the consistence of thick cream. +Then take a pellet of cotton and well polish the plate with this mixture, +in the same manner as with the rottenstone. Continue the process till, +on removing the tripoli with a clean pellet, the plate exhibits +a clear, smooth, bright surface, free from all spots, or scratches. +Any remains of the acid on the plate may be entirely removed By +sifting on it a little Drying powder, and then wiping it carefully +off with a fine camels hair brush, or duster. The finishing polish +is now to be given. + +For this purpose the rouge--or a mixture of rouge and lamp-black, in +the proportion of one part of the former to seven of the latter--is used. +It should be kept either in a muslin bag, or wide mouth bottle, +over which a piece of muslin is tied--in fact, both the rottenstone +and tripoli should be preserved from the dust in the same manner. +With a little of this powder spread over the buff--described on page 53-- +the plate recieves its final polish; the circular motion is changed +for a straight one across the plate, which, if intended for a portrait, +should be buffed the narrow way; but if, for a landscape or view of a house, +the length way of the plate. + +The operation of cleaning the plate at first appears difficult +and tedious, and many have been deterred from attempting this +interesting art on that account; but, in reality, it is more +simple in practice than in description, and with a little +patience and observation, all difficulties are easily overcome. +Great care must be taken to keep the buff free from all +extraneous matter, and perfectly dry, and when not in use it +should be wrapped up in tissue paper, or placed in a tight box. + +The plate should be buffed immediately before the sensitive +coating is given; particles of dust are thus effectually removed; +the temperature of the plate is also increased by the friction, +and the required tint more readily obtained. + +SECOND OPERATION.--Applying the sensative coating.--The apparatus +and chemicals required, are an + +Iodine box--see fig. 14 page 53. + +Bromine box--similar to the iodine box but a trifle deeper. + +Dry Iodine. + +Bromine, or a compound of Bromine and Chloride of Iodine, +or other sensitive mixture. + +Most of our best operators use the compound Bromine and +Chloride of Iodine. In the early days of the Daguerreotype, +Iodine alone was used in preparing the plate, and although +it still plays a very important part, other preparations, +called accelerating liquids, quickstuff, &c., are used, +and the discovery of which has alone ensured the application +of the Daguerreotype successfully to portrait taking--for +when first introduced among us it took from five to ten minutes +to produce a tolerable good view, while now but the fraction +of a minute is required to obtain an accurate likeness. + +To iodize the plate perfectly it must be placed over the iodine vapor +immediately after buffing. Scatter from a sixteenth to the eighth +of an ounce of dry iodine over the bottom of your coating box, +and slightly cover it with cotton wool. The plate is then dropped +into the frame b, fig. 12, with its silvered surface downward, +and thrust under the lid h. The bright surface of the plate +is soon coated with a film of iodine of a fine yellow color; +it is then removed and placed over the accelerating solution. +It is not absolutely necessary to perform this operation +in the dark, although a bright light should be avoided. +Not so the next part of the process, viz; giving the plate its +extreme sensitiveness, or coating with the accelerating liquids. +In this great caution should be used to prevent the slightest +ray of light impringing directly on the plate, and in +examining the color reflected light should always be used. +A convient method of examining the plate, is to make a small hole +in the partition of the closet in which you coat, and cover it +with a piece of tissue paper; by quickly turning the plate so that +the paper is reflected upon it the color is very distinctly shown. +Most of our operators are not so particular in this respect +as they should be. + +ACCELERATING LIQUID.--Of these there are several kinds, which differ +both in composition and action--some acting very quickly, +others giving a finer tone to the picture although they are +not so expeditious in there operations; or in other words, +not so sensitve to the action of light. These are adopted +by Daguerreotypists according to their tastes and predjudices. +They are all applied in the same way as the coating of iodine. +The following are the best. + +Bromine water--This solution is much used in France, and, I shall +therefore give its preparation, and the method of using it, +in the words of M. Figeau. "Put into a bottle of pure water, +a large excess of bromine; shake the mixture well, and before using it, +let all the bromine be taken up. An ascertained quantity of this +saturated water is then diluted in a given quantity of distilled water, +which gives a solution of bromine that is always identical." +M. Figeau recommends one part of the saturated solution to thirty +parts its bulk of water; but M. Lesebour finds it more manageable +if diluted with forty times. In case pure distilled, or rain water +cannot be procured, a few drops of nitric acid--say six to the quart-- +should be added to the common water. + +Put into the bromine box a given quantity of this solution, +sufficient to well cover the bottom; the plate, having been +iodized to a deep yellow, is placed over it; the time +the plate should be exposed must be ascertained by making +a few trials; it averages from twelve to forty seconds. +When once ascertained, it is the same for any number of plates, +as the solution, which of course would become weaker and weaker, +is changed after every operation, the same quantity being +always put into the pot. + +Chloride of Iodine.--This is prepared by introducing chlorine +gass into a glass vessel containing iodine; the iodine +is liquified, and the above named compound is the result. +Operators need not, however, be at the trouble and expense of +preparing it, as it can be obtained prefectly pure of Mr. Anthony, +205 Broadway, N. Y., as also all of the chemicals herein enumerated. +The compound is diluted with distilled water, and the plate submitted +to its action till it is of a rose color. Chloride of iodine alone, +is seldom if ever used now by American operators, as it does not +sufficiently come up to their locomotive principle of progression. +The next is also eschewed by the majority, although many of our +best artists use no other, on account of the very fine tone it +gives to pictures. + +Bromide of Iodine.--This is a compound of bromine and chloride +of iodine. In mixing it, much depends upon the strength of +the ingredients; an equal portion of each being generally used. +Perhaps the best method of preparing it, is to make a solution in +alcohol of half an ounce of chloride of iodine, and add the bromine +drop by drop, until the mixture becomes of a dark red color; +then dilute with distilled water, till it assumes a bright yellow. +Put about half an ounce of this compound into the pot, and coat +over it to a violet color, change the solution when it becomes +too weak to produce the desired effect. + +Another.--Mix half an ounce of bromine with one ounce of chloride +of iodine, add two quarts pure distilled water, shake it well and let +it stand for twelve hours then add twenty-five drops of muriatic acid, +and let it stand another twelve hours, occasionally shaking it up well. +Dilute six parts of this solution in sixteen of water. Coat over dry +iodine to a deep yellow, then over the sensitive to a deep rose color-- +approaching purple--then back, over dry iodine from four to eight seconds. + +Roach's Tripple Compound.--This is one of the very best +sensitive solutions, and is very popular among Daguerreotypists. +To use this, take one part in weight, say one drachm, +of the compound and dilute it with twelve of water; coat over +dry iodine to yellow, then over the compound to a rosy red. +The effect in the camera is quick, and produces a picture +of a fine white tone. + +Gurney's Sensitive.--This is another preparation of bromine, +and gives a fine tone. To two parts of water add one of +the sensitive, and put just sufficient in the box to cover +the bottom, or enable you to coat in from eight to ten seconds. +Coat over dry iodine to a dark yellow, and over the quick +till you see a good change, then back over the dry iodine +from two to three seconds. + +Bromide of Lime, or Dry Sensitive.--This is a compound but +recently introduced, and is becoming somewhat of it favorite, +owing principally to the slight trouble it gives in its preparation, +and the tone it imparts to the picture. To prepare it, +fill your jar about half or quarter full of dry slacked lime, +then drop into it bromine, till it becomes a bright orange red. +The plate is generally coated over this compound, +after the iodine coating to yellow, to a violet, or plum color; +but it will work well under any circumstances, the color being +of little consequence, if coated from thirty to ninety seconds, +according to its strength. + +Mead's Accelerator.--I merely mention this as being in +the market, not knowing any thing in regard to its merits. +The directions given for its use are as follows: +Mix one-third of a bottle with a wine glass full of water, +coat the plate over dry iodine to a dark gold color, then over +the accelerator to a violet, then back over dry iodine, +or chloride of iodine, from three to five seconds. + +Chloride of Bromine.--M. Bissou, a French experimentalist, has found that +bromine associated with chlorine, prepared in a similar manner to chloride +of iodine, already described, a solution of bromine being substituted +for the iodine, is a very sensitive solution; by means of it daguerreotype +proofs are obtained in half a second, and, thus very fugitive subjects +are represented, making it the very best compound for taking children. +So quick is its operation, that even persons or animals may be taken +in the act of walking. + +Hungarian Liquid.--This, I believe, has never been used here, or imported +into this country, and the composition of it is not generally known, +even in Europe, where it has taken precedence of all others. +It acts quickly and with considerable certainty. It is used +by diluting it with from ten to fifteen times its bulk of water, +putting a sufficient quantity into the jar to cover the bottom. +The plate being previously iodized to a light yellow, is submitted +to this mixture till it assumes a light rose tint. + +Bromine and Fluoric Acid, in combination, are used by some Daguerrean +artists as a sensitive, but any of the above compounds are better; +besides this, the fluoric acid is a dangerous poison, and the quick +made from it will not repay the risk to the health in using it. + +As I have before said, great caution should be observed in examining +the color of the plate, even by the feeble light allowed, +which, when attained, must be immediately placed in the holder +belonging to the camera and covered with the dark slide. +You then pass to the + +THIRD OPERATION.--Submitting the Plate to the action of Light in +the Camera.--Experience alone must guide the operator as to the time +the plate should be exposed to the influence of the light; this being +dependent on a variety of circumstances, as clearness of the atmosphere-- +and here, a reference to the hygrometer will be of advantage-- +time of day, object to be taken, and the degree of sensitiveness +imparted to the plate by the quickstuff. As I have before said, +the artist should be careful to see that the interior of the camera +is clean and free from dust, as the small particles flying about, +or set in motion by the sliding of the holder into the box, +attach themselves to the plate, and cause the little black spots, +by which an otherwise good picture is frequently spoiled. +Care should also be taken in withdrawing the dark slide, in front +of the plate, from the holder, as the same effect may be produced +by a too hasty movement. The lens is the last thing to be uncovered, +by withdrawing the cap c. fig. 5., which should not be done +until you have placed the sitter in the most desirable position. +When, according to the judgment and experience of the operator, +the plate has remained long enough to receive a good inpression, +the cap is replaced over the lens, and the dark slide over the plate, +which is then removed from the camera. + +Daguerreotypists generally mark time by their watches, arriving at the nearest +possible period for producing a good picture by making several trials. +As a ready method of marking short intervals of time is, however, a very +important consideration, and as any instrument which will enable an artist +to arrive at the exact period, must be an improvement, and worthy of +universal adoption, I will here describe one invented by Mr. Constable +of England, which he calls a + +Sand Clock, or Time Keeper.--"It consists of a glass tube, +about twelve inches long, by one in diameter, half filled +with fine sand, similar to that used for the ordinary +minute glasses, and, like them, it has a diaphram, +with a small hole in the centre through which the sand runs. +The tube is attached to a board which revolves on a centre pin; +on the side is a graduated scale, divided into half seconds; +the tube is also provided with a moveable index. +This instrument is attached, in a conspicuous place, to the wall. +The glass tube being revolved on its centre, the index is set +to the number of half seconds required, and the sand running down, +the required time is marked without the possibility of error. +In practice it will be found to be a far more convenient +instrument for the purpose than either a clock or a seconds watch, +and is applicable both for the camera and mercury box." + +If the artist finds it desirable or necessary to take the object to be +copied in its right position, that is reverse the image on the spectrum, +he can do so by attaching a mirror (which may be had of Mr. Anthony, +or Mr. Roach) to the camera tube, at an angle of forty-five degrees. + +If, after taking the plate from the camera, it be examined, +no picture will yet be visible, but this is brought about by the + +FOURTH PROCESS.--Bringing out the Picture, or rendering it Visible.