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diff --git a/16765-h/16765-h.htm b/16765-h/16765-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7bbbc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/16765-h/16765-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,11969 @@ + <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the Wars, Books III and IV (of 8), by Procopius</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- +p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 100%; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + .tnote {border: dashed 1px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + +LI.indent { + margin-left: 5%; +} + +UL.toc { margin-left: 5%; list-style-type: none; position: relative +} + + .blockquote { margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 5%; } + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 2%; font-size: 95%; text-align: left;} /* page numbers */ + + +.sidenote {width: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; margin-left: 1em; + float: right; clear: right; margin-top: 1em; + font-size: 90%; background: #eeeeee; border: dashed 1px;} + + .bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + .bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + .bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + .br {border-right: solid 2px;} + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .fnanchor {font-size: 80%; } + hr.full { width: 100%; } + pre {font-size: x-small;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, History of the Wars, Books III and IV (of 8), +by Procopius, Translated by H. B. Dewing</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: History of the Wars, Books III and IV (of 8)</p> +<p> The Vandalic War </p> +<p>Author: Procopius</p> +<p>Translator: H. B. Dewing</p> +<p>Release Date: September 27, 2005 [eBook #16765]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WARS, BOOKS III AND IV (OF 8)***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, jayam,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (https://www.pgdp.net/)</h3> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" noshade="noshade" size="4" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h1>PROCOPIUS</h1> + + +<h2>HISTORY OF THE WARS,<br /> + BOOKS III AND IV</h2> +<br /> + +<h3>HISTORY OF THE WARS</h3> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h1>THE VANDALIC WAR</h1> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h2>PROCOPIUS</h2> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h4>WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY H.B. DEWING</h4> +<br /> +<h3>IN SEVEN VOLUMES</h3> +<br /> +<br /> +<h3>II</h3> +<br /> +<br /> +<h4>HISTORY OF THE WARS,<br /> +BOOKS III AND IV</h4> +<br /> +<br /> +<h5>First printed 1916</h5> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"><b>CONTENTS</b></a> +<br /> +<ul> +<li><a href="#BOOK_III"><b>BOOK III.—THE VANDALIC WAR</b></a></li> +<li><a href="#BOOK_IV"><b>BOOK IV.—THE VANDALIC WAR (<i>continued</i>)</b></a></li> +<li><a href="#INDEX"><b>INDEX</b></a></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h2>PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA</h2> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<h2><a name="BOOK_III" id="BOOK_III">BOOK III<br /> +THE VANDALIC WAR</a></h2> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> + + + +<p>I</p> +<span class="sidenote">Jan. 17, 395 A.D.</span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_i_1" id="PageIII_i_1">[1-3]</a></span> +<p>Such, then, was the final outcome of the Persian War for the Emperor +Justinian; and I shall now proceed to set forth all that he did +against the Vandals and the Moors. But first shall be told whence came +the host of the Vandals when they descended upon the land of the +Romans. After Theodosius, the Roman Emperor, had departed from the +world, having proved himself one of the most just of men and an able +warrior, his kingdom was taken over by his two sons, Arcadius, the +elder, receiving the Eastern portion, and Honorius, the younger, the +Western. But the Roman power had been thus divided as far back as the +time of Constantine and his sons; for he transferred his government to +Byzantium, and making the city larger and much more renowned, allowed +it to be named after him. +</p> +<p>Now the earth is surrounded by a circle of ocean, either entirely or +for the most part (for our knowledge is not as yet at all clear in +this matter); and it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_i_4" id="PageIII_i_4">[4-9]</a></span> is split into two continents by a sort of +outflow from the ocean, a flow which enters at the western part and +forms this Sea which we know, beginning at Gadira<a name="FNanchor_1_III" id="FNanchor_1_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_III" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> and extending all +the way to the Maeotic Lake.<a name="FNanchor_2_III" id="FNanchor_2_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_III" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Of these two continents the one to the +right, as one sails into the Sea, as far as the Lake, has received the +name of Asia, beginning at Gadira and at the southern<a name="FNanchor_3_III" id="FNanchor_3_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_III" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> of the two +Pillars of Heracles. Septem<a name="FNanchor_4_III" id="FNanchor_4_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_III" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> is the name given by the natives to the +fort at that point, since seven hills appear there; for "septem" has +the force of "seven" in the Latin tongue. And the whole continent +opposite this was named Europe. And the strait at that point separates +the two continents<a name="FNanchor_5_III" id="FNanchor_5_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_III" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> by about eighty-four stades, but from there on +they are kept apart by wide expanses of sea as far as the Hellespont. +For at this point they again approach each other at Sestus and Abydus, +and once more at Byzantium and Chalcedon as far as the rocks called in +ancient times the "Dark Blue Rocks," where even now is the place +called Hieron. For at these places the continents are separated from +one another by a distance of only ten stades and even less than that. +</p> +<p>Now the distance from one of the Pillars of Heracles to the other, if +one goes along the shore and does not pass around the Ionian Gulf and +the sea called the Euxine but crosses from Chalcedon<a name="FNanchor_6_III" id="FNanchor_6_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_III" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> to Byzantium +and from Dryous<a name="FNanchor_7_III" id="FNanchor_7_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_III" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> to the opposite mainland,<a name="FNanchor_8_III" id="FNanchor_8_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_III" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_i_9" id="PageIII_i_9">[9-15]</a></span> is a journey of +two hundred and eighty-five days for an unencumbered traveller. For as +to the land about the Euxine Sea, which extends from Byzantium to the +Lake, it would be impossible to tell everything with precision, since +the barbarians beyond the Ister River, which they also call the +Danube, make the shore of that sea quite impossible for the Romans to +traverse—except, indeed, that from Byzantium to the mouth of the +Ister is a journey of twenty-two days, which should be added to the +measure of Europe by one making the computation. And on the Asiatic +side, that is from Chalcedon to the Phasis River, which, flowing from +the country of the Colchians, descends into the Pontus, the journey is +accomplished in forty days. So that the whole Roman domain, according +to the distance along the sea at least, attains the measure of a three +hundred and forty-seven days' journey, if, as has been said, one +ferries over the Ionian Gulf, which extends about eight hundred stades +from Dryous. For the passage across the gulf<a name="FNanchor_9_III" id="FNanchor_9_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_III" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> amounts to a journey +of not less than four days. Such, then, was the size of the Roman +empire in the ancient times. +</p> +<p>And there fell to him who held the power in the West the most of +Libya, extending ninety days' journey—for such is the distance from +Gadira to the boundaries of Tripolis in Libya; and in Europe he +received as his portion territory extending seventy-five days' +journey—for such is the distance from the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_i_15" id="PageIII_i_15">[15-2]</a></span> northern<a name="FNanchor_10_III" id="FNanchor_10_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_III" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> of the +Pillars of Heracles to the Ionian Gulf.<a name="FNanchor_11_III" id="FNanchor_11_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_III" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> And one might add also the +distance around the gulf. And the emperor of the East received +territory extending one hundred and twenty days' journey, from the +boundaries of Cyrene in Libya as far as Epidamnus, which lies on the +Ionian Gulf and is called at the present time Dyrrachium, as well as +that portion of the country about the Euxine Sea which, as previously +stated, is subject to the Romans. Now one day's journey extends two +hundred and ten stades,<a name="FNanchor_12_III" id="FNanchor_12_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_III" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> or as far as from Athens to Megara. Thus, +then, the Roman emperors divided either continent between them. And +among the islands Britain, which is outside the Pillars of Heracles +and by far the largest of all islands, was counted, as is natural, +with the West; and inside the Pillars, Ebusa,<a name="FNanchor_13_III" id="FNanchor_13_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_III" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> which lies in the +Mediterranean in what we may call the Propontis, just inside the +opening where the ocean enters, about seven days' journey from the +opening, and two others near it, Majorica and Minorica, as they are +called by the natives, were also assigned to the Western empire. And +each of the islands in the Sea itself fell to the share of that one of +the two emperors within whose boundaries it happened to lie. +</p><br /> +<p>II</p> +<span class="sidenote">395-423 A.D</span> + +<p>Now while Honorius was holding the imperial power in the West, +barbarians took possession of his land; and I shall tell who they were +and in what manner they did so. There were many Gothic nations +in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_2" id="PageIII_ii_2">[2-8]</a></span> earlier times, just as also at the present, but the greatest +and most important of all are the Goths, Vandals, Visigoths, and +Gepaedes. In ancient times, however, they were named Sauromatae and +Melanchlaeni;<a name="FNanchor_14_III" id="FNanchor_14_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_III" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> and there were some too who called these nations +Getic. All these, while they are distinguished from one another by +their names, as has been said, do not differ in anything else at all. +For they all have white bodies and fair hair, and are tall and +handsome to look upon, and they use the same laws and practise a +common religion. For they are all of the Arian faith, and have one +language called Gothic; and, as it seems to me, they all came +originally from one tribe, and were distinguished later by the names +of those who led each group. This people used to dwell above the Ister +River from of old. Later on the Gepaedes got possession of the country +about Singidunum<a name="FNanchor_15_III" id="FNanchor_15_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_III" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> and Sirmium,<a name="FNanchor_16_III" id="FNanchor_16_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_III" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> on both sides of the Ister +River, where they have remained settled even down to my time. +</p> +<p>But the Visigoths, separating from the others, removed from there and +at first entered into an alliance with the Emperor Arcadius, but at a +later time (for faith with the Romans cannot dwell in barbarians), +under the leadership of Alaric, they became hostile to both emperors, +and, beginning with Thrace, treated all Europe as an enemy's land. Now +the Emperor Honorius had before this time been sitting in Rome, with +never a thought of war +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_8" id="PageIII_ii_8">[8-15]</a></span> in his mind, but glad, I think, if men +allowed him to remain quiet in his palace. But when word was brought +that the barbarians with a great army were not far off, but somewhere +among the Taulantii,<a name="FNanchor_17_III" id="FNanchor_17_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_III" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> he abandoned the palace and fled in +disorderly fashion to Ravenna, a strong city lying just about at the +end of the Ionian Gulf, while some say that he brought in the +barbarians himself, because an uprising had been started against him +among his subjects; but this does not seem to me trustworthy, as far, +at least, as one can judge of the character of the man. And the +barbarians, finding that they had no hostile force to encounter them, +became the most cruel of all men. For they destroyed all the cities +which they captured, especially those south of the Ionian Gulf, so +completely that nothing has been left to my time to know them by, +unless, indeed, it might be one tower or one gate or some such thing +which chanced to remain. And they killed all the people, as many as +came in their way, both old and young alike, sparing neither women nor +children. Wherefore even up to the present time Italy is sparsely +populated. They also gathered as plunder all the money out of all +Europe, and, most important of all, they left in Rome nothing whatever +of public or private wealth when they moved on to Gaul. But I shall +now tell how Alaric captured Rome. +</p> +<p>After much time had been spent by him in the siege, and he had not +been able either by force or by any other device to capture the place, +he formed the following plan. Among the youths in the army whose +beards had not yet grown, but who had just come of age, he chose out +three hundred whom he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_15" id="PageIII_ii_15">[15-21]</a></span> knew to be of good birth and possessed of +valour beyond their years, and told them secretly that he was about to +make a present of them to certain of the patricians in Rome, +pretending that they were slaves. And he instructed them that, as soon +as they got inside the houses of those men, they should display much +gentleness and moderation and serve them eagerly in whatever tasks +should be laid upon them by their owners; and he further directed them +that not long afterwards, on an appointed day at about midday, when +all those who were to be their masters would most likely be already +asleep after their meal, they should all come to the gate called +Salarian and with a sudden rush kill the guards, who would have no +previous knowledge of the plot, and open the gates as quickly as +possible. After giving these orders to the youths, Alaric straightway +sent ambassadors to the members of the senate, stating that he admired +them for their loyalty toward their emperor, and that he would trouble +them no longer, because of their valour and faithfulness, with which +it was plain that they were endowed to a remarkable degree, and in +order that tokens of himself might be preserved among men both noble +and brave, he wished to present each one of them with some domestics. +After making this declaration and sending the youths not long +afterwards, he commanded the barbarians to make preparations for the +departure, and he let this be known to the Romans. And they heard his +words gladly, and receiving the gifts began to be exceedingly happy, +since they were completely ignorant of the plot of the barbarian. For +the youths, by being unusually obedient to their owners, averted +suspicion, and in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_21" id="PageIII_ii_21">[21-26]</a></span> the camp some were already seen moving from +their positions and raising the siege, while it seemed that the others +were just on the point of doing the very same thing. But when the +appointed day had come, Alaric armed his whole force for the attack +and was holding them in readiness close by the Salarian Gate; for it +happened that he had encamped there at the beginning of the +siege.<span class="sidenote">Aug. 24, 410 A.D.</span>And all the youths at the time of the day agreed upon came to this +gate, and, assailing the guards suddenly, put them to death; then they +opened the gates and received Alaric and the army into the city at +their leisure. And they set fire to the houses which were next to the +gate, among which was also the house of Sallust, who in ancient times +wrote the history of the Romans, and the greater part of this house +has stood half-burned up to my time; and after plundering the whole +city and destroying the most of the Romans, they moved on. At that +time they say that the Emperor Honorius in Ravenna received the +message from one of the eunuchs, evidently a keeper of the poultry, +that Rome had perished. And he cried out and said, "And yet it has +just eaten from my hands!" For he had a very large cock, Rome by name; +and the eunuch comprehending his words said that it was the city of +Rome which had perished at the hands of Alaric, and the emperor with a +sigh of relief answered quickly: "But I, my good fellow, thought that +my fowl Rome had perished." So great, they say, was the folly with +which this emperor was possessed.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_27" id="PageIII_ii_27">[27-32]</a></span> +<p>But some say that Rome was not +captured in this way by Alaric, but that Proba, a woman of very +unusual eminence in wealth and in fame among the Roman senatorial +class, felt pity for the Romans who were being destroyed by hunger and +the other suffering they endured; for they were already even tasting +each other's flesh; and seeing that every good hope had left them, +since both the river and the harbour were held by the enemy, she +commanded her domestics, they say, to open the gates by night. +</p> +<p>Now when Alaric was about to depart from Rome, he declared Attalus, +one of their nobles, emperor of the Romans, investing him with the +diadem and the purple and whatever else pertains to the imperial +dignity. And he did this with the intention of removing Honorius from +his throne and of giving over the whole power in the West to Attalus. +With such a purpose, then, both Attalus and Alaric were going with a +great army against Ravenna. But this Attalus was neither able to think +wisely himself, nor to be persuaded by one who had wisdom to offer. So +while Alaric did not by any means approve the plan, Attalus sent +commanders to Libya without an army. Thus, then, were these things +going on.</p> +<span class="sidenote">407 A.D.</span> + +<p>And the island of Britain revolted from the Romans, and the soldiers +there chose as their king Constantinus, a man of no mean station. And +he straightway gathered a fleet of ships and a formidable army and +invaded both Spain and Gaul with a great force, thinking to enslave +these countries. But Honorius was holding ships in readiness and +waiting to see what +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_32" id="PageIII_ii_32">[32-39]</a></span> would happen in Libya, in order that, if +those sent by Attalus were repulsed, he might himself sail for Libya +and keep some portion of his own kingdom, while if matters there +should go against him, he might reach Theodosius and remain with him. +<span class="sidenote">408-450 A.D.</span> +For Arcadius had already died long before, and his son Theodosius, +still a very young child,<a name="FNanchor_18_III" id="FNanchor_18_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_III" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> held the power of the East. But while +Honorius was thus anxiously awaiting the outcome of these events and +tossed amid the billows of uncertain fortune, it so chanced that some +wonderful pieces of good fortune befell him. For God is accustomed to +succour those who are neither clever nor able to devise anything of +themselves, and to lend them assistance, if they be not wicked, when +they are in the last extremity of despair; such a thing, indeed, +befell this emperor. For it was suddenly reported from Libya that the +commanders of Attalus had been destroyed, and that a host of ships was +at hand from Byzantium with a very great number of soldiers who had +come to assist him, though he had not expected them, and that Alaric, +having quarrelled with Attalus, had stripped him of the emperor's garb +and was now keeping him under guard in the position of a private +citizen. +<span class="sidenote">411 A.D.</span> +And afterwards Alaric died of disease, and the army of the Visigoths +under the leadership of Adaulphus proceeded into Gaul, and +Constantinus, defeated in battle, died with his sons. However the +Romans never succeeded in recovering Britain, but it remained from +that time on under tyrants. And the Goths, after making the crossing +of the Ister, at first occupied Pannonia, but afterwards, since the +emperor gave them the right, they inhabited the country of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_39" id="PageIII_ii_39">[39-4]</a></span> +Thrace. And after spending no great time there they conquered the +West. But this will be told in the narrative concerning the Goths. +</p><br /> +<p>III +</p> +<p>Now the Vandals dwelling about the Maeotic Lake, since they were +pressed by hunger, moved to the country of the Germans, who are now +called Franks, and the river Rhine, associating with themselves the +Alani, a Gothic people. Then from there, under the leadership of +Godigisclus, they moved and settled in Spain, which is the first land +of the Roman empire on the side of the ocean. At that time Honorius +made an agreement with Godigisclus that they should settle there on +condition that it should not be to the detriment of the country. But +there was a law among the Romans, that if any persons should fail to +keep their property in their own possession, and if, meanwhile, a time +amounting to thirty years should pass, that these persons should +thenceforth not be entitled to proceed against those who had forced +them out, but they were excluded by demurrer<a name="FNanchor_19_III" id="FNanchor_19_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_III" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> from access to the +court; and in view of this he established a law that whatever time +should be spent by the Vandals in the Roman domain should not by any +means be counted toward this thirty-year demurrer. +<span class="sidenote">Aug. 27, 423 A.D.</span> +And Honorius himself, when the West had been driven by him to this +pass, died of disease. +Now before this, as it happened, the royal power had been shared +by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iii_4" id="PageIII_iii_4">[4-9]</a></span> +Honorius with Constantius, the husband of Placidia, the sister of +Arcadius and Honorius; <span class="sidenote">421 A.D.</span>but he lived to exercise the power only a few +days, and then, becoming seriously ill, he died while Honorius was +still living, having never succeeded in saying or in doing anything +worth recounting; for the time was not sufficient during which he +lived in possession of the royal power. Now a son of this Constantius, +Valentinian, a child just weaned, was being reared in the palace of +Theodosius, but the members of the imperial court in Rome chose one of +the soldiers there, John by name, as emperor. +This man was both gentle and well-endowed with sagacity and thoroughly +capable of valorous deeds. At any rate he held the tyranny five +years<a name="FNanchor_20_III" id="FNanchor_20_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_III" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> and directed it with moderation, and he neither gave ear to +slanderers nor did he do any unjust murder, willingly at least, nor +did he set his hand to robbing men of money; but he did not prove able +to do anything at all against the barbarians, since his relations with +Byzantium were hostile. Against this John, Theodosius, the son of +Arcadius, sent a great army and Aspar and Ardaburius, the son of +Aspar, as generals, and wrested from him the tyranny and gave over the +royal power to Valentinian, who was still a child. And Valentinian +took John alive, and he brought him out in the hippodrome of Aquileia +with one of his hands cut off and caused him to ride in state on an +ass, and then after he had suffered much ill treatment from the +stage-performers there, both in word and in deed, he put him to death. +<span class="sidenote">426 A.D.</span> +Thus Valentinian took +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iii_9" id="PageIII_iii_9">[9-16]</a></span> over the power of the West. But Placidia, +his mother, had reared this emperor and educated him in an altogether +effeminate manner, and in consequence he was filled with wickedness +from childhood. For he associated mostly with sorcerers and those who +busy themselves with the stars, and, being an extraordinarily zealous +pursuer of love affairs with other men's wives, he conducted himself +in a most indecent manner, although he was married to a woman of +exceptional beauty. +<span class="sidenote">455 A.D.</span> +And not only was this true, but he also failed to recover for the +empire anything of what had been wrested from it before, and he both +lost Libya in addition to the territory previously lost and was +himself destroyed. And when he perished, it fell to the lot of his +wife and his children to become captives. Now the disaster in Libya +came about as follows. +</p> +<p>There were two Roman generals, Aetius and Boniface, especially valiant +men and in experience of many wars inferior to none of that time at +least. These two came to be at variance in regard to matters of state, +but they attained to such a degree of highmindedness and excellence in +every respect that if one should call either of them "the last of the +Romans" he would not err, so true was it that all the excellent +qualities of the Romans were summed up in these two men. One of these, +Boniface, was appointed by Placidia general of all Libya. Now this was +not in accord with the wishes of Aetius, but he by no means disclosed +the fact that it did not please him. For their hostility had not as +yet come to light, but was concealed behind the countenance +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iii_16" id="PageIII_iii_16">[16-23]</a></span> of +each. But when Boniface had got out of the way, Aetius slandered him +to Placidia, saying that he was setting up a tyranny and had robbed +her and the emperor of all Libya, and he said that it was very easy +for her to find out the truth; for if she should summon Boniface to +Rome, he would never come. And when the woman heard this, Aetius +seemed to her to speak well and she acted accordingly. But Aetius, +anticipating her, wrote to Boniface secretly that the mother of the +emperor was plotting against him and wished to put him out of the way. +And he predicted to him that there would be convincing proof of the +plot; for he would be summoned very shortly for no reason at all. Such +was the announcement of the letter. And Boniface did not disregard the +message, for as soon as those arrived who were summoning him to the +emperor, he refused to give heed to the emperor and his mother, +disclosing to no one the warning of Aetius. So when Placidia heard +this, she thought that Aetius was exceedingly well-disposed towards +the emperor's cause and took under consideration the question of +Boniface. But Boniface, since it did not seem to him that he was able +to array himself against the emperor, and since if he returned to Rome +there was clearly no safety for him, began to lay plans so that, if +possible, he might have a defensive alliance with the Vandals, who, as +previously stated, had established themselves in Spain not far from +Libya. There Godigisclus had died and the royal power had fallen to +his sons, Gontharis, who was born to him from his wedded wife, and +Gizeric,<a name="FNanchor_21_III" id="FNanchor_21_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_III" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> of illegitimate birth. But the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iii_23" id="PageIII_iii_23">[23-29]</a></span> former was still a +child and not of very energetic temper, while Gizeric had been +excellently trained in warfare, and was the cleverest of all men. +Boniface accordingly sent to Spain those who were his own most +intimate friends and gained the adherence of each of the sons of +Godigisclus on terms of complete equality, it being agreed that each +one of the three, holding a third part of Libya, should rule over his +own subjects; but if a foe should come against any one of them to make +war, that they should in common ward off the aggressors. On the basis +of this agreement the Vandals crossed the strait at Gadira and came +into Libya, and the Visigoths in later times settled in Spain. But in +Rome the friends of Boniface, remembering the character of the man and +considering how strange his action was, were greatly astonished to +think that Boniface was setting up a tyranny, and some of them at the +order of Placidia went to Carthage. There they met Boniface, and saw +the letter of Aetius, and after hearing the whole story they returned +to Rome as quickly as they could and reported to Placidia how Boniface +stood in relation to her. And though the woman was dumbfounded, she +did nothing unpleasant to Aetius nor did she upbraid him for what he +had done to the emperor's house, for he himself wielded great power +and the affairs of the empire were already in an evil plight; but she +disclosed to the friends of Boniface the advice Aetius had given, and, +offering oaths and pledges of safety, entreated them to persuade the +man, if they could, to return to his fatherland and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iii_29" id="PageIII_iii_29">[29-36]</a></span> not to +permit the empire of the Romans to lie under the hand of barbarians. +And when Boniface heard this, he repented of his act and of his +agreement with the barbarians, and he besought them incessantly, +promising them everything, to remove from Libya. But since they did +not receive his words with favour, but considered that they were being +insulted, he was compelled to fight with them, and being defeated in +the battle, he retired to Hippo<a name="FNanchor_22_III" id="FNanchor_22_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_III" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> Regius, a strong city in the +portion of Numidia that is on the sea. There the Vandals made camp +under the leadership of Gizeric and began a siege; for Gontharis had +already died. And they say that he perished at the hand of his +brother. The Vandals, however, do not agree with those who make this +statement, but say that Gontharis' was captured in battle by Germans +in Spain and impaled, and that Gizeric was already sole ruler when he +led the Vandals into Libya. This, indeed, I have heard from the +Vandals, stated in this way. But after much time had passed by, since +they were unable to secure Hippo Regius either by force or by +surrender, and since at the same time they were being pressed by +hunger, they raised the siege. And a little later Boniface and the +Romans in Libya, since a numerous army had come from both Rome and +Byzantium and Aspar with them as general, decided to renew the +struggle, and a fierce battle was fought in which they were badly +beaten by the enemy, and they made haste to flee as each one could. +And Aspar betook himself homeward, and Boniface, coming +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iii_36" id="PageIII_iii_36">[36-8]</a></span> before +Placidia, acquitted himself of the suspicion, showing that it had +arisen against him for no true cause. +</p><br /> +<p>IV +</p> +<p>So the Vandals, having wrested Libya from the Romans in this way, made +it their own. And those of the enemy whom they took alive they reduced +to slavery and held under guard. Among these happened to be Marcian, +who later upon the death of Theodosius assumed the imperial power. At +that time, however, Gizeric commanded that the captives be brought +into the king's courtyard, in order that it might be possible for him, +by looking at them, to know what master each of them might serve +without degradation. And when they were gathered under the open sky, +about midday, the season being summer, they were distressed by the sun +and sat down. And somewhere or other among them Marcian, quite +neglected, was sleeping. Then an eagle flew over him spreading out his +wings, as they say, and always remaining in the same place in the air +he cast a shadow over Marcian alone. And Gizeric, upon seeing from the +upper storey what was happening, since he was an exceedingly +discerning person, suspected that the thing was a divine +manifestation, and summoning the man enquired of him who he might be. +And he replied that he was a confidential adviser of Aspar; such a +person the Romans call a "domesticus" in their own tongue. And when +Gizeric heard this and considered first the meaning +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iv_8" id="PageIII_iv_8">[8-13]</a></span> of the +bird's action, and then remembered how great power Aspar exercised in +Byzantium, it became evident to him that the man was being led to +royal power. He therefore by no means deemed it right to kill him, +reasoning that, if he should remove him from the world, it would be +very clear that the thing which the bird had done was nothing (for he +would not honour with his shadow a king who was about to die +straightway), and he felt, too, that he would be killing him for no +good cause; and if, on the other hand, it was fated that in later +times the man should become king, it would never be within his power +to inflict death upon him; for that which has been decided upon by God +could never be prevented by a man's decision. But he bound Marcian by +oaths that, if it should be in his power, he would never take up arms +against the Vandals at least. Thus, then, Marcian was released and +came to Byzantium, and when at a later time Theodosius died he +received the empire.<span class="sidenote">450 A.D.</span> + +And in all other respects he proved himself a +good emperor, but he paid no attention at all to affairs in Libya. But +this happened in later times. +</p> +<p>At that time Gizeric, after conquering Aspar and Boniface in battle, +displayed a foresight worth recounting, whereby he made his good +fortune most thoroughly secure. For fearing lest, if once again an +army should come against him from both Rome and Byzantium, the Vandals +might not be able to use the same strength and enjoy the same fortune, +(since human affairs are wont to be overturned by Heaven and to fail +by reason of the weakness of men's bodies), he was not lifted up by +the good fortune he had enjoyed, but rather became moderate because of +what he feared, and so he made a treaty +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iv_13" id="PageIII_iv_13">[13-20]</a></span> with the Emperor +Valentinian providing that each year he should pay to the emperor +tribute from Libya, and he delivered over one of his sons, Honoric, as +a hostage to make this agreement binding. So Gizeric both showed +himself a brave man in the battle and guarded the victory as securely +as possible, and, since the friendship between the two peoples +increased greatly, he received back his son Honoric. And at Rome +Placidia had died before this time, and after her, Valentinian, her +son, also died, having no male offspring, but two daughters had been +born to him from Eudoxia, the child of Theodosius. And I shall now +relate in what manner Valentinian died. +</p> +<p>There was a certain Maximus, a Roman senator, of the house of that +Maximus<a name="FNanchor_23_III" id="FNanchor_23_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_III" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> who, while usurping the imperial power, was overthrown by +the elder Theodosius and put to death, and on whose account also the +Romans celebrate the annual festival named from the defeat of Maximus. +This younger Maximus was married to a woman discreet in her ways and +exceedingly famous for her beauty. For this reason a desire came over +Valentinian to have her to wife. And since it was impossible, much as +he wished it, to meet her, he plotted an unholy deed and carried it to +fulfilment. For he summoned Maximus to the palace and sat down with +him to a game of draughts, and a certain sum was set as a penalty for +the loser; and the emperor won in this game, and receiving Maximus' +ring as a pledge for the agreed amount, he sent it to his house, +instructing the messenger to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iv_20" id="PageIII_iv_20">[20-28]</a></span> tell the wife of Maximus that her +husband bade her come as quickly as possible to the palace to salute +the queen Eudoxia. And she, judging by the ring that the message was +from Maximus, entered her litter and was conveyed to the emperor's +court. And she was received by those who had been assigned this +service by the emperor, and led into a certain room far removed from +the women's apartments, where Valentinian met her and forced her, much +against her will. And she, after the outrage, went to her husband's +house weeping and feeling the deepest possible grief because of her +misfortune, and she cast many curses upon Maximus as having provided +the cause for what had been done. Maximus, accordingly, became +exceedingly aggrieved at that which had come to pass, and straightway +entered into a conspiracy against the emperor; but when he saw that +Aetius was exceedingly powerful, for he had recently conquered Attila, +who had invaded the Roman domain with a great army of Massagetae and +the other Scythians, the thought occurred to him that Aetius would be +in the way of his undertaking. And upon considering this matter, it +seemed to him that it was the better course to put Aetius out of the +way first, paying no heed to the fact that the whole hope of the +Romans centred in him. And since the eunuchs who were in attendance +upon the emperor were well-disposed toward him, he persuaded the +emperor by their devices that Aetius was setting on foot a revolution. +And Valentinian, judging by nothing else than the power and valour of +Aetius that the report was true, put the man to death. +<span class="sidenote">Sept.21, 454 A.D.</span> +Whereupon a certain Roman made himself famous +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iv_28" id="PageIII_iv_28">[28-33]</a></span> by a saying which +he uttered. For when the emperor enquired of him whether he had done +well in putting Aetius to death, he replied saying that, as to this +matter, he was not able to know whether he had done well or perhaps +otherwise, but one thing he understood exceedingly well, that he had +cut off his own right hand with the other. +</p> +<p>So after the death of Aetius,<a name="FNanchor_24_III" id="FNanchor_24_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_III" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> Attila, since no one was a match for +him, plundered all Europe with no trouble and made both emperors +subservient and tributary to himself. For tribute money was sent to +him every year by the emperors. At that time, while Attila was +besieging Aquileia, a city of great size and exceedingly populous +situated near the sea and above the Ionian Gulf, they say that the +following good fortune befell him. For they tell the story that, when +he was able to capture the place neither by force nor by any other +means, he gave up the siege in despair, since it had already lasted a +long time, and commanded the whole army without any delay to make +their preparations for the departure, in order that on the morrow all +might move from there at sunrise. And the following day about sunrise, +the barbarians had raised the siege and were already beginning the +departure, when a single male stork which had a nest on a certain +tower of the city wall and was rearing his nestlings there suddenly +rose and left the place with his young. And the father stork was +flying, but the little storks, since they were not yet quite ready to +fly, were at times sharing their father's flight and at times +riding +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iv_33" id="PageIII_iv_33">[33-38]</a></span> upon his back, and thus they flew off and went far away +from the city. And when Attila saw this (for he was most clever at +comprehending and interpreting all things), he commanded the army, +they say, to remain still in the same place, adding that the bird +would never have gone flying off at random from there with his +nestlings, unless he was prophesying that some evil would come to the +place at no distant time. Thus, they say, the army of the barbarians +settled down to the siege once more, and not long after that a portion +of the wall—the very part which held the nest of that bird—for no +apparent reason suddenly fell down, and it became possible for the +enemy to enter the city at that point, and thus Aquileia was captured +by storm. Such is the story touching Aquileia. +</p> +<p><span class="sidenote">455 A.D.</span>Later on Maximus slew the emperor with no trouble and secured the +tyranny, and he married Eudoxia by force. For the wife to whom he had +been wedded had died not long before. And on one occasion in private +he made the statement to Eudoxia that it was all for the sake of her +love that he had carried out all that he had done. And since she felt +a repulsion for Maximus even before that time, and had been desirous +of exacting vengeance from him for the wrong done Valentinian, his +words made her swell with rage still more against him, and led her on +to carry out her plot, since she had heard Maximus say that on account +of her the misfortune had befallen her husband. And as soon as day +came, she sent to Carthage +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iv_38" id="PageIII_iv_38">[38-4]</a></span> entreating Gizeric to avenge +Valentinian, who had been destroyed by an unholy man, in a manner +unworthy both of himself and of his imperial station, and to deliver +her, since she was suffering unholy treatment at the hand of the +tyrant. And she impressed it upon Gizeric that, since he was a friend +and ally and so great a calamity had befallen the imperial house, it +was not a holy thing to fail to become an avenger. For from Byzantium +she thought no vengeance would come, since Theodosius had already<span class="sidenote">Mar. 17, 455.A.D.</span> +departed from the world and Marcian had taken over the empire. +</p><br /> +<p>V +</p> +<p>And Gizeric, for no other reason than that he suspected that much +money would come to him, set sail for Italy with a great fleet. And +going up to Rome, since no one stood in his way, he took possession of +the palace. Now while Maximus was trying to flee, the Romans threw +stones at him and killed him, and they cut off his head and each of +his other members and divided them among themselves. But Gizeric took +Eudoxia captive, together with Eudocia and Placidia, the children of +herself and Valentinian, and placing an exceedingly great amount of +gold and other imperial treasure<a name="FNanchor_25_III" id="FNanchor_25_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_III" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> in his ships sailed to Carthage, +having spared neither bronze nor anything else whatsoever in the +palace. He plundered also the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_v_4" id="PageIII_v_4">[4-9]</a></span> +tore off half of the roof. Now this roof was of bronze of the finest +quality, and since gold was laid over it exceedingly thick, it shone +as a magnificent and wonderful spectacle.<a name="FNanchor_26_III" id="FNanchor_26_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_III" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> But of the ships with +Gizeric, one, which was bearing the statues, was lost, they say, but +with all the others the Vandals reached port in the harbour of +Carthage. Gizeric then married Eudocia to Honoric, the elder of his +sons; but the other of the two women, being the wife of Olybrius, a +most distinguished man in the Roman senate, he sent to Byzantium +together with her mother, Eudoxia, at the request of the emperor. Now +the power of the East had by now fallen to Leon, who had been set in +this position by Aspar, since Marcian had already passed from the +world.<span class="sidenote">457. A.D.</span> +</p> +<p>Afterwards Gizeric devised the following scheme. He tore down the +walls of all the cities in Libya except Carthage, so that neither the +Libyans themselves, espousing the cause of the Romans, might have a +strong base from which to begin a rebellion, nor those sent by the +emperor have any ground for hoping to capture a city and by +establishing a garrison in it to make trouble for the Vandals. Now at +that time it seemed that he had counselled well and had ensured +prosperity for the Vandals in the safest possible manner; but in later +times when these cities, being without walls, were captured by +Belisarius all the more easily and with less exertion, Gizeric was +then condemned to suffer much ridicule, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_v_9" id="PageIII_v_9">[9-17]</a></span> and that which for the +time he considered wise counsel turned out for him to be folly. For as +fortunes change, men are always accustomed to change with them their +judgments regarding what has been planned in the past. And among the +Libyans all who happened to be men of note and conspicuous for their +wealth he handed over as slaves, together with their estates and all +their money, to his sons Honoric and Genzon. For Theodorus, the +youngest son, had died already, being altogether without offspring, +either male or female. And he robbed the rest of the Libyans of their +estates, which were both very numerous and excellent, and distributed +them among the nation of the Vandals, and as a result of this these +lands have been called "Vandals' estates" up to the present time. And +it fell to the lot of those who had formerly possessed these lands to +be in extreme poverty and to be at the same time free men; and they +had the privilege of going away wheresoever they wished. And Gizeric +commanded that all the lands which he had given over to his sons and +to the other Vandals should not be subject to any kind of taxation. +But as much of the land as did not seem to him good he allowed to +remain in the hands of the former owners, but assessed so large a sum +to be paid on this land for taxes to the government that nothing +whatever remained to those who retained their farms. And many of them +were constantly being sent into exile or killed. For charges were +brought against them of many sorts, and heavy ones too; but one charge +seemed to be the greatest of all, that a man, having money of his own, +was hiding it. Thus the Libyans were visited with every form of +misfortune. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_v_18" id="PageIII_v_18">[18-25]</a></span> +</p> +<p>The Vandals and the Alani he arranged in companies, appointing over +them no less than eighty captains, whom he called "chiliarchs,"<a name="FNanchor_27_III" id="FNanchor_27_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_III" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> +making it appear that his host of fighting men in active service +amounted to eighty thousand. And yet the number of the Vandals and +Alani was said in former times, at least, to amount to no more than +fifty thousand men. However, after that time by their natural increase +among themselves and by associating other barbarians with them they +came to be an exceedingly numerous people. But the names of the Alani +and all the other barbarians, except the Moors, were united in the +name of Vandals. At that time, after the death of Valentinian, Gizeric +gained the support of the Moors, and every year at the beginning of +spring he made invasions into Sicily and Italy, enslaving some of the +cities, razing others to the ground, and plundering everything; and +when the land had become destitute of men and of money, he invaded the +domain of the emperor of the East. And so he plundered Illyricum and +the most of the Peloponnesus and of the rest of Greece and all the +islands which lie near it. And again he went off to Sicily and Italy, +and kept plundering and pillaging all places in turn. And one day when +he had embarked on his ship in the harbour of Carthage, and the sails +were already being spread, the pilot asked him, they say, against what +men in the world he bade them go. And he in reply said: "Plainly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_v_25" id="PageIII_v_25"> +[25-4]</a></span> +against those with whom God is angry." Thus without any cause he kept +making invasions wherever chance might lead him. +</p><br /> +<p>VI +</p> +<p>And the Emperor Leon, wishing to punish the Vandals because of these +things, was gathering an army against them; and they say that this +army amounted to about one hundred thousand men. And he collected a +fleet of ships from the whole of the eastern Mediterranean, shewing +great generosity to both soldiers and sailors, for he feared lest from +a parsimonious policy some obstacle might arise to hinder him in his +desire to carry out his punishment of the barbarians. Therefore, they +say, thirteen hundred centenaria<a name="FNanchor_28_III" id="FNanchor_28_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_III" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> were expended by him to no +purpose. But since it was not fated that the Vandals should be +destroyed by this expedition, he made Basiliscus commander-in-chief, +the brother of his wife Berine, a man who was extraordinarily desirous +of the royal power, which he hoped would come to him without a +struggle if he won the friendship of Aspar. For Aspar himself, being +an adherent of the Arian faith, and having no intention of changing it +for another, was unable to enter upon the imperial office, but he was +easily strong enough to establish another in it, and it already seemed +likely that he would plot against the Emperor Leon, who had given him +offence. So they say that since Aspar was then fearful lest, if the +Vandals were defeated, Leon should establish his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vi_4" id="PageIII_vi_4">[4-9]</a></span> power most +securely, he repeatedly urged upon Basiliscus that he should spare the +Vandals and Gizeric. +</p> +<p>Now before this time Leon had already appointed and sent Anthemius, as +Emperor of the West, a man of the senate of great wealth and high +birth, in order that he might assist him in the Vandalic war. And yet +Gizeric kept asking and earnestly entreating that the imperial power +be given to Olybrius, who was married to Placidia, the daughter of +Valentinian, and on account of his relationship<a name="FNanchor_29_III" id="FNanchor_29_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_III" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> well-disposed +toward him, and when he failed in this he was still more angry and +kept plundering the whole land of the emperor. Now there was in +Dalmatia a certain Marcellianus, one of the acquaintances of Aetius +and a man of repute, who, after Aetius had died in the manner told +above,<a name="FNanchor_30_III" id="FNanchor_30_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_III" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> no longer deigned to yield obedience to the emperor, but +beginning a revolution and detaching all the others from allegiance, +held the power of Dalmatia himself, since no one dared encounter him. +But the Emperor Leon at that time won over this Marcellianus by very +careful wheedling, and bade him go to the island of Sardinia, which +was then subject to the Vandals. And he drove out the Vandals and +gained possession of it with no great difficulty. And Heracleius was +sent from Byzantium to Tripolis in Libya, and after conquering the +Vandals of that district in battle, he easily captured the cities, and +leaving his ships there, led his army on foot toward Carthage. Such, +then, was the sequence of events which formed the prelude of the +war. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vi_10" id="PageIII_vi_10">[10-16]</a></span> +</p> +<p>But Basiliscus with his whole fleet put in at a town distant from +Carthage no less than two hundred and eighty stades (now it so +happened that a temple of Hermes had been there from of old, from +which fact the place was named Mercurium; for the Romans call Hermes +"Mercurius"), and if he had not purposely played the coward and +hesitated, but had undertaken to go straight for Carthage, he would +have captured it at the first onset, and he would have reduced the +Vandals to subjection without their even thinking of resistance; so +overcome was Gizeric with awe of Leon as an invincible emperor, when +the report was brought to him that Sardinia and Tripolis had been +captured, and he saw the fleet of Basiliscus to be such as the Romans +were said never to have had before. But, as it was, the general's +hesitation, whether caused by cowardice or treachery, prevented this +success. And Gizeric, profiting by the negligence of Basiliscus, did +as follows. Arming all his subjects in the best way he could, he +filled his ships, but not all, for some he kept in readiness empty, +and they were the ships which sailed most swiftly. And sending envoys +to Basiliscus, he begged him to defer the war for the space of five +days, in order that in the meantime he might take counsel and do those +things which were especially desired by the emperor. They say, too, +that he sent also a great amount of gold without the knowledge of the +army of Basiliscus and thus purchased this armistice. And he did this, +thinking, as actually did happen, that a favouring wind would rise for +him during this time. And Basiliscus, either as doing a favour to +Aspar in accordance with what +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vi_16" id="PageIII_vi_16">[16-22]</a></span> he had promised, or selling the +moment of opportunity for money, or perhaps thinking it the better +course, did as he was requested and remained quietly in the camp, +awaiting the moment favourable to the enemy. +</p> +<p>But the Vandals, as soon as the wind had arisen for them which they +had been expecting during the time they lay at rest, raised their +sails and, taking in tow the boats which, as has been stated above, +they had made ready with no men in them, they sailed against the +enemy. And when they came near, they set fire to the boats which they +were towing, when their sails were bellied by the wind, and let them +go against the Roman fleet. And since there were a great number of +ships there, these boats easily spread fire wherever they struck, and +were themselves readily destroyed together with those with which they +came in contact. And as the fire advanced in this way the Roman fleet +was filled with tumult, as was natural, and with a great din that +rivalled the noise caused by the wind and the roaring of the flames, +as the soldiers together with the sailors shouted orders to one +another and pushed off with their poles the fire-boats and their own +ships as well, which were being destroyed by one another in complete +disorder. And already the Vandals too were at hand ramming and sinking +the ships, and making booty of such of the soldiers as attempted to +escape, and of their arms as well. But there were also some of the +Romans who proved +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vi_22" id="PageIII_vi_22">[22-27]</a></span> themselves brave men in this struggle, and +most of all John, who was a general under Basiliscus and who had no +share whatever in his treason. For a great throng having surrounded +his ship, he stood on the deck, and turning from side to side kept +killing very great numbers of the enemy from there, and when he +perceived that the ship was being captured, he leaped with his whole +equipment of arms from the deck into the sea. And though Genzon, the +son of Gizeric, entreated him earnestly not to do this, offering +pledges and holding out promises of safety, he nevertheless threw +himself into the sea, uttering this one word, that John would never +come under the hands of dogs.</p> +<span class="sidenote">471 A.D.</span> + +<p>So this war came to an end, and Heracleius departed for home; for +Marcellianus had been destroyed treacherously by one of his +fellow-officers. And Basiliscus, coming to Byzantium, seated himself +as a suppliant in the sanctuary of Christ the Great God ("Sophia"<a name="FNanchor_31_III" id="FNanchor_31_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_III" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> +the temple is called by the men of Byzantium who consider that this +designation is especially appropriate to God), and although, by the +intercession of Berine, the queen, he escaped this danger, he was not +able at that time to reach the throne, the thing for the sake of which +everything had been done by him. For the Emperor Leon not long +afterwards destroyed both Aspar and Ardaburius in the palace, because +he suspected that they were plotting against his life. Thus, then, did +these events take place. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vii_1" id="PageIII_vii_1">[1-7]</a></span> +</p><br /> +<p>VII</p> +<span class="sidenote">Aug. 11, 472 A.D.</span> + +<p>Now Anthemius, the emperor of the West, died at the hand of his +son-in-law Rhecimer, and Olybrius, succeeding to the throne, a short +time afterward suffered the same fate. +<span class="sidenote">Oct. 10, 472 A.D.</span> +And when Leon also had died in +Byzantium, the imperial office was taken over by the younger Leon, the +son of Zeno and Ariadne, the daughter of Leon, while he was still only +a few days old. And his father having been chosen as partner in the +royal power, the child forthwith passed from the world. +<span class="sidenote">474 A.D.</span> +Majorinus also +deserves mention, who had gained the power of the West before this +time. For this Majorinus, who surpassed in every virtue all who have +ever been emperors of the Romans, did not bear lightly the loss of +Libya, but collected a very considerable army against the Vandals and +came to Liguria, intending himself to lead the army against the enemy. +For Majorinus never showed the least hesitation before any task and +least of all before the dangers of war. But thinking it not +inexpedient for him to investigate first the strength of the Vandals +and the character of Gizeric and to discover how the Moors and Libyans +stood with regard to friendship or hostility toward the Romans, he +decided to trust no eyes other than his own in such a matter. +Accordingly he set out as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vii_7" id="PageIII_vii_7">[7-13]</a></span> if an envoy from the emperor to +Gizeric, assuming some fictitious name. And fearing lest, by becoming +known, he should himself receive some harm and at the same time +prevent the success of the enterprise, he devised the following +scheme. His hair, which was famous among all men as being so fair as +to resemble pure gold, he anointed with some kind of dye, which was +especially invented for this purpose, and so succeeded completely in +changing it for the time to a dark hue. And when he came before +Gizeric, the barbarian attempted in many ways to terrify him, and in +particular, while treating him with engaging attention, as if a +friend, he brought him into the house where all his weapons were +stored, a numerous and exceedingly noteworthy array. Thereupon they +say that the weapons shook of their own accord and gave forth a sound +of no ordinary or casual sort, and then it seemed to Gizeric that +there had been an earthquake, but when he got outside and made +enquiries concerning the earthquake, since no one else agreed with +him, a great wonder, they say, came over him, but he was not able to +comprehend the meaning of what had happened. So Majorinus, having +accomplished the very things he wished, returned to Liguria, and +leading his army on foot, came to the Pillars of Heracles, purposing +to cross over the strait at that point, and then to march by land from +there against Carthage. And when Gizeric became aware of this, and +perceived that he had been tricked by Majorinus in the matter of the +embassy, he became alarmed and made his preparations for war. And the +Romans, basing their confidence on the valour of Majorinus, already +began to have fair hopes of recovering Libya for the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vii_13" id="PageIII_vii_13">[13-21]</a></span> empire.</p> +<p> +<span class="sidenote">461 A.D.</span> +But meantime Majorinus was attacked by the disease of dysentery and +died, a man who had shewn himself moderate toward his subjects, and an +object of fear to his enemies. +<span class="sidenote">July 24, 474 A.D.</span> +And another emperor, Nepos, upon taking over the empire, and living to +enjoy it only a few days, died of disease, and Glycerius after him +entered into this office and suffered a similar fate. +<span class="sidenote">474-475 A.D.</span> +And after him Augustus assumed the imperial power. There were, +moreover, still other emperors in the West before this time, but +though I know their names well, I shall make no mention of them +whatever. For it so fell out that they lived only a short time after +attaining the office, and as a result of this accomplished nothing +worthy of mention. Such was the course of events in the West.</p> + +<p> +But in Byzantium Basiliscus, being no longer able to master his +passion for royal power, made an attempt to usurp the throne, and +succeeded without difficulty, since Zeno, together with his wife, +sought refuge in Isauria, which was his native home. <span class="sidenote"> 471 A.D.</span>And while he was +maintaining his tyranny for a year and eight months he was detested by +practically everyone and in particular by the soldiers of the court on +account of the greatness of his avarice. And Zeno, perceiving this, +collected an army and came against him. And Basiliscus sent an army +under the general Harmatus in order to array himself against Zeno. But +when they had made camp near one another, Harmatus surrendered his +army to Zeno, on the condition that Zeno should appoint as Caesar +Harmatus' son Basiliscus,<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vii_21" id="PageIII_vii_21">[21-26]</a></span> who was a very young child, and leave him as successor to the throne upon his death. And Basiliscus, +deserted by all, fled for refuge to the same sanctuary as formerly. +And Acacius, the priest of the city, put him into the hands of Zeno, +charging him with impiety and with having brought great confusion and +many innovations into the Christian doctrine, having inclined toward +the heresy of Eutyches. And this was so. And after Zeno had thus taken +over the empire a second time, he carried out his pledge to Harmatus +formally by appointing his son Basiliscus Caesar, but not long +afterwards he both stripped him of the office and put Harmatus to +death. And he sent Basiliscus together with his children and his wife +into Cappadocia in the winter season, commanding that they should be +destitute of food and clothes and every kind of care. And there, being +hard pressed by both cold and hunger, they took refuge in one +another's arms, and embracing their loved ones, perished. And this +punishment overtook Basiliscus for the policy he had pursued. These +things, however, happened in later times.</p> +<p> +But at that time Gizeric was plundering the whole Roman domain just as +much as before, if not more, circumventing his enemy by craft and +driving them out of their possessions by force, as has been previously +said, and he continued to do so until the emperor Zeno came to an +agreement with him and an endless peace was established between them, +by which it was provided that the Vandals should never in all time +perform any hostile act against the Romans nor suffer such a thing at +their hands. And this peace was preserved by Zeno himself and <span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vii_26" id="PageIII_vii_26">[26-4]</a></span>also by his successor in the empire, Anastasius And it remained in +force until the time of the emperor Justinus. +But Justinian, who was the nephew of Justinus, succeeded him in the +imperial power, and it was in the reign of this Justinian that the war +with which we are concerned came to pass, in the manner which will be +told in the following narrative. +<span class="sidenote"> 477 A.D.</span>Gizeric, after living on a short +time, died at an advanced age, having made a will in which he +enjoined many things upon the Vandals and in particular that the royal +power among them should always fall to that one who should be the +first in years among all the male offspring descended from Gizeric +himself. So Gizeric, having ruled over the Vandals thirty-nine years +from the time when he captured Carthage, died, as I have said.</p> +<p> +VIII</p> +<p> +And Honoric, the eldest of his sons, succeeded to the throne, Genzon +having already departed from the world. During the time when this +Honoric ruled the Vandals they had no war against anyone at all, +except the Moors. For through fear of Gizeric the Moors had remained +quiet before that time, but as soon as he was out of their way they +both did much harm to the Vandals and suffered the same themselves. +And Honoric shewed himself the most cruel and unjust of all men toward +the Christians in Libya. For he forced them to change over to the +Arian faith, and as many as he found not readily yielding +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_viii_4" id="PageIII_viii_4">[4-9]</a></span> + to him +he burned, or destroyed by other forms of death; and he also cut off +the tongues of many from the very throat, who even up to my time were +going about in Byzantium having their speech uninjured, and perceiving +not the least effect from this punishment; but two of these, since +they saw fit to go in to harlots, were thenceforth no longer able to +speak. And after ruling over the Vandals eight years he died of +disease; and by that time the Moors dwelling on +Mt. Aurasium<a name="FNanchor_32_III" id="FNanchor_32_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_III" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> + had +revolted from the Vandals and were independent (this Aurasium is a +mountain of Numidia, about thirteen days' journey distant from +Carthage and fronting the south); and indeed they never came under the +Vandals again, since the latter were unable to carry on a war against +Moors on a mountain difficult of access and exceedingly steep.</p> +<p> +After the death of Honoric the rule of the Vandals fell to +Gundamundus, the son of Genzon, the son of Gizeric. + +<span class="sidenote"> 485 A.D.</span> +For he, in point of years, was the first of the offspring of +Gizeric. This Gundamundus fought against the Moors in numerous +encounters, and after subjecting the Christians to still greater +suffering, he died of disease, being now at about the middle of the +twelfth year of his reign. +<span class="sidenote"> 490 A.D.</span> +And his brother Trasamundus took over the kingdom, a man well-favoured +in appearance and especially gifted with discretion and +highmindedness. However he continued to force the Christians to change +their ancestral faith, not by torturing their bodies as his +predecessors had done, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_viii_9" id="PageIII_viii_9">[9-15]</a></span> +but by seeking to win them with honours and +offices and presenting them with great sums of money; and in the case +of those who would not be persuaded, he pretended he had not the least +knowledge of what manner of men +they were.<a name="FNanchor_33_III" id="FNanchor_33_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_III" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> + And if he caught any +guilty of great crimes which they had committed either by accident or +deliberate intent, he would offer such men, as a reward for changing +their faith, that they should not be punished for their offences. And +when his wife died without becoming the mother of either male or +female offspring, wishing to establish the kingdom as securely as +possible, he sent to Theoderic, the king of the Goths, asking him to +give him his sister Amalafrida to wife, for her husband had just died. +And Theoderic sent him not only his sister but also a thousand of the +notable Goths as a bodyguard, who were followed by a host of +attendants amounting to about five thousand fighting men. And +Theoderic also presented his sister with one of the promontories of +Sicily, which are three in number,—the one which they call +Lilybaeum,—and as a result of this Trasamundus was accounted the +strongest and most powerful of all those who had ruled over the +Vandals. He became also a very special friend of the emperor +Anastasius. It was during the reign of Trasamundus that it came about +that the Vandals suffered a disaster at the hands of the Moors such as +had never befallen them before that time.</p> +<p> +There was a certain Cabaon ruling over the Moors of Tripolis, a man +experienced in many wars and exceedingly shrewd. This Cabaon, upon +learning that the Vandals were marching against him, did as +follows.<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_viii_15" id="PageIII_viii_15">[15-20]</a></span> + +First of all he issued orders to his subjects to abstain from +all injustice and from all foods tending towards luxury and most of +all from association with women; and setting up two palisaded +enclosures, he encamped himself with all the men in one, and in the +other he shut the women, and he threatened that death would be the +penalty if anyone should go to the women's palisade. And after this he +sent spies to Carthage with the following instructions: whenever the +Vandals in going forth on the expedition should offer insult to any +temple which the Christians reverence, they were to look on and see +what took place; and when the Vandals had passed the place, they were +to do the opposite of everything which the Vandals had done to the +sanctuary before their departure. And they say that he added this +also, that he was ignorant of the God whom the Christians worshipped, +but it was probable that if He was powerful, as He was said to be, He +should wreak vengeance upon those who insulted Him and defend those +who honoured Him. So the spies came to Carthage and waited quietly, +observing the preparation of the Vandals; but when the army set out on +the march to Tripolis, they followed, clothing themselves in humble +garb. And the Vandals, upon making camp the first day, led their +horses and their other animals into the temples of the Christians, and +sparing no insult, they acted with all the unrestrained lawlessness +natural to them, beating as many priests as they caught and lashing +them with many blows over the back and commanding them to render such +service to the Vandals as they were accustomed to assign to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_viii_20" id="PageIII_viii_20">[20-27]</a></span> +most dishonoured of their domestics. And as soon as they had departed +from there, the spies of Cabaon did as they had been directed to do; +for they straightway cleansed the sanctuaries and took away with great +care the filth and whatever other unholy thing lay in them, and they +lighted all the lamps and bowed down before the priests with great +reverence and saluted them with all friendliness; and after giving +pieces of silver to the poor who sat about these sanctuaries, they +then followed after the army of the Vandals. And from then on along +the whole route the Vandals continued to commit the same offences and +the spies to render the same service. And when they were coming near +the Moors, the spies anticipated them and reported to Cabaon what had +been done by the Vandals and by themselves to the temples of the +Christians, and that the enemy were somewhere near by. And Cabaon, +upon learning this, arranged for the encounter as follows. He marked +off a circle in the plain where he was about to make his palisade, and +placed his camels turned sideways in a circle as a protection for the +camp, making his line fronting the enemy about twelve camels deep. +Then he placed the children and the women and all those who were unfit +for fighting together with their possessions in the middle, while he +commanded the host of fighting men to stand between the feet of those +animals, covering themselves with their shields.<a name="FNanchor_34_III" id="FNanchor_34_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_III" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> + And since the +phalanx of the Moors was of such a sort, the Vandals were at a loss +how to handle the situation; for they were neither good with the +javelin nor with the bow, nor did they know how to go into +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_viii_27" id="PageIII_viii_27">[27-3]</a></span> + +battle on foot, but they were all horsemen, and used spears and +swords for the most part, so that they were unable to do the enemy any +harm at a distance; and their horses, annoyed at the sight of the +camels, refused absolutely to be driven against the enemy. And since +the Moors, by hurling javelins in great numbers among them from their +safe position, kept killing both their horses and men without +difficulty, because they were a vast throng, they began to flee, and, +when the Moors came out against them, the most of them were destroyed, +while some fell into the hands of the enemy; and an exceedingly small +number from this army returned home. Such was the fortune which +Trasamundus suffered at the hands of the Moors. And he died at a later +time, having ruled over the Moors twenty-seven years.</p> +<br /><p>IX</p> +<p> +<span class="sidenote">523 A.D.</span> +And Ilderic, the son of Honoric, the son of Gizeric, next received the +kingdom, a ruler who was easily approached by his subjects and +altogether gentle, and he shewed himself harsh neither to the +Christians nor to anyone else, but in regard to affairs of war he was +a weakling and did not wish this thing even to come to his ears. + +<span class="sidenote"> 523 A.D.</span> + +Hoamer, accordingly, his nephew and an able warrior, led the +armies against any with whom the Vandals were at war; he it was whom +they called the Achilles of the Vandals. During the reign of this +Ilderic the Vandals were defeated in Byzacium by the Moors, who +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ix_3" id="PageIII_ix_3">[3-8]</a></span> + +were ruled by Antalas, and it so fell out that they became enemies +instead of allies and friends to Theoderic and the Goths in Italy. For +they put Amalafrida in prison and destroyed all the Goths, charging +them with revolutionary designs against the Vandals and Ilderic. +However, no revenge came from Theoderic, for he considered himself +unable to gather a great fleet and make an expedition into Libya, and +Ilderic was a very particular friend and guest-friend of Justinian, +who had not yet come to the throne, but was administering the +government according to his pleasure; for his uncle Justinus, who was +emperor, was very old and not altogether experienced in matters of +state. And Ilderic and Justinian made large presents of money to each +other.</p> +<p> +Now there was a certain man in the family of Gizeric, Gelimer, the son +of Geilaris, the son of Genzon, the son of Gizeric, who was of such +age as to be second only to Ilderic, and for this reason he was +expected to come into the kingdom very soon. This man was thought to +be the best warrior of his time, but for the rest he was a cunning +fellow and base at heart and well versed in undertaking revolutionary +enterprises and in laying hold upon the money of others. Now this +Gelimer, when he saw the power coming to him, was not able to live in +his accustomed way, but assumed to himself the tasks of a king and +usurped the rule, though it was not yet due him; and since Ilderic in +a spirit of friendliness gave in to him, he was no longer able to +restrain his thoughts, but allying with himself all the noblest of the +Vandals, he persuaded them to wrest the kingdom from Ilderic, as being +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ix_8" id="PageIII_ix_8">[8-13]</a></span> +an unwarlike king who had been defeated by the Moors, and as +betraying the power of the Vandals into the hand of the Emperor +Justinus, in order that the kingdom might not come to him, because he +was of the other branch of the family; for he asserted slanderously +that this was the meaning of Ilderic's embassy to Byzantium, and that +he was giving over the empire of the Vandals to Justinus. And they, +being persuaded, carried out this plan. + +<span class="sidenote"> 530 A.D.</span> + +Thus Gelimer seized the supreme power, and imprisoned Ilderic, after +he had ruled over the Vandals seven years, and also Hoamer and his +brother Euagees.</p> +<p> + <span class="sidenote"> 527 A.D.</span> + +But when Justinian heard these things, having already received the +imperial power, he sent envoys to Gelimer in Libya with the following +letter: "You are not acting in a holy manner nor worthily of the will +of Gizeric, keeping in prison an old man and a kinsman and the king of +the Vandals (if the counsels of Gizeric are to be of effect), and +robbing him of his office by violence, though it would be possible for +you to receive it after a short time in a lawful manner. Do you +therefore do no further wrong and do not exchange the name of king for +the title of tyrant, which comes but a short time earlier. But as for +this man, whose death may be expected at any moment, allow him to bear +in appearance the form of royal power, while you do all the things +which it is proper that a king should do; and wait until you can +receive from time and the law of Gizeric, and from them alone, the +name which belongs to the position. For if you do this, the attitude +of the Almighty will be favourable and at the same time our relations +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ix_14" id="PageIII_ix_14">[14-23]</a></span> +with you will be friendly."