diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:49:38 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:49:38 -0700 |
| commit | e5a366773e697b52ed55bd1e36b9537f13b75c9a (patch) | |
| tree | 8aa3fe3d7c7e3329b636b249a4a2e57e2f605f5c | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16765-8.txt | 9002 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16765-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 166090 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16765-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 187307 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16765-h/16765-h.htm | 11969 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16765.txt | 9003 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 16765.zip | bin | 0 -> 166071 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
9 files changed, 29990 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/16765-8.txt b/16765-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31651b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/16765-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9002 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, History of the Wars, Books III and IV (of 8), +by Procopius, Translated by H. B. Dewing + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: History of the Wars, Books III and IV (of 8) + The Vandalic War + + +Author: Procopius + +Translator: H. B. Dewing + + +Release Date: September 27, 2005 [eBook #16765] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WARS, BOOKS III AND +IV (OF 8)*** + + +E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, jayam, and the Project Gutenberg +Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/) + + + +PROCOPIUS + +With an English Translation by H. B. Dewing + +In Seven Volumes + +II + +HISTORY OF THE WARS, BOOKS III AND IV + +London +William Heinemann Ltd +Cambridge, Massachusetts +Harvard University Press + +MCMLXXI + +First Printed 1916 + + + + + + + +CONTENTS + + + HISTORY OF THE WARS-- + + PAGE + BOOK III.--THE VANDALIC WAR 1 + BOOK IV.--THE VANDALIC WAR _(CONTINUED)_ 209 + + INDEX 461 + + + + + + + +PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA + +HISTORY OF THE WARS. + +BOOK III + +THE VANDALIC WAR + + +I + +Such, then, was the final outcome of the Persian War for the Emperor +Justinian; and I shall now proceed to set forth all that he did against +the Vandals and the Moors. But first shall be told whence came the host +of the Vandals when they descended upon the land of the Romans. After +Theodosius, the Roman Emperor, had departed from the world, having +proved himself one of the most just of men and an able warrior, his +kingdom was taken over by his two sons, Arcadius, the elder, receiving +the Eastern portion, and Honorius, the younger, the Western. [Jan. 17, +395 A.D.] But the Roman power had been thus divided as far back as the +time of Constantine and his sons; for he transferred his government to +Byzantium, and making the city larger and much more renowned, allowed it +to be named after him. + +Now the earth is surrounded by a circle of ocean, either entirely or for +the most part (for our knowledge is not as yet at all clear in this +matter); and it is split into two continents by a sort of outflow from +the ocean, a flow which enters at the western part and forms this Sea +which we know, beginning at Gadira[1] and extending all the way to the +Maeotic Lake.[2] Of these two continents the one to the right, as one +sails into the Sea, as far as the Lake, has received the name of Asia, +beginning at Gadira and at the southern[3] of the two Pillars of +Heracles. Septem[4] is the name given by the natives to the fort at that +point, since seven hills appear there; for "septem" has the force of +"seven" in the Latin tongue. And the whole continent opposite this was +named Europe. And the strait at that point separates the two +continents[5] by about eighty-four stades, but from there on they are +kept apart by wide expanses of sea as far as the Hellespont. For at this +point they again approach each other at Sestus and Abydus, and once more +at Byzantium and Chalcedon as far as the rocks called in ancient times +the "Dark Blue Rocks," where even now is the place called Hieron. For at +these places the continents are separated from one another by a distance +of only ten stades and even less than that. + +Now the distance from one of the Pillars of Heracles to the other, if +one goes along the shore and does not pass around the Ionian Gulf and +the sea called the Euxine but crosses from Chalcedon[6] to Byzantium and +from Dryous[7] to the opposite mainland,[8] is a journey of two hundred +and eighty-five days for an unencumbered traveller. For as to the land +about the Euxine Sea, which extends from Byzantium to the Lake, it would +be impossible to tell everything with precision, since the barbarians +beyond the Ister River, which they also call the Danube, make the shore +of that sea quite impossible for the Romans to traverse--except, indeed, +that from Byzantium to the mouth of the Ister is a journey of twenty-two +days, which should be added to the measure of Europe by one making the +computation. And on the Asiatic side, that is from Chalcedon to the +Phasis River, which, flowing from the country of the Colchians, descends +into the Pontus, the journey is accomplished in forty days. So that the +whole Roman domain, according to the distance along the sea at least, +attains the measure of a three hundred and forty-seven days' journey, +if, as has been said, one ferries over the Ionian Gulf, which extends +about eight hundred stades from Dryous. For the passage across the +gulf[9] amounts to a journey of not less than four days. Such, then, was +the size of the Roman empire in the ancient times. + +And there fell to him who held the power in the West the most of Libya, +extending ninety days' journey--for such is the distance from Gadira to +the boundaries of Tripolis in Libya; and in Europe he received as his +portion territory extending seventy-five days' journey--for such is the +distance from the northern[10] of the Pillars of Heracles to the Ionian +Gulf.[11] And one might add also the distance around the gulf. And the +emperor of the East received territory extending one hundred and twenty +days' journey, from the boundaries of Cyrene in Libya as far as +Epidamnus, which lies on the Ionian Gulf and is called at the present +time Dyrrachium, as well as that portion of the country about the Euxine +Sea which, as previously stated, is subject to the Romans. Now one day's +journey extends two hundred and ten stades,[12] or as far as from Athens +to Megara. Thus, then, the Roman emperors divided either continent +between them. And among the islands Britain, which is outside the +Pillars of Heracles and by far the largest of all islands, was counted, +as is natural, with the West; and inside the Pillars, Ebusa,[13] which +lies in the Mediterranean in what we may call the Propontis, just inside +the opening where the ocean enters, about seven days' journey from the +opening, and two others near it, Majorica and Minorica, as they are +called by the natives, were also assigned to the Western empire. And +each of the islands in the Sea itself fell to the share of that one of +the two emperors within whose boundaries it happened to lie. + + +II + +Now while Honorius was holding the imperial power in the West, +barbarians took possession of his land; and I shall tell who they were +and in what manner they did so. [395-423 A.D.] There were many Gothic +nations in earlier times, just as also at the present, but the greatest +and most important of all are the Goths, Vandals, Visigoths, and +Gepaedes. In ancient times, however, they were named Sauromatae and +Melanchlaeni;[14] and there were some too who called these nations +Getic. All these, while they are distinguished from one another by their +names, as has been said, do not differ in anything else at all. For they +all have white bodies and fair hair, and are tall and handsome to look +upon, and they use the same laws and practise a common religion. For +they are all of the Arian faith, and have one language called Gothic; +and, as it seems to me, they all came originally from one tribe, and +were distinguished later by the names of those who led each group. This +people used to dwell above the Ister River from of old. Later on the +Gepaedes got possession of the country about Singidunum[15] and +Sirmium,[16] on both sides of the Ister River, where they have remained +settled even down to my time. + +But the Visigoths, separating from the others, removed from there and at +first entered into an alliance with the Emperor Arcadius, but at a later +time (for faith with the Romans cannot dwell in barbarians), under the +leadership of Alaric, they became hostile to both emperors, and, +beginning with Thrace, treated all Europe as an enemy's land. Now the +Emperor Honorius had before this time been sitting in Rome, with never a +thought of war in his mind, but glad, I think, if men allowed him to +remain quiet in his palace. But when word was brought that the +barbarians with a great army were not far off, but somewhere among the +Taulantii,[17] he abandoned the palace and fled in disorderly fashion to +Ravenna, a strong city lying just about at the end of the Ionian Gulf, +while some say that he brought in the barbarians himself, because an +uprising had been started against him among his subjects; but this does +not seem to me trustworthy, as far, at least, as one can judge of the +character of the man. And the barbarians, finding that they had no +hostile force to encounter them, became the most cruel of all men. For +they destroyed all the cities which they captured, especially those +south of the Ionian Gulf, so completely that nothing has been left to my +time to know them by, unless, indeed, it might be one tower or one gate +or some such thing which chanced to remain. And they killed all the +people, as many as came in their way, both old and young alike, sparing +neither women nor children. Wherefore even up to the present time Italy +is sparsely populated. They also gathered as plunder all the money out +of all Europe, and, most important of all, they left in Rome nothing +whatever of public or private wealth when they moved on to Gaul. But I +shall now tell how Alaric captured Rome. + +After much time had been spent by him in the siege, and he had not been +able either by force or by any other device to capture the place, he +formed the following plan. Among the youths in the army whose beards had +not yet grown, but who had just come of age, he chose out three hundred +whom he knew to be of good birth and possessed of valour beyond their +years, and told them secretly that he was about to make a present of +them to certain of the patricians in Rome, pretending that they were +slaves. And he instructed them that, as soon as they got inside the +houses of those men, they should display much gentleness and moderation +and serve them eagerly in whatever tasks should be laid upon them by +their owners; and he further directed them that not long afterwards, on +an appointed day at about midday, when all those who were to be their +masters would most likely be already asleep after their meal, they +should all come to the gate called Salarian and with a sudden rush kill +the guards, who would have no previous knowledge of the plot, and open +the gates as quickly as possible. After giving these orders to the +youths, Alaric straightway sent ambassadors to the members of the +senate, stating that he admired them for their loyalty toward their +emperor, and that he would trouble them no longer, because of their +valour and faithfulness, with which it was plain that they were endowed +to a remarkable degree, and in order that tokens of himself might be +preserved among men both noble and brave, he wished to present each one +of them with some domestics. After making this declaration and sending +the youths not long afterwards, he commanded the barbarians to make +preparations for the departure, and he let this be known to the Romans. +And they heard his words gladly, and receiving the gifts began to be +exceedingly happy, since they were completely ignorant of the plot of +the barbarian. For the youths, by being unusually obedient to their +owners, averted suspicion, and in the camp some were already seen moving +from their positions and raising the siege, while it seemed that the +others were just on the point of doing the very same thing. But when the +appointed day had come, Alaric armed his whole force for the attack and +was holding them in readiness close by the Salarian Gate; for it +happened that he had encamped there at the beginning of the siege. And +all the youths at the time of the day agreed upon came to this gate, +and, assailing the guards suddenly, put them to death; then they opened +the gates and received Alaric and the army into the city at their +leisure. [Aug. 24, 410 A.D.] And they set fire to the houses which were +next to the gate, among which was also the house of Sallust, who in +ancient times wrote the history of the Romans, and the greater part of +this house has stood half-burned up to my time; and after plundering the +whole city and destroying the most of the Romans, they moved on. At that +time they say that the Emperor Honorius in Ravenna received the message +from one of the eunuchs, evidently a keeper of the poultry, that Rome +had perished. And he cried out and said, "And yet it has just eaten from +my hands!" For he had a very large cock, Rome by name; and the eunuch +comprehending his words said that it was the city of Rome which had +perished at the hands of Alaric, and the emperor with a sigh of relief +answered quickly: "But I, my good fellow, thought that my fowl Rome had +perished." So great, they say, was the folly with which this emperor was +possessed. + +But some say that Rome was not captured in this way by Alaric, but that +Proba, a woman of very unusual eminence in wealth and in fame among the +Roman senatorial class, felt pity for the Romans who were being +destroyed by hunger and the other suffering they endured; for they were +already even tasting each other's flesh; and seeing that every good hope +had left them, since both the river and the harbour were held by the +enemy, she commanded her domestics, they say, to open the gates by +night. + +Now when Alaric was about to depart from Rome, he declared Attalus, one +of their nobles, emperor of the Romans, investing him with the diadem +and the purple and whatever else pertains to the imperial dignity. And +he did this with the intention of removing Honorius from his throne and +of giving over the whole power in the West to Attalus. With such a +purpose, then, both Attalus and Alaric were going with a great army +against Ravenna. But this Attalus was neither able to think wisely +himself, nor to be persuaded by one who had wisdom to offer. So while +Alaric did not by any means approve the plan, Attalus sent commanders to +Libya without an army. Thus, then, were these things going on. + +And the island of Britain revolted from the Romans, and the soldiers +there chose as their king Constantinus, a man of no mean station. [407 +A.D.] And he straightway gathered a fleet of ships and a formidable army +and invaded both Spain and Gaul with a great force, thinking to enslave +these countries. But Honorius was holding ships in readiness and waiting +to see what would happen in Libya, in order that, if those sent by +Attalus were repulsed, he might himself sail for Libya and keep some +portion of his own kingdom, while if matters there should go against +him, he might reach Theodosius and remain with him. For Arcadius had +already died long before, and his son Theodosius, still a very young +child,[18] held the power of the East. [408-450 A.D.] But while Honorius +was thus anxiously awaiting the outcome of these events and tossed amid +the billows of uncertain fortune, it so chanced that some wonderful +pieces of good fortune befell him. For God is accustomed to succour +those who are neither clever nor able to devise anything of themselves, +and to lend them assistance, if they be not wicked, when they are in the +last extremity of despair; such a thing, indeed, befell this emperor. +For it was suddenly reported from Libya that the commanders of Attalus +had been destroyed, and that a host of ships was at hand from Byzantium +with a very great number of soldiers who had come to assist him, though +he had not expected them, and that Alaric, having quarrelled with +Attalus, had stripped him of the emperor's garb and was now keeping him +under guard in the position of a private citizen. [411 A.D.] And +afterwards Alaric died of disease, and the army of the Visigoths under +the leadership of Adaulphus proceeded into Gaul, and Constantinus, +defeated in battle, died with his sons. However the Romans never +succeeded in recovering Britain, but it remained from that time on under +tyrants. And the Goths, after making the crossing of the Ister, at first +occupied Pannonia, but afterwards, since the emperor gave them the +right, they inhabited the country of Thrace. And after spending no great +time there they conquered the West. But this will be told in the +narrative concerning the Goths. + + +III + +Now the Vandals dwelling about the Maeotic Lake, since they were pressed +by hunger, moved to the country of the Germans, who are now called +Franks, and the river Rhine, associating with themselves the Alani, a +Gothic people. Then from there, under the leadership of Godigisclus, +they moved and settled in Spain, which is the first land of the Roman +empire on the side of the ocean. At that time Honorius made an agreement +with Godigisclus that they should settle there on condition that it +should not be to the detriment of the country. But there was a law among +the Romans, that if any persons should fail to keep their property in +their own possession, and if, meanwhile, a time amounting to thirty +years should pass, that these persons should thenceforth not be entitled +to proceed against those who had forced them out, but they were excluded +by demurrer[19] from access to the court; and in view of this he +established a law that whatever time should be spent by the Vandals in +the Roman domain should not by any means be counted toward this +thirty-year demurrer. And Honorius himself, when the West had been +driven by him to this pass, died of disease. [Aug. 27, 423 A.D.] Now +before this, as it happened, the royal power had been shared by Honorius +with Constantius, the husband of Placidia, the sister of Arcadius and +Honorius; but he lived to exercise the power only a few days, and then, +becoming seriously ill, he died while Honorius was still living, [421 +A.D.] having never succeeded in saying or in doing anything worth +recounting; for the time was not sufficient during which he lived in +possession of the royal power. Now a son of this Constantius, +Valentinian, a child just weaned, was being reared in the palace of +Theodosius, but the members of the imperial court in Rome chose one of +the soldiers there, John by name, as emperor. This man was both gentle +and well-endowed with sagacity and thoroughly capable of valorous deeds. +At any rate he held the tyranny five years[20] and directed it with +moderation, and he neither gave ear to slanderers nor did he do any +unjust murder, willingly at least, nor did he set his hand to robbing +men of money; but he did not prove able to do anything at all against +the barbarians, since his relations with Byzantium were hostile. Against +this John, Theodosius, the son of Arcadius, sent a great army and Aspar +and Ardaburius, the son of Aspar, as generals, and wrested from him the +tyranny and gave over the royal power to Valentinian, who was still a +child. And Valentinian took John alive, and he brought him out in the +hippodrome of Aquileia with one of his hands cut off and caused him to +ride in state on an ass, and then after he had suffered much ill +treatment from the stage-performers there, both in word and in deed, he +put him to death. [426 A.D.] Thus Valentinian took over the power of the +West. But Placidia, his mother, had reared this emperor and educated him +in an altogether effeminate manner, and in consequence he was filled +with wickedness from childhood. For he associated mostly with sorcerers +and those who busy themselves with the stars, and, being an +extraordinarily zealous pursuer of love affairs with other men's wives, +he conducted himself in a most indecent manner, although he was married +to a woman of exceptional beauty. [455 A.D.] And not only was this true, +but he also failed to recover for the empire anything of what had been +wrested from it before, and he both lost Libya in addition to the +territory previously lost and was himself destroyed. And when he +perished, it fell to the lot of his wife and his children to become +captives. Now the disaster in Libya came about as follows. + +There were two Roman generals, Aetius and Boniface, especially valiant +men and in experience of many wars inferior to none of that time at +least. These two came to be at variance in regard to matters of state, +but they attained to such a degree of highmindedness and excellence in +every respect that if one should call either of them "the last of the +Romans" he would not err, so true was it that all the excellent +qualities of the Romans were summed up in these two men. One of these, +Boniface, was appointed by Placidia general of all Libya. Now this was +not in accord with the wishes of Aetius, but he by no means disclosed +the fact that it did not please him. For their hostility had not as yet +come to light, but was concealed behind the countenance of each. But +when Boniface had got out of the way, Aetius slandered him to Placidia, +saying that he was setting up a tyranny and had robbed her and the +emperor of all Libya, and he said that it was very easy for her to find +out the truth; for if she should summon Boniface to Rome, he would never +come. And when the woman heard this, Aetius seemed to her to speak well +and she acted accordingly. But Aetius, anticipating her, wrote to +Boniface secretly that the mother of the emperor was plotting against +him and wished to put him out of the way. And he predicted to him that +there would be convincing proof of the plot; for he would be summoned +very shortly for no reason at all. Such was the announcement of the +letter. And Boniface did not disregard the message, for as soon as those +arrived who were summoning him to the emperor, he refused to give heed +to the emperor and his mother, disclosing to no one the warning of +Aetius. So when Placidia heard this, she thought that Aetius was +exceedingly well-disposed towards the emperor's cause and took under +consideration the question of Boniface. But Boniface, since it did not +seem to him that he was able to array himself against the emperor, and +since if he returned to Rome there was clearly no safety for him, began +to lay plans so that, if possible, he might have a defensive alliance +with the Vandals, who, as previously stated, had established themselves +in Spain not far from Libya. There Godigisclus had died and the royal +power had fallen to his sons, Gontharis, who was born to him from his +wedded wife, and Gizeric,[21] of illegitimate birth. But the former was +still a child and not of very energetic temper, while Gizeric had been +excellently trained in warfare, and was the cleverest of all men. +Boniface accordingly sent to Spain those who were his own most intimate +friends and gained the adherence of each of the sons of Godigisclus on +terms of complete equality, it being agreed that each one of the three, +holding a third part of Libya, should rule over his own subjects; but if +a foe should come against any one of them to make war, that they should +in common ward off the aggressors. On the basis of this agreement the +Vandals crossed the strait at Gadira and came into Libya, and the +Visigoths in later times settled in Spain. But in Rome the friends of +Boniface, remembering the character of the man and considering how +strange his action was, were greatly astonished to think that Boniface +was setting up a tyranny, and some of them at the order of Placidia went +to Carthage. There they met Boniface, and saw the letter of Aetius, and +after hearing the whole story they returned to Rome as quickly as they +could and reported to Placidia how Boniface stood in relation to her. +And though the woman was dumbfounded, she did nothing unpleasant to +Aetius nor did she upbraid him for what he had done to the emperor's +house, for he himself wielded great power and the affairs of the empire +were already in an evil plight; but she disclosed to the friends of +Boniface the advice Aetius had given, and, offering oaths and pledges of +safety, entreated them to persuade the man, if they could, to return to +his fatherland and not to permit the empire of the Romans to lie under +the hand of barbarians. And when Boniface heard this, he repented of his +act and of his agreement with the barbarians, and he besought them +incessantly, promising them everything, to remove from Libya. But since +they did not receive his words with favour, but considered that they +were being insulted, he was compelled to fight with them, and being +defeated in the battle, he retired to Hippo[22] Regius, a strong city in +the portion of Numidia that is on the sea. There the Vandals made camp +under the leadership of Gizeric and began a siege; for Gontharis had +already died. And they say that he perished at the hand of his brother. +The Vandals, however, do not agree with those who make this statement, +but say that Gontharis' was captured in battle by Germans in Spain and +impaled, and that Gizeric was already sole ruler when he led the Vandals +into Libya. This, indeed, I have heard from the Vandals, stated in this +way. But after much time had passed by, since they were unable to secure +Hippo Regius either by force or by surrender, and since at the same time +they were being pressed by hunger, they raised the siege. And a little +later Boniface and the Romans in Libya, since a numerous army had come +from both Rome and Byzantium and Aspar with them as general, decided to +renew the struggle, and a fierce battle was fought in which they were +badly beaten by the enemy, and they made haste to flee as each one +could. And Aspar betook himself homeward, and Boniface, coming before +Placidia, acquitted himself of the suspicion, showing that it had arisen +against him for no true cause. + + +IV + +So the Vandals, having wrested Libya from the Romans in this way, made +it their own. And those of the enemy whom they took alive they reduced +to slavery and held under guard. Among these happened to be Marcian, who +later upon the death of Theodosius assumed the imperial power. At that +time, however, Gizeric commanded that the captives be brought into the +king's courtyard, in order that it might be possible for him, by looking +at them, to know what master each of them might serve without +degradation. And when they were gathered under the open sky, about +midday, the season being summer, they were distressed by the sun and sat +down. And somewhere or other among them Marcian, quite neglected, was +sleeping. Then an eagle flew over him spreading out his wings, as they +say, and always remaining in the same place in the air he cast a shadow +over Marcian alone. And Gizeric, upon seeing from the upper storey what +was happening, since he was an exceedingly discerning person, suspected +that the thing was a divine manifestation, and summoning the man +enquired of him who he might be. And he replied that he was a +confidential adviser of Aspar; such a person the Romans call a +"domesticus" in their own tongue. And when Gizeric heard this and +considered first the meaning of the bird's action, and then remembered +how great power Aspar exercised in Byzantium, it became evident to him +that the man was being led to royal power. He therefore by no means +deemed it right to kill him, reasoning that, if he should remove him +from the world, it would be very clear that the thing which the bird had +done was nothing (for he would not honour with his shadow a king who was +about to die straightway), and he felt, too, that he would be killing +him for no good cause; and if, on the other hand, it was fated that in +later times the man should become king, it would never be within his +power to inflict death upon him; for that which has been decided upon by +God could never be prevented by a man's decision. But he bound Marcian +by oaths that, if it should be in his power, he would never take up arms +against the Vandals at least. [450 A.D.] Thus, then, Marcian was +released and came to Byzantium, and when at a later time Theodosius died +he received the empire. And in all other respects he proved himself a +good emperor, but he paid no attention at all to affairs in Libya. But +this happened in later times. + +At that time Gizeric, after conquering Aspar and Boniface in battle, +displayed a foresight worth recounting, whereby he made his good fortune +most thoroughly secure. For fearing lest, if once again an army should +come against him from both Rome and Byzantium, the Vandals might not be +able to use the same strength and enjoy the same fortune, (since human +affairs are wont to be overturned by Heaven and to fail by reason of the +weakness of men's bodies), he was not lifted up by the good fortune he +had enjoyed, but rather became moderate because of what he feared, and +so he made a treaty with the Emperor Valentinian providing that each +year he should pay to the emperor tribute from Libya, and he delivered +over one of his sons, Honoric, as a hostage to make this agreement +binding. So Gizeric both showed himself a brave man in the battle and +guarded the victory as securely as possible, and, since the friendship +between the two peoples increased greatly, he received back his son +Honoric. And at Rome Placidia had died before this time, and after her, +Valentinian, her son, also died, having no male offspring, but two +daughters had been born to him from Eudoxia, the child of Theodosius. +And I shall now relate in what manner Valentinian died. + +There was a certain Maximus, a Roman senator, of the house of that +Maximus[23] who, while usurping the imperial power, was overthrown by +the elder Theodosius and put to death, and on whose account also the +Romans celebrate the annual festival named from the defeat of Maximus. +This younger Maximus was married to a woman discreet in her ways and +exceedingly famous for her beauty. For this reason a desire came over +Valentinian to have her to wife. And since it was impossible, much as he +wished it, to meet her, he plotted an unholy deed and carried it to +fulfilment. For he summoned Maximus to the palace and sat down with him +to a game of draughts, and a certain sum was set as a penalty for the +loser; and the emperor won in this game, and receiving Maximus' ring as +a pledge for the agreed amount, he sent it to his house, instructing the +messenger to tell the wife of Maximus that her husband bade her come as +quickly as possible to the palace to salute the queen Eudoxia. And she, +judging by the ring that the message was from Maximus, entered her +litter and was conveyed to the emperor's court. And she was received by +those who had been assigned this service by the emperor, and led into a +certain room far removed from the women's apartments, where Valentinian +met her and forced her, much against her will. And she, after the +outrage, went to her husband's house weeping and feeling the deepest +possible grief because of her misfortune, and she cast many curses upon +Maximus as having provided the cause for what had been done. Maximus, +accordingly, became exceedingly aggrieved at that which had come to +pass, and straightway entered into a conspiracy against the emperor; but +when he saw that Aetius was exceedingly powerful, for he had recently +conquered Attila, who had invaded the Roman domain with a great army of +Massagetae and the other Scythians, the thought occurred to him that +Aetius would be in the way of his undertaking. And upon considering this +matter, it seemed to him that it was the better course to put Aetius out +of the way first, paying no heed to the fact that the whole hope of the +Romans centred in him. And since the eunuchs who were in attendance upon +the emperor were well-disposed toward him, he persuaded the emperor by +their devices that Aetius was setting on foot a revolution. And +Valentinian, judging by nothing else than the power and valour of Aetius +that the report was true, put the man to death. [Sept. 21, 454 A.D.] +Whereupon a certain Roman made himself famous by a saying which he +uttered. For when the emperor enquired of him whether he had done well +in putting Aetius to death, he replied saying that, as to this matter, +he was not able to know whether he had done well or perhaps otherwise, +but one thing he understood exceedingly well, that he had cut off his +own right hand with the other. + +So after the death of Aetius,[24] Attila, since no one was a match for +him, plundered all Europe with no trouble and made both emperors +subservient and tributary to himself. For tribute money was sent to him +every year by the emperors. At that time, while Attila was besieging +Aquileia, a city of great size and exceedingly populous situated near +the sea and above the Ionian Gulf, they say that the following good +fortune befell him. For they tell the story that, when he was able to +capture the place neither by force nor by any other means, he gave up +the siege in despair, since it had already lasted a long time, and +commanded the whole army without any delay to make their preparations +for the departure, in order that on the morrow all might move from there +at sunrise. And the following day about sunrise, the barbarians had +raised the siege and were already beginning the departure, when a single +male stork which had a nest on a certain tower of the city wall and was +rearing his nestlings there suddenly rose and left the place with his +young. And the father stork was flying, but the little storks, since +they were not yet quite ready to fly, were at times sharing their +father's flight and at times riding upon his back, and thus they flew +off and went far away from the city. And when Attila saw this (for he +was most clever at comprehending and interpreting all things), he +commanded the army, they say, to remain still in the same place, adding +that the bird would never have gone flying off at random from there with +his nestlings, unless he was prophesying that some evil would come to +the place at no distant time. Thus, they say, the army of the barbarians +settled down to the siege once more, and not long after that a portion +of the wall--the very part which held the nest of that bird--for no +apparent reason suddenly fell down, and it became possible for the enemy +to enter the city at that point, and thus Aquileia was captured by +storm. Such is the story touching Aquileia. + +Later on Maximus slew the emperor with no trouble and secured the +tyranny, and he married Eudoxia by force. [455 A.D.] For the wife to +whom he had been wedded had died not long before. And on one occasion in +private he made the statement to Eudoxia that it was all for the sake of +her love that he had carried out all that he had done. And since she +felt a repulsion for Maximus even before that time, and had been +desirous of exacting vengeance from him for the wrong done Valentinian, +his words made her swell with rage still more against him, and led her +on to carry out her plot, since she had heard Maximus say that on +account of her the misfortune had befallen her husband. And as soon as +day came, she sent to Carthage entreating Gizeric to avenge Valentinian, +who had been destroyed by an unholy man, in a manner unworthy both of +himself and of his imperial station, and to deliver her, since she was +suffering unholy treatment at the hand of the tyrant. And she impressed +it upon Gizeric that, since he was a friend and ally and so great a +calamity had befallen the imperial house, it was not a holy thing to +fail to become an avenger. For from Byzantium she thought no vengeance +would come, since Theodosius had already departed from the world and +Marcian had taken over the empire. [Mar. 17, 455 A.D.] + + +V + +And Gizeric, for no other reason than that he suspected that much money +would come to him, set sail for Italy with a great fleet. And going up +to Rome, since no one stood in his way, he took possession of the +palace. Now while Maximus was trying to flee, the Romans threw stones at +him and killed him, and they cut off his head and each of his other +members and divided them among themselves. But Gizeric took Eudoxia +captive, together with Eudocia and Placidia, the children of herself and +Valentinian, and placing an exceedingly great amount of gold and other +imperial treasure[25] in his ships sailed to Carthage, having spared +neither bronze nor anything else whatsoever in the palace. He plundered +also the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and tore off half of the roof. +Now this roof was of bronze of the finest quality, and since gold was +laid over it exceedingly thick, it shone as a magnificent and wonderful +spectacle.