-- +We now come to the use of the mercury bath, Fig. 11. To the bath +a thermometer is attached, to indicate the proper degree of beat required, +which should never be raised above 170 deg. Fahrenheit. The plate maybe +put into one of the frames (see Fig. 11,) over the mercury, face downwards, +and examined from time to time, by simply raising it with the fingers, +or a pair of plyers. This operation, as well as the others, should take +place in the dark closet. + [hipho_26.gif] +Sometimes, to prevent the necessity of raising the plate, +an additional cover or top is made use of. It consists of a +box fitted closely to the inner rim of the bath, and having +an inclined top (a, Fig. 27.) The top is cut through and fitted +with frames for each size of plate, like those already described, +and in the back is a piece of glass (b,) through which to view +the progress of mercurialization, and an additional piece +(c,) on one side, colored yellow, to admit the light. +The outline only of the top is here given, in order to show +every portion of it at one view. + +The picture, being fully developed, is now taken out and examined; +it must not, however, be exposed to too strong a light. +If any glaring defects be perceived, it is better not to proceed with it, +but place it on one side to be re-polished; if, on the contrary, +it appears perfect, you may advance to the + +FIFTH OPERATION.--Fixing the Image so that the light can no longer act +upon it.--The following articles are required for this purpose: + +Two or three porcelain or glass dishes, in form, something like fig. 24. + +A plate support, fig. 25. Few, I believe, now make use of this, +although it is a very convenient article. + +Hyposulphite of Soda, + +A pair of Plyers. + +In Europe, they also use a drying apparatus, Fig. 27, but this, +like the plate support, + [hipho_27.gif] +is a matter of little consequence, and may be dispensed with. +I will, however, describe it, for the benefit of those who may wish +to use it. + +A vessel made of copper or brass, tinned inside, and large enough +to take in the largest plate, but not more than half an inch wide, +is the most convenient. It must be kept perfectly clean. +Hot distilled water is poured into it, and the temperature kept +up by a spirit lamp. + +Hyposulphite of Soda.--Having made a solution of hyposulphite +of soda, and well filtered it--the strength is immaterial; +about half an ounce of the salt to a pint of distilled water +is sufficient--pour it into one of the porcelain dishes, +put into another plain, and into a third distilled water. +Immerse the plate with its face downwards into the hyposulphite, +and the whole of the sensitive is removed, and the light has +no farther action upon it; it is then to be removed from +the hyposulphite and plunged into the plain water, or placed +upon the support, fig. 25, and the water poured over it. +It is then washed in a similar manner with the distilled water +and well examined, to see that not the slightest particle +of dust rests on the suface. The next step is to dry it. + +This may be readily accomplished by holding the plate with your plyers, +and pouring distilled water over it--if it is hot, so much the better. +Apply the spirit lamp to the back, at the corner held by the plyers, +at the same time facilitating the operation with the breath; +pass the lamp gradually downwards, finishing at the extreme corner. +The last drop may now be removed by a little bibulous paper. +A single drop, even, of distilled water allowed to dry on any +part of the surface, is certain to leave a stain which no after +process can remove. + +To illustrate the necessity for having perfectly clean water, and free from +all foreign matter--only to be avoided by using that which is distilled-- +in these processes, I will relate a little anecdote. + +An operator in this city (New York) frequently made complaint to me, +that his plates were occasionally very bad; coming out all over in +little black and white spots and spoiling many very good pictures, +regretting at the same time that perfect plates were not made, +for he had lost many customers in consequence of these defects. +These complaints being somewhat periodical, I suggested that the fault +might be in the hyposulphite, or chloride of gold solutions, +or particles of dust floating about in the room, and not in the plate. + +A few days after he stated, that his plates having served him again +in the same way, he procured a fresh supply of hyposulphite of soda +and chloride of gold, but after applying them the result was no better. +He then, by my advice, thoroughly cleaned his wash dishes, +bottles and water pail, made fresh solutions and had no further trouble, +becoming satisfied that the plates suffered an undue share of censure. + +SIXTH PROCESS.--Gilding the Picture.--This is an improvement +the honor of which is due to M. Figeau, and may take place either +before the drying process, or at any subsequent period; but it +improves the picture so materially that it should never be neglected. +The articles necessary for gilding are-- + +A Pair of Plyars; or a Gilding Stand (see fig. 19) and Chloride of Gold; +or Hyposulphite of Gold. + +The latter is imported by Mr. E. Anthony, 205 Broadway, +New York, and is decidedly the best article for the purpose. +One bottle simply dissolved in a quart of water will make +a very strong solution, and gives a richness to the picture +impossible to be obtained from the chloride of gold. +The process is precisely similar to that described below +for chloride of gold, taking care to cease the moment +the bubbles are well defined over the surface of the plate. +Many Daguerreotypists, after a superficial trial, discard the +hyposulphite of gold as inferior; but I have no hesitation +in asserting that the fault lies with themselves; for in every +case within my knowledge, where its use has been persisted +in until the correct method has been ascertained and the nature +of the gilding has become familiar, it is always preferred. +In illustration of this fact I will relate an anecdote: + +A gentleman to whom it had been recommended, purchased a bottle, +and after making one or two trials of it, wrote to his +correspondent--"Send me two bottles of chloride of gold, +for I want no more of the hyposulphite; it is good for nothing." +A few weeks after he sent for three bottles of the condemned article, +confessing that be had found fault unnecessarily; for, that since he had +become familiar to its use, he must acknowledge its superiority, +and would use no other gilding. + +The Solution of Chloride of Gold is prepared by dissolving in a pint +of distilled water, fifteen grains of chrystalized chloride of gold. +This solution will be of a yellow tint. In another pint of distilled +water dissolve fifty-five grains of hyposulphite of soda; pour gradually, +in very small quantities, the gold into the hyposulphite of soda, +stirring the solution at intervals; when finished the mixture should +be nearly colorless. + +Place the plate on its stand, or hold it in the plyers, in a perfectly +horrizontal position--silver surface upward--having previously +slightly turned up the edges, so that it may hold the solution. +Wet the surface with alcohol, letting any superfluous quantity drain off. +The alcohol is of no farther use than to facilitate the flowing +of the gold mixture over the surface. Now pour on, carefully, +as much of the preparation of gold as will remain on the plate. +The under part of the plate is then to be heated as uniformly +as possible with the spirit lamp; small bubbles will arrise, +and the appearance of the portrait or view very sensibly improved. +The process must not be carried too far, but as soon as the bubbles +disappear the lamp should be removed, and the plate immersed +in distilled water, and dried as before directed. + +7th. COLORING THE PICTURE.--I very much doubt the propriety of coloring +the daguerreotypes, as I am of opinion, that they are little, if any, +improved by the operation, at least as it is now generally practised. + +There are several things requisite in an artist to enable him to color +a head, or even a landscape effectively, and correctly, and I must say +that very few of these are possessed by our operators as a class. +These requirements are, a talent for drawing--taste--due discrimination +of effect--strict observance of the characteristic points in the features +of the subject--quick perception of the beautiful, and a knowledge +of the art of mixing colors, and blending tints. + +The method now pursued, I do not hesitate to say, and have no fears +of being contradicted by those capable of critisizing is on the whole +ruinous to any daguerreotype, and to a perfect one absolutely disgusting. +The day may come when accurate coloring may be obtained in the camera. +Until that day, if we cannot lead taste into the right channel, we will +endeavor to give such instructions that Daguerreotypists may proceed with this +part of his work with a better understanding of the principles involved. +For this purpose I have prepared a short chapter on the art of coloring, +which may be found in the latter part of this volume. + +To Preserve Daguerreotypes they must be well sealed and secured +in a case, or frame. These, of course, are selected according to +the taste of the customer, the principal requisite being good glass. +Most Daguerreotypists prefer the white French plate glass--and +many think, very erroneously, that none is good unless it is thick-- +but the great desideratum is clearness and freedom from blisters; +even glass a little tinged with green or yellow is to be +preferred to the French plate when cloudy or blistered and there +is very little of it comes to this market that is not so. +It is to be hoped that some of our glass factories will manage +to manufacture an article expressly for daguerreotypes; +and I would recommend them to do so, for they would find it quite +an item of profit annually. + +Before enclosing the picture in the case you should be careful +to wipe the glass perfectly clean, and blow from the picture +any particles of dust which may have fallen upon it. +Then take strips of sticking paper, about half or three quarters +of an inch wide, and firmly and neatly secure it to the glass, +having first placed a "mat" between them to prevent the plate +being scratched by the glass. + +TO MAKE SEALING PAPER.--Dissolve one ounce of gum arabic, +and a quarter of an ounce of gum tragicanth in a pint of water; +then add a teaspoonful of benzoin. Spread this evenly on one +side of good stout tissue paper; let it dry, and then cut it up +in stripes, about half or three quarters of an inch wide, for use. +If it becomes too soft for summer use, add gum arabic; +if too hard and cracking, add benzoin or gum tragicanth; +if it gets too thick, add water. + +COLORED DAGUERREOTYPES ON COPPER.--To effect this, take a polished plate +of copper and expose it to the vapor of iodine, or bromine, or the two +substances combined; or either of them in combination with chlorine. +This gives a sensitive coating to the surface of the plate, +which may then be submitted to the action of light in the camera. +After remaining a sufficient time in the camera, the plate is +taken out and exposed to the vapor of sulphuretted hydrogen. +This vapor produces various colors on the plate, according to +the intensity with which the light has acted on the different parts; +consequently a colored photographic picture is obtained. +No further process is necessary as exposure to light does not +effect the picture. + +By this process we have an advantage over the silvered plate, +both in economy, and in the production of the picture in colors. + +INSTANTANTANEOUS PICTURES BY MEANS OF GALVANISM.--It will be seen by +the following valuable communication that galvanism can be successfully +applied in producing pictures instantly; a process of great importance +in securing the likeness of a child, or in taking views of animated nature. +Colonel Whitney informs me that he once took a view of the steeple of +the St. Louis Court House after sundown by this means) and also secured +the image of a man in the act of stepping into a store, and before he had +time to place his foot, raised for that purpose, on the door step. +Mr. Whitney is well known as the talented editor of the Sunday Morning news. + + + New York, January 16, 1849. + Mr. H. H. SNELLING. + +Dear Sir,--As you are about publishing a history of the Daguerreotype, +and request a description of my mode of taking pictures instantaneously +by the aid of galvanism, I comply with great pleasure. + +In the year 1841, while practicing the art in St. Louis, Mo., I +was at times, during the summer, much troubled with the electric +influence of the atmosphere, especially on the approach of a +thunder-storm. At such times I found the coating of my plates +much more sensitive than when the atmosphere was comparatively +free from the electric fluid, and the effect was so irregular +that no calculation could counteract the difficulty. +This satisfied me that electricity was in some measure +an important agent in the chemical process, and it occurred +to me that the element might be turned to advantage. +I determined, therefore, to enter on a series of experiments to test +my theory. Finding it impossible to obtain an electric machine, +and unwilling to abandon the examination, it occurred to me, +that the galvanic influence might answer the same purpose. +I therefore proceeded to make a galvanic battery in the following +simple manner. I obtained a piece of zinc about two +inches long, one inch wide, and an eighth of an inch thick. +On this I soldered a narrow strip of copper, about six inches long, +the soldered end laid on one side of the zinc, and extending +its whole length. The battery was completed by placing the zinc +in a glass tumbler, two-thirds full of dilute sulphuric acid, +strong enough to produce a free action of the metals. +The upper end of the copper slip extending above the tumbler +was sharpened to a point, and bent a little over the glass. + +The method of using, was thus:--After preparing the plate in the usual +manner and placing it in the camera, in such manner as to expose +the back of the plate to view, the battery was prepared by placing +the zinc in the acid, and as soon as the galvanic fluid began +to traverse (as could be known by the effervessence of the acid, +operating on the zinc and copper) the cap of the camera was removed, +and the plate exposed to the sitter; at the same instant the point +of the battery was brought quickly against the back of the plate, +and the cap replaced instantly. If the plate is exposed more than an +instant after the contact the picture will generally be found solarized. +By this process I have taken pictures of persons in the act of walking, +and in taking the pictures of infants and young children I found +it very useful. + Very respectfully yours, + THOMAS R. WHITNEY. + + + +CHAP. VII + +PAPER DAGUERREOTYPES.