</p> <p>Such was his message. But Gelimer sent the +envoys away with nothing accomplished, and he blinded Hoamer and also +kept Ilderic and Euagees in closer confinement, charging them with +planning flight to Byzantium. And when this too was heard by the +Emperor Justinian, he sent envoys a second time and wrote as follows: +"We, indeed, supposed that you would never go contrary to our advice +when we wrote you the former letter. But since it pleases you to have +secured possession of the royal power in the manner in which you have +taken and now hold it, get from it whatever Heaven grants. But do you +send to us Ilderic, and Hoamer whom you have blinded, and his brother, +to receive what comfort they can who have been robbed of a kingdom or +of sight; for we shall not let the matter rest if you do not do this. +And I speak thus because we are led by the hope which I had based on +our friendship. And the treaty with Gizeric will not stand as an +obstacle for us. For it is not to make war upon him who has succeeded +to the kingdom of Gizeric that we come, but to avenge Gizeric with all +our power."</p> +<p> +When Gelimer had read this, he replied as follows: "King Gelimer to +the Emperor Justinian. Neither have I taken the office by violence nor +has anything unholy been done by me to my kinsmen. For Ilderic, while +planning a revolution against the house of Gizeric, was dethroned by +the nation of the Vandals; and I was called to the kingdom by my +years, which gave me the preference, according to the law at least. +Now it is well for one to administer the kingly office which belongs +to him and not to make the concerns of others his own. Hence for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ix_23" id="PageIII_ix_23">[23-2]</a></span> + +you also, who have a kingdom, meddling in other's affairs is not just; +and if you break the treaty and come against us, we shall oppose you +with all our power, calling to witness the oaths which were sworn by +Zeno, from whom you have received the kingdom which you hold." The +Emperor Justinian, upon receiving this letter, having been angry with +Gelimer even before then, was still more eager to punish him. And it +seemed to him best to put an end to the Persian war as soon as +possible and then to make an expedition to Libya; and since he was +quick at forming a plan and prompt in carrying out his decisions, +Belisarius, the General of the East, was summoned and came to him +immediately, no announcement having been made to him nor to anyone +else that he was about to lead an army against Libya, but it was given +out that he had been removed from the office which he held. And +straightway the treaty with Persia was made, as has been told in the +preceding narrative.<a name="FNanchor_35_III" id="FNanchor_35_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_III" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> +<p> +X</p> +<p> +And when the Emperor Justinian considered that the situation was as +favourable as possible, both as to domestic affairs and as to his +relations with Persia, he took under consideration the situation in +Libya. But when he disclosed to the magistrates that he was gathering +an army against the Vandals and Gelimer, the most of them began +immediately to show hostility to the plan, and they lamented it as a +misfortune, recalling the expedition of the Emperor Leon and the +disaster of Basiliscus, and reciting how many soldiers had + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_x_2" id="PageIII_x_2">[2-7]</a></span> +perished and how much money the state had lost. But the men who were +the most sorrowful of all, and who, by reason of their anxiety, felt +the keenest regret, were the pretorian prefect, whom the Romans call +"praetor," and the administrator of the treasury, and all to whom had +been assigned the collection of either public or imperial<a name="FNanchor_36_III" id="FNanchor_36_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_III" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> + taxes, +for they reasoned that while it would be necessary for them to produce +countless sums for the needs of the war, they would be granted neither +pardon in case of failure nor extension of time in which to raise +these sums. And every one of the generals, supposing that he himself +would command the army, was in terror and dread at the greatness of +the danger, if it should be necessary for him, if he were preserved +from the perils of the sea, to encamp in the enemy's land, and, using +his ships as a base, to engage in a struggle against a kingdom both +large and formidable. The soldiers, also, having recently returned +from a long, hard war, and having not yet tasted to the full the +blessings of home, were in despair, both because they were being led +into sea-fighting,—a thing which they had not learned even from +tradition before then,—and because they were sent from the eastern +frontier to the West, in order to risk their lives against Vandals and +Moors. But all the rest, as usually happens in a great throng, wished +to be spectators of new adventures while others faced the dangers.</p> +<p> +But as for saying anything to the emperor to prevent the expedition, +no one dared to do this except John the Cappadocian, the pretorian +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_x_7" id="PageIII_x_7">[7-13]</a></span> + +prefect, a man of the greatest daring and the cleverest of all +men of his time. For this John, while all the others were bewailing in +silence the fortune which was upon them, came before the emperor and +spoke as follows: "O Emperor, the good faith which thou dost shew in +dealing with thy subjects enables us to speak frankly regarding +anything which will be of advantage to thy government, even though +what is said and done may not be agreeable to thee. For thus does thy +wisdom temper thy authority with justice, in that thou dost not +consider that man only as loyal to thy cause who serves thee under any +and all conditions, nor art thou angry with the man who speaks against +thee, but by weighing all things by pure reason alone, thou hast often +shewn that it involves us in no danger to oppose thy purposes. Led by +these considerations, O Emperor, I have come to offer this advice, +knowing that, though I shall give perhaps offence at the moment, if it +so chance, yet in the future the loyalty which I bear you will be made +clear, and that for this I shall be able to shew thee as a witness. +For if, through not hearkening to my words, thou shalt carry out the +war against the Vandals, it will come about, if the struggle is +prolonged for thee, that my advice will win renown. For if thou hast +confidence that thou wilt conquer the enemy, it is not at all +unreasonable that thou shouldst sacrifice the lives of men and expend +a vast amount of treasure, and undergo the difficulties of the +struggle; for victory, coming at the end, covers up all the calamities +of war. But if in reality these things lie on the knees of God, and if +it behoves us, taking example from what has happened in the past, to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_x_13" id="PageIII_x_13">[13-20]</a></span> + +fear the outcome of war, on what grounds is it not better to +love a state of quiet rather than the dangers of mortal strife? Thou +art purposing to make an expedition against Carthage, to which, if one +goes by land, the journey is one of a hundred and forty days, and if +one goes by water, he is forced to cross the whole open sea and go to +its very end. So that he who brings thee news of what will happen in +the camp must needs reach thee a year after the event. And one might +add that if thou art victorious over thy enemy, thou couldst not take +possession of Libya while Sicily and Italy lie in the hands of others; +and at the same time, if any reverse befall thee, O Emperor, the +treaty having already been broken by thee, thou wilt bring the danger +upon our own land. In fact, putting all in a word, it will not be +possible for thee to reap the fruits of victory, and at the same time +any reversal of fortune will bring harm to what is well established. +It is before an enterprise that wise planning is useful. For when men +have failed, repentance is of no avail, but before disaster comes +there is no danger in altering plans. Therefore it will be of +advantage above all else to make fitting use of the decisive moment."</p> +<p> +Thus spoke John; and the Emperor Justinian, hearkening to his words, +checked his eager desire for the war. But one of the priests whom they +call bishops, who had come from the East, said that he wished to have +a word with the emperor. And when he met Justinian, he said that God +had visited him in a dream, and bidden him go to the emperor and +rebuke him, because, after undertaking the task of protecting the +Christians in Libya from tyrants, he had for no good reason become +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_x_20" id="PageIII_x_20">[20-28]</a></span> +afraid. "And yet," He had said, "I will Myself join with him in +waging war and make him lord of Libya." When the emperor heard this, +he was no longer able to restrain his purpose, and he began to collect +the army and the ships, and to make ready supplies of weapons and of +food, and he announced to Belisarius that he should be in readiness, +because he was very soon to act as general in Libya. Meanwhile +Pudentius, one of the natives of Tripolis in Libya, caused this +district to revolt from the Vandals, and sending to the emperor he +begged that he should despatch an army to him; for, he said, he would +with no trouble win the land for the emperor. And Justinian sent him +Tattimuth and an army of no very great size. This force Pudentius +joined with his own troops and, the Vandals being absent, he gained +possession of the land and made it subject to the emperor. And +Gelimer, though wishing to inflict punishment upon Pudentius, found +the following obstacle in his way.</p> +<p> +There was a certain Godas among the slaves of Gelimer, a Goth by +birth, a passionate and energetic fellow possessed of great bodily +strength, but appearing to be well-disposed to the cause of his +master. To this Godas Gelimer entrusted the island of Sardinia, in +order both to guard the island and to pay over the annual tribute. But +he neither could digest the prosperity brought by fortune nor had he +the spirit to endure it, and so he undertook to establish a tyranny, +and he refused to continue the payment of the tribute, and actually +detached the island from the Vandals and held it himself. And when he +perceived that the Emperor Justinian was eager to make war against +Libya and Gelimer, he wrote to him as follows:</p> <p>"It was neither +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_x_29" id="PageIII_x_29">[29-2]</a></span> +because I yielded to folly nor because I had suffered anything +unpleasant at my master's hands that I turned my thoughts towards +rebellion, but seeing the extreme cruelty of the man both toward his +kinsmen and toward his subjects, I could not, willingly at least, be +reputed to have a share in his inhumanity. For it is better to serve a +just king than a tyrant whose commands are unlawful. But do thou join +with me to assist in this my effort and send soldiers so that I may be +able to ward off my assailants."</p> +<p> +And the emperor, on receiving this letter, was pleased, and he sent +Eulogius as envoy and wrote a letter praising Godas for his wisdom and +his zeal for justice, and he promised an alliance and soldiers and a +general, who would be able to guard the island with him and to assist +him in every other way, so that no trouble should come to him from the +Vandals. But Eulogius, upon coming to Sardinia, found that Godas was +assuming the name and wearing the dress of a king and that he had +attached a body-guard to his person. And when Godas read the emperor's +letter, he said that it was his wish to have soldiers, indeed, come to +fight along with him, but as for a commander, he had absolutely no +desire for one. And having written to the emperor in this sense, he +dismissed Eulogius.</p> +<p> +XI</p> +<p> +The emperor, meanwhile, not having yet ascertained these things, was +preparing four hundred soldiers with Cyril as commander, who were to +assist Godas in guarding the island. And with them he also had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xi_2" id="PageIII_xi_2">[2-7]</a></span> +in readiness the expedition against Carthage, ten thousand +foot-soldiers, and five thousand horsemen, gathered from the regular +troops and from the "foederati." Now at an earlier time only +barbarians were enlisted among the foederati, those, namely, who had +come into the Roman political system, not in the condition of slaves, +since they had not been conquered by the Romans, but on the basis of +complete equality.<a name="FNanchor_37_III" id="FNanchor_37_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_III" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> + For the Romans call treaties with their enemies +"foedera." But at the present time there is nothing to prevent anyone +from assuming this name, since time will by no means consent to keep +names attached to the things to which they were formerly applied, but +conditions are ever changing about according to the desire of men who +control them, and men pay little heed to the meaning which they +originally attached to a name. And the commanders of the foederati +were Dorotheus, the general of the troops in Armenia, and Solomon, who +was acting as manager for the general Belisarius; (such a person the +Romans call "domesticus." Now this Solomon was a eunuch, but it was +not by the devising of man that he had suffered mutilation, but some +accident which befell him while in swaddling clothes had imposed this +lot upon him); and there were also Cyprian, Valerian, Martinus, +Althias, John, Marcellus, and the Cyril whom I have mentioned above; +and the commanders of the regular cavalry were Rufinus and Aïgan, who +were of the house of Belisarius, and Barbatus and Pappus, while the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xi_7" id="PageIII_xi_7">[7-16]</a></span> +regular infantry was commanded by Theodorus, who was surnamed +Cteanus, and Terentius, Zaïdus, Marcian, and Sarapis. And a certain +John, a native of Epidamnus, which is now called Dyrrachium, held +supreme command over all the leaders of infantry. Among all these +commanders Solomon was from a place in the East, at the very extremity +of the Roman domain, where the city called Daras now stands, and Aïgan +was by birth of the Massagetae whom they now call Huns; and the rest +were almost all inhabitants of the land of Thrace. And there followed +with them also four hundred Eruli, whom Pharas led, and about six +hundred barbarian allies from the nation of the Massagetae, all +mounted bowmen; these were led by Sinnion and Balas, men endowed with +bravery and endurance in the highest degree. And for the whole force +five hundred ships were required, no one of which was able to carry +more than fifty thousand medimni,<a name="FNanchor_38_III" id="FNanchor_38_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_III" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> + nor any one less than three +thousand. And in all the vessels together there were thirty thousand +sailors, Egyptians and Ionians for the most part, and Cilicians, and +one commander was appointed over all the ships, Calonymus of +Alexandria. And they had also ships of war prepared as for +sea-fighting, to the number of ninety-two, and they were single-banked +ships covered by decks, in order that the men rowing them might if +possible not be exposed to the bolts of the enemy. Such boats are +called "dromones"<a name="FNanchor_39_III" id="FNanchor_39_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_III" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> + by those of the present time; for they are able +to attain a great speed. In these sailed two thousand men of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xi_16" id="PageIII_xi_16">[16-23]</a></span> +Byzantium, who were all rowers as well as fighting men; for +there was not a single superfluous man among them. And Archelaus was +also sent, a man of patrician standing who had already been pretorian +prefect both in Byzantium and in Illyricum, but he then held the +position of prefect of the army; for thus the officer charged with the +maintenance of the army is designated. But as general with supreme +authority over all the emperor sent Belisarius, who was in command of +the troops of the East for the second time. And he was followed by +many spearmen and many guards as well, men who were capable warriors +and thoroughly experienced in the dangers of fighting. And the emperor +gave him written instructions, bidding him do everything as seemed +best to him, and stating that his acts would be final, as if the +emperor himself had done them. The writing, in fact, gave him the +power of a king. Now Belisarius was a native of Germania, which lies +between Thrace and Illyricum. These things, then, took place in this +way.</p> +<p> +Gelimer, however, being deprived of Tripolis by Pudentius and of +Sardinia by Godas, scarcely hoped to regain Tripolis, since it was +situated at a great distance and the rebels were already being +assisted by the Romans, against whom just at that moment it seemed to +him best not to take the field; but he was eager to get to the island +before any army sent by the emperor to fight for his enemies should +arrive there. He accordingly selected five thousand of the Vandals and +one hundred and twenty ships of the fastest kind, and appointing as +general his brother Tzazon, he sent them off. And so they were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xi_23" id="PageIII_xi_23">[23-30]</a></span> +sailing with great enthusiasm and eagerness against Godas and +Sardinia. In the meantime the Emperor Justinian was sending off +Valerian and Martinus in advance of the others in order to await the +rest of the army in the Peloponnesus. And when these two had embarked +upon their ships, it came to the emperor's mind that there was +something which he wished to enjoin upon them,—a thing which he had +wished to say previously, but he had been so busied with the other +matters of which he had to speak that his mind had been occupied with +them and this subject had been driven out. He summoned them, +accordingly, intending to say what he wished, but upon considering the +matter, he saw that it would not be propitious for them to interrupt +their journey. He therefore sent men to forbid them either to return +to him or to disembark from their ships. And these men, upon coming +near the ships, commanded them with much shouting and loud cries by no +means to turn back, and it seemed to those present that the thing +which had happened was no good omen and that never would one of the +men in those ships return from Libya to Byzantium. For besides the +omen they suspected that a curse also had come to the men from the +emperor, not at all by his own will, so that they would not return. +Now if anyone should so interpret the incident with regard to these +two commanders, Valerian and Martinus, he will find the original +opinion untrue. But there was a certain man among the body-guards of +Martinus, Stotzas by name, who was destined to be an enemy of the +emperor, to make an attempt to set up a tyranny, and by no means to +return to Byzantium, and one might suppose that curse to have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xi_30" id="PageIII_xi_30">[30-5]</a></span> +been turned upon him by Heaven. But whether this matter stands +thus or otherwise, I leave to each one to reason out as he wishes. But +I shall proceed to tell how the general Belisarius and the army +departed.</p> +<p> +XII</p> +<p> +<span class="sidenote"> 533 A.D.</span> +In the seventh year of Justinian's reign, at about the spring equinox, +the emperor commanded the general's ship to anchor off the point +which is before the royal palace. Thither came also Epiphanius, the +chief priest of the city, and after uttering an appropriate prayer, he +put on the ships one of the soldiers who had lately been baptized and +had taken the Christian name. And after this the general Belisarius +and Antonina, his wife, set sail. And there was with them also +Procopius, who wrote this history; now previously he had been +exceedingly terrified at the danger, but later he had seen a vision in +his sleep which caused him to take courage and made him eager to go on +the expedition. For it seemed in the dream that he was in the house of +Belisarius, and one of the servants entering announced that some men +had come bearing gifts; and Belisarius bade him investigate what sort +of gifts they were, and he went out into the court and saw men who +carried on their shoulders earth with the flowers and all. And he bade +him bring these men into the house and deposit the earth they were +carrying in the portico; and Belisarius together with his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xii_5" id="PageIII_xii_5">[5-10]</a></span> +guardsmen came there, and he himself reclined on that earth and +ate of the flowers, and urged the others to do likewise; and as they +reclined and ate, as if upon a couch, the food seemed to them +exceedingly sweet. Such, then, was the vision of the dream.</p> +<p> +And the whole fleet followed the general's ship, and they put in at +Perinthus, which is now called Heracleia,<a name="FNanchor_40_III" id="FNanchor_40_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_III" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> + where five days' time +was spent by the army, since at that place the general received as a +present from the emperor an exceedingly great number of horses from +the royal pastures, which are kept for him in the territory of Thrace. +And setting sail from there, they anchored off Abydus, and it came +about as they were delaying there four days on account of the lack of +wind that the following event took place. Two Massagetae killed one of +their comrades who was ridiculing them, in the midst of their +intemperate drinking; for they were intoxicated. For of all men the +Massagetae are the most intemperate drinkers. Belisarius, accordingly, +straightway impaled these two men on the hill which is near Abydus. +And since all, and especially the relatives of these two men, were +angry and declared that it was not in order to be punished nor to be +subject to the laws of the Romans that they had entered into an +alliance (for their own laws did not make the punishment for murder +such <i>as</i> this, they said); and since they were joined in voicing the +accusation against the general even by Roman soldiers, who were +anxious that there should be no punishment for their offences, +Belisarius called together both the Massagetae and the rest of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xii_10" id="PageIII_xii_10">[10-18]</a></span> +army and spoke as follows: "If my words were addressed to men +now for the first time entering into war, it would require a long time +for me to convince you by speech how great a help justice is for +gaining the victory. For those who do not understand the fortunes of +such struggles think that the outcome of war lies in strength of arm +alone. But you, who have often conquered an enemy not inferior to you +in strength of body and well endowed with valour, you who have often +tried your strength against your opponents, you, I think, are not +ignorant that, while it is men who always do the fighting in either +army, it is God who judges the contest as seems best to Him and +bestows the victory in battle. Now since this is so, it is fitting to +consider good bodily condition and practice in arms and all the other +provision for war of less account than justice and those things which +pertain to God. For that which may possibly be of greatest advantage +to men in need would naturally be honoured by them above all other +things. Now the first proof of justice would be the punishment of +those who have committed unjust murder. For if it is incumbent upon us +to sit in judgment upon the actions which from time to time are +committed by men toward their neighbours, and to adjudge and to name +the just and the unjust action, we should find that nothing is more +precious to a man than his life. And if any barbarian who has slain +his kinsman expects to find indulgence in his trial on the ground that +he was drunk, in all fairness he makes the charge so much the worse by +reason of the very circumstance by which, as he alleges, his guilt is +removed. For it is not right for a man under any circumstances, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xii_18" id="PageIII_xii_18">[18-2]</a></span> +and especially when serving in an army, to be so drunk as readily to +kill his dearest friends; nay, the drunkenness itself, even if the +murder is not added at all, is worthy of punishment; and when a +kinsman is wronged, the crime would clearly be of greater moment as +regards punishment than when committed against those who are not +kinsmen, at least in the eyes of men of sense. Now the example is +before you and you may see what sort of an outcome such actions have. +But as for you, it is your duty to avoid laying violent hands upon +anyone without provocation, or carrying off the possessions of others; +for I shall not overlook it, be assured, and I shall not consider +anyone of you a fellow-soldier of mine, no matter how terrible he is +reputed to be to the foe, who is not able to use clean hands against +the enemy. For bravery cannot be victorious unless it be arrayed along +with justice." So spoke Belisarius. And the whole army, hearing what +was said and looking up at the two men impaled, felt an overwhelming +fear come over them and took thought to conduct their lives with +moderation, for they saw that they would not be free from great danger +if they should be caught doing anything unlawful.</p> +<p> +XIII</p> +<p> +After this Belisarius bethought him how his whole fleet should always +keep together as it sailed and should anchor in the same place. For he +knew that in a large fleet, and especially if rough winds should +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiii_2" id="PageIII_xiii_2">[2-8]</a></span> +assail them, it was inevitable that many of the ships should be left +behind and scattered on the open sea, and that their pilots should not +know which of the ships that put to sea ahead of them it was better to +follow. So after considering the matter, he did as follows. The sails +of the three ships in which he and his following were carried he +painted red from the upper corner for about one third of their length, +and he erected upright poles on the prow of each, and hung lights from +them, so that both by day and by night the general's ships might be +distinguishable; then he commanded all the pilots to follow these +ships. Thus with the three ships leading the whole fleet not a single +ship was left behind. And whenever they were about to put out from a +harbour, the trumpets announced this to them.</p> +<p> +And upon setting out from Abydus they met with strong winds which +carried them to Sigeum. And again in calm weather they proceeded more +leisurely to Malea, where the calm proved of the greatest advantage to +them. For since they had a great fleet and exceedingly large ships, as +night came on everything was thrown into confusion by reason of their +being crowded into small space, and they were brought into extreme +peril. At that time both the pilots and the rest of the sailors shewed +themselves skilful and efficient, for while shouting at the top of +their voices and making a great noise they kept pushing the ships +apart with their poles, and cleverly kept the distances between their +different vessels; but if a wind had arisen, whether a following or a +head wind, it seems to me that the sailors would hardly have preserved +themselves and their ships. But as it was, they escaped, as I +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiii_8" id="PageIII_xiii_8">[8-15]</a></span> +have said, and put in at Taenarum, which is now called Caenopolis.<a name="FNanchor_41_III" id="FNanchor_41_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_III" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> +Then, pressing on from there, they touched at Methone, and found +Valerian and Martinus with their men, who had reached the same place a +short time before. And since there were no winds blowing, Belisarius +anchored the ships there, and disembarked the whole army; and after +they were on shore he assigned the commanders their positions and drew +up the soldiers. And while he was thus engaged and no wind at all +arose, it came about that many of the soldiers were destroyed by +disease caused in the following manner.</p> +<p> +The pretorian prefect, John, was a man of worthless character, and so +skilful at devising ways of bringing money into the public treasury to +the detriment of men that I, for my part, should never be competent to +describe this trait of his. But this has been said in the preceding +pages, when I was brought to this point by my narrative.<a name="FNanchor_42_III" id="FNanchor_42_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_III" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> + But I +shall tell in the present case in what manner he destroyed the +soldiers. The bread which soldiers are destined to eat in camp must of +necessity be put twice into the oven, and be cooked so carefully as to +last for a very long period and not spoil in a short time, and loaves +cooked in this way necessarily weigh less; and for this reason, when +such bread is distributed, the soldiers generally received as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiii_15" id="PageIII_xiii_15">[15-21]</a></span> +their portion one-fourth more than the usual weight.<a name="FNanchor_43_III" id="FNanchor_43_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_III" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> + John, +therefore, calculating how he might reduce the amount of firewood used +and have less to pay to the bakers in wages, and also how he might not +lose in the weight of the bread, brought the still uncooked dough to +the public baths of Achilles, in the basement of which the fire is +kept burning, and bade his men set it down there. And when it seemed +to be cooked in some fashion or other, he threw it into bags, put it +on the ships, and sent it off. And when the fleet arrived at Methone, +the loaves disintegrated and returned again to flour, not wholesome +flour, however, but rotten and becoming mouldy and already giving out +a sort of oppressive odour. And the loaves were dispensed by +measure<a name="FNanchor_44_III" id="FNanchor_44_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_III" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> + to the soldiers by those to whom this office was assigned, +and they were already making the distribution of the bread by quarts +and bushels. And the soldiers, feeding upon this in the summer time in +a place where the climate is very hot, became sick, and not less than +five hundred of them died; and the same thing was about to happen to +more, but Belisarius prevented it by ordering the bread of the country +to be furnished them. And reporting tke matter to the emperor, he +himself gained in favour, but he did not at that time bring any +punishment upon John.</p> +<p> +These events, then, took place in the manner described. And setting +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiii_21" id="PageIII_xiii_21">[21-23]</a></span> +out from Methone they reached the harbour of Zacynthus, where +they took in enough water to last them in crossing the Adriatic Sea, +and after making all their other preparations, sailed on. But since +the wind they had was very gentle and languid, it was only on the +sixteenth day that they came to land at a deserted place in Sicily +near which Mount Aetna rises. And while they were being delayed in +this passage, as has been said, it so happened that the water of the +whole fleet was spoiled, except that which Belisarius himself and his +table-companions were drinking. For this alone was preserved by the +wife of Belisarius in the following manner. She filled with water jars +made of glass and constructed a small room with planks in the hold of +the ship where it was impossible for the sun to penetrate, and there +she sank the jars in sand, and by this means the water remained +unaffected. So much, then, for this.</p> +<p> +XIV</p> +<p> +And as soon as Belisarius had disembarked upon the island, he began to +feel restless, knowing not how to proceed, and his mind was tormented +by the thought that he did not know what sort of men the Vandals were +against whom he was going, and how strong they were in war, or in what +manner the Romans would have to wage the war, or what place would be +their base of operations. But most of all he was disturbed by the +soldiers, who were in mortal dread of sea-fighting and had no shame in +saying beforehand that, if they should be disembarked on the land, +they would try to show themselves brave men in the battle, but if +hostile ships assailed them, they would turn to flight; for, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiv_2" id="PageIII_xiv_2">[2-7]</a></span> +they said, they were not able to contend against two enemies at once, +both men and water. Being at a loss, therefore, because of all these +things, he sent Procopius, his adviser, to Syracuse, to find out +whether the enemy had any ships in ambush keeping watch over the +passage across the sea, either on the island or on the continent, and +where it would be best for them to anchor in Libya, and from what +point as base it would be advantageous for them to start in carrying +on the war against the Vandals. And he bade him, when he should have +accomplished his commands, return and meet him at the place called +Caucana,<a name="FNanchor_45_III" id="FNanchor_45_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_III" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> + about two hundred stades distant from Syracuse, where +both he and the whole fleet were to anchor. But he let it be +understood that he was sending him to buy provisions, since the Goths +were willing to give them a market, this having been decided upon by +the Emperor Justinian and Amalasountha, the mother of Antalaric,<a name="FNanchor_46_III" id="FNanchor_46_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_III" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> +who was at that time a boy being reared under the care of his mother, +Amalasountha, and held sway over both the Goths and the Italians. For +when Theoderic had died and the kingdom came to his nephew, Antalaric, +who had already before this lost his father, Amalasountha was fearful +both for her child and for the kingdom and cultivated the friendship +of Justinian very carefully, and she gave heed to his commands in all +matters and at that time promised to provide a market for his army and +did so.</p> +<p> +Now when Procopius reached Syracuse, he unexpectedly met a man who had +been a fellow-citizen and friend of his from childhood, who had been +living in Syracuse for a long time engaged in the shipping +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiv_7" id="PageIII_xiv_7">[7-13]</a></span> +business, and he learned from him what he wanted; for this man showed +him a domestic who had three days before that very day come from +Carthage, and he said that they need not suspect that there would be +any ambush set for the fleet by the Vandals. For from no one in the +world had they learned that an army was coming against them at that +time, but all the active men among the Vandals had actually a little +before gone on an expedition against Godas. And for this reason +Gelimer, with no thought of an enemy in his mind and regardless of +Carthage and all the other places on the sea, was staying in Hermione, +which is in Byzacium, four days' journey distant from the coast; so +that it was possible for them to sail without fearing any difficulty +and to anchor wherever the wind should call them. When Procopius heard +this, he took the hand of the domestic and walked to the harbour of +Arethousa where his boat lay at anchor, making many enquiries of the +man and searching out every detail. And going on board the ship with +him, he gave orders to raise the sails and to make all speed for +Caucana. And since the master of the domestic stood on the shore +wondering that he did not give him back the man, Procopius shouted +out, when the ship was already under way, begging him not to be angry +with him; for it was necessary that the domestic should meet the +general, and, after leading the army to Libya, would return after no +long time to Syracuse with much money in his pocket.</p> <p>But upon +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiv_14" id="PageIII_xiv_14">[14-2]</a></span> +coming to Caucana they found all in deep grief. For Dorotheus, the +general of the troops of Armenia, had died there, leaving to the whole +army a great sense of loss. But Belisarius, when the domestic had come +before him and related his whole story, became exceedingly glad, and +after bestowing many praises upon Procopius, he issued orders to give +the signal for departure with the trumpets. And setting sail quickly +they touched at the islands of Gaulus and Melita,<a name="FNanchor_47_III" id="FNanchor_47_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_III" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> + which mark the +boundary between the Adriatic and Tuscan Seas. There a strong east +wind arose for them, and on the following day it carried the ships to +the point of Libya, at the place which the Romans call in their own +tongue "Shoal's Head." For its name is "Caputvada," and it is five +days' journey from Carthage for an unencumbered traveller.</p> +<p> +XV</p> +<p> +And when they came near the shore, the general bade them furl the +sails, throw out anchors from the ships, and make a halt; and calling +together all the commanders to his own ship, he opened a discussion +with regard to the disembarkation. Thereupon many speeches were made +inclining to either side, and Archelaus came forward and spoke as +follows:</p> +<p> +"I admire, indeed, the virtue of our general, who, while surpassing +all by far in judgment and possessing the greatest wealth of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xv_2" id="PageIII_xv_2">[2-10]</a></span> +experience, and at the same time holding the power alone, has +proposed an open discussion and bids each one of us speak, so that we +shall be able to choose whichever course seems best, though it is +possible for him to decide alone on what is needful and at his leisure +to put it into execution as he wishes. But as for you, my fellow +officers—I do not know how I am to say it easily—one might wonder +that each one did not hasten to be the first to oppose the +disembarkation. And yet I understand that the making of suggestions to +those who are entering upon a perilous course brings no personal +advantage to him who offers the advice, but as a general thing results +in bringing blame upon him. For when things go well for men, they +attribute their success to their own judgment or to fortune, but when +they fail, they blame only the one who has advised them. Nevertheless +I shall speak out. For it is not right for those who deliberate about +safety to shrink from blame. You are purposing to disembark on the +enemy's land, fellow-officers; but in what harbour are you planning to +place the ships in safety? Or in what city's wall will you find +security for yourselves? Have you not then heard that this +promontory—I mean from Carthage to Iouce—extends, they say, for a +journey of nine days, altogether without harbours and lying open to +the wind from whatever quarter it may blow? And not a single walled +town is left in all Libya except Carthage, thanks to the decision of +Gizeric.<a name="FNanchor_48_III" id="FNanchor_48_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_III" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> + And one might add that in this place, they say, water is +entirely lacking. Come now, if you wish, let us suppose that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xv_10" id="PageIII_xv_10">[10-17]</a></span> +some adversity befall us, and with this in view make the decision. For +that those who enter into contests of arms should expect no difficulty +is not in keeping with human experience nor with the nature of things. +If, then, after we have disembarked upon the mainland, a storm should +fall upon us, will it not be necessary that one of two things befall +the ships, either that they flee away as far as possible, or perish +upon this promontory? Secondly, what means will there be of supplying +us with necessities? Let no one look to me as the officer charged with +the maintenance of the army. For every official, when deprived of the +means of administering his office, is of necessity reduced to the name +and character of a private person. And where shall we deposit our +superfluous arms or any other part of our necessaries when we are +compelled to receive the attack of the barbarians? Nay, as for this, +it is not well even to say how it will turn out. But I think that we +ought to make straight for Carthage. For they say that there is a +harbour called Stagnum not more than forty stades distant from that +city, which is entirely unguarded and large enough for the whole +fleet. And if we make this the base of our operations, we shall carry +on the war without difficulty. And I, for my part, think it likely +that we shall win Carthage by a sudden attack, especially since the +enemy are far away from it, and that after we have won it we shall +have no further trouble. For it is a way with all men's undertakings +that when the chief point has been captured, they collapse after no +long time. It behoves us, therefore, to bear in mind all these things +and to choose the best course." So spoke Archelaus.</p> <p>And +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xv_18" id="PageIII_xv_18">[18-25]</a></span> +Belisarius spoke as follows: "Let no one of you, fellow-officers, +think that my words are those of censure, nor that they are spoken in +the last place to the end that it may become necessary for all to +follow them, of whatever sort they may be. For I have heard what seems +best to each one of you, and it is becoming that I too should lay +before you what I think, and then with you should choose the better +course. But it is right to remind you of this fact, that the soldiers +said openly a little earlier that they feared the dangers by sea and +would turn to flight if a hostile ship should attack them, and we +prayed God to shew us the land of Libya and allow us a peaceful +disembarkation upon it. And since this is so, I think it the part of +foolish men first to pray to receive from God the more favourable +fortune, then when this is given them, to reject it and go in the +contrary direction. And if we do sail straight for Carthage and a +hostile fleet encounters us, the soldiers will remain without blame, +if they flee with all their might—for a delinquency announced +beforehand carries with it its own defence—but for us, even if we +come through safely, there will be no forgiveness. Now while there are +many difficulties if we remain in the ships, it will be sufficient, I +think, to mention only one thing,—that by which especially they wish +to frighten us when they hold over our heads the danger of a storm. +For if any storm should fall upon us, one of two things, they say, +must necessarily befall the ships, either that they flee far from +Libya or be destroyed upon this headland. What then under the present +circumstances will be more to our advantage to choose? to have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xv_25" id="PageIII_xv_25">[25-31]</a></span> +the ships alone destroyed, or to have lost everything, men and all? +But apart from this, at the present time we shall fall upon the enemy +unprepared, and in all probability shall fare as we desire; for in +warfare it is the unexpected which is accustomed to govern the course +of events. But a little later, when the enemy have already made their +preparation, the struggle we shall have will be one of strength evenly +matched. And one might add that it will be necessary perhaps to fight +even for the disembarkation, and to seek for that which now we have +within our grasp but over which we are deliberating as a thing not +necessary. And if at the very time, when we are engaged in conflict, a +storm also comes upon us, as often happens on the sea, then while +struggling both against the waves and against the Vandals, we shall +come to regret our prudence. As for me, then, I say that we must +disembark upon the land with all possible speed, landing horses and +arms and whatever else we consider necessary for our use, and that we +must dig a trench quickly and throw a stockade around us of a kind +which can contribute to our safety no less than any walled town one +might mention, and with that as our base must carry on the war from +there if anyone should attack us. And if we shew ourselves brave men, +we shall lack nothing in the way of provisions. For those who hold the +mastery over their enemy are lords also of the enemy's possessions; +and it is the way of victory, first to invest herself with all the +wealth, and then to set it down again on that side to which she +inclines. Therefore, for you both the chance of safety and of having +an abundance of good things lies in your own hands." +</p> <p> +When Belisarius had said this, the whole assembly agreed and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xv_31" id="PageIII_xv_31">[31-36]</a></span> +adopted his proposal, and separating from one another, they made the +disembarkation as quickly as possible, about three months later than +their departure from Byzantium. And indicating a certain spot on the +shore the general bade both soldiers and sailors dig the trench and +place the stockade about it. And they did as directed. And since a +great throng was working and fear was stimulating their enthusiasm and +the general was urging them on, not only was the trench dug on the +same day, but the stockade was also completed and the pointed stakes +were fixed in place all around. Then, indeed, while they were digging +the trench, something happened which was altogether amazing. A great +abundance of water sprang forth from the earth, a thing which had not +happened before in Byzacium, and besides this the place where they +were was altogether waterless. Now this water sufficed for all uses of +both men and animals. And in congratulating the general, Procopius +said that he rejoiced at the abundance of water, not so much because +of its usefulness, as because it seemed to him a symbol of an easy +victory, and that Heaven was foretelling a victory to them. This, at +any rate, actually came to pass. So for that night all the soldiers +bivouacked in the camp, setting guards and doing everything else as +was customary, except, indeed, that Belisarius commanded five bowmen +to remain in each ship for the purpose of a guard, and that the +ships-of-war should anchor in a circle about them, taking care that no +one should come against them to do them harm.</p> +<p> +XVI</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvi_1" id="PageIII_xvi_1">[1-5]</a></span> +<p> +But on the following day, when some of the soldiers went out into the +fields and laid hands on the fruit, the general inflicted corporal +punishment of no casual sort upon them, and he called all the army +together and spoke as follows: "This using of violence and the eating +of that which belongs to others seems at other times a wicked thing +only on this account, that injustice is in the deed itself, as the +saying is; but in the present instance so great an element of +detriment is added to the wrongdoing that—if it is not too harsh to +say so—we must consider the question of justice of less account and +calculate the magnitude of the danger that may arise from your act. +For I have disembarked you upon this land basing my confidence on this +alone, that the Libyans, being Romans from of old, are unfaithful and +hostile to the Vandals, and for this reason I thought that no +necessaries would fail us and, besides, that the enemy would not do us +any injury by a sudden attack. But now this your lack of self-control +has changed it all and made the opposite true. For you have doubtless +reconciled the Libyans to the Vandals, bringing their hostility round +upon your own selves. For by nature those who are wronged feel enmity +toward those who have done them violence, and it has come round to +this that you have exchanged your own safety and a bountiful supply of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvi_5" id="PageIII_xvi_5">[5-10]</a></span> +good things for some few pieces of silver, when it was possible +for you, by purchasing provisions from willing owners, not to appear +unjust and at the same time to enjoy their friendship to the utmost. +Now, therefore, the war will be between you and both Vandals and +Libyans, and I, at least, say further that it will be against God +himself, whose aid no one who does wrong can invoke. But do you cease +trespassing wantonly upon the possessions of others, and reject a gain +which is full of dangers. For this is that time in which above all +others moderation is able to save, but lawlessness leads to death. For +if you give heed to these things, you will find God propitious, the +Libyan people well-disposed, and the race of the Vandals open to your +attack."</p> +<p> +With these words Belisarius dismissed the assembly. And at that time +he heard that the city of Syllectus was distant one day's journey from +the camp, lying close to the sea on the road leading to Carthage, and +that the wall of this city had been torn down for a long time, but the +inhabitants of the place had made a barrier on all sides by means of +the walls of their houses, on account of the attacks of the Moors, and +guarded a kind of fortified enclosure; he, accordingly, sent one of +his spearmen, Boriades, together with some of the guards, commanding +them to make an attempt oh the city, and, if they captured it, to do +no harm in it, but to promise a thousand good things and to say that +they had come for the sake of the people's freedom, that so the army +might be able to enter into it. And they came near the city about dusk +and passed the night hidden in a ravine. But at early dawn, meeting +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvi_10" id="PageIII_xvi_10">[10-14]</a></span> +country folk going into the city with waggons, they entered +quietly with them and with no trouble took possession of the city. And +when day came, no one having begun any disturbance, they called +together the priest and all the other notables and announced the +commands of the general, and receiving the keys of the entrances from +willing hands, they sent them to the general.</p> +<p> +On the same day the overseer of the public post deserted, handing over +all the government horses. And they captured also one of those who are +occasionally sent to bear the royal responses, whom they call +"veredarii"<a name="FNanchor_49_III" id="FNanchor_49_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_III" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> +; and the general did him no harm but presented him +with much gold and, receiving pledges from him, put into his hand the +letter which the Emperor Justinian had written to the Vandals, that he +might give it to the magistrates of the Vandals. And the writing was +as follows: "Neither have we decided to make war upon the Vandals, nor +are we breaking the treaty of Gizeric, but we are attempting to +dethrone your tyrant, who, making light of the testament of Gizeric, +has imprisoned your king and is keeping him in custody, and those of +his relatives whom he hated exceedingly he put to death at the first, +and the rest, after robbing them of their sight, he keeps under guard, +not allowing them to terminate their misfortunes by death. Do you, +therefore, join forces with us and help us in freeing yourselves from +so wicked a tyranny, in order that you may be able to enjoy both peace +and freedom. For we give you pledges in the name of God that these +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvi_14" id="PageIII_xvi_14">[14-5]</a></span> +things will come to you by our hand." Such was the message of +the emperor's letter. But the man who received this from Belisarius +did not dare to publish it openly, and though he shewed it secretly to +his friends, he accomplished nothing whatever of consequence.</p> +<p> +XVII</p> +<p> +And Belisarius, having arrayed his army as for battle in the following +manner, began the march to Carthage. He chose out three hundred of his +guards, men who were able warriors, and handed them over to John, who +was in charge of the expenditures of the general's household; such a +person the Romans call "optio."<a name="FNanchor_50_III" id="FNanchor_50_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_III" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> + And he was an Armenian by birth, a +man gifted with discretion and courage in the highest degree. This +John, then, he commanded to go ahead of the army, at a distance of not +less than twenty stades, and if he should see anything of the enemy, +to report it with all speed, so that they might not be compelled to +enter into battle unprepared. And the allied Massagetae he commanded +to travel constantly on the left of the army, keeping as many stades +away or more; and he himself marched in the rear with the best troops. +For he suspected that it would not be long before Gelimer, following +them from Hermione, would make an attack upon them. And these +precautions were sufficient, for on the right side there was no fear, +since they were travelling not far from the coast. And he commanded +the sailors to follow along with them always and not to separate +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvii_5" id="PageIII_xvii_5">[5-10]</a></span> +themselves far from the army, but when the wind was favouring to +lower the great sails, and follow with the small sails, which they +call "dolones,"<a name="FNanchor_51_III" id="FNanchor_51_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_III" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> + and when the wind dropped altogether to keep the +ships under way as well as they could by rowing.</p> +<p> +And when Belisarius reached Syllectus, the soldiers behaved with +moderation, and they neither began any unjust brawls nor did anything +out of the way, and he himself, by displaying great gentleness and +kindness, won the Libyans to his side so completely that thereafter he +made the journey as if in his own land; for neither did the +inhabitants of the land withdraw nor did they wish to conceal +anything, but they both furnished a market and served the soldiers in +whatever else they wished. And accomplishing eighty stades each day, +we completed the whole journey to Carthage, passing the night either +in a city, should it so happen, or in a camp made as thoroughly secure +as the circumstances permitted. Thus we passed through the city of +Leptis and Hadrumetum and reached the place called Grasse, three +hundred and fifty stades distant from Carthage. In that place was a +palace of the ruler of the Vandals and a park the most beautiful of +all we know. For it is excellently watered by springs and has a great +wealth of woods. And all the trees are full of fruit; so that each one +of the soldiers pitched his tent among fruit-trees, and though all of +them ate their fill of the fruit, which was then ripe, there +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvii_10" id="PageIII_xvii_10">[10-16]</a></span> +was practically no diminution to be seen in the fruit.</p> +<p> +But Gelimer, as soon as he heard in Hermione that the enemy were at +hand, wrote to his brother Ammatas in Carthage to kill Ilderic and all +the others, connected with him either by birth or otherwise, whom he +was keeping under guard, and commanded him to make ready the Vandals +and all others in the city serviceable for war, in order that, when +the enemy got inside the narrow passage at the suburb of the city +which they call Decimum,<a name="FNanchor_52_III" id="FNanchor_52_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_III" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> + they might come together from both sides +and surround them and, catching them as in a net, destroy them. And +Ammatas carried this out, and killed Ilderic, who was a relative of +his, and Euagees, and all the Libyans who were intimate with them. For +Hoamer had already departed from the world.<a name="FNanchor_53_III" id="FNanchor_53_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_III" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> + And arming the +Vandals, he made them ready, intending to make his attack at the +opportune moment. But Gelimer was following behind, without letting it +be known to us, except, indeed, that, on that night when we bivouacked +in Grasse, scouts coming from both armies met each other, and after an +exchange of blows they each retired to their own camp, and in this way +it became evident to us that the enemy were not far away. As we +proceeded from there it was impossible to discern the ships. For high +rocks extending well into the sea cause mariners to make a great +circuit, and there is a projecting headland,<a name="FNanchor_54_III" id="FNanchor_54_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_III" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> + inside of which lies +the town of Hermes. Belisarius therefore commanded Archelaus, the +prefect, and Calonymus, the admiral, not to put in at Carthage, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvii_16" id="PageIII_xvii_16">[16-4]</a></span> +but to remain about two hundred stades away until he himself should +summon them. And departing from Grasse we came on the fourth day to +Decimum, seventy stades distant from Carthage.</p> +<p> +XVIII</p> +<p> +And on that day Gelimer commanded his nephew Gibamundus with two +thousand of the Vandals to go ahead of the rest of the army on the +left side, in order that Ammatas coming from Carthage, Gelimer himself +from the rear, and Gibamundus from the country to the left, might +unite and accomplish the task of encircling the enemy with less +difficulty and exertion. But as for me, during this struggle I was +moved to wonder at the ways of Heaven and of men, noting how God, who +sees from afar what will come to pass, traces out the manner in which +it seems best to him that things should come to pass, while men, +whether they are deceived or counsel aright, know not that they have +failed, should that be the issue, or that they have succeeded, God's +purpose being that a path shall be made for Fortune, who presses on +inevitably toward that which has been foreordained. For if Belisarius +had not thus arranged his forces, commanding the men under John to +take the lead, and the Massagetae to march on the left of the army, we +should never have been able to escape the Vandals. And even with this +planned so by Belisarius, if Ammatas had observed the opportune +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xviii_4" id="PageIII_xviii_4">[4-11]</a></span> +time, and had not anticipated this by about the fourth part of a day, +never would the cause of the Vandals have fallen as it did; but as it +was, Ammatas came to Decimum about midday, in advance of the time, +while both we and the Vandal army were far away, erring not only in +that he did not arrive at the fitting time, but also in leaving at +Carthage the host of the Vandals, commanding them to come to Decimum +as quickly as possible, while he with a few men and not even the pick +of the army came into conflict with John's men. And he killed twelve +of the best men who were fighting in the front rank, and he himself +fell, having shewn himself a brave man in this engagement. And the +rout, after Ammatas fell, became complete, and the Vandals, fleeing at +top speed, swept back all those who were coming from Carthage to +Decimum. For they were advancing in no order and not drawn up as for +battle, but in companies, and small ones at that; for they were coming +in bands of twenty or thirty. And seeing the Vandals under Ammatas +fleeing, and thinking their pursuers were a great multitude, they +turned and joined in the flight. And John and his men, killing all +whom they came upon, advanced as far as the gates of Carthage. And +there was so great a slaughter of Vandals in the course of the seventy +stades that those who beheld it would have supposed that it was the +work of an enemy twenty thousand strong.</p> +<p> At the same time +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xviii_12" id="PageIII_xviii_12">[12-19]</a></span> +Gibamundus and his two thousand came to Pedion Halon, which is forty +stades distant from Decimum on the left as one goes to Carthage, and +is destitute of human habitation or trees or anything else, since the +salt in the water permits nothing except salt to be produced there; in +that place they encountered the Huns and were all destroyed. Now there +was a certain man among the Massagetae, well gifted with courage and +strength of body, the leader of a few men; this man had the privilege +handed down from his fathers and ancestors to be the first in all the +Hunnic armies to attack the enemy. For it was not lawful for a man of +the Massagetae to strike first in battle and capture one of the enemy +until, indeed, someone from this house began the struggle with the +enemy. So when the two armies had come not far from each other, this +man rode out and stopped alone close to the army of the Vandals. And +the Vandals, either because they were dumbfounded at the courageous +spirit of the man or perhaps because they suspected that the enemy +were contriving something against them, decided neither to move nor to +shoot at the man. And I think that, since they had never had +experience of battle with the Massagetae, but heard that the nation +was very warlike, they were for this reason terrified at the danger. +And the man, returning to his compatriots, said that God had sent them +these strangers as a ready feast. Then at length they made their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xviii_19" id="PageIII_xviii_19">[19-6]</a></span> +onset and the Vandals did not withstand them, but breaking their ranks +and never thinking of resistance, they were all disgracefully +destroyed.</p> +<p> +XIX</p> +<p> +But we, having learned nothing at all of what had happened, were going +on to Decimum. And Belisarius, seeing a place well adapted for a camp, +thirty-five stades distant from Decimum, surrounded it with a stockade +which was very well made, and placing all the infantry there and +calling together the whole army, he spoke as follows: "Fellow-soldiers, the decisive moment of the struggle is already at +hand; for I perceive that the enemy are advancing upon us; and the +ships have been taken far away from us by the nature of the place; and +it has come round to this that our hope of safety lies in the strength +of our hands. For there is not a friendly city, no, nor any other +stronghold, in which we may put our trust and have confidence +concerning ourselves. But if we should show ourselves brave men, it is +probable that we shall still overcome the enemy in the war; but if we +should weaken at all, it will remain for us to fall under the hand of +the Vandals and to be destroyed disgracefully. And yet there are many +advantages on our side to help us on toward victory; for we have with +us both justice, with which we have come against our enemy (for we are +here in order to recover what is our own), and the hatred of the +Vandals toward their own tyrant. For the alliance of God follows +naturally those who put justice forward, and a soldier who is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xix_6" id="PageIII_xix_6">[6-14]</a></span> +ill-disposed toward his ruler knows not how to play the part of a +brave man. And apart from this, we have been engaged with Persians and +Scythians all the time, but the Vandals, since the time they conquered +Libya, have seen not a single enemy except naked Moors. And who does +not know that in every work practice leads to skill, while idleness +leads to inefficiency? Now the stockade, from which we shall have to +carry on the war, has been made by us in the best possible manner. And +we are able to deposit here our weapons and everything else which we +are not able to carry when we go forth; and when we return here again, +no kind of provisions can fail us. And I pray that each one of you, +calling to mind his own valour and those whom he has left at home, may +so march with contempt against the enemy."</p> +<p> +After speaking these words and uttering a prayer after them, +Belisarius left his wife and the barricaded camp to the infantry, and +himself set forth with all the horsemen. For it did not seem to him +advantageous for the present to risk an engagement with the whole +army, but it seemed wise to skirmish first with the horsemen and make +trial of the enemy's strength, and finally to fight a decisive battle +with the whole army. Sending forward, therefore, the commanders of the +foederati,<a name="FNanchor_55_III" id="FNanchor_55_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_III" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> + he himself followed with the rest of the force and his +own spearmen and guards. And when the foederati and their leaders +reached Decimum, they saw the corpses of the fallen—twelve +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xix_14" id="PageIII_xix_14">[14-22]</a></span> +comrades from the forces of John and near them Ammatas and some of the +Vandals. And hearing from the inhabitants of the place the whole story +of the fight, they were vexed, being at a loss as to where they ought +to go. But while they were still at a loss and from the hills were +looking around over the whole country thereabouts, a dust appeared +from the south and a little later a very large force of Vandal +horsemen. And they sent to Belisarius urging him to come as quickly as +possible, since the enemy were bearing down upon them. And the +opinions of the commanders were divided. For some thought that they +ought to close with their assailants, but the others said that their +force was not sufficient for this. And while they were debating thus +among themselves, the barbarians drew near under the leadership of +Gelimer, who was following a road between the one which Belisarius was +travelling and the one by which the Massagetae who had encountered +Gibamundus had come. But since the land was hilly on both sides, it +did not allow him to see either the disaster of Gibamundus or +Belisarius' stockade, nor even the road along which Belisarius' men +were advancing. But when they came near each other, a contest arose +between the two armies as to which should capture the highest of all +the hills there. For it seemed a suitable one to encamp upon, and both +sides preferred to engage with the enemy from there. And the Vandals, +coming first, took possession of the hill by crowding off their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xix_22" id="PageIII_xix_22">[22-28]</a></span> +assailants and routed the enemy, having already become an object of +terror to them. And the Romans in flight came to a place seven stades +distant from Decimum, where, as it happened, Uliaris, the personal +guard of Belisarius, was, with eight hundred guardsmen. And all +supposed that Uliaris would receive them and hold his position, and +together with them would go against the Vandals; but when they came +together, these troops all unexpectedly fled at top speed and went on +the run to Belisarius.</p> +<p> +From then on I am unable to say what happened to Gelimer that, having +the victory in his hands, he willingly gave it up to the enemy, unless +one ought to refer foolish actions also to God, who, whenever He +purposes that some adversity shall befall a man, touches first his +reason and does not permit that which will be to his advantage to come +to his consideration. For if, on the one hand, he had made the pursuit +immediately, I do not think that even Belisarius would have withstood +him, but our cause would have been utterly and completely lost, so +numerous appeared the force of the Vandals and so great the fear they +inspired in the Romans; or if, on the other hand, he had even ridden +straight for Carthage, he would easily have killed all John's men, +who, heedless of everything else, were wandering about the plain one +by one or by twos and stripping the dead. And he would have preserved +the city with its treasures, and captured our ships, which had come +rather near, and he would have withdrawn from us all hope both +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xix_28" id="PageIII_xix_28">[28-1]</a></span> +of sailing away and of victory. But in fact he did neither of these +things. Instead he descended from the hill at a walk, and when he +reached the level ground and saw the corpse of his brother, he turned +to lamentations, and, in caring for his burial, he blunted the edge of +his opportunity—an opportunity which he was not able to grasp again. +Meantime Belisarius, meeting the fugitives, bade them stop, and +arrayed them all in order and rebuked them at length; then, after +hearing of the death of Ammatas and the pursuit of John, and learning +what he wished concerning the place and the enemy, he proceeded at +full speed against Gelimer and the Vandals. But the barbarians, having +already fallen into disorder and being now unprepared, did not +withstand the onset of the Romans, but fled with all their might, +losing many there, and the battle ended at night. Now the Vandals were +in flight, not to Carthage nor to Byzacium, whence they had come, but +to the plain of Boulla and the road leading into Numidia. So the men +with John and the Massagetae returned to us about dusk, and after +learning all that had happened and reporting what they had done, they +passed the night with us in Decimum.</p> +<p> +XX</p> +<p> +But on the following day the infantry with the wife of Belisarius came +up and we all proceeded together on the road toward Carthage, which we +reached in the late evening; and we passed the night in the open, +although no one hindered us from marching into the city at once. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xx_1" id="PageIII_xx_1">[1-7]</a></span> +For the Carthaginians opened the gates and burned lights everywhere +and the city was brilliant with the illumination that whole night, and +those of the Vandals who had been left behind were sitting as +suppliants in the sanctuaries. But Belisarius prevented the entrance +in order to guard against any ambuscade being set for his men by the +enemy, and also to prevent the soldiers from having freedom to turn to +plundering, as they might under the concealment of night. On that day, +since an east wind arose for them, the ships reached the headland, and +the Carthaginians, for they already sighted them, removed the iron +chains of the harbour which they call Mandracium, and made it possible +for the fleet to enter. Now there is in the king's palace a room +filled with darkness, which the Carthaginians call Ancon, where all +were cast with whom the tyrant was angry. In that place, as it +happened, many of the eastern merchants had been confined up to that +time. For Gelimer was angry with these men, charging them with having +urged the emperor on to the war, and they were about to be destroyed, +all of them, this having been decided upon by Gelimer on that day on +which Ammatas was killed in Decimum; to such an extremity of danger +did they come. The guard of this prison, upon hearing what had taken +place in Decimum and seeing the fleet inside the point, entered the +room and enquired of the men, who had not yet learned the good news, +but were sitting in the darkness and expecting death, what among +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xx_7" id="PageIII_xx_7">[7-15]</a></span> +their possessions they would be willing to give up and be saved. +And when they said they desired to give everything he might wish, he +demanded nothing of all their treasures, but required them all to +swear that, if they escaped, they would assist him also with all their +power when he came into danger. And they did this. Then he told them +them the whole story, and tearing off a plank from the side toward the +sea, he pointed out the fleet approaching, and releasing all from the +prison went out with them.</p> +<p> +But tile men on the ships, having as yet heard nothing of what the +army had done on the land, were completely at a loss, and slackening +their sails they sent to the town of Mercurium; there they learned +what had taken place at Decimum, and becoming exceedingly joyful +sailed on. And when, with a favouring wind blowing, they came to +within one hundred and fifty stades of Carthage, Archelaus and the +soldiers bade them anchor there, fearing the warning of the general, +but the sailors would not obey. For they said that the promontory at +that point was without a harbour and also that the indications were +that a well-known storm, which the natives call Cypriana, would arise +immediately. And they predicted that, if it came upon them in that +place, they would not be able to save even one of the ships. And it +was as they said. So they slackened their sails for a short time and +deliberated; and they did not think they ought to try for Mandracium +(for they shrank from violating the commands of Belisarius, and at the +same time they suspected that the entrance to Mandracium was closed by +the chains, and besides they feared that this harbour was not +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xx_15" id="PageIII_xx_15">[15-21]</a></span> +sufficient for the whole fleet) but Stagnum seemed to them well +situated (for it is forty stades distant from Carthage), and there was +nothing in it to hinder them, and also it was large enough for the +whole fleet. There they arrived about dusk and all anchored, except, +indeed, that Calonymus with some of the sailors, disregarding the +general and all the others, went off secretly to Mandracium, no one +daring to hinder him, and plundered the property of the merchants +dwelling on the sea, both foreigners and Carthaginians.</p> +<p> +On the following day Belisarius commanded those on the ships to +disembark, and after marshalling the whole army and drawing it up in +battle formation, he marched into Carthage; for he feared lest he +should encounter some snare set by the enemy. There he reminded the +soldiers at length of how much good fortune had come to them because +they had displayed moderation toward the Libyans, and he exhorted them +earnestly to preserve good order with the greatest care in Carthage. +For all the Libyans had been Romans in earlier times and had come +under the Vandals by no will of their own and had suffered many +outrages at the hands of these barbarians. For this very reason the +emperor had entered into war with the Vandals, and it was not holy +that any harm should come from them to the people whose freedom they +had made the ground for taking the field against the Vandals. + +<span class="sidenote"> Sept. 15 533 A.D.</span> + +After such words of exhortation he entered Carthage, and, since +no enemy was seen by them, he went up to the palace and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xx_21" id="PageIII_xx_21">[21-3]</a></span> +seated himself on Gelimer's throne. There a crowd of merchants and +other Carthaginians came before Belisarius with much shouting, persons +whose homes were on the sea, and they made the charge that there had +been a robbery of their property on the preceding night by the +sailors. And Belisarius bound Calonymus by oaths to bring without fail +all his thefts to the light. And Calonymus, taking the oath and +disregarding what he had sworn, for the moment made the money his +plunder, but not long afterwards he paid his just penalty in +Byzantium. For being taken with the disease called apoplexy, he became +insane and bit off his own tongue and then died. But this happened at +a later time.</p> +<p> +XXI</p> +<p> +But then, since the hour was appropriate, Belisarius commanded that +lunch be prepared for them, in the very place where Gelimer was +accustomed to entertain the leaders of the Vandals. This place the +Romans call "Delphix," not in their own tongue, but using the Greek +word according to the ancient custom. For in the palace at Rome, where +the dining couches of the emperor were placed, a tripod had stood from +olden times, on which the emperor's cupbearers used to place the cups. +Now the Romans call a tripod "Delphix," since they were first made at +Delphi, and from this both in Byzantium and wherever there is a king's +dining couch they call the room "Delphix"; for the Romans follow the +Greek also in calling the emperor's residence "Palatium." For a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxi_3" id="PageIII_xxi_3">[3-10]</a></span> +Greek named Pallas lived in this place before the capture of Troy and +built a noteworthy house there, and they called this dwelling +"Palatium"; and when Augustus received the imperial power, he decided +to take up his first residence in that house, and from this they call +the place wherever the emperor resides "Palatium." So Belisarius dined +in the Delphix and with him all the notables of the army. And it +happened that the lunch made for Gelimer on the preceding day was in +readiness. And we feasted on that very food and the domestics of +Gelimer served it and poured the wine and waited upon us in every way. +And it was possible to see Fortune in her glory and making a display +of the fact that all things are hers and that nothing is the private +possession of any man. And it fell to the lot of Belisarius on that +day to win such fame as no one of the men of his time ever won nor +indeed any of the men of olden times. For though the Roman soldiers +were not accustomed to enter a subject city without confusion, even if +they numbered only five hundred, and especially if they made the entry +unexpectedly, all the soldiers under the command of this general +showed themselves so orderly that there was not a single act of +insolence nor a threat, and indeed nothing happened to hinder the +business of the city; but in a captured city, one which had changed +its government and shifted its allegiance, it came about that no man's +household was excluded from the privileges of the market-place; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxi_10" id="PageIII_xxi_10">[10-17]</a></span> +on the contrary, the clerks drew up their lists of the men and +conducted the soldiers to their lodgings, just as usual,<a name="FNanchor_56_III" id="FNanchor_56_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_III" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> + and the +soldiers themselves, getting their lunch by purchase from the market, +rested as each one wished.