[26] But of the ships with Gizeric, one, which was bearing the +statues, was lost, they say, but with all the others the Vandals reached +port in the harbour of Carthage. Gizeric then married Eudocia to +Honoric, the elder of his sons; but the other of the two women, being +the wife of Olybrius, a most distinguished man in the Roman senate, he +sent to Byzantium together with her mother, Eudoxia, at the request of +the emperor. Now the power of the East had by now fallen to Leon, who +had been set in this position by Aspar, since Marcian had already passed +from the world. [457 A.D.] + +Afterwards Gizeric devised the following scheme. He tore down the walls +of all the cities in Libya except Carthage, so that neither the Libyans +themselves, espousing the cause of the Romans, might have a strong base +from which to begin a rebellion, nor those sent by the emperor have any +ground for hoping to capture a city and by establishing a garrison in it +to make trouble for the Vandals. Now at that time it seemed that he had +counselled well and had ensured prosperity for the Vandals in the safest +possible manner; but in later times when these cities, being without +walls, were captured by Belisarius all the more easily and with less +exertion, Gizeric was then condemned to suffer much ridicule, and that +which for the time he considered wise counsel turned out for him to be +folly. For as fortunes change, men are always accustomed to change with +them their judgments regarding what has been planned in the past. And +among the Libyans all who happened to be men of note and conspicuous for +their wealth he handed over as slaves, together with their estates and +all their money, to his sons Honoric and Genzon. For Theodorus, the +youngest son, had died already, being altogether without offspring, +either male or female. And he robbed the rest of the Libyans of their +estates, which were both very numerous and excellent, and distributed +them among the nation of the Vandals, and as a result of this these +lands have been called "Vandals' estates" up to the present time. And it +fell to the lot of those who had formerly possessed these lands to be in +extreme poverty and to be at the same time free men; and they had the +privilege of going away wheresoever they wished. And Gizeric commanded +that all the lands which he had given over to his sons and to the other +Vandals should not be subject to any kind of taxation. But as much of +the land as did not seem to him good he allowed to remain in the hands +of the former owners, but assessed so large a sum to be paid on this +land for taxes to the government that nothing whatever remained to those +who retained their farms. And many of them were constantly being sent +into exile or killed. For charges were brought against them of many +sorts, and heavy ones too; but one charge seemed to be the greatest of +all, that a man, having money of his own, was hiding it. Thus the +Libyans were visited with every form of misfortune. + +The Vandals and the Alani he arranged in companies, appointing over them +no less than eighty captains, whom he called "chiliarchs,"[27] making it +appear that his host of fighting men in active service amounted to +eighty thousand. And yet the number of the Vandals and Alani was said in +former times, at least, to amount to no more than fifty thousand men. +However, after that time by their natural increase among themselves and +by associating other barbarians with them they came to be an exceedingly +numerous people. But the names of the Alani and all the other +barbarians, except the Moors, were united in the name of Vandals. At +that time, after the death of Valentinian, Gizeric gained the support of +the Moors, and every year at the beginning of spring he made invasions +into Sicily and Italy, enslaving some of the cities, razing others to +the ground, and plundering everything; and when the land had become +destitute of men and of money, he invaded the domain of the emperor of +the East. And so he plundered Illyricum and the most of the Peloponnesus +and of the rest of Greece and all the islands which lie near it. And +again he went off to Sicily and Italy, and kept plundering and pillaging +all places in turn. And one day when he had embarked on his ship in the +harbour of Carthage, and the sails were already being spread, the pilot +asked him, they say, against what men in the world he bade them go. And +he in reply said: "Plainly against those with whom God is angry." Thus +without any cause he kept making invasions wherever chance might lead +him. + + +VI + +And the Emperor Leon, wishing to punish the Vandals because of these +things, was gathering an army against them; and they say that this army +amounted to about one hundred thousand men. And he collected a fleet of +ships from the whole of the eastern Mediterranean, shewing great +generosity to both soldiers and sailors, for he feared lest from a +parsimonious policy some obstacle might arise to hinder him in his +desire to carry out his punishment of the barbarians. Therefore, they +say, thirteen hundred centenaria[28] were expended by him to no purpose. +But since it was not fated that the Vandals should be destroyed by this +expedition, he made Basiliscus commander-in-chief, the brother of his +wife Berine, a man who was extraordinarily desirous of the royal power, +which he hoped would come to him without a struggle if he won the +friendship of Aspar. For Aspar himself, being an adherent of the Arian +faith, and having no intention of changing it for another, was unable to +enter upon the imperial office, but he was easily strong enough to +establish another in it, and it already seemed likely that he would plot +against the Emperor Leon, who had given him offence. So they say that +since Aspar was then fearful lest, if the Vandals were defeated, Leon +should establish his power most securely, he repeatedly urged upon +Basiliscus that he should spare the Vandals and Gizeric. + +[467 A.D.] Now before this time Leon had already appointed and sent +Anthemius, as Emperor of the West, a man of the senate of great wealth +and high birth, in order that he might assist him in the Vandalic war. +And yet Gizeric kept asking and earnestly entreating that the imperial +power be given to Olybrius, who was married to Placidia, the daughter of +Valentinian, and on account of his relationship[29] well-disposed toward +him, and when he failed in this he was still more angry and kept +plundering the whole land of the emperor. Now there was in Dalmatia a +certain Marcellianus, one of the acquaintances of Aetius and a man of +repute, who, after Aetius had died in the manner told above,[30] no +longer deigned to yield obedience to the emperor, but beginning a +revolution and detaching all the others from allegiance, held the power +of Dalmatia himself, since no one dared encounter him. But the Emperor +Leon at that time won over this Marcellianus by very careful wheedling, +and bade him go to the island of Sardinia, which was then subject to the +Vandals. And he drove out the Vandals and gained possession of it with +no great difficulty. And Heracleius was sent from Byzantium to Tripolis +in Libya, and after conquering the Vandals of that district in battle, +he easily captured the cities, and leaving his ships there, led his army +on foot toward Carthage. Such, then, was the sequence of events which +formed the prelude of the war. + +But Basiliscus with his whole fleet put in at a town distant from +Carthage no less than two hundred and eighty stades (now it so happened +that a temple of Hermes had been there from of old, from which fact the +place was named Mercurium; for the Romans call Hermes "Mercurius"), and +if he had not purposely played the coward and hesitated, but had +undertaken to go straight for Carthage, he would have captured it at the +first onset, and he would have reduced the Vandals to subjection without +their even thinking of resistance; so overcome was Gizeric with awe of +Leon as an invincible emperor, when the report was brought to him that +Sardinia and Tripolis had been captured, and he saw the fleet of +Basiliscus to be such as the Romans were said never to have had before. +But, as it was, the general's hesitation, whether caused by cowardice or +treachery, prevented this success. And Gizeric, profiting by the +negligence of Basiliscus, did as follows. Arming all his subjects in the +best way he could, he filled his ships, but not all, for some he kept in +readiness empty, and they were the ships which sailed most swiftly. And +sending envoys to Basiliscus, he begged him to defer the war for the +space of five days, in order that in the meantime he might take counsel +and do those things which were especially desired by the emperor. They +say, too, that he sent also a great amount of gold without the knowledge +of the army of Basiliscus and thus purchased this armistice. And he did +this, thinking, as actually did happen, that a favouring wind would rise +for him during this time. And Basiliscus, either as doing a favour to +Aspar in accordance with what he had promised, or selling the moment of +opportunity for money, or perhaps thinking it the better course, did as +he was requested and remained quietly in the camp, awaiting the moment +favourable to the enemy. + +But the Vandals, as soon as the wind had arisen for them which they had +been expecting during the time they lay at rest, raised their sails and, +taking in tow the boats which, as has been stated above, they had made +ready with no men in them, they sailed against the enemy. And when they +came near, they set fire to the boats which they were towing, when their +sails were bellied by the wind, and let them go against the Roman fleet. +And since there were a great number of ships there, these boats easily +spread fire wherever they struck, and were themselves readily destroyed +together with those with which they came in contact. And as the fire +advanced in this way the Roman fleet was filled with tumult, as was +natural, and with a great din that rivalled the noise caused by the wind +and the roaring of the flames, as the soldiers together with the sailors +shouted orders to one another and pushed off with their poles the +fire-boats and their own ships as well, which were being destroyed by +one another in complete disorder. And already the Vandals too were at +hand ramming and sinking the ships, and making booty of such of the +soldiers as attempted to escape, and of their arms as well. But there +were also some of the Romans who proved themselves brave men in this +struggle, and most of all John, who was a general under Basiliscus and +who had no share whatever in his treason. For a great throng having +surrounded his ship, he stood on the deck, and turning from side to side +kept killing very great numbers of the enemy from there, and when he +perceived that the ship was being captured, he leaped with his whole +equipment of arms from the deck into the sea. And though Genzon, the son +of Gizeric, entreated him earnestly not to do this, offering pledges and +holding out promises of safety, he nevertheless threw himself into the +sea, uttering this one word, that John would never come under the hands +of dogs. + +So this war came to an end, and Heracleius departed for home; for +Marcellianus had been destroyed treacherously by one of his +fellow-officers. And Basiliscus, coming to Byzantium, seated himself as +a suppliant in the sanctuary of Christ the Great God ("Sophia"[31] the +temple is called by the men of Byzantium who consider that this +designation is especially appropriate to God), and although, by the +intercession of Berine, the queen, he escaped this danger, he was not +able at that time to reach the throne, the thing for the sake of which +everything had been done by him. For the Emperor Leon not long +afterwards destroyed both Aspar and Ardaburius in the palace, because he +suspected that they were plotting against his life. [471 A.D.] Thus, +then, did these events take place. + + +VII + +[Aug. 11, 472 A.D.] Now Anthemius, the emperor of the West, died at the +hand of his son-in-law Rhecimer, and Olybrius, succeeding to the throne, +a short time afterward suffered the same fate. [Oct. 10, 472 A.D.] And +when Leon also had died in Byzantium, the imperial office was taken over +by the younger Leon, the son of Zeno and Ariadne, the daughter of Leon, +while he was still only a few days old. And his father having been +chosen as partner in the royal power, the child forthwith passed from +the world. [474 A.D.] Majorinus also deserves mention, who had gained +the power of the West before this time. For this Majorinus, who +surpassed in every virtue all who have ever been emperors of the Romans, +did not bear lightly the loss of Libya, but collected a very +considerable army against the Vandals and came to Liguria, intending +himself to lead the army against the enemy. For Majorinus never showed +the least hesitation before any task and least of all before the dangers +of war. But thinking it not inexpedient for him to investigate first the +strength of the Vandals and the character of Gizeric and to discover how +the Moors and Libyans stood with regard to friendship or hostility +toward the Romans, he decided to trust no eyes other than his own in +such a matter. Accordingly he set out as if an envoy from the emperor to +Gizeric, assuming some fictitious name. And fearing lest, by becoming +known, he should himself receive some harm and at the same time prevent +the success of the enterprise, he devised the following scheme. His +hair, which was famous among all men as being so fair as to resemble +pure gold, he anointed with some kind of dye, which was especially +invented for this purpose, and so succeeded completely in changing it +for the time to a dark hue. And when he came before Gizeric, the +barbarian attempted in many ways to terrify him, and in particular, +while treating him with engaging attention, as if a friend, he brought +him into the house where all his weapons were stored, a numerous and +exceedingly noteworthy array. Thereupon they say that the weapons shook +of their own accord and gave forth a sound of no ordinary or casual +sort, and then it seemed to Gizeric that there had been an earthquake, +but when he got outside and made enquiries concerning the earthquake, +since no one else agreed with him, a great wonder, they say, came over +him, but he was not able to comprehend the meaning of what had happened. +So Majorinus, having accomplished the very things he wished, returned to +Liguria, and leading his army on foot, came to the Pillars of Heracles, +purposing to cross over the strait at that point, and then to march by +land from there against Carthage. And when Gizeric became aware of this, +and perceived that he had been tricked by Majorinus in the matter of the +embassy, he became alarmed and made his preparations for war. And the +Romans, basing their confidence on the valour of Majorinus, already +began to have fair hopes of recovering Libya for the empire. [461 A.D.] +But meantime Majorinus was attacked by the disease of dysentery and +died, a man who had shewn himself moderate toward his subjects, and an +object of fear to his enemies. [July 24, 474 A.D.] And another emperor, +Nepos, upon taking over the empire, and living to enjoy it only a few +days, died of disease, and Glycerius after him entered into this office +and suffered a similar fate. [474-475 A.D.] And after him Augustus +assumed the imperial power. There were, moreover, still other emperors +in the West before this time, but though I know their names well, I +shall make no mention of them whatever. For it so fell out that they +lived only a short time after attaining the office, and as a result of +this accomplished nothing worthy of mention. Such was the course of +events in the West. + +But in Byzantium Basiliscus, being no longer able to master his passion +for royal power, made an attempt to usurp the throne, and succeeded +without difficulty, since Zeno, together with his wife, sought refuge in +Isauria, which was his native home. [471 A.D.] And while he was +maintaining his tyranny for a year and eight months he was detested by +practically everyone and in particular by the soldiers of the court on +account of the greatness of his avarice. And Zeno, perceiving this, +collected an army and came against him. And Basiliscus sent an army +under the general Harmatus in order to array himself against Zeno. But +when they had made camp near one another, Harmatus surrendered his army +to Zeno, on the condition that Zeno should appoint as Caesar Harmatus' +son Basiliscus, who was a very young child, and leave him as successor +to the throne upon his death. And Basiliscus, deserted by all, fled for +refuge to the same sanctuary as formerly. And Acacius, the priest of the +city, put him into the hands of Zeno, charging him with impiety and with +having brought great confusion and many innovations into the Christian +doctrine, having inclined toward the heresy of Eutyches. And this was +so. And after Zeno had thus taken over the empire a second time, he +carried out his pledge to Harmatus formally by appointing his son +Basiliscus Caesar, but not long afterwards he both stripped him of the +office and put Harmatus to death. And he sent Basiliscus together with +his children and his wife into Cappadocia in the winter season, +commanding that they should be destitute of food and clothes and every +kind of care. And there, being hard pressed by both cold and hunger, +they took refuge in one another's arms, and embracing their loved ones, +perished. And this punishment overtook Basiliscus for the policy he had +pursued. These things, however, happened in later times. + +But at that time Gizeric was plundering the whole Roman domain just as +much as before, if not more, circumventing his enemy by craft and +driving them out of their possessions by force, as has been previously +said, and he continued to do so until the emperor Zeno came to an +agreement with him and an endless peace was established between them, by +which it was provided that the Vandals should never in all time perform +any hostile act against the Romans nor suffer such a thing at their +hands. And this peace was preserved by Zeno himself and also by his +successor in the empire, Anastasius And it remained in force until the +time of the emperor Justinus. But Justinian, who was the nephew of +Justinus, succeeded him in the imperial power, and it was in the reign +of this Justinian that the war with which we are concerned came to pass, +in the manner which will be told in the following narrative. [477 A.D.] +Gizeric, after living on a short time, died at an advanced age, having +made a will in which he enjoined many things upon the Vandals and in +particular that the royal power among them should always fall to that +one who should be the first in years among all the male offspring +descended from Gizeric himself. So Gizeric, having ruled over the +Vandals thirty-nine years from the time when he captured Carthage, died, +as I have said. + + +VIII + +And Honoric, the eldest of his sons, succeeded to the throne, Genzon +having already departed from the world. During the time when this +Honoric ruled the Vandals they had no war against anyone at all, except +the Moors. For through fear of Gizeric the Moors had remained quiet +before that time, but as soon as he was out of their way they both did +much harm to the Vandals and suffered the same themselves. And Honoric +shewed himself the most cruel and unjust of all men toward the +Christians in Libya. For he forced them to change over to the Arian +faith, and as many as he found not readily yielding to him he burned, or +destroyed by other forms of death; and he also cut off the tongues of +many from the very throat, who even up to my time were going about in +Byzantium having their speech uninjured, and perceiving not the least +effect from this punishment; but two of these, since they saw fit to go +in to harlots, were thenceforth no longer able to speak. And after +ruling over the Vandals eight years he died of disease; and by that time +the Moors dwelling on Mt. Aurasium[32] had revolted from the Vandals and +were independent (this Aurasium is a mountain of Numidia, about thirteen +days' journey distant from Carthage and fronting the south); and indeed +they never came under the Vandals again, since the latter were unable to +carry on a war against Moors on a mountain difficult of access and +exceedingly steep. + +After the death of Honoric the rule of the Vandals fell to Gundamundus, +the son of Genzon, the son of Gizeric. [485 A.D.] For he, in point of +years, was the first of the offspring of Gizeric. This Gundamundus +fought against the Moors in numerous encounters, and after subjecting +the Christians to still greater suffering, he died of disease, being now +at about the middle of the twelfth year of his reign. [496 A.D.] And his +brother Trasamundus took over the kingdom, a man well-favoured in +appearance and especially gifted with discretion and highmindedness. +However he continued to force the Christians to change their ancestral +faith, not by torturing their bodies as his predecessors had done, but +by seeking to win them with honours and offices and presenting them with +great sums of money; and in the case of those who would not be +persuaded, he pretended he had not the least knowledge of what manner of +men they were.[33] And if he caught any guilty of great crimes which +they had committed either by accident or deliberate intent, he would +offer such men, as a reward for changing their faith, that they should +not be punished for their offences. And when his wife died without +becoming the mother of either male or female offspring, wishing to +establish the kingdom as securely as possible, he sent to Theoderic, the +king of the Goths, asking him to give him his sister Amalafrida to wife, +for her husband had just died. And Theoderic sent him not only his +sister but also a thousand of the notable Goths as a bodyguard, who were +followed by a host of attendants amounting to about five thousand +fighting men. And Theoderic also presented his sister with one of the +promontories of Sicily, which are three in number,--the one which they +call Lilybaeum,--and as a result of this Trasamundus was accounted the +strongest and most powerful of all those who had ruled over the Vandals. +He became also a very special friend of the emperor Anastasius. It was +during the reign of Trasamundus that it came about that the Vandals +suffered a disaster at the hands of the Moors such as had never befallen +them before that time. + +There was a certain Cabaon ruling over the Moors of Tripolis, a man +experienced in many wars and exceedingly shrewd. This Cabaon, upon +learning that the Vandals were marching against him, did as follows. +First of all he issued orders to his subjects to abstain from all +injustice and from all foods tending towards luxury and most of all from +association with women; and setting up two palisaded enclosures, he +encamped himself with all the men in one, and in the other he shut the +women, and he threatened that death would be the penalty if anyone +should go to the women's palisade. And after this he sent spies to +Carthage with the following instructions: whenever the Vandals in going +forth on the expedition should offer insult to any temple which the +Christians reverence, they were to look on and see what took place; and +when the Vandals had passed the place, they were to do the opposite of +everything which the Vandals had done to the sanctuary before their +departure. And they say that he added this also, that he was ignorant of +the God whom the Christians worshipped, but it was probable that if He +was powerful, as He was said to be, He should wreak vengeance upon those +who insulted Him and defend those who honoured Him. So the spies came to +Carthage and waited quietly, observing the preparation of the Vandals; +but when the army set out on the march to Tripolis, they followed, +clothing themselves in humble garb. And the Vandals, upon making camp +the first day, led their horses and their other animals into the temples +of the Christians, and sparing no insult, they acted with all the +unrestrained lawlessness natural to them, beating as many priests as +they caught and lashing them with many blows over the back and +commanding them to render such service to the Vandals as they were +accustomed to assign to the most dishonoured of their domestics. And as +soon as they had departed from there, the spies of Cabaon did as they +had been directed to do; for they straightway cleansed the sanctuaries +and took away with great care the filth and whatever other unholy thing +lay in them, and they lighted all the lamps and bowed down before the +priests with great reverence and saluted them with all friendliness; and +after giving pieces of silver to the poor who sat about these +sanctuaries, they then followed after the army of the Vandals. And from +then on along the whole route the Vandals continued to commit the same +offences and the spies to render the same service. And when they were +coming near the Moors, the spies anticipated them and reported to Cabaon +what had been done by the Vandals and by themselves to the temples of +the Christians, and that the enemy were somewhere near by. And Cabaon, +upon learning this, arranged for the encounter as follows. He marked off +a circle in the plain where he was about to make his palisade, and +placed his camels turned sideways in a circle as a protection for the +camp, making his line fronting the enemy about twelve camels deep. Then +he placed the children and the women and all those who were unfit for +fighting together with their possessions in the middle, while he +commanded the host of fighting men to stand between the feet of those +animals, covering themselves with their shields.