--ETCHING DAGUERREOTYPES. + + +Mr. Hunt describes a process, discovered by himself +by which the Daguerrean art may be applied to paper. +His description is as follows:-- + +"Placing the paper on some hard body, wash it over on one side-- +by means of a very soft camel's hair pencil--with a solution +of sixty grains of bromide of potassium, in two fluid ounces +of distilled water, and then dry it quickly by the fire. +Being dry, it is again washed over with the same solution, +and dried as before. A solution of nitrate of silver-- +one hundred grains to an ounce of distilled water--is to be applied +over the same surface, and the paper quickly dried in the dark. +In this state the papers may be kept for use. + +"When they are required, the above solution of silver +is to be plentifully applied, and the paper placed wet in +the camera, the greatest care being taken that no day light-- +not even the faintest gleam--falls upon it until the moment +when you are prepared, by removing the dark slide, to permit +the light, radiating from the object you wish to copy, to act +in producing the picture. After a few seconds the light must +be again shut off, and the camera removed into a dark room." +The necessity of removing the camera is now avoided by the use +of the dark slide, already described, covering the picture +in the holder, which alone may be removed.--Amer. Aut. + +"It will be found by taking the paper from the holder, that there +is but a very faint outline--if any--yet visible. Place it aside, +in perfect darkness until quite dry; then place it in the mercurial +vapor box (meaning bath) and apply a very gentle heat to the bottom. +The moment the mercury vaporizes, the picture will begin to develope itself. +The spirit lamp must now be removed for a short time, and when the action +of the mercury appears to cease, it is to be very carefully applied again, +until a well defined picture is visible. The vaporization must +then be suddenly stopped, and the photograph removed from the box. +The drawing will then be very beautiful and distinct; but much detail +is still clouded, for the developement of which it is only necessary +to place it in the dark and suffer it to remain undisturbed for +some hours. There is now an inexpressible charm about the pictures, +equaling the delicate beauty of the daguerreotype; but being very +susceptible of change, it must be viewed by the light of a taper only. +The nitrate of silver must now be removed from the paper, by well washing +it in soft water, to which a small quantity of salt has been added, +and it should afterwards be soaked in water only. When the picture has +been dried, wash it quickly over with a soft brush dipped in a warm +solution of hyposulphite of soda, and then wash it for some time +in distilled water, in order that all the hyposulphite may be removed. +The drawing is now fixed and we may use it to procure positive copies, +(the original being termed a negative,) many of which may be taken +from one original." + +"The action of light on this preparation, does indeed appear +to be instantaneous. The exquisite delicacy of this preparation +may be imagined, when I state that in five seconds in the camera, +I have, during sunshine, obtained perfect pictures, and that when +the sky is overcast, one minute is quite sufficient to produce +a most decided effect." + +"This very beautiful process is not without its difficulties; +and the author cannot promise that, even with the closest attention +to the above directions, annoying failures will not occur. +It often happens that some accidental circumstance--generally a +projecting film or a little dust--will occasion the mercurial vapor +to act with great energy on one part of the paper, and blacken it +before the other portions are at all effected. Again, the mercury +will sometimes accumulate along the lines made by the brush, +and give a streaky appearance to the picture, although these lines +are not at all evident before the mercurial vapor was applied. +(A brush sufficiently large--and they may be easily obtained-- +will, in a measure, prevent this difficulty.--Amer Au.) +I have stated that the paper should be placed wet in the camera; +the same paper may be used dry, which often is a great convenience. +When in the dry state a little longer exposure is required; +and instead of taking a picture in four or five seconds, +two or three minutes are necessary." + +The durability of daguerreotypes has been, and is still, +doubted by many, but experiment has proved that they are more +permanent than oil paintings or engravings. + +ETCHING DAGUERREOTYPES.--There are several methods of accomplishing +this object; discovered and applied by different individuals. + +The first process was published at Vienna by Dr. Berres, and consisted +in covering the plate with the mucilage of gum arabic, and then immersing +the plate in nitric acid of different strengths. + +Mr. Figeau, of whom I have already spoken, likewise discovered a process +for the engraving of Daguerreotypes; and founded on the belief that the lights +of a Daguerreotype plate consists of unaltered silver, while the dark +or shadows consists of mercury or an amalgam of mercury with silver. +He finds that a compound acid, consisting of a mixture of nitric, nitrous, +and muriatic acids, or of nitric mixed with nitrate of potass and common salt, +has the property of attaching the silver in presence of the mercury without +acting upon the latter. Bi-chloride of copper answers the purpose also, +but less completely. + +"When the clean surface of a Daguerreotype plate is exposed to +the action of this menstruum, particularly if warm, the white parts, +or lights are not altered, but the dark parts are attacked, +and chloride of silver is formed, of which an insoluable coating +is soon deposited, and the action of the acid soon ceases. +This coat of chloride of silver is removed by a solution of ammonia, +and then the acid applied again, and so on, until the depth +of biting in is sufficient. However, it is not possible, +by repeating this process, to get a sufficient force of impression; +a second operation is required, in order to obtain such a depth as will +hold the ink, to give a dark impression; for this purpose the whole +plate is covered with drying oil; this is cleared off with the hand, +exactly in the way a copper plate printer cleans his plate. +The oil is thus left in the sinkings, or dark bitten in parts only. +The whole plate is now placed in a suitable apparatus, and the lights +or prominent parts of the face are gilt by the electrotype process. +The whole surface is now touched with what the French engravers call +the "Resin Grain," (grain de resine), a species of partial stopping out, +and it is at once bitten in to a sufficient depth with nitric acid, +the gilding preserving the lights from all action of the acid. +The resin grain gives a surface to the corroded parts suitable +for holding the ink, and the plate is now finished and fit to give +impressions resembling aquatint. But as silver is so soft a metal +that the surface of the plate might be expected to wear rapidly, +the discoverer proposes to shield it by depositing over its whole +surface a very thin coat of copper by the electrotype process; +which when worn may be removed at pleasure down to the surface of +the noble metal beneath, and again a fresh coat of copper deposited; +and so an unlimited number of impressions obtained without injuring +the plate itself." + +If, as has been asserted, steel may be rendered sufficiently sensitive, +to take photographic impressions, to what a revolution will the art +of engraving be subject by the discovery of this process. + + + +CHAP. VIII. + +PHOTOGENIC DRAWING ON PAPER. + + +We shall now proceed to describe the various processes for +Photogenic drawing on paper; first, however, impressing on +the mind of the experimenter, the necessity which exists +for extreme care in every stage of the manipulation. +In this portion of my work I am entirely indebted to the works +of Professors Hunt, Fisher and others. + +I. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS.--Paper.--The principal difficulty +to be contended with in using paper, is the different power +of imbibition which we often find possessed in the same sheet, +owing to trifling inequalities in its texture. This is, to a +certain extent, to be overcome by a careful examination of each sheet, +by the light of a candle or lamp at night, or in the dark. +By extending each sheet between the light and the eye, +and slowly moving it up and down, and from left to right, +the variations in its texture will be seen by the different +quantities of light which pass through it in different parts; +and it is always the safest course to reject every sheet in which +inequalities exist. Paper sometimes contains minute portions +of thread, black or brown specks, and other imperfections, +all of which materially interfere with the process. Some paper +has an artificial substance given to it by sulphate of lime +(Plaster of Paris); this defect only exists, however, in the +cheaper sorts of demy, and therefore can be easily avoided. +In all cases such paper should be rejected, as no really +sensitive material can be obtained with it. Paper-makers, as +is well known, often affix their name to one half the sheet; +this moiety should also be placed aside, as the letters +must frequently come out with annoying distinctness. +Well sized paper is by no means objectionable, indeed, is rather +to be preferred, since the size tends to exalt the sensitive +powers of the silver. The principal thing to be avoided, +is the absorption of the sensitive solution into the pores; +and it must be evident that this desideratum cannot be obtained +by unsized paper. Taking all things into consideration, +the paper known as satin post would appear to be preferable, +although the precautions already recommended should be taken +in its selection. + +Brushes.--The necessary solutions are to be laid upon the paper by brushes. +Some persons pass the paper over the surface of the solutions, +thus licking up, as it were, a portion of the fluid; but this method +is apt to give an uneven surface; it also rapidly spoils the solutions. +At all events, the brush is the most ready and the most effectual means. + +Distilled Water.--All the water used, both for mixing the solutions, +washing the paper, or cleaning the brushes, must be distilled, +to obtain good results, for reasons before specified. + +Blotting Paper.--In many instances, the prepared paper requires to be +lightly dried with bibulous paper. The best description is the white sort. +In each stage of the preparation distinct portions of bibulous paper must +be used. If these be kept seperate and marked, they can be again employed +for the same stage; but it would not do, for example, to dry the finished +picture in the same folds in which the sensitive paper had been pressed. +A very convenient method is to have two or three quarto size books +of bibulous paper, one for each seperate process. + +Nitrate of Silver.--In the practice of the photographic art, +much depends on the nitrate of silver. Care should be taken +to procure the best; the crystalized salt is most suitable +for the purpose. While in the form of crystal it is not injured +by exposure to light, but the bottles containing the solutions +of this salt should at all times be kept wrapped in dark paper, +and excluded from daylight. + +II. DIFFERENT METHODS OF PREPARING THE PAPER.--Preparation of the Paper.-- +Dip the paper to be prepared into a weak solution of common salt. +The solution should not be saturated, but six or eight times diluted +with water. When perfectly moistened, wipe it dry with a towel, +or press it between bibulous paper, by which operation the salt +is uniformly dispersed through its substance. Then brush over it, +on one side only, a solution of nitrate of silver. The strength of this +solution must vary according to the color and sensitiveness required. +Mr. Talbot recommends about fifty grains of the salt to an ounce +of distilled water. Some advise twenty grains only, while others say +eighty grains to the ounce. When dried in a dark room, the paper +is fit for use. To render this paper still more sensitive, it must +again be washed with salt and water, and afterwards with the same +solution of nitrate of silver, drying it between times. This paper, +if carefully made, is very useful for all ordinary photographic purposes. +For example, nothing can be more perfect than the images it gives +of leaves and flowers, especially with a summer's sun; the light, +passing through the leaves, delineates every ramification of their fibres. +In conducting this operation, however, it will be found that the results +are sometimes more and sometimes less satisfactory, in consequence +of small and accidental variations in the proportions employed. +It happens sometimes that the chloride of silver formed on the surface of +the paper is disposed to blacken of itself, without any exposure to light. +This shows that the attempt to give it sensibility has been carried too far. +The object is, to approach as nearly to this condition as possible +without reaching it; so that the preparation may be in a state ready +to yield to the slightest extraneous force, such as the feeblest +effect of light. + +Cooper's Method.--Soak the paper in a boiling hot solution of +chlorate of potash (the strength matters not) for a few minutes; +then take it out, dry it, and wet it with a brush, on one side only, +dipped in a solution of nitrate of silver, sixty grains to an ounce +of distilled water, or, if not required to be so sensitive, +thirty grains to the ounce will do. This paper possesses a great +advantage over any other, for the image can be fixed by mere washing. +It is, however, very apt to become discolored even in the washing, +or shortly afterwards, and is, besides, not so sensitive, nor does +it become so dark as that made according to Mr. Talbot's method. + +Daguerre's Method.--Immerse the paper in hydrochloric (or as it +is more commonly called, muriatic) ether, which has been kept +sufficiently long to become acid; the paper is then carefully and +completely dried, as this is essential to its proper preparation. +It is then dipped into a solution of nitrate of silver, +and dried without artificial heat in a room from which every ray +of light is carefully excluded. By this process it acquires +a very remarkable facility in being blackened on a very slight +exposure to light, even when the latter is by no means intense. +The paper, however, rapidly loses its extreme sensitiveness to light, +and finally becomes no more impressionable by the solar beams +than common nitrate paper. + +Bromide Paper.--Of all common photographic paper, the best, +because the least troublesome in making, and the most satisfactory +in result, is that which is termed bromine paper, and which is thus +prepared:--Dissolve one hundred grains of bromide of potassium +in one ounce of distilled water, and soak the paper in this solution. +Take off the superfluous moisture, by means of your bibulous paper, +and when nearly dry, brush it over on one side only, with a solution +of one hundred grains of nitrate of silver to an ounce of distilled water. +The paper should then be dried in a dark room, and, if required to be +very sensitive, should a second time be brushed over with the nitrate +of silver solution. + +In preparing the papers mentioned above, there are two circumstances +which require particular attention. In the first place, +it is necessary to mark the paper on the side spread with the +solutions of nitrate of silver, near one of the extreme corners. +This answers two purposes: in the first place it serves to inform +the experimemtalist of the sensitive surface; and secondly, +it will be a guide as to which portion of the papers has been +handled during the application of the solution, as the impress +of the fingers will probably come out upon the photograph. +The second caution is, that the application of the sensitive solution +(nitrate of silver,) and the subsequent drying of the paper, +must be always conducted in a perfectly dark room, the light +of a candle alone being used. + +III. PHOTOGENIC PROCESS ON PAPER.