</p> +<p> +Afterwards Belisarius gave pledges to those Vandals who had fled into +the sanctuaries, and began to take thought for the fortifications. For +the circuit-wall of Carthage had been so neglected that in many places +it had become accessible to anyone who wished and easy to attack. For +no small part of it had fallen down, and it was for this reason, the +Carthaginians said, that Gelimer had not made his stand in the city. +For he thought that it would be impossible in a short time to restore +such a circuit-wall to a safe condition. And they said that an old +oracle had been uttered by the children in earlier times in Carthage, +to the effect that "gamma shall pursue beta, and again beta itself +shall pursue gamma." And at that time it had been spoken by the +children in play and had been left as an unexplained riddle, but now +it was perfectly clear to all. For formerly Gizeric had driven out +Boniface and now Belisarius was doing the same to Gelimer. This, then, +whether it was a rumour or an oracle, came out as I have stated.</p> +<p> +At that time a dream also came to light, which had been seen often +before this by many persons, but without being clear as to how it +would turn out. And the dream was as follows. Cyprian,<a name="FNanchor_57_III" id="FNanchor_57_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_III" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> + a holy man, +is reverenced above all others by the Carthaginians. And they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxi_17" id="PageIII_xxi_17">[17-23]</a></span> +have founded a very noteworthy temple in his honour before the city on +the sea-shore, in which they conduct all other customary services, and +also celebrate there a festival which they call the "Cypriana"; and +the sailors are accustomed to name after Cyprian the storm, which I +mentioned lately,<a name="FNanchor_58_III" id="FNanchor_58_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_III" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> + giving it the same name as the festival, since +it is wont to come on at the time at which the Libyans have always +been accustomed to celebrate the festival. This temple the Vandals +took from the Christians by violence in the reign of Honoric. And they +straightway drove out their priests from the temple in great +dishonour, and themselves thereafter attended to the sacred festival +which, they said, now belonged to the Arians. And the Libyans, indeed, +were angry on this account and altogether at a loss, but Cyprian, they +say, often sent them a dream saying that there was not the least need +for the Christians to be concerned about him; for he himself as time +went on would be his own avenger. And when the report of this was +passed around and came to all the Libyans, they were expecting that +some vengeance would come upon the Vandals at some time because of +this sacred festival, but were unable to conjecture how in the world +the vision would be realized for them. Now, therefore, when the +emperor's expedition had come to Libya, since the time had already +come round and would bring the celebration of the festival on the +succeeding day, the priests of the Arians, in spite of the fact that +Ammatas had led the Vandals to Decimum, cleansed the whole sanctuary +and were engaged in hanging up the most beautiful of the votive +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxi_23" id="PageIII_xxi_23">[23-5]</a></span> +offerings there, and making ready the lamps and bringing out the +treasures from the store-houses and preparing all things with +exactness, arranging everything according to its appropriate use. But +the events in Decimum turned out in the manner already described. And +the priests of the Arians were off in flight, while the Christians who +conform to the orthodox faith came to the temple of Cyprian, and they +burned all the lamps and attended to the sacred festival just as is +customary for them to perform this service, and thus it was known to +all what the vision of the dream was foretelling. This, then, came +about in this way.</p> +<p> +XXII</p> +<p> +And the Vandals, recalling an ancient saying, marvelled, understanding +clearly thereafter that for a man, at least, no hope could be +impossible nor any possession secure. And what this saying was and in +what manner it was spoken I shall explain. When the Vandals +originally, pressed by hunger, were about to remove from their +ancestral abodes, a certain part of them was left behind who were +reluctant to go and not desirous of following Godigisclus. And as time +went on it seemed to those who had remained that they were well off as +regards abundance of provisions, and Gizeric with his followers gained +possession of Libya. And when this was heard by those who had not +followed Godigisclus, they rejoiced, since thenceforth the country was +altogether sufficient for them to live upon. But fearing lest at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxii_5" id="PageIII_xxii_5">[5-12]</a></span> +some time much later either the very ones who had conquered Libya, or +their descendants, should in some way or other be driven out of Libya +and return to their ancestral homes (for they never supposed that the +Romans would let Libya be held for ever), they sent ambassadors to +them. And these men, upon coming before Gizeric, said that they +rejoiced with their compatriots who had met with such success, but +that they were no longer able to guard the land of which he and his +men had thought so little that they had settled in Libya. They prayed +therefore that, if they laid no claim to their fatherland, they would +bestow it as an unprofitable possession upon themselves, so that their +title to the land might be made as secure as possible, and if anyone +should come to do it harm, they might by no means disdain to die in +behalf of it. Gizeric, accordingly, and all the other Vandals thought +that they spoke fairly and justly, and they were in the act of +granting everything which the envoys desired of them. But a certain +old man who was esteemed among them and had a great reputation for +discretion said that he would by no means permit such a thing. "For in +human affairs," he said, "not one thing stands secure; nay, nothing +which now exists is stable for all time for men, while as regards that +which does not yet exist, there is nothing which may not come to +pass." When Gizeric heard this, he expressed approval and decided to +send the envoys away with nothing accomplished. Now at that time both +he himself and the man who had given the advice were judged worthy of +ridicule by all the Vandals, as foreseeing the impossible. But when +these things which have been told took place, the Vandals +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxii_12" id="PageIII_xxii_12">[12-18]</a></span> +learned to take a different view of the nature of human affairs and +realized that the saying was that of a wise man.</p> +<p> +Now as for those Vandals who remained in their native land, neither +remembrance nor any name of them has been preserved to my time.<a name="FNanchor_59_III" id="FNanchor_59_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_III" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> + +For since, I suppose, they were a small number, they were either +overpowered by the neighbouring barbarians or they were mingled with +them not at all unwillingly and their name gave way to that of their +conquerors. Indeed, when the Vandals were conquered at that time by +Belisarius, no thought occurred to them to go from there to their +ancestral homes. For they were not able to convey themselves suddenly +from Libya to Europe, especially as they had no ships at hand, but +paid the penalty<a name="FNanchor_60_III" id="FNanchor_60_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_III" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> + there for all the wrongs they had done the Romans +and especially the Zacynthians. For at one time Gizeric, falling +suddenly upon the towns in the Peloponnesus, undertook to assault +Taenarum. And being repulsed from there and losing many of his +followers he retired in complete disorder. And while he was still +filled with anger on account of this, he touched at Zacynthus, and +having killed many of those he met and enslaved five hundred of the +notables, he sailed away soon afterwards. And when he reached the +middle of the Adriatic Sea, as it is called, he cut into small pieces +the bodies of the five hundred and threw them all about the sea +without the least concern. But this happened in earlier times.</p> +<p> +XXIII</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxiii_1" id="PageIII_xxiii_1">[1-9]</a></span> +<p> +But at that time Gelimer, by distributing much money to the farmers +among the Libyans and shewing great friendliness toward them, +succeeded in winning many to his side. These he commanded to kill the +Romans who went out into the country, proclaiming a fixed sum of gold +for each man killed, to be paid to him who did the deed. And they +killed many from the Roman army, not soldiers, however, but slaves and +servants, who because of a desire for money went up into the villages +stealthily and were caught. And the farmers brought their heads before +Gelimer and departed receiving their pay, while he supposed that they +had slain soldiers of the enemy.</p> +<p> +At that time Diogenes, the aide of Belisarius, made a display of +valorous deeds. For having been sent, together with twenty-two of the +body-guards, to spy upon their opponents, he came to a place two days' +journey distant from Carthage. And the farmers of the place, being +unable to kill these men, reported to Gelimer that they were there. +And he chose out and sent against them three hundred horsemen of the +Vandals, enjoining upon them to bring all the men alive before him. +For it seemed to him a most remarkable achievement to make captive a +personal aide of Belisarius with twenty-two body-guards. Now Diogenes +and his party had entered a certain house and were sleeping in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxiii_9" id="PageIII_xxiii_9">[9-16]</a></span> +the upper storey, having no thought of the enemy in mind, since, +indeed, they had learned that their opponents were far away. But the +Vandals, coming there at early dawn, thought it would not be to their +advantage to destroy the doors of the house or to enter it in the +dark, fearing lest, being involved in a night encounter, they might +themselves destroy one another, and at the same time, if that should +happen, provide a way of escape for a large number of the enemy in the +darkness. But they did this because cowardice had paralyzed their +minds, though it would have been possible for them with no trouble, by +carrying torches or even without these, to catch their enemies in +their beds not only without weapons, but absolutely naked besides. But +as it was, they made a phalanx in a circle about the whole house and +especially at the doors, and all took their stand there. But in the +meantime it so happened that one of the Roman soldiers was roused from +sleep, and he, noticing the noise which the Vandals made as they +talked stealthily among themselves and moved with their weapons, was +able to comprehend what was being done, and rousing each one of his +comrades silently, he told them what was going on. And they, following +the opinion of Diogenes, all put on their clothes quietly and taking +up their weapons went below. There they put the bridles on their +horses and leaped upon them unperceived by anyone. And after standing +for a time by the court-yard entrance, they suddenly opened the door +there, and straightway all came out. And then the Vandals +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxiii_16" id="PageIII_xxiii_16">[16-1]</a></span> +immediately closed with them, but they accomplished nothing. For +the Romans rode hard, covering themselves with their shields and +warding off their assailants with their spears. And in this way +Diogenes escaped the enemy, losing two of his followers, but saving +the rest. He himself, however, received three blows in this encounter +on the neck and the face, from which indeed he came within a little of +dying, and one blow also on the left hand, as a result of which he was +thereafter unable to move his little finger. This, then, took place in +this way.</p> +<p> +And Belisarius offered great sums of money to the artisans engaged in +the building trade and to the general throng of workmen, and by this +means he dug a trench deserving of great admiration about the +circuit-wall, and setting stakes close together along it he made an +excellent stockade about the fortifications. And not only this, but he +built up in a short time the portions of the wall which had suffered, +a thing which seemed worthy of wonder not only to the Carthaginians, +but also to Gelimer himself at a later time. For when he came as a +captive to Carthage, he marvelled when he saw the wall and said that +his own negligence had proved the cause of all his present troubles. +This, then, was accomplished by Belisarius while in Carthage.</p> +<p> +XXIV</p> +<p> +But Tzazon, the brother of Gelimer, reached Sardinia with the +expedition which has been mentioned above<a name="FNanchor_61_III" id="FNanchor_61_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_III" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> + and disembarked at the +harbour of Caranalis<a name="FNanchor_62_III" id="FNanchor_62_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_III" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> +; and at the first onset he captured the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxiv_1" id="PageIII_xxiv_1">[1-9]</a></span> +city and killed the tyrant Godas and all the fighting men about him. +And when he heard that the emperor's expedition was in the land of +Libya, having as yet learned nothing of what had been done there, he +wrote to Gelimer as follows: "Know, O King of the Vandals and Alani, +that the tyrant Godas has perished, having fallen into our hands, and +that the island is again under thy kingdom, and celebrate the festival +of triumph. And as for the enemy who have had the daring to march +against our land, expect that their attempt will come to the same fate +as that experienced by those who in former times marched against our +ancestors." And those who took this letter sailed into the harbour of +Carthage with no thought of the enemy in mind. And being brought by +the guards before the general, they put the letter into his hands and +gave him information on the matters about which he enquired, being +thunderstruck at what they beheld and awed at the suddenness of the +change; however, they suffered nothing unpleasant at the hand of +Belisarius.</p> +<p> +At this same time another event also occurred as follows. A short time +before the emperor's expedition reached Libya, Gelimer had sent envoys +into Spain, among whom were Gothaeus and Fuscias, in order to persuade +Theudis, the ruler of the Visigoths,<a name="FNanchor_63_III" id="FNanchor_63_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_III" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> + to establish an alliance with +the Vandals. And these envoys, upon disembarking on the mainland after +crossing the strait at Gadira, found Theudis in a place situated far +from the sea. And when they had come up to the place where he was, +Theudis received them with friendliness and entertained them +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxiv_9" id="PageIII_xxiv_9">[9-19]</a></span> +heartily, and during the feast he pretended to enquire how matters +stood with Gelimer and the Vandals. Now since these envoys had +travelled to him rather slowly, it happened that he had heard from +others everything which had befallen the Vandals. For one merchant +ship sailing for trade had put out from Carthage on the very same day +as the army marched into the city, and finding a favouring wind, had +come to Spain. From those on this ship Theudis learned all that had +happened in Libya, but he forbade the merchants to reveal it to +anyone, in order that this might not become generally known. And when +Gothaeus and his followers replied that everything was as well as +possible for them, he asked them for what purpose, then, they had +come. And when they proposed the alliance, Theudis bade them go to the +sea-coast; "For from there," he said, "you will learn of the affairs +at home with certainty." And the envoys, supposing that the man was in +his cups and his words were not sane, remained silent. But when on the +following day they met him and made mention of the alliance, and +Theudis used the same words a second time, then at length they +understood that some change of fortune had befallen them in Libya, but +never once thinking of Carthage they sailed for the city. And upon +coming to land close by it and happening upon Roman soldiers, they put +themselves in their hands to do with them as they wished. And from +there they were led away to the general, and reporting the whole +story, they suffered no harm at his hand. These things, then, happened +thus. And Cyril,<a name="FNanchor_64_III" id="FNanchor_64_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_III" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> + upon coming near to Sardinia and learning +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxiv_19" id="PageIII_xxiv_19">[19-7]</a></span> +what had happened to Godas, sailed to Carthage, and there, finding the +Roman army and Belisarius victorious, he remained at rest; and +Solomon<a name="FNanchor_65_III" id="FNanchor_65_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_III" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> + was sent to the emperor in order to announce what had been +accomplished.</p> +<p> +XXV</p> +<p> +But Gelimer, upon reaching the plain of Boulla, which is distant from +Carthage a journey of four days for an unencumbered traveller, not far +from the boundaries of Numidia, began to gather there all the Vandals +and as many of the Moors as happened to be friendly to him. Few Moors, +however, joined his alliance, and these were altogether insubordinate. +For all those who ruled over the Moors in Mauretania and Numidia and +Byzacium sent envoys to Belisarius saying that they were slaves of the +emperor and promised to fight with him. There were some also who even +furnished their children as hostages and requested that the symbols of +office be sent them from him according to the ancient custom. For it +was a law among the Moors that no one should be a ruler over them, +even if he was hostile to the Romans, until the emperor of the Romans +should give him the tokens of the office. And though they had already +received them from the Vandals, they did not consider that the Vandals +held the office securely. Now these symbols are a staff of silver +covered with gold, and a silver cap,—not covering the whole head, but +like a crown and held in place on all sides by bands of silver,—a +kind of white cloak gathered by a golden brooch on the right +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxv_7" id="PageIII_xxv_7">[7-15]</a></span> +shoulder in the form of a Thessalian cape, and a white tunic with +embroidery, and a gilded boot. And Belisarius sent these things to +them, and presented each one of them with much money. However, they +did not come to fight along with him, nor, on the other hand, did they +dare give their support to the Vandals, but standing out of the way of +both contestants, they waited to see what would be the outcome of the +war. Thus, then, matters stood with the Romans.</p> +<p> +But Gelimer sent one of the Vandals to Sardinia with a letter to his +brother Tzazon. And he went quickly to the coast, and finding by +chance a merchant-ship putting out to sea, he sailed into the harbour +of Caranalis and put the letter into the hands of Tzazon. Now the +message of the letter was as follows:</p> +<p> +"It was not, I venture to think, Godas who caused the island to revolt +from us, but some curse of madness sent from Heaven which fell upon +the Vandals. For by depriving us of you and the notables of the +Vandals, it has seized and carried off from the house of Gizeric +absolutely all the blessings which we enjoyed. For it was not to +recover the island for us that you sailed from here, but in order that +Justinian might be master of Libya. For that which Fortune had decided +upon previously it is now possible to know from the outcome. +Belisarius, then, has come against us with a small army, but valour +straightway departed and fled from the Vandals, taking good fortune +with her. For Ammatas and Gibamundus have fallen, because the Vandals +lost their courage, and the horses and shipyards and all Libya and, +not least of all, Carthage itself, are held already by the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxv_15" id="PageIII_xxv_15">[15-23]</a></span> +enemy. And the Vandals are sitting here, having paid with their +children and wives and all their possessions for their failure to play +the part of brave men in battle, and to us is left only the plain of +Boulla, where our hope in you has set us down and still keeps us. But +do you have done with such matters as rebel tyrants and Sardinia and +the cares concerning these things, and come to us with your whole +force as quickly as possible. For when men find the very heart and +centre of all in danger, it is not advisable for them to consider +minutely other matters. And struggling hereafter in common against the +enemy, we shall either recover our previous fortune, or gain the +advantage of not bearing apart from each other the hard fate sent by +Heaven."</p> +<p> +When this letter had been brought to Tzazon, and he had disclosed its +contents to the Vandals, they turned to wailing and lamentation, not +openly, however, but concealing their feelings as much as possible and +avoiding the notice of the islanders, silently among themselves they +bewailed the fate which was upon them. And straightway setting in +order matters in hand just as chance directed, they manned the ships. +And sailing from there with the whole fleet, on the third day they +came to land at the point of Libya which marks the boundary between +the Numidians and Mauretanians. And they reached the plain of Boulla +travelling on foot, and there joined with the rest of the army. And in +that place there were many most pitiable scenes among the Vandals, +which I, at least, could never relate as they deserve. For I think +that even if one of the enemy themselves had happened to be a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxv_23" id="PageIII_xxv_23">[23-26]</a></span> +spectator at that time, he would probably have felt pity, in spite of +himself, for the Vandals and for human fortune. For Gelimer and Tzazon +threw their arms about each other's necks, and could not let go, but +they spoke not a word to each other, but kept wringing their hands and +weeping, and each one of the Vandals with Gelimer embraced one of +those who had come from Sardinia, and did the same thing. And they +stood for a long time as if grown together and found such comfort as +they could in this, and neither did the men of Gelimer think fit to +ask about Godas (for their present fortune had prostrated them and +caused them to reckon such things as had previously seemed to them +most important with those which were now utterly negligible), nor +could those who came from Sardinia bring themselves to ask about what +had happened in Libya. For the place was sufficient to permit them to +judge of what had come to pass. And indeed they did not make any +mention even of their own wives and children, knowing well that +whoever of theirs was not there had either died or fallen into the +hands of the enemy. Thus, then, did these things happen.</p> +<p> +FOOTNOTES:</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_1_III" id="Footnote_1_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_III"><span class="label">[1]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cadiz.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_2_III" id="Footnote_2_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_III"><span class="label">[2]</span></a></p> +<p> +Sea of Azov.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_3_III" id="Footnote_3_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_III"><span class="label">[3]</span></a></p> +<p> +Abila.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_4_III" id="Footnote_4_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_III"><span class="label">[4]</span></a></p> +<p> +Or Septem Fratres.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_5_III" id="Footnote_5_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_III"><span class="label">[5]</span></a></p> +<p> +Most ancient geographers divided the inhabited world into three +continents, but some made two divisions. It was a debated question +with these latter whether Africa belonged to Asia or to Europe; of. +Sallust, <i>Jugurtha</i>, 17.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_6_III" id="Footnote_6_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_III"><span class="label">[6]</span></a></p> +<p> +Kadi Keui.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_7_III" id="Footnote_7_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_III"><span class="label">[7]</span></a></p> +<p> +More correctly Hydrous, Lat. Hydruntum (Otranto).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_8_III" id="Footnote_8_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_III"><span class="label">[8]</span></a></p> +<p> +At Aulon (Avlona).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_9_III" id="Footnote_9_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_III"><span class="label">[9]</span></a></p> +<p> +Adding these four days to the other items (285, 22, 40), the total +is 351 days.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_10_III" id="Footnote_10_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_III"><span class="label">[10]</span></a></p> +<p> +Calpe (Gibraltar).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_11_III" id="Footnote_11_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_III"><span class="label">[11]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>., instead of stopping at Otranto, one might also reckon in +the coast-line around the Adriatic to Dyrrachium.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_12_III" id="Footnote_12_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_III"><span class="label">[12]</span></a></p> +<p> +About twenty-four English miles.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_13_III" id="Footnote_13_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_III"><span class="label">[13]</span></a></p> +<p> +Iviza.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_14_III" id="Footnote_14_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_III"><span class="label">[14]</span></a></p> +<p> +"Black-cloaks."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_15_III" id="Footnote_15_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_III"><span class="label">[15]</span></a></p> +<p> +Belgrade.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_16_III" id="Footnote_16_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_III"><span class="label">[16]</span></a></p> +<p> +Mitrovitz.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_17_III" id="Footnote_17_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_III"><span class="label">[17]</span></a></p> +<p> +In Illyricum.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_18_III" id="Footnote_18_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_III"><span class="label">[18]</span></a></p> +<p> +He ascended the throne at the age of seven.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_19_III" id="Footnote_19_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_III"><span class="label">[19]</span></a></p> +<p> +That is, the actual occupant could enter a demurrer to the former +owner's action for recovery, citing his own occupancy for thirty years +or more. The new law extended the period during which the ousted +proprietor could recover possession, by admitting no demurrer from the +occupant so far as the years were concerned during which the Vandals +should be in possession of the country.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_20_III" id="Footnote_20_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_III"><span class="label">[20]</span></a></p> +<p> +This is an error; he really ruled only eighteen months.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_21_III" id="Footnote_21_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_III"><span class="label">[21]</span></a></p> +<p> +Geiseric, Gaiseric, less properly Genseric.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_22_III" id="Footnote_22_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_III"><span class="label">[22]</span></a></p> +<p> +Now corrupted to Bona.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_23_III" id="Footnote_23_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_III"><span class="label">[23]</span></a></p> +<p> +Emperor in Gaul, Britain and Spain 383-388. Aspiring to be +Emperor of the West, he invaded Italy, was defeated by Theodosius, and +put to death.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_24_III" id="Footnote_24_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_III"><span class="label">[24]</span></a></p> +<p> +This is an error, for Attila died before Aetius.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_25_III" id="Footnote_25_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_III"><span class="label">[25]</span></a></p> +<p> +Including the famous treasure which Titus had brought from +Jerusalem, cf. IV. ix. 5.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_26_III" id="Footnote_26_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_III"><span class="label">[26]</span></a></p> +<p> +Domitian had spent 12,000 talents (£2,400,000) on the gilding +alone; Plutarch, <i>Publ</i>. 15.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_27_III" id="Footnote_27_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_III"><span class="label">[27]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e.</i> "leaders of a thousand."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_28_III" id="Footnote_28_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_III"><span class="label">[28]</span></a></p> +<p> +130,000 Roman pounds; cf. Book I. xxii. 4. The modern equivalent +is unknown.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_29_III" id="Footnote_29_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_III"><span class="label">[29]</span></a></p> +<p> +Placidia's sister, Eudocia, was wife of Honorio, Gizeric's son.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_30_III" id="Footnote_30_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_III"><span class="label">[30]</span></a></p> +<p> +See chap. iv. 27.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_31_III" id="Footnote_31_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_III"><span class="label">[31]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>. "wisdom."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_32_III" id="Footnote_32_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_III"><span class="label">[32]</span></a></p> +<p> +Jebel Auress.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_33_III" id="Footnote_33_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_III"><span class="label">[33]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>. to what sect or religion they belonged.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_34_III" id="Footnote_34_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_III"><span class="label">[34]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Book IV. xi. 17 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_35_III" id="Footnote_35_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_III"><span class="label">[35]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book I. xxii. 16.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_36_III" id="Footnote_36_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_III"><span class="label">[36]</span></a></p> +<p> +The "imperial" taxes were for the emperor's privy purse, the +fiscus.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_37_III" id="Footnote_37_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_III"><span class="label">[37]</span></a></p> +<p> +These foederati were private bands of troops under the leadership +of condottiere; these had the title of "count" and received from the +state an allowance for the support of their bands.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_38_III" id="Footnote_38_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_III"><span class="label">[38]</span></a></p> +<p> +The medimnus equalled about one and a half bushels.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_39_III" id="Footnote_39_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_III"><span class="label">[39]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>. "runners."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_40_III" id="Footnote_40_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_III"><span class="label">[40]</span></a></p> +<p> +Eregli, on the Sea of Marmora.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_41_III" id="Footnote_41_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_III"><span class="label">[41]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cape Matapan.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_42_III" id="Footnote_42_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_III"><span class="label">[42]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book I. xxiv. 12-15; xxv. 8-10.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_43_III" id="Footnote_43_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_III"><span class="label">[43]</span></a></p> +<p> +The ration of this twice-baked bread represented for the same +weight one-fourth more wheat than when issued in the once-baked bread. +He was evidently paid on the basis of so much per ration, in weight, +of the once-baked bread, but on account of the length of the voyage +the other kind was requisitioned.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_44_III" id="Footnote_44_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_III"><span class="label">[44]</span></a></p> +<p> +Instead of by weight.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_45_III" id="Footnote_45_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_III"><span class="label">[45]</span></a></p> +<p> +Now Porto Lorabardo.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_46_III" id="Footnote_46_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_III"><span class="label">[46]</span></a></p> +<p> +Or Athalaric.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_47_III" id="Footnote_47_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_III"><span class="label">[47]</span></a></p> +<p> +Now Gozzo and Malta.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_48_III" id="Footnote_48_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_III"><span class="label">[48]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. III. v. 8 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_49_III" id="Footnote_49_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_III"><span class="label">[49]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>. couriers, from <i>veredus</i>, "post-horse."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_50_III" id="Footnote_50_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_III"><span class="label">[50]</span></a></p> +<p> +An adjutant, the general's own "choice."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_51_III" id="Footnote_51_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_III"><span class="label">[51]</span></a></p> +<p> +Topsails.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_52_III" id="Footnote_52_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_III"><span class="label">[52]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e. Decimum miliarium</i>, tenth milestone from Carthage.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_53_III" id="Footnote_53_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_III"><span class="label">[53]</span></a></p> +<p> +Before 533 A.D.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_54_III" id="Footnote_54_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_III"><span class="label">[54]</span></a></p> +<p> +Hermaeum, Lat. Mercurii promontorium (Cape Bon).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_55_III" id="Footnote_55_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_III"><span class="label">[55]</span></a></p> +<p> +"Auxiliaries"; see chap. xi. 3, 4.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_56_III" id="Footnote_56_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_III"><span class="label">[56]</span></a></p> +<p> +The troops were billeted as at a peaceful occupation.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_57_III" id="Footnote_57_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_III"><span class="label">[57]</span></a></p> +<p> +St. Cyprian (<i>circa</i> 200-257 A.D.), Bishop of Carthage.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_58_III" id="Footnote_58_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_III"><span class="label">[58]</span></a></p> + + +<p> +Chap. xx. 13.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_59_III" id="Footnote_59_III"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_59_III"><span class="label">[59]</span></a></p> +<p> +Compare the remarks of Gibbon, iv. p. 295.</p> +<p> + +<a name="Footnote_60_III" id="Footnote_60_III"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_60_III"><span class="label">[60]</span></a></p> + +<p> +In <i>Arcana</i>, 18, 5 ff., Procopius estimates the number of the +Vandals in Africa, at the time of Belisarius, at 80,000 males, and +intimates that practically all perished.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_61_III" id="Footnote_61_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_III"><span class="label">[61]</span></a></p> +<p> +Chap. xi. 23.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_62_III" id="Footnote_62_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_III"><span class="label">[62]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cagliari.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_63_III" id="Footnote_63_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_III"><span class="label">[63]</span></a></p> +<p> +On this Theudis and his accession to the throne of the Visigoths +in Spain see V. xii. 50 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_64_III" id="Footnote_64_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_III"><span class="label">[64]</span></a></p> +<p> +The leader of a band of <i>foederati</i>. Cf. III. xi. 1, 6, xxiv. 19.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_65_III" id="Footnote_65_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_III"><span class="label">[65]</span></a></p> +<p> +Also a <i>dux foederatorum</i>, and <i>domesticus</i> of Belisarius. Cf. +III. xi. 5 ff.</p> + + + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h2>HISTORY OF THE WARS:<br />BOOK IV</h2> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<h2><a name="BOOK_IV" id="BOOK_IV">BOOK III<br /> +THE VANDALIC WAR (<i>Continued</i>)</a></h2> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_i_1" id="PageIV_i_1">[1-5]</a></span> +<br /><p>I</p> + +<p> +Gelimer, seeing all the Vandals gathered together, led his army +against Carthage. And when they came close to it, they tore down a +portion of the aqueduct,—a structure well worth seeing—which +conducted water into the city, and after encamping for a time they +withdrew, since no one of the enemy came out against them. And going +about the country there they kept the roads under guard and thought +that in this way they were besieging Carthage; however, they did not +gather any booty, nor plunder the land, but took possession of it as +their own. And at the same time they kept hoping that there would be +some treason on the part of the Carthaginians themselves and such of +the Roman soldiers as followed the doctrine of Arius. They also sent +to the leaders of the Huns, and promising that they would have many +good things from the Vandals, entreated them to become their friends +and allies. Now the Huns even before this had not been well-disposed +toward the cause of the Romans, since they had not indeed come to them +willingly as allies (for they asserted that the Roman general Peter +had given an oath and then, disregarding what had been sworn, had thus +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_i_6" id="PageIV_i_6">[6-11]</a></span> +brought them to Byzantium), and accordingly they received the +words of the Vandals, and promised that when they should come to real +fighting they would turn with them against the Roman army. But +Belisarius had a suspicion of all this (for he had heard it from the +deserters), and also the circuit-wall had not as yet been completed +entirely, and for these reasons he did not think it possible for his +men to go out against the enemy for the present, but he was making his +preparations within as well as possible. And one of the Carthaginians, +Laurus by name, having been condemned on a charge of treason and +proved guilty by his own secretary, was impaled by Belisarius on a +hill before the city, and as a result of this the others came to feel +a sort of irresistible fear and refrained from attempts at treason. +And he courted the Massagetae with gifts and banquets and every other +manner of flattering attention every day, and thus persuaded them to +disclose to him what Gelimer had promised them on condition of their +turning traitors in the battle. And these barbarians said that they +had no enthusiasm for fighting, for they feared that, if the Vandals +were vanquished, the Romans would not send them back to their native +land, but they would be compelled to grow old and die right there in +Libya; and besides they were also concerned, they said, about the +booty, lest they be robbed of it. Then indeed Belisarius gave them +pledges that, if the Vandals should be conquered decisively, they +would be sent without the least delay to their homes with all their +booty, and thus he bound them by oaths in very truth to assist the +Romans with all zeal in carrying through the war.</p> <p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_i_12" id="PageIV_i_12">[12-18]</a></span> +And when all +things had been prepared by him in the best way possible, and the +circuit-wall had been already completed, he called together the whole +army and spoke as follows: "As for exhortation, fellow Romans, I do +not know that it is necessary to make any to you,—men who have +recently conquered the enemy so completely that Carthage here and the +whole of Libya is a possession of your valour, and for this reason you +will have no need of admonition that prompts to daring. For the +spirits of those who have conquered are by no means wont to be +overcome. But I think it not untimely to remind you of this one thing, +that, if you on the present occasion but prove equal to your own +selves in valour, straightway there will be an end for the Vandals of +their hopes, and for you of the battle. Hence there is every reason +why you should enter into this engagement with the greatest eagerness. +For ever sweet to men is toil coming to an end and reaching its close. +Now as for the host of the Vandals, let no one of you consider them. +For not by numbers of men nor by measure of body, but by valour of +soul, is war wont to be decided. And let the strongest motive which +actuates men come to your minds, namely, pride in past achievement. +For it is a shame, for those at least who have reason, to fall short +of one's own self and to be found inferior to one's own standard of +valour. For I know well that terror and the memory of misfortunes have +laid hold upon the enemy and compel them to become less brave, for the +one fills them with fear because of what has already happened, and the +other brushes aside their hope of success. For Fortune, once seen to +be bad, straightway enslaves the spirit of those +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_i_18" id="PageIV_i_18">[18-25]</a></span> +who have +fallen in her way. And I shall explain how the struggle involves for +you at the present time a greater stake than formerly. For in the +former battle the danger was, if things did not go well for us, that +we should not take the land of others; but now, if we do not win the +struggle, we shall lose the land which is our own. In proportion, +then, as it is easier to possess nothing than to be deprived of what +one has, just so now our fear touches our most vital concerns more +than before. And yet formerly we had the fortune to win the victory +with the infantry absent, but now, entering the battle with God +propitious and with our whole army, I have hopes of capturing the camp +of the enemy, men and all. Thus, then, having the end of the war ready +at hand, do not by reason of any negligence put it off to another +time, lest you be compelled to seek for the opportune moment after it +has run past us. For when the fortune of war is postponed, its nature +is not to proceed in the same manner as before, especially if the war +be prolonged by the will of those who are carrying it on. For Heaven +is accustomed to bring retribution always upon those who abandon the +good fortune which is present. But if anyone considers that the enemy, +seeing their children and wives and most precious possessions in our +hands, will be daring beyond reason and will incur risks beyond the +strength which they have, he does not think rightly. For an +overpowering passion springing up in the heart in behalf of what is +most precious is wont to diminish men's actual strength +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_i_25" id="PageIV_i_25">[25-6]</a></span> +and +does not allow them to make full use of their present opportunities. +Considering, then, all these things, it behooves you to go with great +contempt against the enemy." +</p> +<br /><p>II</p> +<p> + +After such words of exhortation, Belisarius sent out all the horsemen +on the same day, except five hundred, and also the guardsmen and the +standard, which the Romans call "bandum,"<a name="FNanchor_1_IV" id="FNanchor_1_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_1_IV" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> entrusting them to John +the Armenian, and directing him to skirmish only, if opportunity +should arise. And he himself on the following day followed with the +infantry forces and the five hundred horsemen. And the Massagetae, +deliberating among themselves, decided, in order to seem in friendly +agreement with both Gelimer and Belisarius, neither to begin fighting +for the Romans nor to go over to the Vandals before the encounter, but +whenever the situation of one or the other army should be bad, then to +join the victors in their pursuit of the vanquished. Thus, then, had +this matter been decided upon by the barbarians. And the Roman army +came upon the Vandals encamped in Tricamarum, one hundred and fifty +stades distant from Carthage. So they both bivouacked there at a +considerable distance from one another. And when it was well on in the +night, a prodigy came to pass in the Roman camp as follows. The tips +of their spears were lighted with a bright fire and the points +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_ii_6" id="PageIV_ii_6">[6-12]</a></span> +of them seemed to be burning most vigorously. This was not seen by +many, but it filled with consternation the few who did see it, not +knowing how it would come out. And this happened to the Romans in +Italy again at a much later time. And at that time, since they knew by +experience, they believed it to be a sign of victory. But now, as I +have said, since this was the first time it had happened, they were +filled with consternation and passed the night in great fear. +</p> +<p>And on the following day Gelimer commanded the Vandals to place the +women and children and all their possessions in the middle of the +stockade, although it had not the character of a fort, and calling all +together, he spoke as follows: "It is not to gain glory, or to +retrieve the loss of empire alone, O fellow Vandals, that we are about +to fight, so that even if we wilfully played the coward and sacrificed +these our belongings we might possibly live, sitting at home and +keeping our own possessions; but you see, surely, that our fortunes +have come round to such a pass that, if we do not gain the mastery +over the enemy, we shall, if we perish, leave them as masters of these +our children and our wives and our land and all our possessions, while +if we survive, there will be added our own enslavement and to behold +all these enslaved; but if, indeed, we overcome our foes in the war, +we shall, if we live, pass our lives among all good things, or, after +the glorious ending of our lives, there will be left to our wives and +children the blessings of prosperity, while the name of the Vandals +will survive and their empire be preserved. For if it has ever +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_ii_12" id="PageIV_ii_12">[12-20]</a></span> +happened to any men to be engaged in a struggle for their all, we now +more than all others realize that we are entering the battle-line with +our hopes for all we have resting wholly upon ourselves. Not for our +bodies, then, is our fear, nor in death is our danger, but in being +defeated by the enemy. For if we lose the victory, death will be to +our advantage. Since, therefore, the case stands so, let no one of the +Vandals weaken, but let him proudly expose his body, and from shame at +the evils that follow defeat let him court the end of life. For when a +man is ashamed of that which is shameful, there is always present with +him a dauntless courage in the face of danger. And let no recollection +of the earlier battle come into your minds. For it was not by +cowardice on our part that we were defeated, but we tripped upon +obstacles interposed by fortune and were overthrown. Now it is not the +way of the tide of fortune to flow always in the same direction, but +every day, as a rule, it is wont to change about. In manliness it is +our boast that we surpass the enemy, and that in numbers we are much +superior; for we believe that we surpass them no less than tenfold. +And why shall I add that many and great are the incentives which, now +especially, urge us on to valour, naming the glory of our ancestors +and the empire which has been handed down to us by them? For in our +case that glory is obscured by our unlikeness to our kindred, while +the empire is bent upon fleeing from us as unworthy. And I pass over +in silence the wails of these poor women and the tears of our +children, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_ii_20" id="PageIV_ii_20">[20-27]</a></span> +by which, as you see, I am now so deeply moved that I +am unable to prolong my discourse. But having said this one thing, I +shall stop,—that there will be for us no returning to these most +precious possessions if we do not gain the mastery over the enemy. +Remembering these things, shew yourselves brave men and do not bring +shame upon the fame of Gizeric." +</p> +<p>After speaking such words, Gelimer commanded his brother Tzazon to +deliver an exhortation separately to the Vandals who had come with him +from Sardinia. And he gathered them together a little apart from the +camp and spoke as follows: "For all the Vandals, fellow soldiers, the +struggle is in behalf of those things which you have just heard the +king recount, but for you, in addition to all the other +considerations, it so happens that you are vying with yourselves. For +you have recently been victorious in a struggle for the maintenance of +our rule, and you have recovered the island for the empire of the +Vandals; there is every reason, therefore, for you to make still +greater display of your valour. For those whose hazard involves the +greatest things must needs display the greatest zeal for warfare also. +Indeed, when men who struggle for the maintenance of their rule are +defeated, should it so happen, they have not failed in the most vital +part; but when men are engaged in battle for their all, surely their +very lives are influenced by the outcome of the struggle. And for the +rest, if you shew yourselves brave men at the present time, you will +thereby prove with certainty that the destruction<a name="FNanchor_2_IV" id="FNanchor_2_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_2_IV" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> of the tyrant +Godas was an achievement of valour on your part; but if +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_ii_27" id="PageIV_ii_27">[27-2]</a></span> + you +weaken now, you will be deprived of even the renown of those deeds, as +of something which does not belong to you at all. And yet, even apart +from this, it is reasonable to think that you will have an advantage +over the rest of the Vandals in this battle. For those who have failed +are dismayed by their previous fortune, while those who have +encountered no reverse enter the struggle with their courage +unimpaired. And this too, I think, will not be spoken out of season, +that if we conquer the enemy, it will be you who will win the credit +for the greatest part of the victory, and all will call you saviours +of the nation of the Vandals. For men who achieve renown in company +with those who have previously met with misfortune naturally claim the +better fortune as their own. Considering all these things, therefore, +I say that you should bid the women and children who are lamenting +their fate to take courage even now, should summon God to fight with +us, should go with enthusiasm against the enemy, and lead the way for +our compatriots into this battle." +</p><br /> +<p>III</p> +<p> + +After both Gelimer and Tzazon had spoken such exhortations, they led +out the Vandals, and at about the time of lunch, when the Romans were +not expecting them, but were preparing their meal, they were at hand +and arrayed themselves for battle along the bank of the stream. Now +the stream at that place is an ever-flowing one, to be sure, but its +volume is so small that it is not even given a special name by the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iii_2" id="PageIV_iii_2">[2-10]</a></span> +inhabitants of the place, but it is designated simply as a +brook. So the Romans came to the other bank of this river, after +preparing themselves as well as they could under the circumstances, +and arrayed themselves as follows. The left wing was held by Martinus +and Valerian, John, Cyprian, Althias, and Marcellus, and as many +others as were commanders of the foederati<a name="FNanchor_3_IV" id="FNanchor_3_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_3_IV" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>; and the right was held +by Pappas, Barbatus, and Aïgan, and the others who commanded the +forces of cavalry. And in the centre John took his position, leading +the guards and spearmen of Belisarius and carrying the general's +standard. And Belisarius also came there at the opportune moment with +his five hundred horsemen, leaving the infantry behind advancing at a +walk. For all the Huns had been arrayed in another place, it being +customary for them even before this not to mingle with the Roman army +if they could avoid so doing, and at that time especially, since they +had in mind the purpose which has previously been explained,<a name="FNanchor_4_IV" id="FNanchor_4_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_4_IV" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> it was +not their wish to be arrayed with the rest of the army. Such, then, +was the formation of the Romans. And on the side of the Vandals, +either wing was held by the chiliarchs, and each one led the division +under him, while in the centre was Tzazon, the brother of Gelimer, and +behind him were arrayed the Moors. But Gelimer himself was going about +everywhere exhorting them and urging them on to daring. And the +command had been previously given to all the Vandals to use neither +spear nor any other weapon in this engagement except their swords. +</p> +<p>After a considerable time had passed and no one +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iii_10" id="PageIV_iii_10">[10-17]</a></span> + began the +battle, John chose out a few of those under him by the advice of +Belisarius and crossing the river made an attack on the centre, where +Tzazon crowded them back and gave chase. And the Romans in flight came +into their own camp, while the Vandals in pursuit came as far as the +stream, but did not cross it. And once more John, leading out more of +the guardsmen of Belisarius, made a dash against the forces of Tzazon, +and again being repulsed from there, withdrew to the Roman camp. And a +third time with almost all the guards and spearmen of Belisarius he +took the general's standard and made his attack with much shouting and +a great noise. But since the barbarians manfully withstood them and +used only their swords, the battle became fierce, and many of the +noblest of the Vandals fell, and among them Tzazon himself, the +brother of Gelimer. Then at last the whole Roman army was set in +motion, and crossing the river they advanced upon the enemy, and the +rout, beginning at the centre, became complete; for each of the Roman +divisions turned to flight those before them with no trouble. And the +Massagetae, seeing this, according to their agreement among +themselves<a name="FNanchor_5_IV" id="FNanchor_5_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_5_IV" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> joined the Roman army in making the pursuit, but this +pursuit was not continued for a great distance. For the Vandals +entered their own camp quickly and remained quiet, while the Romans, +thinking that they would not be able to fight it out with them inside +the stockade, stripped such of the corpses as had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iii_17" id="PageIV_iii_17">[17-26]</a></span> + gold upon +them and retired to their own camp. And there perished in this battle, +of the Romans less than fifty, but of the Vandals about eight hundred. +</p> +<p>But Belisarius, when the infantry came up in the late afternoon, moved +as quickly as he could with the whole army and went against the camp +of the Vandals. And Gelimer, realising that Belisarius with his +infantry and the rest of his army was coming against him straightway, +without saying a word or giving a command leaped upon his horse and +was off in flight on the road leading to Numidia. And his kinsmen and +some few of his domestics followed him in utter consternation and +guarding with silence what was taking place. And for some time it +escaped the notice of the Vandals that Gelimer had run away, but when +they all perceived that he had fled, and the enemy were already +plainly seen, then indeed the men began to shout and the children +cried out and the women wailed. And they neither took with them the +money they had nor did they heed the laments of those dearest to them, +but every man fled in complete disorder just as he could. And the +Romans, coming up, captured the camp, money and all, with not a man in +it; and they pursued the fugitives throughout the whole night, killing +all the men upon whom they happened, and making slaves of the women +and children. And they found in this camp a quantity of wealth such as +has never before been found, at least in one place. For the Vandals +had plundered the Roman domain for a long time and had transferred +great amounts of money to Libya, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iii_26" id="PageIV_iii_26">[26-3]</a></span> +and since their land was an +especially good one, nourishing abundantly with the most useful crops, +it came about that the revenue collected from the commodities produced +there was not paid out to any other country in the purchase of a food +supply, but those who possessed the land always kept for themselves +the income from it for the ninety-five years during which the Vandals +ruled Libya. And from this it resulted that their wealth, amounting to +an extraordinary sum, returned once more on that day into the hands of +the Romans. +<span class="sidenote">533 A.D.</span> + +So this battle and the pursuit and the capture of the Vandals' camp +happened three months after the Roman army came to Carthage, at about +the middle of the last month, which the Romans call +"December." +</p><br /> +<p>IV</p> +<p> + +Then Belisarius, seeing the Roman army rushing about in confusion and +great disorder, was disturbed, being fearful throughout the whole +night lest the enemy, uniting by mutual agreement against him, should +do him irreparable harm. And if this thing had happened at that time +in any way at all, I believe that, not one of the Romans would have +escaped and enjoyed this booty. For the soldiers, being extremely poor +men, upon becoming all of a sudden masters of very great wealth and of +women both young and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iv_3" id="PageIV_iv_3">[3-10]</a></span> + extremely comely, were no longer able to +restrain their minds or to find any satiety in the things they had, +but were so intoxicated, drenched as they were by their present good +fortunes, that each one wished to take everything with him back to +Carthage. And they were going about, not in companies but alone or by +twos, wherever hope led them, searching out everything roundabout +among the valleys and the rough country and wherever there chanced to +be a cave or anything such as might bring them into danger or ambush. +For neither did fear of the enemy nor their respect for Belisarius +occur to them, nor indeed anything else at all except the desire for +spoils, and being overmastered by this they came to think lightly of +everything else. And Belisarius, taking note of all this, was at a +loss as to how he should handle the situation. But at daybreak he took +his stand upon a certain hill near the road, appealing to the +discipline which no longer existed and heaping reproaches upon all, +soldiers and officers alike. Then indeed, those who chanced to be +near, and especially those who were of the household of Belisarius, +sent the money and slaves which they had to Carthage with their +tentmates and messmates, and themselves came up beside the general and +gave heed to the orders given them. +</p> +<p>And he commanded John, the Armenian, with two hundred men to follow +Gelimer, and without slackening their speed either night or day to +pursue him, until they should take him living or dead. And he sent +word to his associates in Carthage to lead into +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iv_10" id="PageIV_iv_10">[10-19]</a></span> + the city all +the Vandals who were sitting as suppliants in sanctuaries in the +places about the city, giving them pledges and taking away their +weapons, that they might not begin an uprising, and to keep them there +until he himself should come. And with those who were left he went +about everywhere and gathered the soldiers hastily, and to all the +Vandals he came upon he gave pledges for their safety. For it was no +longer possible to catch anyone of the Vandals except as a suppliant +in the sanctuaries. And from these he took away their weapons and sent +them, with soldiers to guard them, to Carthage, not giving them time +to unite against the Romans. And when everything was as well settled +as possible, he himself with the greater part of the army moved +against Gelimer with all speed. But John, after continuing the pursuit +five days and nights, had already come not far from Gelimer, and in +fact he was about to engage with him on the following day. But since +it was not fated that Gelimer should be captured by John, the +following obstacle was contrived by fortune. Among those pursuing with +John it happened that there was Uliaris, the aide of Belisarius. Now +this man was a passionate fellow and well favoured in strength of +heart and body, but not a very serious man, but one who generally took +delight in wine and buffoonery. This Uliaris on the sixth day of the +pursuit, being drunk, saw a bird sitting in a tree at about sunrise, +and he quickly stretched his bow and despatched a missile at the bird. +And he missed the bird, but John, who was behind it, he hit in the +neck by no will of his own. And since the wound was mortal, John +passed away a short time afterwards, leaving great sorrow at his loss +to the Emperor Justinian and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iv_19" id="PageIV_iv_19">[19-27]</a></span> + Belisarius, the general, and to +all the Romans and Carthaginians. For in manliness and every sort of +virtue he was well endowed, and he shewed himself, to those who +associated with him, gentle and equitable to a degree quite +unsurpassed. Thus, then, John fulfilled his destiny. As for Uliaris, +when he came to himself, he fled to a certain village which was near +by and sat as a suppliant in the sanctuary there. And the soldiers no +longer pressed the pursuit of Gelimer, but they cared for John as long +as he survived, and when he had died they carried out all the +customary rites in his burial, and reporting the whole matter to +Belisarius they remained where they were. And as soon as he heard of +it, he came to John's burial, and bewailed his fate. And after weeping +over him and grieving bitterly at the whole occurrence, he honoured +the tomb of John with many gifts and especially by providing for it a +regular income. However, he did nothing severe to Uliaris, since the +soldiers said that John had enjoined upon them by the most dread oaths +that no vengeance should come to him, since he had not performed the +unholy deed with deliberate intent. +</p> +<p>Thus, then, Gelimer escaped falling into the hands of the enemy on +that day. And from that time on Belisarius pursued him, but upon +reaching a strong city of Numidia situated on the sea, ten days +distant from Carthage, which they call Hippo Regius,<a name="FNanchor_6_IV" id="FNanchor_6_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_6_IV" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> he learned +that Gelimer had ascended the mountain Papua and could no longer be +captured by the Romans. Now this mountain is situated at the extremity +of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iv_27" id="PageIV_iv_27">[27-32]</a></span> + Numidia and is exceedingly precipitous and climbed only with +the greatest difficulty (for lofty cliffs rise up toward it from every +side), and on it dwell barbarian Moors, who were friends and allies to +Gelimer, and an ancient city named Medeus lies on the outskirts of the +mountain. There Gelimer rested with his followers. But as for +Belisarius, he was not able to make any attempt at all on the +mountain, much less in the winter season, and since his affairs were +still in an uncertain state, he did not think it advisable to be away +from Carthage; and so he chose out soldiers, with Pharas as their +leader, and set them to maintain the siege of the mountain. Now this +Pharas was energetic and thoroughly serious and upright in every way, +although he was an Erulian by birth. And for an Erulian not to give +himself over to treachery and drunkenness, but to strive after +uprightness, is no easy matter and merits +abundant praise.<a name="FNanchor_7_IV" id="FNanchor_7_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_7_IV" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> +But not +only was it Pharas who maintained orderly conduct, but also all the +Erulians who followed him. This Pharas, then, Belisarius commanded to +establish himself at the foot of the mountain during the winter season +and to keep close guard, so that it would neither be possible for +Gelimer to leave the mountain nor for any supplies to be brought in to +him. And Pharas acted accordingly. Then Belisarius turned to the +Vandals who were sitting as suppliants in the sanctuaries in Hippo +Regius,—and there were many of them and of the nobility—and he +caused them all to accept pledges and arise, and then he sent them to +Carthage with a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iv_32" id="PageIV_iv_32">[32-38]</a></span> + guard. And there it came about that the +following event happened to him. +</p> +<p> +In the house of Gelimer there was a certain scribe named Boniface, a +Libyan, and a native of Byzacium, a man exceedingly faithful to +Gelimer. At the beginning of this war Gelimer had put this Boniface on +a very swift-sailing ship, and placing all the royal treasure in it +commanded him to anchor in the harbour of Hippo Regius, and if he +should see that the situation was not favourable to their side, he was +to sail with all speed to Spain with the money, and go to Theudis, the +leader of the Visigoths, where he was expecting to find safety for +himself also, should the fortune of war prove adverse for the Vandals. +So Boniface, as long as he felt hope for the cause of the Vandals, +remained there; but as soon as the battle in Tricamarum took place, +with all the other events which have been related, he spread his +canvas and sailed away just as Gelimer had directed him. But an +opposing wind brought him back, much against his will, into the +harbour of Hippo Regius. And since he had already heard that the enemy +were somewhere near, he entreated the sailors with many promises to +row with all their might for some other continent or for an island. +But they were unable to do so, since a very severe storm had fallen +upon them and the waves of the sea were rising to a great height, +seeing that it was +the Tuscan sea,<a name="FNanchor_8_IV" id="FNanchor_8_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_8_IV" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> +and then it occurred to them and +to Boniface that, after all, God wished to give the money to the +Romans and so was not allowing the ship to put out. However, though +they had got outside the harbour, they encountered great danger +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iv_38" id="PageIV_iv_38">[38-3]</a></span> +in bringing their ship back to anchorage. And when Belisarius arrived +at Hippo Regius, Boniface sent some men to him. These he commanded to +sit in a sanctuary, and they were to say that they had been sent by +Boniface, who had the money of Gelimer, but to conceal the place where +he was, until they should receive the pledges of Belisarius that upon +giving Gelimer's money lie himself should escape free from harm, +having all that was his own. These men, then, acted according to these +instructions, and Belisarius was pleased at the good news and did not +decline to take an oath. And sending some of his associates he took +the treasure of Gelimer and released Boniface in possession of his own +money and also with an enormous sum which he plundered from Gelimer's +treasure. +</p><br /> +<p>V</p> +<p> + +And when he returned to Carthage, he put all the Vandals in readiness, +so that at the opening of spring he might send them to Byzantium; and +he sent out an army to recover for the Romans everything which the +Vandals ruled. And first he sent Cyril to Sardinia with a great force, +having the head of Tzazon, since these islanders were not at all +willing to yield to the Romans, fearing the Vandals and thinking that +what had been told them as having happened in Tricamarum could not be +true. And he ordered this Cyril to send a portion of the army to +Corsica, and to recover for the Roman empire the island, which had +been previously subject to the Vandals; this island was called Cyrnus +in early +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_v_3" id="PageIV_v_3">[3-10]</a></span> + times, and is not far from Sardinia. So he came to +Sardinia and displayed the head of Tzazon to the inhabitants of the +place, and he won back both the islands and made them tributary to the +Roman domain. And to Caesarea<a name="FNanchor_9_IV" id="FNanchor_9_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_9_IV" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> in Mauretania Belisarius sent John +with an infantry company which he usually commanded himself; this +place is distant from Carthage a journey of thirty days for an +unencumbered traveller, as one goes towards Gadira and the west; and +it is situated upon the sea, having been a great and populous city +from ancient times. Another John, one of his own guardsmen, he sent to +Gadira on the strait and by one of the Pillars of Heracles, to take +possession of the fort there which they call "Septem."<a name="FNanchor_10_IV" id="FNanchor_10_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_10_IV" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> And to the +islands which are near the strait where the ocean flows in, called +Ebusa and Majorica and Minorica<a name="FNanchor_11_IV" id="FNanchor_11_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_11_IV" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> by the natives, he sent +Apollinarius, who was a native of Italy, but had come while still a +lad to Libya. And he had been rewarded with great sums of money by +Ilderic, who was then leader of the Vandals, and after Ilderic had +been removed from the office and was in confinement, as has been told +in the previous narrative,<a name="FNanchor_12_IV" id="FNanchor_12_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_12_IV" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> he came to the Emperor Justinian with +the other Libyans who were working in the interest of Ilderic, in +order to entreat his favour as a suppliant. And he joined the Roman +expedition against Gelimer and the Vandals, and proved himself a brave +man in this war and most of all at Tricamarum. And as a result of his +deeds there Belisarius entrusted to him these islands. And later +Belisarius sent an army also into Tripolis to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_v_10" id="PageIV_v_10">[10-15]</a></span> + Pudentius and +Tattimuth,<a name="FNanchor_13_IV" id="FNanchor_13_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_13_IV" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> who were being pressed by the Moors there, and thus +strengthened the Roman power in that quarter. +</p> +<p>He also sent some men to Sicily in order to take the fortress in +Lilybaeum, as belonging to the Vandals' kingdom,<a name="FNanchor_14_IV" id="FNanchor_14_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_14_IV" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> but he was +repulsed from there, since the Goths by no means saw fit to yield any +part of Sicily, on the ground that this fortress did not belong to the +Vandals at all. And when Belisarius heard this, he wrote to the +commanders who were there as follows: "You are depriving us of +Lilybaeum, the fortress of the Vandals who are the slaves of the +emperor, and are not acting justly nor in a way to benefit yourselves, +and you wish to bring upon your ruler, though he does not so will it +and is far distant from the scene of these actions, the hostility of +the great emperor, whose good-will he has, having won it with great +labour. And yet how could you but seem to be acting contrary to the +ways of men, it you recently allowed Gelimer to hold the fortress, but +have decided to wrest from the emperor, Gelimer's master, the +possessions of the slave? You, at least, should not act thus, most +excellent sirs. But reflect that, while it is the nature of friendship +to cover over many faults, hostility does not brook even the smallest +misdeeds, but searches the past for every offence, and allows not its +enemy to grow rich on what does not in the least belong to them.<a name="FNanchor_15_IV" id="FNanchor_15_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_15_IV" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> +Moreover, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_v_15" id="PageIV_v_15">[15-23]</a></span> +the enemy fights to avenge the wrongs which it says +have been done to its ancestors; and whereas, if friendship thus +turned to hostility fails in the struggle, it suffers no loss of its +own possessions, yet if it succeeds, it teaches the vanquished to take +a new view of the indulgence which has been shewn them in the past. +See to it, then, that you neither do us further harm nor suffer harm +yourselves, and do not make the great emperor an enemy to the Gothic +nation, when it is your prayer that he be propitious toward you. For +be well assured that, if you lay claim to this fortress, war will +confront you immediately, and not for Lilybaeum alone, but for all the +possessions you claim as yours, though not one of them belongs to +you."