[34] And since the +phalanx of the Moors was of such a sort, the Vandals were at a loss how +to handle the situation; for they were neither good with the javelin nor +with the bow, nor did they know how to go into battle on foot, but they +were all horsemen, and used spears and swords for the most part, so that +they were unable to do the enemy any harm at a distance; and their +horses, annoyed at the sight of the camels, refused absolutely to be +driven against the enemy. And since the Moors, by hurling javelins in +great numbers among them from their safe position, kept killing both +their horses and men without difficulty, because they were a vast +throng, they began to flee, and, when the Moors came out against them, +the most of them were destroyed, while some fell into the hands of the +enemy; and an exceedingly small number from this army returned home. +Such was the fortune which Trasamundus suffered at the hands of the +Moors. And he died at a later time, having ruled over the Moors +twenty-seven years. + + +IX + +[523 A.D.] And Ilderic, the son of Honoric, the son of Gizeric, next +received the kingdom, a ruler who was easily approached by his subjects +and altogether gentle, and he shewed himself harsh neither to the +Christians nor to anyone else, but in regard to affairs of war he was a +weakling and did not wish this thing even to come to his ears. Hoamer, +accordingly, his nephew and an able warrior, led the armies against any +with whom the Vandals were at war; he it was whom they called the +Achilles of the Vandals. During the reign of this Ilderic the Vandals +were defeated in Byzacium by the Moors, who were ruled by Antalas, and +it so fell out that they became enemies instead of allies and friends to +Theoderic and the Goths in Italy. For they put Amalafrida in prison and +destroyed all the Goths, charging them with revolutionary designs +against the Vandals and Ilderic. However, no revenge came from +Theoderic, for he considered himself unable to gather a great fleet and +make an expedition into Libya, and Ilderic was a very particular friend +and guest-friend of Justinian, who had not yet come to the throne, but +was administering the government according to his pleasure; for his +uncle Justinus, who was emperor, was very old and not altogether +experienced in matters of state. And Ilderic and Justinian made large +presents of money to each other. + +Now there was a certain man in the family of Gizeric, Gelimer, the son +of Geilaris, the son of Genzon, the son of Gizeric, who was of such age +as to be second only to Ilderic, and for this reason he was expected to +come into the kingdom very soon. This man was thought to be the best +warrior of his time, but for the rest he was a cunning fellow and base +at heart and well versed in undertaking revolutionary enterprises and in +laying hold upon the money of others. Now this Gelimer, when he saw the +power coming to him, was not able to live in his accustomed way, but +assumed to himself the tasks of a king and usurped the rule, though it +was not yet due him; and since Ilderic in a spirit of friendliness gave +in to him, he was no longer able to restrain his thoughts, but allying +with himself all the noblest of the Vandals, he persuaded them to wrest +the kingdom from Ilderic, as being an unwarlike king who had been +defeated by the Moors, and as betraying the power of the Vandals into +the hand of the Emperor Justinus, in order that the kingdom might not +come to him, because he was of the other branch of the family; for he +asserted slanderously that this was the meaning of Ilderic's embassy to +Byzantium, and that he was giving over the empire of the Vandals to +Justinus. And they, being persuaded, carried out this plan. [530 A.D.] +Thus Gelimer seized the supreme power, and imprisoned Ilderic, after he +had ruled over the Vandals seven years, and also Hoamer and his brother +Euagees. + +[527 A.D.] But when Justinian heard these things, having already +received the imperial power, he sent envoys to Gelimer in Libya with the +following letter: "You are not acting in a holy manner nor worthily of +the will of Gizeric, keeping in prison an old man and a kinsman and the +king of the Vandals (if the counsels of Gizeric are to be of effect), +and robbing him of his office by violence, though it would be possible +for you to receive it after a short time in a lawful manner. Do you +therefore do no further wrong and do not exchange the name of king for +the title of tyrant, which comes but a short time earlier. But as for +this man, whose death may be expected at any moment, allow him to bear +in appearance the form of royal power, while you do all the things which +it is proper that a king should do; and wait until you can receive from +time and the law of Gizeric, and from them alone, the name which belongs +to the position. For if you do this, the attitude of the Almighty will +be favourable and at the same time our relations with you will be +friendly." Such was his message. But Gelimer sent the envoys away with +nothing accomplished, and he blinded Hoamer and also kept Ilderic and +Euagees in closer confinement, charging them with planning flight to +Byzantium. And when this too was heard by the Emperor Justinian, he sent +envoys a second time and wrote as follows: "We, indeed, supposed that +you would never go contrary to our advice when we wrote you the former +letter. But since it pleases you to have secured possession of the royal +power in the manner in which you have taken and now hold it, get from it +whatever Heaven grants. But do you send to us Ilderic, and Hoamer whom +you have blinded, and his brother, to receive what comfort they can who +have been robbed of a kingdom or of sight; for we shall not let the +matter rest if you do not do this. And I speak thus because we are led +by the hope which I had based on our friendship. And the treaty with +Gizeric will not stand as an obstacle for us. For it is not to make war +upon him who has succeeded to the kingdom of Gizeric that we come, but +to avenge Gizeric with all our power." + +When Gelimer had read this, he replied as follows: "King Gelimer to the +Emperor Justinian. Neither have I taken the office by violence nor has +anything unholy been done by me to my kinsmen. For Ilderic, while +planning a revolution against the house of Gizeric, was dethroned by the +nation of the Vandals; and I was called to the kingdom by my years, +which gave me the preference, according to the law at least. Now it is +well for one to administer the kingly office which belongs to him and +not to make the concerns of others his own. Hence for you also, who have +a kingdom, meddling in other's affairs is not just; and if you break the +treaty and come against us, we shall oppose you with all our power, +calling to witness the oaths which were sworn by Zeno, from whom you +have received the kingdom which you hold." The Emperor Justinian, upon +receiving this letter, having been angry with Gelimer even before then, +was still more eager to punish him. And it seemed to him best to put an +end to the Persian war as soon as possible and then to make an +expedition to Libya; and since he was quick at forming a plan and prompt +in carrying out his decisions, Belisarius, the General of the East, was +summoned and came to him immediately, no announcement having been made +to him nor to anyone else that he was about to lead an army against +Libya, but it was given out that he had been removed from the office +which he held. And straightway the treaty with Persia was made, as has +been told in the preceding narrative.[35] + + +X + +And when the Emperor Justinian considered that the situation was as +favourable as possible, both as to domestic affairs and as to his +relations with Persia, he took under consideration the situation in +Libya. But when he disclosed to the magistrates that he was gathering an +army against the Vandals and Gelimer, the most of them began immediately +to show hostility to the plan, and they lamented it as a misfortune, +recalling the expedition of the Emperor Leon and the disaster of +Basiliscus, and reciting how many soldiers had perished and how much +money the state had lost. But the men who were the most sorrowful of +all, and who, by reason of their anxiety, felt the keenest regret, were +the pretorian prefect, whom the Romans call "praetor," and the +administrator of the treasury, and all to whom had been assigned the +collection of either public or imperial[36] taxes, for they reasoned +that while it would be necessary for them to produce countless sums for +the needs of the war, they would be granted neither pardon in case of +failure nor extension of time in which to raise these sums. And every +one of the generals, supposing that he himself would command the army, +was in terror and dread at the greatness of the danger, if it should be +necessary for him, if he were preserved from the perils of the sea, to +encamp in the enemy's land, and, using his ships as a base, to engage in +a struggle against a kingdom both large and formidable. The soldiers, +also, having recently returned from a long, hard war, and having not yet +tasted to the full the blessings of home, were in despair, both because +they were being led into sea-fighting,--a thing which they had not +learned even from tradition before then,--and because they were sent +from the eastern frontier to the West, in order to risk their lives +against Vandals and Moors. But all the rest, as usually happens in a +great throng, wished to be spectators of new adventures while others +faced the dangers. + +But as for saying anything to the emperor to prevent the expedition, no +one dared to do this except John the Cappadocian, the pretorian prefect, +a man of the greatest daring and the cleverest of all men of his time. +For this John, while all the others were bewailing in silence the +fortune which was upon them, came before the emperor and spoke as +follows: "O Emperor, the good faith which thou dost shew in dealing with +thy subjects enables us to speak frankly regarding anything which will +be of advantage to thy government, even though what is said and done may +not be agreeable to thee. For thus does thy wisdom temper thy authority +with justice, in that thou dost not consider that man only as loyal to +thy cause who serves thee under any and all conditions, nor art thou +angry with the man who speaks against thee, but by weighing all things +by pure reason alone, thou hast often shewn that it involves us in no +danger to oppose thy purposes. Led by these considerations, O Emperor, I +have come to offer this advice, knowing that, though I shall give +perhaps offence at the moment, if it so chance, yet in the future the +loyalty which I bear you will be made clear, and that for this I shall +be able to shew thee as a witness. For if, through not hearkening to my +words, thou shalt carry out the war against the Vandals, it will come +about, if the struggle is prolonged for thee, that my advice will win +renown. For if thou hast confidence that thou wilt conquer the enemy, it +is not at all unreasonable that thou shouldst sacrifice the lives of men +and expend a vast amount of treasure, and undergo the difficulties of +the struggle; for victory, coming at the end, covers up all the +calamities of war. But if in reality these things lie on the knees of +God, and if it behoves us, taking example from what has happened in the +past, to fear the outcome of war, on what grounds is it not better to +love a state of quiet rather than the dangers of mortal strife? Thou art +purposing to make an expedition against Carthage, to which, if one goes +by land, the journey is one of a hundred and forty days, and if one goes +by water, he is forced to cross the whole open sea and go to its very +end. So that he who brings thee news of what will happen in the camp +must needs reach thee a year after the event. And one might add that if +thou art victorious over thy enemy, thou couldst not take possession of +Libya while Sicily and Italy lie in the hands of others; and at the same +time, if any reverse befall thee, O Emperor, the treaty having already +been broken by thee, thou wilt bring the danger upon our own land. In +fact, putting all in a word, it will not be possible for thee to reap +the fruits of victory, and at the same time any reversal of fortune will +bring harm to what is well established. It is before an enterprise that +wise planning is useful. For when men have failed, repentance is of no +avail, but before disaster comes there is no danger in altering plans. +Therefore it will be of advantage above all else to make fitting use of +the decisive moment." + +Thus spoke John; and the Emperor Justinian, hearkening to his words, +checked his eager desire for the war. But one of the priests whom they +call bishops, who had come from the East, said that he wished to have a +word with the emperor. And when he met Justinian, he said that God had +visited him in a dream, and bidden him go to the emperor and rebuke him, +because, after undertaking the task of protecting the Christians in +Libya from tyrants, he had for no good reason become afraid. "And yet," +He had said, "I will Myself join with him in waging war and make him +lord of Libya." When the emperor heard this, he was no longer able to +restrain his purpose, and he began to collect the army and the ships, +and to make ready supplies of weapons and of food, and he announced to +Belisarius that he should be in readiness, because he was very soon to +act as general in Libya. Meanwhile Pudentius, one of the natives of +Tripolis in Libya, caused this district to revolt from the Vandals, and +sending to the emperor he begged that he should despatch an army to him; +for, he said, he would with no trouble win the land for the emperor. And +Justinian sent him Tattimuth and an army of no very great size. This +force Pudentius joined with his own troops and, the Vandals being +absent, he gained possession of the land and made it subject to the +emperor. And Gelimer, though wishing to inflict punishment upon +Pudentius, found the following obstacle in his way. + +There was a certain Godas among the slaves of Gelimer, a Goth by birth, +a passionate and energetic fellow possessed of great bodily strength, +but appearing to be well-disposed to the cause of his master. To this +Godas Gelimer entrusted the island of Sardinia, in order both to guard +the island and to pay over the annual tribute. But he neither could +digest the prosperity brought by fortune nor had he the spirit to endure +it, and so he undertook to establish a tyranny, and he refused to +continue the payment of the tribute, and actually detached the island +from the Vandals and held it himself. And when he perceived that the +Emperor Justinian was eager to make war against Libya and Gelimer, he +wrote to him as follows: + +"It was neither because I yielded to folly nor because I had suffered +anything unpleasant at my master's hands that I turned my thoughts +towards rebellion, but seeing the extreme cruelty of the man both toward +his kinsmen and toward his subjects, I could not, willingly at least, be +reputed to have a share in his inhumanity. For it is better to serve a +just king than a tyrant whose commands are unlawful. But do thou join +with me to assist in this my effort and send soldiers so that I may be +able to ward off my assailants." + +And the emperor, on receiving this letter, was pleased, and he sent +Eulogius as envoy and wrote a letter praising Godas for his wisdom and +his zeal for justice, and he promised an alliance and soldiers and a +general, who would be able to guard the island with him and to assist +him in every other way, so that no trouble should come to him from the +Vandals. But Eulogius, upon coming to Sardinia, found that Godas was +assuming the name and wearing the dress of a king and that he had +attached a body-guard to his person. And when Godas read the emperor's +letter, he said that it was his wish to have soldiers, indeed, come to +fight along with him, but as for a commander, he had absolutely no +desire for one. And having written to the emperor in this sense, he +dismissed Eulogius. + + +XI + +The emperor, meanwhile, not having yet ascertained these things, was +preparing four hundred soldiers with Cyril as commander, who were to +assist Godas in guarding the island. And with them he also had in +readiness the expedition against Carthage, ten thousand foot-soldiers, +and five thousand horsemen, gathered from the regular troops and from +the "foederati." Now at an earlier time only barbarians were enlisted +among the foederati, those, namely, who had come into the Roman +political system, not in the condition of slaves, since they had not +been conquered by the Romans, but on the basis of complete equality.[37] +For the Romans call treaties with their enemies "foedera." But at the +present time there is nothing to prevent anyone from assuming this name, +since time will by no means consent to keep names attached to the things +to which they were formerly applied, but conditions are ever changing +about according to the desire of men who control them, and men pay +little heed to the meaning which they originally attached to a name. And +the commanders of the foederati were Dorotheus, the general of the +troops in Armenia, and Solomon, who was acting as manager for the +general Belisarius; (such a person the Romans call "domesticus." Now +this Solomon was a eunuch, but it was not by the devising of man that he +had suffered mutilation, but some accident which befell him while in +swaddling clothes had imposed this lot upon him); and there were also +Cyprian, Valerian, Martinus, Althias, John, Marcellus, and the Cyril +whom I have mentioned above; and the commanders of the regular cavalry +were Rufinus and Aïgan, who were of the house of Belisarius, and +Barbatus and Pappus, while the regular infantry was commanded by +Theodorus, who was surnamed Cteanus, and Terentius, Zaïdus, Marcian, and +Sarapis. And a certain John, a native of Epidamnus, which is now called +Dyrrachium, held supreme command over all the leaders of infantry. Among +all these commanders Solomon was from a place in the East, at the very +extremity of the Roman domain, where the city called Daras now stands, +and Aïgan was by birth of the Massagetae whom they now call Huns; and +the rest were almost all inhabitants of the land of Thrace. And there +followed with them also four hundred Eruli, whom Pharas led, and about +six hundred barbarian allies from the nation of the Massagetae, all +mounted bowmen; these were led by Sinnion and Balas, men endowed with +bravery and endurance in the highest degree. And for the whole force +five hundred ships were required, no one of which was able to carry more +than fifty thousand medimni,[38] nor any one less than three thousand. +And in all the vessels together there were thirty thousand sailors, +Egyptians and Ionians for the most part, and Cilicians, and one +commander was appointed over all the ships, Calonymus of Alexandria. And +they had also ships of war prepared as for sea-fighting, to the number +of ninety-two, and they were single-banked ships covered by decks, in +order that the men rowing them might if possible not be exposed to the +bolts of the enemy. Such boats are called "dromones"[39] by those of the +present time; for they are able to attain a great speed. In these sailed +two thousand men of Byzantium, who were all rowers as well as fighting +men; for there was not a single superfluous man among them. And +Archelaus was also sent, a man of patrician standing who had already +been pretorian prefect both in Byzantium and in Illyricum, but he then +held the position of prefect of the army; for thus the officer charged +with the maintenance of the army is designated. But as general with +supreme authority over all the emperor sent Belisarius, who was in +command of the troops of the East for the second time. And he was +followed by many spearmen and many guards as well, men who were capable +warriors and thoroughly experienced in the dangers of fighting. And the +emperor gave him written instructions, bidding him do everything as +seemed best to him, and stating that his acts would be final, as if the +emperor himself had done them. The writing, in fact, gave him the power +of a king. Now Belisarius was a native of Germania, which lies between +Thrace and Illyricum. These things, then, took place in this way. + +Gelimer, however, being deprived of Tripolis by Pudentius and of +Sardinia by Godas, scarcely hoped to regain Tripolis, since it was +situated at a great distance and the rebels were already being assisted +by the Romans, against whom just at that moment it seemed to him best +not to take the field; but he was eager to get to the island before any +army sent by the emperor to fight for his enemies should arrive there. +He accordingly selected five thousand of the Vandals and one hundred and +twenty ships of the fastest kind, and appointing as general his brother +Tzazon, he sent them off. And so they were sailing with great enthusiasm +and eagerness against Godas and Sardinia. In the meantime the Emperor +Justinian was sending off Valerian and Martinus in advance of the others +in order to await the rest of the army in the Peloponnesus. And when +these two had embarked upon their ships, it came to the emperor's mind +that there was something which he wished to enjoin upon them,--a thing +which he had wished to say previously, but he had been so busied with +the other matters of which he had to speak that his mind had been +occupied with them and this subject had been driven out. He summoned +them, accordingly, intending to say what he wished, but upon considering +the matter, he saw that it would not be propitious for them to interrupt +their journey. He therefore sent men to forbid them either to return to +him or to disembark from their ships. And these men, upon coming near +the ships, commanded them with much shouting and loud cries by no means +to turn back, and it seemed to those present that the thing which had +happened was no good omen and that never would one of the men in those +ships return from Libya to Byzantium. For besides the omen they +suspected that a curse also had come to the men from the emperor, not at +all by his own will, so that they would not return. Now if anyone should +so interpret the incident with regard to these two commanders, Valerian +and Martinus, he will find the original opinion untrue. But there was a +certain man among the body-guards of Martinus, Stotzas by name, who was +destined to be an enemy of the emperor, to make an attempt to set up a +tyranny, and by no means to return to Byzantium, and one might suppose +that curse to have been turned upon him by Heaven. But whether this +matter stands thus or otherwise, I leave to each one to reason out as he +wishes. But I shall proceed to tell how the general Belisarius and the +army departed. + + +XII + +[533 A.D.] In the seventh year of Justinian's reign, at about the spring +equinox, the emperor commanded the general's ship to anchor off the +point which is before the royal palace. Thither came also Epiphanius, +the chief priest of the city, and after uttering an appropriate prayer, +he put on the ships one of the soldiers who had lately been baptized and +had taken the Christian name. And after this the general Belisarius and +Antonina, his wife, set sail. And there was with them also Procopius, +who wrote this history; now previously he had been exceedingly terrified +at the danger, but later he had seen a vision in his sleep which caused +him to take courage and made him eager to go on the expedition. For it +seemed in the dream that he was in the house of Belisarius, and one of +the servants entering announced that some men had come bearing gifts; +and Belisarius bade him investigate what sort of gifts they were, and he +went out into the court and saw men who carried on their shoulders earth +with the flowers and all. And he bade him bring these men into the house +and deposit the earth they were carrying in the portico; and Belisarius +together with his guardsmen came there, and he himself reclined on that +earth and ate of the flowers, and urged the others to do likewise; and +as they reclined and ate, as if upon a couch, the food seemed to them +exceedingly sweet. Such, then, was the vision of the dream. + +And the whole fleet followed the general's ship, and they put in at +Perinthus, which is now called Heracleia,[40] where five days' time was +spent by the army, since at that place the general received as a present +from the emperor an exceedingly great number of horses from the royal +pastures, which are kept for him in the territory of Thrace. And setting +sail from there, they anchored off Abydus, and it came about as they +were delaying there four days on account of the lack of wind that the +following event took place. Two Massagetae killed one of their comrades +who was ridiculing them, in the midst of their intemperate drinking; for +they were intoxicated. For of all men the Massagetae are the most +intemperate drinkers. Belisarius, accordingly, straightway impaled these +two men on the hill which is near Abydus. And since all, and especially +the relatives of these two men, were angry and declared that it was not +in order to be punished nor to be subject to the laws of the Romans that +they had entered into an alliance (for their own laws did not make the +punishment for murder such _as_ this, they said); and since they were +joined in voicing the accusation against the general even by Roman +soldiers, who were anxious that there should be no punishment for their +offences, Belisarius called together both the Massagetae and the rest of +the army and spoke as follows: "If my words were addressed to men now +for the first time entering into war, it would require a long time for +me to convince you by speech how great a help justice is for gaining the +victory. For those who do not understand the fortunes of such struggles +think that the outcome of war lies in strength of arm alone. But you, +who have often conquered an enemy not inferior to you in strength of +body and well endowed with valour, you who have often tried your +strength against your opponents, you, I think, are not ignorant that, +while it is men who always do the fighting in either army, it is God who +judges the contest as seems best to Him and bestows the victory in +battle. Now since this is so, it is fitting to consider good bodily +condition and practice in arms and all the other provision for war of +less account than justice and those things which pertain to God. For +that which may possibly be of greatest advantage to men in need would +naturally be honoured by them above all other things. Now the first +proof of justice would be the punishment of those who have committed +unjust murder. For if it is incumbent upon us to sit in judgment upon +the actions which from time to time are committed by men toward their +neighbours, and to adjudge and to name the just and the unjust action, +we should find that nothing is more precious to a man than his life. And +if any barbarian who has slain his kinsman expects to find indulgence in +his trial on the ground that he was drunk, in all fairness he makes the +charge so much the worse by reason of the very circumstance by which, as +he alleges, his guilt is removed. For it is not right for a man under +any circumstances, and especially when serving in an army, to be so +drunk as readily to kill his dearest friends; nay, the drunkenness +itself, even if the murder is not added at all, is worthy of punishment; +and when a kinsman is wronged, the crime would clearly be of greater +moment as regards punishment than when committed against those who are +not kinsmen, at least in the eyes of men of sense. Now the example is +before you and you may see what sort of an outcome such actions have. +But as for you, it is your duty to avoid laying violent hands upon +anyone without provocation, or carrying off the possessions of others; +for I shall not overlook it, be assured, and I shall not consider anyone +of you a fellow-soldier of mine, no matter how terrible he is reputed to +be to the foe, who is not able to use clean hands against the enemy. For +bravery cannot be victorious unless it be arrayed along with justice." +So spoke Belisarius. And the whole army, hearing what was said and +looking up at the two men impaled, felt an overwhelming fear come over +them and took thought to conduct their lives with moderation, for they +saw that they would not be free from great danger if they should be +caught doing anything unlawful. + + +XIII + +After this Belisarius bethought him how his whole fleet should always +keep together as it sailed and should anchor in the same place. For he +knew that in a large fleet, and especially if rough winds should assail +them, it was inevitable that many of the ships should be left behind and +scattered on the open sea, and that their pilots should not know which +of the ships that put to sea ahead of them it was better to follow. So +after considering the matter, he did as follows. The sails of the three +ships in which he and his following were carried he painted red from the +upper corner for about one third of their length, and he erected upright +poles on the prow of each, and hung lights from them, so that both by +day and by night the general's ships might be distinguishable; then he +commanded all the pilots to follow these ships. Thus with the three +ships leading the whole fleet not a single ship was left behind. And +whenever they were about to put out from a harbour, the trumpets +announced this to them. + +And upon setting out from Abydus they met with strong winds which +carried them to Sigeum. And again in calm weather they proceeded more +leisurely to Malea, where the calm proved of the greatest advantage to +them. For since they had a great fleet and exceedingly large ships, as +night came on everything was thrown into confusion by reason of their +being crowded into small space, and they were brought into extreme +peril. At that time both the pilots and the rest of the sailors shewed +themselves skilful and efficient, for while shouting at the top of their +voices and making a great noise they kept pushing the ships apart with +their poles, and cleverly kept the distances between their different +vessels; but if a wind had arisen, whether a following or a head wind, +it seems to me that the sailors would hardly have preserved themselves +and their ships. But as it was, they escaped, as I have said, and put in +at Taenarum, which is now called Caenopolis.[41] Then, pressing on from +there, they touched at Methone, and found Valerian and Martinus with +their men, who had reached the same place a short time before. And since +there were no winds blowing, Belisarius anchored the ships there, and +disembarked the whole army; and after they were on shore he assigned the +commanders their positions and drew up the soldiers. And while he was +thus engaged and no wind at all arose, it came about that many of the +soldiers were destroyed by disease caused in the following manner. + +The pretorian prefect, John, was a man of worthless character, and so +skilful at devising ways of bringing money into the public treasury to +the detriment of men that I, for my part, should never be competent to +describe this trait of his. But this has been said in the preceding +pages, when I was brought to this point by my narrative.[42] But I shall +tell in the present case in what manner he destroyed the soldiers. The +bread which soldiers are destined to eat in camp must of necessity be +put twice into the oven, and be cooked so carefully as to last for a +very long period and not spoil in a short time, and loaves cooked in +this way necessarily weigh less; and for this reason, when such bread is +distributed, the soldiers generally received as their portion one-fourth +more than the usual weight.