--Method.--The simplest +mode is to procure a flat board and a square of glass, +larger in size than the object intended to be copied. +On the board place the photographic paper + [hipho_29.gif] +with the prepared side upwards, and upon it the object to be copied; +over both lay the glass and secure them so that they are +in close connection by means of binding screws or clamps, +similar to g. g. fig. 29. Should the object to be copied +be of unequal thickness, such as a leaf, grass, &c., it will +be necessary to place on the board, first, a soft cushion, +which may be made of a piece of fine flannel and cotton wool. +By this means the object is brought into closer +contact with the paper, which is of great consequence, +and adds materially to the clearness of the copy. +The paper is now exposed to diffused daylight, or, still better, +to the direct rays of the sun, when that part of the paper not +covered by the object will become tinged with a violet color, +and if the paper be well prepared, it will in a short time pass +to a deep brown or bronze color. It must then be removed, +as no advantage will be obtained by keeping it longer exposed; +on the contrary, the delicate parts yet uncolored will become +in some degree affected. The photogenic paper will now show +a more or less white and distinct representation of the object. +The apparatus figured at 29 consists of a wooden frame similar +to a picture frame; a piece of plate glass is fixed in front; +and it is provided with a sliding cover of wood, c., which is removed +when the paper is ready to be exposed to the action of the light. +The back, d., which is furnished with a cushion, as just described, +is made to remove for the purpose of introducing the object +to be copied, and upon it the prepared paper; the back +is then replaced, and, by aid of the cross piece and screw, +e., the whole is brought into close contact with the glass. + +The objects best delineated on these photographic papers, +are lace, feathers, dried plants, particularly the ferns, +sea-weeds and the light grasses, impressions of copper plate and +wood engravings, particularly if they have considerable contrast +of light and shade--(these should be placed with the face downwards, +having been previously prepared as hereafter directed)-- +paintings on glass, etchings, &c. + +To fix the Drawings.--Mr. Talbot recommends that the drawings +should be dipped in salt and water, and in many instances this +method will succeed, but at times it is equally unsuccessful. +Iodide of potassium, or, as it is frequently called, +hydriodate of potash, dissolved in water, and very much diluted, +(twenty-five grains to one ounce of water,) is a more useful +preparation to wash the drawings with; it must be used +very weak or it will not dissolve the unchanged muriate only, +as is intended but the black oxide also, and the drawing +be thereby spoiled. + +But the most certain material to be used is the hyposulphite of soda. +One ounce of this salt should be dissolved in about a pint +of distilled water. Having previously washed the drawing +in a little lukewarm water, which of itself removes a large +portion of the muriate of silver which is to be got rid of, +it should be dipped once or twice in the hyposulphite solution. +By this operation the muriate which lies upon the lighter parts +will become so altered in its nature as to be unchanged by light, +while the rest remains dark as before. + +It will be evident from the nature of the process, that the lights +and shadows of an object are reversed. That which is originally +opaque will intercept the light, and consequently those parts +of the photogenic paper will be least influenced by light, +while any part of the object which is transparent, by admitting +the light through it, will suffer the effect to be greater +or less in exact proportion to its degree of transparency. +The object wholly intercepting the light will show a white impression; +in selecting, for example, a butterfly for an object, the insect, +being more or less transparent, leaves a proportionate gradation +of light and shade, the most opaque parts showing the whitest. +It may be said, therefore, that this is not natural, and in order +to obtain a true picture--or, as it is termed, a positive picture-- +we must place our first acquired photograph upon a second piece +of photogenic paper. Before we do this, however, we must render +our photograph transparent, otherwise the opacity of the paper +will mar our efforts. + +To accomplish this object, the back of the paper containing the negative, +or first acquired photograph, should be covered with white or virgin wax. +This may be done by scraping the wax upon the paper, and then, after placing +it between two other pieces of paper, passing a heated iron over it. +The picture, being thus rendered transparent, should now be applied to a +second piece of photogenic paper, and exposed, in the manner before directed, +either to diffused day-light or to the direct rays of the sun. +The light will now penetrate the white parts, and the second photograph +be the reverse of the first, or a true picture of the original. + +Instead of wax, boiled linseed oil--it must be the best and most +transparent kind--may be used. The back of the negative photograph should +be smeared with the oil, and then placed between sheets of bibulous paper. +When dry the paper is highly transparent. + +IV. APPLICATION OF PHOTOGENIC DRAWING.--This method of photogenic drawing +may be applied to useful purposes, such as the copying of paintings +on glass by the light thrown through them on the prepared paper-- +Imitations of etchings, which may be accomplished by covering +a piece of glass with a thick coat of white oil paint; when dry, +with the point of a needle, lines or scratches are to be made +through the white lead ground, so as to lay the glass bare; +then place the glass upon a piece of prepared paper, and expose it +to the light. Of course every line will be represented beneath +of a black color, and thus an imitation etching will be produced. +It is also applicable to the delineation of microscopic objects, +architecture, seulpture, landscapes and external nature. + +A novel application of this art has been recently suggested, +which would doubtless prove useful in very many instances. +By rendering the wood used for engravings sensitive to light, +impressions may be at once made thereon, without the aid +of the artist's pencil. The preparation of the wood is +simply as follows:--Place its face or smooth side downwards, +in a plate containing twenty grains of common salt dissolved +in an ounce of water; here let it remain for five minutes, +take it out and dry it; then place it again face downwards +in another plate containing sixty grains of nitrate of +silver to an ounce of water; here let it rest one minute, +when taken out and dried in the dark it will be fit for use, +and will become, on exposure to the light, of a fine brown color. +Should it be required more sensitive, it must be immersed +in each solution a second time, for a few seconds only. +It will now be very soon effected by a very diffused light. + +This process may be useful to carvers and wood engravers not +only to those who cut the fine objects of artistical design, +but still more to those who cut patterns and blocks for lace, +muslin, calico-printing, paper hangings, etc., as by this means +the errors, expense and time of the draughtsman may be wholly saved, +and in a minute or two the most elaborate picture or design, +or the most complicated machinery, be delineated with the utmost +truth and clearness. + + + +CHAP. IX. + +CALOTYPE AND CHRYSOTYPE. + + +The materials and apparatus necessary for the Calotype process are-- + +Two or Three Shallow Dishes, for holding distilled water, iodide, potassium, +&c.--the same water never being used for two different operations. + +White Bibulous Paper. + +Photogenic Camera--Fig. 9. + +Pressure Frame--Fig 29. + +Paper, of the very best quality--directions for the choice +of which have been already given. + +A Screen of Yellow Glass. + +Camels' or Badgers' hair Brushes:--A seperate one being kept +for each wash and solution, and which should be thoroughly +cleansed immediately after using in distilled water. +That used for the gallo-nitrate is soon destroyed, owing to +the rapid decomposition of that preparation. + +A Graduated Measure. + +Three or Four Flat Boards, to which the paper may be fixed +with drawing pins. + +A Hot Water Drying Apparatus, for drying the paper will also be found useful. + +In preparing the Calotype paper, it is necessary to be extremely careful, +not only to prevent the daylight from impringing upon it, but also +to exclude, if possible, the strong glare of the candle or lamp. +This may be effected by using a shade of yellow glass or gauze, +which must be placed around the light. Light passing through such +a medium will scarcely affect the sensitive compounds, the yellow +glass intercepting the chemical rays. + +Preparation of the Iodized Paper.--Dissolve one hundred grains +of crystalized nitrate of silver in six ounces of distilled water, +and having fixed the paper to one of the boards, brush it +over with a soft brush on one side only with this solution, +a mark being placed on that side whereby it may be known. +When nearly dry dip it into a solution of iodide of potassium, +containing five hundred grains of that salt dissolved in a pint of water. +When perfectly saturated with this solution, it should be washed +in distilled water, drained and allowed to dry. This is the first part +of the process, and the paper so prepared is called iodized paper. +It should be kept in a port-folio or drawer until required: +with this care it may be preserved for any length of time without +spoiling or undergoing any change. + +Mr. Cundell finds a stronger solution of nitrate of silver preferable, +and employs thirty grains to the ounce of distilled water: +he also adds fifty grains of common salt to the iodide of potassium, +which he applies to the marked side of the paper only. +This is the first process. + +Preparation of the paper for the Camera.--The second process consists +in applying to the above a solution which has been named by Mr. Talbot +the "Gallo-Nitrate of Silver;" it is prepared in the following manner: +Dissolve one hundred grains of crystalized nitrate of silver in two +ounces of distilled water, to which is added two and two-third drachms +of strong acetic acid. This solution should be kept in a bottle +carefully excluded from the light. Now, make a solution of gallic +acid in cold distilled water: the quantity dissolved is very small. +When it is required to take a picture, the two liquids above described +should be mixed together in equal quantities; but as it speedily +undergoe decomposition, and will not keep good for many minutes, only just +sufficient for the time should be prepared, and that used without delay. +It is also well not to make much of the gallic acid solution, +as it will not keep for more than a few days without spoiling. +A sheet of the iodized paper should be washed over with a brush with this +mixed solution, care being taken that it be applied to the marked side. +This operation must be performed by candle light. Let the paper +rest half a minute, then dip it into one of the dishes of water, +passing it beneath the surface several times; it is now allowed to drain, +and dried by placing its marked side upwards, on the drying apparatus. +It is better not to touch the surface with bibulous paper. +It is now highly sensitive, and ready to receive the impression. +In practice it is found better and more economical not to mix the nitrate +of silver and gallic acid, but only to brush the paper with the solution +of the nitrate. + +Mr. Talbot has recently proposed some modifications in his method of +preparing the calotype paper. The paper is first iodized in the usual way; +it is then washed over with a saturated solution of gallic acid in distilled +water and dried. Thus prepared he calls it the io-gallic paper: +it will remain good for a considerable time if kept in a press or portfolio. +When required for use, it is washed with a solution of nitrate of silver +(fifty grains to the ounce of distilled water), and it is then fit +for the camera. + +Exposure in the Camera.--The calotype paper thus prepared +possesses a very high degree of sensibility when exposed +to light, and we are thus provided with a medium by which, +with the aid of the photogenic camera, we may effectually copy +views from nature, figures, buildings, and even take portraits +from the shadows thrown on the paper by the living face. +The paper may be used somewhat damp. The best plan for fixing +it in the camera is to place it between a piece of plate +glass and some other material with a flat surface, as a piece +of smooth slate or an iron plate, which latter, if made warm, +renders the paper more sensitive, and consequently the picture +is obtained more rapidly. + +Time of Exposure.--With regard to the time which should be +allowed for the paper to remain in the camera, no direct rules +can be laid down; this will depend altogether upon the nature +of the object to be copied, and the light which prevails. +All that can be said is, that the time necessary for forming +a good picture varies from thirty seconds to five minutes, +and it will be naturally the first object of the operator +to gain by experience this important knowledge. + +Bringing Out the Picture.--The paper when taken from the camera, +which should be done so as to exclude every ray of light--and here +the dark slide of the camera plate holder becomes of great use-- +bears no resemblance to the picture which in reality is formed. +The impression is latent and invisible, and its existence would +not be suspected by any one not acquainted with the process by +previous experiment. The method of bringing out the image is very simple. +It consists in washing the paper with the gallo-nitrate of silver, +prepared in the way already described, and then warming it gently, +being careful at the same time not to let any portion become +perfectly dry. In a few seconds the part of the paper upon +which the light has acted will begin to darken, and finally grow +entirely black, while the other parts retain their original color. +Even a weak impression may be brought out by again washing +the paper in the gallo-nitrate, and once more gently warming it. +When the paper is quite black, as is generally the case, it is a +highly curious and beautiful phenomenon to witness the commencement +of the picture, first tracing out the stronger outlines, and then +gradually filling up all the numerous and complicated details. +The artist should watch the picture as it developes itself, and when in his +judgment it has attained the greatest degree of strength and clearness, +he shall stop further proceedings by washing it with the fixing liquid. +Here again the mixed solution need not be used, but the picture +simply brushed over with the gallic acid. + +The Fixing Process.