</p> <p>Such was the message of the letter. And the Goths reported these +things to the mother<a name="FNanchor_16_IV" id="FNanchor_16_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_16_IV" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> of Antalaric, and at her direction made the +following reply: "The letter which you have written, most excellent +Belisarius, carries sound admonition, but pertinent to some other men, +not to us the Goths. For there is nothing of the Emperor Justinian's +which we have taken and hold; may we never be so mad as to do such a +thing! The whole of Sicily we claim because it is our own, and the +fortress of Lilybaeum is one of its promontories. And if Theoderic +gave his sister, who was the consort of the king of the Vandals, one +of the trading-ports of Sicily for her use, this is nothing. For this +fact could not afford a basis for any claim on your part. But you, O +General, would be acting justly toward us, if you should be willing to +make the settlement of the matters in dispute between us, not as an +enemy, but as a friend. And there is this difference, that friends + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_v_23" id="PageIV_v_23">[23-3]</a></span> +are accustomed to settle their disagreements by arbitration, +but enemies by battle. We, therefore, shall commit this matter to the +Emperor Justinian, to arbitrate<a name="FNanchor_17_IV" id="FNanchor_17_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_17_IV" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> in whatever manner seems to him +lawful and just. And we desire that the decisions you make shall be as +wise as possible, rather than as hasty as possible, and that you, +therefore, await the decision of your emperor." Such was the message +of the letter of the Goths. And Belisarius, reporting all to the +emperor, remained quiet until the emperor should send him word what +his wish was. +</p><br /> +<p>VI</p> +<p> + +But Pharas, having by this time become weary of the siege for many +reasons, and especially because of the winter season, and at the same +time thinking that the Moors there would not be able to stand in his +way, undertook the ascent of Papua with great zeal. Accordingly he +armed all his followers very carefully and began the ascent. But the +Moors rushed to the defence, and since they were on ground which was +steep and very hard to traverse, their efforts to hinder those making +the ascent were easily accomplished. But Pharas fought hard to force +the ascent, and one hundred and ten of his men perished in this +struggle, and he himself with the remainder was beaten back and +retired; and as a result of this he did not dare to attempt the ascent +again, since the situation was against him, but he established as +careful a guard as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vi_3" id="PageIV_vi_3">[3-10]</a></span> + possible, in order that those on Papua, +being pressed by hunger, might surrender themselves; and he neither +permitted them to run away nor anything to be brought in to them from +outside. Then, indeed, it came about that Gelimer and those about him, +who were nephews and cousins of his and other persons of high birth, +experienced a misery which no one could describe, however eloquent he +might be, in a way which would equal the facts. For of all the nations +which we know that of the Vandals is the most luxurious, and that of +the Moors the most hardy. For the Vandals, since the time when they +gained possession of Libya, used to indulge in baths, all of them, +every day, and enjoyed a table abounding in all things, the sweetest +and best that the earth and sea produce. And they wore gold very +generally, and clothed themselves in the Medic garments, which now +they call "seric,"<a name="FNanchor_18_IV" id="FNanchor_18_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_18_IV" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> and passed their time, thus dressed, in +theatres and hippodromes and in other pleasureable pursuits, and above +all else in hunting. And they had dancers and mimes and all other +things to hear and see which are of a musical nature or otherwise +merit attention among men. And the most of them dwelt in parks, which +were well supplied with water and trees; and they had great numbers of +banquets, and all manner of sexual pleasures were in great vogue among +them. But the Moors live in stuffy huts<a name="FNanchor_19_IV" id="FNanchor_19_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_19_IV" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> both in winter and in +summer and at every other time, never removing from them either +because of snow or the heat of the sun or any other discomfort +whatever +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vi_10" id="PageIV_vi_10">[10-20]</a></span> + due to nature. And they sleep on the ground, the +prosperous among them, if it should so happen, spreading a fleece +under themselves. Moreover, it is not customary among them to change +their clothing with the seasons, but they wear a thick cloak and a +rough shirt at all times. And they have neither bread nor wine nor any +other good thing, but they take grain, either wheat or barley, and, +without boiling it or grinding it to flour or barley-meal, they eat it +in a manner not a whit different from that of animals. Since the +Moors, then, were of a such a sort, the followers of Gelimer, after +living with them for a long time and changing their accustomed manner +of life to such a miserable existence, when at last even the +necessities of life had failed, held out no longer, but death was +thought by them most sweet and slavery by no means disgraceful. +</p> +<p>Now when this was learned by Pharas, he wrote to Gelimer as follows: +"I too am a barbarian and not accustomed to writing and speaking, nor +am I skilful in these matters. But that which I am forced as a man to +know, having learned from the nature of things, this I am writing you. +What in the world has happened to you, my dear Gelimer, that you have +cast, not yourself alone, but your whole family besides, into this +pit? Is it, forsooth, that you may avoid becoming a slave? But this is +assuredly nothing but youthful folly, and making of 'liberty' a mere +shibboleth, as though liberty were worth possessing at the price of +all this misery! And, after all, do you not consider that you are, +even now, a slave to the most wretched of the Moors, since your only +hope of being saved, if the best happens, is in them? And yet why +would it not be better in every way to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vi_20" id="PageIV_vi_20">[20-26]</a></span> + be a slave among the +Romans and beggared, than to be monarch on Mount Papua with Moors as +your subjects? But of course it seems to you the very height of +disgrace even to be a fellow slave with Belisarius! Away with the +thought, most excellent Gelimer. Are not we,<a name="FNanchor_20_IV" id="FNanchor_20_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_20_IV" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> who also are born of +noble families, proud that we are now in the service of an emperor? +And indeed they say that it is the wish of the Emperor Justinian to +have you enrolled in the senate, thus sharing in the highest honour +and being a patrician, as we term that rank, and to present you with +lands both spacious and good and with great sums of money, and that +Belisarius is willing to make himself responsible for your having all +these things, and to give you pledges. Now as for all the miseries +which fortune has brought you, you are able to bear with fortitude +whatever comes from her, knowing that you are but a man and that these +things are inevitable; but if fortune has purposed to temper these +adversities with some admixture of good, would you of yourself refuse +to accept this gladly? Or should we consider that the good gifts of +fortune are not just as inevitable as are her undesirable gifts? Yet +such is not the opinion of even the utterly senseless; but you, it +would seem, have now lost your good judgment, steeped as you are in +misfortunes. Indeed, discouragement is wont to confound the mind and +to be transformed to folly. If, however, you can bear your own +thoughts and refrain from rebelling against fortune when she changes, +it will be possible at this very moment for you to choose that which +will be wholly to your advantage, and to escape from the evils which +hang over you."</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vi_27" id="PageIV_vi_27">[27-34]</a></span> +When Gelimer had read this letter and wept +bitterly over it, he wrote in reply as follows: "I am both deeply +grateful to you for the advice which you have given me and I also +think it unbearable to be a slave to an enemy who wrongs me, from whom +I should pray God to exact justice, if He should be propitious to +me,—an enemy who, though he had never experienced any harm from me +either in deeds which he suffered or in words which he heard, provided +a pretext for a war which was unprovoked, and reduced me to this state +of misfortune, bringing Belisarius against me from I know not where. +And yet it is not at all unlikely that he also, since he is but a man, +though he be emperor too, may have something befall him which he would +not choose. But as for me, I am not able to write further. For my +present misfortune has robbed me of my thoughts. Farewell, then, dear +Pharas, and send me a lyre and one loaf of bread and a sponge, I pray +you." When this reply was read by Pharas, he was at a loss for some +time, being unable to understand the final words of the letter, until +he who had brought the letter explained that Gelimer desired one loaf +because he was eager to enjoy the sight of it and to eat it, since +from the time when he went up upon Papua he had not seen a single +baked loaf. A sponge also was necessary for him; for one of his eyes, +becoming irritated by lack of washing, was greatly swollen. And being +a skilful harpist he had composed an ode relating to his present +misfortune, which he was eager to chant to the accompaniment of a lyre +while he wept out his soul. When Pharas heard this, he was deeply +moved, and lamenting the fortune of men, he did as was written and +sent all +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vi_34" id="PageIV_vi_34">[34-5]</a></span> + the things which Gelimer desired of him. However he +relaxed the siege not a whit, but kept watch more closely than before. +</p><br /> +<p>VII</p> +<p> + +And already a space of three months had been spent in this siege and +the winter was coming to an end. And Gelimer was afraid, suspecting +that his besiegers would come up against him after no great time; and +the bodies of most of the children who were related to him<a name="FNanchor_21_IV" id="FNanchor_21_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_21_IV" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> were +discharging worms in this time of misery. And though in everything he +was deeply distressed, and looked upon everything,—except, indeed, +death,—with dissatisfaction, he nevertheless endured the suffering +beyond all expectation, until it happened that he beheld a sight such +as the following. A certain Moorish woman had managed somehow to crush +a little corn, and making of it a very tiny cake, threw it into the +hot ashes on the hearth. For thus it is the custom among the Moors to +bake their loaves. And beside this hearth two children were sitting, +in exceedingly great distress by reason of their hunger, the one being +the son of the very woman who had thrown in the cake, and the other a +nephew of Gelimer; and they were eager to seize the cake as soon as it +should seem to them to be cooked. And of the two children the Vandal +got ahead of the other and snatched the cake first, and, though it was +still exceedingly hot and covered with ashes, hunger overpowered him, +and he threw it into his mouth and was eating it, when the other +seized him by the hair of the head +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vii_5" id="PageIV_vii_5">[5-11]</a></span> + and struck him over the +temple and beat him again and thus compelled him with great violence +to cast out the cake which was already in his throat. This sad +experience Gelimer could not endure (for he had followed all from the +beginning), and his spirit was weakened and he wrote as quickly as +possible to Pharas as follows: "If it has ever happened to any man, +after manfully enduring terrible misfortunes, to take a course +contrary to that which he had previously determined upon, consider me +to be such a one, O most excellent Pharas. For there has come to my +mind your advice, which I am far from wishing to disregard. For I +cannot resist fortune further nor rebel against fate, but I shall +follow straightway wherever it seems to her best to lead; but let me +receive the pledges, that Belisarius guarantees that the emperor will +do everything which you recently promised me. For I, indeed, as soon +as you give the pledges, shall put both myself into your hands and +these kinsmen of mine and the Vandals, as many as are here with us." +</p> +<p>Such were the words written by Gelimer in this letter. And Pharas, +having signified this to Belisarius, as well as what they had +previously written to each other, begged him to declare as quickly as +possible what his wish was. And Belisarius (since he was greatly +desirous of leading Gelimer alive to the emperor), as soon as he had +read the letter, became overjoyed and commanded Cyprian, a leader of +foederati,<a name="FNanchor_22_IV" id="FNanchor_22_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_22_IV" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> to go to Papua with certain others, and directed them +to give an oath concerning the safety of Gelimer and of those with +him, and to swear that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vii_11" id="PageIV_vii_11">[11-17]</a></span> + he would be honoured before the emperor +and would lack nothing. And when these men had come to Pharas, they +went with him to a certain place by the foot of the mountain, where +Gelimer came at their summons, and after receiving the pledges just as +he wished he came with them to Carthage. And it happened that +Belisarius was staying for a time in the suburb of the city which they +call Adas. Accordingly Gelimer came before him in that place, laughing +with such laughter as was neither moderate nor the kind one could +conceal, and some of those who were looking at him suspected that by +reason of the extremity of his affliction he had changed entirely from +his natural state and that, already beside himself, he was laughing +for no reason. But his friends would have it that the man was in his +sound mind, and that because he had been born in a royal family, and +had ascended the throne, and had been clothed with great power and +immense wealth from childhood even to old age, and then being driven +to flight and plunged into great fear had undergone the sufferings on +Papua, and now had come as a captive, having in this way had +experience of all the gifts of fortune, both good and evil, for this +reason, they believed, he thought that man's lot was worthy of nothing +else than much laughter. Now concerning this laughter of Gelimer's, +let each one speak according to his judgment, both enemy and friend. +But Belisarius, reporting to the emperor that Gelimer was a captive in +Carthage, asked permission to bring him to Byzantium with him. At the +same time he guarded both him and all the Vandals in no dishonour and +proceeded to put the fleet in readiness. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vii_18" id="PageIV_vii_18">[18-2]</a></span> +Now many other things +too great to be hoped for have before now been experienced in the long +course of time, and they will continue as long as the fortunes of men +are the same as they now are; for those things which seem to reason +impossible are actually accomplished, and many times those things +which previously appeared impossible, when they have befallen, have +seemed to be worthy of wonder; but whether such events as these ever +took place before I am not able to say, wherein the fourth descendant +of Gizeric, and his kingdom at the height of its wealth and military +strength, were completely undone in so short a time by five thousand +men coming in as invaders and having not a place to cast anchor. For +such was the number of the horsemen who followed Belisarius, and +carried through the whole war against the Vandals. For whether this +happened by chance or because of some kind of valour, one would justly +marvel at it. But I shall return to the point from which I have +strayed. +</p><br /> +<p>VIII</p> +<p> + +So the Vandalic war ended thus. But envy, as is wont to happen in +cases of great good fortune, was already swelling against Belisarius, +although he provided no pretext for it. For some of the officers +slandered him to the emperor, charging him, without any grounds +whatever, with seeking to set up a kingdom for himself,<a name="FNanchor_23_IV" id="FNanchor_23_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_23_IV" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> a +statement for which there +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_viii_2" id="PageIV_viii_2">[2-10]</a></span> + was no basis whatever. But the +emperor did not disclose these things to the world, either because he +paid no heed to the slander, or because this course seemed better to +him. But he sent Solomon and gave Belisarius the opportunity to choose +whichever of two things he desired, either to come to Byzantium with +Gelimer and the Vandals, or to remain there and send them. And +Belisarius, since it did not escape him that the officers were +bringing against him the charge of seeking supreme power, was eager to +get to Byzantium, in order that he might clear himself of the charge +and be able to proceed against his slanderers. Now as to the manner in +which he learned of the attempt of his accusers, I shall explain. When +those who denounced him wished to present this slander, fearing lest +the man who was to carry their letter to the emperor should be lost at +sea and thus put a stop to their proceedings, they wrote the aforesaid +accusation on two tablets, purposing to send two messengers to the +emperor in two ships. And one of these two sailed away without being +detected, but the second, on account of some suspicion or other, was +captured in Mandracium, and putting the writing into the hands of his +captors, he made known what was being done. So Belisarius, having +learned in this way, was eager to come before the emperor, as has been +said. Such, then, was the course of these events at Carthage. +</p> +<p>But the Moors who dwelt in Byzacium and in Numidia turned to revolt +for no good reason, and they decided to break the treaty and to rise +suddenly against the Romans. And this was not out of keeping with +their peculiar character. For there is among the Moors neither fear of +God nor respect for men. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_viii_10" id="PageIV_viii_10">[10-17]</a></span> +For they care not either for oaths or +for hostages, even though the hostages chance to be the children or +brothers of their leaders. Nor is peace maintained among the Moors by +any other means than by fear of the enemies opposing them. Now I shall +set forth in what manner the treaty was made by them with Belisarius +and how it was broken. When it came to be expected that the emperor's +expedition would arrive in Libya, the Moors, fearing lest they should +receive some harm from it, consulted the oracles of their women. For +it is not lawful in this nation for a man to utter oracles, but the +women among them as a result of some sacred rites become possessed and +foretell the future, no less than any of the ancient oracles. So on +that occasion, when they made enquiry, as has been said, the women +gave the response: "There shall be a host from the waters, the +overthrow of the Vandals, destruction and defeat of the Moors, when +the general of the Romans shall come unbearded." When the Moors heard +this, since they saw that the emperor's army had come from the sea, +they began to be in great fear and were quite unwilling to fight in +alliance with the Vandals, but they sent to Belisarius and established +peace, as has been stated previously,<a name="FNanchor_24_IV" id="FNanchor_24_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_24_IV" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> and then remained quiet and +waited for the future, to see how it would fall out. And when the +power of the Vandals had now come to an end, they sent to the Roman +army, investigating whether there was anyone unbearded among them +holding an office. And when they saw all wearing full beards, they +thought that the oracle did not indicate the present time to them, but +one many generations later, interpreting the saying in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_viii_17" id="PageIV_viii_17">[17-25]</a></span> + that way +which they themselves wished. Immediately, therefore, they were eager +to break the treaty, but their fear of Belisarius prevented them. For +they had no hope that they would ever overcome the Romans in war, at +least with him present. But when they heard that he was making his +departure together with his guards and spearmen, and that the ships +were already being filled with them and the Vandals, they suddenly +rose in arms and displayed every manner of outrage upon the Libyans. +For the soldiers were both few in each place on the frontier and still +unprepared, so that they would not have been able to stand against the +barbarians as they made inroads at every point, nor to prevent their +incursions, which took place frequently and not in an open manner. But +men were being killed indiscriminately and women with their children +were being made slaves, and the wealth was being plundered from every +part of the frontier and the whole country was being filled with +fugitives. These things were reported to Belisarius when he was just +about setting sail. And since it was now too late for him to return +himself, he entrusted Solomon with the administration of Libya and he +also chose out the greatest part of his own guards and spearmen, +instructing them to follow Solomon and as quickly as possible to +punish with all zeal those of the Moors who had risen in revolt and to +exact vengeance for the injury done the Romans. And the emperor sent +another army also to Solomon with Theodoras, the Cappadocian, and +Ildiger, who was the son-in-law of Antonina, the wife of Belisarius. +And since it was no longer possible to find the revenues of the +districts of Libya set down in order in documents, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_viii_25" id="PageIV_viii_25">[25-4]</a></span> +as the +Romans had recorded them in former times,<a name="FNanchor_25_IV" id="FNanchor_25_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_25_IV" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> inasmuch as Gizeric had +upset and destroyed everything in the beginning, Tryphon and +Eustratius were sent by the emperor, in order to assess the taxes for +the Libyans each according to his proportion. But these men seemed to +the Libyans neither moderate nor endurable. +</p><br /> +<p>IX</p> +<p> + +Belisarius, upon reaching Byzantium with Gelimer and the Vandals, was +counted worthy to receive such honours, as in former times were +assigned to those generals of the Romans who had won the greatest and +most noteworthy victories. And a period of about six hundred years had +now passed since anyone had attained these honours,<a name="FNanchor_26_IV" id="FNanchor_26_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_26_IV" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> except, +indeed, Titus and Trajan, and such other emperors as had led armies +against some barbarian nation and had been victorious. For he +displayed the spoils and slaves from the war in the midst of the city +and led a procession which the Romans call a "triumph," not, however, +in the ancient manner, but going on foot from his own house to the +hippodrome and then again from the barriers until he reached the place +where the imperial throne is.<a name="FNanchor_27_IV" id="FNanchor_27_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_27_IV" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> And there was booty,—first of all, +whatever articles are wont +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_ix_4" id="PageIV_ix_4">[4-11]</a></span> +to be set apart for the royal +service,—thrones of gold and carriages in which it is customary for a +king's consort to ride, and much jewelry made of precious stones, and +golden drinking cups, and all the other things which are useful for +the royal table. And there was also silver weighing many thousands of +talents and all the royal treasure amounting to an exceedingly great +sum (for Gizeric had despoiled the Palatium in Rome, as has been said +in the preceding narrative),<a name="FNanchor_28_IV" id="FNanchor_28_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_28_IV" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> +and among these were the treasures of +the Jews, which Titus, the son of Vespasian, together with certain +others, had brought to Rome after the capture of Jerusalem. And one of +the Jews, seeing these things, approached one of those known to the +emperor and said: "These treasures I think it inexpedient to carry +into the palace in Byzantium. Indeed, it is not possible for them to +be elsewhere than in the place where Solomon, the king of the Jews, +formerly placed them. For it is because of these that Gizeric captured +the palace of the Romans, and that now the Roman army has captured +that the Vandals." When this had been brought to the ears of the +Emperor, he became afraid and quickly sent everything to the +sanctuaries of the Christians in Jerusalem. And there were slaves in +the triumph, among whom was Gelimer himself, wearing some sort of a +purple garment upon his shoulders, and all his family, and as many of +the Vandals as were very tall and fair of body. And when Gelimer +reached the hippodrome and saw the emperor sitting upon a lofty seat +and the people standing on either side and realized as he looked +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_ix_11" id="PageIV_ix_11">[11-16]</a></span> +about in what an evil plight he was, he neither wept nor cried out, +but ceased not saying over in the +words of the Hebrew scripture<a name="FNanchor_29_IV" id="FNanchor_29_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_29_IV" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>: + +"Vanity of vanities, all is vanity." And when he came before the +emperor's seat, they stripped off the purple garment, and compelled +him to fall prone on the ground and do obeisance to the Emperor +Justinian. This also Belisarius did, as being a suppliant of the +emperor along with him. And the Emperor Justinian and the Empress +Theodora presented the children of Ilderic and his offspring and all +those of the family of the Emperor Valentinian with sufficient sums of +money, and to Gelimer they gave lands not to be despised in Galatia +and permitted him to live there together with his family. However, +Gelimer was by no means enrolled among the patricians, since he was +unwilling to change from the faith of Arius.</p> +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Jan 1, 535 A.D.</span> + +A little later the triumph<a name="FNanchor_30_IV" id="FNanchor_30_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_30_IV" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> was celebrated by, Belisarius in the +ancient manner also. For he had the fortune to be advanced to the +office of consul, and therefore was borne aloft by the captives, and +as he was thus carried in his curule chair, he threw to the populace +those very spoils of the Vandalic war. For the people carried off the +silver plate and golden girdles and a vast amount of the Vandals' +wealth of other sorts as a result of Belisarius' consulship, and it +seemed that after a long interval of disuse an old custom was being +revived.<a name="FNanchor_31_IV" id="FNanchor_31_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_31_IV" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> These things, then, took place in Byzantium in the manner +described. +</p><br /> +<p>X</p> +<p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_x_1" id="PageIV_x_1">[1-7]</a></span> +And Solomon took over the army in Libya; but in view of the fact that +the Moors had risen against him, as has been told previously, and that +everything was in suspense, he was at a loss how to treat the +situation. For it was reported that the barbarians had destroyed the +soldiers in Byzacium and Numidia and that they were pillaging and +plundering everything there. But what disturbed most of all both him +and all Carthage was the fate which befell Aïgan, the Massagete, and +Rufinus, the Thracian, in Byzacium. For both were men of great repute +both in the household of Belisarius and in the Roman army, one of +them, Aïgan, being among the spearmen of Belisarius, while the other, +as the most courageous of all, was accustomed to carry the standard of +the general in battle; such an officer the +Romans call "bandifer."<a name="FNanchor_32_IV" id="FNanchor_32_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_32_IV" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> +Now at the time referred to these two men were commanding detatchments +of cavalry in Byzacium, and when they saw the Moors plundering +everything before them and making all the Libyans captives, they +watched in a narrow pass with their followers for those who were +escorting the booty, and killed them and took away all the captives. +And when a report of this came to the commanders of the barbarians, +Coutzinas and Esdilasas and Iourphouthes and Medisinissas, who were +not far away from this pass, they moved against them with their whole +army in the late afternoon. And the Romans, being a very few men and +shut off in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_x_7" id="PageIV_x_7">[7-14]</a></span> +a narrow place in the midst of many thousands, were +not able to ward off their assailants. For wherever they might turn, +they were always shot at from the rear. Then, indeed, Rufinus and +Aïgan with some few men ran to the top of a rock which was near by and +from there defended themselves against the barbarians. Now as long as +they were using their bows, the enemy did not dare come directly to a +hand-to-hand struggle with them, but they kept hurling their javelins +among them; but when all the arrows of the Romans were now exhausted, +the Moors closed with them, and they defended themselves with their +swords as well as the circumstances permitted. But since they were +overpowered by the multitude of the barbarians, Aïgan fell there with +his whole body hacked to pieces, and Rufinus was seized by the enemy +and led away. But straightway one of the commanders, Medisinissas, +fearing lest he should escape and again make trouble for them, cut off +his head and taking it to his home shewed it to his wives, for it was +a remarkable sight on account of the extraordinary size of the head +and the abundance of hair. And now, since the narration of the history +has brought me to this point, it is necessary to tell from the +beginning whence the nations of the Moors came to Libya and how they +settled there. +</p> +<p>When the Hebrews had withdrawn from Egypt and had come near the +boundaries of Palestine, Moses, a wise man, who was their leader on +the journey, died, and the leadership was passed on to Joshua, the son +of Nun, who led this people into Palestine, and, by displaying a +valour in war greater than that natural to a man, gained possession of +the land. And after overthrowing all the nations he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_x_14" id="PageIV_x_14">[14-24]</a></span> +easily won +the cities, and he seemed to be altogether invincible. Now at that +time the whole country along the sea from Sidon as far as the +boundaries of Egypt was called Phoenicia. And one king in ancient +times held sway over it, as is agreed by all who have written the +earliest accounts of the Phoenicians. In that country there dwelt very +populous tribes, the Gergesites and the Jebusites and some others with +other names by which they are called in the history of the +Hebrews.<a name="FNanchor_33_IV" id="FNanchor_33_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_33_IV" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> Now when these nations saw that the invading general was +an irresistible prodigy, they emigrated from their ancestral homes and +made their way to Egypt, which adjoined their country. And finding +there no place sufficient for them to dwell in, since there has been a +great population in Aegypt from ancient times, they proceeded to +Libya. And they established numerous cities and took possession of the +whole of Libya as far as the Pillars of Heracles, and there they have +lived even up to my time, using the Phoenician tongue. They also built +a fortress in Numidia, where now is the city called Tigisis. In that +place are two columns made of white stone near by the great spring, +having Phoenician letters cut in them which say in the Phoenician +tongue: "We are they who fled from before the face of Joshua, the +robber, the son of Nun." There were also other nations settled in +Libya before the Moors, who on account of having been established +there from of old were said to be children of the soil. And because of +this they said that Antaeus, their king, who wrestled with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_x_24" id="PageIV_x_24">[24-2]</a></span> + +Heracles in Clipea,<a name="FNanchor_34_IV" id="FNanchor_34_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_34_IV" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> was a son of the earth. And in later times +those who removed from Phoenicia with Dido came to the inhabitants of +Libya as to kinsmen. And they willingly allowed them to found and hold +Carthage. But as time went on Carthage became a powerful and populous +city. And a battle took place between them and their neighbours, who, +as has been said, had come from Palestine before them and are called +Moors at the present time, and the Carthaginians defeated them and +compelled them to live a very great distance away from Carthage. Later +on the Romans gained the supremacy over all of them in war, and +settled the Moors at the extremity of the inhabited land of Libya, and +made the Carthaginians and the other Libyans subject and tributary to +themselves. And after this the Moors won many victories over the +Vandals and gained possession of the land now called Mauretania, +extending from Gadira as far as the boundaries of Caesarea,<a name="FNanchor_35_IV" id="FNanchor_35_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_35_IV" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> as +well as the most of Libya which remained. Such, then, is the story of +the settlement of the Moors in Libya. +</p><br /> +<p>XI</p> +<p> + +Now when Solomon heard what had befallen Rufinus and Aïgan, he made +ready for war and wrote as follows to the commanders of the Moors: +"Other men than you have even before this had the ill +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_2" id="PageIV_xi_2">[2-9]</a></span> +fortune to +lose their senses and to be destroyed, men who had no means of judging +beforehand how their folly would turn out. But as for you, who have +the example near at hand in your neighbours, the Vandals, what in the +world has happened to you that you have decided to raise your hands +against the great emperor and throw away your own security, and that +too when you have given the most dread oaths in writing and have +handed over your children as pledges to the agreement? Is it that you +have determined to make a kind of display of the fact that you have no +consideration either for God or for good faith or for kinship itself +or for safety or for any other thing at all? And yet, if such is your +practice in matters which concern the divine, in what ally do you put +your trust in marching against the emperor of the Romans? And if you +are taking the field to the destruction of your children, what in the +world is it in behalf of which you have decided to endanger +yourselves? But if any repentance has by now entered your hearts for +what has already taken place, write to us, that we may satisfactorily +arrange with you touching what has already been done; but if your +madness has not yet abated, expect a Roman war, which will come upon +you together with the oaths which you have violated and the wrong +which you are doing to your own children." +</p> +<p>Such was the letter which Solomon wrote. And the Moors replied as +follows: "Belisarius deluded us with great promises and by this means +persuaded us to become subjects of the Emperor Justinian; but the +Romans, while giving us no share in any good thing, expected to have +us, though pinched with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_9" id="PageIV_xi_9">[9-18]</a></span> +hunger, as their friends and allies. +Therefore it is more fitting that you should be called faithless than +that the Moors should be. For the men who break treaties are not those +who, when manifestly wronged, bring accusation against their +neighbours and turn away from them, but those who expect to keep +others in faithful alliance with them and then do them violence. And +men make God their enemy, not when they march against others in order +to recover their own possessions, but when they get themselves into +danger of war by encroaching upon the possessions of others. And as +for children, that will be your concern, who are not permitted to +marry more than one wife; but with us, who have, it may be, fifty +wives living with each of us, offspring of children can never fail." +</p> +<p>When Solomon had read this letter, he decided to lead his whole army +against the Moors. So after arranging matters in Carthage, he +proceeded with all his troops to Byzacium. And when he reached the +place which is called Mammes,<a name="FNanchor_36_IV" id="FNanchor_36_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_36_IV" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> where the four Moorish commanders, +whom I have mentioned a little before,<a name="FNanchor_37_IV" id="FNanchor_37_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_37_IV" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> were encamped, he made a +stockade for himself. Now there are lofty mountains there, and a level +space near the foothills of the mountains, where the barbarians had +made preparations for the battle and arranged their fighting order as +follows. They formed a circle of their camels, just as, in the +previous narrative,<a name="FNanchor_38_IV" id="FNanchor_38_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_38_IV" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> +I have said Cabaon did, making the front about +twelve deep. And they placed the women with the children within the +circle; (for among the Moors it is customary to take also a few +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_18" id="PageIV_xi_18">[18-24]</a></span> +women, with their children, to battle, and these make the stockades +and huts for them and tend the horses skilfully, and have charge of +the camels and the food; they also sharpen the iron weapons and take +upon themselves many of the tasks in connection with the preparation +for battle); and the men themselves took their stand on foot in +between the legs of the camels, having shields and swords and small +spears which they are accustomed to hurl like javelins. And some of +them with their horses remained quietly among the mountains. But +Solomon disregarded one half of the circle of the Moors, which was +towards the mountain, placing no one there. For he feared lest the +enemy on the mountain should come down and those in the circle should +turn about and thus make the men drawn up there exposed to attack on +both sides in the battle. But against the remainder of the circle he +drew up his whole army, and since he saw the most of them frightened +and without courage, on account of what had befallen Aïgan and +Rufinus, and wishing to admonish them to be of good cheer, he spoke as +follows: "Men who have campaigned with Belisarius, let no fear of +these men enter your minds, and, if Moors gathered to the number of +fifty thousand have already defeated five hundred Romans, let not this +stand for you as an example. But call to mind your own valour, and +consider that while the Vandals defeated the Moors, you have become +masters of the Vandals in war without any effort, and that it is not +right that those who have conquered the greater should be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_24" id="PageIV_xi_24">[24-35]</a></span> +terrified before those who are inferior. And indeed of all men the +Moorish nation seems to be the most poorly equipped for war's +struggle. For the most of them have no armour at all, and those who +have shields to hold before themselves have only small ones which are +not well made and are not able to turn aside what strikes against +them. And after they have thrown those two small spears, if they do +not accomplish anything, they turn of their own accord to flight. So +that it is possible for you, after guarding against the first attack +of the barbarians, to win the victory with no trouble at all. But as +to your equipment of arms, you see, of course, how great is the +difference between it and that of your opponents. And apart from this, +both valour of heart and strength of body and experience in war and +confidence because you have already conquered all your enemies,—all +these advantages you have; but the Moors, being deprived of all these +things, put their trust only in their own great throng. And it is +easier for a few who are most excellently prepared to conquer a +multitude of men not good at warfare than it is for the multitude to +defeat them. For while the good soldier has his confidence in himself, +the cowardly man generally finds that the very number of those arrayed +with him produces a want of room that is full of peril. Furthermore, +you are warranted in despising these camels, which cannot fight for +the enemy, and when struck by our missiles will, in all probability, +become the cause of considerable confusion and disorder among them. +And the eagerness for battle which the enemy have acquired on account +of their former success will be your ally in the fight. For daring, +when it is kept +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_35" id="PageIV_xi_35">[35-42]</a></span> + commensurate with one's power, will perhaps be +of some benefit even to those who make use of it, but when it exceeds +one's power it lends into danger. Bearing these things in mind and +despising the enemy, observe silence and order; for by taking thought +for these things we shall win the victory over the disorder of the +barbarians more easily and with less labour." Thus spoke Solomon. +</p> +<p>And the commanders of the Moors also, seeing the barbarians terrified +at the orderly array of the Romans, and wishing to recall their host +to confidence again, exhorted them in this wise: "That the Romans have +human bodies, the kind that yield when struck with iron, we have been +taught, O fellow-soldiers, by those of them whom we have recently met, +the best of them all, some of whom we have overwhelmed with our spears +and killed, and the others we have seized and made our prisoners of +war. And not only is this so, but it is now possible to see also that +we boast great superiority over them in numbers. And, furthermore, the +struggle for us involves the very greatest things, either to be +masters of all Libya or to be slaves to these braggarts. It is +therefore necessary for us to be in the highest degree brave men at +the present time. For it is not expedient that those whose all is at +stake should be other than exceedingly courageous. And it behoves us +to despise the equipment of arms which the enemy have. For if they +come on foot against us, they will not be able to move rapidly, but +will be worsted by the agility of the Moors, and their cavalry will be +terrified both by the sight of the camels, and by the noise they make, +which, rising above the general tumult of battle, will, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_42" id="PageIV_xi_42">[42-51]</a></span> + in all +likelihood, throw them into disorder. And if anyone by taking into +consideration the victory of the Romans over the Vandals thinks them +not to be withstood, he is mistaken in his judgment. For the scales of +war are, in the nature of the case, turned by the valour of the +commander or by fortune; and Belisarius, who was responsible for their +gaining the mastery over the Vandals, has now, thanks to Heaven, been +removed out of our way. And, besides, we too have many times conquered +the Vandals and stripped them of their power, and have thus made the +victory over them a more feasible and an easier task for the Romans. +And now we have reason to hope to conquer this enemy also if you shew +yourselves brave men in the struggle." +</p> +<p>After the officers of the Moors had delivered this exhortation, they +began the engagement. And at first there arose great disorder in the +Roman army. For their horses were offended by the noise made by the +camels and by the sight of them, and reared up and threw off their +riders and the most of them fled in complete disorder. And in the +meantime the Moors were making sallies and hurling all the small +spears which they had in their hands, thus causing the Roman army to +be filled with tumult, and they were hitting them with their missiles +while they were unable either to defend themselves or to remain in +position. But after this, Solomon, observing what was happening, +leaped down from his horse himself first and caused all the others to +do the same. And when they had dismounted, he commanded the others to +stand still, and, holding their shields before them and receiving the +missiles sent by the enemy, to remain in their position; but he +himself, leading forward not +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_51" id="PageIV_xi_51">[51-2]</a></span> + less than five hundred men, made +an attack upon the other portion of the circle.<a name="FNanchor_39_IV" id="FNanchor_39_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_39_IV" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> These men he +commanded to draw their swords and kill the camels which stood at that +point. Then the Moors who were stationed there beat a hasty retreat, +and the men under Solomon killed about two hundred camels, and +straightway, when the camels fell, the circle became accessible to the +Romans. And they advanced on the run into the middle of the circle +where the women of the Moors were sitting; meanwhile the barbarians in +consternation withdrew to the mountain which was close by, and as they +fled in complete disorder the Romans followed behind and killed them. +And it is said that ten thousand of the Moors perished in this +encounter, while all the women together with the children were made +slaves. And the soldiers secured as booty all the camels which they +had not killed. Thus the Romans with all their plunder went to +Carthage to celebrate the festival of triumph. +</p><br /> +<p>XII</p> +<p> + +But the barbarians, being moved with anger, once more took the field +in a body against the Romans, leaving behind not one of their number, +and they began to overrun the country in Byzacium, sparing none of any +age of those who fell in their way. And when Solomon had just marched +into Carthage it was reported that the barbarians with a great host +had come into Byzacium and were plundering everything there. He +therefore departed quickly with his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xii_2" id="PageIV_xii_2">[2-10]</a></span> + whole army and marched +against them. And when he reached Bourgaon, where the enemy were +encamped, he remained some days in camp over against them, in order +that, as soon as the Moors should get on level ground, he might begin +the battle. But since they remained on the mountain, he marshalled his +army and arrayed it for battle; the Moors, however, had no intention +of ever again engaging in battle with the Romans in level country (for +already an irresistible fear had come over them), but on the mountain +they hoped to overcome them more easily. Now Mt. Bourgaon is for the +most part precipitous and on the side toward the east extremely +difficult to ascend, but on the west it is easily accessible and rises +in an even slope. And there are two lofty peaks which rise up, forming +between them a sort of vale, very narrow, but of incredible depth. Now +the barbarians left the peak of the mountain unoccupied, thinking that +on this side no hostile movement would be made against them; and they +left equally unprotected the space about the foot of the mountain +where Bourgaon was easy of access. But at the middle of the ascent +they made their camp and remained there, in order that, if the enemy +should ascend and begin battle with them, they might at the outset, +being on higher ground, shoot down upon their heads. They also had on +the mountain many horses, prepared either for flight or for the +pursuit, if they should win the battle. +</p> +<p>Now when Solomon saw that the Moors were unwilling to fight another +battle on the level ground, and also that the Roman army was opposed +to making +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xii_10" id="PageIV_xii_10">[10-17]</a></span> + a siege in a desert place, he was eager to come to an +encounter with the enemy on Bourgaon. But inasmuch as he saw that the +soldiers were stricken with terror because of the multitude of their +opponents, which was many times greater than it had been in the +previous battle, he called together the army and spoke as follows: +"The fear which the enemy feel toward you needs no other arraignment, +but voluntarily pleads guilty, bringing forward, as it does, the +testimony of its own witnesses. For you see, surely, our opponents +gathered in so many tens and tens of thousands, but not daring to come +down to the plain and engage with us, unable to feel confidence even +in their own selves, but taking refuge in the difficulty of this +place. It is therefore not even necessary to address any exhortation +to you, at the present time at least. For those to whom both the +circumstances and the weakness of the enemy give courage, need not, I +think, the additional assistance of words. But of this one thing it +will be needful to remind you, that if we fight out this engagement +also with brave hearts, it will remain for us, having defeated the +Vandals and reduced the Moors to the same fortune, to enjoy all the +good things of Libya, having no thought whatever of an enemy in our +minds. But as to preventing the enemy from shooting down upon our +heads, and providing that no harm come to us from the nature of the +place, I myself shall make provision." +</p> +<p>After making this exhortation Solomon commanded Theodorus, who led the +"excubitores<a name="FNanchor_40_IV" id="FNanchor_40_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_40_IV" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>" +(for thus the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xii_17" id="PageIV_xii_17">[17-21]</a></span> +Romans call their guards), to +take with him a thousand infantrymen toward the end of the afternoon +and with some of the standards to go up secretly on the east side of +Bourgaon, where the mountain is most difficult of ascent and, one +might say, impracticable, commanding him that, when they arrived near +the crest of the mountain, they should remain quietly there and pass +the rest of the night, and that at sunrise they should appear above +the enemy and displaying the standards commence to shoot. And +Theodoras did as directed. And when it was well on in the night, they +climbed up the precipitous slope and reached a point near the peak +without being noticed either by the Moors or even by any of the +Romans; for they were being sent out, it was said, as an advance +guard, to prevent anyone from coming to the camp from the outside to +do mischief. And at early dawn Solomon with the whole army went up +against the enemy to the outskirts of Bourgaon. And when morning had +come and the enemy were seen near at hand, the soldiers were +completely at a loss, seeing the summit of the mountain no longer +unoccupied, as formerly, but covered with men who were displaying +Roman standards; for already some daylight was beginning to shew. But +when those on the peak began their attack, the Romans perceived that +the army was their own and the barbarians that they had been placed +between their enemy's forces, and being shot at from both sides and +having no opportunity to ward off the enemy, they thought no more of +resistance but turned, all of them, to a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xii_21" id="PageIV_xii_21">[21-28]</a></span> + hasty flight. And since +they could neither run up to the top of Bourgaon, which was held by +the enemy, nor go to the plain anywhere over the lower slopes of the +mountain, since their opponents were pressing upon them from that +side, they went with a great rush to the vale and the unoccupied peak, +some even with their horses, others on foot. But since they were a +numerous throng fleeing in great fear and confusion, they kept killing +each other, and as they rushed into the vale, which was exceedingly +deep, those who were first were being killed constantly, but their +plight could not be perceived by those who were coming up behind. And +when the vale became full of dead horses and men, and the bodies made +a passage from Bourgaon to the other mountain, then the remainder were +saved by making the crossing over the bodies. And there perished in +this struggle, among the Moors fifty thousand, as was declared by +those of them who survived, but among the Romans no one at all, nor +indeed did anyone receive even a wound, either at the hand of the +enemy or by any accident happening to him, but they all enjoyed this +victory unscathed. All of the leaders of the barbarians also made +their escape, except Esdilasas, who received pledges and surrendered +himself to the Romans. So great, however, was the multitude of women +and children whom the Romans seized as booty, that they would sell a +Moorish boy for the price of a sheep to any who wished to buy. And +then the remainder of the Moors recalled the saying of their women, to +the effect that their nation would be destroyed by a beardless +man.<a name="FNanchor_41_IV" id="FNanchor_41_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_41_IV" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xii_29" id="PageIV_xii_29">[29-4]</a></span> +So the Roman army, together with its booty and with Esdilasas, +marched into Carthage; and those of the barbarians who had not +perished decided that it was impossible to settle in Byzacium, lest +they, being few, should be treated with violence by the Libyans who +were their neighbours, and with their leaders they went into Numidia +and made themselves suppliants of Iaudas, who ruled the Moors in +Aurasium.<a name="FNanchor_42_IV" id="FNanchor_42_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_42_IV" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> +And the only Moors who remained in Byzacium were those +led by Antalas, who during this time had kept faith with the Romans +and together with his subjects had remained unharmed. +</p><br /> +<p>XIII</p> +<p> + +But during the time when these things were happening in Byzacium, +Iaudas, who ruled the Moors in Aurasium, bringing more than thirty +thousand fighting men, was plundering the country of Numidia and +enslaving many of the Libyans. Now it so happened +that Althias<a name="FNanchor_43_IV" id="FNanchor_43_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_43_IV" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> +in +Centuriae was keeping guard over the forts there; and he, being eager +to take from the enemy some of their captives, went outside the fort +with the Huns who were under his command, to the number of about +seventy. And reasoning that he was not able to cope with such a great +multitude of Moors with only seventy men, he wished to occupy some +narrow pass, so that, while the enemy were marching through it, he +might be able to snatch up some of the captives. And since there are +no such roads there, because flat plains +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiii_4" id="PageIV_xiii_4">[4-14]</a></span> + extend in every +direction, he devised the following plan. +</p> +<p>There is a city not far distant, named Tigisis, then an unwalled +place, but having a great spring at a place which was very closely +shut in. Althias therefore decided to take possession of this spring, +reasoning that the enemy, compelled by thirst, would surely come +there; for there is no other water at all close by. Now it seemed to +all upon considering the disparity of the armies that his plan was +insane. But the Moors came up feeling very much wearied and greatly +oppressed by the heat in the summer weather, and naturally almost +overcome by an intense thirst, and they made for the spring with a +great rush, having no thought of meeting any obstacle. But when they +found the water held by the enemy, they all halted, at a loss what to +do, the greatest part of their strength having been already expended +because of their desire for water. Iaudas therefore had a parley with +Althias and agreed to give him the third part of the booty, on +condition that the Moors should all drink. But Althias was by no means +willing to accept the proposal, but demanded that he fight with him in +single combat for the booty. And this challenge being accepted by +Iaudas, it was agreed that if it so fell out that Althias was +overcame, the Moors should drink. And the whole Moorish army was +rejoiced, being in good hope, since Althias was lean and not tall of +body, while Iaudas was the finest and most warlike of all the Moors. +Now both of them were, as it happened, mounted. And Iaudas hurled his +spear first, but as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiii_14" id="PageIV_xiii_14">[14-21]</a></span> + it was coming toward him Althias succeeded +with amazing skill in catching it with his right hand, thus filling +Iaudas and the enemy with consternation. And with his left hand he +drew his bow instantly, for he was ambidextrous, and hit and killed +the horse of Iaudas. And as he fell, the Moors brought another horse +for their commander, upon which Iaudas leaped and straightway fled; +and the Moorish army followed him in complete disorder. And Althias, +by thus taking from them the captives and the whole of the booty, won +a great name in consequence of this deed throughout all Libya. Such, +then, was the course of these events. +</p> +<p>And Solomon, after delaying a short time in Carthage, led his army +toward Mt. Aurasium and Iaudas, alleging against him that, while the +Roman army was occupied in Byzacium, he had plundered many of the +places in Numidia. And this was true. Solomon was also urged on +against Iaudas by the other commanders of the Moors, Massonas and +Ortaïas, because of their personal enmity; Massonas, because his +father Mephanias, who was the father-in-law of Iaudas, had been +treacherously slain by him, and Ortaïas, because Iaudas, together with +Mastinas, who ruled over the barbarians in Mauretania, had purposed to +drive him and all the Moors whom he ruled from the land where they had +dwelt from of old. So the Roman army, under the leadership of Solomon, +and those of the Moors who came into alliance with them, made their +camp on the river Abigas, which flows along by Aurasium and waters the +land there. But to Iaudas it seemed inexpedient to array himself +against the enemy in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiii_21" id="PageIV_xiii_21">[21-29]</a></span> + plain, but he made his preparations on +Aurasium in such a way as seemed to him would offer most difficulty to +his assailants. This mountain is about thirteen days' journey distant +from Carthage, and the largest of all known to us. For its circuit is +a three days' journey for an unencumbered traveller. And for one +wishing to go upon it the mountain is difficult of access and +extremely wild, but as one ascends and reaches the level ground, +plains are seen and many springs which form rivers and a great number +of altogether wonderful parks. And the grain which grows here, and +every kind of fruit, is double the size of that produced in all the +rest of Libya. And there are fortresses also on this mountain, which +are neglected, by reason of the fact that they do not seem necessary +to the inhabitants. For since the time when the Moors wrested Aurasium +from the Vandals,<a name="FNanchor_44_IV" id="FNanchor_44_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_44_IV" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> +not a single enemy had until now ever come there +or so much as caused the barbarians to be afraid that they would come, +but even the populous city of Tamougadis, situated against the +mountain on the east at the beginning of the plain, was emptied of its +population by the Moors and razed to the ground, in order that the +enemy should not only not be able to encamp there, but should not even +have the city as an excuse for coming near the mountain. And the Moors +of that place held also the land to the west of Aurasium, a tract both +extensive and fertile. And beyond these dwelt other nations of the +Moors, who were ruled by Ortaïas, who had come, as was stated above, +as an ally to Solomon and the Romans. And I have heard this man say +that beyond the country which he ruled there was no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiii_29" id="PageIV_xiii_29">[29-36]</a></span> + habitation +of men, but desert land extending to a great distance, and that beyond +that there are men, not black-skinned like the Moors, but very white +in body and fair-haired. So much, then, for these things.</p> <p>And Solomon, +after bribing the Moorish allies with great sums of money and +earnestly exhorting them, began the ascent of Mt. Aurasium with the +whole army arrayed as for battle, thinking that on that day he would +do battle with the enemy and just as he was have the matter out with +them according as fortune should wish. Accordingly the soldiers did +not even take with them any food, except a little, for themselves and +their horses. And after proceeding over very rough ground for about +fifty stades, they made a bivouac. And covering a similar distance +each day they came on the seventh day to a place where there was an +ancient fortress and an ever-flowing stream. The place is called +"Shield Mountain" by the Romans in their +own tongue.<a name="FNanchor_45_IV" id="FNanchor_45_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_45_IV" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> +Now it was +reported to them that the enemy were encamped there, and when they +reached this place and encountered no enemy, they made camp and, +preparing themselves for battle, remained there; and three days' time +was spent by them in that place. And since the enemy kept altogether +out of their way, and their provisions had failed, the thought came to +Solomon and to the whole army that there had been some plot against +them on the part of the Moors who were their allies; for these Moors +were not unacquainted with the conditions of travel on Aurasium, and +understood, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiii_36" id="PageIV_xiii_36">[36-42]</a></span> + probably, what had been decided upon by the enemy; they were +stealthily going out to meet them each day, it was said, and had also +frequently been sent to their country by the Romans to reconnoitre, +and had decided to make nothing but false reports, in order, no doubt, +that the Romans, with no prior knowledge of conditions, might make the +ascent of Mt. Aurasium without supplies for a longer time or without +preparing themselves otherwise in the way which would be best. And, +all things considered, the Romans were suspicious that an ambush had +been set for them by men who were their allies and began to be afraid, +reasoning that the Moors are said to be by nature untrustworthy at all +times and especially whenever they march as allies with the Romans or +any others against Moors. So, remembering these things, and at the +same time being pinched by hunger, they withdrew from there with all +speed without accomplishing anything, and, upon reaching the plain, +constructed a stockade. +</p> +<p>After this Solomon established a part of the army in Numidia to serve +as a guard and with the remainder went to Carthage, since it was +already winter. There he arranged and set everything in order, so that +at the beginning of spring he might again march against Aurasium with +a larger equipment and, if possible, without Moors as allies. At the +same time he prepared generals and another army and a fleet of ships +for an expedition against the Moors who dwell in the island of +Sardinia; for this island is a large one and flourishing besides, +being about two thirds as large as Sicily (for the perimeter of the +island makes a journey of twenty days for an unencumbered traveller); +and lying, as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiii_42" id="PageIV_xiii_42">[42-4]</a></span> + it does, between Rome and Carthage, it was +oppressed by the Moors who dwelt there. For the Vandals in ancient +times, being enraged against these barbarians, sent some few of them +with their wives to Sardinia and confined them there. But as time went +on they seized the mountains which are near Caranalis, at first making +plundering expeditions secretly upon those who dwelt round about, but +when they became no less than three thousand, they even made their +raids openly, and with no desire for concealment plundered all the +country there, being called +Barbaricini<a name="FNanchor_46_IV" id="FNanchor_46_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_46_IV" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> +by the natives. It was +against these barbarians, therefore, that Solomon was preparing the +fleet during that winter. Such, then, was the course of events in +Libya. +</p><br /> +<p>XIV</p> +<p> + +And in Italy during these same times the following events took place. +Belisarius was sent against Theodatus and the Gothic nation by the +Emperor Justinian, and sailing to Sicily he secured this island with +no trouble. And the manner in which this was done will be told in the +following pages, when the history leads me to the narration of the +events in Italy. For it has not seemed to me out of order first to +record all the events which happened in Libya and after that to turn +to the portion of the history touching Italy and the Goths.</p> + + +<p>During this winter Belisarius remained in Syracuse +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiv_4" id="PageIV_xiv_4">[4-10]</a></span> + and Solomon in +Carthage. And it came about during this year that a most dread portent +took place. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness, like +the moon, during this whole year, and it seemed exceedingly like the +sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear nor such as it is +accustomed to shed. And from the time when this thing happened men +were free neither from war nor pestilence nor any other thing leading +to death. And it was the time when Justinian was in the tenth year of +his reign.<span class="sidenote">536-537 A.D.</span></p> +<p> +<span class="sidenote">536 A.D.</span> +At the opening of spring, when the Christians were celebrating the +feast which they call Easter, there arose a mutiny among the soldiers +in Libya. I shall now tell how it arose and to what end it came. +</p> +<p>After the Vandals had been defeated in the battle, as I have told +previously,<a name="FNanchor_47_IV" id="FNanchor_47_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_47_IV" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> +the Roman soldiers took their daughters and wives and +made them their own by lawful marriage. And each one of these women +kept urging her husband to lay claim to the possession of the lands +which she had owned previously, saying that it was not right or +fitting if, while living with the Vandals, they had enjoyed these +lands, but after entering into marriage with the conquerors of the +Vandals they were then to be deprived of their possessions. And having +these things in mind, the soldiers did not think that they were bound +to yield the lands of the Vandals to Solomon, who wished to register +them as belonging to the commonwealth and to the emperor's house and +said that while it was not unreasonable that the slaves and all other +things of value should go as booty to the soldiers, the land itself +belonged to the emperor and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiv_10" id="PageIV_xiv_10">[10-17]</a></span> + the empire of the Romans, which had +nourished them and caused them to be called soldiers and to be such, +not in order to win for themselves such land as they should wrest from +the barbarians who were trespassing on the Roman empire, but that this +land might come to the commonwealth, from which both they and all +others secured their maintenance. This was one cause of the mutiny. +And there was a second, concurrent, cause also, which was no less, +perhaps even more, effective in throwing all Libya into confusion. It +was as follows: In the Roman army there were, as it happened, not less +than one. thousand soldiers of the Arian faith; and the most of these +were barbarians, some of these being of +the Erulian<a name="FNanchor_48_IV" id="FNanchor_48_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_48_IV" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> +nation. Now +these men were urged on to the mutiny by the priests of the Vandals +with the greatest zeal. For it was not possible for them to worship +God in their accustomed way, but they were excluded both from all +sacraments and from all sacred rites. For the Emperor Justinian did +not allow any Christian who did not espouse the orthodox faith to +receive baptism or any other sacrament. But most of all they were +agitated by the feast of Easter, during which they found themselves +unable +to baptize<a name="FNanchor_49_IV" id="FNanchor_49_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_49_IV" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> +their own children with the sacred water, or do +anything else pertaining to this feast. And as if these things were +not sufficient for Heaven, in its eagerness to ruin the fortunes of +the Romans, it so fell out that still another thing provided an +occasion for those who were planning the mutiny. For the Vandals whom +Belisarius took to Byzantium were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiv_17" id="PageIV_xiv_17">[17-23]</a></span> + placed by the emperor in five +cavalry squadrons, in order that they might be settled permanently in +the cities of the East; he also called them the "Vandals of +Justinian," and ordered them to betake themselves in ships to the +East. Now the majority of these Vandal soldiers reached the East, and, +filling up the squadrons to which they had been assigned, they have +been fighting against the Persians up to the present time; but the +remainder, about four hundred in number, after reaching Lesbos, +waiting until the sails were bellied with the wind, forced the sailors +to submission and sailed on till they reached the Peloponnesus. And +setting sail from there, they came to land in Libya at a desert place, +where they abandoned the ships, and, after equipping themselves, went +up to Mt. Aurasium and Mauretania. Elated by their accession, the +soldiers who were planning the mutiny formed a still closer conspiracy +among themselves. And there was much talk about this in the camp and +oaths were already being taken. And when the rest were about to +celebrate the Easter festival, the Arians, being vexed by their +exclusion from the sacred rites, purposed to attack them vigorously. +</p> +<p>And it seemed best to their leading men to kill Solomon in the +sanctuary on the first day of the feast, which they call the great +day. +<span class="sidenote">March 23, 536 A.D.</span> +And they were fortunate enough not to be found out, since no one +disclosed this plan. For though there were many who shared in the +horrible plot, no word of it was divulged to any hostile person as the +orders were passed around, and thus they succeeded completely in +escaping detection, for even the spearmen and guards of Solomon for +the most part and the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiv_23" id="PageIV_xiv_23">[23-29]</a></span> + majority of his domestics had become associated +with this mutiny because of their desire for the lands. And when the +appointed day had now come, Solomon was sitting in the sanctuary, +utterly ignorant of his own misfortune. And those who had decided to +kill the man went in, and, urging one another with nods, they put +their hands to their swords, but they did nothing nevertheless, either +because they were filled with awe of the rites then being performed in +the sanctuary, or because the fame of the general caused them to be +ashamed, or perhaps also some divine power prevented them. +</p> +<p>And when the rites on that day had been completely performed and all +were betaking themselves homeward, the conspirators began to blame one +another with having turned soft-hearted at no fitting time, and they +postponed the plot for a second attempt on the following day. And on +the next day they acted in the same manner and departed from the +sanctuary without doing anything, and entering the market place, they +reviled each other openly, and every single man of them called the +next one soft-hearted and a demoralizer of the band, not hesitating to +censure strongly the respect felt for Solomon. For this reason, +indeed, they thought that they could no longer without danger remain +in Carthage, inasmuch as they had disclosed their plot to the whole +city. The most of them, accordingly, went out of the city quickly and +began to plunder the lands and to treat as enemies all the Libyans +whom they met; but the rest remained in the city, giving no indication +of what their own intentions were but pretending ignorance of the plot +which had been formed. + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiv_30" id="PageIV_xiv_30">[30-37]</a></span></p> +<p> +But Solomon, upon hearing what was being done by the soldiers +in the country, became greatly disturbed, and ceased not exhorting +those in the city and urging them to loyalty toward the emperor. And +they at first seemed to receive his words with favour, but on the +fifth day, when they heard that those who had gone out were secure in +their power, they gathered in the hippodrome and insulted Solomon and +the other commanders without restraint. And Theodorus, the +Cappadocian, being sent there by Solomon, attempted to dissuade them +and win them by kind words, but they listened to nothing of what was +said. Now this Theodorus had a certain hostility against Solomon and +was suspected of plotting against him. For this reason the mutineers +straightway elected him general over them by acclamation, and with him +they went with all speed to the palace carrying weapons and raising a +great tumult. There they killed another Theodorus, who was commander +of the guards, a man of the greatest excellence in every respect and +an especially capable warrior. And when they had tasted this blood, +they began immediately to kill everyone they met, whether Libyan or +Roman, if he were known to Solomon or had money in his hands; and then +they turned to plundering, going up into the houses which had no +soldiers to defend them and seizing all the most valuable things, +until the coming of night, and drunkenness following their toil, made +them cease.</p> <p>And Solomon succeeded in escaping unnoticed into the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiv_37" id="PageIV_xiv_37">[37-1]</a></span> +great sanctuary which is in the palace, and Martinus joined him there +in the late afternoon. And when all the mutineers were sleeping, they +went out from the sanctuary and entered the house of Theodorus, the +Cappadocian, who compelled them to dine although they had no desire to +do so, and conveyed them to the harbour and put them on the skiff of a +certain ship, which happened to have been made ready there by +Martinus. And Procopius also, who wrote this history, was with them, +and about five men of the house of Solomon. And after accomplishing +three hundred stades they reached Misuas, the ship-yard of Carthage, +and, since they had reached safety, Solomon straightway commanded +Martinus to go into Numidia to Valerian and the others who shared his +command, and endeavour to bring it about that each one of them, if it +were in any way possible, should appeal to some of the soldiers known +to him, either with money or by other means, and bring them back to +loyalty toward the emperor. And he sent a letter to Theodorus, +charging him to take care of Carthage and to handle the other matters +as should seem possible to him, and he himself with Procopius went to +Belisarius at Syracuse. And after reporting everything to him which +had taken place in Libya, he begged him to come with all speed to +Carthage and defend the emperor, who was suffering unholy treatment at +the hands of his own soldiers, Solomon, then, was thus engaged. +</p><br /> +<p>XV</p> +<p> + +But the mutineers, after plundering everything in Carthage, gathered +in the plain of Boulla, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_1" id="PageIV_xv_1">[1-8]</a></span> + chose Stotzas,<a name="FNanchor_50_IV" id="FNanchor_50_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_50_IV" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> +one of the guards +of Martinus, and a passionate and energetic man, as tyrant over them, +with the purpose of driving the emperor's commanders out of all Libya +and thus gaining control over it. And he armed the whole force, +amounting to about eight thousand men, and led them on to Carthage, +thinking to win over the city instantly with no trouble. He sent also +to the Vandals who had run away from Byzantium with the ships and +those who had not gone there with Belisarius in the beginning, either +because they had escaped notice, or because those who were taking off +the Vandals at that time took no account of them. Now they were not +fewer than a thousand, and after no great time they joined Stotzas and +the army with enthusiasm. And a great throng of slaves also came to +him. And when they drew near Carthage, Stotzas sent orders that the +people should surrender the city to him as quickly as possible, on +condition of their remaining free from harm. But those in Carthage and +Theodorus, in reply to this, refused flatly to obey, and announced +that they were guarding Carthage for the emperor. And they sent to +Stotzas Joseph, the secretary of the emperor's guards, a man of no +humble birth and one of the household of Belisarius, who had recently +been sent to Carthage on some mission to them, and they demanded that +Stotzas should go no further in his violence. But Stotzas, upon +hearing this, straightway killed Joseph and commenced a siege. And +those in the city, becoming terrified at the danger, were purposing to +surrender themselves and Carthage to Stotzas under an agreement. Such +was the course of events in the army in Libya.