[43] John, therefore, calculating how he +might reduce the amount of firewood used and have less to pay to the +bakers in wages, and also how he might not lose in the weight of the +bread, brought the still uncooked dough to the public baths of Achilles, +in the basement of which the fire is kept burning, and bade his men set +it down there. And when it seemed to be cooked in some fashion or other, +he threw it into bags, put it on the ships, and sent it off. And when +the fleet arrived at Methone, the loaves disintegrated and returned +again to flour, not wholesome flour, however, but rotten and becoming +mouldy and already giving out a sort of oppressive odour. And the loaves +were dispensed by measure[44] to the soldiers by those to whom this +office was assigned, and they were already making the distribution of +the bread by quarts and bushels. And the soldiers, feeding upon this in +the summer time in a place where the climate is very hot, became sick, +and not less than five hundred of them died; and the same thing was +about to happen to more, but Belisarius prevented it by ordering the +bread of the country to be furnished them. And reporting the matter to +the emperor, he himself gained in favour, but he did not at that time +bring any punishment upon John. + +These events, then, took place in the manner described. And setting out +from Methone they reached the harbour of Zacynthus, where they took in +enough water to last them in crossing the Adriatic Sea, and after making +all their other preparations, sailed on. But since the wind they had was +very gentle and languid, it was only on the sixteenth day that they came +to land at a deserted place in Sicily near which Mount Aetna rises. And +while they were being delayed in this passage, as has been said, it so +happened that the water of the whole fleet was spoiled, except that +which Belisarius himself and his table-companions were drinking. For +this alone was preserved by the wife of Belisarius in the following +manner. She filled with water jars made of glass and constructed a small +room with planks in the hold of the ship where it was impossible for the +sun to penetrate, and there she sank the jars in sand, and by this means +the water remained unaffected. So much, then, for this. + + +XIV + +And as soon as Belisarius had disembarked upon the island, he began to +feel restless, knowing not how to proceed, and his mind was tormented by +the thought that he did not know what sort of men the Vandals were +against whom he was going, and how strong they were in war, or in what +manner the Romans would have to wage the war, or what place would be +their base of operations. But most of all he was disturbed by the +soldiers, who were in mortal dread of sea-fighting and had no shame in +saying beforehand that, if they should be disembarked on the land, they +would try to show themselves brave men in the battle, but if hostile +ships assailed them, they would turn to flight; for, they said, they +were not able to contend against two enemies at once, both men and +water. Being at a loss, therefore, because of all these things, he sent +Procopius, his adviser, to Syracuse, to find out whether the enemy had +any ships in ambush keeping watch over the passage across the sea, +either on the island or on the continent, and where it would be best for +them to anchor in Libya, and from what point as base it would be +advantageous for them to start in carrying on the war against the +Vandals. And he bade him, when he should have accomplished his commands, +return and meet him at the place called Caucana,[45] about two hundred +stades distant from Syracuse, where both he and the whole fleet were to +anchor. But he let it be understood that he was sending him to buy +provisions, since the Goths were willing to give them a market, this +having been decided upon by the Emperor Justinian and Amalasountha, the +mother of Antalaric,[46] who was at that time a boy being reared under +the care of his mother, Amalasountha, and held sway over both the Goths +and the Italians. For when Theoderic had died and the kingdom came to +his nephew, Antalaric, who had already before this lost his father, +Amalasountha was fearful both for her child and for the kingdom and +cultivated the friendship of Justinian very carefully, and she gave heed +to his commands in all matters and at that time promised to provide a +market for his army and did so. + +Now when Procopius reached Syracuse, he unexpectedly met a man who had +been a fellow-citizen and friend of his from childhood, who had been +living in Syracuse for a long time engaged in the shipping business, and +he learned from him what he wanted; for this man showed him a domestic +who had three days before that very day come from Carthage, and he said +that they need not suspect that there would be any ambush set for the +fleet by the Vandals. For from no one in the world had they learned that +an army was coming against them at that time, but all the active men +among the Vandals had actually a little before gone on an expedition +against Godas. And for this reason Gelimer, with no thought of an enemy +in his mind and regardless of Carthage and all the other places on the +sea, was staying in Hermione, which is in Byzacium, four days' journey +distant from the coast; so that it was possible for them to sail without +fearing any difficulty and to anchor wherever the wind should call them. +When Procopius heard this, he took the hand of the domestic and walked +to the harbour of Arethousa where his boat lay at anchor, making many +enquiries of the man and searching out every detail. And going on board +the ship with him, he gave orders to raise the sails and to make all +speed for Caucana. And since the master of the domestic stood on the +shore wondering that he did not give him back the man, Procopius shouted +out, when the ship was already under way, begging him not to be angry +with him; for it was necessary that the domestic should meet the +general, and, after leading the army to Libya, would return after no +long time to Syracuse with much money in his pocket. + +But upon coming to Caucana they found all in deep grief. For Dorotheus, +the general of the troops of Armenia, had died there, leaving to the +whole army a great sense of loss. But Belisarius, when the domestic had +come before him and related his whole story, became exceedingly glad, +and after bestowing many praises upon Procopius, he issued orders to +give the signal for departure with the trumpets. And setting sail +quickly they touched at the islands of Gaulus and Melita,[47] which mark +the boundary between the Adriatic and Tuscan Seas. There a strong east +wind arose for them, and on the following day it carried the ships to +the point of Libya, at the place which the Romans call in their own +tongue "Shoal's Head." For its name is "Caputvada," and it is five days' +journey from Carthage for an unencumbered traveller. + + +XV + +And when they came near the shore, the general bade them furl the sails, +throw out anchors from the ships, and make a halt; and calling together +all the commanders to his own ship, he opened a discussion with regard +to the disembarkation. Thereupon many speeches were made inclining to +either side, and Archelaus came forward and spoke as follows: + +"I admire, indeed, the virtue of our general, who, while surpassing all +by far in judgment and possessing the greatest wealth of experience, and +at the same time holding the power alone, has proposed an open +discussion and bids each one of us speak, so that we shall be able to +choose whichever course seems best, though it is possible for him to +decide alone on what is needful and at his leisure to put it into +execution as he wishes. But as for you, my fellow officers--I do not +know how I am to say it easily--one might wonder that each one did not +hasten to be the first to oppose the disembarkation. And yet I +understand that the making of suggestions to those who are entering upon +a perilous course brings no personal advantage to him who offers the +advice, but as a general thing results in bringing blame upon him. For +when things go well for men, they attribute their success to their own +judgment or to fortune, but when they fail, they blame only the one who +has advised them. Nevertheless I shall speak out. For it is not right +for those who deliberate about safety to shrink from blame. You are +purposing to disembark on the enemy's land, fellow-officers; but in what +harbour are you planning to place the ships in safety? Or in what city's +wall will you find security for yourselves? Have you not then heard that +this promontory--I mean from Carthage to Iouce--extends, they say, for a +journey of nine days, altogether without harbours and lying open to the +wind from whatever quarter it may blow? And not a single walled town is +left in all Libya except Carthage, thanks to the decision of +Gizeric.[48] And one might add that in this place, they say, water is +entirely lacking. Come now, if you wish, let us suppose that some +adversity befall us, and with this in view make the decision. For that +those who enter into contests of arms should expect no difficulty is not +in keeping with human experience nor with the nature of things. If, +then, after we have disembarked upon the mainland, a storm should fall +upon us, will it not be necessary that one of two things befall the +ships, either that they flee away as far as possible, or perish upon +this promontory? Secondly, what means will there be of supplying us with +necessities? Let no one look to me as the officer charged with the +maintenance of the army. For every official, when deprived of the means +of administering his office, is of necessity reduced to the name and +character of a private person. And where shall we deposit our +superfluous arms or any other part of our necessaries when we are +compelled to receive the attack of the barbarians? Nay, as for this, it +is not well even to say how it will turn out. But I think that we ought +to make straight for Carthage. For they say that there is a harbour +called Stagnum not more than forty stades distant from that city, which +is entirely unguarded and large enough for the whole fleet. And if we +make this the base of our operations, we shall carry on the war without +difficulty. And I, for my part, think it likely that we shall win +Carthage by a sudden attack, especially since the enemy are far away +from it, and that after we have won it we shall have no further trouble. +For it is a way with all men's undertakings that when the chief point +has been captured, they collapse after no long time. It behoves us, +therefore, to bear in mind all these things and to choose the best +course." So spoke Archelaus. + +And Belisarius spoke as follows: "Let no one of you, fellow-officers, +think that my words are those of censure, nor that they are spoken in +the last place to the end that it may become necessary for all to follow +them, of whatever sort they may be. For I have heard what seems best to +each one of you, and it is becoming that I too should lay before you +what I think, and then with you should choose the better course. But it +is right to remind you of this fact, that the soldiers said openly a +little earlier that they feared the dangers by sea and would turn to +flight if a hostile ship should attack them, and we prayed God to shew +us the land of Libya and allow us a peaceful disembarkation upon it. And +since this is so, I think it the part of foolish men first to pray to +receive from God the more favourable fortune, then when this is given +them, to reject it and go in the contrary direction. And if we do sail +straight for Carthage and a hostile fleet encounters us, the soldiers +will remain without blame, if they flee with all their might--for a +delinquency announced beforehand carries with it its own defence--but +for us, even if we come through safely, there will be no forgiveness. +Now while there are many difficulties if we remain in the ships, it will +be sufficient, I think, to mention only one thing,--that by which +especially they wish to frighten us when they hold over our heads the +danger of a storm. For if any storm should fall upon us, one of two +things, they say, must necessarily befall the ships, either that they +flee far from Libya or be destroyed upon this headland. What then under +the present circumstances will be more to our advantage to choose? to +have the ships alone destroyed, or to have lost everything, men and all? +But apart from this, at the present time we shall fall upon the enemy +unprepared, and in all probability shall fare as we desire; for in +warfare it is the unexpected which is accustomed to govern the course of +events. But a little later, when the enemy have already made their +preparation, the struggle we shall have will be one of strength evenly +matched. And one might add that it will be necessary perhaps to fight +even for the disembarkation, and to seek for that which now we have +within our grasp but over which we are deliberating as a thing not +necessary. And if at the very time, when we are engaged in conflict, a +storm also comes upon us, as often happens on the sea, then while +struggling both against the waves and against the Vandals, we shall come +to regret our prudence. As for me, then, I say that we must disembark +upon the land with all possible speed, landing horses and arms and +whatever else we consider necessary for our use, and that we must dig a +trench quickly and throw a stockade around us of a kind which can +contribute to our safety no less than any walled town one might mention, +and with that as our base must carry on the war from there if anyone +should attack us. And if we shew ourselves brave men, we shall lack +nothing in the way of provisions. For those who hold the mastery over +their enemy are lords also of the enemy's possessions; and it is the way +of victory, first to invest herself with all the wealth, and then to set +it down again on that side to which she inclines. Therefore, for you +both the chance of safety and of having an abundance of good things lies +in your own hands." + +When Belisarius had said this, the whole assembly agreed and adopted his +proposal, and separating from one another, they made the disembarkation +as quickly as possible, about three months later than their departure +from Byzantium. And indicating a certain spot on the shore the general +bade both soldiers and sailors dig the trench and place the stockade +about it. And they did as directed. And since a great throng was working +and fear was stimulating their enthusiasm and the general was urging +them on, not only was the trench dug on the same day, but the stockade +was also completed and the pointed stakes were fixed in place all +around. Then, indeed, while they were digging the trench, something +happened which was altogether amazing. A great abundance of water sprang +forth from the earth, a thing which had not happened before in Byzacium, +and besides this the place where they were was altogether waterless. Now +this water sufficed for all uses of both men and animals. And in +congratulating the general, Procopius said that he rejoiced at the +abundance of water, not so much because of its usefulness, as because it +seemed to him a symbol of an easy victory, and that Heaven was +foretelling a victory to them. This, at any rate, actually came to pass. +So for that night all the soldiers bivouacked in the camp, setting +guards and doing everything else as was customary, except, indeed, that +Belisarius commanded five bowmen to remain in each ship for the purpose +of a guard, and that the ships-of-war should anchor in a circle about +them, taking care that no one should come against them to do them harm. + + +XVI + +But on the following day, when some of the soldiers went out into the +fields and laid hands on the fruit, the general inflicted corporal +punishment of no casual sort upon them, and he called all the army +together and spoke as follows: "This using of violence and the eating of +that which belongs to others seems at other times a wicked thing only on +this account, that injustice is in the deed itself, as the saying is; +but in the present instance so great an element of detriment is added to +the wrongdoing that--if it is not too harsh to say so--we must consider +the question of justice of less account and calculate the magnitude of +the danger that may arise from your act. For I have disembarked you upon +this land basing my confidence on this alone, that the Libyans, being +Romans from of old, are unfaithful and hostile to the Vandals, and for +this reason I thought that no necessaries would fail us and, besides, +that the enemy would not do us any injury by a sudden attack. But now +this your lack of self-control has changed it all and made the opposite +true. For you have doubtless reconciled the Libyans to the Vandals, +bringing their hostility round upon your own selves. For by nature those +who are wronged feel enmity toward those who have done them violence, +and it has come round to this that you have exchanged your own safety +and a bountiful supply of good things for some few pieces of silver, +when it was possible for you, by purchasing provisions from willing +owners, not to appear unjust and at the same time to enjoy their +friendship to the utmost. Now, therefore, the war will be between you +and both Vandals and Libyans, and I, at least, say further that it will +be against God himself, whose aid no one who does wrong can invoke. But +do you cease trespassing wantonly upon the possessions of others, and +reject a gain which is full of dangers. For this is that time in which +above all others moderation is able to save, but lawlessness leads to +death. For if you give heed to these things, you will find God +propitious, the Libyan people well-disposed, and the race of the Vandals +open to your attack." + +With these words Belisarius dismissed the assembly. And at that time he +heard that the city of Syllectus was distant one day's journey from the +camp, lying close to the sea on the road leading to Carthage, and that +the wall of this city had been torn down for a long time, but the +inhabitants of the place had made a barrier on all sides by means of the +walls of their houses, on account of the attacks of the Moors, and +guarded a kind of fortified enclosure; he, accordingly, sent one of his +spearmen, Boriades, together with some of the guards, commanding them to +make an attempt oh the city, and, if they captured it, to do no harm in +it, but to promise a thousand good things and to say that they had come +for the sake of the people's freedom, that so the army might be able to +enter into it. And they came near the city about dusk and passed the +night hidden in a ravine. But at early dawn, meeting country folk going +into the city with waggons, they entered quietly with them and with no +trouble took possession of the city. And when day came, no one having +begun any disturbance, they called together the priest and all the other +notables and announced the commands of the general, and receiving the +keys of the entrances from willing hands, they sent them to the general. + +On the same day the overseer of the public post deserted, handing over +all the government horses. And they captured also one of those who are +occasionally sent to bear the royal responses, whom they call +"veredarii"[49]; and the general did him no harm but presented him with +much gold and, receiving pledges from him, put into his hand the letter +which the Emperor Justinian had written to the Vandals, that he might +give it to the magistrates of the Vandals. And the writing was as +follows: "Neither have we decided to make war upon the Vandals, nor are +we breaking the treaty of Gizeric, but we are attempting to dethrone +your tyrant, who, making light of the testament of Gizeric, has +imprisoned your king and is keeping him in custody, and those of his +relatives whom he hated exceedingly he put to death at the first, and +the rest, after robbing them of their sight, he keeps under guard, not +allowing them to terminate their misfortunes by death. Do you, +therefore, join forces with us and help us in freeing yourselves from so +wicked a tyranny, in order that you may be able to enjoy both peace and +freedom. For we give you pledges in the name of God that these things +will come to you by our hand." Such was the message of the emperor's +letter. But the man who received this from Belisarius did not dare to +publish it openly, and though he shewed it secretly to his friends, he +accomplished nothing whatever of consequence. + + +XVII + +And Belisarius, having arrayed his army as for battle in the following +manner, began the march to Carthage. He chose out three hundred of his +guards, men who were able warriors, and handed them over to John, who +was in charge of the expenditures of the general's household; such a +person the Romans call "optio."[50] And he was an Armenian by birth, a +man gifted with discretion and courage in the highest degree. This John, +then, he commanded to go ahead of the army, at a distance of not less +than twenty stades, and if he should see anything of the enemy, to +report it with all speed, so that they might not be compelled to enter +into battle unprepared. And the allied Massagetae he commanded to travel +constantly on the left of the army, keeping as many stades away or more; +and he himself marched in the rear with the best troops. For he +suspected that it would not be long before Gelimer, following them from +Hermione, would make an attack upon them. And these precautions were +sufficient, for on the right side there was no fear, since they were +travelling not far from the coast. And he commanded the sailors to +follow along with them always and not to separate themselves far from +the army, but when the wind was favouring to lower the great sails, and +follow with the small sails, which they call "dolones,"[51] and when the +wind dropped altogether to keep the ships under way as well as they +could by rowing. + +And when Belisarius reached Syllectus, the soldiers behaved with +moderation, and they neither began any unjust brawls nor did anything +out of the way, and he himself, by displaying great gentleness and +kindness, won the Libyans to his side so completely that thereafter he +made the journey as if in his own land; for neither did the inhabitants +of the land withdraw nor did they wish to conceal anything, but they +both furnished a market and served the soldiers in whatever else they +wished. And accomplishing eighty stades each day, we completed the whole +journey to Carthage, passing the night either in a city, should it so +happen, or in a camp made as thoroughly secure as the circumstances +permitted. Thus we passed through the city of Leptis and Hadrumetum and +reached the place called Grasse, three hundred and fifty stades distant +from Carthage. In that place was a palace of the ruler of the Vandals +and a park the most beautiful of all we know. For it is excellently +watered by springs and has a great wealth of woods. And all the trees +are full of fruit; so that each one of the soldiers pitched his tent +among fruit-trees, and though all of them ate their fill of the fruit, +which was then ripe, there was practically no diminution to be seen in +the fruit. + +But Gelimer, as soon as he heard in Hermione that the enemy were at +hand, wrote to his brother Ammatas in Carthage to kill Ilderic and all +the others, connected with him either by birth or otherwise, whom he was +keeping under guard, and commanded him to make ready the Vandals and all +others in the city serviceable for war, in order that, when the enemy +got inside the narrow passage at the suburb of the city which they call +Decimum,[52] they might come together from both sides and surround them +and, catching them as in a net, destroy them. And Ammatas carried this +out, and killed Ilderic, who was a relative of his, and Euagees, and all +the Libyans who were intimate with them. For Hoamer had already departed +from the world.[53] And arming the Vandals, he made them ready, +intending to make his attack at the opportune moment. But Gelimer was +following behind, without letting it be known to us, except, indeed, +that, on that night when we bivouacked in Grasse, scouts coming from +both armies met each other, and after an exchange of blows they each +retired to their own camp, and in this way it became evident to us that +the enemy were not far away. As we proceeded from there it was +impossible to discern the ships. For high rocks extending well into the +sea cause mariners to make a great circuit, and there is a projecting +headland,[54] inside of which lies the town of Hermes. Belisarius +therefore commanded Archelaus, the prefect, and Calonymus, the admiral, +not to put in at Carthage, but to remain about two hundred stades away +until he himself should summon them. And departing from Grasse we came +on the fourth day to Decimum, seventy stades distant from Carthage. + + +XVIII + +And on that day Gelimer commanded his nephew Gibamundus with two +thousand of the Vandals to go ahead of the rest of the army on the left +side, in order that Ammatas coming from Carthage, Gelimer himself from +the rear, and Gibamundus from the country to the left, might unite and +accomplish the task of encircling the enemy with less difficulty and +exertion. But as for me, during this struggle I was moved to wonder at +the ways of Heaven and of men, noting how God, who sees from afar what +will come to pass, traces out the manner in which it seems best to him +that things should come to pass, while men, whether they are deceived or +counsel aright, know not that they have failed, should that be the +issue, or that they have succeeded, God's purpose being that a path +shall be made for Fortune, who presses on inevitably toward that which +has been foreordained. For if Belisarius had not thus arranged his +forces, commanding the men under John to take the lead, and the +Massagetae to march on the left of the army, we should never have been +able to escape the Vandals. And even with this planned so by Belisarius, +if Ammatas had observed the opportune time, and had not anticipated this +by about the fourth part of a day, never would the cause of the Vandals +have fallen as it did; but as it was, Ammatas came to Decimum about +midday, in advance of the time, while both we and the Vandal army were +far away, erring not only in that he did not arrive at the fitting time, +but also in leaving at Carthage the host of the Vandals, commanding them +to come to Decimum as quickly as possible, while he with a few men and +not even the pick of the army came into conflict with John's men. And he +killed twelve of the best men who were fighting in the front rank, and +he himself fell, having shewn himself a brave man in this engagement. +And the rout, after Ammatas fell, became complete, and the Vandals, +fleeing at top speed, swept back all those who were coming from Carthage +to Decimum. For they were advancing in no order and not drawn up as for +battle, but in companies, and small ones at that; for they were coming +in bands of twenty or thirty. And seeing the Vandals under Ammatas +fleeing, and thinking their pursuers were a great multitude, they turned +and joined in the flight. And John and his men, killing all whom they +came upon, advanced as far as the gates of Carthage. And there was so +great a slaughter of Vandals in the course of the seventy stades that +those who beheld it would have supposed that it was the work of an enemy +twenty thousand strong. + +At the same time Gibamundus and his two thousand came to Pedion Halon, +which is forty stades distant from Decimum on the left as one goes to +Carthage, and is destitute of human habitation or trees or anything +else, since the salt in the water permits nothing except salt to be +produced there; in that place they encountered the Huns and were all +destroyed. Now there was a certain man among the Massagetae, well gifted +with courage and strength of body, the leader of a few men; this man had +the privilege handed down from his fathers and ancestors to be the first +in all the Hunnic armies to attack the enemy. For it was not lawful for +a man of the Massagetae to strike first in battle and capture one of the +enemy until, indeed, someone from this house began the struggle with the +enemy. So when the two armies had come not far from each other, this man +rode out and stopped alone close to the army of the Vandals. And the +Vandals, either because they were dumbfounded at the courageous spirit +of the man or perhaps because they suspected that the enemy were +contriving something against them, decided neither to move nor to shoot +at the man. And I think that, since they had never had experience of +battle with the Massagetae, but heard that the nation was very warlike, +they were for this reason terrified at the danger. And the man, +returning to his compatriots, said that God had sent them these +strangers as a ready feast. Then at length they made their onset and the +Vandals did not withstand them, but breaking their ranks and never +thinking of resistance, they were all disgracefully destroyed. + + +XIX + +But we, having learned nothing at all of what had happened, were going +on to Decimum. And Belisarius, seeing a place well adapted for a camp, +thirty-five stades distant from Decimum, surrounded it with a stockade +which was very well made, and placing all the infantry there and calling +together the whole army, he spoke as follows: "Fellow-soldiers, the +decisive moment of the struggle is already at hand; for I perceive that +the enemy are advancing upon us; and the ships have been taken far away +from us by the nature of the place; and it has come round to this that +our hope of safety lies in the strength of our hands. For there is not a +friendly city, no, nor any other stronghold, in which we may put our +trust and have confidence concerning ourselves. But if we should show +ourselves brave men, it is probable that we shall still overcome the +enemy in the war; but if we should weaken at all, it will remain for us +to fall under the hand of the Vandals and to be destroyed disgracefully. +And yet there are many advantages on our side to help us on toward +victory; for we have with us both justice, with which we have come +against our enemy (for we are here in order to recover what is our own), +and the hatred of the Vandals toward their own tyrant. For the alliance +of God follows naturally those who put justice forward, and a soldier +who is ill-disposed toward his ruler knows not how to play the part of a +brave man. And apart from this, we have been engaged with Persians and +Scythians all the time, but the Vandals, since the time they conquered +Libya, have seen not a single enemy except naked Moors. And who does not +know that in every work practice leads to skill, while idleness leads to +inefficiency? Now the stockade, from which we shall have to carry on the +war, has been made by us in the best possible manner. And we are able to +deposit here our weapons and everything else which we are not able to +carry when we go forth; and when we return here again, no kind of +provisions can fail us. And I pray that each one of you, calling to mind +his own valour and those whom he has left at home, may so march with +contempt against the enemy." + +After speaking these words and uttering a prayer after them, Belisarius +left his wife and the barricaded camp to the infantry, and himself set +forth with all the horsemen. For it did not seem to him advantageous for +the present to risk an engagement with the whole army, but it seemed +wise to skirmish first with the horsemen and make trial of the enemy's +strength, and finally to fight a decisive battle with the whole army. +Sending forward, therefore, the commanders of the foederati,[55] he +himself followed with the rest of the force and his own spearmen and +guards. And when the foederati and their leaders reached Decimum, they +saw the corpses of the fallen--twelve comrades from the forces of John +and near them Ammatas and some of the Vandals. And hearing from the +inhabitants of the place the whole story of the fight, they were vexed, +being at a loss as to where they ought to go. But while they were still +at a loss and from the hills were looking around over the whole country +thereabouts, a dust appeared from the south and a little later a very +large force of Vandal horsemen. And they sent to Belisarius urging him +to come as quickly as possible, since the enemy were bearing down upon +them. And the opinions of the commanders were divided. For some thought +that they ought to close with their assailants, but the others said that +their force was not sufficient for this. And while they were debating +thus among themselves, the barbarians drew near under the leadership of +Gelimer, who was following a road between the one which Belisarius was +travelling and the one by which the Massagetae who had encountered +Gibamundus had come. But since the land was hilly on both sides, it did +not allow him to see either the disaster of Gibamundus or Belisarius' +stockade, nor even the road along which Belisarius' men were advancing. +But when they came near each other, a contest arose between the two +armies as to which should capture the highest of all the hills there. +For it seemed a suitable one to encamp upon, and both sides preferred to +engage with the enemy from there. And the Vandals, coming first, took +possession of the hill by crowding off their assailants and routed the +enemy, having already become an object of terror to them. And the Romans +in flight came to a place seven stades distant from Decimum, where, as +it happened, Uliaris, the personal guard of Belisarius, was, with eight +hundred guardsmen. And all supposed that Uliaris would receive them and +hold his position, and together with them would go against the Vandals; +but when they came together, these troops all unexpectedly fled at top +speed and went on the run to Belisarius. + +From then on I am unable to say what happened to Gelimer that, having +the victory in his hands, he willingly gave it up to the enemy, unless +one ought to refer foolish actions also to God, who, whenever He +purposes that some adversity shall befall a man, touches first his +reason and does not permit that which will be to his advantage to come +to his consideration. For if, on the one hand, he had made the pursuit +immediately, I do not think that even Belisarius would have withstood +him, but our cause would have been utterly and completely lost, so +numerous appeared the force of the Vandals and so great the fear they +inspired in the Romans; or if, on the other hand, he had even ridden +straight for Carthage, he would easily have killed all John's men, who, +heedless of everything else, were wandering about the plain one by one +or by twos and stripping the dead. And he would have preserved the city +with its treasures, and captured our ships, which had come rather near, +and he would have withdrawn from us all hope both of sailing away and of +victory. But in fact he did neither of these things. Instead he +descended from the hill at a walk, and when he reached the level ground +and saw the corpse of his brother, he turned to lamentations, and, in +caring for his burial, he blunted the edge of his opportunity--an +opportunity which he was not able to grasp again. Meantime Belisarius, +meeting the fugitives, bade them stop, and arrayed them all in order and +rebuked them at length; then, after hearing of the death of Ammatas and +the pursuit of John, and learning what he wished concerning the place +and the enemy, he proceeded at full speed against Gelimer and the +Vandals. But the barbarians, having already fallen into disorder and +being now unprepared, did not withstand the onset of the Romans, but +fled