--In order to fix the picture thus obtained, +first dip it into water; then partly dry it with bibulous paper, +and wash it with a solution of bromide of potassium--containing one hundred +grains of that salt dissolved in eight or ten ounces of distilled water. +The picture is again washed with distilled water, and then finally dried. +Instead of bromide of potassium, a solution of hyposulphite of soda, +as before directed, may be used with equal advantage. + +The original calotype picture, like the photographic one described +in the last chapter, is negative, that is to say, it has its lights +and shades reversed, giving the whole an appearance not conformable +to nature. But it is easy from this picture to obtain another +which shall be conformable to nature; viz., in which the lights +shall be represented by lights, and the shades by shades. +It is only necessary to take a sheet of photographic paper (the bromide +paper is the best), and place it in contact with a calotype picture +previously rendered transparent by wax or oil as before directed. +Fix it in the frame, Fig. 29, expose it in the sunshine for a short time, +and an image or copy will be formed on the photogenic paper. +The calotype paper itself may be used to take the second, or positive, +picture, but this Mr. Talbot does not recommend, for although it +takes a much longer time to take a copy on the photogenic paper, +yet the tints of such copy are generally more harmonious and agreeable. +After a calotype picture has furnished a number of copies it +sometimes grows faint, and the subsequent copies are inferior. +This may be prevented by means of a process which revives the strength +of the calotype pictures. In order to do this, it is only +nesessary to wash them by candlelight with gallo-nitrate of silver, +and then warm them. This causes all the shades of the picture +to darken considerably, while the white parts are unaffected. +After this the picture is of course to be fixed a second time. +It will then yield a second series of copies, and, in this way, +a great number may frequently be made. + +The calotype pictures when prepared as we have stated, possess a +yellowish tint, which impedes the process of taking copies from them. +In order to remedy this defect, Mr. Talbot has devised the +following method. The calotype picture is plunged into a solution +consisting of hyposulphite of soda dissolved in about ten times +its weight of water, and heated nearly to the boiling point. +The picture should remain in about ten minutes; it must then +be removed, washed and dried. By this process the picture +is rendered more transparent, and its lights become whiter. +It is also rendered exceedingly permanent. After this process +the picture may be waxed, and thus its transparency increased. +This process is applicable to all photographic papers prepared +with solutions of silver. + +Having thus fully, and it is hoped clearly, considered the process, +it may be necessary before dismissing the calotype from notice, +to add one or two remarks from the observations and labors +of some who have experimented in this art. Dr. Ryan in his +lectures before the Royal Polytechnic Institution, has observed, +that in the iodizing process the sensitiveness of the paper +is materially injured by keeping it too long in the solution +of iodide of potassium, owing to the newly formed iodide +of silver being so exceedingly solvable in excess of iodide +of potassium as in a few minutes to be completely removed. +The paper should he dipped in the solution and instantly removed. +There is another point, too, in the preparation of the iodized +paper in which suggestions for a slight deviation from +Mr. Talbot's plan have been made. In the first instance, +it is recommended that the paper be brushed over with the iodide +of potassium, instead of the nitrate of silver, transposing, +in fact, the application of the first two solutions. +The paper, having been brushed over with the iodide of potassium +in solution, is washed in distilled water and dried. +It is then brushed over with nitrate of silver, and after +drying is dipped for, a moment in a fresh solution of iodide +of potassium of only one-fourth the strength of the first, +that is to say, one hundred and twenty-five grains of the salt +to a pint of water. After this it is again washed and dried. +The advantage derived from this method, is a more sensitive paper, +and a more even distribution of the compounds over the surface. + +Another deviation from Mr. Talbot's method has been suggested, as follows: + +Brush the paper over with a solution of one hundred grains +of nitrate of silver to an ounce of water. When nearly, +but not quite, dry, dip it into a solution of twenty-five +grains of iodide of potassium to one ounce of distilled water, +drain it, wash it in distilled water and again drain it. +Now brush it over with aceto-nitrate of silver, made by dissolving +fifty grains of nitrate of silver in one ounce of distilled water, +to which is added one sixth of its volume of strong acetic acid. +Dry it with bibulous paper, and it is ready for receiving the image. +When the impression has been received, which will require from one +to five minutes according to the state of the weather, it must be +washed with a saturated solution of gallic acid to which a few drops +of the aceto-nitrate of silver, made as above, have been added. +The image will thus be gradually brought out, and may be fixed with +hyposulphite of soda. To obtain the positive picture, paper must +be used brushed over with an ammonio-nitrate of silver, made thus: +forty grains of nitrate of silver is to be dissolved in one ounce +of distilled water, and liquid ammonia cautiously added till it +re-dissolves the precipitate. + +A pleasing effect may be given to calotype, or indeed +to all photographic pictures, by waxing them at the back, +and mounting them on white paper, or if colored paper be used, +various beautiful tones of color are produced. + +POSITIVE CALOTYPE. + +At a meeting of the British Association, Professor Grove +described a process by which positive calotype pictures could +be directly obtained; and thus the necessity to transfer +by which the imperfections of the paper are shown, and which +is moreover a troublesome and tedious process, is avoided. +As light favors most chemical actions, Mr. Grove was led +to believe that a paper darkened by the sun (which darkening +is supposed to result from the precipitation of silver) +might be bleached by using a solvent which would not attack +the silver in the dark, but would do so in the light. +The plan found to be the most successful is as follows: +ordinary calotype paper is darkened till it assumes a deep +brown color, almost amounting to black; it is then redipped +into the ordinary solution of iodide of potassium, and dried. +When required for use it is drawn over dilute nitric acid-- +one part acid to two and a half parts water. In this state, +those parts exposed to the light are rapidly bleached, +while the parts not exposed remain unchanged. It is fixed +by washing in water, and subsequently in hyposulphite of soda, +or bromide of potassium. + +Mr. Grove also describes a process for converting a negative +calotype into a positive one, which promises, when carried out, +to be of great utility. + +Let an ordinary calotype image or portrait be taken in the camera, +and developed by gallic acid; then drawn over iodide of potassium +and dilute nitric acid and exposed to full sunshine; while bleaching +the dark parts, the light is redarkening the newly precipitated iodide +in the lighter portions and thus the negative picture is converted +into a positive one. + +The calotype process has been applied to the art of printing, +in England, but it possesses no advantages whatever over +the method, with type, now so gloriously brought to perfection; +and I can hardly think it will ever be made of any utility. +For the benefit of the curious, however, I will give +Mr. Talbot's method. + +Some pages of letter-press are taken printed on one side only; and waxed, +to render them more transparent; the letters are then cut out and sorted. +To compose a new page lines are ruled on a sheet of white paper, and the +words are formed by fixing the seperate letters in their proper order. +The page being ready, a negative photograph is produced from it, from which +the requisite number of positive photogenic copies may be obtained. + +Another method, which requires the use of the camera, +consists in employing large letters painted on rectangular +pieces of wood, colored white. These are arranged in lines on +a tablet or board, by slipping them into grooves which keep them +steady and upright, thus forming a page on an enlarged scale. +It is now placed before a camera, and a reduced image of it +of the required size is thrown upon the sensitive paper. +The adjustments must be kept invariable, so that the consecutive +pages may not vary from one another in the size of the type. +Mr. Talbot has patented his process, but what benefit he expects +to derive from it, I am at a loss to determine. + +Enlarged copies of calotype or Daguerreotype portraits may be +obtained by throwing magnified images of them, by means of lenses, +upon calotype paper. + +THE CHRYSOTYPE. + +A modification of Mr. Talbot's process, to which the name of Chrysotype +was given by its discoverer, Sir John Herschel, was communicated +in June 1843 to the Royal Society, by that distinguished philosopher. +This modification would appear to unite the simplicity of +photography with all the distintness and clearness of calotype. +This preparation is as follows. + +The paper is to be washed in a solution of ammonio-citrate of iron; +it must then be dried, and subsequently brushed over with a solution of +the ferro-sesquicyanuret of potassium. This paper, when dried in a perfectly +dark room, is ready for use in the same manner as if otherwise prepared, +the image being subsequently brought out by any neutral solution of gold. +Such was the first declaration of his discovery, but he has since found that +a neutral solution of silver is equally useful in bringing out the picture. +Photographic pictures taken on this paper are distinguished by a clearness +of outline foreign to all other methods. + + + +CHAP. X. + +CYANOTYPE--ENERGIATYPE--CHROMATYPE--ANTHOTYPE--AMPHITYPE +AND "CRAYON DAGUERREOTYPE." + + +The several processes enumerated at the head of this chapter, +are all discoveries of English philosophers, with the exception +of the third and last named. Anthotype was first attempted +by M. Ponton a French savan, although it was reserved +to Mr. Hunt to bring the process to its present state. +The "Crayon Daguerreotype" is an improvement made by J. A Whipple, +Esq., of Boston + +I. CYANOTYPE; + +So called from the circumstance of cyanogen in its combinations +with iron performing a leading part in the process. +It was discovered by Sir John Herschel. The process is a simple one, +and the resulting pictures are blue. + +Brush the paper over with a solution of the ammonio-citrate of iron. +This solution should be sufficiently strong to resemble sherry wine in color. +Expose the paper in the usual way, and pass over it very sparingly +and evenly a wash of the common yellow ferro-cyanate of potass. +As soon as the liquid is applied, the negative picture vanishes, +and is replaced by a positive one, of a violet blue color, on a greenish +yellow ground, which at a certain time possesses a high degree of sharpness, +and singular beauty of tint. + +A curious process was discovered by Sir John Herschel, +by which dormant pictures are produced capable of developement +by the breath, or by keeping in a moist atmosphere. +It is as follows. + +If nitrate of silver, specific gravity 1.200 be added to +ferro-tartaric acid, specific gravity 1.023, a precipitate falls, +which is in a great measure redissolved by a gentle heat, +leaving a black sediment, which, being cleared by subsidence, +a liquid of a pale yellow color is obtained, in which +the further addition of the nitrate causes no turbidness. +When the total quantity of the nitrated solution added amounts +to about half the bulk of the ferro-tartaric acid, it is enough. +The liquid so prepared does not alter if kept in the dark. +Spread on paper, and exposed wet to the sunshine (partly shaded) +for a few seconds, no impression seems to be made, but by degrees, +although withdrawn from the action of light, it developes +itself spontaneously, and at length becomes very intense. +But if the paper be thoroughly dried in the dark, +(in which state it is of a very pale greenish yellow color,) +it possesses the singular property of receiving a dormant or +invisible picture, to produce which from thirty to sixty seconds' +exposure to sunshine is requisite. It should not be exposed too long, +as not only is the ultimate effect less striking, but a picture +begins to be visibly produced, which darkens spontaneously after +it is withdrawn. But if the exposure be discontinued before +this effect comes on, an invisible impression is the result, +to develope which all that is necessary is to breathe upon it, +when it immediately appears, and very speedily acquires +an extraordinary intensity and sharpness, as if by magic. +Instead of the breath, it may be subject to the regular action +of aqueous vapor, by laying it in a blotting paper book, +of which some of the outer leaves on both sides have been dampened, +or by holding over warm water. + +II. ENERGIATYPE. + +Under this title a process has been brought forward by Mr. Hunt. +It consists of the application of a solution of succinic acid +to paper, which is subsequently washed over with nitrate of silver. +The image is then to be taken either in the camera or otherwise, +as required, and is brought out by the application of the sulphate of iron +in solution. Although this process has not come into general use, +its exact description may be interesting to the general reader, +and we therefore subjoin it. + +The solution with which the paper is first washed is to be prepared +as follows: succinic acid, two drachms; common salt, five grains; +mucilage of gum arabic, half a fluid drachm; distilled water, +one fluid drachm and a half. When the paper is nearly dry, +it is to be brushed over with a solution of nitrate of silver, +containing a drachm of the salt, to an ounce of distilled water. +It is now ready for exposure in the