</p> <p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_9" id="PageIV_xv_9">[9-16]</a></span> +But Belisarius +selected one hundred men from his own spearmen and guards, and taking +Solomon with him, sailed into Carthage with one ship at about dusk, at +the time when the besiegers were expecting that the city would be +surrendered to them on the following day. And since they were +expecting this, they bivouacked that night. But when day had come and +they learned that Belisarius was present, they broke up camp as +quickly as possible and disgracefully and in complete disorder beat a +hasty retreat And Belisarius gathered about two thousand of the army +and, after urging them with words to be loyal to the emperor and +encouraging them with large gifts of money, he began the pursuit of +the fugitives. And he overtook them at the city of Membresa, three +hundred and fifty stades distant from Carthage. There both armies made +camp and prepared themselves for battle, the forces of Belisarius +making their entrenchment at the River Bagradas, and the others in a +high and difficult position. For neither of them saw fit to enter the +city, since it was without walls. And on the day following they joined +battle, the mutineers trusting in their numbers, and the troops of +Belisarius despising their enemy as both without sense and without +generals. And Belisarius, wishing that these thoughts should be firmly +lodged in the minds of his soldiers, called them all together and +spoke as follows:—</p> +<p> +"The situation, fellow-soldiers, both for the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_16" id="PageIV_xv_16">[16-23]</a></span> + emperor and for the Romans, falls far short of our hopes and of +our prayers. For we have now come to a combat in which even the +winning of the victory will not be without tears for us, since we are +fighting against kinsmen and men who have been reared with us. But we +have this comfort in our misfortune, that we are not ourselves +beginning the battle, but have been brought into the conflict in our +own defence. For he who has framed the plot against his dearest +friends and by his own act has dissolved the ties of kinship, dies +not, if he perishes, by the hands of his friends, but having become an +enemy is but making atonement to those who have suffered wrong. And +that our opponents are public enemies and barbarians and whatever +worse name one might call them, is shewn not alone by Libya, which has +become plunder under their hands, nor by the inhabitants of this land, +who have been wrongfully slain, but also by the multitude of Roman +soldiers whom these enemies have dared to kill, though they have had +but one fault to charge them with—loyalty to their government. And it +is to avenge these their victims that we have now come against them, +having with good reason become enemies to those who were once most +dear. For nature has made no men in the world either friends or +opponents to one another, but it is the actions of men in every case +which, either by the similarity of the motives which actuate them +unite them in alliance, or by the difference set them in hostility to +each other, making them friends or enemies as the case may be. That, +therefore, we are fighting against men who are outlaws and enemies of +the state, you must now be convinced; and now I shall make it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_23" id="PageIV_xv_23">[23-33]</a></span> +plain that they deserve to be despised by us. For a throng of men +united by no law, but brought together by motives of injustice, is +utterly unable by nature to play the part of brave men, since valour +is unable to dwell with lawlessness, but always shuns those who are +unholy. Nor, indeed, will they preserve discipline or give heed to the +commands given by Stotzas. For when a tyranny is newly organized and +has not yet won that authority which self-confidence gives, it is, of +necessity, looked upon by its subjects with contempt. Nor is it +honoured through any sentiment of loyalty, for a tyranny is, in the +nature of the case, hated; nor does it lead its subjects by fear, for +timidity deprives it of the power to speak out openly. And when the +enemy is handicapped in point of valour and of discipline, their +defeat is ready at hand. With great contempt, therefore, as I said, we +should go against this enemy of ours. For it is not by the numbers of +the combatants, but by their orderly array and their bravery, that +prowess in war is wont to be measured." +</p> +<p>So spoke Belisarius. And Stotzas exhorted his troops as follows: "Men +who with me have escaped our servitude to the Romans, let no one of +you count it unworthy to die on behalf of the freedom which you have +won by your courage and your other qualities. For it is not so +terrible a thing to grow old and die in the midst of ills, as to +return again to it after having gained freedom from oppressive +conditions. For the interval which has given one a taste of +deliverance makes the misfortune, naturally enough, harder to bear. +And this being so, it is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_33" id="PageIV_xv_33">[33-41]</a></span> + necessary for you to call to mind that +after conquering the Vandals and the Moors you yourselves have enjoyed +the labours of war, while others have become masters of all the +spoils. And consider that, as soldiers, you will be compelled all your +lives to be acquainted with the dangers of war, either in behalf of +the emperor's cause, if, indeed, you are again his slaves, or in +behalf of your own selves, if you preserve this present liberty. And +whichever of the two is preferable, this it is in your power to +choose, either by becoming faint-hearted at this time, or by +preferring to play the part of brave men. Furthermore, this thought +also should come to your minds,—that if, having taken up arms against +the Romans, you come under their power, you will have experience of no +moderate or indulgent masters, but you will suffer the extreme of +punishment, and, what is more, your death will not have been +unmerited. To whomsoever of you, therefore, death comes in this +battle, it is plain that it will be a glorious death; and life, if you +conquer the enemy, will be independent and in all other respects +happy; but if you are defeated,—I need mention no other bitterness +than this, that all your hope will depend upon the mercy of those men +yonder. And the conflict will not be evenly matched in regard to +strength. For not only are the enemy greatly surpassed by us in +numbers, but they will come against us without the least enthusiasm, +for I think that they are praying for a share of this our freedom." +Such was the speech of Stotzas. +</p> +<p>As the armies entered the combat, a wind both violent and exceedingly +troublesome began to blow in the faces of the mutineers of Stotzas. +For this +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_41" id="PageIV_xv_41">[41-49]</a></span> + reason they thought it disadvantageous for them to +fight the battle where they were, fearing lest the wind by its +overpowering force should carry the missiles of the enemy against +them, while the impetus of their own missiles would be very seriously +checked. They therefore left their position and moved toward the +flank, reasoning that if the enemy also should change front, as they +probably would, in order that they might not be assailed from the +rear, the wind would then be in their faces. But Belisarius, upon +seeing that they had left their position and in complete disorder were +moving to his flank, gave orders immediately to open the attack. And +the troops of Stotzas were thrown into confusion by the unexpected +move, and in great disorder, as each one could, they fled +precipitately, and only when they reached Numidia did they collect +themselves again. Few of them, however, perished in this action, and +most of them were Vandals. For Belisarius did not pursue them at all, +for the reason that it seemed to him sufficient, since his army was +very small, if the enemy, having been defeated for the present, should +get out of his way. And he gave the soldiers the enemy's stockade to +plunder, and they took it with not a man inside. But much money was +found there and many women, the very women because of whom this war +took place.<a name="FNanchor_51_IV" id="FNanchor_51_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_51_IV" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> +After accomplishing this, Belisarius marched back to +Carthage. And someone coming from Sicily reported to him that a mutiny +had broken out in the army and was about to throw everything into +confusion, unless he himself should return to them with all speed and +take measures to prevent it. He there +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_49" id="PageIV_xv_49">[49-56]</a></span> +therefore arranged matters +in Libya as well as he could and, entrusting Carthage to Ildiger and +Theodorus, went to Sicily. +</p> +<p>And the Roman commanders in Numidia, hearing that the troops of +Stotzas had come and were gathering there, prepared for battle. Now +the commanders were as follows: +of foederati,<a name="FNanchor_52_IV" id="FNanchor_52_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_52_IV" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> +Marcellus and Cyril, +of the cavalry forces, Barbatus, and of infantry Terentius and +Sarapis. All, however, took their commands from Marcellus, as holding +the authority in Numidia. He, therefore, upon hearing that Stotzas +with some few men was in a place +called Gazophyla,<a name="FNanchor_53_IV" id="FNanchor_53_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_53_IV" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> +about two days' +journey distant +from Constantina,<a name="FNanchor_54_IV" id="FNanchor_54_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_54_IV" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> +wished to anticipate the +gathering of all the mutineers, and led his army swiftly against them. +And when the two armies were near together and the battle was about to +commence, Stotzas came alone into the midst of his opponents and spoke +as follows:</p> +<p> +"Fellow-soldiers, you are not acting justly in taking the field +against kinsmen and those who have been reared with you, and in +raising arms against men who in vexation at your misfortunes and the +wrongs you have suffered have decided to make war upon the emperor and +the Romans. Or do you not remember that you have been deprived of the +pay which has been owing you for a long time back, and that you have +been robbed of the enemy's spoil, which the law of war has set as +prizes for the dangers of battle? And that the others have claimed the +right to live sumptuously all their lives upon the good things of +victory, while you have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_56" id="PageIV_xv_56">[56-3]</a></span> +followed as if their servants? If, now, +you are angry with me, it is within your power to vent your wrath upon +this body, and to escape the pollution of killing the others; but if +you have no charge to bring against me, it is time for you to take up +your weapons in your own behalf." So spoke Stotzas; and the soldiers +listened to his words and greeted him with great favour. And when the +commanders saw what was happening, they withdrew in silence and took +refuge in a sanctuary which was in Gazophyla. And Stotzas combined +both armies into one and then went to the commanders. And finding them +in the sanctuary, he gave pledges and then killed them all. +</p><br /> +<p>XVI</p> +<p> + +When the emperor learned this, he sent his nephew Germanus, a man of +patrician rank, with some few men to Libya. And Symmachus also and +Domnicus, men of the senate, followed him, the former to be prefect +and charged with the maintenance of the army, while Domnicus was to +command the infantry forces. +For John,<a name="FNanchor_55_IV" id="FNanchor_55_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_55_IV" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> +who had held the office of +prefect, had already died of disease. And when they had sailed into +Carthage, Germanus counted the soldiers whom they had, and upon +looking over the books of the scribes where the names of all the +soldiers were registered, he found that the third part of the army was +in Carthage and the other +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvi_3" id="PageIV_xvi_3">[3-9]</a></span> +cities, while all the rest were +arrayed with the tyrant against the Romans. He did not, therefore, +begin any fighting, but bestowed the greatest care upon his army. And +considering that those left in Carthage were the kinsmen or tentmates +of the enemy, he kept addressing many winning words to all, and in +particular said that he had himself been sent by the emperor to Libya +in order to defend the soldiers who had been wronged and to punish +those who had unprovoked done them any injury. And when this was found +out by the mutineers, they began to come over to him a few at a time. +And Germanus both received them into the city in a friendly manner +and, giving pledges, held them in honour, and he gave them their pay +for the time during which they had been in arms against the Romans. +And when the report of these acts was circulated and came to all, they +began now to detach themselves in large numbers from the tyrant and to +march to Carthage. Then at last Germanus, hoping that in the battle he +would be evenly matched in strength with his opponents, began to make +preparations for the conflict. +</p> +<p>But in the meantime Stotzas, already perceiving the trouble, and +fearing lest by the defection of still others of his soldiers the army +should be reduced still more, was pressing for a decisive encounter +immediately and trying to take hold of the war with more vigour. And +since he had some hope regarding the soldiers in Carthage, that they +would come over to him, and thought that they would readily desert if +he came near them, he held out the hope to all his men; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvi_9" id="PageIV_xvi_9">[9-17]</a></span> +and +after encouraging them exceedingly in this way, he advanced swiftly +with his whole army against Carthage. And when he had come within +thirty-five stades of the city, he made camp not far from the sea, and +Germanus, after arming his whole army and arraying them for battle, +marched forth. And when they were all outside the city, since he had +heard what Stotzas was hoping for, he called together the whole army +and spoke as follows:</p> +<p> +"That there is nothing, fellow-soldiers, with which you can justly +reproach the emperor, and no fault which you can find with what he has +done to you, this, I think, no one of you all could deny; for it was +he who took you as you came from the fields with your wallets and one +small frock apiece and brought you together in Byzantium, and has +caused you to be so powerful that the Roman state now depends upon +you. And that he has not only been treated with wanton insult, but has +also suffered the most dreadful of all things at your hands, you +yourselves, doubtless, know full well. And desiring that you should +preserve the memory of these things for ever, he has dismissed the +accusations brought against you for your crimes, asking that this debt +alone be due to him from you—shame for what you have done. It is +reasonable, therefore, that you, being thus regarded by him, should +learn anew the lesson of good faith and correct your former folly. For +when repentance comes at the fitting time upon those who have done +wrong, it is accustomed to make those who have been injured indulgent; +and service which comes in season is wont to bring another name to +those who have been called ungrateful. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvi_18" id="PageIV_xvi_18">[18-24]</a></span></p> +<p> +"And it will be needful +for you to know well this also, that if at the present time you shew +yourselves completely loyal to the emperor, no remembrance will remain +of what has gone before. For in the nature of things every course of +action is characterized by men in accordance with its final outcome; +and while a wrong which has once been committed can never be undone in +all time, still, when it has been corrected by better deeds on the +part of those who committed it, it receives the fitting reward of +silence and generally comes to be forgotten. Moreover, if you act with +any disregard of duty toward these accursed rascals at the present +time, even though afterwards you fight through many wars in behalf of +the Romans and often win the victory over the enemy, you will never +again be regarded as having requited the emperor as you can requite +him to-day. For those who win applause in the very matter of their +former wrong-doing always gain for themselves a fairer apology. As +regards the emperor, then, let each one of you reason in some such +way. But as for me, I have not voluntarily done you any injustice, and +I have displayed my good-will to you by all possible means, and now, +facing this danger, I have decided to ask this much of you all: let no +man advance with us against the enemy contrary to his judgement. But +if anyone of you is already desirous of arraying himself with them, +without delay let him go with his weapons to the enemy's camp, +granting us this one favour, that it be not stealthily, but openly, +that he has decided to do us wrong. Indeed, it is for this reason that +I am making my speech, not in Carthage, but after coming on the +battle-field, in order that I +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvi_24" id="PageIV_xvi_24">[24-5]</a></span> +might not be an obstacle to anyone +who desires to desert to our opponents, since it is possible for all +without danger to shew their disposition toward the state." Thus spoke +Germanus. And a great uproar ensued in the Roman army, for each one +demanded the right to be the first to display to the general his +loyalty to the emperor and to swear the most dread oaths in +confirmation. +</p><br /> +<p>XVII</p> +<p> + +Now for some time the two armies remained in position opposite each +other. But when the mutineers saw that nothing of what Stotzas had +foretold was coming to pass, they began to be afraid as having been +unexpectedly cheated of their hope, and they broke their ranks and +withdrew, and marched off to Numidia, where were their women and the +money from their booty. And Germanus too came there with the whole +army not long afterwards, having made all preparations in the best way +possible and also bringing along many wagons for the army. And +overtaking his opponents in a place which the Romans call Scalae +Veteres, he made his preparations for battle in the following manner. +Placing the wagons in line facing the front, he arrayed all the +infantry along them under the leadership of Domnicus, so that by +reason of having their rear in security they might fight with the +greater courage. And the best of the horsemen and those who had come +with him from Byzantium he himself had on the left of the infantry, +while all the others he placed on the right wing, not marshalled in +one body but in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvii_5" id="PageIV_xvii_5">[5-14]</a></span> +three divisions. And Ildiger led one of them, +Theodoras the Cappadocian another, while the remaining one, which was +larger, was commanded by John, the brother of Pappus, with three +others. Thus did the Romans array themselves. +</p> +<p>And the mutineers took their stand opposite them, not in order, +however, but scattered, more in the manner of barbarians. And at no +great distance many thousands of Moors followed them, who were +commanded by a number of leaders, and especially by Iaudas and +Ortaïas. But not all of them, as it happened, were faithful to Stotzas +and his men, for many had sent previously to Germanus and agreed that, +when they came into the fight, they would array themselves with the +emperor's army against the enemy. However, Germanus could not trust +them altogether, for the Moorish nation is by nature faithless to all +men. It was for this reason also that they did not array themselves +with the mutineers, but remained behind, waiting for what would come +to pass, in order that with those who should be victorious they might +join in the pursuit of the vanquished. Such was the purpose, then, of +the Moors, in following behind and not mingling with the mutineers. +</p> +<p>And when Stotzas came close to the enemy and saw the standard of +Germanus, he exhorted his men and began to charge against him. But the +mutinous Eruli who were arrayed about him did not follow and even +tried with all their might to prevent him, saying that they did not +know the character of the forces of Germanus, but that they did know +that those arrayed on the enemy's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvii_14" id="PageIV_xvii_14">[14-21]</a></span> +right would by no means +withstand them. If, therefore, they should advance against these, they +would not only give way themselves and turn to flight, but would also, +in all probability, throw the rest of the Roman army into confusion; +but if they should attack Germanus and be driven back and put to rout, +their whole cause would be ruined on the spot. And Stotzas was +persuaded by these words, and permitted the others to fight with the +men of Germanus, while he himself with the best men went against John +and those arrayed with him. And they failed to withstand the attack +and hastened to flee in complete disorder. And the mutineers took all +their standards immediately, and pursued them as they fled at top +speed, while some too charged upon the infantry, who had already begun +to abandon their ranks. But at this juncture Germanus himself, drawing +his sword and urging the whole of that part of the army to do the +same, with great difficulty routed the mutineers opposed to him and +advanced on the run against Stotzas. And then, since he was joined in +this effort by the men of Ildiger and Theodorus, the two armies +mingled with each other in such a way that, while the mutineers were +pursuing some of their enemy, they were being overtaken and killed by +others. And as the confusion became greater and greater, the troops of +Germanus, who were in the rear, pressed on still more, and the +mutineers, falling into great fear, thought no longer of resistance. +But neither side could be distinguished either by their own comrades +or by their opponents. For all used one language and the same +equipment of arms, and they differed neither in figure nor in dress +nor in any other thing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvii_21" id="PageIV_xvii_21">[21-40]</a></span> +whatever. For this reason the soldiers of +the emperor by the advice of Germanus, whenever they captured anyone, +asked who he was; and then, if he said that he was a soldier of +Germanus, they bade him give the watchword of Germanus, and if he was +not at all able to give this, they killed him instantly. In this +struggle one of the enemy got by unnoticed and killed the horse of +Germanus, and Germanus himself fell to the ground and came into +danger, and would have been lost had not his guards quickly saved him +by forming an enclosure around him and mounting him on another horse. +</p> +<p>As for Stotzas, he succeeded in this tumult in escaping with a few +men. But Germanus, urging on his men, went straight for the enemy's +camp. There he was encountered by those of the mutineers who had been +stationed to guard the stockade. A stubborn fight took place around +its entrance, and the mutineers came within a little of forcing back +their opponents, but Germanus sent some of his followers and bade them +make trial of the camp at another point. These men, since no one was +defending the camp at this place, got inside the stockade with little +trouble. And the mutineers, upon seeing them, rushed off in flight, +and Germanus with all the rest of the army dashed into the enemy's +camp. There the soldiers, finding it easy to plunder the goods of the +camp, neither took any account of the enemy nor paid any further heed +to the exhortations of their general, since booty was at hand. For +this reason Germanus, fearing lest the enemy should get together +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvii_30" id="PageIV_xvii_30">[30-3]</a></span> +and come upon them, himself with some few men took his stand at the +entrance of the stockade, uttering many laments and urging his +unheeding men to return to good order. And many of the Moors, when the +rout had taken place in this way, were now pursuing the mutineers, +and, arraying themselves with the emperor's troops, were plundering +the camp of the vanquished. But Stotzas, at first having confidence in +the Moorish army, rode to them in order to renew the battle. But +perceiving what was being done, he fled with a hundred men, and +succeeded with difficulty in making his escape. And once more many +gathered about him and attempted to engage with the enemy, but being +repulsed no less decisively than before, if not even more so, they all +came over to Germanus. And Stotzas alone with some few Vandals +withdrew to Mauretania, and taking to wife the daughter of one of the +rulers, remained there. And this was the conclusion of that mutiny. +</p><br /> +<p>XVIII</p> +<p> + +Now there was among the body-guards of Theodorus, the Cappadocian, a +certain Maximinus, an exceedingly base man. This Maximinus had first +got a very large number of the soldiers to join with him in a +conspiracy against the government, and was now purposing to attempt a +tyranny. And being eager to associate with himself still more men, he +explained the project to others and especially to Asclepiades, a +native of Palestine, who was a man of good birth and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xviii_3" id="PageIV_xviii_3">[3-10]</a></span> +the first +of the personal friends of Theodorus. Now Asclepiades, after +conversing with Theodorus, straightway reported the whole matter to +Germanus. And he, not wishing as yet, while affairs were still +unsettled, to begin any other disturbance, decided to get the best of +the man by cajoling and flattering him rather than by punishment, and +to bind him by oaths to loyalty toward the government. Accordingly, +since it was an old custom among all Romans that no one should become +a body-guard of one of the commanders, unless he had previously taken +the most dread oaths and given pledges of his loyalty both toward his +own commander and toward the Roman emperor, he summoned Maximinus, and +praising him for his daring, directed him to be one of his body-guards +from that time forth. And he, being overjoyed at the extraordinary +honour, and conjecturing that his project would in this way get on +more easily, took the oath, and though from that time forth he was +counted among the body-guards of Germanus, he did not hesitate to +disregard his oaths immediately and to strengthen much more than ever +his plans to achieve the tyranny. +</p> +<p>Now the whole city was celebrating some general festival, and many of +the conspirators of Maximinus at about the time of lunch came +according to their agreement to the palace, where Germanus was +entertaining his friends at a feast, and Maximinus took his stand +beside the couches with the other body-guards. And as the drinking +proceeded, someone entered and announced to Germanus that many +soldiers were standing in great disorder before the door of the court, +putting forward the charge that the government owed them their pay for +a long period. And +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xviii_10" id="PageIV_xviii_10">[10-18]</a></span> +he commanded the most trusty of the guards +secretly to keep close watch over Maximinus, allowing him in no way to +perceive what was being done. Then the conspirators with threats and +tumult proceeded on the run to the hippodrome, and those who shared +their plan with them gathered gradually from the houses and were +assembling there. And if it had so chanced that all of them had come +together, no one, I think, would have been able easily to destroy +their power; but, as it was, Germanus anticipated this, and, before +the greater part had yet arrived, he straightway sent against them all +who were well-disposed to himself and to the emperor. And they +attacked the conspirators before they expected them. And then, since +Maximinus, for whom they were waiting to begin the battle for them, +was not with them, and they did not see the crowd gathered to help +them, as they had thought it would be, but instead even beheld their +fellow-soldiers unexpectedly fighting against them, they consequently +lost heart and were easily overcome in the struggle and rushed off in +flight and in complete disorder. And their opponents slew many of +them, and they also captured many alive and brought them to Germanus. +Those, however, who had not already come to the hippodrome gave no +indication of their sentiment toward Maximinus. And Germanus did not +see fit to go on and seek them out, but he enquired whether Maximinus, +since he had sworn the oath, had taken part in the plot. And since it +was proved that, though numbered among his own body-guards he had +carried on his designs still more than before, Germanus impaled him +close by the fortifications of Carthage, and in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xviii_18" id="PageIV_xviii_18">[18-6]</a></span> +this way +succeeded completely in putting down the sedition. As for Maximinus, +then, such was the end of his plot. +</p><br /> +<p>XIX</p> +<p> + +And the emperor summoned Germanus together with Symmachus and Domnicus +and again entrusted all Libya to Solomon, in the thirteenth year of +his reign; and he provided him with an army and officers, among whom +were Rufinus and Leontius, the sons of Zaunas the son of Pharesmanas, +and John, the son of Sisiniolus. +<span class="sidenote">539-540 A.D.</span> +For Martinus and Valerianus had already before this gone under summons +to Byzantium. And Solomon sailed to Carthage, and having rid himself +of the sedition of Stotzas, he ruled with moderation and guarded Libya +securely, setting the army in order, and sending to Byzantium and to +Belisarius whatever suspicious elements he found in it, and enrolling +new soldiers to equal their number, and removing those of the Vandals +who were left and especially all their women from the whole of Libya. +And he surrounded each city with a wall, and guarding the laws with +great strictness, he restored the government completely. And Libya +became under his rule powerful as to its revenues and prosperous in +other respects. +</p> +<p>And when everything had been arranged by him in the best way possible, +he again made an expedition against Iaudas and the Moors on Aurasium. +And first he sent forward Gontharis, one of his own +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xix_6" id="PageIV_xix_6">[6-15]</a></span> + body-guards +and an able warrior, with an army. Now Gontharis came to the Abigas +River and made camp near Bagaïs, a deserted city. And there he engaged +with the enemy, but was defeated in battle, and retiring to his +stockade was already being hard pressed by the siege of the Moors. But +afterwards Solomon himself arrived with his whole army, and when he +was sixty stades away from the camp which Gontharis was commanding, he +made a stockade and remained there; and hearing all that had befallen +the force of Gontharis, he sent them a part of his army and bade them +keep up the fight against the enemy with courage. But the Moors, +having gained the upper hand in the engagement, as I have said, did as +follows. The Abigas River flows from Aurasium, and descending into a +plain, waters the land just as the men there desire. For the natives +conduct this stream to whatever place they think it will best serve +them at the moment, for in this plain there are many channels, into +which the Abigas is divided, and entering all of them, it passes +underground, and reappears again above the ground and gathers its +stream together. This takes place over the greatest part of the plain +and makes it possible for the inhabitants of the region, by stopping +up the waterways with earth, or by again opening them, to make use of +the waters of this river as they wish. So at that time the Moors shut +off all the channels there and thus allowed the whole stream to flow +about the camp of the Romans. As a result of this, a deep, muddy marsh +formed there through which it was impossible to go; this terrified +them exceedingly and reduced them to a state of helplessness. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xix_15" id="PageIV_xix_15">[15-21]</a></span> +When this was heard by Solomon, he came quickly. But the +barbarians, becoming afraid, withdrew to the foot of Aurasium. And in +a place which they call Babosis they made camp and remained there. So +Solomon moved with his whole army and came to that place. And upon +engaging with the enemy, he defeated them decisively and turned them +to flight. Now after this the Moors did not think it advisable for +them to fight a pitched battle with the Romans; for they did not hope +to overcome them in this kind of contest; but they did have hope, +based on the difficult character of the country around Aurasium, that +the Romans would in a short time give up by reason of the sufferings +they would have to endure and would withdraw from there, just as they +formerly had done. The most of them, therefore, went off to Mauretania +and the barbarians to the south of Aurasium, but Iaudas with twenty +thousand of the Moors remained there. And it happened that he had +built a fortress on Aurasium, Zerboule by name. Into this he entered +with all the Moors and remained quiet. But Solomon was by no means +willing that time should be wasted in the siege, and learning that the +plains about the city of Tamougade were full of grain just becoming +ripe, he led his army into them, and settling himself there, began to +plunder the land. Then, after firing everything, he returned again to +the fortress of Zerboule. +</p> +<p>But during this time, while the Romans were plundering the land, +Iaudas, leaving behind some of the Moors, about as many as he thought +would be sufficient for the defence of the fortress, himself ascended +to the summit of Aurasium with the rest of the army, not wishing to +stand siege in the fort and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xix_21" id="PageIV_xix_21">[21-31]</a></span> +have provisions fail his forces. And +finding a high place with cliff's on all sides of it and concealed by +perpendicular rocks, Toumar by name, he remained quietly there. And +the Romans besieged the fortress of Zerboule for three days. And using +their bows, since the wall was not high, they hit many of the +barbarians upon the parapets. And by some chance it happened that all +the leaders of the Moors were hit by these missiles and died. And when +the three days' time had passed and night came on, the Romans, having +learned nothing of the death of the leaders among the Moors, were +planning to break up the siege. For it seemed better to Solomon to go +against Iaudas and the multitude of the Moors, thinking that, if he +should be able to capture that force by siege, the barbarians in +Zerboule would with less trouble and difficulty yield to the Romans. +But the barbarians, thinking that they could no longer hold out +against the siege, since all their leaders had now been destroyed, +decided to flee with all speed and abandon the fortress. Accordingly +they fled immediately in silence and without allowing the enemy in any +way to perceive it, and the Romans also at daybreak began to prepare +for departure. And since no one appeared on the wall, although the +besieging army was withdrawing, they began to wonder and fell into the +greatest perplexity among themselves. And in this state of uncertainty +they went around the fortress and found the gate open from which the +Moors had departed in flight. And entering the fortress they treated +everything as plunder, but they had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xix_31" id="PageIV_xix_31">[31-5]</a></span> +no thought of pursuing the +enemy, for they had set out with light equipment and were familiar +with the country round about. And when they had plundered everything, +they set guards over the fortress, and all moved forward on foot. +</p><br /> +<p>XX</p> +<p> + +And coming to the place Toumar, where the enemy had shut themselves in +and were remaining quiet, they encamped near by in a bad position, +where there would be no supply of water, except a little, nor any +other necessary thing. And after much time had been spent and the +barbarians did not come out against them at all, they themselves, no +less than the enemy, if not even more, were hard pressed by the siege +and began to be impatient. And more than anything else, they were +distressed by the lack of water; this Solomon himself guarded, giving +each day no more than a single cupful to each man. And since he saw +that they were openly discontented and no longer able to bear their +present hardships, he planned to make trial of the place, although it +was difficult of access, and called all together and exhorted them as +follows: "Since God has granted to the Romans to besiege the Moors on +Aurasium, a thing which hitherto has been beyond hope and now, to such +as do not see what is actually being done, is altogether incredible, +it is necessary that we too should lend our aid to the help that has +come from above, and not prove false to this favour, but undergoing +the danger with enthusiasm, should +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xx_5" id="PageIV_xx_5">[5-13]</a></span> +reach after the good fortune +which is to come from success. For in every case the turning of the +scales of human affairs depends upon the moment of opportunity; but if +a man, by wilful cowardice, is traitor to his fortune, he cannot +justly blame it, having by his own action brought the guilt upon +himself. Now as for the Moors, you see their weakness surely and the +place in which they have shut themselves up and are keeping guard, +deprived of all the necessities of life. And as for you, one of two +things is necessary, either without feeling any vexation at the siege +to await the surrender of the enemy, or, if you shrink from this, to +accept the victory which goes with the danger. And fighting against +these barbarians will be the more free from danger for us, inasmuch as +they are already fighting with hunger and I think they will never even +come to an engagement with us. Having these things in mind at the +present time, it behooves you to execute all your orders with +eagerness." +</p> +<p>After Solomon had made this exhortation, he looked about to see from +what point it would be best for his men to make an attempt on the +place, and for a long time he seemed to be in perplexity. For the +difficult nature of the ground seemed to him quite too much to contend +with. But while Solomon was considering this, chance provided a way +for the enterprise as follows. There was a certain Gezon in the army, +a foot-soldier, "optio"<a name="FNanchor_56_IV" id="FNanchor_56_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_56_IV" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> +of the detachment to which Solomon +belonged; for thus the Romans call the paymaster. This Gezon, either +in play or in anger, or perhaps even moved by some divine impulse, +began to make the ascent alone, apparently going against the enemy, +and not far from him +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xx_13" id="PageIV_xx_13">[13-22]</a></span> +went some of his fellow-soldiers, +marvelling greatly at what he was doing. And three of the Moors, who +had been stationed to guard the approach, suspecting that the man was +coming against them, went on the run to confront him. But since they +were in a narrow way, they did not proceed in orderly array, but each +one went separately. And Gezon struck the first one who came upon him +and killed him, and in this way he despatched each of the others. And +when those in the rear perceived this, they advanced with much +shouting and tumult against the enemy. And when the whole Roman army +both heard and saw what was being done, without waiting either for the +general to lead the way for them or for the trumpets to give the +signal for battle, as was customary, nor indeed even keeping their +order, but making a great uproar and urging one another on, they ran +against the enemy's camp. There Rufinus and Leontius, the sons of +Zaunas the son of Pharesmanes, made a splendid display of valorous +deeds against the enemy. And by this the Moors were terror-stricken, +and when they learned that their guards also had been destroyed, they +straightway turned to flight where each one could, and the most of +them were overtaken in the difficult ground and killed. And Iaudas +himself, though struck by a javelin in the thigh, still made his +escape and withdrew to Mauretania. But the Romans, after plundering +the enemy's camp, decided not to abandon Aurasium again, but to guard +fortresses which Solomon was to build there, so that this mountain +might not be again accessible to the Moors. + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xx_23" id="PageIV_xx_23">[23-30]</a></span></p> +<p> +Now there is on Aurasium a perpendicular rock which rises in +the midst of precipices; the natives call it the Rock of Geminianus; +there the men of ancient times had built a tower, making it very small +as a place of refuge, strong and unassailable, since the nature of the +position assisted them. Here, as it happened, Iaudas had a few days +previously deposited his money and his women, setting one old Moor in +charge as guardian of the money. For he could never have suspected +that the enemy would either reach this place, or that they could in +all time capture the tower by force. But the Romans at that time, +searching through the rough country of Aurasium, came there, and one +of them, with a laugh, attempted to climb up to the tower; but the +women began to taunt him, ridiculing him as attempting the impossible; +and the old man, peering out from the tower, did the same thing. But +when the Roman soldier, climbing with both hands and feet, had come +near them, he drew his sword quietly and leaped forward as quickly as +he could, and struck the old man a fair blow on the neck, and +succeeded in cutting it through. And the head fell down to the ground, +and the soldiers, now emboldened and holding to one another, ascended +to the tower, and took out from there both the women and the money, of +which there was an exceedingly great quantity. And by means of it +Solomon surrounded many of the cities in Libya with walls. +</p> +<p>And after the Moors had retired from Numidia, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xx_30" id="PageIV_xx_30">[30-2]</a></span> +defeated in the manner +described, the land of Zabe, which is +beyond Mt. Aurasium and is called "First Mauretania," whose metropolis +is Sitiphis,<a name="FNanchor_57_IV" id="FNanchor_57_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_57_IV" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> +was added to the Roman empire by Solomon as a +tributary province; for of the other Mauretania Caesarea is the first +city, where was +settled Mastigas<a name="FNanchor_58_IV" id="FNanchor_58_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_58_IV" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> +with his Moors, having the whole +country there subject and tributary to him, except, indeed, the city +of Caesarea. For this city Belisarius had previously recovered for the +Romans, as has been set forth in the +previous narrative<a name="FNanchor_59_IV" id="FNanchor_59_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_59_IV" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>; +and the +Romans always journey to this city in ships, but they are not able to +go by land, since Moors dwell in that country. And as a result of this +all the Libyans who were subjects of the Romans, coming to enjoy +secure peace and finding the rule of Solomon wise and very moderate, +and having no longer any thought of hostility in their minds, seemed +the most fortunate of all men. +</p><br /> +<p>XXI</p> +<p> + +But in the fourth year after this it came about that all their +blessings were turned to the opposite.</p> + <span class="sidenote">543-544 A.D.</span> + +<p>For in the seventeenth year of the reign of the Emperor Justinian, +Cyrus and Sergius, the sons of Bacchus, Solomon's brother, were +assigned by the emperor to rule over the cities in Libya, Cyrus, the +elder, to have Pentapolis,<a name="FNanchor_60_IV" id="FNanchor_60_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_60_IV" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> +and Sergius Tripolis. And the Moors who +are called Leuathae came to Sergius +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxi_2" id="PageIV_xxi_2">[2-19]</a></span> +with a great army at the city of +Leptimagna,<a name="FNanchor_61_IV" id="FNanchor_61_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_61_IV" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> +spreading the report that the reason they had come was +this, that Sergius might give them the gifts and insignia of office +which were customary<a name="FNanchor_62_IV" id="FNanchor_62_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_62_IV" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> +and so make the peace secure. But Sergius, +persuaded by Pudentius, a man of Tripolis, of whom I made mention in +the preceding narrative<a name="FNanchor_63_IV" id="FNanchor_63_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_63_IV" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> +as having served the Emperor Justinian +against the Vandals at the beginning of the Vandalic War, received +eighty of the barbarians, their most notable men, into the city, +promising to fulfil all their demands; but he commanded the rest to +remain in the suburb. Then after giving these eighty men pledges +concerning the peace, he invited them to a banquet. But they say that +these barbarians had come into the city with treacherous intent, that +they might lay a trap for Sergius and kill him. And when they came +into conference with him, they called up many charges against the +Romans, and in particular said that their crops had been plundered +wrongfully. And Sergius, paying no heed to these things, rose from the +seat on which he was sitting, with intent to go away. And one of the +barbarians, laying hold upon his shoulder, attempted to prevent him +from going. Then the others began to shout in confusion, and were +already rushing together about him. But one of the body-guards of +Sergius, drawing his sword, despatched that Moor. And as a result of +this a great tumult, as was natural, arose in the room, and the guards +of Sergius +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxi_10" id="PageIV_xxi_10">[10-17]</a></span> +killed all the barbarians. But one of them, upon seeing the +others being slain, rushed out of the house where these things were +taking place, unnoticed by anyone, and coming to his tribemates, +revealed what had befallen their fellows. And when they heard this, +they betook themselves on the run to their own camp and together with +all the others arrayed themselves in arms against the Romans. Now when +they came near the city of Leptimagna, Sergius and Pudentius +confronted them with their whole army. And the battle becoming a +hand-to-hand fight, at first the Romans were victorious and slew many +of the enemy, and, plundering their camp, secured their goods and +enslaved an exceedingly great number of women and children. But +afterwards Pudentius, being possessed by a spirit of reckless daring, +was killed; and Sergius with the Roman army, since it was already +growing dark, marched into Leptimagna. +</p> +<p>At a later time the barbarians took the field against the Romans with +a greater array. And Sergius went to join his uncle Solomon, in order +that he too might go to meet the enemy with a larger army; and he +found there his brother Cyrus also. And the barbarians, coming into +Byzacium, made raids and plundered a great part of the country there; +and Antalas (whom I mentioned in the preceding +narrative<a name="FNanchor_64_IV" id="FNanchor_64_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_64_IV" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> +as having +remained faithful to the Romans and as being for this reason sole +ruler of the Moors in Byzacium) had by now, as it happened, become +hostile to Solomon, because Solomon had deprived him of the +maintenance with which the emperor had honoured him and had killed his +brother, charging him with responsibility for an uprising against the +people of Byzacium. + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxi_17" id="PageIV_xxi_17">[17-23]</a></span> +So at that time Antalas was pleased to see these barbarians, +and making an offensive and defensive alliance with them, led them +against Solomon and Carthage. +</p> +<p>And Solomon, as soon as he heard about this, put his whole army in +motion and marched against them, and coming upon them at the city of +Tebesta, distant six days' journey from Carthage, he established his +camp in company with the sons of his brother Bacchus, Cyrus and +Sergius and Solomon the younger. And fearing the multitude of the +barbarians, he sent to the leaders of the Leuathae, reproaching them +because, while at peace with the Romans, they had taken up arms and +come against them, and demanding that they should confirm the peace +existing between the two peoples, and he promised to swear the most +dread oaths, that he would hold no remembrance of what they had done. +But the barbarians, mocking his words, said that he would of course +swear by the sacred writings of the Christians, which they are +accustomed to call Gospels. Now since Sergius had once taken these +oaths and then had slain those +who trusted in them,<a name="FNanchor_65_IV" id="FNanchor_65_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_65_IV" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> +it was their +desire to go into battle and make a test of these same sacred +writings, to see what sort of power they had against the perjurers, in +order that they might first have absolute confidence in them before +they finally entered into the agreement. When Solomon heard this, he +made his preparations for the combat. +</p> +<p>And on the following day he engaged with a + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxi_23" id="PageIV_xxi_23">[23-2]</a></span> +portion of the enemy as they were bringing in a very large +booty, conquered them in battle, seized all their booty and kept it +under guard. And when the soldiers were dissatisfied and counted it an +outrage that he did not give them the plunder, he said that he was +awaiting the outcome of the war, in order that they might distribute +everything then, according to the share that should seem to suit the +merit of each. But when the barbarians advanced a second time, with +their whole army, to give battle, this time some of the Romans stayed +behind and the others entered the encounter with no enthusiasm. At +first, then, the battle was evenly contested, but later, since the +Moors were vastly superior by reason of their great numbers, the most +of the Romans fled, and though Solomon and a few men about him held +out for a time against the missiles of the barbarians, afterwards they +were overpowered by the enemy, and fleeing in haste, reached a ravine +made by a brook which flowed in that region. And there Solomon's horse +stumbled and threw him to the ground, and his body-guards lifted him +quickly in their arms and set him upon his horse. But overcome by +great pain and unable to hold the reins longer, he was overtaken and +killed by the barbarians, and many of his guards besides. Such was the +end of Solomon's life. +</p><br /> +<p>XXII</p> +<p> + +After the death of Solomon, Sergius, who, as has been said, was his +nephew, took over the government of Libya by gift of the emperor. And +this man became the chief cause of great ruin to the people of Libya, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxii_2" id="PageIV_xxii_2">[2-8]</a></span> +and all were dissatisfied with his rule—the officers because, +being exceedingly stupid and young both in character and in years, he +proved to be the greatest braggart of all men, and he insulted them +for no just cause and disregarded them, always using the power of his +wealth and the authority of his office to this end; and the soldiers +disliked him because he was altogether unmanly and weak; and the +Libyans, not only for these reasons, but also because he had shown +himself strangely fond of the wives and the possessions of others. But +most of all John, the son of Sisiniolus, was hostile to the power of +Sergius; for, though he was an able warrior and was a man of unusually +fair repute, he found Sergius absolutely ungrateful. For this reason +neither he nor anyone else at all was willing to take up arms against +the enemy. But almost all the Moors were following Antalas, and +Stotzas came at his summons from Mauretania. And since not one of the +enemy came out against them, they began to sack the country, making +plunder of everything without fear. At that time Antalas sent to the +Emperor Justinian a letter, which set forth the following:</p> +<p> +"That I am a slave of thy empire not even I myself would deny, but the +Moors, having suffered unholy treatment at the hands of Solomon in +time of peace, have taken up arms under the most severe constraint, +not lifting them against thee, but warding off our personal enemy; and +this is especially true of me. For he not only decided to deprive me +of the maintenance, which Belisarius long before +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxii_8" id="PageIV_xxii_8">[8-15]</a></span> +specified and +thou didst grant, but he also killed my own brother, although he had +no wrongdoing to charge against him. We have therefore taken vengeance +upon him who wronged us. And if it is thy will that the Moors be in +subjection to thy empire and serve it in all things as they are +accustomed to do, command Sergius, the nephew of Solomon, to depart +from here and return to thee, and send another general to Libya. For +thou wilt not be lacking in men of discretion and more worthy than +Sergius in every way; for as long as this man commands thy army, it is +impossible for peace to be established between the Romans and the +Moors." +</p> +<p>Such was the letter written by Antalas. But the emperor, even after +reading these things and learning the common enmity of all toward +Sergius, was still unwilling to remove him from his office, out of +respect for the virtues of Solomon and especially the manner of his +death. Such, then, was the course of these events. +</p> +<p>But Solomon, the brother of Sergius, who was supposed to have +disappeared from the world together with his uncle Solomon, was +forgotten by his brother and by the rest as well; for no one had +learned that he was alive. But the Moors, as it happened, had taken +him alive, since he was very young; and they enquired of him who he +was. And he said that he was a Vandal by birth, and a slave of +Solomon. He said, moreover, that he had a friend, a physician, +Pegasius by name, in the city of Laribus near by, who would purchase +him by giving ransom. So the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxii_15" id="PageIV_xxii_15">[15-1]</a></span> +Moors came up close to the +fortifications of the city and called Pegasius and displayed Solomon +to him, and asked whether it was his pleasure to purchase the man. And +since he agreed to purchase him, they sold Solomon to him for fifty +pieces of gold. But upon getting inside the fortifications, Solomon +taunted the Moors as having been deceived by him, a mere lad; for he +said that he was no other than Solomon, the son of Bacchus and nephew +of Solomon. And the Moors, being deeply stung by what had happened, +and counting it a terrible thing that, while having a strong security +for the conduct of Sergius and the Romans, they had relinquished it so +carelessly, came to Laribus and laid siege to the place, in order to +capture Solomon with the city. And the besieged, in terror at being +shut in by the barbarians, for they had not even carried in +provisions, as it happened, opened negotiations with the Moors, +proposing that upon receiving a great sum of money they should +straightway abandon the siege. Whereupon the barbarians, thinking that +they could never take the city by force—for the Moors are not at all +practised in the storming of walls—and at the same time not knowing +that provisions were scarce for the besieged, welcomed their words, +and when they had received three thousand pieces of gold, they +abandoned the siege, and all the Leuathae retired homeward. +</p><br /> +<p>XXIII</p> +<p> + +But Antalas and the army of the Moors were gathering again in Byzacium +and Stotzas was with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiii_1" id="PageIV_xxiii_1">[1-10]</a></span> +them, having some few soldiers and Vandals. +And John, the son of Sisiniolus, being earnestly entreated by the +Libyans, gathered an army and marched against them. Now Himerius, the +Thracian, was commander of the troops in Byzacium, and at that time he +was ordered by John to bring with him all the troops there, together +with the commanders of each detachment, and come to a place called +Menephesse, which is in Byzacium, and join his force there. But later, +upon hearing that the enemy were encamped there, John wrote to +Himerius telling what had happened and directing him to unite with his +forces at another place, that they might not go separately, but all +together, to encounter the enemy. But by some chance those who had +this letter, making use of another road, were quite unable to find +Himerius, and he together with his army, coming upon the camp of the +enemy, fell into their hands. Now there was in this Roman army a +certain youth, Severianus, son of Asiaticus, a Phoenician and a native +of Emesa, commanding a detachment of horse. This man alone, together +with the soldiers under him, fifty in number, engaged with the enemy. +And for some time they held out, but later, being overpowered by the +great multitude, they ran to the top of a hill in the neighbourhood on +which there was also a fort, but one which offered no security. For +this reason they surrendered themselves to their opponents when they +ascended the hill to attack them. And the Moors killed neither him nor +any of the soldiers, but they made prisoners of the whole force; and +Himerius they kept under guard, and handed over his soldiers to +Stotzas, since they agreed with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiii_10" id="PageIV_xxiii_10">[10-17]</a></span> +great readiness to march with +the rebels against the Romans; Himerius, however, they threatened with +death, if he should not carry out their commands. And they commanded +him to put into their hands by some device the city of Hadrumetum on +the sea. And since he declared that he was willing, they went with him +against Hadrumetum. And upon coming near the city, they sent Himerius +a little in advance with some of the soldiers of Stotzas, dragging +along, as it seemed, some Moors in chains, and they themselves +followed behind. And they directed Himerius to say to those in command +of the gates of the city that the emperor's army had won a decisive +victory, and that John would come very soon, bringing an innumerable +multitude of Moorish captives; and when in this manner the gates had +been opened to them, he was to get inside the fortifications together +with those who went with him. And he carried out these instructions. +And the citizens of Hadrumetum, being deceived in this way (for they +could not distrust the commander of all the troops in Byzacium), +opened wide the gates and received the enemy. Then, indeed, those who +had entered with Himerius drew their swords and would not allow the +guards there to shut the gates again, but straightway received the +whole army of the Moors into the city. And the barbarians, after +plundering it and establishing there some few guards, departed. And of +the Romans who had been captured some few escaped and came to +Carthage, among whom were Severianus and Himerius. For it was not +difficult for those who wished it to make +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiii_17" id="PageIV_xxiii_17">[17-23]</a></span> +their escape from +Moors. And many also, not at all unwillingly, remained with Stotzas. +</p> +<p>Not long after this one of the priests, Paulus by name, who had been +appointed to take charge of the sick, in conferring with some of the +nobles, said: "I myself shall journey to Carthage and I am hopeful +that I shall return quickly with an army, and it will be your care to +receive the emperor's forces into the city." So they attached some +ropes to him and let him down by night from the fortifications, and +he, coming to the sea-shore and happening upon a fishing-vessel which +was thereabouts, won over the masters of this boat by great sums of +money and sailed off to Carthage. And when he had landed there and +come into the presence of Sergius, he told the whole story and asked +him to give him a considerable army in order to recover Hadrumetum. +And since this by no means pleased Sergius, inasmuch as the army in +Carthage was not great, the priest begged him to give him some few +soldiers, and receiving not more than eighty men, he formed the +following plan. He collected a large number of boats and skiffs and +embarked on them many sailors and Libyans also, clad in the garments +which the Roman soldiers are accustomed to wear. And setting off with +the whole fleet, he sailed at full speed straight for Hadrumetum. And +when he had come close to it, he sent some men stealthily and declared +to the notables of the city that Germanus, the emperor's nephew, had +recently come to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiii_23" id="PageIV_xxiii_23">[23-32]</a></span> +Carthage, and had sent a very considerable army +to the citizens of Hadrumetum. And he bade them take courage at this +and open for them one small gate that night. And they carried out his +orders. Thus Paulus with his followers got inside the fortifications, +and he slew all the enemy and recovered Hadrumetum for the emperor; +and the rumour about Germanus, beginning there, went even to Carthage. +And the Moors, as well as Stotzas and his followers, upon hearing +this, at first became terrified and went off in flight to the +extremities of Libya, but later, upon learning the truth, they counted +it a terrible thing that they, after sparing all the citizens of +Hadrumetum, had suffered such things at their hands. For this reason +they made raids everywhere and wrought unholy deeds upon the Libyans, +sparing no one whatever his age, and the land became at that time for +the most part depopulated. For of the Libyans who had been left some +fled into the cities and some to Sicily and the other islands. But +almost all the notables came to Byzantium, among whom was Paulus also, +who had recovered Hadrumetum for the emperor. And the Moors with still +less fear, since no one came out against them, were plundering +everything, and with them Stotzas, who was now powerful. For many +Roman soldiers were following him, some who had come as deserters, and +others who had been in the beginning captives but now remained with +him of their own free will. And John, who was indeed a man of some +reputation among the Moors, was remaining quiet because of the extreme +hostility he had conceived against Sergius. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiv_1" id="PageIV_xxiv_1">[1-7]</a></span> +</p><br /> +<p>XXIV</p> +<p> + +At this time the emperor sent to Libya, with some few soldiers, +another general, Areobindus, a man of the senate and of good birth, +but not at all skilled in matters of warfare. And he sent with him +Athanasius, a prefect, who had come recently from Italy, and some few +Armenians led by Artabanes and John, sons of John, of the line of the +Arsacidae,<a name="FNanchor_66_IV" id="FNanchor_66_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_66_IV" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> +who had recently left the Persian army and as deserters +had come back to the Romans, together with the other Armenians. And +with Areobindus was his sister and Prejecta, his wife, who was the +daughter of Vigilantia, the sister of the Emperor Justinian. The +emperor, however, did not recall Sergius, but commanded both him and +Areobindus to be generals of Libya, dividing the country and the +detachments of soldiers between them. And he enjoined upon Sergius to +carry on the war against the barbarians in Numidia, and upon +Areobindus to direct his operations constantly against the Moors in +Byzacium. And when this expedition lauded at Carthage, Sergius +departed forthwith for Numidia with his own army, and Areobindus, upon +learning that Antalas and Stotzas were encamped near the city of +Siccaveneria, which is three days' journey distant from Carthage, +commanded John, the son of Sisiniolus, to go against them, choosing +out whatever was best of the army; and he wrote to Sergius to unite +with the forces of John, in order that they might all with one common +force engage +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiv_7" id="PageIV_xxiv_7">[7-15]</a></span> +with the enemy. Now Sergius decided to pay no heed +to the message and have nothing to do with this affair, and John with +a small army was compelled to engage with an innumerable host of the +enemy. And there had always been great enmity between him and Stotzas, +and each one used to pray that he might become the slayer of the other +before departing from the world. At that time, accordingly, as soon as +the fighting was about to come to close quarters, both rode out from +their armies and came against each other. And John drew his bow, and, +as Stotzas was still advancing, made a successful shot and hit him in +the right groin, and Stotzas, mortally wounded, fell there, not yet +dead, but destined to survive this wound only a little time. And all +came up immediately, both the Moorish army and those who followed +Stotzas, and placing Stotzas with little life in him against a tree, +they advanced upon their enemy with great fury; and since they were +far superior in numbers, they routed John and all the Romans with no +difficulty. Then, indeed, they say, John remarked that death had now a +certain sweetness for him, since his prayer regarding Stotzas had +reached fulfilment. And there was a steep place near by, where his +horse stumbled and threw him off. And as he was trying to leap upon +the horse again, the enemy caught and killed him, a man who had shown +himself great both in reputation and in valour. And Stotzas learned +this and then died, remarking only that now it was most sweet to die. + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiv_15" id="PageIV_xxiv_15">[15-4]</a></span> +In this battle John, the Armenian, brother of Artabanes, also +died, after making a display of valorous deeds against the enemy. And +the emperor, upon hearing this, was very deeply grieved because of the +valour of John; and thinking it inexpedient for the two generals to +administer the province, he immediately recalled Sergius and sent him +to Italy with an army, and gave over the whole power of Libya to +Areobindus. +</p><br /> +<p>XXV</p> +<p> + +And two months after Sergius had departed from there, Gontharis +essayed to set up a tyranny in the following manner. He himself, as it +happened, was commanding the troops in Numidia and spending his time +there for that reason, but he was secretly treating with the Moors +that they might march against Carthage. Forthwith, therefore, an army +of the enemy, having been gathered into one place from Numidia and +Byzacium, went with great zeal against Carthage. And the Numidians +were commanded by Coutzinas and Iaudas, and the men of Byzacium by +Antalas. And with him was also John, the tyrant, and his followers; +for the mutineers, after the death of Stotzas, had set him up as ruler +over themselves. And when Areobindus learned of their attack, he +summoned to Carthage a number of the officers with their men, and +among them Gontharis. And he was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxv_4" id="PageIV_xxv_4">[4-11]</a></span> +joined also by Artabanes and +the Armenians. Areobindus, accordingly, bade Gontharis lead the whole +army against the enemy. And Gontharis, though he had promised to serve +him zealously in the war, proceeded to act as follows. One of his +servants, a Moor by birth and a cook by trade, he commanded to go to +the enemy's camp, and to make it appear to all others that he had run +away from his master, but to tell Antalas secretly that Gontharis +wished to share with him the rule of Libya. So the cook carried out +these directions, and Antalas heard the word gladly, but made no +further reply than to say that worthy enterprises are not properly +brought to pass among men by cooks. When this was heard by Gontharis, +he immediately sent to Antalas one of his body-guards, Ulitheus by +name, whom he had found especially trustworthy in his service, +inviting him to come as close as possible to Carthage. For, if this +were done, he promised him to put Areobindus out of the way. So +Ulitheus without the knowledge of the rest of the barbarians made an +agreement with Antalas that he, Antalas, should rule Byzacium, having +half the possessions of Areobindus and taking with him fifteen hundred +Roman soldiers, while Gontharis should assume the dignity of king, +holding the power over Carthage and the rest of Libya. And after +settling these matters he returned to the Roman camp, which they had +made entirely in front of the circuit-wall, distributing among +themselves the guarding of each +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxv_11" id="PageIV_xxv_11">[11-21]</a></span> +gate. And the barbarians not +long afterwards proceeded straight for Carthage in great haste, and +they made camp and remained in the place +called Decimum.<a name="FNanchor_67_IV" id="FNanchor_67_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_67_IV" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> And +departing from there on the following day, they were moving forward. +But some of the Roman army encountered them, and engaging with them +unexpectedly, slew a small number of the Moors. But these were +straightway called back by Gontharis, who rebuked them for acting with +reckless daring and for being willing to give the Romans foreknowledge +of the danger into which they were thrown. +</p> +<p>But in the meantime Areobindus sent to Coutzinas secretly and began to +treat with him with regard to turning traitor. And Coutzinas promised +him that, as soon as they should begin the action, he would turn +against Antalas and the Moors of Byzacium. For the Moors keep faith +neither with any other men nor with each other. This Areobindus +reported to Gontharis. And he, wishing to frustrate the enterprise by +having it postponed, advised Areobindus by no means to have faith in +Coutzinas, unless he should receive from him his children as hostages. +So Areobindus and Coutzinas, constantly sending secret messages to +each other, were busying themselves with the plot against Antalas. And +Gontharis sent Ulitheus once more and made known to Antalas what was +being done. And he decided not to make any charges against Coutzinas +nor did he allow him to know that he had discovered the plot, nor +indeed did he disclose anything of what had been agreed upon by +himself and Gontharis. But though enemies and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxv_21" id="PageIV_xxv_21">[21-1]</a></span> +hostile at heart +to one another, they were arrayed together with treacherous intent, +and each of them was marching with the other against his own +particular friend. With such purposes Coutzinas and Antalas were +leading the Moorish army against Carthage. And Gontharis was intending +to kill Areobindus, but, in order to avoid the appearance of aiming at +sole power, he wished to do this secretly in battle, in order that it +might seem that the plot had been made by others against the general, +and that he had been compelled by the Roman army to assume command +over Libya. Accordingly he circumvented Areobindus by deceit, and +persuaded him to go out against the enemy and engage with them, now +that they had already come close to Carthage. He decided, therefore, +that on the following day he would lead the whole army against the +enemy at sunrise. But Areobindus, being very inexperienced in this +matter and reluctant besides, kept holding back for no good reason. +For while considering how he should put on his equipment of arms and +armour, and making the other preparations for the sally, he wasted the +greatest part of the day. He accordingly put off the engagement to the +following day and remained quiet. But Gontharis, suspecting that he +had hesitated purposely, as being aware of what was being done, +decided openly to accomplish the murder of the general and make his +attempt at the tyranny. +</p><br /> +<p>XXVI</p> +<p> + +And on the succeeding day he proceeded to act as follows. Opening wide +the gates where he himself +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvi_1" id="PageIV_xxvi_1">[1-8]</a></span> + kept guard, he placed huge rocks +under them, that no one might be able easily to shut them, and he +placed armoured men with bows in their hands about the parapet in +great numbers, and he himself, having put on his breastplate, took his +stand between the gates. And his purpose in doing this was not that he +might receive the Moors into the city; for the Moors, being altogether +fickle, are suspicious of all men. And it is not unnatural that they +are so; for whoever is by nature treacherous toward his neighbours is +himself unable to trust anyone at all, but he is compelled to be +suspicious of all men, since he estimates the character of his +neighbour by his own mind. For this reason, then, Gontharis did not +hope that even the Moors would trust him and come inside the +circuit-wall, but he made this move in order that Areobindus, falling +into great fear, might straightway rush off in flight, and, abandoning +Carthage as quickly as he could, might betake himself to Byzantium. +And he would have been right in his expectation had not winter come on +just then and frustrated his plan. +<span class="sidenote">544-545 A.D.