with all their might, losing many there, and the battle ended at +night. Now the Vandals were in flight, not to Carthage nor to Byzacium, +whence they had come, but to the plain of Boulla and the road leading +into Numidia. So the men with John and the Massagetae returned to us +about dusk, and after learning all that had happened and reporting what +they had done, they passed the night with us in Decimum. + + +XX + +But on the following day the infantry with the wife of Belisarius came +up and we all proceeded together on the road toward Carthage, which we +reached in the late evening; and we passed the night in the open, +although no one hindered us from marching into the city at once. For the +Carthaginians opened the gates and burned lights everywhere and the city +was brilliant with the illumination that whole night, and those of the +Vandals who had been left behind were sitting as suppliants in the +sanctuaries. But Belisarius prevented the entrance in order to guard +against any ambuscade being set for his men by the enemy, and also to +prevent the soldiers from having freedom to turn to plundering, as they +might under the concealment of night. On that day, since an east wind +arose for them, the ships reached the headland, and the Carthaginians, +for they already sighted them, removed the iron chains of the harbour +which they call Mandracium, and made it possible for the fleet to enter. +Now there is in the king's palace a room filled with darkness, which the +Carthaginians call Ancon, where all were cast with whom the tyrant was +angry. In that place, as it happened, many of the eastern merchants had +been confined up to that time. For Gelimer was angry with these men, +charging them with having urged the emperor on to the war, and they were +about to be destroyed, all of them, this having been decided upon by +Gelimer on that day on which Ammatas was killed in Decimum; to such an +extremity of danger did they come. The guard of this prison, upon +hearing what had taken place in Decimum and seeing the fleet inside the +point, entered the room and enquired of the men, who had not yet learned +the good news, but were sitting in the darkness and expecting death, +what among their possessions they would be willing to give up and be +saved. And when they said they desired to give everything he might wish, +he demanded nothing of all their treasures, but required them all to +swear that, if they escaped, they would assist him also with all their +power when he came into danger. And they did this. Then he told them +them the whole story, and tearing off a plank from the side toward the +sea, he pointed out the fleet approaching, and releasing all from the +prison went out with them. + +But the men on the ships, having as yet heard nothing of what the army +had done on the land, were completely at a loss, and slackening their +sails they sent to the town of Mercurium; there they learned what had +taken place at Decimum, and becoming exceedingly joyful sailed on. And +when, with a favouring wind blowing, they came to within one hundred and +fifty stades of Carthage, Archelaus and the soldiers bade them anchor +there, fearing the warning of the general, but the sailors would not +obey. For they said that the promontory at that point was without a +harbour and also that the indications were that a well-known storm, +which the natives call Cypriana, would arise immediately. And they +predicted that, if it came upon them in that place, they would not be +able to save even one of the ships. And it was as they said. So they +slackened their sails for a short time and deliberated; and they did not +think they ought to try for Mandracium (for they shrank from violating +the commands of Belisarius, and at the same time they suspected that the +entrance to Mandracium was closed by the chains, and besides they feared +that this harbour was not sufficient for the whole fleet) but Stagnum +seemed to them well situated (for it is forty stades distant from +Carthage), and there was nothing in it to hinder them, and also it was +large enough for the whole fleet. There they arrived about dusk and all +anchored, except, indeed, that Calonymus with some of the sailors, +disregarding the general and all the others, went off secretly to +Mandracium, no one daring to hinder him, and plundered the property of +the merchants dwelling on the sea, both foreigners and Carthaginians. + +On the following day Belisarius commanded those on the ships to +disembark, and after marshalling the whole army and drawing it up in +battle formation, he marched into Carthage; for he feared lest he should +encounter some snare set by the enemy. There he reminded the soldiers at +length of how much good fortune had come to them because they had +displayed moderation toward the Libyans, and he exhorted them earnestly +to preserve good order with the greatest care in Carthage. For all the +Libyans had been Romans in earlier times and had come under the Vandals +by no will of their own and had suffered many outrages at the hands of +these barbarians. For this very reason the emperor had entered into war +with the Vandals, and it was not holy that any harm should come from +them to the people whose freedom they had made the ground for taking the +field against the Vandals. [Sept. 15, 533 A.D.] After such words of +exhortation he entered Carthage, and, since no enemy was seen by them, +he went up to the palace and seated himself on Gelimer's throne. There a +crowd of merchants and other Carthaginians came before Belisarius with +much shouting, persons whose homes were on the sea, and they made the +charge that there had been a robbery of their property on the preceding +night by the sailors. And Belisarius bound Calonymus by oaths to bring +without fail all his thefts to the light. And Calonymus, taking the oath +and disregarding what he had sworn, for the moment made the money his +plunder, but not long afterwards he paid his just penalty in Byzantium. +For being taken with the disease called apoplexy, he became insane and +bit off his own tongue and then died. But this happened at a later time. + + +XXI + +But then, since the hour was appropriate, Belisarius commanded that +lunch be prepared for them, in the very place where Gelimer was +accustomed to entertain the leaders of the Vandals. This place the +Romans call "Delphix," not in their own tongue, but using the Greek word +according to the ancient custom. For in the palace at Rome, where the +dining couches of the emperor were placed, a tripod had stood from olden +times, on which the emperor's cupbearers used to place the cups. Now the +Romans call a tripod "Delphix," since they were first made at Delphi, +and from this both in Byzantium and wherever there is a king's dining +couch they call the room "Delphix"; for the Romans follow the Greek also +in calling the emperor's residence "Palatium." For a Greek named Pallas +lived in this place before the capture of Troy and built a noteworthy +house there, and they called this dwelling "Palatium"; and when Augustus +received the imperial power, he decided to take up his first residence +in that house, and from this they call the place wherever the emperor +resides "Palatium." So Belisarius dined in the Delphix and with him all +the notables of the army. And it happened that the lunch made for +Gelimer on the preceding day was in readiness. And we feasted on that +very food and the domestics of Gelimer served it and poured the wine and +waited upon us in every way. And it was possible to see Fortune in her +glory and making a display of the fact that all things are hers and that +nothing is the private possession of any man. And it fell to the lot of +Belisarius on that day to win such fame as no one of the men of his time +ever won nor indeed any of the men of olden times. For though the Roman +soldiers were not accustomed to enter a subject city without confusion, +even if they numbered only five hundred, and especially if they made the +entry unexpectedly, all the soldiers under the command of this general +showed themselves so orderly that there was not a single act of +insolence nor a threat, and indeed nothing happened to hinder the +business of the city; but in a captured city, one which had changed its +government and shifted its allegiance, it came about that no man's +household was excluded from the privileges of the marketplace; on the +contrary, the clerks drew up their lists of the men and conducted the +soldiers to their lodgings, just as usual,[56] and the soldiers +themselves, getting their lunch by purchase from the market, rested as +each one wished. + +Afterwards Belisarius gave pledges to those Vandals who had fled into +the sanctuaries, and began to take thought for the fortifications. For +the circuit-wall of Carthage had been so neglected that in many places +it had become accessible to anyone who wished and easy to attack. For no +small part of it had fallen down, and it was for this reason, the +Carthaginians said, that Gelimer had not made his stand in the city. For +he thought that it would be impossible in a short time to restore such a +circuit-wall to a safe condition. And they said that an old oracle had +been uttered by the children in earlier times in Carthage, to the effect +that "gamma shall pursue beta, and again beta itself shall pursue +gamma." And at that time it had been spoken by the children in play and +had been left as an unexplained riddle, but now it was perfectly clear +to all. For formerly Gizeric had driven out Boniface and now Belisarius +was doing the same to Gelimer. This, then, whether it was a rumour or an +oracle, came out as I have stated. + +At that time a dream also came to light, which had been seen often +before this by many persons, but without being clear as to how it would +turn out. And the dream was as follows. Cyprian,[57] a holy man, is +reverenced above all others by the Carthaginians. And they have founded +a very noteworthy temple in his honour before the city on the sea-shore, +in which they conduct all other customary services, and also celebrate +there a festival which they call the "Cypriana"; and the sailors are +accustomed to name after Cyprian the storm, which I mentioned +lately,[58] giving it the same name as the festival, since it is wont to +come on at the time at which the Libyans have always been accustomed to +celebrate the festival. This temple the Vandals took from the Christians +by violence in the reign of Honoric. And they straightway drove out +their priests from the temple in great dishonour, and themselves +thereafter attended to the sacred festival which, they said, now +belonged to the Arians. And the Libyans, indeed, were angry on this +account and altogether at a loss, but Cyprian, they say, often sent them +a dream saying that there was not the least need for the Christians to +be concerned about him; for he himself as time went on would be his own +avenger. And when the report of this was passed around and came to all +the Libyans, they were expecting that some vengeance would come upon the +Vandals at some time because of this sacred festival, but were unable to +conjecture how in the world the vision would be realized for them. Now, +therefore, when the emperor's expedition had come to Libya, since the +time had already come round and would bring the celebration of the +festival on the succeeding day, the priests of the Arians, in spite of +the fact that Ammatas had led the Vandals to Decimum, cleansed the whole +sanctuary and were engaged in hanging up the most beautiful of the +votive offerings there, and making ready the lamps and bringing out the +treasures from the store-houses and preparing all things with exactness, +arranging everything according to its appropriate use. But the events in +Decimum turned out in the manner already described. And the priests of +the Arians were off in flight, while the Christians who conform to the +orthodox faith came to the temple of Cyprian, and they burned all the +lamps and attended to the sacred festival just as is customary for them +to perform this service, and thus it was known to all what the vision of +the dream was foretelling. This, then, came about in this way. + + +XXII + +And the Vandals, recalling an ancient saying, marvelled, understanding +clearly thereafter that for a man, at least, no hope could be impossible +nor any possession secure. And what this saying was and in what manner +it was spoken I shall explain. When the Vandals originally, pressed by +hunger, were about to remove from their ancestral abodes, a certain part +of them was left behind who were reluctant to go and not desirous of +following Godigisclus. And as time went on it seemed to those who had +remained that they were well off as regards abundance of provisions, and +Gizeric with his followers gained possession of Libya. And when this was +heard by those who had not followed Godigisclus, they rejoiced, since +thenceforth the country was altogether sufficient for them to live upon. +But fearing lest at some time much later either the very ones who had +conquered Libya, or their descendants, should in some way or other be +driven out of Libya and return to their ancestral homes (for they never +supposed that the Romans would let Libya be held for ever), they sent +ambassadors to them. And these men, upon coming before Gizeric, said +that they rejoiced with their compatriots who had met with such success, +but that they were no longer able to guard the land of which he and his +men had thought so little that they had settled in Libya. They prayed +therefore that, if they laid no claim to their fatherland, they would +bestow it as an unprofitable possession upon themselves, so that their +title to the land might be made as secure as possible, and if anyone +should come to do it harm, they might by no means disdain to die in +behalf of it. Gizeric, accordingly, and all the other Vandals thought +that they spoke fairly and justly, and they were in the act of granting +everything which the envoys desired of them. But a certain old man who +was esteemed among them and had a great reputation for discretion said +that he would by no means permit such a thing. "For in human affairs," +he said, "not one thing stands secure; nay, nothing which now exists is +stable for all time for men, while as regards that which does not yet +exist, there is nothing which may not come to pass." When Gizeric heard +this, he expressed approval and decided to send the envoys away with +nothing accomplished. Now at that time both he himself and the man who +had given the advice were judged worthy of ridicule by all the Vandals, +as foreseeing the impossible. But when these things which have been told +took place, the Vandals learned to take a different view of the nature +of human affairs and realized that the saying was that of a wise man. + +Now as for those Vandals who remained in their native land, neither +remembrance nor any name of them has been preserved to my time.[59] For +since, I suppose, they were a small number, they were either overpowered +by the neighbouring barbarians or they were mingled with them not at all +unwillingly and their name gave way to that of their conquerors. Indeed, +when the Vandals were conquered at that time by Belisarius, no thought +occurred to them to go from there to their ancestral homes. For they +were not able to convey themselves suddenly from Libya to Europe, +especially as they had no ships at hand, but paid the penalty[60] there +for all the wrongs they had done the Romans and especially the +Zacynthians. For at one time Gizeric, falling suddenly upon the towns in +the Peloponnesus, undertook to assault Taenarum. And being repulsed from +there and losing many of his followers he retired in complete disorder. +And while he was still filled with anger on account of this, he touched +at Zacynthus, and having killed many of those he met and enslaved five +hundred of the notables, he sailed away soon afterwards. And when he +reached the middle of the Adriatic Sea, as it is called, he cut into +small pieces the bodies of the five hundred and threw them all about the +sea without the least concern. But this happened in earlier times. + + +XXIII + +But at that time Gelimer, by distributing much money to the farmers +among the Libyans and shewing great friendliness toward them, succeeded +in winning many to his side. These he commanded to kill the Romans who +went out into the country, proclaiming a fixed sum of gold for each man +killed, to be paid to him who did the deed. And they killed many from +the Roman army, not soldiers, however, but slaves and servants, who +because of a desire for money went up into the villages stealthily and +were caught. And the farmers brought their heads before Gelimer and +departed receiving their pay, while he supposed that they had slain +soldiers of the enemy. + +At that time Diogenes, the aide of Belisarius, made a display of +valorous deeds. For having been sent, together with twenty-two of the +body-guards, to spy upon their opponents, he came to a place two days' +journey distant from Carthage. And the farmers of the place, being +unable to kill these men, reported to Gelimer that they were there. And +he chose out and sent against them three hundred horsemen of the +Vandals, enjoining upon them to bring all the men alive before him. For +it seemed to him a most remarkable achievement to make captive a +personal aide of Belisarius with twenty-two body-guards. Now Diogenes +and his party had entered a certain house and were sleeping in the upper +storey, having no thought of the enemy in mind, since, indeed, they had +learned that their opponents were far away. But the Vandals, coming +there at early dawn, thought it would not be to their advantage to +destroy the doors of the house or to enter it in the dark, fearing lest, +being involved in a night encounter, they might themselves destroy one +another, and at the same time, if that should happen, provide a way of +escape for a large number of the enemy in the darkness. But they did +this because cowardice had paralyzed their minds, though it would have +been possible for them with no trouble, by carrying torches or even +without these, to catch their enemies in their beds not only without +weapons, but absolutely naked besides. But as it was, they made a +phalanx in a circle about the whole house and especially at the doors, +and all took their stand there. But in the meantime it so happened that +one of the Roman soldiers was roused from sleep, and he, noticing the +noise which the Vandals made as they talked stealthily among themselves +and moved with their weapons, was able to comprehend what was being +done, and rousing each one of his comrades silently, he told them what +was going on. And they, following the opinion of Diogenes, all put on +their clothes quietly and taking up their weapons went below. There they +put the bridles on their horses and leaped upon them unperceived by +anyone. And after standing for a time by the court-yard entrance, they +suddenly opened the door there, and straightway all came out. And then +the Vandals immediately closed with them, but they accomplished nothing. +For the Romans rode hard, covering themselves with their shields and +warding off their assailants with their spears. And in this way Diogenes +escaped the enemy, losing two of his followers, but saving the rest. He +himself, however, received three blows in this encounter on the neck and +the face, from which indeed he came within a little of dying, and one +blow also on the left hand, as a result of which he was thereafter +unable to move his little finger. This, then, took place in this way. + +And Belisarius offered great sums of money to the artisans engaged in +the building trade and to the general throng of workmen, and by this +means he dug a trench deserving of great admiration about the +circuit-wall, and setting stakes close together along it he made an +excellent stockade about the fortifications. And not only this, but he +built up in a short time the portions of the wall which had suffered, a +thing which seemed worthy of wonder not only to the Carthaginians, but +also to Gelimer himself at a later time. For when he came as a captive +to Carthage, he marvelled when he saw the wall and said that his own +negligence had proved the cause of all his present troubles. This, then, +was accomplished by Belisarius while in Carthage. + + +XXIV + +But Tzazon, the brother of Gelimer, reached Sardinia with the expedition +which has been mentioned above[61] and disembarked at the harbour of +Caranalis[62]; and at the first onset he captured the city and killed +the tyrant Godas and all the fighting men about him. And when he heard +that the emperor's expedition was in the land of Libya, having as yet +learned nothing of what had been done there, he wrote to Gelimer as +follows: "Know, O King of the Vandals and Alani, that the tyrant Godas +has perished, having fallen into our hands, and that the island is again +under thy kingdom, and celebrate the festival of triumph. And as for the +enemy who have had the daring to march against our land, expect that +their attempt will come to the same fate as that experienced by those +who in former times marched against our ancestors." And those who took +this letter sailed into the harbour of Carthage with no thought of the +enemy in mind. And being brought by the guards before the general, they +put the letter into his hands and gave him information on the matters +about which he enquired, being thunderstruck at what they beheld and +awed at the suddenness of the change; however, they suffered nothing +unpleasant at the hand of Belisarius. + +At this same time another event also occurred as follows. A short time +before the emperor's expedition reached Libya, Gelimer had sent envoys +into Spain, among whom were Gothaeus and Fuscias, in order to persuade +Theudis, the ruler of the Visigoths,[63] to establish an alliance with +the Vandals. And these envoys, upon disembarking on the mainland after +crossing the strait at Gadira, found Theudis in a place situated far +from the sea. And when they had come up to the place where he was, +Theudis received them with friendliness and entertained them heartily, +and during the feast he pretended to enquire how matters stood with +Gelimer and the Vandals. Now since these envoys had travelled to him +rather slowly, it happened that he had heard from others everything +which had befallen the Vandals. For one merchant ship sailing for trade +had put out from Carthage on the very same day as the army marched into +the city, and finding a favouring wind, had come to Spain. From those on +this ship Theudis learned all that had happened in Libya, but he forbade +the merchants to reveal it to anyone, in order that this might not +become generally known. And when Gothaeus and his followers replied that +everything was as well as possible for them, he asked them for what +purpose, then, they had come. And when they proposed the alliance, +Theudis bade them go to the sea-coast; "For from there," he said, "you +will learn of the affairs at home with certainty." And the envoys, +supposing that the man was in his cups and his words were not sane, +remained silent. But when on the following day they met him and made +mention of the alliance, and Theudis used the same words a second time, +then at length they understood that some change of fortune had befallen +them in Libya, but never once thinking of Carthage they sailed for the +city. And upon coming to land close by it and happening upon Roman +soldiers, they put themselves in their hands to do with them as they +wished. And from there they were led away to the general, and reporting +the whole story, they suffered no harm at his hand. These things, then, +happened thus. And Cyril,[64] upon coming near to Sardinia and learning +what had happened to Godas, sailed to Carthage, and there, finding the +Roman army and Belisarius victorious, he remained at rest; and +Solomon[65] was sent to the emperor in order to announce what had been +accomplished. + + +XXV + +But Gelimer, upon reaching the plain of Boulla, which is distant from +Carthage a journey of four days for an unencumbered traveller, not far +from the boundaries of Numidia, began to gather there all the Vandals +and as many of the Moors as happened to be friendly to him. Few Moors, +however, joined his alliance, and these were altogether insubordinate. +For all those who ruled over the Moors in Mauretania and Numidia and +Byzacium sent envoys to Belisarius saying that they were slaves of the +emperor and promised to fight with him. There were some also who even +furnished their children as hostages and requested that the symbols of +office be sent them from him according to the ancient custom. For it was +a law among the Moors that no one should be a ruler over them, even if +he was hostile to the Romans, until the emperor of the Romans should +give him the tokens of the office. And though they had already received +them from the Vandals, they did not consider that the Vandals held the +office securely. Now these symbols are a staff of silver covered with +gold, and a silver cap,--not covering the whole head, but like a crown +and held in place on all sides by bands of silver,--a kind of white +cloak gathered by a golden brooch on the right shoulder in the form of a +Thessalian cape, and a white tunic with embroidery, and a gilded boot. +And Belisarius sent these things to them, and presented each one of them +with much money. However, they did not come to fight along with him, +nor, on the other hand, did they dare give their support to the Vandals, +but standing out of the way of both contestants, they waited to see what +would be the outcome of the war. Thus, then, matters stood with the +Romans. + +But Gelimer sent one of the Vandals to Sardinia with a letter to his +brother Tzazon. And he went quickly to the coast, and finding by chance +a merchant-ship putting out to sea, he sailed into the harbour of +Caranalis and put the letter into the hands of Tzazon. Now the message +of the letter was as follows: + +"It was not, I venture to think, Godas who caused the island to revolt +from us, but some curse of madness sent from Heaven which fell upon the +Vandals. For by depriving us of you and the notables of the Vandals, it +has seized and carried off from the house of Gizeric absolutely all the +blessings which we enjoyed. For it was not to recover the island for us +that you sailed from here, but in order that Justinian might be master +of Libya. For that which Fortune had decided upon previously it is now +possible to know from the outcome. Belisarius, then, has come against us +with a small army, but valour straightway departed and fled from the +Vandals, taking good fortune with her. For Ammatas and Gibamundus have +fallen, because the Vandals lost their courage, and the horses and +shipyards and all Libya and, not least of all, Carthage itself, are held +already by the enemy. And the Vandals are sitting here, having paid with +their children and wives and all their possessions for their failure to +play the part of brave men in battle, and to us is left only the plain +of Boulla, where our hope in you has set us down and still keeps us. But +do you have done with such matters as rebel tyrants and Sardinia and the +cares concerning these things, and come to us with your whole force as +quickly as possible. For when men find the very heart and centre of all +in danger, it is not advisable for them to consider minutely other +matters. And struggling hereafter in common against the enemy, we shall +either recover our previous fortune, or gain the advantage of not +bearing apart from each other the hard fate sent by Heaven." + +When this letter had been brought to Tzazon, and he had disclosed its +contents to the Vandals, they turned to wailing and lamentation, not +openly, however, but concealing their feelings as much as possible and +avoiding the notice of the islanders, silently among themselves they +bewailed the fate which was upon them. And straightway setting in order +matters in hand just as chance directed, they manned the ships. And +sailing from there with the whole fleet, on the third day they came to +land at the point of Libya which marks the boundary between the +Numidians and Mauretanians. And they reached the plain of Boulla +travelling on foot, and there joined with the rest of the army. And in +that place there were many most pitiable scenes among the Vandals, which +I, at least, could never relate as they deserve. For I think that even +if one of the enemy themselves had happened to be a spectator at that +time, he would probably have felt pity, in spite of himself, for the +Vandals and for human fortune. For Gelimer and Tzazon threw their arms +about each other's necks, and could not let go, but they spoke not a +word to each other, but kept wringing their hands and weeping, and each +one of the Vandals with Gelimer embraced one of those who had come from +Sardinia, and did the same thing. And they stood for a long time as if +grown together and found such comfort as they could in this, and neither +did the men of Gelimer think fit to ask about Godas (for their present +fortune had prostrated them and caused them to reckon such things as had +previously seemed to them most important with those which were now +utterly negligible), nor could those who came from Sardinia bring +themselves to ask about what had happened in Libya. For the place was +sufficient to permit them to judge of what had come to pass. And indeed +they did not make any mention even of their own wives and children, +knowing well that whoever of theirs was not there had either died or +fallen into the hands of the enemy. Thus, then, did these things happen. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] + +Cadiz. + +[2] + +Sea of Azov. + +[3] + +Abila. + +[4] + +Or Septem Fratres. + +[5] + +Most ancient geographers divided the inhabited world into three +continents, but some made two divisions. It was a debated question with +these latter whether Africa belonged to Asia or to Europe; of. Sallust, +_Jugurtha_, 17. + +[6] + +Kadi Keui. + +[7] + +More correctly Hydrous, Lat. Hydruntum (Otranto). + +[8] + +At Aulon (Avlona). + +[9] + +Adding these four days to the other items (285, 22, 40), the total is +351 days. + +[10] + +Calpe (Gibraltar). + +[11] + +_i.e._, instead of stopping at Otranto, one might also reckon in the +coast-line around the Adriatic to Dyrrachium. + +[12] + +About twenty-four English miles. + +[13] + +Iviza. + +[14] + +"Black-cloaks." + +[15] + +Belgrade. + +[16] + +Mitrovitz. + +[17] + +In Illyricum. + +[18] + +He ascended the throne at the age of seven. + +[19] + +That is, the actual occupant could enter a demurrer to the former +owner's action for recovery, citing his own occupancy for thirty years +or more. The new law extended the period during which the ousted +proprietor could recover possession, by admitting no demurrer from the +occupant so far as the years were concerned during which the Vandals +should be in possession of the country. + +[20] + +This is an error; he really ruled only eighteen months. + +[21] + +Geiseric, Gaiseric, less properly Genseric. + +[22] + +Now corrupted to Bona. + +[23] + +Emperor in Gaul, Britain and Spain 383-388. Aspiring to be Emperor of +the West, he invaded Italy, was defeated by Theodosius, and put to +death. + +[24] + +This is an error, for Attila died before Aetius. + +[25] + +Including the famous treasure which Titus had brought from Jerusalem, +cf. IV. ix. 5. + +[26] + +Domitian had spent 12,000 talents (£2,400,000) on the gilding alone; +Plutarch, _Publ._ 15. + +[27] + +_i.e._ "leaders of a thousand." + +[28] + +130,000 Roman pounds; cf. Book I. xxii. 4. The modern equivalent is +unknown. + +[29] + +Placidia's sister, Eudocia, was wife of Honoric, Gizeric's son. + +[30] + +See chap. iv. 27. + +[31] + +_i.e._ "wisdom." + +[32] + +Jebel Auress. + +[33] + +_i.e._ to what sect or religion they belonged. + +[34] + +Cf. Book IV. xi. 17 ff. + +[35] + +Book I. xxii. 16. + +[36] + +The "imperial" taxes were for the emperor's privy purse, the fiscus. + +[37] + +These foederati were private bands of troops under the leadership of +condottiere; these had the title of "count" and received from the state +an allowance for the support of their bands. + +[38] + +The medimnus equalled about one and a half bushels. + +[39] + +_i.e._ "runners." + +[40] + +Eregli, on the Sea of Marmora. + +[41] + +Cape Matapan. + +[42] + +Book I. xxiv. 12-15; xxv. 8-10. + +[43] + +The ration of this twice-baked bread represented for the same weight +one-fourth more wheat than when issued in the once-baked bread. He was +evidently paid on the basis of so much per ration, in weight, of the +once-baked bread, but on account of the length of the voyage the other +kind was requisitioned. + +[44] + +Instead of by weight. + +[45] + +Now Porto Lombardo. + +[46] + +Or Athalaric. + +[47] + +Now Gozzo and Malta. + +[48] + +Cf. III. v. 8 ff. + +[49] + +_i.e._ couriers, from _veredus_, "post-horse." + +[50] + +An adjutant, the general's own "choice." + +[51] + +Topsails. + +[52] + +_i.e._ _Decimum miliarium_, tenth milestone from Carthage. + +[53] + +Before 533 A.D. + +[54] + +Hermaeum, Lat. Mercurii promontorium (Cape Bon). + +[55] + +"Auxiliaries"; see chap. xi. 3, 4. + +[56] + +The troops were billeted as at a peaceful occupation. + +[57] + +St. Cyprian (_circa_ 200-257 A.D.), Bishop of Carthage. + +[58] + +Chap. xx. 13. + +[59] + +Compare the remarks of Gibbon, iv. p. 295. + +[60] + +In _Arcana_, 18, 5 ff., Procopius estimates the number of the Vandals in +Africa, at the time of Belisarius, at 80,000 males, and intimates that +practically all perished. + +[61] + +Chap. xi. 23. + +[62] + +Cagliari. + +[63] + +On this Theudis and his accession to the throne of the Visigoths in +Spain see V. xii. 50 ff. + +[64] + +The leader of a band of _foederati_. Cf. III. xi. 1, 6, xxiv. 19. + +[65] + +Also a _dux foederatorum_, and _domesticus_ of Belisarius. Cf. III. xi. +5 ff. + + * * * * * + + + + + HISTORY OF THE WARS: + + + + * * * * * + + + + +BOOK IV + +THE VANDALIC WAR (_Continued_) + + +I + +Gelimer, seeing all the Vandals gathered together, led his army against +Carthage. And when they came close to it, they tore down a portion of +the aqueduct,--a structure well worth seeing--which conducted water into +the city, and after encamping for a time they withdrew, since no one of +the enemy came out against them. And going about the country there they +kept the roads under guard and thought that in this way they were +besieging Carthage; however, they did not gather any booty, nor plunder +the land, but took possession of it as their own. And at the same time +they kept hoping that there would be some treason on the part of the +Carthaginians themselves and such of the Roman soldiers as followed the +doctrine of Arius. They also sent to the leaders of the Huns, and +promising that they would have many good things from the Vandals, +entreated them to become their friends and allies. Now the Huns even +before this had not been well-disposed toward the cause of the Romans, +since they had not indeed come to them willingly as allies (for they +asserted that the Roman general Peter had given an oath and then, +disregarding what had been sworn, had thus brought them to Byzantium), +and accordingly they received the words of the Vandals, and promised +that when they should come to real fighting they would turn with them +against the Roman army. But Belisarius had a suspicion of all this (for +he had heard it from the deserters), and also the circuit-wall had not +as yet been completed entirely, and for these reasons he did not think +it possible for his men to go out against the enemy for the present, but +he was making his preparations within as well as possible. And one of +the Carthaginians, Laurus by name, having been condemned on a charge of +treason and proved guilty by his own secretary, was impaled by +Belisarius on a hill before the city, and as a result of this the others +came to feel a sort of irresistible fear and refrained from attempts at +treason. And he courted the Massagetae with gifts and banquets and every +other manner of flattering attention every day, and thus persuaded them +to disclose to him what Gelimer had promised them on condition of their +turning traitors in the battle. And these barbarians said that they had +no enthusiasm for fighting, for they feared that, if the Vandals were +vanquished, the Romans would not send them back to their native land, +but they would be compelled to grow old and die right there in Libya; +and besides they were also concerned, they said, about the booty, lest +they be robbed of it. Then indeed Belisarius gave them pledges that, if +the Vandals should be conquered decisively, they would be sent without +the least delay to their homes with all their booty, and thus he bound +them by oaths in very truth to assist the Romans with all zeal in +carrying through the war. + +And when all things had been prepared by him in the best way possible, +and the circuit-wall had been already completed, he called together the +whole army and spoke as follows: "As for exhortation, fellow Romans, I +do not know that it is necessary to make any to you,--men who have +recently conquered the enemy so completely that Carthage here and the +whole of Libya is a possession of your valour, and for this reason you +will have no need of admonition that prompts to daring. For the spirits +of those who have conquered are by no means wont to be overcome. But I +think it not untimely to remind you of this one thing, that, if you on +the present occasion but prove equal to your own selves in valour, +straightway there will be an end for the Vandals of their hopes, and for +you of the battle. Hence there is every reason why you should enter into +this engagement with the greatest eagerness. For ever sweet to men is +toil coming to an end and reaching its close. Now as for the host of the +Vandals, let no one of you consider them. For not by numbers of men nor +by measure of body, but by valour of soul, is war wont to be decided. +And let the strongest motive which actuates men come to your minds, +namely, pride in past achievement. For it is a shame, for those at least +who have reason, to fall short of one's own self and to be found +inferior to one's own standard of valour. For I know well that terror +and the memory of misfortunes have laid hold upon the enemy and compel +them to become less brave, for the one fills them with fear because of +what has already happened, and the other brushes aside their hope of +success. For Fortune, once seen to be bad, straightway enslaves the +spirit of those who have fallen in her way. And I shall explain how the +struggle involves for you at the present time a greater stake than +formerly. For in the former battle the danger was, if things did not go +well for us, that we should not take the land of others; but now, if we +do not win the struggle, we shall lose the land which is our own. In +proportion, then, as it is easier to possess nothing than to be deprived +of what one has, just so now our fear touches our most vital concerns +more than before. And yet formerly we had the fortune to win the victory +with the infantry absent, but now, entering the battle with God +propitious and with our whole army, I have hopes of capturing the camp +of the enemy, men and all. Thus, then, having the end of the war ready +at hand, do not by reason of any negligence put it off to another time, +lest you be compelled to seek for the opportune moment after it has run +past us. For when the fortune of war is postponed, its nature is not to +proceed in the same manner as before, especially if the war be prolonged +by the will of those who are carrying it on. For Heaven is accustomed to +bring retribution always upon those who abandon the good fortune which +is present. But if anyone considers that the enemy, seeing their +children and wives and most precious possessions in our hands, will be +daring beyond reason and will incur risks beyond the strength which they +have, he does not think rightly. For an overpowering passion springing +up in the heart in behalf of what is most precious is wont to diminish +men's actual strength and does not allow them to make full use of their +present opportunities. Considering, then, all these things, it behooves +you to go with great contempt against the enemy." + + +II + +After such words of exhortation, Belisarius sent out all the horsemen on +the same day, except five hundred, and also the guardsmen and the +standard, which the Romans call "bandum,"[1] entrusting them to John the +Armenian, and directing him to skirmish only, if opportunity should +arise. And he himself on the following day followed with the infantry +forces and the five hundred horsemen. And the Massagetae, deliberating +among themselves, decided, in order to seem in friendly agreement with +both Gelimer and Belisarius, neither to begin fighting for the Romans +nor to go over to the Vandals before the encounter, but whenever the +situation of one or the other army should be bad, then to join the +victors in their pursuit of the vanquished. Thus, then, had this matter +been decided upon by the barbarians. And the Roman army came upon the +Vandals encamped in Tricamarum, one hundred and fifty stades distant +from Carthage. So they both bivouacked there at a considerable distance +from one another. And when it was well on in the night, a prodigy came +to pass in the Roman camp as follows. The tips of their spears were +lighted with a bright fire and the points of them seemed to be burning +most vigorously. This was not seen by many, but it filled with +consternation the few who did see it, not knowing how it would come out. +And this happened to the Romans in Italy again at a much later time. And +at that time, since they knew by experience, they believed it to be a +sign of victory. But now, as I have said, since this was the first time +it had happened, they were filled with consternation and passed the +night in great fear. + +And on the following day Gelimer commanded the Vandals to place the +women and children and all their possessions in the middle of the +stockade, although it had not the character of a fort, and calling all +together, he spoke as follows: "It is not to gain glory, or to retrieve +the loss of empire alone, O fellow Vandals, that we are about to fight, +so that even if we wilfully played the coward and sacrificed these our +belongings we might possibly live, sitting at home and keeping our own +possessions; but you see, surely, that our fortunes have come round to +such a pass that, if we do not gain the mastery over the enemy, we +shall, if we perish, leave them as masters of these our children and our +wives and our land and all our possessions, while if we survive, there +will be added our own enslavement and to behold all these enslaved; but +if, indeed, we overcome our foes in the war, we shall, if we live, pass +our lives among all good things, or, after the glorious ending of our +lives, there will be left to our wives and children the blessings of +prosperity, while the name of the Vandals will survive and their empire +be preserved. For if it has ever happened to any men to be engaged in a +struggle for their all, we now more than all others realize that we are +entering the battle-line with our hopes for all we have resting wholly +upon ourselves. Not for our bodies, then, is our fear, nor in death is +our danger, but in being defeated by the enemy. For if we lose the +victory, death will be to our advantage. Since, therefore, the case +stands so, let no one of the Vandals weaken, but let him proudly expose +his body, and from shame at the evils that follow defeat let him court +the end of life. For when a man is ashamed of that which is shameful, +there is always present with him a dauntless courage in the face of +danger. And let no recollection of the earlier battle come into your +minds. For it was not by cowardice on our part that we were defeated, +but we tripped upon obstacles interposed by fortune and were overthrown. +Now it is not the way of the tide of fortune to flow always in the same +direction, but every day, as a rule, it is wont to change about. In +manliness it is our boast that we surpass the enemy, and that in numbers +we are much superior; for we believe that we surpass them no less than +tenfold. And why shall I add that many and great are the incentives +which, now especially, urge us on to valour, naming the glory of our +ancestors and the empire which has been handed down to us by them? For +in our case that glory is obscured by our unlikeness to our kindred, +while the empire is bent upon fleeing from us as unworthy. And I pass +over in silence the wails of these poor women and the tears of our +children, by which, as you see, I am now so deeply moved that I am +unable to prolong my discourse. But having said this one thing, I shall +stop,--that there will be for us no returning to these most precious +possessions if we do not gain the mastery over the enemy. Remembering +these things, shew yourselves brave men and do not bring shame upon the +fame of Gizeric." + +After speaking such words, Gelimer commanded his brother Tzazon to +deliver an exhortation separately to the Vandals who had come with him +from Sardinia. And he gathered them together a little apart from the +camp and spoke as follows: "For all the Vandals, fellow soldiers, the +struggle is in behalf of those things which you have just heard the king +recount, but for you, in addition to all the other considerations, it so +happens that you are vying with yourselves. For you have recently been +victorious in a struggle for the maintenance of our rule, and you have +recovered the island for the empire of the Vandals; there is every +reason, therefore, for you to make still greater display of your valour. +For those whose hazard involves the greatest things must needs display +the greatest zeal for warfare also. Indeed, when men who struggle for +the maintenance of their rule are defeated, should it so happen, they +have not failed in the most vital part; but when men are engaged in +battle for their all, surely their very lives are influenced by the +outcome of the struggle. And for the rest, if you shew yourselves brave +men at the present time, you will thereby prove with certainty that the +destruction[2] of the tyrant Godas was an achievement of valour on your +part; but if you weaken now, you will be deprived of even the renown of +those deeds, as of something which does not belong to you at all. And +yet, even apart from this, it is reasonable to think that you will have +an advantage over the rest of the Vandals in this battle. For those who +have failed are dismayed by their previous fortune, while those who have +encountered no reverse enter the struggle with their courage unimpaired. +And this too, I think, will not be spoken out of season, that if we +conquer the enemy, it will be you who will win the credit for the +greatest part of the victory, and all will call you saviours of the +nation of the Vandals. For men who achieve renown in company with those +who have previously met with misfortune naturally claim the better +fortune as their own. Considering all these things, therefore, I say +that you should bid the women and children who are lamenting their fate +to take courage even now, should summon God to fight with us, should go +with enthusiasm against the enemy, and lead the way for our compatriots +into this battle." + + +III + +After both Gelimer and Tzazon had spoken such exhortations, they led out +the Vandals, and at about the time of lunch, when the Romans were not +expecting them, but were preparing their meal, they were at hand and +arrayed themselves for battle along the bank of the stream. Now the +stream at that place is an ever-flowing one, to be sure, but its volume +is so small that it is not even given a special name by the inhabitants +of the place, but it is designated simply as a brook. So the Romans came +to the other bank of this river, after preparing themselves as well as +they could under the circumstances, and arrayed themselves as follows. +The left wing was held by Martinus and Valerian, John, Cyprian, Althias, +and Marcellus, and as many others as were commanders of the +foederati[3]; and the right was held by Pappas, Barbatus, and Aïgan, and +the others who commanded the forces of cavalry. And in the centre John +took his position, leading the guards and spearmen of Belisarius and +carrying the general's standard. And Belisarius also came there at the +opportune moment with his five hundred horsemen, leaving the infantry +behind advancing at a walk. For all the Huns had been arrayed in another +place, it being customary for them even before this not to mingle with +the Roman army if they could avoid so doing, and at that time +especially, since they had in mind the purpose which has previously been +explained,[4] it was not their wish to be arrayed with the rest of the +army. Such, then, was the formation of the Romans. And on the side of +the Vandals, either wing was held by the chiliarchs, and each one led +the division under him, while in the centre was Tzazon, the brother of +Gelimer, and behind him were arrayed the Moors. But Gelimer himself was +going about everywhere exhorting them and urging them on to daring. And +the command had been previously given to all the Vandals to use neither +spear nor any other weapon in this engagement except their swords. + +After a considerable time had passed and no one began the battle, John +chose out a few of those under him by the advice of Belisarius and +crossing the river made an attack on the centre, where Tzazon crowded +them back and gave chase. And the Romans in flight came into their own +camp, while the Vandals in pursuit came as far as the stream, but did +not cross it. And once more John, leading out more of the guardsmen of +Belisarius, made a dash against the forces of Tzazon, and again being +repulsed from there, withdrew to the Roman camp. And a third time with +almost all the guards and spearmen of Belisarius he took the general's +standard and made his attack with much shouting and a great noise. But +since the barbarians manfully withstood them and used only their swords, +the battle became fierce, and many of the noblest of the Vandals fell, +and among them Tzazon himself, the brother of Gelimer. Then at last the +whole Roman army was set in motion, and crossing the river they advanced +upon the enemy, and the rout, beginning at the centre, became complete; +for each of the Roman divisions turned to flight those before them with +no trouble. And the Massagetae, seeing this, according to their +agreement among themselves[5] joined the Roman army in making the +pursuit, but this pursuit was not continued for a great distance. For +the Vandals entered their own camp quickly and remained quiet, while the +Romans, thinking that they would not be able to fight it out with them +inside the stockade, stripped such of the corpses as had gold upon them +and retired to their own camp. And there perished in this battle, of the +Romans less than fifty, but of the Vandals about eight hundred. + +But Belisarius, when the infantry came up in the late afternoon, moved +as quickly as he could with the whole army and went against the camp of +the Vandals. And Gelimer, realising that Belisarius with his infantry +and the rest of his army was coming against him straightway, without +saying a word or giving a command leaped upon his horse and was off in +flight on the road leading to Numidia. And his kinsmen and some few of +his domestics followed him in utter consternation and guarding with +silence what was taking place. And for some time it escaped the notice +of the Vandals that Gelimer had run away, but when they all perceived +that he had fled, and the enemy were already plainly seen, then indeed +the men began to shout and the children cried out and the women wailed. +And they neither took with them the money they had nor did they heed the +laments of those dearest to them, but every man fled in complete +disorder just as he could. And the Romans, coming up, captured the camp, +money and all, with not a man in it; and they pursued the fugitives +throughout the whole night, killing all the men upon whom they happened, +and making slaves of the women and children. And they found in this camp +a quantity of wealth such as has never before been found, at least in +one place. For the Vandals had plundered the Roman domain for a long +time and had transferred great amounts of money to Libya, and since +their land was an especially good one, nourishing abundantly with the +most useful crops, it came about that the revenue collected from the +commodities produced there was not paid out to any other country in the +purchase of a food supply, but those who possessed the land always kept +for themselves the income from it for the ninety-five years during which +the Vandals ruled Libya. And from this it resulted that their wealth, +amounting to an extraordinary sum, returned once more on that day into +the hands of the Romans. So this battle and the pursuit and the capture +of the Vandals' camp happened three months after the Roman army came to +Carthage, at about the middle of the last month, which the Romans call +"December." [533 A.D.] + + +IV + +Then Belisarius, seeing the Roman army rushing about in confusion and +great disorder, was disturbed, being fearful throughout the whole night +lest the enemy, uniting by mutual agreement against him, should do him +irreparable harm. And if this thing had happened at that time in any way +at all, I believe that, not one of the Romans would have escaped and +enjoyed this booty. For the soldiers, being extremely poor men, upon +becoming all of a sudden masters of very great wealth and of women both +young and extremely comely, were no longer able to restrain their minds +or to find any satiety in the things they had, but were so intoxicated, +drenched as they were by their present good fortunes, that each one +wished to take everything with him back to Carthage. And they were going +about, not in companies but alone or by twos, wherever hope led them, +searching out everything roundabout among the valleys and the rough +country and wherever there chanced to be a cave or anything such as +might bring them into danger or ambush. For neither did fear of the +enemy nor their respect for Belisarius occur to them, nor indeed +anything else at all except the desire for spoils, and being +overmastered by this they came to think lightly of everything else. And +Belisarius, taking note of all this, was at a loss as to how he should +handle the situation. But at daybreak he took his stand upon a certain +hill near the road, appealing to the discipline which no longer existed +and heaping reproaches upon all, soldiers and officers alike. Then +indeed, those who chanced to be near, and especially those who were of +the household of Belisarius, sent the money and slaves which they had to +Carthage with their tentmates and messmates, and themselves came up +beside the general and gave heed to the orders given them. + +And he commanded John, the Armenian, with two hundred men to follow +Gelimer, and without slackening their speed either night or day to +pursue him, until they should take him living or dead. And he sent word +to his associates in Carthage to lead into the city all the Vandals who +were sitting as suppliants in sanctuaries in the places about the city, +giving them pledges and taking away their weapons, that they might not +begin an uprising, and to keep them there until he himself should come. +And with those who were left he went about everywhere and gathered the +soldiers hastily, and to all the Vandals he came upon he gave pledges +for their safety. For it was no longer possible to catch anyone of the +Vandals except as a suppliant in the sanctuaries. And from these he took +away their weapons and sent them, with soldiers to guard them, to +Carthage, not giving them time to unite against the Romans. And when +everything was as well settled as possible, he himself with the greater +part of the army moved against Gelimer with all speed. But John, after +continuing the pursuit five days and nights, had already come not far +from Gelimer, and in fact he was about to engage with him on the +following day. But since it was not fated that Gelimer should be +captured by John, the following obstacle was contrived by fortune. Among +those pursuing with John it happened that there was Uliaris, the aide of +Belisarius. Now this man was a passionate fellow and well favoured in +strength of heart and body, but not a very serious man, but one who +generally took delight in wine and buffoonery. This Uliaris on the sixth +day of the pursuit, being drunk, saw a bird sitting in a tree at about +sunrise, and he quickly stretched his bow and despatched a missile at +the bird. And he missed the bird, but John, who was behind it, he hit in +the neck by no will of his own. And since the wound was mortal, John +passed away a short time afterwards, leaving great sorrow at his loss to +the Emperor Justinian and Belisarius, the general, and to all the Romans +and Carthaginians. For in manliness and every sort of virtue he was well +endowed, and he shewed himself, to those who associated with him, gentle +and equitable to a degree quite unsurpassed. Thus, then, John fulfilled +his destiny. As for Uliaris, when he came to himself, he fled to a +certain village which was near by and sat as a suppliant in the +sanctuary there. And the soldiers no longer pressed the pursuit of +Gelimer, but they cared for John as long as he survived, and when he had +died they carried out all the customary rites in his burial, and +reporting the whole matter to Belisarius they remained where they were. +And as soon as he heard of it, he came to John's burial, and bewailed +his fate. And after weeping over him and grieving bitterly at the whole +occurrence, he honoured the tomb of John with many gifts and especially +by providing for it a regular income. However, he did nothing severe to +Uliaris, since the soldiers said that John had enjoined upon them by the +most dread oaths that no vengeance should come to him, since he had not +performed the unholy deed with deliberate intent. + +Thus, then, Gelimer escaped falling into the hands of the enemy on that +day. And from that time on Belisarius pursued him, but upon reaching a +strong city of Numidia situated on the sea, ten days distant from +Carthage, which they call Hippo Regius,[6] he learned that Gelimer had +ascended the mountain Papua and could no longer be captured by the +Romans. Now this mountain is situated at the extremity of Numidia and is +exceedingly precipitous and climbed only with the greatest difficulty +(for lofty cliffs rise up toward it from every side), and on it dwell +barbarian Moors, who were friends and allies to Gelimer, and an ancient +city named Medeus lies on the outskirts of the mountain. There Gelimer +rested with his followers. But as for Belisarius, he was not able to +make any attempt at all on the mountain, much less in the winter season, +and since his affairs were still in an uncertain state, he did not think +it advisable to be away from Carthage; and so he chose out soldiers, +with Pharas as their leader, and set them to maintain the siege of the +mountain. Now this Pharas was energetic and thoroughly serious and +upright in every way, although he was an Erulian by birth. And for an +Erulian not to give himself over to treachery and drunkenness, but to +strive after uprightness, is no easy matter and merits abundant +praise.[7] But not only was it Pharas who maintained orderly conduct, +but also all the Erulians who followed him. This Pharas, then, +Belisarius commanded to establish himself at the foot of the mountain +during the winter season and to keep close guard, so that it would +neither be possible for Gelimer to leave the mountain nor for any +supplies to be brought in to him. And Pharas acted accordingly. Then +Belisarius turned to the Vandals who were sitting as suppliants in the +sanctuaries in Hippo Regius,--and there were many of them and of the +nobility--and he caused them all to accept pledges and arise, and then +he sent them to Carthage with a guard. And there it came about that the +following event happened to him. + +In the house of Gelimer there was a certain scribe named Boniface, a +Libyan, and a native of Byzacium, a man exceedingly faithful to Gelimer. +At the beginning of this war Gelimer had put this Boniface on a very +swift-sailing ship, and placing all the royal treasure in it commanded +him to anchor in the harbour of Hippo Regius, and if he should see that +the situation was not favourable to their side, he was to sail with all +speed to Spain with the money, and go to Theudis, the leader of the +Visigoths, where he was expecting to find safety for himself also, +should the fortune of war prove adverse for the Vandals. So Boniface, as +long as he felt hope for the cause of the Vandals, remained there; but +as soon as the battle in Tricamarum took place, with all the other +events which have been related, he spread his canvas and sailed away +just as Gelimer had directed him. But an opposing wind brought him back, +much against his will, into the harbour of Hippo Regius. And since he +had already heard that the enemy were somewhere near, he entreated the +sailors with many promises to row with all their might for some other +continent or for an island. But they were unable to do so, since a very +severe storm had fallen upon them and the waves of the sea were rising +to a great height, seeing that it was the Tuscan sea,[8] and then it +occurred to them and to Boniface that, after all, God wished to give the +money to the Romans and so was not allowing the ship to put out. +However, though they had got outside the harbour, they encountered great +danger in bringing their ship back to anchorage. And when Belisarius +arrived at Hippo Regius, Boniface sent some men to him. These he +commanded to sit in a sanctuary, and they were to say that they had been +sent by Boniface, who had the money of Gelimer, but to conceal the place +where he was, until they should receive the pledges of Belisarius that +upon giving Gelimer's money he himself should escape free from harm, +having all that was his own. These men, then, acted according to these +instructions, and Belisarius was pleased at the good news and did not +decline to take an oath. And sending some of his associates he took the +treasure of Gelimer and released Boniface in possession of his own money +and also with an enormous sum which he plundered from Gelimer's +treasure. + + + +V + +And when he returned to Carthage, he put all the Vandals in readiness, +so that at the opening of spring he might send them to Byzantium; and he +sent out an army to recover for the Romans everything which the Vandals +ruled. And first he sent Cyril to Sardinia with a great force, having +the head of Tzazon, since these islanders were not at all willing to +yield to the Romans, fearing the Vandals and thinking that what had been +told them as having happened in Tricamarum could not be true. And he +ordered this Cyril to send a portion of the army to Corsica, and to +recover for the Roman empire the island, which had been previously +subject to the Vandals; this island was called Cyrnus in early times, +and is not far from Sardinia. So he came to Sardinia and displayed the +head of Tzazon to the inhabitants of the place, and he won back both the +islands and made them tributary to the Roman domain. And to Caesarea[9] +in Mauretania Belisarius sent John with an infantry company which he +usually commanded himself; this place is distant from Carthage a journey +of thirty days for an unencumbered traveller, as one goes towards Gadira +and the west; and it is situated upon the sea, having been a great and +populous city from ancient times. Another John, one of his own +guardsmen, he sent to Gadira on the strait and by one of the Pillars of +Heracles, to take possession of the fort there which they call +"Septem."[10] And to the islands which are near the strait where the +ocean flows in, called Ebusa and Majorica and Minorica[11] by the +natives, he sent Apollinarius, who was a native of Italy, but had come +while still a lad to Libya. And he had been rewarded with great sums of +money by Ilderic, who was then leader of the Vandals, and after Ilderic +had been removed from the office and was in confinement, as has been +told in the previous narrative,[12] he came to the Emperor Justinian +with the other Libyans who were working in the interest of Ilderic, in +order to entreat his favour as a suppliant. And he joined the Roman +expedition against Gelimer and the Vandals, and proved himself a brave +man in this war and most of all at Tricamarum. And as a result of his +deeds there Belisarius entrusted to him these islands. And later +Belisarius sent an army also into Tripolis to Pudentius and +Tattimuth,[13] who were being pressed by the Moors there, and thus +strengthened the Roman power in that quarter. + +He also sent some men to Sicily in order to take the fortress in +Lilybaeum, as belonging to the Vandals' kingdom,[14] but he was repulsed +from there, since the Goths by no means saw fit to yield any part of +Sicily, on the ground that this fortress did not belong to the Vandals +at all. And when Belisarius heard this, he wrote to the commanders who +were there as follows: "You are depriving us of Lilybaeum, the fortress +of the Vandals who are the slaves of the emperor, and are not acting +justly nor in a way to benefit yourselves, and you wish to bring upon +your ruler, though he does not so will it and is far distant from the +scene of these actions, the hostility of the great emperor, whose +good-will he has, having won it with great labour. And yet how could you +but seem to be acting contrary to the ways of men, it you recently +allowed Gelimer to hold the fortress, but have decided to wrest from the +emperor, Gelimer's master, the possessions of the slave? You, at least, +should not act thus, most excellent sirs. But reflect that, while it is +the nature of friendship to cover over many faults, hostility does not +brook even the smallest misdeeds, but searches the past for every +offence, and allows not its enemy to grow rich on what does not in the +least belong to them.