camera. To bring out the dormant +picture it is necessary to wash it with a mixture of a drachm +of concentrated solution of the green sulphate of iron and two +drachms and a half of mucilage of gum arabic. + +Subsequently, however, it has been found that the sulphate of iron +produces upon all the salts of silver effects quite as beautiful +as in the succinate. On the iodide, bromide, acetate, and benzoate, +the effects are far more pleasing and striking. When pictures are produced, +or the dormant camera image brought out, by the agency of sulphate +of iron, it is remarkable how rapidly the effect takes place. +Engravings can be thus copied almost instantaneously, and camera views +obtained in one or two minutes on almost any preparation of silver. +The common sulphate of copper solution has the same property. + +III. CHROMATYPE. + +Many efforts have been made to render chromatic acid an active agent +in the production of photographs. M. Ponton used a paper saturated with +bichromate of potash, and this was one of the earliest photogenic processes. +M. Becquerel improved upon this process by sizing the paper with starch +previous to the application of the bichromate of potash solution, +which enabled him to convert the negative picture into a positive one, +by the use of a solution of iodine, which combined with that portion +of the starch on which the light had not acted. But by neither +of these processes could clear and distinct pictures be formed. +Mr. Hunt has, however, discovered a process which is so exceedingly simple, +and the resulting pictures of so pleasing a character, that, although it +is not sufficiently sensitive for use in the camera, it will be found +of the greatest value for copying botanical specimens, engravings, +or the like. + +The paper to be prepared is washed over with a solution of sulphate +of copper--about one drachm to an ounce of water--and partially dried; +it is then washed with a moderately strong solution of bichromate +of potash, and dried at a little distance from the fire. +Paper thus prepared may be kept any length of time, in a portfolio, +and are always ready for use. + +When exposed to the sunshine for a time, varying with +the intensity of the light, from five to fifteen or +twenty minutes, the result is generally a negative picture. +It is now to be washed over with a solution of nitrate of silver, +which immediately produces a very beautiful deep orange picture +upon a light dim colored, or sometimes perfectly white ground. +This picture must be quickly fixed, by being washed in pure water, +and dried. With regard to the strength of the solutions, +it is a remarkable fact, that, if saturated solutions be employed, +a negative picture is first produced, but if the solutions +be three or four times their bulk of water, the first action +of the sun's rays darkens the picture, and then a very bleaching +effect follows, giving an exceedingly faint positive picture, +which is brought out with great delicacy by the silver solution. + +It is necessary that pure water should be used for the fixing, +as the presence of any muriate damages the picture, +and here arises another pleasing variation of the Chromatype. +If the positive picture be placed in a very weak solution +of common salt the image slowly fades out, leaving a faint +negative outline. If it now be removed from the saline solution, +dried, and again exposed to sunshine, a positive picture +of a lilac color will be produced by a few minutes exposure. +Several other of the chromates may be used in this process, +but none is so successful as the chromate of copper. + +IV. ANTHOTYPE. + +The expressed juice, alcholic, or watery infusion of flowers, +or vegetable substances, may be made the media of photogenic action. +This fact was first discovered by Sir John Herschel. +We have already given a few examples of this in the third chapter. + +Certain precautions are necessary in extracting the coloring matter +of flowers. The petals of fresh flowers are carefully selected, +and crushed to a pulp in a marble mortar, either alone or with +the addition of a little alcohol, and the juice expressed +by squeezing the pulp in a clean linen or cotton cloth. +It is then to be spread upon paper with a flat brush, and dried +in the air without artificial heat. If alcohol be not added, +the application on paper must be performed immediately, as the air +(even in a few minutes), irrecoverably changes or destroys their color. +If alcohol be present this change is much retarded, and in some +cases is entirely prevented. + +Most flowers give out their coloring matter to alcohol or water. +Some, however, refuse to do so, and require the addition of alkalies, +others of acid, &c. Alcohol has, however, been found to enfeeble, +and in many cases to discharge altogether these colors; but they are, +in most cases, restored upon drying, when spread over paper. +Papers tinged with vetegable colors must always be kept in the dark, +and perfectly dry. + +The color of a flower is by no means always, or usually, +that which its expressed juice imparts to white paper. +Sir John Herschel attributes these changes to the escape of carbonic +acid in some cases; to a chemical alteration, depending upon +the absorption of oxygen, in others; and again in others, +especially where the expressed juice coagulates on standing, +to a loss of vitality, or disorganization of the molecules. +To secure an eveness of tint on paper, the following manipulation +is recommended:--The paper should be moistened on the back +by sponging and blotting off. It should then be pinned on +a board, the moist side downwards, so that two of its edges +(suppose the right-hand and lower ones) shall project a little +beyond those of the board. The board then being inclined +twenty or thirty degrees to the horizon, the alcoholic tincture +(mixed with a very little water, if the petals themselves be +not very juicy) is to be applied with a brush in strokes from +left to right, taking care not to go over the edges which rest +on the board; but to pass clearly over those that project; +and observing also to carry the tint from below upwards +by quick sweeping strokes, leaving no dry spaces between them, +but keeping up a continuity of wet spaces. When all is wet, +cross them by another set of strokes from above downwards, +so managing the brush as to leave no floating liquid on the paper. +It must then be dried as quickly as possible over a stove, +or in a warm current of air, avoiding, however, such heat +as may injure the tint. + +In addition to the flowers already mentioned in my third chapter, +the following are among those experimented upon and found to give +tolerable good photographic sensitives. I can only enumerate them, +referring the student, for any further information he may desire on +the subject, to Mr. Hunt's work; although what I have said above is +sufficient for all practical purposes; and any one, with the ambition, +can readily experiment upon them, without further research, on any +other flower he may choose. + +Viola Odorata--or sweet sented violet, yields to alcohol a rich blue color, +which it imparts in high perfection to paper + +Senecio Splendens--or double purple groundsel, yields a beautiful +color to paper. + +The leaves of the laurel, common cabbage, and the grasses, +are found sufficiently senstive. + +Common Merrigold yields an invaluable faecula, which appears identical with +that produced by the Wall-flower, and Cochorus japonica mentioned before, +and is very sensitive, but photographs procured upon it cannot be preserved, +the color is so fugitive. + +From an examination of the researches of Sir John Herschel on +the coloring matter of plants, it will be seen that the action +of the sun's rays is to destroy the color, effecting a sort +of chromatic analysis, in which two distinct elements of color +are separated, by destroying the one and leaving the other outstanding. +The action is confined within the visible spectrum, and thus a broad +distinction is exhibited between the action of the sun's rays +on vegetable juices and on argentine compounds, the latter being +most sensibly affected by the invisible rays beyond the violet. + +It may also be observed, that the rays effective in destroying +a given tint, are in a great many cases, those whose union produces +a color complementary to the tint destroyed, or, at least, one belonging +to that class of colors to which such complementary tint may be preferred. +For instance, yellows tending towards orange are destroyed with more +energy by the blue rays; blues by the red, orange and yellow rays; +purples and pinks by yellow and green rays. + +V. AMPHITYPE. + +This process is a discovery of Sir John Herschel and receives its name +from the fact that both negative and positive photographs can be produced +by one process. The positive pictures obtained by it have a perfect +resemblance to impressions of engravings with common printer's ink. +The process, although not yet fully carried out, promises to be +of vast utility. + +Paper proper for producing an amphitype picture may be prepared +either with the ferro-tartrate or the ferro-citrate of the protoxide, +or the peroxide of mercury, or of the protoxide of lead, +by using creams of these salts, or by successive applications +of the nitrates of the respective oxides, singly or in mixture, +to the paper, alternating with solutions of the ammonia-tartrate +or the ammonia-citrate of iron, the latter solution being last applied, +and in more or less excess. I purposely avoid stating proportions, +as I have not yet been able to fix upon any which certainly succeed. +Paper so prepared and dried takes a negative picture, in a time +varying from half an hour to five or six hours, according to +the intensity of the light; and the impression produced varies +in apparent force from a faint and hardly perceptible picture +to one of the highest conceivable fulness and richness both of tint +and detail, the color being in this case a superb velvety brown. +This extreme richness of effect is not produced unless lead +be present, either in the ingredients used, or in the paper itself. +It is not, as I originally supposed, due to the presence of free +tartaric acid. The pictures in this state are not permanent. +They fade in the dark, though with very different degrees +of rapidity, some (especially if free tartaric or citric acid +be present) in a few days, while others remain for weeks unimpaired, +and require whole years for their total obliteration. +But though entirely faded out in appearance, the picture is only +rendered dormant, and may be restored, changing its character +from negative to positive, and its colors from brown to black, +(in the shadows), by the following process:--A bath being prepared +by pouring a small quantity of solution of pernitrate of mercury +into a large quantity of water, and letting the subnitrated +precipitates subside, the picture may be immersed in it, +(carefully and repeatedly clearing off all air bubbles,) +and allowed to remain till the picture (if any where visible,) +is entirely destroyed; or if faded, till it is judged sufficient +from previous experience; a term which is often marked by the +appearance of a feeble positive picture, of a bright yellow hue, +on the pale yellow ground of the paper. A long time (several weeks) +is often required for this, but heat accelerates the action, +and it is often completed in a few hours. In this state the picture +is to be very thoroughly rinsed and soaked in pure warm water, +and then dried. It is then to be well ironed with a smooth iron, +heated so as barely not to injure the paper, placing it, +for greater security against scorching, between clean smooth paper. +If then the process have been successful, a perfectly black positive +picture is at once developed. At first it most commonly happens +that the whole picture is sooty or dingy to such a degree that it +is condemned as spoiled, but on keeping it between the leaves +of a book, especially in a moist atmosphere, by extremely slow +degrees this dinginess disappears, and the picture disengages +itself with continually increasing sharpness and clearness, +and acquires the exact effect of a copper-plate engraving on +a paper more or less tinted with a pale yellow. + +I ought to observe, that the best and most uniform specimens which I +have procured have been on paper previously washed with certain +preparations of uric acid, which is a very remarkable and powerful +photographic element. The intensity of the original negative +picture is no criterion of what may be expected in the positive. +It is from the production by one and the same action of light, +of either a positive or negative picture according to the +subsequent manipulations, that I have designated the process, +thus generally sketched out, by the term Amphitype,--a name suggested +by Mr. Talbot, to whom I communicated this singular result; +and to this process or class of processes (which I cannot +doubt when pursued will lead to some very beautiful results,) +I propose to restrict the name in question, though it applies +even more appropriately to the following exceedingly curious +and remarkable one, in which silver is concerned: + +At the last meeting I announced a mode of producing, by means +of a solution of silver, in conjunction with ferro-tartaric acid, +a dormant picture brought into a forcible negative impression +by the breath or moist air. (See Cyanotype.) The solution +then described, and which had at that time been prepared +some weeks, I may here incidentally remark, has retained its +limpidity and photogenic properties, quite unimpaired during +the whole year since elapsed, and is now as sensitive as ever,-- +a property of no small value. Now, when a picture (for example +an impression from an engraving) is taken on paper washed +with this solution, it shows no sign of a picture on its back, +whether that on its face is developed or not; but if, +while the actinic influence is still fresh upon the face, +(i.e., as soon as it is removed from the light), the back +be exposed for a very few seconds to the sunshine, +and then removed to a gloomy place, a positive picture, +the exact complement of the negative one on the other side, +though wanting of course in sharpness if the paper be thick, +slowly and gradually makes its appearance there, and in half +an hour or an hour acquires a considerable intensity. +I ought to mention that the "ferro-tartaric acid" +in question is prepared by precipitating the ferro-tartrate +of ammonia (ammonia-tartrate of iron) by acetate of lead, +and decomposing the precipitate by dilute sulphuric acid. +When lead is used in the preparation of Amphitype paper, +the parts upon which the light has acted are found to be in +a very high degree rendered water proof.