</span> + +And Areobindus, learning what was being done, summoned Athanasius and +some of the notables. And Artabanes also came to him from the camp +with two others and he urged Areobindus neither to lose heart nor to +give way to the daring of Gontharis, but to go against him instantly +with all his men and engage him in battle, before any further trouble +arose. At first, then, Areobindus sent to Gontharis one of his +friends, Phredas by name, and commanded him to test the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvi_9" id="PageIV_xxvi_9">[9-16]</a></span> +other's +purpose. And when Phredas returned and reported that Gontharis by no +means denied his intention of seizing the supreme power, he purposed +immediately to go against him arrayed for battle. +</p> +<p>But in the meantime Gontharis slandered Areobindus to the soldiers, +saying that he was a coward and not only possessed with fear of the +enemy, but at the same time quite unwilling to give them, his +soldiers, their pay, and that he was planning to run away with +Anastasius and that they were about to sail very soon from +Mandracium<a name="FNanchor_68_IV" id="FNanchor_68_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_68_IV" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>, +in order that the soldiers, fighting both with hunger +and with the Moors, might be destroyed; and he enquired whether it was +their wish to arrest both and keep them under guard. For thus he hoped +either that Areobindus, perceiving the tumult, would turn to flight, +or that he would be captured by the soldiers and ruthlessly put to +death. Moreover he promised that he himself would advance to the +soldiers money of his own, as much as the government owed them. And +they were approving his words and were possessed with great wrath +against Areobindus, but while this was going on Areobindus together +with Artabanes and his followers came there. And a battle took place +on the parapet and below about the gate where Gontharis had taken his +stand, and neither side was worsted. And all were about to gather from +the camps, as many as were well disposed to the emperor, and capture +the mutineers by force. For Gontharis had not as yet deceived all, but +the majority remained still uncorrupted in mind. But Areobindus, +seeing then for the first time the killing of men (for he had not yet, +as it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvi_16" id="PageIV_xxvi_16">[16-25]</a></span> +happened, become acquainted with this sight), was +terror-stricken and, turning coward, fled, unable to endure what he +saw. +</p> +<p>Now there is a temple inside the fortifications of Carthage hard by +the sea-shore, the abode of men who are very exact in their practice +of religion, whom we have always been accustomed to call "monks"; this +temple had been built by Solomon not long before, and he had +surrounded it with a wall and rendered it a very strong fortress. And +Areobindus, fleeing for refuge, rushed into the monastery, where he +had already sent his wife and sister. Then Artabanes too ran away, and +all the rest withdrew from Carthage as each one could. And Gontharis, +having taken the city by assault, with the mutineers took possession +of the palace, and was already guarding both the gates and the harbour +most carefully. First, then, he summoned Athanasius, who came to him +without delay, and by using much flattery Athanasius made it appear +that what had been done pleased him exceedingly. And after this +Gontharis sent the priest of the city and commanded Areobindus, after +receiving pledges, to come to the palace, threatening that he would +besiege him if he disobeyed and would not again give him pledges of +safety, but would use every means to capture and put him to death. So +the priest, Reparatus, stoutly declared to Areobindus that in +accordance with the decision of Gontharis he would swear that no harm +would come to him from Gontharis, telling also what he had threatened +in case he did not obey. But Areobindus became afraid and agreed that +he would follow the priest immediately, if the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvi_25" id="PageIV_xxvi_25">[25-33]</a></span> +priest, after +performing the rite of +the sacred bath<a name="FNanchor_69_IV" id="FNanchor_69_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_69_IV" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> +in the usual manner, should +swear to him by that rite and then give him pledges for his safety. So +the priest did according to this. And Areobindus without delay +followed him, clad in a garment which was suitable neither for a +general nor for any one else in military service, but altogether +appropriate to a slave or one of private station; this garment the +Romans +call "casula"<a name="FNanchor_70_IV" id="FNanchor_70_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_70_IV" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> +in the Latin tongue. And when they came near +the palace, he took in his hands the holy scriptures from the priest, +and so went before Gontharis. And falling prone he lay there a long +time, holding out to him the suppliant olive-branch and the holy +scriptures, and with him was the child which had been counted worthy +of the sacred bath by which the priest had given him the pledge, as +has been told. And when, with difficulty, Gontharis had raised him to +his feet, he enquired of Gontharis in the name of all things holy +whether his safety was secure. And Gontharis now bade him most +positively to be of good cheer, for he would suffer no harm at his +hands, but on the following day would be gone from Carthage with his +wife and his possessions. Then he dismissed the priest Reparatus, and +bade Areobindus and Athanasius dine with him in the palace. And during +the dinner he honoured Areobindus, inviting him to take his place +first on the couch; but after the dinner he did not let him go, but +compelled him to sleep in a chamber alone; and he sent there Ulitheus +with certain others to assail him. And while he was wailing and crying +aloud again and again and speaking many entreating +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvi_33" id="PageIV_xxvi_33">[33-8]</a></span> +words to them +to move them to pity, they slew him. Athanasius, however, they spared, +passing him by, I suppose, on account of his advanced age. +</p><br /> +<p>XXVII</p> +<p> + +And on the following day Gontharis sent the head of Areobindus to +Antalas, but decided to deprive him of the money and of the soldiers. +Antalas, therefore, was outraged, because he was not carrying out +anything of what had been agreed with him, and at the same time, upon +considering what Gontharis had sworn and what he had done to +Areobindus, he was incensed. For it did not seem to him that one who +had disregarded such oaths would ever be faithful either to him or to +anyone else at all. So after considering the matter long with himself, +he was desirous of submitting to the Emperor Justinian; for this +reason, then, he marched back. And learning that Marcentius, who +commanded the troops in Byzacium, had fled to one of the islands which +lie off the coast, he sent to him, and telling him the whole story and +giving pledges, persuaded him by kind words to come to him. And +Marcentius remained with Antalas in the camp, while the soldiers who +were on duty in Byzacium, being well disposed to the emperor, were +guarding the city of Hadrumetum. But the soldiers of Stotzas, being +not less than a thousand, perceiving what was being done, went in +great haste, with John leading them, to Gontharis; and he gladly +received them into the city. Now there were five hundred Romans and +about eighty Huns, while all the rest +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvii_8" id="PageIV_xxvii_8">[8-17]</a></span> +were Vandals. And +Artabanes, upon receiving pledges, went up to the palace with his +Armenians, and promised to serve the tyrant according to his orders. +But secretly he was purposing to destroy Gontharis, having previously +communicated this purpose to Gregorius, his nephew, and to Artasires, +his body-guard. And Gregorius, urging him on to the undertaking, spoke +as follows:</p> +<p> +"Artabanes, the opportunity is now at hand for you, and you alone, to +win the glory of Belisarius—nay more, even to surpass that glory by +far. For he came here, having received from the emperor a most +formidable army and great sums of money, having officers accompanying +him and advisers in great numbers, and a fleet of ships whose like we +have never before heard tell of, and numerous cavalry, and arms, and +everything else, to put it in a word, prepared for him in a manner +worthy of the Roman empire. And thus equipped he won back Libya for +the Romans with much toil. But all these achievements have so +completely come to naught, that they are, at this moment, as if they +had never been—except indeed, that there is at present left to the +Romans from the victory of Belisarius the losses they have suffered in +lives and in money, and, in addition, that they are no longer able +even to guard the good things they won. But the winning back of all +these things for the emperor now depends upon the courage and judgment +and right hand of you alone. Therefore consider that you are of the +house of the Arsacidae by ancient descent, and remember that it is +seemly for men of noble birth to play the part of brave men always and +in all places. Now many remarkable deeds have been performed by you +in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvii_17" id="PageIV_xxvii_17">[17-22]</a></span> +behalf of freedom. For when you were still young, you slew +Acaeius,<a name="FNanchor_71_IV" id="FNanchor_71_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_71_IV" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> +the ruler of the Armenians, +and Sittas,<a name="FNanchor_72_IV" id="FNanchor_72_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_72_IV" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> +the general +of the Romans, and as a result of this becoming known to the king +Chosroes, you campaigned with him against the Romans. And since you +have reached so great a station that it devolves upon you not to allow +the Roman power to lie subject to a drunken dog, show at this time +that it was by reason of noble birth and a valorous heart that at the +former time, good sir, you performed those deeds; and I as well as +Artasires here will assist you in everything, so far as we have the +power, in accordance with your commands." +</p> +<p>So spoke Gregorius; and he excited the mind of Artabanes still more +against the tyrant. But Gontharis, bringing out the wife and the +sister of Areobindus from the fortress, compelled them to remain at a +certain house, showing them no insult by any word or deed whatsoever, +nor did they have provisions in any less measure than they needed, nor +were they compelled to say or to do anything except, indeed, that +Prejecta was forced to write +to her uncle<a name="FNanchor_73_IV" id="FNanchor_73_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_73_IV" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> +that Gontharis was +honouring them exceedingly and that he was altogether guiltless of the +murder of her husband, and that the base deed had been done by +Ulitheus, Gontharis by no means approving. And Gontharis was persuaded +to do this by Pasiphilus, a man who had been foremost among the +mutineers in Byzacium, and had assisted Gontharis very greatly in his +effort to establish the tyranny. For Pasiphilus maintained that, if he +should do this, the emperor would marry the young woman to him, and in +view of his kinship with her would +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvii_22" id="PageIV_xxvii_22">[22-33]</a></span> +give also a, dowry of a large +sum of money. And Gontharis commanded Artabanes to lead the army +against Antalas and the Moors in Byzacium. For Coutzinas, having +quarrelled with Antalas, had separated from him openly and allied +himself with Gontharis; and he gave Gontharis his son and his mother +as hostages. So the army, under the leadership of Artabanes, proceeded +immediately against Antalas. And with Artabanes was John also, the +commander of the mutineers of Stotzas, and Ulitheus, the body-guard of +Gontharis; and there were Moors also following him, led by Coutzinas. +And after passing by the city of Hadrumetum, they came upon their +opponents somewhere near there, and making a camp a little apart from +the enemy, they passed the night. And on the day after that John and +Ulitheus, with a detachment of the army, remained there, while +Artabanes and Coutzinas led their army against their opponents. And +the Moors under Antalas did not withstand their attack and rushed off +in flight. But Artabanes of a sudden wilfully played the coward, and +turning his standard about marched off towards the rear. For this +reason Ulitheus was purposing to kill him when he came into the camp. +But Artabanes, by way of excusing himself, said he feared lest +Marcentius, coming to assist the enemy from the city of Hadrumetum, +where he then happened to be, would do his forces irreparable harm; +but Gontharis, he said, ought to march against the enemy with the +whole army. And at first he considered going to Hadrumetum with his +followers +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvii_33" id="PageIV_xxvii_33">[33-3]</a></span> +and uniting with the emperor's forces. But after long +deliberation it seemed to him better to put Gontharis out of the world +and thus free both the emperor and Libya from a difficult situation. +Returning, accordingly, to Carthage, he reported to the tyrant that he +would need a larger army to meet the enemy. And Gontharis, after +conferring with Pasiphilus, consented, indeed, to equip his whole +army, but purposed to place a guard in Carthage, and in person to lead +the army against the enemy. Each day, therefore, he was destroying +many men toward whom he felt any suspicion, even though groundless. +And he gave orders to Pasiphilus, whom he was intending to appoint in +charge of the garrison of Carthage, to kill all +the Greeks<a name="FNanchor_74_IV" id="FNanchor_74_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_74_IV" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> +without +any consideration. +</p><br /> +<p>XXVIII</p> +<p> + +And after arranging everything else in the very best way, as it seemed +to him, Gontharis decided to entertain his friends at a banquet, with +the intention of making his departure on the following day. And in a +room where there were in readiness three couches which had been there +from ancient times, he made the banquet. So he himself reclined, as +was natural, upon the first couch, where were also Athanasius and +Artabanes, and some of those known to Gontharis, and Peter, a Thracian +by birth, who had previously been a body-guard of Solomon. And on both +the other couches were the first and noblest of the Vandals. John, +however, who commanded the mutineers of Stotzas; was entertained by +Pasiphilus in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_5" id="PageIV_xxviii_5">[5-9]</a></span> +his own house, and each of the other leaders +wherever it suited the several friends of Gontharis to entertain them. +Artabanes, accordingly, when he was bidden to this banquet, thinking +that this occasion furnished him a suitable opportunity for the murder +of the tyrant, was planning to carry out his purpose. He therefore +disclosed the matter to Gregorius and to Artasires and three other +body-guards, bidding the body-guards get inside the hall with their +swords (for when commanders are entertained at a banquet it is +customary for their body-guards to stand behind them), and after +getting inside to make an attack suddenly, at whatever moment should +seem to them most suitable; and Artasires was to strike the first +blow. At the same time he directed Gregorius to pick out a large +number of the most daring of the Armenians and bring them to the +palace, carrying only their swords in their hands (for it is not +lawful for the escort of officers in a city to be armed with anything +else), and leaving these men in the vestibule, to come inside with the +body-guards; and he was to tell the plan to no one of them, but to +make only this explanation, that he was suspicious of Gontharis, +fearing that he had called Artabanes to this banquet to do him harm, +and therefore wished that they should stand beside the soldiers of +Gontharis who had been stationed there on guard, and giving the +appearance of indulging in some play, they were to take hold of the +shields which these guards carried, and waving them about and +otherwise moving them keep constantly turning them up and down; and if +any tumult or shouting took place within, they were to take up these +very shields and come to the rescue on the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_9" id="PageIV_xxviii_9">[9-14]</a></span> +run. Such were the +orders which Artabanes gave, and Gregorius proceeded to put them into +execution. And Artasires devised the following plan: he cut some +arrows into two parts and placed them on the wrist of his left arm, +the sections reaching to his elbow. And after binding them very +carefully with straps, he laid over them the sleeve of his tunic. And +he did this in order that, if anyone should raise his sword over him +and attempt to strike him, he might avoid the chance of suffering +serious injury; for he had only to thrust his left arm in front of +him, and the steel would break off as it crashed upon the wood, and +thus his body could not be reached at any point. +</p> +<p>With such purpose, then, Artasires did as I have said. And to +Artabanes he spoke as follows: "As for me, I have hopes that I shall +prove equal to the undertaking and shall not hesitate, and also that I +shall touch the body of Gontharis with this sword; but as for what +will follow, I am unable to say whether God in His anger against the +tyrant will co-operate with me in this daring deed, or whether, +avenging some sin of mine, He will stand against me there and be an +obstacle in my way. If, therefore, you see that the tyrant is not +wounded in a vital spot, do you kill me with my sword without the +least hesitation, so that I may not be tortured by him into saying +that it was by your will that I rushed into the undertaking, and thus +not only perish myself most shamefully, but also be compelled against +my will to destroy you as well." And after Artasires had spoken such +words he too, together with Gregorius and one of the body-guards, +entered the room where the couches were and took his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_14" id="PageIV_xxviii_14">[14-24]</a></span> + stand +behind Artabanes. And the rest, remaining by the guards, did as they +had been commanded. +</p> +<p>So Artasires, when the banquet had only just begun, was purposing to +set to work, and he was already touching the hilt of his sword. But +Gregorius prevented him by saying in the Armenian tongue that +Gontharis was still wholly himself, not having as yet drunk any great +quantity of wine. Then Artasires groaned and said: "My good fellow, +how fine a heart I have for the deed, and now you have for the moment +wrongfully hindered me!" And as the drinking went on, Gontharis, who +by now was thoroughly saturated with wine, began to give portions of +the food to the body-guards, yielding to a generous mood. And they, +upon receiving these portions, went outside the building immediately +and were about to eat them, leaving beside Gontharis only three +body-guards, one of whom happened to be Ulitheus. And Artasires also +started to go out in order to taste the morsels with the rest. But +just then a kind of fear came over him lest, when he should wish to +draw his sword, something might prevent him. Accordingly, as soon as +he got outside, he secretly threw away the sheath of the sword, and +taking it naked under his arm, hidden by his cloak, he rushed in to +Gontharis, as if to say something without the knowledge of the others. +And Artabanes, seeing this, was in a fever of excitement, and became +exceedingly anxious by reason of the surpassing magnitude of the issue +at stake; he began to move his head, the colour of his countenance +changed repeatedly, and he seemed to have become altogether like one +inspired, on account of the greatness of the undertaking. And Peter, +upon seeing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_24" id="PageIV_xxviii_24">[24-34]</a></span> + this, understood what was being done, but he did +not disclose it to any of the others, because, being well disposed to +the emperor, he was exceedingly pleased by what was going on. And +Artasires, having come close to the tyrant, was pushed by one of the +servants, and as he retreated a little to the rear, the servant +observed that his sword was bared and cried out saying: "What is this, +my excellent fellow?" And Gontharis, putting his hand to his right +ear, and turning his face, looked at him. And Artasires struck him +with his sword as he did so, and cut off a piece of his scalp together +with his fingers. And Peter cried out and exhorted Artasires to kill +the most unholy of all men. And Artabanes, seeing Gontharis leaping to +his feet (for he reclined close to him), drew a two-edged dagger which +hung by his thigh—a rather large one—and thrusting it into the +tyrant's left side clean up to the hilt, left it there. And the tyrant +none the less tried to leap up, but having received a mortal wound, he +fell where he was. Ulitheus then brought his sword down upon Artasires +as if to strike him over the head; but he held his left arm above his +head, and thus profited by his own idea in the moment of greatest +need. For since Ulitheus' sword had its edge turned when it struck the +sections of arrows on his arm, he himself was unscathed, and he killed +Ulitheus with no difficulty. And Peter and Artabanes, the one seizing +the sword of Gontharis and the other that of Ulitheus who had fallen, +killed on the spot those of the body-guards who remained. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_34" id="PageIV_xxviii_34">[34-42]</a></span> +Thus +there arose, as was natural, an exceedingly great tumult and +confusion. And when this was perceived by those of the Armenians who +were standing by the tyrant's guards, they immediately picked up the +shields according to the plan which had been arranged with them, and +went on the run to the banquet-room. And they slew all the Vandals and +the friends of Gontharis, no one resisting. +</p> +<p>Then Artabanes enjoined upon Athanasius to take charge of the money in +the palace: for all that had been left by Areobindus was there. And +when the guards learned of the death of Gontharis, straightway many +arrayed themselves with the Armenians; for the most of them were of +the household of Areobindus. With one accord, therefore, they +proclaimed the Emperor Justinian triumphant. And the cry, coming forth +from a multitude of men, and being, therefore, an exceedingly mighty +sound, was strong enough to reach the greater part of the city. +Wherefore those who were well-disposed to the emperor leaped into the +houses of the mutineers and straightway killed them, some while +enjoying sleep, others while taking food, and still others while they +were awe-struck with fear and in terrible perplexity. And among these +was Pasiphilus, but not John, for he with some of the Vandals fled to +the sanctuary. To these Artabanes gave pledges, and making them rise +from there, sent them to Byzantium, and having thus recovered the city +for the emperor, he continued to guard it. And the murder of the +tyrant took place on the thirty-sixth day of the tyranny, in the +nineteenth year of the reign of the Emperor Justinian.</p> +<span class="sidenote">545-546 A.D.</span> + +<p>And Artabanes won great fame for himself from +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_42" id="PageIV_xxviii_42">[42-51]</a></span> +this deed among all men. +And straightway Prejecta, the wife of Areobindus, rewarded him with +great sums of money, and the emperor appointed him general of all +Libya. But not long after this Artabanes entreated the emperor to +summon him to Byzantium, and the emperor fulfilled his request. And +having summoned Artabanes, he appointed John, the brother of Pappus, +sole general of Libya. And this John, immediately upon arriving in +Libya, had an engagement with Antalas and the Moors in Byzacium, and +conquering them in battle, slew many; and he wrested from these +barbarians all the standards of Solomon, and sent them to the +emperor—standards which they had previously secured as plunder, when +Solomon had been taken +from the world.<a name="FNanchor_75_IV" id="FNanchor_75_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_75_IV" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> +And the rest of the Moors +he drove as far as possible from the Roman territory. But at a later +time the Leuathae came again with a great army from the country about +Tripolis to Byzacium, and united with the forces of Antalas. And when +John went to meet this army, he was defeated in the engagement, and +losing many of his men, fled to Laribus. And then indeed the enemy, +overrunning the whole country there as far as Carthage, treated in a +terrible manner those Libyans who fell in their way. But not long +afterward John collected those of the soldiers who had survived, and +drawing into alliance with him many Moors and especially those under +Coutzinas, came to battle with the enemy and unexpectedly routed them. +And the Romans, following them up +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_51" id="PageIV_xxviii_51">[51-52]</a></span> +as they fled in complete disorder, +slew a great part of them, while the rest escaped to the confines of +Libya. Thus it came to pass that those of the Libyans who survived, +few as they were in number and exceedingly poor, at last and after +great toil found some peace. +</p> + + + + +<h3> +FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<p> +<a name="Footnote_1_IV" id="Footnote_1_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_IV"><span class="label">[1]</span></a></p> +<p> +The <i>vexillum praetorium</i> carried by the cavalry of the imperial +guard, IV. x. 4 below; cf. Lat. <i>pannum</i>.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_2_IV" id="Footnote_2_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_IV"><span class="label">[2]</span></a></p> +<p> +See III. xxiv. 1.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_3_IV" id="Footnote_3_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_IV"><span class="label">[3]</span></a></p> +<p> +"Auxiliaries"; see Book III. xi. 3 and note.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_4_IV" id="Footnote_4_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_IV"><span class="label">[4]</span></a></p> +<p> +Chap. i. 3.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_5_IV" id="Footnote_5_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_IV"><span class="label">[5]</span></a></p> +<p> +Chap. i. 3.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_6_IV" id="Footnote_6_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_IV"><span class="label">[6]</span></a></p> +<p> +Now Bona; it was the home and burial-place of St. Augustine.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_7_IV" id="Footnote_7_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_IV"><span class="label">[7]</span></a></p> +<p> +The Eruli, or Heruli, were one of the wildest and most corrupt of +the barbarian tribes. They came from beyond the Danube. On their +origin, practices, and character, see VI. xiv.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_8_IV" id="Footnote_8_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_IV"><span class="label">[8]</span></a></p> +<p> +The Greek implies that the Tuscan Sea was stormy, like the +Adriatic. The Syrtes farther east had a bad reputation.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_9_IV" id="Footnote_9_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_IV"><span class="label">[9]</span></a></p> +<p> +About twelve miles west of Algiers, originally Iol, now Cherchel; +named after Augustus.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_10_IV" id="Footnote_10_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_IV"><span class="label">[10]</span></a></p> +<p> +See III. i. 6 and note.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_11_IV" id="Footnote_11_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_IV"><span class="label">[11]</span></a></p> +<p> +See III. i. 18.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_12_IV" id="Footnote_12_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_IV"><span class="label">[12]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book III. ix. 9.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_13_IV" id="Footnote_13_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_IV"><span class="label">[13]</span></a></p> +<p> +See III. x. 23</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_14_IV" id="Footnote_14_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_IV"><span class="label">[14]</span></a></p> +<p> +Lilybaeum had been ceded to the Vandals by Theoderic as dower of +his sister Amalafrida on her marriage to Thrasamund, the African king +(III. viii. 13).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_15_IV" id="Footnote_15_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_IV"><span class="label">[15]</span></a></p> +<p> +"Friendship" and "hostility" refer to the present relations +between Justinian and the Goths and what they may become.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_16_IV" id="Footnote_16_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_IV"><span class="label">[16]</span></a></p> +<p> +Amalasountha.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_17_IV" id="Footnote_17_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_IV"><span class="label">[17]</span></a></p> +<p> +The correspondence between Queen Amalasountha and Justinian is +given in V. iii. 17.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_18_IV" id="Footnote_18_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_IV"><span class="label">[18]</span></a></p> +<p> +In Latin <i>serica</i>, "silk," as coming from the Chinese (Seres).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_19_IV" id="Footnote_19_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_IV"><span class="label">[19]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Thucydides' description of the huts in which the Athenians +lived during the great plague.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_20_IV" id="Footnote_20_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_IV"><span class="label">[20]</span></a></p> +<p> +Pharas and the other Eruli.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_21_IV" id="Footnote_21_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_IV"><span class="label">[21]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. ch. vi. 4.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_22_IV" id="Footnote_22_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_IV"><span class="label">[22]</span></a></p> +<p> +"Auxiliaries"; see Book III. xi. 3.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_23_IV" id="Footnote_23_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_IV"><span class="label">[23]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e.</i> there in Africa, as successor to the throne of the Vandal +kings.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_24_IV" id="Footnote_24_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_IV"><span class="label">[24]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book III. xxv. 2-4.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_25_IV" id="Footnote_25_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_IV"><span class="label">[25]</span></a></p> +<p> +Examples of the Roman system have come to light in +Egyptian papyri: cf. the declarations of personal property, +[απογραπάι], <i>Pap. Lond</i>., I., p. 79; <i>Flinders Petrie Pap.</i>, III., +p. 200, ed. Mahaffy and Smyly.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_26_IV" id="Footnote_26_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_IV"><span class="label">[26]</span></a></p> +<p> +Since a triumph was granted only to an <i>imperator</i>, after the +establishment of the principate by Augustus all triumphs were +celebrated in the name of the emperor himself, the victorious general +receiving only the <i>insignia triumphalia</i>. The first general to refuse +a triumph was Agrippa, after his campaign in Spain, about 550 years +before Belisarius' triumph in Constantinople.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_27_IV" id="Footnote_27_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_IV"><span class="label">[27]</span></a></p> +<p> +The barriers (_carceres_), or starting-point for the racers, were +at the open end of the hippodrome, the imperial box at the middle of +the course at the right as one entered.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_28_IV" id="Footnote_28_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_IV"><span class="label">[28]</span></a></p> +<p> + Cf. Book III. v. 3; that was in A.D. 455. The spoliation of +Jerusalem by Titus had taken place in A.D. 70.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_29_IV" id="Footnote_29_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_IV"><span class="label">[29]</span></a></p> +<p> +Ecclesiastes, i. 2.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_30_IV" id="Footnote_30_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_IV"><span class="label">[30]</span></a></p> +<p> +Not an actual "triumph," but a triumphal celebration of his +inauguration as consul.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_31_IV" id="Footnote_31_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_IV"><span class="label">[31]</span></a></p> +<p> +The reference is to the old custom of distributing to the +populace largesses (<i>congiaria</i>) of money or valuables on the occasion +of events of interest to the imperial house, such as the emperor's +assumption of the consular office, birthdays, etc. The first largess +of this kind was made by Julius Caesar.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_32_IV" id="Footnote_32_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_IV"><span class="label">[32]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Book IV. ii. 1.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_33_IV" id="Footnote_33_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_IV"><span class="label">[33]</span></a></p> +<p> +The Canaanites of the Old Testament.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_34_IV" id="Footnote_34_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_IV"><span class="label">[34]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>., Clypea, or Aspis, now Kalibia, on the Carthaginian coast.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_35_IV" id="Footnote_35_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_IV"><span class="label">[35]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>., from Tangier, opposite Cadiz, to Algiers. On Caesarea see +IV. v. 5 and note.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_36_IV" id="Footnote_36_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_IV"><span class="label">[36]</span></a></p> +<p> +"On the borders of Mauretania" according to Procopius, <i>De +aedificiis</i>, vi. 6. 18.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_37_IV" id="Footnote_37_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_IV"><span class="label">[37]</span></a></p> +<p> +Chap. x. 6.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_38_IV" id="Footnote_38_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_IV"><span class="label">[38]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book III. viii. 25, 26.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_39_IV" id="Footnote_39_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_IV"><span class="label">[39]</span></a></p> +<p> +The side toward the mountains; cf. § 20.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_40_IV" id="Footnote_40_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_IV"><span class="label">[40]</span></a></p> +<p> +In the late Empire the <i>excubitores</i>, 300 in number, constituted the +select guard of the palace. Their commander, <i>comes excubitorum</i>, held +high rank at court; cf. VIII. xxi. 1, where we are told that Belisarius held this +position, and <i>Arcana</i> 6. 10, where Justin, afterwards emperor, is +mentioned.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_41_IV" id="Footnote_41_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_IV"><span class="label">[41]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. chap. viii. 14. Procopius has explained in III. xi. 6 that +Solomon was a eunuch.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_42_IV" id="Footnote_42_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_IV"><span class="label">[42]</span></a></p> +<p> +See III. viii. 5.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_43_IV" id="Footnote_43_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_IV"><span class="label">[43]</span></a></p> +<p> +A <i>comes foedtratorum</i>, mentioned in III. xi. 6.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_44_IV" id="Footnote_44_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_IV"><span class="label">[44]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book III. viii. 5.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_45_IV" id="Footnote_45_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_IV"><span class="label">[45]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e.</i> Clypea. Not the place mentioned in IV. x. 24.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_46_IV" id="Footnote_46_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_IV"><span class="label">[46]</span></a></p> +<p> +The region in the interior of Sardinia called Barbargia or Barbagia +still preserves this name. But Procopius' explanation of the origin of +the barbarian settlers there has not been generally accepted.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_47_IV" id="Footnote_47_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_IV"><span class="label">[47]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book III. xviii. 7 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_48_IV" id="Footnote_48_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_IV"><span class="label">[48]</span></a></p> +<p> +IV. iv. 30 and note.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_49_IV" id="Footnote_49_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_IV"><span class="label">[49]</span></a></p> +<p> +Baptism was administered only during the fifty days between +Easter and Pentecost. Justinian had forbidden the baptism of Arians.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_50_IV" id="Footnote_50_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_IV"><span class="label">[50]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. III. xi. 30.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_51_IV" id="Footnote_51_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_IV"><span class="label">[51]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. chap. xiv. 8</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_52_IV" id="Footnote_52_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_IV"><span class="label">[52]</span></a></p> +<p> +"Auxiliaries"; see Book III. xi. 3.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_53_IV" id="Footnote_53_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_IV"><span class="label">[53]</span></a></p> +<p> +More correctly Gadiaufala, now Ksar-Sbehi.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_54_IV" id="Footnote_54_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_IV"><span class="label">[54]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cirta, later named Constantina, now Constantine (Ksantina).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_55_IV" id="Footnote_55_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_IV"><span class="label">[55]</span></a></p> +<p> +John the Cappadocian, cf. I. xxiv. 11 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_56_IV" id="Footnote_56_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_IV"><span class="label">[56]</span></a></p> +<p> +See Book III. xvii. 1 and note.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_57_IV" id="Footnote_57_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_IV"><span class="label">[57]</span></a></p> +<p> +Now Setif.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_58_IV" id="Footnote_58_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_IV"><span class="label">[58]</span></a></p> +<p> +Called Mastinas in IV. xiii. 19.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_59_IV" id="Footnote_59_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_IV"><span class="label">[59]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book IV. v. 5.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_60_IV" id="Footnote_60_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_IV"><span class="label">[60]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cyrenaica.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_61_IV" id="Footnote_61_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_IV"><span class="label">[61]</span></a></p> +<p> +Now Lebida.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_62_IV" id="Footnote_62_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_IV"><span class="label">[62]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. III. xxv. 4 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_63_IV" id="Footnote_63_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_IV"><span class="label">[63]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book III. x. 22 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_64_IV" id="Footnote_64_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_IV"><span class="label">[64]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book IV. xii. 30.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_65_IV" id="Footnote_65_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_IV"><span class="label">[65]</span></a></p> +<p> +A reference to his slaughter of the eighty notables, IV. xxi. 7, +where, however, nothing is said of an oath sworn on the Gospels.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_66_IV" id="Footnote_66_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_IV"><span class="label">[66]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Book II. iii. 32.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_67_IV" id="Footnote_67_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_IV"><span class="label">[67]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Book III. xvii. 11, xxi. 23.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_68_IV" id="Footnote_68_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_IV"><span class="label">[68]</span></a></p> +<p> +The port of Carthage; see III. xx. 3.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_69_IV" id="Footnote_69_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_IV"><span class="label">[69]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e.</i> baptism.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_70_IV" id="Footnote_70_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_IV"><span class="label">[70]</span></a></p> +<p> +A garment with a cowl, like the <i>cucullus</i>.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_71_IV" id="Footnote_71_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_IV"><span class="label">[71]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Book II. iii. 25.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_72_IV" id="Footnote_72_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_IV"><span class="label">[72]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Book II. iii. 15.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_73_IV" id="Footnote_73_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_IV"><span class="label">[73]</span></a></p> +<p> +Justinian.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_74_IV" id="Footnote_74_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_IV"><span class="label">[74]</span></a></p> +<p> +A contemptuous term for "subjects of the emperor."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_75_IV" id="Footnote_75_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_IV"><span class="label">[75]</span></a></p> +<p> +See Book IV. xxi. 27.</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h3><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX">INDEX</a></h3> + + + +<ul> +<li>Abigas River, in Numidia, flowing down from Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its many channels, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 11-13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">turned upon the Roman camp, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 14</a></li> + +<li>Abydus, city on the Hellespont, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Roman fleet delayed there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 7-xiii. 5</a></li> + +<li>Acacius, ruler of Armenians; slain by Artabanes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Acacius, priest of Byzantium, delivers over Basiliscus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 22</a></li> + +<li>Achilles, Bath of, in Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_15">xiii. 16</a></li> + +<li>Achilles, The, of the Vandals, name applied to Hoamer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">ix. 2</a></li> + +<li>Aclas, suburb of Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 13</a></li> + +<li>Adaulphus, king of the Visigoths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 37</a></li> + +<li>Adriatic Sea, divided from the Tuscan Sea by the islands Gaulus and Melite, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">crossed by the Roman fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the scene of one of Gizeric's atrocities, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 18</a></li> + +<li>Aetius, Roman general; his splendid qualities, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rival of Boniface, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">whom he slanders to Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 17</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">writes a deceitful letter to Boniface, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spared by Placidia by reason of his great power, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeats Attila, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Maximus plans to destroy him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">slandered to the emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 27</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a great loss to the emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_28">iv. 28</a></li> + +<li>Aetna, mountain in Sicily, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiii. 22</a></li> + +<li>Aïgan, a Massagete, bodyguard of Belisarius, III, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">9</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commander of cavalry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the right wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes a successful attack upon the Moors in Byzacium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his force in turn annihilated by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xi_18">xi. 22</a></li> + +<li>Alani, a Gothic people, allies of the Vandals in their migration, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the Vandals in Africa, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">19</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lose their individuality as a people, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 21</a></li> + +<li>Alaric, king of the Visigoths, invades Europe, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 7</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">captures Rome by a trick, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 14-23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plunders the city, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">declares Attalus emperor of the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Attalus against Ravenna, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">opposes sending of commanders to Libya by Attalus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">quarrels with Attalus, and reduces him from the kingship, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dies of disease, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 37</a></li> + +<li>Alexandria, the home of Calonymus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 14</a></li> + +<li>Althias, commander of Roman auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commander of Huns in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his encounter with Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 3-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his fame from the deed, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Amalasountha, mother of Antalaric; makes an agreement with Justinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">courts his friendship to secure protection, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">appealed to by the Goths in regard to Lilybaeum, +<a href="#PageIV_v_15">v. 18</a></li> + +<li>Amalafrida, sister of Theoderic;</li> +<li class="indent">sought and given in marriage to Trasamundus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">12</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">presented with Lilybaeum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">put under guard by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 4</a></li> + +<li>Ammatas, brother of Gelimer;</li> +<li class="indent">instructed to prepare to meet the Romans near Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">kills his kinsmen in prison, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his inopportune arrival at Decimum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the day before Easter, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxi. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">engages with John there and is defeated, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 6</a>; +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 30</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his body found by the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">xix. 14</a></li> + +<li>Anastasius, emperor of the East, keeps peace with the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 14</a></li> + +<li>Ancon, a dungeon in the royal residence in Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">unexpected release of Roman merchants confined there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 5-9</a></li> + +<li>Antaeus, the mythical wrestler, king in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 24</a></li> + +<li>Antalas, ruler of the Moors in Byzacium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 3</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">remains faithful to the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes hostile to Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">joins forces with the Leuathae, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gathers almost all the Moors under him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes a letter to Justinian, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 6-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gathers his army again, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Areobindus sends an army against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes an agreement with Gontharis for the destruction of Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 6-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Coutzinas agrees to turn against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">xxv. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_9">15</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hears of the plot of Coutzinas and keeps his knowledge secret, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 19-21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">resents the sending of the head of Areobindus to him by Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">decides to side with Justinian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persuades Marcentius to come to him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Artabanes sent against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his quarrel with Coutzinas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Artabanes marches against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his army spared by Artabanes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 28</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 46</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">47</a></li> + +<li>Anthemius, a wealthy senator, appointed emperor of the West by Leon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 5</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">killed by his son-in-law, Rhecimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Antonina, wife of Belisarius, mother-in-law of Ildiger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sets sail with Belisarius for Africa, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">preserves drinking water for Belisarius and his attendants, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiii. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the army at Decimum, III, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_6">xix. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 1</a></li> + +<li>Apollinaris, a native of Italy;</li> +<li class="indent">comes to Justinian to seek support for Ilderic, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his good services to the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to the islands of Ebusa, Majorica, and Minorica, with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 7</a></li> + +<li>Aquileia, city in Italy, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its size and importance, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_28">iv. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besieged and captured by Attila, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_28">iv. 30</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Arcadius, elder son of Theodosius I;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the eastern empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_1">i. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Honorius and Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his alliance with the Visigoths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">succeeded by his son Theodosius II, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 33</a></li> + +<li>Archelaus, a patrician;</li> +<li class="indent">manager of expenditures of the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 17</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">advises against disembarking on the African coast, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_2">xv. 2-17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ordered by Belisarius not to take the fleet into Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xvii. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commands the fleet to anchor off Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">xx. 11</a></li> + +<li>Ardaburius, son of Aspar, Roman general; sent against the tyrant John, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">destroyed by Leon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 27</a></li> + +<li>Areobindus, a senator; sent as general to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his inexperience in warfare, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">xxv. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">accompanied by his sister and wife, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">shares the rule of Libya with Sergius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends John against Antalas and Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes to Sergius to unite with John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made sole commander of Libya, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxiv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Gontharis against the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">arranges with Coutzinas to turn against the other Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">tells Gontharis of his dealings with Coutzinas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persuaded by G. to postpone the engagement, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death planned and finally accomplished by Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">xxv. 22-xxvi. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">treasure left by him in the palace, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 35</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">sister of, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">placed in a fortress for her safety, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">removed from the fortress by Gontharis, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 20</a></li> + +<li>Arethusa, harbour of Syracuse, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 11</a></li> + +<li>Ariadne, daughter of Leon, wife of Zenon, and mother of Leon +the younger, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">flees to Isauria with Zenon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 18</a></li> + +<li>Arian faith, disqualified one for the office of emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">followed by all Goths, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">by some among the Roman soldiers, +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 12</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">adhered to steadfastly by Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Arian priests of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxi. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">25</a></li> + +<li>Armenia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Armenians, sent with Areobindus to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">follow Artabanes in entering the service of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">support Artabanes in his plot against Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_5">xxviii. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 34</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">36</a></li> + +<li>Arsacidae, the ancient royal family of Armenia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 16</a></li> + +<li>Artabanes, son of John, of the Arsacidae;</li> + + +<li class="indent">sent to Libya in command of Armenians, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">known to Chosroes for his brave deeds, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxiv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">uncle of Gregorius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">joins Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">supports him against Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_1">xxvi. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_9">13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enters the service of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his plot to kill the tyrant, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">urged on by Gregorius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 11-19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent against Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">joins battle, but allows the enemy to escape, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 27-29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">threatened by Ulitheus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his excuses, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 31</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">after deliberation returns to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxvii. 33</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entertained by Gontharis at a banquet, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxviii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">arranges to carry out his plot against Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_5">xxviii. 6-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Artasires makes a request of him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_9">xxviii. 12</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_9">13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">he succeeds in destroying Gontharis with his own hand, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_14">xxviii. 15-30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">assisted by Peter, cuts down the body-guards who remain, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_24">xxviii. 33</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">directs Athanasius to look after the treasure of +Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends John and others to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">wins great fame, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 42</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rewarded with money by Prejecta, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 43</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made general of all Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 43</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 44</a></li> + +<li>Artasires, body-guard of Artabanes;</li> +<li class="indent">shares knowledge of his plot against Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">renders good service in the execution of the plot, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_5">xxviii. 7-32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his ingenious protection for his arm, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_9">xxviii. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_9">11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_24">31</a></li> + +<li>Asclepiades, a native of Palestine and friend of Theodorus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xviii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reveals the plot of Maximinus to Theodorus and Germanus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 4</a></li> + +<li>Asia, the continent to the right of the Mediterranean as one sails into it, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Europe at different points, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance along the Asiatic side of the Euxine, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 11</a></li> + +<li>Asiaticus, father of Severianus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Aspar, Roman general; father of Ardaburius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of the Arian faith, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his great power in Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent against the tyrant John, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Vandals in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns home, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iii. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes Leon emperor of the East, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his friendship sought by Basiliscus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">quarrels with Leon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">urges Basiliscus to spare the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_16">16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">destroyed by Leon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the emperor Marcian had been his adviser, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iv. 7</a></li> + +<li>Atalaric, son of Amalasuntha;</li> +<li class="indent">ruler of the Goths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">succeeded his grandfather Theoderic, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 6</a></li> + +<li>Athanasius, sent with Areobindus to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned by Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_1">xxvi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">being summoned by Gontharis, pretends to be pleased, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 21</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with Areobindus entertained by Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spared by the assassins of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvi. 33</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">entertained by Gontharis at a second banquet, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxviii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">directed by Artabanes to look after the treasure of Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 35</a></li> + +<li>Athens, its distance from Megara a measure of one day's journey, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 17</a></li> + +<li>Attalus, made king of the Visigoths and declared emperor of the Romans by Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of noble family, <a href="#PageIII_ii_27"><i>ibid.</i></a>; </li> +<li class="indent">his lack of discretion, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Alaric against Ravenna, <a href="#PageIII_ii_27"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends commanders alone to Libya against the advice of</li> +<li class="indent">Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 30</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">failure of his attempt upon Libya, <a href="#PageIII_ii_32"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">quarrels with Alaric, and is reduced from the kingship, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 36</a></li> + +<li>Attila, leader of the Huns, defeated by Aetius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overruns Europe, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_28">iv. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besieges and captures Aquileia; III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_28">iv. 30</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Augustus, emperor of the West, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 15</a></li> + +<li>Aurasium, a mountain in Numidia;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 5</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its great size, fruitful plateaus, and defences, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 23-25</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">source of the Abigas River there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 20</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">adjoins First Mauretania, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">taken by the Moors from the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 5</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its west side also held by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, ruled by Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 29</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon marches thither, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Iaudas establishes himself there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ascended by Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 30</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">the Romans eluded by the Moors on the mountain, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 35</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon prepares more carefully for a second attempt, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in which he succeeds completely in dislodging the Moors from there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 5-xx. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fortified and held by the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">capture of Iaudas' treasure there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 23-29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fugitive Vandals return thither, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 19</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Babosis, place in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 16</a></li> + +<li>Bacchus, brother of Solomon, and father of Cyrus and Sergius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xxi. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Solomon the younger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Bagaïs, a deserted city near the Abigas River, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 7</a></li> + + + +<li>Bagradas River, in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 13</a></li> + +<li>Balas, leader of the Massagetae, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 12</a></li> + +<li>Bandifer, "standard-bearer" (Latin), cf. Bandum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 4</a></li> + +<li>Bandum, the Latin term for "standard" in Procopius' time, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Barbaricini, name applied to the Moors in Sardinia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 44</a></li> + +<li>Barbatus, commander of Roman cavalry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the Roman right wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 59</a></li> + +<li>Basiliscus, brother of Berine; </li> +<li class="indent">commander of an expedition against the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his aspirations to the throne, <a href="#PageIII_v_25"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">urged by Aspar to spare the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">landing in Africa, makes a complete failure of the expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 10-24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_x_2">x. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returning to Byzantium, becomes a suppliant, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">saved by Berine, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes himself tyrant in Byzantium, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his misrule, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends an army under Harmatus to meet Zenon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes a suppliant, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">exiled to Cappadocia and dies, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">25</a></li> + + + +<li>Basiliscus, son of Harmatus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made Caesar and then removed by Zenon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 23</a></li> + +<li>Belisarius, Roman general; a native of "Germany," III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned from the East, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ordered to be in readiness to lead the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made commander-in-chief of the African expedition with unlimited power, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sets sail for Africa, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">punished two Massagetae for murder, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses the army at Abydus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_10">xii. 10-21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">provides for the safe navigation of the fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_18">xiii. 1-4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">disembarks the army at Methone, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 9</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">provides a supply of bread for the army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_15">xiii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his wife preserves the drinking water, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiii. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Procopius to Syracuse to get information, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 3</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">his anxiety regarding the Vandals and the attitude of his own soldiers, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiv. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">starts from Sicily toward Africa, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">holds a consultation regarding disembarking on the African coast, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xv. 1</a> ff.; </li> +<li class="indent">disembarks the army and fortifies a camp, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_31">xv. 31-33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">orders the fleet not to put in at Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 10</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">commands five men to remain on each ship, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_31">xv. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">punishes some of the soldiers for stealing and addresses the army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_1">xvi. 1-8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">advances with the army to Decimum, where he defeats the Vandals in an engagement, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_5">xvi. 9-xix. 33</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captures with ease the unwalled cities of Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prevents the army from entering Carthage on the evening of their arrival, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his commands respected by the greater part of the fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enters Carthage with his army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">exhorts the soldiers to moderation, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 18-20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sits upon the throne of Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xx. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hears and answers complaints of Carthaginian citizens, III. <a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xx. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lunches in Gelimer's palace, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xxi. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enjoys great renown by reason of the peaceful entry into Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his treaties with the Moors, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 2-9</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_10">viii. 11</a> ff., +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">considers the repair of the fortifications of Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">presses on the work of repairing them, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">xxiii. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spares the messengers of Tzazon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and the envoys of Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_9">xxiv. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">takes measures to prevent desertions to the Vandals, +<a href="#PageIV_i_6">i. 7-11</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">addresses the army, IV +<a href="#PageIV_i_12">i. 12-25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeats the Moors in the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 1-iii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">attacks the Vandal camp, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_17">iii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">takes measures to stop the disorder in the Roman army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_3">iv. 6-8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends John the Armenian to pursue Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_3">iv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">himself follows Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_10">iv. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">mourns the death of John the Armenian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spares Uliaris, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">continues the pursuit of Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">leaves Pharas to besiege Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends suppliant Vandals to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captures Boniface with the treasures of Gelimer, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 33-41</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">v. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends out armies to recover many lost provinces, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">v. 1-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes an unsuccessful expedition to Sicily, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes a letter to the Goths, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 12-17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their reply, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 8-24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reports to Justinian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_23">v. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the report of Pharas regarding Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_5">vii. 10</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">sends Cyprian with instructions, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives Gelimer at Aclas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reports the capture of Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the victim of unjust slander, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_18">viii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">given choice of going to Byzantium or remaining in Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">chooses the former IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">learns of the accusation of treason to be brought against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hears the report of the uprising of the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">leaves Solomon in charge of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returning to Byzantium, receives great honours, +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">ix. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">brings Vandals with him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">ix. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">pays homage to Justinian in the hippodrome, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">later celebrates a "triumph" in the old manner, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes a consul, <a href="#PageIV_ix_11"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distributes much wealth of the Vandals to the people, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subjugates Sicily, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">passes the winter in Syracuse, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 41</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon begs him to come to Carthage from Syracuse to put down the mutiny, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 41</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">42</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">arrives at Carthage in time to prevent its surrender, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 9-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">pursues and overtakes the fugitives, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">encamps at the Bagradas River and prepares for battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 13-15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses the army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 16-29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeats Stotzas' army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_33">xv. 40</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">forbids pursuit of the enemy, but allows their camp to be plundered, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_41">xv. 46</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_41">47</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_41">xv. 47</a>; upon receipt of unfavourable news, sets sail for Sicily, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_41">xv. 48</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">49</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon sends suspected soldiers to him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">counted the chief cause of the defeat of the Vandals, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_42">xi. 44</a>.</li> + +<li>Berine, wife of the Emperor Leon, and sister of Basiliscus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gains clemency for Basiliscus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 26</a></li> + +<li>Boniface, Roman general; his splendid qualities, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rival of Aetius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made general of all Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">slandered by Aetius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Rome by Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">refuses to come, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes an alliance with the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">25</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">the true cause of his conduct discovered by his friends, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 27</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">urged by Placidia to return to Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">unable to persuade the Vandals to withdraw, meets them in battle and is twice defeated, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 30-35</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns to Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iii. 36</a></li> + +<li>Boniface, the Libyan, a native of Byzacium; entrusted by Gelimer with his wealth, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 33</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">falls into the hands of Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 35-41</a></li> + +<li>Boriades, body-guard of Belisarius;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to capture Syllectus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_5">xvi. 9</a></li> + +<li>Boulla, Plain of, distance from Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">near the boundary of Numidia, <a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Vandals gather there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the only territory left to the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Gelimer and Tzazon meet there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">mutineers gather there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 1</a></li> + +<li>Bourgaon, mountain in Byzacium;</li> +<li class="indent">battle there with the Moors, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xi_51">xii. 3</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Britain, counted in the Western empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 18</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">revolts from the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not recovered by the Romans, but held by tyrants, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 38</a></li> + +<li>Byzacium, a Moorish province in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a dry region, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_31">xv. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the town Hermione there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, defeat the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors, of, seek alliance with the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the home of Boniface, the Libyan, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, revolt, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xi_51">xii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xii_2">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Roman force annihilated there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 3</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon marches thither to confront the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, suffer a crushing defeat, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_21">xii. 21-25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">abandoned by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">except those under Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plundered by the Leuathae, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors gather there once more, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Himerius of Thrace commander there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_10">xxiii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors march, thence against Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 46</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subsequent battles, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 47</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Byzantium, distance from the mouth of the Danube, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_13">x. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its chief priest Epiphanius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">natives of, as rowers in the Roman fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 16</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Cabaon, a Moorish ruler, prepares to meet the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">viii. 15-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends spies to Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">viii. 17</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the report of his spies, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_20">viii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares for the conflict, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_20">viii. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_20">26</a>, IV. <a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeats the enemy, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">viii. 28</a></li> + +<li>Caenopolis, name of Taenarum in Procopius' time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 8</a></li> + +<li>Caesar, a title given to one next below the emperor in station, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 21</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">23</a></li> + +<li>Caesarea, first city of "Second Mauretania," IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">situated at its eastern extremity, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recovered for the Romans by Belisarius, <a href="#PageIV_v_3"><i>ibid.</i></a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 32</a></li> + +<li>Calonymus, of Alexandria, admiral of the Roman fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ordered by Belisarius not to take the fleet into Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xvii. 16</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">enters the harbour Mandracium with a few ships, and plunders the houses along the sea, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">bound by oath to return his plunder, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xx. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">disregards his oath, but later dies of apoplexy in Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xx. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">25</a></li> + +<li>Capitolinus, see Jupiter.</li> + +<li>Cappadocia, Basiliscus exiled thither, III +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 24</a></li> + +<li>Caputvada, a place on the African coast; distance from Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Roman army lands there, <a href="#PageIII_xiv_14"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Caranalis, town in Sardinia, captured</li> +<li class="indent">by Tzazon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 10</a>, IV. <a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 44</a></li> + +<li>Carthage, city in Africa, founded by Dido, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">grows to be the metropolis of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captured by the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">after the Vandal occupation, its wall preserved by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the only city with walls in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_2">xv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its defences neglected by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entered by the Roman army under Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its fortifications restored by Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">xxiii. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">xxiii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besieged by Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">by Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its surrender prevented by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the harbours, Stagnum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_10">xv. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and Mandracium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">xx. 14</a>, IV. <a href="#PageIV_xxvi_9">xxvi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the ship-yard Misuas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its suburb Aclas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and Decimum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its aqueduct, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its hippodrome, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 31</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_10">xviii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its palace, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xx. 21</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 34</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the priest of the city, Reparatus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">monastery built and fortified there by Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">an ancient saying among the children there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 14-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">church of St. Cyprian, and a special annual festival in his honour, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Aurasium, III, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 5</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from the Plain of Boulla, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_13">x. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Caesarea, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Caputvada, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Decimum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xvii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Grasse, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Hippo Regius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Iouce, +<a href="#PageIII_xv_2">xv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Membresa, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Mercurium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Siccaveneria, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Stagnum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_10">xv. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Tebesta, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 4</a></li> + +<li>Casula (Latin), garment befitting one of humble station, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 26</a></li> + +<li>Caucana, place in Sicily, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Syracuse, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 4</a></li> + +<li>Centenarium, a sum of money, so called because it "weighs one hundred pounds" (I. xxii. 4), III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 2</a></li> + +<li>Centuriae, place in Numidia, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 2</a></li> + +<li>Chalcedon, city opposite Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">9</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">distance from the Phasis River, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 11</a></li> + +<li>Chiliarch, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 18</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 8</a></li> + +<li>Chosroes, Persian king; Artabanes known to him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Christ, His temple in Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 26</a></li> + +<li>Christians, persecuted by Honoric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">by Gundamundus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">courted by Trasamundus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not troubled by Ilderic, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">ix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Justinian reproached for not protecting them, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_13">x. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the church of St. Cyprian taken from them by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">consoled in a dream sent by St. Cyprian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recover the church of St. Cyprian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxi. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in Jerusalem, receive the treasures of the temple, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reverence their churches and their worship, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">viii. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_20">20</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_20">24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their rite of baptism, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 2</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their feast of Easter, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">if not of the orthodox faith, excluded from the church, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Christian scriptures, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 21</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Christian teaching, offended against by Basiliscus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 22</a></li> + + + +<li>Cilicians, as sailors in the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 14</a></li> + +<li>Clipea, city in Africa, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 24</a></li> + +<li>Clypea, see Shield Mountain</li> + +<li>Colchis, at the end of the Black Sea, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 11</a></li> + +<li>Constantina, city in Africa; distance from Gazophyla, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 52</a></li> + +<li>Constantine the Great; division of the Roman empire dating from his time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_1">i. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his enlargement of Byzantium and giving of his name to the city, <a href="#PageIII_i_1"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Constantinus, chosen king by the soldiers in Britain, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his invasion of Spain and Gaul, <a href="#PageIII_ii_27"><i>ibid.</i></a>; </li> +<li class="indent">defeated and killed in battle, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 37</a></li> + +<li>Constantius, husband of Placidia, partner in the royal power with Honorius; his brief reign and death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 5</a></li> + +<li>Corsica, called Cyrnus in ancient times, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Cyril sent thither with an army, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> <li class="indent">recovered for the +Roman empire, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 4</a></li> + +<li>Coutzinas, a Moorish ruler, joins in an attack upon a Roman force, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">agrees to turn against the other Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">15</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">his further dealings with Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ignorant of Antalas' knowledge of his plot, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 20</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">separates from Antalas, and sides with Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Artabanes against Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in alliance with John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 50</a></li> + +<li>Cteanus, name applied to Theodorus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a></li> + +<li>Cyanean Rocks, or "Dark Blue Rocks" at the mouth of the Bosphorus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 8</a></li> + +<li>Cyprian, commander of Roman auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent by Belisarius to bring Gelimer from Papua, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 11</a>;</li> +<li>Cyprian, a saint, especially reverenced at Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a church to him there and a festival celebrated in his honour, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends a dream to devout Christians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 21</a></li> + +<li>Cypriana, a periodic storm on the African coast, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">xx. 12</a></li> + +<li>Cypriana, a festival celebrated at Carthage, in honour of Cyprian, +from which the storm was named, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 18</a></li> + +<li>Cyrene, city in Africa, marking the division between the eastern +and western empires, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 16</a></li> + + + +<li>Cyril, sent as commander of an army to Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">xi. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">avoids Sardinia and sails to Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxiv. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Sardinia and Corsica with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">v. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">wins them back for the empire, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commander of auxiliaries in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 59</a></li> + +<li>Cyrnus, ancient name of Corsica, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 3</a></li> + +<li>Cyrus, son of Bacchus and brother of Sergius;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes ruler of Pentapolis in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xxi. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Solomon the younger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Solomon against the Moors, <a href="#PageIV_xxi_17"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Dalmatia, held by Marcellianus as tyrant, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 7</a></li> + +<li>Danube River, called also the Ister, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 10</a></li> + +<li>Daras, city on the eastern frontier of the empire;</li> +<li class="indent">home of Solomon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 9</a></li> +<li>December, IV. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 28</a></li> + +<li>Decimum, suburb of Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_19">xix. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_22">23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">33</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxi. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">24</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Vandals routed there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 7-11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xvii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Pedion Halon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_12">xviii. 12</a></li> + +<li>Delphi, tripods first made there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 3</a></li> + +<li>Delphix, a word used by the Romans to designate a royal banquet room, III +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xxi. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in the palace of Gelimer, III +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 5</a></li> + +<li>Dido, her emigration from Phoenicia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 25</a></li> + +<li>Diogenes, guardsman of Belisarius;</li> +<li class="indent">his notable exploit on a scouting expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_1">xxiii. 5-18</a></li> + +<li>Dolones, the large sails on ships, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 5</a></li> + +<li>Domesticus, a title designating a kind of confidential adviser, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iv. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 5</a></li> + +<li>Domnicus, senator, accompanies Germanus to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a></li> + +<li>Dorotheus, general of Armenia;</li> +<li class="indent">commander of auxiliaries, III +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death; III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 14</a></li> + +<li>Dromon, a swift ship of war, III +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">16</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xv_31">xv. 36</a></li> + +<li>Dryous, city on the east coast of Italy, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">12</a></li> + +<li>Dyrrachium, the name of Epidamnus in Procopius' time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 16</a> +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 8</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Easter, a feast of the Christians, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Arians annoyed by exclusion from it, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 15</a></li> + +<li>Ebusa, island in the western Mediterranean,</li> +<li class="indent">so-called by the natives, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Apollinarius sent thither with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 7</a></li> + +<li>Egypt, formerly marked the limit of Phoenicia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">densely populated from ancient times, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the migration of the Hebrews from there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Phoenicians pass through it on their way to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 18</a></li> + +<li>Egyptians, as sailors in the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 14</a></li> + +<li>Emesa, city in Syria;</li> +<li class="indent">home of Severianus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Epidamnus (Dyrrachium), city on the Ionian Sea, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">home of John, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 8</a></li> + +<li>Epiphanius, chief priest of Byzantium;</li> +<li class="indent">blesses the fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 2</a></li> + +<li>Eruli, Roman auxiliaries in the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 11</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">their untrustworthy character, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of the Arian faith, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dissuade Stotzas from attacking Germanus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">xvii. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">xvii. 15</a></li> + +<li>Esdilasas, a Moorish ruler;</li> +<li class="indent">joins in an attack upon a Roman force, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">surrenders himself to the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_21">xii. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brought to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 29</a></li> + +<li>Euagees, brother of Hoamer;</li> +<li class="indent">imprisoned by Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">killed in prison by Ammatas, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 12</a></li> + +<li>Eudocia, daughter of Eudoxia;</li> +<li class="indent">taken captive by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">married to Honoric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a></li> + +<li>Eudoxia, daughter of Theodosius and wife of Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">mother of Eudocia and Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">forced to be the mistress of Maximus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_33">iv. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invites Gizeric to avenge her, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_33">iv. 37-39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">taken captive by Gizeric, III +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a></li> + +<li>Eulogius, Roman envoy to Godas, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">x. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns with his reply, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">x. 34</a></li> + +<li>Europe, the continent opposite Asia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Asia at different points, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance along the European side of the Euxine, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">extent of the western empire in, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invaded by Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">all its wealth plundered by the Visigoths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overrun by Attila, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_28">iv. 29</a></li> + +<li>Eustratius, sent to Libya to assess the taxes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">viii. 25</a></li> + +<li>Eutyches, heresy of, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 22</a></li> + +<li>Euxine Sea, distance around it, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the waters of the Phasis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 11</a></li> + +<li>Excubitori, a Latin name for "guard," IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_17">xii. 17</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Foederati, auxiliary troops, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_6">xix. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">14</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a></li> + +<li>Foedus (Latin) "treaty," III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 4</a></li> + +<li>Franks, name used for all the Germans in Procopius' time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Fuscias, sent as envoy to Spain by Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 7</a> ff.</li> + + + + +</ul> <ul><li>Gadira, the strait of Gibraltar at the western extremity of the Mediterranean, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 8</a>, IV. <a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">width of the strait, II. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Tripolis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and from the Ionian Sea, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marking the limit of Mauretania, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Vandals cross there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 26</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent"><i>see</i> Heracles, Pillars of</li> + +<li>Galatia, lands there given to Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 13</a></li> + +<li>Gaulus, island between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 16</a></li> + +<li>Gaul, the Visigoths retire thither, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 37</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invaded by Constantius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 31</a></li> + +<li>Gazophyla, place in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 62</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Constantina, <a href="#PageIV_xv_56"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Roman commanders take sanctuary there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 59</a></li> + +<li>Geilaris, son of Genzon and father of Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 6</a></li> + +<li>Gelimer, king of the Vandals;</li> +<li class="indent">son of Geilaris, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Tzazon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">and of Ammatas, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">uncle of Gibamundus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his character, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">encroaches upon the authority of Ilderic, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">secures the royal power, <a href="#PageIII_ix_8"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">allowed by the Goths to hold Lilybaeum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">imprisons Ilderic, Hoamer, and Euagees, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defies Justinian, and shews further cruelty to the imprisoned princes, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">ix. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">replies to Justinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 20-23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Justinian prepares an expedition against him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">x. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">sends envoys to Spain, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his slave Godas becomes tyrant of Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 25-27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends an expedition to Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his ignorance of the approaching Roman expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entrusts his wealth to Boniface, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">confines Roman merchants in a dungeon in the palace, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">expected by Belisarius to make an attack, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes to his brother in Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">follows the Roman army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 14</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">plans his attack upon the Roman army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">comes upon the Romans with a large force of cavalry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">xix. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">anticipates them in seizing a point of advantage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">xix. 20-22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">by a great blunder loses the chance of defeating the Roman armies, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_22">xix. 25-29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">attacked and routed by Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">30</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">31</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">flees to the Plain of Boulla, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Belisarius sits upon his throne, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xx. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his banquet-hall, servants, and even food, used by the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xxi. 1-6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reason for his not staying in Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">encourages Libyan farmers to kill Roman soldiers, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_1">xxiii. 1-4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">eluded by a party of Roman scouts, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_1">xxiii. 6-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Tzazon writes to him from Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2-4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">collects the Vandals in the Plain of Boulla, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends a letter to Tzazon in Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 10-18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">leads the Vandals against Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">cuts the aqueduct and tries to besiege the city, IV +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 2</a>, <a href="#PageIV_i_1">3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares the Vandals for battle at Tricamarum, and addresses the army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ii_6">ii. 8-22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">flees from the Vandals' camp, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_17">iii. 20</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">pursued by John the Armenian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_3">iv. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_10">iv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_10">iv. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes his pursuers, and takes refuge on Mt. Papua, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors there friendly to him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Pharas set to guard him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 28</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">suffers great misery on Mt. Papua, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">vi. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vi_10">vi. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives a letter from Pharas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_10">vi. 15-26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">replies with a letter, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_27">vi. 27-30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the meaning of his strange request, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_27">vi. 31-33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">after enduring extreme suffering, is induced by a piteous sight to surrender, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_34">vii. 1-6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes a second time to Pharas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_5">vii. 6-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Cyprian comes to Papua to take him prisoner, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">surrenders himself, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">meets Belisarius at Aclas, IV +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his unexpected laughter, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 14-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marvels at the restoration of the fortifications of Carthage by Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">xxiii. 20</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his capture reported by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reaches Byzantium with Belisarius, +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">ix. 1</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">a slave in Belisarius' triumph, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">before Justinian in the hippodrome, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">given lands in Galatia, but not made a patrician, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">nephew of, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_34">vii. 4</a> </li> +<li>Geminianus, Rock of, on Mt Aurasium, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 23</a></li> + +<li>Genzon, son of Gizeric;</li> +<li class="indent">receives Libyan slaves, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">tries to save John, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Gundamundus and Trasamundus, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and of Geilaris, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 1</a></li> +<li>Gergesites, ancient people of Phoenicia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">emigrate to Egypt and then to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">19</a></li> + +<li>Gepaides, one division of the Gothic peoples, III. <a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their location, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Getic, a name sometime applied to the Gothic peoples, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a></li> + +<li>Gezon, a Roman infantryman, paymaster of his company, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_5">xx. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">scales the fortress of Toumar and leads the army to its capture, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 13-16</a></li> + +<li>Germania, the home of Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 21</a></li> + + + +<li>Germans, called Franks in Procopius' time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">according to one account killed Gontharis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 33</a></li> + +<li>Germanus, Roman general, nephew of Justinian;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes a count of the loyal part of the army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_3">xvi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">wins over many mutineers by persuasion, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_3">xvi. 4-6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares to meet Stotzas in battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_3">xvi. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">arrays his army for battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_9">xvi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses his troops, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_9">xvi. 11-24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">follows the mutineers into Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overtaking the enemy at Scalae Veteres, prepares for battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 3-6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives offers of desertion from the Moors with Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not able to trust them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Stotzas proposes to attack his division, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rallies the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">xvii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">routs the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">xvii. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his horse killed under him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_21">xvii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">orders his men to distinguish their comrades by the countersign, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_21">xvii. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captures and plunders the enemy's camp, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_21">xvii. 24-29</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">tries to restore order in the army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeats Stotzas in a second battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">learns the plot of Maximinus from Asclepiades; IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invites Max. to join his body-guards, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">frustrates the attempt of Maximinus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 8-15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">examines Max. and impales him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_10">xviii. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">false report of his coming to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">25</a></li> + +<li>Gibamundus, nephew of Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to attack the Roman army on the left, <a href="#PageIII_xvii_16"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his force destroyed at Pedion Halon, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_12">xviii. 12</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_19">19</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">xix. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">19</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 15</a></li> + +<li>Gizeric, king of the Vandals;</li> +<li class="indent">son of Godigisclus and brother of Gontharis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Honoric, Genzon, and Theodorus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes ruler of the Vandals with his brother, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">according to one account destroyed his brother Gontharis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his great ability, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invited by Boniface to share Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">leads the Vandals into Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 33</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">besieges Hippo Regius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">discovers Marcian among Roman captives, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iv. 3-8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spares his life and makes him swear friendship to the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">secures possession of Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">secures his power by making a compact with Valentinian and giving his son as a hostage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 12-14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_10">xvi. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives his son back, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives ambassadors from the Vandals who had not emigrated, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_5">xxii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at first hears them with favour, but later refuses their petition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_5">xxii. 9-11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes an attempt on Taenarum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">attacks Zacynthus and brutally massacres many of the inhabitants, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invited by Eudoxia to punish Maximus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">iv. 38</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">despoils the city of Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 1</a> ff., IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">takes captive Eudoxia and her daughters, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">removes the walls of Libyan cities, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xv_2">xv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">wins ridicule thereby in later times, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">destroyed all the tax records of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">viii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enslaves notable Libyans and takes property from others, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">12</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">the Vandals send an expedition against him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_23">xi. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">killed by Tzazon, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi.</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">xxiv. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">3</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ii_27">ii. 27</a></li> + +<li>Godigisclus, leader of the Vandals in their migration, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_5">5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">settles in Spain by agreement with Honorius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dies in Spain, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Gontharis and Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 23</a></li> + + + +<li class="indent">exempts confiscated lands from taxation, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the Moors, makes many inroads into Roman provinces III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 22-25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Aspar urges Basiliscus to spare him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">desires the appointment of Olyvrius as emperor of the West, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his fear of Leon, III +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persuades Basiliscus to delay, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 12-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">destroys the Roman fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_16">vi. 17-21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives Majorinus disguised as an envoy, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares to meet the army of Majorinus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">vii. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">forms a compact with Zenon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death and his will, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 29</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">30</a>. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_10">xvi. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the "law of Gizeric," III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 12</a></li> + +<li>Glycerius, emperor of the West, dies after a very short reign, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 15</a></li> + +<li>Godas, a Goth, slave of Gelimer;</li> +<li class="indent">sets up a tyranny in Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 25-27</a>. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invites Justinian to support him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 28-31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the envoy Eulogius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">x. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends him back with a letter, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">x. 34</a>;</li> + + +<li>Gontharis, son of Godigisclus and brother of Gizeric;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes ruler of the Vandals with his brother, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his mild character, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invited by Boniface to share Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">iii. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Gontharis, body-guard of Solomon;</li> +<li class="indent">sent forward against the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">camps near the Abigas River, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Moors and besieged in his camp, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives support from Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">attempts to set up a tyranny, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Carthage and sent against the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">5</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">makes an agreement with Antalas to betray the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 6-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recalls Roman skirmishers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hears of the treasonable plan of Coutzinas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persuades Areobindus to postpone the engagement, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reveals the plot to Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plans to kill Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">xxv. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persuades him to join battle with the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">xxv. 23</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">openly sets about establishing his tyranny, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">xxv. 28</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">summons Athanasius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his reception of Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 27-32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">has him assassinated, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">offends Antalas by sending him the head of Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the mutineers under John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">removes the wife and sister of Areobindus from the fortress, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">compels Prejecta to write a false report in a letter to Justinian for his own advantage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 20-22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Artabanes against Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Coutzinas sides with him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 21</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">Artabanes determines to kill him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxvii. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares a larger army against Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxvii. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">destroys many in the city, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxvii. 37</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxvii. 38</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entertains Artabanes and others at a banquet, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxviii. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">his murder planned by Artabanes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_5">xxviii. 6</a> ff;</li> + +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_24">xxviii. 27-30</a></li> + +<li>Gospels, the sacred writings of the Christians; oaths taken upon them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 21</a>.</li> +<li>Gothaeus, sent as envoy to Spain by Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 7</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Goths, general description of the Gothic peoples, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">their migrations, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 6</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">their common religion and language, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enter Pannonia and then settle in Thrace for a time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">ii. 39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subdue the western empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">ii. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in Italy, Belisarius sent against them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">furnish the Roman fleet a market in Sicily, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">refuse to give up Lilybaeum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receive a letter of remonstrance from Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 12-17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their reply, IV +<a href="#PageIV_v_15">v. 18-24</a></li> + +<li>Grasse, a place in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">17</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">its pleasant park, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, III. xvii. 8</li> + +<li>Greece, plundered by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 23</a></li> + +<li>Greeks, contemptuous term for the subjects of the emperor, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxvii. 38</a></li> + +<li>Gregorius, nephew of Artabanes;</li> +<li class="indent">with him plans the murder of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_5">xxviii. 7-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">urges Artabanes to carry out the plot, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 10-19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">takes his stand in the banquet-hall, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_14">xxviii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">restrains Artasires, IV. xxviii. 16</li> + +<li>Gundamundus, son of Gezon;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes king of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his reign and death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Trasamundus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 8</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Hadrumetum, city in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 31</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">taken by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_10">xxiii. 11-15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recovered by Paulus, a priest, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 18-25</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">guarded for the emperor, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 6</a></li> +<li>Harmatus, Roman General;</li> +<li class="indent">marches against Zenon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">surrenders to him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 21</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">killed by Zenon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 23</a></li> + +<li>Hebrews, their migration from Egypt to Palestine, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">history of the, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 17</a></li> + +<li>Hebrew Scripture, quoted by Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 11</a></li> + +<li>Hellespont, strait between Sestus and Abydus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 7</a></li> + +<li>Heracleia, the name of Perinthus in Procopius' time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Heracles, wrestled with Antaeus in Clipea, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 24</a></li> + +<li>Heracles, Pillars of, Gibraltar, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">vii. 11</a>, +IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 20</a></li> + +<li>Heraclius, defeats the Vandals in Tripolis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns to Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 25</a></li> + +<li>Hermes, called Mercury by the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">town of Hermes or Mercurium, on the coast of Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 10</a> +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">xx. 10</a></li> + +<li>Hermione, town in Byzacium;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from the coast, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">11</a></li> + +<li>Hieron, near the mouth of the Bosphorus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 8</a></li> + + + + +<li>Himerius of Thrace, commander in Byzacium; fails to unite with John, and falls into the hands of the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 3-5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">guarded by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_10">xxiii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">puts Hadrumetum into their hands, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_10">xxiii. 10-15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes to Carthage, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Hippo Regius, a strong city of Numidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 31</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besieged by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Boniface the Libyan captured there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 34</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">36</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">39</a></li> + +<li>Hoamer, nephew of Ilderic;</li> +<li class="indent">acts as his general, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">ix. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">imprisoned by Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">blinded by Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">ix. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 12</a></li> + +<li>Honoric, son of Gizeric;</li> +<li class="indent">given as a hostage to Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returned, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marries Eudocia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives Libyan slaves, III +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 11</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">succeeds to the throne of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes war on the Moors, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persecutes the Christians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Ilderic, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">ix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in his reign the church of St. Cyprian taken by the Arians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a></li> + +<li>Honorius, younger son of Theodosius;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the western empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_1">i. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">ii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Arcadius and Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the western empire overrun by barbarians during his reign, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">ii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">retires from Rome to Ravenna, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 8</a>, 9;</li> +<li class="indent">accused of bringing in the Visigoths, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his stupid remark upon hearing of the fall of Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">displaced from the throne of the western empire by Attalus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares for flight either to Libya or to Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his good fortune in extreme peril, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 34-37</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">allows the Vandals to settle in Spain, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">provides that they shall not acquire possession of the land, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">shares royal power with Constantius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 4</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 4</a> </li> + +<li>Huns, see Massagetae.</li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Iaudas, ruler of the Moors in Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 29</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the best warrior among the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_4">xiii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plunders Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his combat with Althias at Tigisis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_4">xiii. 10-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon marches against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">accused before Solomon by other Moorish rulers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">slays his father-in-law Mephanius, <a href="#PageIV_xiii_14"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">establishes himself on Mt, Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon marches against him, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">remains on Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">goes up to the top of Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_21">xix. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes wounded from Toumar, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">deposited his treasures in a tower at the Rock of Geminianus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 24</a></li> + +<li>Ilderic, son of Honoric,</li> +<li class="indent">becomes king of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">ix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">an unwarlike ruler, <a href="#PageIII_viii_27"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">uncle of Hoamer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">ix. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">suspected plot of the Goths against him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on terms of special friendship with Justinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes large gifts to Apollinarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">allows Gelimer to encroach upon his authority, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dethroned and imprisoned, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">killed in prison by Ammatas, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10"> 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his sons and other offspring receive rewards from Justinian and Theodora, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 13</a></li> + +<li>Ildiger, son-in-law of Antonina, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Libya with an army, <a href="#PageIV_viii_17"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made joint commander of Carthage with Theodoras, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 49</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at the battle of Scalae Veteres, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">19</a></li> + +<li>Illyricum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plundered by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 23</a></li> + +<li>Ionian Sea, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 12</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 9</a>, 11</li> + +<li>Ionians, as sailors in the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 14</a></li> + +<li>Iouce, distance from Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_2">xv. 8</a></li> + +<li>Iourpouthes, a Moorish ruler, joins in an attack upon a Roman force, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Ister, called also the Danube, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 6</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">crossed by the Goths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">ii. 39</a></li> + +<li>Italy the brutal destruction of its cities and people by the Visigoths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invaded by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 1</a> ff, +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">23</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Jebusites, ancient people of Phoenicia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">emigrate to Egypt and then to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">19</a></li> + +<li>Jerusalem, captured by Titus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Christians there receive back the treasures of the temple, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 9</a> </li> + +<li>Jews,</li> +<li class="indent">their treasures brought to Byzantium by Belisarius, +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent back to Jerusalem by Justinian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">one of them warns the Romans not to keep the treasures of the temple in Jerusalem, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 6-8</a></li> + +<li>John the Armenian;</li> +<li class="indent">financial manager of Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commanded to precede the Roman army, III +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">engages with Ammatas at Decimum and defeats his force, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">pursues the fugitives to Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rejoins Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 33</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">entrusted with the command of a skirmishing force, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in the centre at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">begins the fighting, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_10">iii. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_10">12</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_10">13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">pursues Gelimer, IV, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_3">iv. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_10">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">killed accidentally by Uliaris, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_10">iv. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his character, IV, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19"> iv. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">cared for and buried by his soldiers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">mourned by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 24</a></li> + +<li>John, father of Artabanes and John, of the Arsacidae, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2</a></li> + +<li>John, commander of auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. <a href="#PageIV_iii_2">4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent with an army to Caesarea, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 5</a></li> +<li>John, a general under Basiliscus;</li> +<li class="indent">his excellent fighting against the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 22-24</a></li> + +<li>John the Cappadocian, urges Justinian not to make war on the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_7">x. 7-17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">praetorian perfect;</li> +<li class="indent">supplies the army with bad bread, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 12</a> ff.</li> + +<li>John, guardsman of Belisarius;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to the Pillars of Heracles with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 6</a></li> + + + + +<li>John, a Roman soldier, chosen emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his virtues as a ruler, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reduced from power by Theodosius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captured, brutally abused, and killed by Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 9</a></li> + +<li>John of Epidamnus,</li> +<li class="indent">commander-in-chief of infantry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 8</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 2</a></li> + +<li>John, son of John, of the Arsacidae;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Libya in command of Armenians, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Artabanes, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxiv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> +<li>John the mutineer, succeeds Stotzas as general of the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">leads the mutineers to join Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Artabanes against Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">does not take part in the battle, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entertained by Pamphilus at a banquet, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_5">xxviii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">taken from sanctuary, and sent to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 39</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 40</a></li> + +<li>John, brother of Pappus;</li> +<li class="indent">at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">xvii. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made general of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 45</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">his varying fortunes in fighting with the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 46-51</a></li> + +<li>John, son of Sisiniolus;</li> +<li class="indent">sent as commander to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">especially hostile to Sergius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches against the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fails to meet Himerius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 3-5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">quarrels with Sergius, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent against Antalas and Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">meets the enemy at a great disadvantage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his enmity against Stotzas, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gives him a mortal wound in the battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his army routed by the Moors, IV +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_9">xxiv. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 13</a>. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Justinian's sorrow at his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxiv. 16</a></li> + +<li>Joseph, an imperial scribe, sent as envoy to Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">killed by Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 8</a></li> + +<li>Joshua ("Jesus"), son of ("Naues"), brings the Hebrews into Palestine, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subjugates the country, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 14</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">mentioned in a Phoenician inscription, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 22</a></li> + +<li>Juppiter Capitolinus, temple of, in Rome, despoiled by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 4</a></li> +<li>Justinian, succeeds his uncle Justinus as emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on terms of especial friendship with Ilderic, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends warning to Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 10-13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends a second warning to Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">ix. 15-19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">approached by Apollinarius and other Libyans seeking help for Ilderic, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares to make war upon Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summons Belisarius from the East to command the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes preparations for the expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">x. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">discouraged by John the Cappadocian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_7">x. 7</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">urged by a priest to prosecute the war, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_13">x. 18-20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">continues preparations III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invited by Godas to support him in Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 28-31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends an envoy to him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">x. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and later an army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">xi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Valerianus and Martinus in advance of the African expedition, III +<a href="#PageIII_xi_23">xi. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">despatches the expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">makes an agreement with Amalasountha for a market, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 5</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">their mutual friendship, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his letter to the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_10">xvi. 12-14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">never properly delivered, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvi. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Goths appeal to him as arbiter, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_23">v. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives report of Belisarius regarding the dispute with the Goths, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_23">v. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hears slander against Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Solomon to test him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends the Jewish treasures back to Jerusalem, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the homage of Gelimer and of Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distributes rewards to Gelimer and others, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Belisarius against the Goths in Italy, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Germanus to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entrusts Solomon again with the command of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives a letter from Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 6-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">refuses to recall Sergius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Areobindus to Libya IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recalls Sergius and sends him to Italy, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxiv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">appoints Artabanes general of all Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 43</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summons him to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 44</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">uncle of Germanus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and of Vigilantia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Vandals of, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">excluded all not of the orthodox faith from the church, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">years of reign noted, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 1</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_19">xix. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xxi. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 41</a></li> + +<li>Justinus, Roman emperor, uncle of Justinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not a vigorous or skilful ruler, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Ilderic accused of betraying the Vandals to him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 8</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Laribus or Laribous, city in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 48</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">attacked by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 18-20</a></li> + +<li>Latin tongue, the, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 6</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 33</a></li> + +<li>Laurus, a Carthaginian;</li> +<li class="indent">impaled by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_6">i. 8</a></li> + +<li>Leon, emperor of the East, +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends an expedition against the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 1</a> ff., +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">quarrels with Aspar, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">appoints Anthemius emperor of the West, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">wins over the tyrant Marcellianus and sends him against the Vandals in Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dreaded by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 11</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">his expedition destroyed by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_16">vi. 17</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">destroys Aspar and Ardaburius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">husband of Berine, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Ariadne, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 2</a></li> + +<li>Leon the younger, son of Zenon and Ariadne, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes emperor while an infant, III +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dies soon afterwards, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 3</a></li> + +<li>Leontius, son of Zaunus, sent as commander to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fights valorously at the capture of Toumar, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Rufinus, <a href="#PageIV_xx_13"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Leptes, city in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a></li> + +<li>Leptimagna, city in Tripolis;</li> +<li class="indent">threatened by an army of Leuathae, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">15</a></li> + +<li>Lesbos, passed by the fugitive Vandals, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 18</a></li> + +<li>Leuathae, tribe of Moors;</li> +<li class="indent">present demands to Sergius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their representatives received by Sergius and killed, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 4-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">come in arms against Leptimagna, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 12</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">routed by the Romans, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">march against the Romans a second time, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">scorn the overtures of Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 20-22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">capture Solomon, son of Bacchus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">release him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besiege Laribus, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">depart to their homes IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">join the Moors of Byzacium against the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 47</a></li> + +<li>Libya, included in "Asia," III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its aborigines, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Phoenicians emigrate thither, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Phoenician tongue used there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subjugated by the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">failure of the Visigothic king Attalus to get a foothold there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 30</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lost by Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">occupied by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">who remove the walls of the cities, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xv_2">xv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recovered for the Romans by Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_5">xvi. 9</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">prospers under the rule of Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 33</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">who restores the walls of the cities, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overrun by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 26-31</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 49</a></li> + +<li>Libyans, enslaved and impoverished by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 11-13</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">15-17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">cannot trust the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_1">xvi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their sufferings at the hands of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">oppressed by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 20</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enjoy peace at last, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_51">xxviii. 52</a></li> + +<li>Liguria, the army of Majorinus halts there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">11</a></li> + +<li>Lilybaeum, a promontory of Sicily;</li> +<li class="indent">presented to Amalafrida, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Belisarius attempts unsuccessfully to take it, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">he asserts his claim, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 12</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">the claim denied by the Goths, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_15">v. 19</a> ff.</li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Massagetae, called Huns in Procopius' time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their love of wine, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their custom of allowing only members of a certain family to begin a battle, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_12">xviii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in the army of Aetius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in the African expedition of Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 8-10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">12</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">xix. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">33</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 2</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">their doubtful allegiance, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_i_6">6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_i_6">9-11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_ii_12">ii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_10">16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the mutineers under John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 8</a></li> + +<li>Maeotic Lake, at the eastern extremity of the "Mediterranean," III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">limit of the Euxine, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">home of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Majorica, island in the western Mediterranean, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Apollinarius sent thither with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 7</a></li> + +<li>Majorinus, emperor of the West;</li> +<li class="indent">makes an expedition against the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 4-13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">disguised as an envoy and received by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">vii. 8-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 14</a></li> + +<li>Malea, southern promontory of the Peloponnesus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_2">xiii. 5</a></li> + +<li>Mammes, a place in Byzacium;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon encamps there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">battle fought there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_42">xi. 47-54</a></li> + +<li>Mandracium, the harbour of Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">xx. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">15</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_9">xxvi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">opened to the Roman fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 3</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">entered by Calonymus with a few ships, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 16</a></li> + +<li>Marcellianus, rules as independent tyrant over Dalmatia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">won over by Leon and sent to Sardinia against the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">destroyed by treachery, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 25</a></li> + +<li>Marcellus, commander of auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commander-in-chief of Roman forces in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">51</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">leads his army against Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 52</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 59</a></li> + +<li>Marcentius, commander in Byzacium;</li> +<li class="indent">persuaded by Antalas to join him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">31</a></li> + +<li>Marcian, confidential adviser of Aspar, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">taken prisoner by Gizeric, II. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his career foreshadowed by a sign, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iv. 4-8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spared by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes emperor of the East, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his successful reign, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 7</a></li> + +<li>Marcian, commander of infantry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a></li> + + + +<li>Martinus, commander of auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_23">29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent with Valerian in advance of the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">meets the Roman fleet at Methone, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes with Solomon from the mutiny in Carthage IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 37-40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent back to Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 2</a></li> + +<li>Massonas, son of Mephanias;</li> +<li class="indent">a Moorish ruler, accuses Iaudas to Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a></li> + +<li>Mastigas, Moorish ruler, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 31</a></li> + +<li>Mastinas, ruler of Moors in Mauretania, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a></li> + +<li>Mauritania, occupied by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, seek alliance with the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ruled by Mastinas IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fugitive Vandals return thither, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Iaudas retires thither, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">"First Mauritania," called Zabe, subjugated by Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Stotzas comes thence to join Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">adjoins Numidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 21</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">city of Caesarea there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 5</a></li> + +<li>Maximinus, body-guard of Theodorus the Cappadocian;</li> +<li class="indent">tries to set up a tyranny, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xviii. 1-3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">upon invitation of Germanus, becomes a body-guard of his, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3"> 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his attempt frustrated by Germanus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 8-15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">examined by Germanus and impaled, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_10">xviii. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">18</a></li> + +<li>Maximus the elder, his tyranny, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the festival celebrating his defeat, <a href="#PageIII_iv_13"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Maximus, a Roman senator, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his wife outraged by Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 17-22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plans to murder Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">slanders and destroys Aetius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 25-27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">kills Valentinian, and makes himself tyrant, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_33">iv. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">stoned to death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 2</a></li> + +<li>Medeos, city at the foot of Mt. Papua in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 27</a></li> + +<li>Medic garments, <i>i.e.</i> silk;</li> +<li class="indent">called "seric" in Procopius' time, as coming from the Chinese (Seres);</li> +<li class="indent">worn by the Vandals, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">vi. 7</a></li> + + + +<li>Medissinissas, a Moorish ruler;</li> +<li class="indent">joins in an attack upon a Roman force, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">slays Rufinus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 11</a></li> + +<li>Megara, its distance from Athens the measure of a one day's journey, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 17</a></li> + +<li>Melanchlaenae, an old name for the Goths, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a></li> + +<li>Melita, island between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas + (Malta), III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 16</a></li> + +<li>Membresa, city in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Menephesse, place in Byzacium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 3</a></li> + +<li>Mephanias, a Moor, </li> +<li class="indent">father of Massonas, and father-in-law of Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_4">xiii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">treacherously slain by Iaudas, <a href="#PageIV_xiii_4"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Mercurium, a town near Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">xx. 10</a></li> + +<li>Mercurius, the Latin name for Hermes, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 10</a></li> + +<li>Methone, a town in the Peloponnesus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Roman fleet stops there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 9-21</a></li> + +<li>Minorica, island in the western Mediterranean, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Apollinarius sent thither with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 7</a></li> + + + +<li>Misuas, the ship-yard of Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 40</a></li> + +<li>Monks, their monastery in Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 17</a></li> + +<li>Moors, a black race of Africa, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">an account of their origin in Palestine, and migration westward, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">driven away from Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 27</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">possess themselves of much of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">take Mt. Aurasium from the Vandals, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">those beyond Mt. Aurasium ruled by Ortaïas, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on Aurasium, ruled by laudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 29</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Mauritania, ruled by Mastinas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">inhabit Mt. Papua, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 27</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vi_10">vi. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vi_20">20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not merged with the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their alliance secured by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">make war on the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dwelling on Mt. Aurasium, establish their independence from the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their wars with Gundamundus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">inflict a great disaster upon the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">viii. 15-28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Byzacium, defeat the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">most of them seek alliance with the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 2-4</a>,</li> + + +<li class="indent">IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_10">viii. 11</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">their doubtful fidelity, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">stationed in the rear of the Vandals at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">threaten the Roman power in Tripolis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on Mt. Papua, drive back Pharas and his men, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_23">vi. 1-3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Byzacium and Numidia, rise and overrun the country, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 20-23</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">x. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">caught by Aïgan and Rufinus in an ambush, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in turn annihilate the Roman force, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">receive a warning letter from Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">xi. 1-8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their reply, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 9-13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon marches against them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepare for battle at Mammes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xi_18">18</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xi_35">37-46</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_42">xi. 47-54</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rise against the Romans a second time, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_51">xii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">establish themselves on Mt. Bourgaon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_2">xii. 3-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">suffer a crushing defeat, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_17">xii. 17</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">finally understand their ancient prophecy, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_21">xii. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">emigrate from Byzacium to Numidia, +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 29</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">those under Antalas remain in Byzacium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Aurasium, take up arms under Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">checked by Althias at the spring of Tigisis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_4">xiii. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_4">9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in the army of Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">elude Solomon on Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 35</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon prepares another expedition against them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their uncertain allegiance, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 9-12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">join in the pursuit of the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on Aurasium; Solomon marches against them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">flood the Roman camp, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">retire to Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by Solomon, retire to the heights of Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">abandon the fortress of Zerboule to the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_21">xix. 23-32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overwhelmingly defeated at Toumar, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_31">xx. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat the Romans under Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_23">xxi. 25-28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gather under Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">tricked by Solomon the younger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 12-17</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">attack Laribus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 18-20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gathered a second time by Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">capture Himerius and take Hadrumetum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_10">xxiii. 10-15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lose Hadrumetum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">pillage all Libya unhindered, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 26-32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat the Roman army at Siccaveneria, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 8-12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at the invitation of Gontharis, march against Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Coutzinas, in the army of Artabanes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Byzacium, defeated by John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 46</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the Leuathae defeat John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 47</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">48</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">routed in a third battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 50</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_51">51</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Coutzinas, in alliance with John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 50</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in Sardinia, Solomon prepares an expedition against them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 41</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">45</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent thither by the Vandals, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 43</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overrun the island, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 42</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">44</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">called Barbaricini, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 44</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their polygamy, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">untrustworthy by nature, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 37</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">even among themselves, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 16</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">suspicious toward all, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_1">xxvi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their hardiness as a nation, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">vi. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vi_10">10-13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their reckless character, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_10">viii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their female oracles, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_10">viii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their method of cooking bread, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_34">vii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">accustomed to take some women with their armies, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_18">xi. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xi_18">19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">undesirable allies, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not practised in storming walls, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not diligent in guarding captives, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the symbols of kingship among them received from the Roman emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 5-7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moorish old man, guardian of Iaudas' treasures, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">slain by a Roman soldier, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moorish woman, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_34">vii. 3</a></li> + +<li>Moses, leader of the Hebrews, his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Nepos, emperor of the West, dies after a reign of a few days, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 15</a></li> + +<li>Numidia, in Africa, adjoins Mauritania, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its boundary near the plain of Boulla, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Mt. Papua on its borders, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">includes Mt. Aurasium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 5</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">and the city of Hippo Regius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 31</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and the city of Tigisis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, seek alliance with the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plundered by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plundered by Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a place of retreat for the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_41">xv. 44</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">50</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Romans retire from there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Gontharis commander there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, march out against Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 2</a></li> + +<li>Nun ("Naues"), father of Joshua ("Jesus"), IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">22</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Ocean, Procopius' conception of it as encircling the earth, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 4</a></li> + +<li>Olyvrius, Roman senator, husband of Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes emperor of the West; killed after a short reign, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Optio (Latin), a kind of adjutant in the Roman</li> +<li class="indent">army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 1</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_5">xx. 12</a></li> + +<li>Ortaïas, Moorish ruler beyond Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">accuses Iaudas to Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his report of the country beyond his own, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 29</a></li> + + + + +</ul> <ul><li>Palatium, the imperial residence in Rome; </li> +<li class="indent">said to be named from Pallas, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">despoiled by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_33">iv. 34</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a></li> + +<li>Palestine, settlement of the Hebrews there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors emigrated therefrom, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 27</a></li> + +<li>Pallas, an "eponymous" hero, used to explain the word + "Palatium," III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 4</a></li> + +<li>Pannonia, entered by the Goths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">ii. 39</a></li> + +<li>Pappus, brother of John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 45</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commander of cavalry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the right wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a></li> + +<li>Papua, mountain in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Gelimer takes refuge there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">26</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its ascent attempted by Pharas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_23">vi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">closely besieged, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 28</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">vi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Cyprian sent thither to receive Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 11</a></li> + +<li>Pasiphilus, a mutineer in the Roman army; </li> +<li class="indent">active supporter of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 21</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">22</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">36</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">38</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entertains John at a banquet, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxviii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 39</a></li> + + +<li>Patrician rank, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_15">ii. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 17</a>, IV. <a href="#PageIV_vi_20">vi. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_1">xvi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Gelimer excluded from it because of Arianism, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 14</a></li> + +<li>Paulus, a priest of Hadrumetum;</li> +<li class="indent">rescues the city from the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 18-25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">comes to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 29</a></li> + +<li>Pedion Halon, in Libya, distance from Decimum;</li> +<li class="indent">forces of Gibamundus destroyed there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_12">xviii. 12</a></li> + +<li>Pegasius, friend of Solomon the younger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">15</a></li> + +<li>Peloponnesus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 24</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plundered by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 16</a></li> + +<li>Pentapolis, part of Libya;</li> +<li class="indent">its rule falls to Cyrus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xxi. 1</a></li> + +<li>Perinthus, called Heracleia in Procopius' time, +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Persians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_6">xix. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">make peace with the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_1">i. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Vandals fight against them IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 18</a></li> + +<li>Peter, Roman general, accused by the Massagetae of unfair dealing, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_6">i. 6</a></li> + +<li>Peter, of Thrace, body-guard of Solomon;</li> +<li class="indent">at the banquet of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxviii. 3</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">looks with approval upon Artabanes' plot, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_24">xxviii. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_24">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with Artabanes cuts down the body-guards who remain, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_24">xxviii. 33</a></li> + +<li>Pharas, leader of Eruli, in the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">left in charge of the siege of Gelimer on Mt. Papua, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 28</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">31</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_23">vi. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his correspondence with Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_10">vi. 15-30</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vii_5">vii. 6-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">learns the reasons for Gelimer's peculiar request, and fulfils it, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_27">vi. 31-34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reports to Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_5">vii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his good qualities, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 29</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">an uneducated man, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_10">vi. 15</a></li> + +<li>Pharesmanes, father of Zaunas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 19</a></li> + +<li>Phasis River, in Colchis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Chalcedon, <a href="#PageIII_i_9"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Phoenicia, its extent, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ruled by one king in ancient times, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">home of various peoples, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Dido's emigration therefrom, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Phoenician tongue, spoken in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Phoenician writing, on two stones in Numidia IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 22</a></li> + + + +<li>Phredas, friend of Areobindus, sent by him to Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_1">xxvi. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_9">9</a></li> + +<li>Placidia, sister of Arcadius and Honorius and wife of Constantius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">mother of Valentinian, brings him up in vicious ways, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">as regent for her son, appoints Boniface general of all Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gives ear to Aetius' slander of Boniface, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summons him to Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends men to Boniface at Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">upon learning the truth tries to bring him back, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 28</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">finally receives him back, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iii. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">her death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 15</a></li> + +<li>Placidia, daughter of Eudoxia and wife of Olyvrius;</li> +<li class="indent">taken captive by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a></li> + +<li>Pontus, see Euxine</li> + +<li>Praetor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_2">x. 3</a></li> + +<li>Praetorian, see Prefect</li> + +<li>Prefect, praetorian prefect (lit. "of the court"), III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_2">x. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_x_7">7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 12</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">of the army, "financial manager," III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 17</a>. cf. III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_10">xv. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xvii. 16</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 2</a></li> + +<li>Prejecta, daughter of Vigilantia and wife of Areobindus, accompanies him to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">placed in a fortress for her safety, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">removed from the fortress by Gontharis and compelled to give a false report in a letter to Justinian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">presents a great sum of money to Artabanes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 43</a></li> + +<li>Proba, a notable woman of Rome;</li> +<li class="indent">according to one account opened the gates of the city to</li> +<li class="indent">Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 27</a></li> + +<li>Procopius, author of the History of the Wars;</li> +<li class="indent">sails with Belisarius for Africa, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his reassuring dream, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 3-5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent by Belisarius to Syracuse to get information, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">7-13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">praised by Belisarius III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">congratulates Belisarius upon a good omen, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_31">xv. 35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes from Carthage with Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">goes to Belisarius in Syracuse, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 41</a></li> + +<li>Pudentius, of Tripolis;</li> + + +<li class="indent">recovers this country for the Roman empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 22-24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 22</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives support from Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persuades Sergius to receive only representatives of the Leuathae, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rights against the Leuathae, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 15</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Ravenna, city in Italy;</li> +<li class="indent">the refuge of Honorius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">attacked by Alaric and Attalus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 29</a></li> + +<li>Reparatus, priest of Carthage;</li> +<li class="indent">sent by Gontharis to summon Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with difficulty persuades him to come, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 24-27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dismissed by Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 31</a></li> + +<li>Rhecimer, slays his father-in-law Anthemius, emperor of the West, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Rhine River, crossed by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Romans, subjects of the Roman empire, both in the East and in the West;</li> +<li class="indent">mentioned constantly throughout;</li> +<li class="indent">celebrate a festival commemorating the overthrow of Maximus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">accustomed to enter subject cities in disorder, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">require especial oaths of loyalty from body-guards of</li> + + +<li class="indent">officers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subjugate the peoples of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lose Libya to Gizeric and the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 31-35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">send an unsuccessful expedition under Basiliscus against the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 1-24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">make peace with the Persians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">send a second expedition under Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">xi. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat the Vandals at Decimum, III +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 5-19</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 31-33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 4</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat the Moors at the battle of Mammes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_42">xi. 47-54</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on Mt. Bourgaon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_17">xii. 19</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">and on Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 5-xx. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">further conflicts with the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_2">xi.-xxviii.</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">poverty of the Roman soldiers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_3">iv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their marriages with the Vandal women, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and their desire for the Vandals estates, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">they make a mutiny, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 7</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Rome, abandoned by Honorius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">completely sacked by the Visigoths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captured by Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 14</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">sacked by Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">according to one account, was delivered over to Alaric by Proba, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the suffering of the city during the siege of Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">despoiled by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 1</a> ff., IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a></li> + +<li>Rome, name of a cock of the Emperor Honorius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 26</a></li> + +<li>Rufinus, of Thrace;</li> +<li class="indent">of the house of Belisarius and his standard-bearer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commander of cavalry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes a successful attack upon the Moors in Byzacium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his force in turn annihilated by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a> ff;</li> +<li class="indent">captured and killed, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xi_18">xi. 22</a></li> + +<li>Rufinus, son of Zaunas and brother of Leontius;</li> +<li class="indent">sent as commander to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fights valorously at the capture of Toumar, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 19</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Salarian Gate, at Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_15">ii. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">22</a></li> + +<li>Sallust, Roman historian, the house of, burned by Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 24</a></li> + +<li>Sarapis, commander of Roman infantry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 59</a></li> + + + +<li>Sardinia, its size compared with that of Sicily, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 42</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">half way between Rome and Carthage, <a href="#PageIV_xiii_42"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recovered by the Romans from the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">occupied by the tyrant Godas, III +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">27</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">Gelimer sends an expedition to recover it, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subdued by Tzazon, III, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">3</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ii_20"> ii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">avoided by Cyril, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxiv. 19</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">Tzazon and his men summoned thence by Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_23">24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_23">25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recovered for the Roman empire by Cyril, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">v. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 4</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">Solomon sends an expedition against the Moors who had overrun the island, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 41-45</a></li> + +<li>Sauromatae, an old name for the Goths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a></li> + +<li>Scalae Veteres, place in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 3</a></li> + +<li>Scythians, a barbarian people, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_6">xix. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in the army of Attila, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 24</a></li> + +<li>Scriptures of the Christians;</li> +<li class="indent">Areobindus seeks to protect himself by them, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">see also Gospel, and Hebrew Scriptures</li> + +<li>Septem, fort at the Pillars of Heracles, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">John sent thither with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 6</a></li> + +<li>Sergius, son of Bacchus, and brother of Cyrus;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes ruler of Tripolis in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xxi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Solomon the younger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">threatened by an army of Leuathae, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives representative from them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 3</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">meets them in battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">retires into the city, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and receives help from Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">succeeds Solomon in the command of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_23">xxii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his misrule, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his recall demanded by Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Justinian refuses to recall him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">appealed to by Paulus to save Hadrumetum, but does nothing, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 20</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">quarrels with John, son of Sisiniolus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 3</a>; +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">shares the rule of Libya with Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">departs to Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">disregards Areobindus' instructions to unite with John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recalled and sent to Italy, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxiv. 16</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 1</a></li> + + +<li>Seric, see Medic Garments, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">vi. 7</a></li> + +<li>Sestus, city on the Hellespont, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 8</a></li> + +<li>Severianus, son of Asiaticus, a Phoenician;</li> +<li class="indent">his daring encounter with the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 6-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Shield Mountain (Clypea), ancient fort on Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 33</a></li> + +<li>Shoal's Head, see Caputvada, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 17</a></li> + +<li>Siccaveneria, city in Libya;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a></li> + +<li>Sicily, its size compared with that of Sardinia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 42</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invaded by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">concessions given the Vandals there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 13</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_15">v. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reached by the Roman fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiii. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">expedition sent thither by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">claimed by the Goths, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_15">v. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subjugated by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a mutiny there causes Belisarius to return to it, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_41">xv. 48</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">49</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">refuge of Libyans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 28</a></li> + +<li>Sidon, city at the extremity of Phoenicia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 15</a></li> + + +<li>Sigeum, promontory on the coast of the Troad, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_2">xiii. 5</a></li> + +<li>Singidunum, town in the land of the Gepaides, modern Belgrade, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Sinnion, leader of the Massagetae, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 12</a></li> + +<li>Sirmium, town in the land of the Gepaides, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Sisiniolus, father of John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a></li> + +<li>Sitiphis, metropolis of "First Mauritania," IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 30</a></li> + +<li>Sittas, Roman general; slain by Artabanes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Sophia, name of the great church in Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 26</a></li> + +<li>Solomon, commander of auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a eunuch, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a native of the country about Daras, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">uncle of Bacchus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xxi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to report Belisarius' victory to the emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxiv. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">left by Belisarius in charge of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives reinforcements from Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">disturbed by the news of uprisings in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">x. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">writes to the Moorish leaders, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">xi. 1-8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their reply, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 9-13</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">moves against the Moors with his whole army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses his troops, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_18">xi. 23-36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">inflicts a crushing defeat upon the enemy at Mammes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 15</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">receives word of the second Moorish uprising, and marches back, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_2">xii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">wins a brilliant victory on Mt. Bourgaon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_2">xii. 3</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">moves against Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">instigated against him by other Moorish leaders, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">encamps on the Abigas River, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ascends Mt. Aurasium with few provisions, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 30-33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">eluded by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 35</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares a second expedition against Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and against Sardinia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 41</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">45</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">passes the winter in Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">opposed by the soldiers in regard to confiscated lands, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plan to assassinate him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his guards implicated in the plot, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_23">xiv. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">failure of the conspirators to act, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_23">xiv. 24-27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">tries to win back the loyalty of his men, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 30</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">insulted openly, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Theodorus to the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his enmity toward Theodorus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his acquaintances killed by the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">flees to a sanctuary in the palace, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 37</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">joined by Martinus there, <a href="#PageIV_xiv_37"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">they come out to the house of Theodorus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 38</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escape in a boat to Misuas, whence he sends Martinus to Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes to Theodorus, and departs to Syracuse, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 41</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">begs Belisarius to come to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 42</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns with him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entrusted again with the command of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his prosperous rule, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches against Iaudas once more, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Gontharis ahead, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hears of the defeat of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">advances to the camp of Gontharis, thence to Babosis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeats the Moors in battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 17</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">plunders the plain and then returns to Zerboule, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">which he unexpectedly captures, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_21">xix. 25-31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his care of the water supply during the siege of Toumar, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_31">xx. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses the army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_31">xx. 4-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">tries to find a point of attack, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_5">xx. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_5">11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fortifies Mt. Aurasium against the Moors, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fortifies many Libyan cities with money captured from Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subjugates Zabe, or "First Mauritania," IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">appealed to by Sergius for help, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">incurs the enmity of Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches against the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his overtures scorned by the Leuathae, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 20-22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captures some booty and refuses to distribute it to the soldiers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_23">xxi. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_23">24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Moors and slain, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_23">xxi. 25-28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Justinian's regard for him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">builds and fortifies a monastery in Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">standards of, recovered from the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 46</a></li> + +<li>Solomon the younger, brother of Cyrus and Sergius;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Solomon against the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">his capture and release, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 12-17</a></li> + +<li>Solomon, king of the Jews, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 7</a></li> + +<li>Sophia, temple of, in Byzantium;</li> +<li class="indent">appropriateness of its name, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 26</a></li> + +<li>Spain, settled by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invaded by Constantinus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">settled by the Visigoths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 26</a>. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 7</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 34</a></li> + +<li>Stagnum, a harbour near Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_10">xv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Roman fleet anchors there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">16</a></li> + +<li>Stotzas, a body-guard of Martinus,</li> +<li class="indent">destined not to return to Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_23">xi. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">chosen tyrant by the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches on Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invites the Vandals to join his army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">demands the surrender of Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">kills the envoy Joseph, and besieges Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses his troops, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_23">xv. 30-39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_33">xv. 40</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">his forces gather in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">the Romans march against him at Gazophyla, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 52</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">comes alone into the Roman army and addresses the soldiers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 53-57</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">received with favour, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 58</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">kills the Roman commanders in a sanctuary, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 59</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">eager to fight a battle with Germanus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_3">xvi. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">approaches Carthage, hoping for defection from there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_9">xvi. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_9">xvi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his hopes falsified, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by Germanus at Scalae Veteres, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 3</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes with a few men, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_21">xvii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hopes to renew the battle with the help of the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes his escape with difficulty, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">suffers another defeat, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">withdraws to Mauritania and marries the daughter of a Moorish chief, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the end of his mutiny, <a href="#PageIV_xvii_30"><i>ibid.</i></a>; IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">joins Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives Roman captives, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_10">xxiii. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">joins the Moors in plundering Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 26-31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Areobindus sends an army against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his enmity against John, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 9</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">mortally wounded by him in battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">carried out of the battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">succeeded by John as tyrant of the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 3</a></li> + +<li>Syllectus, city in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_5">xvi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captured by Belisarius' men, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_10">xvi. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entered by the Roman army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Symmachus, a Roman senator;</li> +<li class="indent">accompanies Germanus to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a></li> + +<li>Syracuse, city in Sicily, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its harbour Arethusa, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Procopius sent thither, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Belisarius passes the winter there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">41</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Caucana, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 4</a></li> + + +<li>Taenarum, called Caenopolis in Procopius' time;</li> +<li class="indent">promontory of the Peloponnesus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Gizeric repulsed from there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 16</a></li> + + +<li>Tamougadis, a city at the foot of Mt. Aurasium;</li> +<li class="indent">dismantled by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 20</a></li> + +<li>Tattimuth, sent in command of an army to Tripolis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives support from Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 10</a></li> + +<li>Taulantii, a people of Illyricum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 9</a></li> + +<li>Tebesta, city in Libya;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a></li> + +<li>Terentius, Roman commander of infantry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a></li> + +<li>Theoderic, king of the Goths;</li> +<li class="indent">gives his daughter in marriage to the king of the Vandals, and makes certain concessions in Sicily, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 11-13</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_15">v. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes hostile to the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">refrains from attacking them III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">grandfather of Antalaric, <a href="#PageIII_xiv_2"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Amalafrida, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">13</a></li> + +<li>Theodora, wife of Justinian;</li> +<li class="indent">distributes rewards to Gelimer and others, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 13</a></li> + +<li>Theodorus, youngest son of Gizeric;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 11</a></li> + + +<li>Theodorus, called Cteanus, commander of infantry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a></li> + +<li>Theodorus, commander of guards;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to the top of Mt. Bourgaon by Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_17">xii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">killed by the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his excellent qualities as a soldier, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Theodorus, the Cappadocian;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Libya with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent by Solomon to quiet the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his enmity against Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">elected general by the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gives Solomon and Martinus dinner and helps them to escape, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 38</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">bidden by Solomon to take care of Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 41</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">refuses to surrender Carthage to Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made joint ruler of Carthage with Ildiger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 49</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">learns of the plot of Maximinus from Asclepiades, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 4</a></li> + +<li>Theodosius I, Roman emperor, father of Arcadius and Honorius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_1">i. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overthrows the tyranny of Maximus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 16</a></li> + +<li>Theodosius II, son of Arcadius;</li> + + +<li class="indent">becomes emperor of the East, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 33</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Honorius considers the possibility of finding refuge with him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rears Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes him emperor of the West, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends an army against the tyrant John, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">iv. 39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">succeeded by Marcian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iv. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Eudoxia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 15</a></li> + +<li>Thrace, starting point of Alaric's invasion, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Goths settle there for a time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">ii. 39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">home of several Roman commanders, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">adjoins "Germania," III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">royal horse-pastures there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">home of Himerius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and of Peter, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxviii. 3</a></li> + +<li>Thessalian cape, or chlamys, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 7</a></li> + +<li>Theodatus, king of the Goths;</li> +<li class="indent">Belisarius sent against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiv. 1</a></li> + +<li>Theudis, king of the Visigoths, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 34</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">receives envoys from Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 7-16</a></li> + +<li>Tigisis, city in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">two Phoenician inscriptions there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its great spring, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_4">xiii. 5</a></li> + +<li>Titus, Roman emperor, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">ix. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his capture of Jerusalem, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">son of Vespasian, <a href="#PageIV_ix_4"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Toumar, place on the summit of Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_21">xix. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besieged by the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_31">xx. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">scaled by Gezon and captured by Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_31">xx. 1-20</a></li> + +<li>Trajan, Roman emperor, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">ix. 2</a></li> + +<li>Trasamundus, brother of Gundamundus;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes king of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">tries to win over the Christians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">asks the hand of Amalafrida, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes a friend of Anastasius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">viii. 29</a></li> + +<li>Tricamarum, place in Libya;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 4</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">Vandals defeated there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ii_27">iii. 1</a> ff., +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 35</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">v. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">9</a></li> + +<li>Tripolis, district in Libya;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Gadira, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 14</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">the Vandals there defeated by Heraclius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors dwelling there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">viii. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lost again by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 22-24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Gelimer hopeless of recovering it, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Belisarius sends an army thither, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rule of, falls to Sergius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xxi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Leuathae come from there with a large army, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 47</a></li> + +<li>Troy, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 4</a></li> + +<li>Tryphon, sent to Libya to assess the taxes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">viii. 25</a></li> + +<li>Tuscan Sea, separated from the Adriatic by Gaulus and Melita, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">severity of its storms, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 37</a></li> + +<li>Tzazon, brother of Gelimer;</li> +<li class="indent">sent with an army to recover Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overthrows and kills Godas in Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes to Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2-4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives a letter from him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 10-18</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">thereupon departs for Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 19-21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">meets Gelimer in the Plain of Boulla, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_23">xxv. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses his troops separately, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ii_20">ii. 23-32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commands the centre at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ii_27">iii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">8</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_10">10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_10">12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. <a href="#PageIV_iii_10">iii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his head taken to Sardinia by Cyril, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">v. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">4</a></li> + +</ul> <ul><li>Uliaris, body-guard of Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_22">xix. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his stupid action at Decimum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_22">xix. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">kills John the Armenian accidentally, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_10">iv. 15</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">takes refuge in a sanctuary, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spared by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 25</a></li> + +<li>Ulitheus, trusted body-guard of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">bears messages to Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 8-11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at Gontharis' order assassinates Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">33</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Artabanes against Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 25</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">killed by Artasires at the banquet of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_14">xxviii. 19</a> ff.</li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Valentinian, son of Constantius, reared by Theodosius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made emperor of the West, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captures John and after brutal abuse kills him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 9</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">his viciousness resulting from early training, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">loses Libya to the empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives tribute and a hostage from Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns the hostage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">slays Aetius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">outrages the wife of Maximus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 16</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">slain by him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_33">36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">son of Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Eudocia and Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">husband of Eudoxia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">members of his family receive rewards from Justinian and Theodora, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 13</a></li> + +<li>Valerian, commander of auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent with Martinus in advance of the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_23">xi. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">meets the Roman fleet at Methone, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Martinus sent to him in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 2</a></li> + +<li>Vandals, a Gothic people, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">whence they came into the Roman empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_1">i. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 1</a> ff.;</li> + + +<li class="indent">a portion of them left behind and lost to memory, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">settle in Spain, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their alliance sought by Boniface, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">cross from Spain into Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat Boniface in battle, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besiege Hippo Regius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat a second Roman army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">secure possession of Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">send Moors to Sardinia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 43</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">take the church of St. Cyprian at Carthage from the Christians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invade Italy and sack Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">their numbers together with the Alani, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 18-20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">absorb all barbarian peoples associated with them except the Moors, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Leon sends an expedition against them, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">driven out of Sardinia by Marcellianus; III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated in Tripolis by Heraclius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lost Mt. Aurasium to the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enter into an "endless peace" with the emperor Zeno, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">make war on the Moors, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">2</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">suffer a great disaster at the hands of the Moors, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">viii. 15-28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Moors, and become enemies of the Goths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated many times by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Justinian prepares an expedition against them, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">x. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">lose Tripolis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 22-24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 25-27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">letter addressed to them by Justinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_10">xvi. 12-14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recover Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Romans at Decimum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">greatly feared by the Roman army III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_22">xix. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">collected by Gelimer in the Plain of Boulla, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">besiege Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invite the Huns to join them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Romans at Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 4</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">taken to Byzantium by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">some of them go to the East, while the others escape to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 17-19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">together with their women, sent out of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">upon invitation of Stotzas, join the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">accumulate great wealth in Africa, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_26">iii. 26</a>;</li> + + + + + + +<li class="indent">not trusted by the Libyans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_1">xvi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their effeminacy as a nation, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">vi. 5-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their women, as wives of the Romans, incite them to mutiny, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">priests of, incite Romans of Arian faith to mutiny, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Vandals' estates, established by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Vandals of Justinian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 17</a></li> + +<li>Veredarii (Latin), royal messengers, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_10">xvi. 12</a></li> + +<li>Vespasian, Roman emperor, father of Titus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a></li> + +<li>Vigilantia, mother of Prejecta, and sister of Justinian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 3</a></li> + +<li>Visigoths, a Gothic people, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their alliance with Arcadius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the destruction wrought by them in Italy, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 11-12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">settle in Spain, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 26</a>; IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invited to form alliance with the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 7</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Zabe, called "First Mauritania";</li> +<li class="indent">subjugated by Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 30</a></li> + +<li>Zacynthus, island off the coast of Greece, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its inhabitants the victims of Gizeric's atrocity, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">18</a></li> + +<li>Zaïdus, commander of Roman infantry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a></li> + +<li>Zaunus, son of Paresmanes, and father of Leontius and Rufinus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 19</a></li> + +<li>Zeno, emperor of the East;</li> +<li class="indent">husband of Ariadne, and father of Leon the younger, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">shares the empire with his infant son, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">flees into Isauria, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gathers an army and marches against Basiliscus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">meets Harmatus and receives the army by surrender, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captures Basiliscus and banishes him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes emperor a second time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">kills Harmatus, <a href="#PageIII_vii_21"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">forms a compact with Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 26</a></li> + +<li>Zerboule, fortress on Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besieged by the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_21">xix. 23-27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">abandoned by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_21">xix. 28-32</a></li> +</ul> + +<div class='tnote'><p>Transcriber's Note: Periods added in index to some instances of Roman +numerals to conform to rest of index.</p> + +<p class='center'>Index Errata:</p> + +<p>Under Adriatic Sea "Melite" should read "Melita"<br /> +<br /> +"Apollonaris" should read "Apollonarius"<br /> +<br /> +"Arethusa" should read "Arethousa" (also under Syracuse)<br /> +<br /> +Under Ariadne "Zenon" should read "Zeno" <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Also under: Basiliscus, brother of Berine</span> <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Basiliscus, son of Harmatus</span> <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Gizeric</span> <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Harmatus</span> <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Leon the younger</span><br /> +<br /> +"Atalaric" should read "Antalaric" <br /> +<br /> +Under Atalaric "Amalasuntha" should read "Amalasountha"<br /> +<br /> +"Centenarium" should read "Centenaria"<br /> +<br /> +"Dromon" should read "Dromone"<br /> +<br /> +"Gepaides" should read "Gepaedes" <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Also under: Singidunum</span> <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Sirmium</span><br /> +<br /> +Under Gizeric "Olyvrius" should read "Olybrius" <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Also under: Olyvrius</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Placidia</span><br /> +<br /> +"Heraclius" should read "Heracleius" <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Also under: Tripolis </span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Vandals</span><br /> +<br /> +Under Iaudas "Mephanius" should read "Mephanias"<br /> +<br /> +"Iourpouthes" should read "Iourphothes"<br /> +<br /> +Under John, the mutineer, "Pamphilus" should read "Pasiphilus"<br /> +<br /> +"Juppiter" should read "Jupiter"<br /> +<br /> +Under Leontius "Zaunus" should read "Zaunas"<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Also under: Zaunus</span><br /> +<br /> +"Leptes" should read "Leptis"<br /> +<br /> +"Medeos" should read "Medeus"<br /> +<br /> +"Medissinissas" should read "Medisinissas"<br /> +<br /> +Under Zaunus "Paresmanes" should read "Pharesmanes"</p></div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" noshade="noshade" size="4" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WARS, BOOKS III AND IV (OF 8)***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 16765-h.txt or 16765-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/7/6/16765">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/7/6/16765</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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