[15] Moreover, the enemy fights to avenge the +wrongs which it says have been done to its ancestors; and whereas, if +friendship thus turned to hostility fails in the struggle, it suffers no +loss of its own possessions, yet if it succeeds, it teaches the +vanquished to take a new view of the indulgence which has been shewn +them in the past. See to it, then, that you neither do us further harm +nor suffer harm yourselves, and do not make the great emperor an enemy +to the Gothic nation, when it is your prayer that he be propitious +toward you. For be well assured that, if you lay claim to this fortress, +war will confront you immediately, and not for Lilybaeum alone, but for +all the possessions you claim as yours, though not one of them belongs +to you." + +Such was the message of the letter. And the Goths reported these things +to the mother[16] of Antalaric, and at her direction made the following +reply: "The letter which you have written, most excellent Belisarius, +carries sound admonition, but pertinent to some other men, not to us the +Goths. For there is nothing of the Emperor Justinian's which we have +taken and hold; may we never be so mad as to do such a thing! The whole +of Sicily we claim because it is our own, and the fortress of Lilybaeum +is one of its promontories. And if Theoderic gave his sister, who was +the consort of the king of the Vandals, one of the trading-ports of +Sicily for her use, this is nothing. For this fact could not afford a +basis for any claim on your part. But you, O General, would be acting +justly toward us, if you should be willing to make the settlement of the +matters in dispute between us, not as an enemy, but as a friend. And +there is this difference, that friends are accustomed to settle their +disagreements by arbitration, but enemies by battle. We, therefore, +shall commit this matter to the Emperor Justinian, to arbitrate[17] in +whatever manner seems to him lawful and just. And we desire that the +decisions you make shall be as wise as possible, rather than as hasty as +possible, and that you, therefore, await the decision of your emperor." +Such was the message of the letter of the Goths. And Belisarius, +reporting all to the emperor, remained quiet until the emperor should +send him word what his wish was. + + +VI + +But Pharas, having by this time become weary of the siege for many +reasons, and especially because of the winter season, and at the same +time thinking that the Moors there would not be able to stand in his +way, undertook the ascent of Papua with great zeal. Accordingly he armed +all his followers very carefully and began the ascent. But the Moors +rushed to the defence, and since they were on ground which was steep and +very hard to traverse, their efforts to hinder those making the ascent +were easily accomplished. But Pharas fought hard to force the ascent, +and one hundred and ten of his men perished in this struggle, and he +himself with the remainder was beaten back and retired; and as a result +of this he did not dare to attempt the ascent again, since the situation +was against him, but he established as careful a guard as possible, in +order that those on Papua, being pressed by hunger, might surrender +themselves; and he neither permitted them to run away nor anything to be +brought in to them from outside. Then, indeed, it came about that +Gelimer and those about him, who were nephews and cousins of his and +other persons of high birth, experienced a misery which no one could +describe, however eloquent he might be, in a way which would equal the +facts. For of all the nations which we know that of the Vandals is the +most luxurious, and that of the Moors the most hardy. For the Vandals, +since the time when they gained possession of Libya, used to indulge in +baths, all of them, every day, and enjoyed a table abounding in all +things, the sweetest and best that the earth and sea produce. And they +wore gold very generally, and clothed themselves in the Medic garments, +which now they call "seric,"[18] and passed their time, thus dressed, in +theatres and hippodromes and in other pleasureable pursuits, and above +all else in hunting. And they had dancers and mimes and all other things +to hear and see which are of a musical nature or otherwise merit +attention among men. And the most of them dwelt in parks, which were +well supplied with water and trees; and they had great numbers of +banquets, and all manner of sexual pleasures were in great vogue among +them. But the Moors live in stuffy huts[19] both in winter and in summer +and at every other time, never removing from them either because of snow +or the heat of the sun or any other discomfort whatever due to nature. +And they sleep on the ground, the prosperous among them, if it should so +happen, spreading a fleece under themselves. Moreover, it is not +customary among them to change their clothing with the seasons, but they +wear a thick cloak and a rough shirt at all times. And they have neither +bread nor wine nor any other good thing, but they take grain, either +wheat or barley, and, without boiling it or grinding it to flour or +barley-meal, they eat it in a manner not a whit different from that of +animals. Since the Moors, then, were of a such a sort, the followers of +Gelimer, after living with them for a long time and changing their +accustomed manner of life to such a miserable existence, when at last +even the necessities of life had failed, held out no longer, but death +was thought by them most sweet and slavery by no means disgraceful. + +Now when this was learned by Pharas, he wrote to Gelimer as follows: "I +too am a barbarian and not accustomed to writing and speaking, nor am I +skilful in these matters. But that which I am forced as a man to know, +having learned from the nature of things, this I am writing you. What in +the world has happened to you, my dear Gelimer, that you have cast, not +yourself alone, but your whole family besides, into this pit? Is it, +forsooth, that you may avoid becoming a slave? But this is assuredly +nothing but youthful folly, and making of 'liberty' a mere shibboleth, +as though liberty were worth possessing at the price of all this misery! +And, after all, do you not consider that you are, even now, a slave to +the most wretched of the Moors, since your only hope of being saved, if +the best happens, is in them? And yet why would it not be better in +every way to be a slave among the Romans and beggared, than to be +monarch on Mount Papua with Moors as your subjects? But of course it +seems to you the very height of disgrace even to be a fellow slave with +Belisarius! Away with the thought, most excellent Gelimer. Are not +we,[20] who also are born of noble families, proud that we are now in +the service of an emperor? And indeed they say that it is the wish of +the Emperor Justinian to have you enrolled in the senate, thus sharing +in the highest honour and being a patrician, as we term that rank, and +to present you with lands both spacious and good and with great sums of +money, and that Belisarius is willing to make himself responsible for +your having all these things, and to give you pledges. Now as for all +the miseries which fortune has brought you, you are able to bear with +fortitude whatever comes from her, knowing that you are but a man and +that these things are inevitable; but if fortune has purposed to temper +these adversities with some admixture of good, would you of yourself +refuse to accept this gladly? Or should we consider that the good gifts +of fortune are not just as inevitable as are her undesirable gifts? Yet +such is not the opinion of even the utterly senseless; but you, it would +seem, have now lost your good judgment, steeped as you are in +misfortunes. Indeed, discouragement is wont to confound the mind and to +be transformed to folly. If, however, you can bear your own thoughts and +refrain from rebelling against fortune when she changes, it will be +possible at this very moment for you to choose that which will be wholly +to your advantage, and to escape from the evils which hang over you." + +When Gelimer had read this letter and wept bitterly over it, he wrote in +reply as follows: "I am both deeply grateful to you for the advice which +you have given me and I also think it unbearable to be a slave to an +enemy who wrongs me, from whom I should pray God to exact justice, if He +should be propitious to me,--an enemy who, though he had never +experienced any harm from me either in deeds which he suffered or in +words which he heard, provided a pretext for a war which was unprovoked, +and reduced me to this state of misfortune, bringing Belisarius against +me from I know not where. And yet it is not at all unlikely that he +also, since he is but a man, though he be emperor too, may have +something befall him which he would not choose. But as for me, I am not +able to write further. For my present misfortune has robbed me of my +thoughts. Farewell, then, dear Pharas, and send me a lyre and one loaf +of bread and a sponge, I pray you." When this reply was read by Pharas, +he was at a loss for some time, being unable to understand the final +words of the letter, until he who had brought the letter explained that +Gelimer desired one loaf because he was eager to enjoy the sight of it +and to eat it, since from the time when he went up upon Papua he had not +seen a single baked loaf. A sponge also was necessary for him; for one +of his eyes, becoming irritated by lack of washing, was greatly swollen. +And being a skilful harpist he had composed an ode relating to his +present misfortune, which he was eager to chant to the accompaniment of +a lyre while he wept out his soul. When Pharas heard this, he was deeply +moved, and lamenting the fortune of men, he did as was written and sent +all the things which Gelimer desired of him. However he relaxed the +siege not a whit, but kept watch more closely than before. + + +VII + +And already a space of three months had been spent in this siege and the +winter was coming to an end. And Gelimer was afraid, suspecting that his +besiegers would come up against him after no great time; and the bodies +of most of the children who were related to him[21] were discharging +worms in this time of misery. And though in everything he was deeply +distressed, and looked upon everything,--except, indeed, death,--with +dissatisfaction, he nevertheless endured the suffering beyond all +expectation, until it happened that he beheld a sight such as the +following. A certain Moorish woman had managed somehow to crush a little +corn, and making of it a very tiny cake, threw it into the hot ashes on +the hearth. For thus it is the custom among the Moors to bake their +loaves. And beside this hearth two children were sitting, in exceedingly +great distress by reason of their hunger, the one being the son of the +very woman who had thrown in the cake, and the other a nephew of +Gelimer; and they were eager to seize the cake as soon as it should seem +to them to be cooked. And of the two children the Vandal got ahead of +the other and snatched the cake first, and, though it was still +exceedingly hot and covered with ashes, hunger overpowered him, and he +threw it into his mouth and was eating it, when the other seized him by +the hair of the head and struck him over the temple and beat him again +and thus compelled him with great violence to cast out the cake which +was already in his throat. This sad experience Gelimer could not endure +(for he had followed all from the beginning), and his spirit was +weakened and he wrote as quickly as possible to Pharas as follows: "If +it has ever happened to any man, after manfully enduring terrible +misfortunes, to take a course contrary to that which he had previously +determined upon, consider me to be such a one, O most excellent Pharas. +For there has come to my mind your advice, which I am far from wishing +to disregard. For I cannot resist fortune further nor rebel against +fate, but I shall follow straightway wherever it seems to her best to +lead; but let me receive the pledges, that Belisarius guarantees that +the emperor will do everything which you recently promised me. For I, +indeed, as soon as you give the pledges, shall put both myself into your +hands and these kinsmen of mine and the Vandals, as many as are here +with us." + +Such were the words written by Gelimer in this letter. And Pharas, +having signified this to Belisarius, as well as what they had previously +written to each other, begged him to declare as quickly as possible what +his wish was. And Belisarius (since he was greatly desirous of leading +Gelimer alive to the emperor), as soon as he had read the letter, became +overjoyed and commanded Cyprian, a leader of foederati,[22] to go to +Papua with certain others, and directed them to give an oath concerning +the safety of Gelimer and of those with him, and to swear that he would +be honoured before the emperor and would lack nothing. And when these +men had come to Pharas, they went with him to a certain place by the +foot of the mountain, where Gelimer came at their summons, and after +receiving the pledges just as he wished he came with them to Carthage. +And it happened that Belisarius was staying for a time in the suburb of +the city which they call Aclas. Accordingly Gelimer came before him in +that place, laughing with such laughter as was neither moderate nor the +kind one could conceal, and some of those who were looking at him +suspected that by reason of the extremity of his affliction he had +changed entirely from his natural state and that, already beside +himself, he was laughing for no reason. But his friends would have it +that the man was in his sound mind, and that because he had been born in +a royal family, and had ascended the throne, and had been clothed with +great power and immense wealth from childhood even to old age, and then +being driven to flight and plunged into great fear had undergone the +sufferings on Papua, and now had come as a captive, having in this way +had experience of all the gifts of fortune, both good and evil, for this +reason, they believed, he thought that man's lot was worthy of nothing +else than much laughter. Now concerning this laughter of Gelimer's, let +each one speak according to his judgment, both enemy and friend. But +Belisarius, reporting to the emperor that Gelimer was a captive in +Carthage, asked permission to bring him to Byzantium with him. At the +same time he guarded both him and all the Vandals in no dishonour and +proceeded to put the fleet in readiness. + +Now many other things too great to be hoped for have before now been +experienced in the long course of time, and they will continue as long +as the fortunes of men are the same as they now are; for those things +which seem to reason impossible are actually accomplished, and many +times those things which previously appeared impossible, when they have +befallen, have seemed to be worthy of wonder; but whether such events as +these ever took place before I am not able to say, wherein the fourth +descendant of Gizeric, and his kingdom at the height of its wealth and +military strength, were completely undone in so short a time by five +thousand men coming in as invaders and having not a place to cast +anchor. For such was the number of the horsemen who followed Belisarius, +and carried through the whole war against the Vandals. For whether this +happened by chance or because of some kind of valour, one would justly +marvel at it. But I shall return to the point from which I have strayed. + + +VIII + +So the Vandalic war ended thus. But envy, as is wont to happen in cases +of great good fortune, was already swelling against Belisarius, although +he provided no pretext for it. For some of the officers slandered him to +the emperor, charging him, without any grounds whatever, with seeking to +set up a kingdom for himself,[23] a statement for which there was no +basis whatever. But the emperor did not disclose these things to the +world, either because he paid no heed to the slander, or because this +course seemed better to him. But he sent Solomon and gave Belisarius the +opportunity to choose whichever of two things he desired, either to come +to Byzantium with Gelimer and the Vandals, or to remain there and send +them. And Belisarius, since it did not escape him that the officers were +bringing against him the charge of seeking supreme power, was eager to +get to Byzantium, in order that he might clear himself of the charge and +be able to proceed against his slanderers. Now as to the manner in which +he learned of the attempt of his accusers, I shall explain. When those +who denounced him wished to present this slander, fearing lest the man +who was to carry their letter to the emperor should be lost at sea and +thus put a stop to their proceedings, they wrote the aforesaid +accusation on two tablets, purposing to send two messengers to the +emperor in two ships. And one of these two sailed away without being +detected, but the second, on account of some suspicion or other, was +captured in Mandracium, and putting the writing into the hands of his +captors, he made known what was being done. So Belisarius, having +learned in this way, was eager to come before the emperor, as has been +said. Such, then, was the course of these events at Carthage. + +But the Moors who dwelt in Byzacium and in Numidia turned to revolt for +no good reason, and they decided to break the treaty and to rise +suddenly against the Romans. And this was not out of keeping with their +peculiar character. For there is among the Moors neither fear of God nor +respect for men. For they care not either for oaths or for hostages, +even though the hostages chance to be the children or brothers of their +leaders. Nor is peace maintained among the Moors by any other means than +by fear of the enemies opposing them. Now I shall set forth in what +manner the treaty was made by them with Belisarius and how it was +broken. When it came to be expected that the emperor's expedition would +arrive in Libya, the Moors, fearing lest they should receive some harm +from it, consulted the oracles of their women. For it is not lawful in +this nation for a man to utter oracles, but the women among them as a +result of some sacred rites become possessed and foretell the future, no +less than any of the ancient oracles. So on that occasion, when they +made enquiry, as has been said, the women gave the response: "There +shall be a host from the waters, the overthrow of the Vandals, +destruction and defeat of the Moors, when the general of the Romans +shall come unbearded." When the Moors heard this, since they saw that +the emperor's army had come from the sea, they began to be in great fear +and were quite unwilling to fight in alliance with the Vandals, but they +sent to Belisarius and established peace, as has been stated +previously,[24] and then remained quiet and waited for the future, to +see how it would fall out. And when the power of the Vandals had now +come to an end, they sent to the Roman army, investigating whether there +was anyone unbearded among them holding an office. And when they saw all +wearing full beards, they thought that the oracle did not indicate the +present time to them, but one many generations later, interpreting the +saying in that way which they themselves wished. Immediately, therefore, +they were eager to break the treaty, but their fear of Belisarius +prevented them. For they had no hope that they would ever overcome the +Romans in war, at least with him present. But when they heard that he +was making his departure together with his guards and spearmen, and that +the ships were already being filled with them and the Vandals, they +suddenly rose in arms and displayed every manner of outrage upon the +Libyans. For the soldiers were both few in each place on the frontier +and still unprepared, so that they would not have been able to stand +against the barbarians as they made inroads at every point, nor to +prevent their incursions, which took place frequently and not in an open +manner. But men were being killed indiscriminately and women with their +children were being made slaves, and the wealth was being plundered from +every part of the frontier and the whole country was being filled with +fugitives. These things were reported to Belisarius when he was just +about setting sail. And since it was now too late for him to return +himself, he entrusted Solomon with the administration of Libya and he +also chose out the greatest part of his own guards and spearmen, +instructing them to follow Solomon and as quickly as possible to punish +with all zeal those of the Moors who had risen in revolt and to exact +vengeance for the injury done the Romans. And the emperor sent another +army also to Solomon with Theodoras, the Cappadocian, and Ildiger, who +was the son-in-law of Antonina, the wife of Belisarius. And since it was +no longer possible to find the revenues of the districts of Libya set +down in order in documents, as the Romans had recorded them in former +times,[25] inasmuch as Gizeric had upset and destroyed everything in the +beginning, Tryphon and Eustratius were sent by the emperor, in order to +assess the taxes for the Libyans each according to his proportion. But +these men seemed to the Libyans neither moderate nor endurable. + + +IX + +Belisarius, upon reaching Byzantium with Gelimer and the Vandals, was +counted worthy to receive such honours, as in former times were assigned +to those generals of the Romans who had won the greatest and most +noteworthy victories. And a period of about six hundred years had now +passed since anyone had attained these honours,[26] except, indeed, +Titus and Trajan, and such other emperors as had led armies against some +barbarian nation and had been victorious. For he displayed the spoils +and slaves from the war in the midst of the city and led a procession +which the Romans call a "triumph," not, however, in the ancient manner, +but going on foot from his own house to the hippodrome and then again +from the barriers until he reached the place where the imperial throne +is.[27] And there was booty,--first of all, whatever articles are wont +to be set apart for the royal service,--thrones of gold and carriages in +which it is customary for a king's consort to ride, and much jewelry +made of precious stones, and golden drinking cups, and all the other +things which are useful for the royal table. And there was also silver +weighing many thousands of talents and all the royal treasure amounting +to an exceedingly great sum (for Gizeric had despoiled the Palatium in +Rome, as has been said in the preceding narrative),[28] and among these +were the treasures of the Jews, which Titus, the son of Vespasian, +together with certain others, had brought to Rome after the capture of +Jerusalem. And one of the Jews, seeing these things, approached one of +those known to the emperor and said: "These treasures I think it +inexpedient to carry into the palace in Byzantium. Indeed, it is not +possible for them to be elsewhere than in the place where Solomon, the +king of the Jews, formerly placed them. For it is because of these that +Gizeric captured the palace of the Romans, and that now the Roman army +has captured that the Vandals." When this had been brought to the ears +of the Emperor, he became afraid and quickly sent everything to the +sanctuaries of the Christians in Jerusalem. And there were slaves in the +triumph, among whom was Gelimer himself, wearing some sort of a purple +garment upon his shoulders, and all his family, and as many of the +Vandals as were very tall and fair of body. And when Gelimer reached the +hippodrome and saw the emperor sitting upon a lofty seat and the people +standing on either side and realized as he looked about in what an evil +plight he was, he neither wept nor cried out, but ceased not saying over +in the words of the Hebrew scripture:[29] "Vanity of vanities, all is +vanity." And when he came before the emperor's seat, they stripped off +the purple garment, and compelled him to fall prone on the ground and do +obeisance to the Emperor Justinian. This also Belisarius did, as being a +suppliant of the emperor along with him. And the Emperor Justinian and +the Empress Theodora presented the children of Ilderic and his offspring +and all those of the family of the Emperor Valentinian with sufficient +sums of money, and to Gelimer they gave lands not to be despised in +Galatia and permitted him to live there together with his family. +However, Gelimer was by no means enrolled among the patricians, since he +was unwilling to change from the faith of Arius. + +[Jan. 1, 535 A.D.] A little later the triumph[30] was celebrated by, +Belisarius in the ancient manner also. For he had the fortune to be +advanced to the office of consul, and therefore was borne aloft by the +captives, and as he was thus carried in his curule chair, he threw to +the populace those very spoils of the Vandalic war. For the people +carried off the silver plate and golden girdles and a vast amount of the +Vandals' wealth of other sorts as a result of Belisarius' consulship, +and it seemed that after a long interval of disuse an old custom was +being revived.[31] These things, then, took place in Byzantium in the +manner described. + + +X + +And Solomon took over the army in Libya; but in view of the fact that +the Moors had risen against him, as has been told previously, and that +everything was in suspense, he was at a loss how to treat the situation. +For it was reported that the barbarians had destroyed the soldiers in +Byzacium and Numidia and that they were pillaging and plundering +everything there. But what disturbed most of all both him and all +Carthage was the fate which befell Aïgan, the Massagete, and Rufinus, +the Thracian, in Byzacium. For both were men of great repute both in the +household of Belisarius and in the Roman army, one of them, Aïgan, being +among the spearmen of Belisarius, while the other, as the most +courageous of all, was accustomed to carry the standard of the general +in battle; such an officer the Romans call "bandifer."[32] Now at the +time referred to these two men were commanding detatchments of cavalry +in Byzacium, and when they saw the Moors plundering everything before +them and making all the Libyans captives, they watched in a narrow pass +with their followers for those who were escorting the booty, and killed +them and took away all the captives. And when a report of this came to +the commanders of the barbarians, Coutzinas and Esdilasas and +Iourphouthes and Medisinissas, who were not far away from this pass, +they moved against them with their whole army in the late afternoon. And +the Romans, being a very few men and shut off in a narrow place in the +midst of many thousands, were not able to ward off their assailants. For +wherever they might turn, they were always shot at from the rear. Then, +indeed, Rufinus and Aïgan with some few men ran to the top of a rock +which was near by and from there defended themselves against the +barbarians. Now as long as they were using their bows, the enemy did not +dare come directly to a hand-to-hand struggle with them, but they kept +hurling their javelins among them; but when all the arrows of the Romans +were now exhausted, the Moors closed with them, and they defended +themselves with their swords as well as the circumstances permitted. But +since they were overpowered by the multitude of the barbarians, Aïgan +fell there with his whole body hacked to pieces, and Rufinus was seized +by the enemy and led away. But straightway one of the commanders, +Medisinissas, fearing lest he should escape and again make trouble for +them, cut off his head and taking it to his home shewed it to his wives, +for it was a remarkable sight on account of the extraordinary size of +the head and the abundance of hair. And now, since the narration of the +history has brought me to this point, it is necessary to tell from the +beginning whence the nations of the Moors came to Libya and how they +settled there. + +When the Hebrews had withdrawn from Egypt and had come near the +boundaries of Palestine, Moses, a wise man, who was their leader on the +journey, died, and the leadership was passed on to Joshua, the son of +Nun, who led this people into Palestine, and, by displaying a valour in +war greater than that natural to a man, gained possession of the land. +And after overthrowing all the nations he easily won the cities, and he +seemed to be altogether invincible. Now at that time the whole country +along the sea from Sidon as far as the boundaries of Egypt was called +Phoenicia. And one king in ancient times held sway over it, as is agreed +by all who have written the earliest accounts of the Phoenicians. In +that country there dwelt very populous tribes, the Gergesites and the +Jebusites and some others with other names by which they are called in +the history of the Hebrews.