--Sir J. Herschel. + +This process is a new invention of our countryman, J. A. Whipple, +Esq., of Boston, and has been patented by M. A. Root, Esq., of Philadelphia. +It will be seen, however, from the previous pages of my work that Mr. Root +is mistaken in regard to his being the first improvement patented in +this country, althongh it is unquestionably the first by an American. +Of this improvement Mr. Root says: + +VI. "CRAYON DAGUERREOTYPE." + +"The improvement to which you refer is denominated "The +Crayon Daguerreotype." This invention made by Mr. J. A. Whipple, +is the only improvement in Daguerreotyping, I believe, +for which Letters Patent for the United States were ever issued. +The pictures produced by this process--which is of the simplest +description imaginable--have the appearance and effect of very fine +"Crayon Drawings," from which the improvement takes its name. +Some of our most distinguished artists have given it their +unqualified admiration. Among them, our Mezzotinto Engravers, +especially John Sartain, Esq., who, from his rich embellishments +to most of the leading Magazines and Annuals of the country, +as well as from the celebrity of the superb Magazine which bears +his name, is so well known and so well qualified to judge +of its merits. As an auxiliary to the artist, in furnishing +heads to the Magazines, or other works, it is invaluable; +the great object which it accomplishes being to give a finer +effect and more distinct expression to all the features-- +the whole power of the instrument being directed to, and confined +to the head." + +"The late hour at which this subject has been brought to our notice +prevents so full a description as we would otherwise have been +glad to furnish. The New England States have been disposed of; +negotiations for any of the others can be made through M. A. Root, +140 Chestnut street, Philadelphia." + +"A series of beautiful portraits are about being prepared by +the "Crayton Process" for the express purpose of being placed on +the exhibition at the "Art Union," when amateurs, artists, and the +public generally will have an opportunity of witnessing its effect. +We are especially gratified with this striking improvement, +from the advantages which it promises to the Daguerrean art." + +"It is admirably designed to excite a new interest on the subject +through the community, and in this way--and from its tendency to render +the art more generally useful, and to elevate and distinguish it-- +to make it to all a matter of more general importance." + "Yours respectfully, + "M. A. ROOT." + +In our second edition, we hope--with Mr. Root's permission-- +to lay the whole process before the public, although our +artists must bear in mind that Mr. Root's patent secures to him +the exclusive right of its application. + + + +CHAP. XI. + +ON THE PROBABILITY OF PRODUCING COLORED PICTURES BY THE SOLAR RADIATIONS-- +PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVIATIONS--LUNAR PICTURES--DRUMMOND LIGHT. + + +Having before noticed the fact that some advances had been made towards +taking Daguerreotypes in color, by means of solar rays, and expressed +the hope that the day was not far distant when this might be accomplished, +I here subjoin Mr. Hunt's remarks on this subject. + +Mr. Biot, in 1840, speaking of Mr. Fox Talbot's beautiful calotype pictures, +considers as an illusion "the hope to reconcile, not only the intensity +but the tints of the chemical impressions produced by radiations, +with the colors of the object from which these radiations emanated." +It is true that three years have passed away, and we have not yet +produced colored images; yet I am not inclined to consider the hope +as entirely illusive. + +It must be remembered that the color of bodies depends +entirely upon the arrangement of their molecules. +We have numerous very beautiful experiments in proof of this. +The bi-niodide of mercury is a fine scarlet when precipitated. +If this precipitate is heated between plates of glass, +it is converted into crystals of a fine sulphur yellow, +which remain of that color if undisturbed, but which becomes +very speedily scarlet if touched with any pointed instrument. +This very curious optical phenomena has been investigated +by Mr. Talbot and by Mr. Warrington. Perfectly dry sulphate +of copper is white; the slightest moisture turns it blue. +Muriate of cobalt is of a pale pink color; a very slight heat, +by removing a little moisture, changes it to a green. +These are a few instances selected from many which might be given. + +If we receive a prismatic spectrum on some papers, we have +evidence that the molecular or chemical disturbance bears +some relation to the color of each ray, or, in other words, +that colored light so modifies the action of ENERGIA +that the impression it makes is in proportion to the color +of the light it accompanies, and hence there results a molecular +arrangement capable of reflecting colors differently. +Some instances have been given in which the rays impressed +correspond with the colors of the luminous rays in a very remarkable +manner.* One of the most decided cases is that of the paper +prepared with the fluoride of soda and nitrate of silver. +Sir John Herschel was, however, the first to obtain any good +specimens of photographically impressed prismatic colorations. + +* See Mr. Hunt's "Researches on Light." + +It was noticed by Daguerre that a red house gave a reddish +image on his iodized silver plate in the camera obscura; +and Mr. Talbot observed, very early in his researches, +that the red of a colored print was copied of a red color, +on paper spread with the chloride of silver.** + +** In 1842, I had shown me a picture of a house in the Bowery, +which had been repaired a few days previous, and in the wall a red +brick left. This brick was brought out on the Daguerreotype +plate of precisely the same color as the brick itself. +The same artist also exhibited to me, the full length portrait of a +gentleman who were a pair of pantaloons having a blue striped figure. +This blue stripe was fully brought out, of the same color, +in the picture.--AMER. ED. + +"In 1840 I communicated to Sir John Herschel some very curious +results obtained by the use of colored media, which he did me +the honor of publishing in one of his memoirs on the subject +from which I again copy it." + +"A paper prepared with muriate of barytes and nitrate of silver, +allowed to darken whilst wet in the sunshine to a chocolate color, was placed +under a frame containing a red, a yellow, a green, and a blue glass. +After a week's exposure to diffused light, it became red under the red glass, +a dirty yellow under the yellow glass, a dark green under the green, +and a light olive under the blue. + +"The above paper washed with a solution of salt of iodine, +is very sensitive to light, and gives a beautiful picture. +A picture thus taken was placed beneath the above glasses, +and another beneath four flat bottles containing colored fluids. +In a few days, under the red glass and fluid, the picture became +a dark blue, under the yellow a light blue, under the green +it remained unchanged, whilst under the blue it became +a rose red, which in about three weeks changed into green. +Many other experiments of a similar nature have been tried +since that time with like results. + +"In the summer of 1843, when engaged in some experiments on papers prepared +according to the principles of Mr. Talbot's calotype, I had placed in a camera +obscura a paper prepared with the bromide of silver and gallic acid. +The camera embraced a picture of a clear blue sky, stucco-fronted houses, +and a green field. The paper was unavoidably exposed for a longer +period than was intended--about fifteen minutes,--a very beautiful +picture was impressed, which, when held between the eye and the light, +exhibited a curious order of colors. The sky was of a crimson hue, +the houses of a slaty blue, and the green fields of a brick red tint. +Surely these results appear to encourage the hope, that we may eventually +arrive at a process by which external nature may be made to impress its +images on prepared surfaces, in all the beauty of their native coloration." + +PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVIATIONS. + +Before taking leave of the subject of photogenic drawing, +I must mention one or two facts, which may be of essential +service to operators. + +It has been observed by Daguerre, and others, in Europe, and probably +by some of our own artists, that the sun two hours after it has passed +the meridian, is much less effective in the photographic process, +than it is two hours previous to its having reached that point. +This may depend upon an absorptive power of the air, which may reasonably +be supposed to be more charged with vapor two hours before noon. +The fuse of the hygrometer may possibly establish the truth or falsity +of this supposition. The fact, however, of a better result being produced +before noon being established, persons wishing their portraits taken, will see +the advantage of obtaining an early sitting, if they wish good pictures. +On the other hand, if the supposition above mentioned prove true, +a too early sitting must be avoided. + +If we take a considerable thickness of a dense purple fluid, +as, for instance, a solution of the ammonia-sulphate of copper, +we shall find that the quantity of light is considerably diminished, +at least four-fifths of the luminous rays being absorbed, +while the chemical rays permeate it with the greatest facility, +and sensitive preparations are affected by its influence, +notwithstanding the deficiency of light, nearly as powerfully +as if exposed to the undecomposed sunbeams. + +It was first imagined that "under the brilliant sun and clear skies +of the south, photographic pictures would be produced with much +greater quickness than they could be in the atmosphere of Paris. +It is found, however, that a much longer time is required. +Even in the clear and beautiful light of the higher Alps, it has been proved +that the production of the photographic picture requires many minutes more, +even with the most sensitive preparations, than it does in London. +It has also been found that under the brilliant light of Mexico, +twenty minutes, and half an hour, are required to produce effects +which in England would occupy but a minute; and travellers engaged +in copying the antiquities of Yucatan have on several occasions abandoned +the use of the photographic camera, and taken to their sketch books. +Dr. Draper* has observed a similar difference between the chemical +action of light in New York and Virginia. This can be only explained +by the supposition that the intensity of the light and heat of these +climes interferes with the action of the ENERGIC rays on those sensitive +preparations which are employed. + +* I would here take occasion to remark that our country man, Dr. Draper, +is very frequently quoted by Mr, Huut in his "Researches." + +LUNAR PICTURES--DRUMMOND LIGHT. + +The Roman Astronomers state that they have procured +Daguerreotype impressions of the Nebula of the sword of Orion. +Signor Rondini has a secret method of receiving photographic images +on lithographic stone; on such a prepared stone they have succeeded +in impressing an image of the Nebula and its stars; "and from +that stone they have been enabled to take impressions on paper, +unlimited in number, of singular beauty, and of perfect precision." +Experiments have, however, proved that "no heating power exists +in the moon's rays, and that lunar light will not act chemically +upon the iduret of silver." + +It was at one time supposed that terrestrial or artificial light +possessed no chemical rays, but this is incorrect--Mr. Brande +discovered that although the concentrated light of the moon, +or the light even of olefiant gas, however intense, had no effect +on chloride of silver, or on a mixture of chloride and hydrogen, +yet the light emitted by electerized charcoal blackens the salt. +At the Royal Polytechnic Institution pictures have been taken +by means of sensitive paper acted upon by the Drummond Light; +but it must of course be distinctly understood, that they are inferior +to those taken by the light of the sun, or diffused daylight. + +If our operators could manage to produce good pictures in this +way they would put money in their pockets, as many who cannot +find time during the day would resort to their rooms at night. +I throw out the hint in hopes some one will make the experiment. + +I have learned, since the above was written, that an operator in Boston +succeeded a short time since in procuring very good pictures by the aid +of the Drummond Light; but that the intensity of the light falling directly +upon the sitter's face caused great difficulty, and he abandoned it. +This may, probably, be remedied by interposing a screen of very thin +tissue paper tinged slightly of a bluish color. + + + +CHAP. XII. + +ON COLORING DAGUERREOTYPES. + + +Nearly, if not quite all the various colors used in painting may be made +from the five primitive colors, black, white, blue, red and yellow, +but for the Daguerrean artist it would be the best policy to obtain such +as are required by their art already prepared. In a majority of cases, +the following will be found sufficient, viz. + +Carmine. + +Prussian Blue. + +White. + +Chrome Yellow, Gamboge, Yellow Ochre; or all three.* + +*Gamboge is best for drapery; Ochre for the face. + +Light Red. + +Indigo. + +Burnt Sienna. + +Bistre, or Burnt Umber. + +If, in coloring any part of a lady's or gentleman's apparel, +it is found necessary to produce other tints and shades, +the following combinations may be used: + +Orange--Mix yellow with red, making it darker or lighter by using +more or less red. + +Purple--This is made with Prussian blue, or indigo and red. +Carmine and Prussian blue producing the richest color, +which may be deepened in the shadows by a slight addition +of indigo or brown. + +Greens--Prussian blue and gamboge makes a very fine green, which may be varied +to suit the taste of the sitter or operator, by larger portions of either, +or by adding white, burnt sienna, indigo, and red, as the case may require. +These combinations, under different modifications, give almost endless +varieties of green. + +Brown--May be made of different shades of umber, carmine and lamp-black. + +Neutral tint--Is composed of indigo and lamp-black. + +Crimson--Mix carmine and white, deepening the shaded parts of the picture +with additional carmine. + +Flesh Color--The best representative of flesh color is light red, +brightened in the more glowing or warmer parts, with carmine, +softened off in the lighter portions with white, and shaded +with purple and burnt sienna. + +Lead Color--Mix indigo and white in proportions to suit. + +Scarlet--Carmine and light red. + +For Jewelry cups of gold and silver preparations accompany each box +for Daguerreotypists, or may be procured separately. + +The method of laying colors on Daguerreotypes is one of +considerable difficulty, inasmuch as they are used in the form +of perfectly dry impalpable powder. The author of this +little work is now experimenting, in order, if possible, +to discover some more easy, artistic and unexceptionable method. +If successful, the result will be published in a future edition. + +The rules we shall give for coloring Daguerreotypes depends, +and are founded, upon those observed in miniature painting, +and are intended more as hints to Daguerrean artists, in hopes +of leading them to attempt improvements, than as instructions +wholly to be observed. + +The writer is confident that some compound or ingredient may +yet be discovered which, when mixed with the colors, will give +a more delicate, pleasing, and natural appearance to the picture +than is derived from the present mode of laying them on, +which in his estimation is more like plastering than coloring. + +IN COLORING DAGUERREOTYPES, the principal shades of the head +are to be made with bistre, mixed with burnt sienna, +touching some places with a mixture of carmine and indigo. +The flesh tints are produced by the use of light red, +deepened towards the shaded parts with yellow ochre, +blue and carmine mixed with indigo, while the warmer, or more +highly colored parts have a slight excess of carmine or lake. +Color the shades about the mouth and neck with yellow ochre, +blue, and a very little carmine, heightening the color +of the lips with carmine and light red, letting the light red +predominate on the upper, and the carmine on the lower lip; +the shades in the corner of the mouth being touched slightly +with burnt sienna, mixed with carmine. + +In coloring the eyes, the artist will of course be guided by nature, +observing a very delicate touch in laying on the colors, so as to +preserve as much transparency as possible. A slight touch of blue-- +ultramarine would be best if it would adhere to the Daguerreotype plate-- +in the whites of the eye near the iris, will produce a good effect. + +In coloring the heads of men it will be necessary to use the darker +tints with more freedom, according to the complexion of the sitter. +For women, the warmer tints should predominate, and in order +to give that transparency so universal with the softer sex-- +and which gives so much loveliness and beauty to the face-- +a little white may be judiciously intermingled with the red tints +about the lighter portions of the face. + +In taking a picture of a lady with light or auburn hair, +by the Daguerrean process, much of the beauty of the face +is destroyed, on account of the imperfect manner in which light +conveys the image of light objects to the spectrum of the camera. +This may be obviated in some measure by proper coloring. +To do this, touch the shaded parts with burnt sienna and bistre, +filling up the lighter portions with yellow ochre, delicate +touches of burnt sienna, and in those parts which naturally +have a bluish tint, add very delicate touches of purple-- +so delicate in fact as hardly to be perceived. The roots +of the hair at the forehead should also be touched with blue, +and the eyebrows near the temples made of a pinkish tint. + +The chin of a woman is nearly of the same color as the cheeks in +the most glowing parts. In men it is stronger, and of a bluish tint, +in order to produce the effect given by the beard. + +In portraits of women--the middle tints on the side of the light, +which are perceived on the bosom and arms, are made of a slight +mixture of ochre, blue and lake, (or carmine), to which add, on the +shaded sides, ochre, bistre and purple, the latter in the darker parts. +The tints of the hands should be the same as the other parts of the flesh, +the ends of the fingers being a little pinkish and the nails of a violet hue. +If any portion of the fleshy parts is shaded by portions of the dress, +or by the position of the hand, this shade should be colored with umber +mixed with purple. + +TO COLOR THE DRAPERY.--Violet Velvet--Use purple made of Prussian +blue and carmine, touching up the shaded parts with indigo blue. + +Green Velvet--Mix Prussian blue and red-orpiment, shade with purple, +and touch up the lights with a little white. + +Red Velvet--Mix a very little brown with carmine, shading with purple, +marking the lights in the strongest parts with pure carmine, and touch +the most brilliant slightly with white. + +White Feathers--May be improved by delicately touching +the shaded parts with a little blue mixed with white. +White muslin, linen, lace, satin, silk, etc., may also be +colored in the same way, being careful not to lay the color +on too heavily. + +FURS--Red Furs may be imitated by using light red and a little masticot, +shaded with umber. Gray Furs--black and white mixed and shaded with bistre. +Sable--white shaded lightly with yellow ochre. + +These few directions are quite sufficient for the art, and it +is quite unnecessary for me to pursue the subject further. +I would, however, remark that the Daguerreotypists would +find it greatly to their advantage to visit the studies +of our best artists, our public galleries of paintings, +and statuary, and wherever else they can obtain a sight +of fine paintings, and study the various styles of coloring, +atitudes, folds of drapery and other points of the art. +In coloring Daguerreotypes, artists will find the magnifying +glass of much advantage in detecting any imperfections in +the plate or in the image, which may be remedied by the brush. +In selecting brushes choose those most susceptible of a fine point, +which may be escertained by wetting them between the lips, +or in a glass of water. + + + +CHAP. XIII. + +THE PHOTOGRAPHOMETER. + + +The last number (for March, 1849) of the "London Art-Journal, gives the +following description of a recent improvement in Photographic Manipulation, +and as I am desirous of furnishing everything new in the art, I stop +the press to add it, entire, to my work. + +"Since the photographic power of the solar rays bears no direct relation +to their luminous influence, it becomes a question of considerable +importance to those who practice the beautiful art of photography, +to have the means of readily measuring the ever changing activity +of this force. Several plans more or less successful, have been +devised by Sir John Herschel, Messrs. Jordan, Shaw and Hunt. +The instrument, however, which is now brought forward by Mr. Claudet, +who is well known as one of our most successful Daguerreotypists, +appears admirably suited to all those purposes which the practical +man requires. The great difficulty which continually annoys +the photographic amateur and artist, is the determination of +the sensibility of each tablet employed, relatively to the amount +of radiation, luminous and chemical, with which he is working. +With the photographometer of Mr. Claudet this is easily ascertained. +The following woodcuts and concise description will sufficiently +indicate this useful and simple apparatus. + [hipho_30.gif] + +"For an instrument of this kind it is important in the first +place to have a motion always uniform, without complicated +or expensive mechanism. This is obtained by means founded upon +the principle of the fall of bodies sliding down an inclined plane. +The sensitive surface is exposed to the light by the rapid and +uniform passage of a metal plate, A, B, (Fig. 31,) having openings +of different length, which follow a geometric progression. +It is evident that the exposure to light will be the same for +each experiment, because the plate furnished with the proportional +openings falls always with the same rapidity, the height of the fall +being constant, and the angle of the inclined plane the same. +Each opening of this moveable plate allows the light to pass +during the same space of time, and the effect upon the sensitive +surface indicates exactly the intensity of the chemical rays. +The rapidity of the fall may be augmented or diminished by altering +the inclination of the plane by means of a graduated arc, C, D, +(Fig. 30,) furnished with a screw, E, by which it may be fixed +at any angle. The same result may be obtained by modifying +the height of the fall or the weight of the moveable plate. +The photogenic surface, whether + [hipho_31.gif] +it be the Daguerreotype plate, the Talbotype paper, or any other preparation +sensitive to light, is placed near the bottom of the inclined plane, +F. It is covered by a thin plate of metal, pierced with circular holes, +which correspond to the openings of the moveable plate at the moment +of the passage of the latter, during which the sensitive surface receives +the light wherever the circular holes leave it exposed. + +"The part of the apparatus which contains the sensitive surface is +an independent frame, and it slides from a dark box into an opening +on the side of the inclined plane. + +"A covering of black cloth impermeable to light is, attached to +the sides of the moveable plate, enveloping the whole inclined plane, +rolling freely over two rollers, R, R, placed the one at +the upper and the other at the lower part of the inclined plane. +This cloth prevents the light striking the sensitive surface +before and after the passage of the moveable plate. + +"It will be seen that this apparatus enables the experimentalist +to ascertain with great precision the exact length of time +which is required to produce a given amount of actinic change upon +any sensitive photographic surface, whether on metal or paper. +Although at present some calculation is necessary to determine +the difference between the time which is necessary for exposure +in direct radiation, and to the action of the secondary radiations +of the camera obscura; this is, however, a very simple matter, +and it appears to us exceedingly easy to adapt an instrument +of this description to the camera itself. + +"By this instrument Mr. Claudet has already determined many +very important points. Among others, he has proved that on +the most sensitive Daguerreotype plate an exposure of .0001 +part of a second is sufficient to produce a decided effect. + +"Regarding photography as an auxiliary aid to the artist +of no mean value, we are pleased to record a description +of an instrument which, without being complicated, promises to +be exceedingly useful. In this opinion we are not singular; +at a recent meeting of the Photographic Club, to which this +instrument was exhibited, it was with much real satisfaction +that we learned that several of our most eminent artists +were now eager and most successful students in Photography. +The beautiful productions of the more prominent members of this +club excited the admiration of all, particularly the copies of +architectural beauties, and small bits of landscape, by Messrs. +Cundell and Owen. We think that now the artist sees the advantage +he may derive from the aid of science, that both will gain +by the union." + +I hope the above description will induce our townsman, Mr. Roach, +to successfully produce an instrument that will meet the wants +of our artists in that part of the Daguerrean process referred to. + +FINIS. + + + + + +INDEX. + + + + + Accelerating Liquids. 65 + Amphitype. 116 + Anthotype. 113 + Apparatus. Daguerreotype. 43 + Calotype 97 + Photogenic 87 + Application of Photogenic Drawing. 95 + Applying the Sensitive. 64 + Bringing out the Picture. 71 + Bromine Box. 51 + Chloride of 68 + Roach's Tripple Compound of 67 + water. 65 + Bromide of Iodine. 67 + of Lime. 68 + Paper. 91 + of silver. 35 + Brushes. 88 + Buff Sticks. 60 + Calotype process. 97 + paper. Exposure in Camera of 100 + Pictures. Bringing out ib. + Fixing 101 + Camera. Description of the 43 + Stand. 49 + Woodbridge's ib. + Calotype. 50 + Voigtlander 45 + Chloride of Bromine. 68 + of Gold. 36 + to make a solution of 75 + of Iodine. 66 + of Silver. 31 + Chromatype. 112 + Chrysotype. 106 + Cleaning and Polishing the plate. 61 + Coating Boxes. 51 + Color Boxes. 53 + Colored Daguerreotypes on Copper. 77 + Coloring the Picture. 76 + Daguerreotypes. 129 + Concave Mirrors. 19 + Convex Mirrors 19 + Corchorus Japonica. 37 + Crayon Daguerreotypes. 120 + Cyanotype 109 + Daguerreotype Apparatus. 43 + Process. 61 + Plates. 62 + Daguerreotypes. Crayon 77 + on paper 81 + Dedication. iii + Definitions of terms used in optics, 15 + Different methods of preparing photogenic paper. 89 + Directions for use of Galvanic Battery. 58 + Distilled water 88 + Drummond light. 128 + Dry Sensitive. 68 + Drying apparatus. 72 + Effects of light on bodies 25 + Energiatype 111 + Etching Daguerreotypes. 83 + Fifth operation. Fixing the picture. 61 + First operation. Cleaning the plate 61 + Fluoric acid. 69 + Fourth operation-Bringing out the picture. 71 + Funnels. 53 + Galvanic Battery. 57 + Solution for use of 58 + Gilding stand. 53 + the picture. 74 + Gold. Chloride of 36 + To make solution of 75 + Hyposulphite; or Salt of 74 + Preparation of. 36 + Gurney's Sensitive. 67 + Head Rests. 57 + Hints and Suggestions. 39 + History of Photography. 3 + Hungarian Liquid. 69 + Hygrometers. 55 + Hyposulphite of Gold. 74 + of Soda. 28 + Instantaneous pictures by means of Galvanism. 77 + Introduction. i + Iodine, Dry 64 + Chloride of 66 + Bromide of 67 + Box. 51 + Iodide of silver. 32 + loduret of silver. 33 + Iodize the Plate. To 64 + Iodized Paper for Calotypes. To prepare 98 + To prepare for the Camera ib. + Lamps, Spirit 53 + Light. Theory on 14 + Motion of 16 + Reflection of 17 + Refraction of 20 + on bodies. Effects of 25 + Prismatic analysis of 22 + Lime, Bromide of 68 + Lunar Pictures. 127 + Mead's Accelerator. 68 + Mercury Bath 50 + Nitrate of Silver. 89 + Oxide of Silver. 29 + On coloring Daguerreotypes 129 + On the probability of Producing colored Photographs. 123 + Paper. blotting; or bibulous, 88 + Daguerreotypes. 81 + preparation of 89 + suitable for Photographs. 87 + Photogenic drawing on ib + Photographic principle, the 22 + Photographic process on paper. 92 + drawing. Application of 95 + To fix the 93 + deviations. 126 + Photographometer, The 135 + Plate Support. 59 + Blocks. 50 + Vice. 51 + Poppy, The Red 37 + Porcelain dishes. 59 + Positive Calotype 104 + Preface. v + Preparation of Iodized Paper. 98 + of Gold. 36 + Prismatic Spectrum. 22 + Analysis of Light. ib + Reflection of Light. 17 + Refraction of Light. 20 + Roach's Tripple Compound of Bromine. 67 + Sand Clock. 70 + Sealing paper. To make 77 + Second operation. 94 + Sensitive. ib + Silver. Bromide of 35 + Cloride of 31 + Iodide of 32 + Ioduret of 33 + Nitrate of 89 + Oxide of 28 + Solution of Chloride of 59 + Sixth operation. 74 + Soda Hyposulphite of 72 + Solar and Stellar Light. 21 + Still for purifying water, 54 + Submitting the Plate to the action of Light 69 + Synopsis of Mr. Hunt's Treatise on Light, 29 + Talbotype Camera. 50 + Theory on Light. 14 + Third operation. 69 + Wall Flower. 37 + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg Etext of The History and Practice +of the Art of Photography + diff --git a/old/hipho10.zip b/old/hipho10.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a398685 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/hipho10.zip diff --git a/old/hiphogif.zip b/old/hiphogif.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..15ef7fe --- /dev/null +++ b/old/hiphogif.zip |