[33] Now when these nations saw that the +invading general was an irresistible prodigy, they emigrated from their +ancestral homes and made their way to Egypt, which adjoined their +country. And finding there no place sufficient for them to dwell in, +since there has been a great population in Aegypt from ancient times, +they proceeded to Libya. And they established numerous cities and took +possession of the whole of Libya as far as the Pillars of Heracles, and +there they have lived even up to my time, using the Phoenician tongue. +They also built a fortress in Numidia, where now is the city called +Tigisis. In that place are two columns made of white stone near by the +great spring, having Phoenician letters cut in them which say in the +Phoenician tongue: "We are they who fled from before the face of Joshua, +the robber, the son of Nun." There were also other nations settled in +Libya before the Moors, who on account of having been established there +from of old were said to be children of the soil. And because of this +they said that Antaeus, their king, who wrestled with Heracles in +Clipea,[34] was a son of the earth. And in later times those who removed +from Phoenicia with Dido came to the inhabitants of Libya as to kinsmen. +And they willingly allowed them to found and hold Carthage. But as time +went on Carthage became a powerful and populous city. And a battle took +place between them and their neighbours, who, as has been said, had come +from Palestine before them and are called Moors at the present time, and +the Carthaginians defeated them and compelled them to live a very great +distance away from Carthage. Later on the Romans gained the supremacy +over all of them in war, and settled the Moors at the extremity of the +inhabited land of Libya, and made the Carthaginians and the other +Libyans subject and tributary to themselves. And after this the Moors +won many victories over the Vandals and gained possession of the land +now called Mauretania, extending from Gadira as far as the boundaries of +Caesarea,[35] as well as the most of Libya which remained. Such, then, +is the story of the settlement of the Moors in Libya. + + +XI + +Now when Solomon heard what had befallen Rufinus and Aïgan, he made +ready for war and wrote as follows to the commanders of the Moors: +"Other men than you have even before this had the ill fortune to lose +their senses and to be destroyed, men who had no means of judging +beforehand how their folly would turn out. But as for you, who have the +example near at hand in your neighbours, the Vandals, what in the world +has happened to you that you have decided to raise your hands against +the great emperor and throw away your own security, and that too when +you have given the most dread oaths in writing and have handed over your +children as pledges to the agreement? Is it that you have determined to +make a kind of display of the fact that you have no consideration either +for God or for good faith or for kinship itself or for safety or for any +other thing at all? And yet, if such is your practice in matters which +concern the divine, in what ally do you put your trust in marching +against the emperor of the Romans? And if you are taking the field to +the destruction of your children, what in the world is it in behalf of +which you have decided to endanger yourselves? But if any repentance has +by now entered your hearts for what has already taken place, write to +us, that we may satisfactorily arrange with you touching what has +already been done; but if your madness has not yet abated, expect a +Roman war, which will come upon you together with the oaths which you +have violated and the wrong which you are doing to your own children." + +Such was the letter which Solomon wrote. And the Moors replied as +follows: "Belisarius deluded us with great promises and by this means +persuaded us to become subjects of the Emperor Justinian; but the +Romans, while giving us no share in any good thing, expected to have us, +though pinched with hunger, as their friends and allies. Therefore it is +more fitting that you should be called faithless than that the Moors +should be. For the men who break treaties are not those who, when +manifestly wronged, bring accusation against their neighbours and turn +away from them, but those who expect to keep others in faithful alliance +with them and then do them violence. And men make God their enemy, not +when they march against others in order to recover their own +possessions, but when they get themselves into danger of war by +encroaching upon the possessions of others. And as for children, that +will be your concern, who are not permitted to marry more than one wife; +but with us, who have, it may be, fifty wives living with each of us, +offspring of children can never fail." + +When Solomon had read this letter, he decided to lead his whole army +against the Moors. So after arranging matters in Carthage, he proceeded +with all his troops to Byzacium. And when he reached the place which is +called Mammes,[36] where the four Moorish commanders, whom I have +mentioned a little before,[37] were encamped, he made a stockade for +himself. Now there are lofty mountains there, and a level space near the +foothills of the mountains, where the barbarians had made preparations +for the battle and arranged their fighting order as follows. They formed +a circle of their camels, just as, in the previous narrative,[38] I have +said Cabaon did, making the front about twelve deep. And they placed the +women with the children within the circle; (for among the Moors it is +customary to take also a few women, with their children, to battle, and +these make the stockades and huts for them and tend the horses +skilfully, and have charge of the camels and the food; they also sharpen +the iron weapons and take upon themselves many of the tasks in +connection with the preparation for battle); and the men themselves took +their stand on foot in between the legs of the camels, having shields +and swords and small spears which they are accustomed to hurl like +javelins. And some of them with their horses remained quietly among the +mountains. But Solomon disregarded one half of the circle of the Moors, +which was towards the mountain, placing no one there. For he feared lest +the enemy on the mountain should come down and those in the circle +should turn about and thus make the men drawn up there exposed to attack +on both sides in the battle. But against the remainder of the circle he +drew up his whole army, and since he saw the most of them frightened and +without courage, on account of what had befallen Aïgan and Rufinus, and +wishing to admonish them to be of good cheer, he spoke as follows: "Men +who have campaigned with Belisarius, let no fear of these men enter your +minds, and, if Moors gathered to the number of fifty thousand have +already defeated five hundred Romans, let not this stand for you as an +example. But call to mind your own valour, and consider that while the +Vandals defeated the Moors, you have become masters of the Vandals in +war without any effort, and that it is not right that those who have +conquered the greater should be terrified before those who are inferior. +And indeed of all men the Moorish nation seems to be the most poorly +equipped for war's struggle. For the most of them have no armour at all, +and those who have shields to hold before themselves have only small +ones which are not well made and are not able to turn aside what strikes +against them. And after they have thrown those two small spears, if they +do not accomplish anything, they turn of their own accord to flight. So +that it is possible for you, after guarding against the first attack of +the barbarians, to win the victory with no trouble at all. But as to +your equipment of arms, you see, of course, how great is the difference +between it and that of your opponents. And apart from this, both valour +of heart and strength of body and experience in war and confidence +because you have already conquered all your enemies,--all these +advantages you have; but the Moors, being deprived of all these things, +put their trust only in their own great throng. And it is easier for a +few who are most excellently prepared to conquer a multitude of men not +good at warfare than it is for the multitude to defeat them. For while +the good soldier has his confidence in himself, the cowardly man +generally finds that the very number of those arrayed with him produces +a want of room that is full of peril. Furthermore, you are warranted in +despising these camels, which cannot fight for the enemy, and when +struck by our missiles will, in all probability, become the cause of +considerable confusion and disorder among them. And the eagerness for +battle which the enemy have acquired on account of their former success +will be your ally in the fight. For daring, when it is kept commensurate +with one's power, will perhaps be of some benefit even to those who make +use of it, but when it exceeds one's power it lends into danger. Bearing +these things in mind and despising the enemy, observe silence and order; +for by taking thought for these things we shall win the victory over the +disorder of the barbarians more easily and with less labour." Thus spoke +Solomon. + +And the commanders of the Moors also, seeing the barbarians terrified at +the orderly array of the Romans, and wishing to recall their host to +confidence again, exhorted them in this wise: "That the Romans have +human bodies, the kind that yield when struck with iron, we have been +taught, O fellow-soldiers, by those of them whom we have recently met, +the best of them all, some of whom we have overwhelmed with our spears +and killed, and the others we have seized and made our prisoners of war. +And not only is this so, but it is now possible to see also that we +boast great superiority over them in numbers. And, furthermore, the +struggle for us involves the very greatest things, either to be masters +of all Libya or to be slaves to these braggarts. It is therefore +necessary for us to be in the highest degree brave men at the present +time. For it is not expedient that those whose all is at stake should be +other than exceedingly courageous. And it behoves us to despise the +equipment of arms which the enemy have. For if they come on foot against +us, they will not be able to move rapidly, but will be worsted by the +agility of the Moors, and their cavalry will be terrified both by the +sight of the camels, and by the noise they make, which, rising above the +general tumult of battle, will, in all likelihood, throw them into +disorder. And if anyone by taking into consideration the victory of the +Romans over the Vandals thinks them not to be withstood, he is mistaken +in his judgment. For the scales of war are, in the nature of the case, +turned by the valour of the commander or by fortune; and Belisarius, who +was responsible for their gaining the mastery over the Vandals, has now, +thanks to Heaven, been removed out of our way. And, besides, we too have +many times conquered the Vandals and stripped them of their power, and +have thus made the victory over them a more feasible and an easier task +for the Romans. And now we have reason to hope to conquer this enemy +also if you shew yourselves brave men in the struggle." + +After the officers of the Moors had delivered this exhortation, they +began the engagement. And at first there arose great disorder in the +Roman army. For their horses were offended by the noise made by the +camels and by the sight of them, and reared up and threw off their +riders and the most of them fled in complete disorder. And in the +meantime the Moors were making sallies and hurling all the small spears +which they had in their hands, thus causing the Roman army to be filled +with tumult, and they were hitting them with their missiles while they +were unable either to defend themselves or to remain in position. But +after this, Solomon, observing what was happening, leaped down from his +horse himself first and caused all the others to do the same. And when +they had dismounted, he commanded the others to stand still, and, +holding their shields before them and receiving the missiles sent by the +enemy, to remain in their position; but he himself, leading forward not +less than five hundred men, made an attack upon the other portion of the +circle.[39] These men he commanded to draw their swords and kill the +camels which stood at that point. Then the Moors who were stationed +there beat a hasty retreat, and the men under Solomon killed about two +hundred camels, and straightway, when the camels fell, the circle became +accessible to the Romans. And they advanced on the run into the middle +of the circle where the women of the Moors were sitting; meanwhile the +barbarians in consternation withdrew to the mountain which was close by, +and as they fled in complete disorder the Romans followed behind and +killed them. And it is said that ten thousand of the Moors perished in +this encounter, while all the women together with the children were made +slaves. And the soldiers secured as booty all the camels which they had +not killed. Thus the Romans with all their plunder went to Carthage to +celebrate the festival of triumph. + + +XII + +But the barbarians, being moved with anger, once more took the field in +a body against the Romans, leaving behind not one of their number, and +they began to overrun the country in Byzacium, sparing none of any age +of those who fell in their way. And when Solomon had just marched into +Carthage it was reported that the barbarians with a great host had come +into Byzacium and were plundering everything there. He therefore +departed quickly with his whole army and marched against them. And when +he reached Bourgaon, where the enemy were encamped, he remained some +days in camp over against them, in order that, as soon as the Moors +should get on level ground, he might begin the battle. But since they +remained on the mountain, he marshalled his army and arrayed it for +battle; the Moors, however, had no intention of ever again engaging in +battle with the Romans in level country (for already an irresistible +fear had come over them), but on the mountain they hoped to overcome +them more easily. Now Mt. Bourgaon is for the most part precipitous and +on the side toward the east extremely difficult to ascend, but on the +west it is easily accessible and rises in an even slope. And there are +two lofty peaks which rise up, forming between them a sort of vale, very +narrow, but of incredible depth. Now the barbarians left the peak of the +mountain unoccupied, thinking that on this side no hostile movement +would be made against them; and they left equally unprotected the space +about the foot of the mountain where Bourgaon was easy of access. But at +the middle of the ascent they made their camp and remained there, in +order that, if the enemy should ascend and begin battle with them, they +might at the outset, being on higher ground, shoot down upon their +heads. They also had on the mountain many horses, prepared either for +flight or for the pursuit, if they should win the battle. + +Now when Solomon saw that the Moors were unwilling to fight another +battle on the level ground, and also that the Roman army was opposed to +making a siege in a desert place, he was eager to come to an encounter +with the enemy on Bourgaon. But inasmuch as he saw that the soldiers +were stricken with terror because of the multitude of their opponents, +which was many times greater than it had been in the previous battle, he +called together the army and spoke as follows: "The fear which the enemy +feel toward you needs no other arraignment, but voluntarily pleads +guilty, bringing forward, as it does, the testimony of its own +witnesses. For you see, surely, our opponents gathered in so many tens +and tens of thousands, but not daring to come down to the plain and +engage with us, unable to feel confidence even in their own selves, but +taking refuge in the difficulty of this place. It is therefore not even +necessary to address any exhortation to you, at the present time at +least. For those to whom both the circumstances and the weakness of the +enemy give courage, need not, I think, the additional assistance of +words. But of this one thing it will be needful to remind you, that if +we fight out this engagement also with brave hearts, it will remain for +us, having defeated the Vandals and reduced the Moors to the same +fortune, to enjoy all the good things of Libya, having no thought +whatever of an enemy in our minds. But as to preventing the enemy from +shooting down upon our heads, and providing that no harm come to us from +the nature of the place, I myself shall make provision." + +After making this exhortation Solomon commanded Theodorus, who led the +"excubitores[40]" (for thus the Romans call their guards), to take with +him a thousand infantrymen toward the end of the afternoon and with some +of the standards to go up secretly on the east side of Bourgaon, where +the mountain is most difficult of ascent and, one might say, +impracticable, commanding him that, when they arrived near the crest of +the mountain, they should remain quietly there and pass the rest of the +night, and that at sunrise they should appear above the enemy and +displaying the standards commence to shoot. And Theodoras did as +directed. And when it was well on in the night, they climbed up the +precipitous slope and reached a point near the peak without being +noticed either by the Moors or even by any of the Romans; for they were +being sent out, it was said, as an advance guard, to prevent anyone from +coming to the camp from the outside to do mischief. And at early dawn +Solomon with the whole army went up against the enemy to the outskirts +of Bourgaon. And when morning had come and the enemy were seen near at +hand, the soldiers were completely at a loss, seeing the summit of the +mountain no longer unoccupied, as formerly, but covered with men who +were displaying Roman standards; for already some daylight was beginning +to shew. But when those on the peak began their attack, the Romans +perceived that the army was their own and the barbarians that they had +been placed between their enemy's forces, and being shot at from both +sides and having no opportunity to ward off the enemy, they thought no +more of resistance but turned, all of them, to a hasty flight. And since +they could neither run up to the top of Bourgaon, which was held by the +enemy, nor go to the plain anywhere over the lower slopes of the +mountain, since their opponents were pressing upon them from that side, +they went with a great rush to the vale and the unoccupied peak, some +even with their horses, others on foot. But since they were a numerous +throng fleeing in great fear and confusion, they kept killing each +other, and as they rushed into the vale, which was exceedingly deep, +those who were first were being killed constantly, but their plight +could not be perceived by those who were coming up behind. And when the +vale became full of dead horses and men, and the bodies made a passage +from Bourgaon to the other mountain, then the remainder were saved by +making the crossing over the bodies. And there perished in this +struggle, among the Moors fifty thousand, as was declared by those of +them who survived, but among the Romans no one at all, nor indeed did +anyone receive even a wound, either at the hand of the enemy or by any +accident happening to him, but they all enjoyed this victory unscathed. +All of the leaders of the barbarians also made their escape, except +Esdilasas, who received pledges and surrendered himself to the Romans. +So great, however, was the multitude of women and children whom the +Romans seized as booty, that they would sell a Moorish boy for the price +of a sheep to any who wished to buy. And then the remainder of the Moors +recalled the saying of their women, to the effect that their nation +would be destroyed by a beardless man.[41] + +So the Roman army, together with its booty and with Esdilasas, marched +into Carthage; and those of the barbarians who had not perished decided +that it was impossible to settle in Byzacium, lest they, being few, +should be treated with violence by the Libyans who were their +neighbours, and with their leaders they went into Numidia and made +themselves suppliants of Iaudas, who ruled the Moors in Aurasium.[42] +And the only Moors who remained in Byzacium were those led by Antalas, +who during this time had kept faith with the Romans and together with +his subjects had remained unharmed. + + +XIII + +But during the time when these things were happening in Byzacium, +Iaudas, who ruled the Moors in Aurasium, bringing more than thirty +thousand fighting men, was plundering the country of Numidia and +enslaving many of the Libyans. Now it so happened that Althias[43] in +Centuriae was keeping guard over the forts there; and he, being eager to +take from the enemy some of their captives, went outside the fort with +the Huns who were under his command, to the number of about seventy. And +reasoning that he was not able to cope with such a great multitude of +Moors with only seventy men, he wished to occupy some narrow pass, so +that, while the enemy were marching through it, he might be able to +snatch up some of the captives. And since there are no such roads there, +because flat plains extend in every direction, he devised the following +plan. + +There is a city not far distant, named Tigisis, then an unwalled place, +but having a great spring at a place which was very closely shut in. +Althias therefore decided to take possession of this spring, reasoning +that the enemy, compelled by thirst, would surely come there; for there +is no other water at all close by. Now it seemed to all upon considering +the disparity of the armies that his plan was insane. But the Moors came +up feeling very much wearied and greatly oppressed by the heat in the +summer weather, and naturally almost overcome by an intense thirst, and +they made for the spring with a great rush, having no thought of meeting +any obstacle. But when they found the water held by the enemy, they all +halted, at a loss what to do, the greatest part of their strength having +been already expended because of their desire for water. Iaudas +therefore had a parley with Althias and agreed to give him the third +part of the booty, on condition that the Moors should all drink. But +Althias was by no means willing to accept the proposal, but demanded +that he fight with him in single combat for the booty. And this +challenge being accepted by Iaudas, it was agreed that if it so fell out +that Althias was overcame, the Moors should drink. And the whole Moorish +army was rejoiced, being in good hope, since Althias was lean and not +tall of body, while Iaudas was the finest and most warlike of all the +Moors. Now both of them were, as it happened, mounted. And Iaudas hurled +his spear first, but as it was coming toward him Althias succeeded with +amazing skill in catching it with his right hand, thus filling Iaudas +and the enemy with consternation. And with his left hand he drew his bow +instantly, for he was ambidextrous, and hit and killed the horse of +Iaudas. And as he fell, the Moors brought another horse for their +commander, upon which Iaudas leaped and straightway fled; and the +Moorish army followed him in complete disorder. And Althias, by thus +taking from them the captives and the whole of the booty, won a great +name in consequence of this deed throughout all Libya. Such, then, was +the course of these events. + +And Solomon, after delaying a short time in Carthage, led his army +toward Mt. Aurasium and Iaudas, alleging against him that, while the +Roman army was occupied in Byzacium, he had plundered many of the places +in Numidia. And this was true. Solomon was also urged on against Iaudas +by the other commanders of the Moors, Massonas and Ortaïas, because of +their personal enmity; Massonas, because his father Mephanias, who was +the father-in-law of Iaudas, had been treacherously slain by him, and +Ortaïas, because Iaudas, together with Mastinas, who ruled over the +barbarians in Mauretania, had purposed to drive him and all the Moors +whom he ruled from the land where they had dwelt from of old. So the +Roman army, under the leadership of Solomon, and those of the Moors who +came into alliance with them, made their camp on the river Abigas, which +flows along by Aurasium and waters the land there. But to Iaudas it +seemed inexpedient to array himself against the enemy in the plain, but +he made his preparations on Aurasium in such a way as seemed to him +would offer most difficulty to his assailants. This mountain is about +thirteen days' journey distant from Carthage, and the largest of all +known to us. For its circuit is a three days' journey for an +unencumbered traveller. And for one wishing to go upon it the mountain +is difficult of access and extremely wild, but as one ascends and +reaches the level ground, plains are seen and many springs which form +rivers and a great number of altogether wonderful parks. And the grain +which grows here, and every kind of fruit, is double the size of that +produced in all the rest of Libya. And there are fortresses also on this +mountain, which are neglected, by reason of the fact that they do not +seem necessary to the inhabitants. For since the time when the Moors +wrested Aurasium from the Vandals,[44] not a single enemy had until now +ever come there or so much as caused the barbarians to be afraid that +they would come, but even the populous city of Tamougadis, situated +against the mountain on the east at the beginning of the plain, was +emptied of its population by the Moors and razed to the ground, in order +that the enemy should not only not be able to encamp there, but should +not even have the city as an excuse for coming near the mountain. And +the Moors of that place held also the land to the west of Aurasium, a +tract both extensive and fertile. And beyond these dwelt other nations +of the Moors, who were ruled by Ortaïas, who had come, as was stated +above, as an ally to Solomon and the Romans. And I have heard this man +say that beyond the country which he ruled there was no habitation of +men, but desert land extending to a great distance, and that beyond that +there are men, not black-skinned like the Moors, but very white in body +and fair-haired. So much, then, for these things. + +And Solomon, after bribing the Moorish allies with great sums of money +and earnestly exhorting them, began the ascent of Mt. Aurasium with the +whole army arrayed as for battle, thinking that on that day he would do +battle with the enemy and just as he was have the matter out with them +according as fortune should wish. Accordingly the soldiers did not even +take with them any food, except a little, for themselves and their +horses. And after proceeding over very rough ground for about fifty +stades, they made a bivouac. And covering a similar distance each day +they came on the seventh day to a place where there was an ancient +fortress and an ever-flowing stream. The place is called "Shield +Mountain" by the Romans in their own tongue.[45] Now it was reported to +them that the enemy were encamped there, and when they reached this +place and encountered no enemy, they made camp and, preparing themselves +for battle, remained there; and three days' time was spent by them in +that place. And since the enemy kept altogether out of their way, and +their provisions had failed, the thought came to Solomon and to the +whole army that there had been some plot against them on the part of the +Moors who were their allies; for these Moors were not unacquainted with +the conditions of travel on Aurasium, and understood, probably, what had +been decided upon by the enemy; they were stealthily going out to meet +them each day, it was said, and had also frequently been sent to their +country by the Romans to reconnoitre, and had decided to make nothing +but false reports, in order, no doubt, that the Romans, with no prior +knowledge of conditions, might make the ascent of Mt. Aurasium without +supplies for a longer time or without preparing themselves otherwise in +the way which would be best. And, all things considered, the Romans were +suspicious that an ambush had been set for them by men who were their +allies and began to be afraid, reasoning that the Moors are said to be +by nature untrustworthy at all times and especially whenever they march +as allies with the Romans or any others against Moors. So, remembering +these things, and at the same time being pinched by hunger, they +withdrew from there with all speed without accomplishing anything, and, +upon reaching the plain, constructed a stockade. + +After this Solomon established a part of the army in Numidia to serve as +a guard and with the remainder went to Carthage, since it was already +winter. There he arranged and set everything in order, so that at the +beginning of spring he might again march against Aurasium with a larger +equipment and, if possible, without Moors as allies. At the same time he +prepared generals and another army and a fleet of ships for an +expedition against the Moors who dwell in the island of Sardinia; for +this island is a large one and flourishing besides, being about two +thirds as large as Sicily (for the perimeter of the island makes a +journey of twenty days for an unencumbered traveller); and lying, as it +does, between Rome and Carthage, it was oppressed by the Moors who dwelt +there. For the Vandals in ancient times, being enraged against these +barbarians, sent some few of them with their wives to Sardinia and +confined them there. But as time went on they seized the mountains which +are near Caranalis, at first making plundering expeditions secretly upon +those who dwelt round about, but when they became no less than three +thousand, they even made their raids openly, and with no desire for +concealment plundered all the country there, being called +Barbaricini[46] by the natives. It was against these barbarians, +therefore, that Solomon was preparing the fleet during that winter. +Such, then, was the course of events in Libya. + + +XIV + +And in Italy during these same times the following events took place. +Belisarius was sent against Theodatus and the Gothic nation by the +Emperor Justinian, and sailing to Sicily he secured this island with no +trouble. And the manner in which this was done will be told in the +following pages, when the history leads me to the narration of the +events in Italy. For it has not seemed to me out of order first to +record all the events which happened in Libya and after that to turn to +the portion of the history touching Italy and the Goths. + +During this winter Belisarius remained in Syracuse and Solomon in +Carthage. And it came about during this year that a most dread portent +took place. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness, like +the moon, during this whole year, and it seemed exceedingly like the sun +in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear nor such as it is +accustomed to shed. And from the time when this thing happened men were +free neither from war nor pestilence nor any other thing leading to +death. And it was the time when Justinian was in the tenth year of his +reign. [536-537 A.D.] + +[536 A.D.] At the opening of spring, when the Christians were +celebrating the feast which they call Easter, there arose a mutiny among +the soldiers in Libya. I shall now tell how it arose and to what end it +came. + +After the Vandals had been defeated in the battle, as I have told +previously,[47] the Roman soldiers took their daughters and wives and +made them their own by lawful marriage. And each one of these women kept +urging her husband to lay claim to the possession of the lands which she +had owned previously, saying that it was not right or fitting if, while +living with the Vandals, they had enjoyed these lands, but after +entering into marriage with the conquerors of the Vandals they were then +to be deprived of their possessions. And having these things in mind, +the soldiers did not think that they were bound to yield the lands of +the Vandals to Solomon, who wished to register them as belonging to the +commonwealth and to the emperor's house and said that while it was not +unreasonable that the slaves and all other things of value should go as +booty to the soldiers, the land itself belonged to the emperor and the +empire of the Romans, which had nourished them and caused them to be +called soldiers and to be such, not in order to win for themselves such +land as they should wrest from the barbarians who were trespassing on +the Roman empire, but that this land might come to the commonwealth, +from which both they and all others secured their maintenance. This was +one cause of the mutiny. And there was a second, concurrent, cause also, +which was no less, perhaps even more, effective in throwing all Libya +into confusion. It was as follows: In the Roman army there were, as it +happened, not less than one thousand soldiers of the Arian faith; and +the most of these were barbarians, some of these being of the +Erulian[48] nation. Now these men were urged on to the mutiny by the +priests of the Vandals with the greatest zeal. For it was not possible +for them to worship God in their accustomed way, but they were excluded +both from all sacraments and from all sacred rites. For the Emperor +Justinian did not allow any Christian who did not espouse the orthodox +faith to receive baptism or any other sacrament. But most of all they +were agitated by the feast of Easter, during which they found themselves +unable to baptize[49] their own children with the sacred water, or do +anything else pertaining to this feast. And as if these things were not +sufficient for Heaven, in its eagerness to ruin the fortunes of the +Romans, it so fell out that still another thing provided an occasion for +those who were planning the mutiny. For the Vandals whom Belisarius took +to Byzantium were placed by the emperor in five cavalry squadrons, in +order that they might be settled permanently in the cities of the East; +he also called them the "Vandals of Justinian," and ordered them to +betake themselves in ships to the East. Now the majority of these Vandal +soldiers reached the East, and, filling up the squadrons to which they +had been assigned, they have been fighting against the Persians up to +the present time; but the remainder, about four hundred in number, after +reaching Lesbos, waiting until the sails were bellied with the wind, +forced the sailors to submission and sailed on till they reached the +Peloponnesus. And setting sail from there, they came to land in Libya at +a desert place, where they abandoned the ships, and, after equipping +themselves, went up to Mt. Aurasium and Mauretania. Elated by their +accession, the soldiers who were planning the mutiny formed a still +closer conspiracy among themselves. And there was much talk about this +in the camp and oaths were already being taken. And when the rest were +about to celebrate the Easter festival, the Arians, being vexed by their +exclusion from the sacred rites, purposed to attack them vigorously. + +And it seemed best to their leading men to kill Solomon in the sanctuary +on the first day of the feast, which they call the great day. [March 23, +536 A.D.] And they were fortunate enough not to be found out, since no +one disclosed this plan. For though there were many who shared in the +horrible plot, no word of it was divulged to any hostile person as the +orders were passed around, and thus they succeeded completely in +escaping detection, for even the spearmen and guards of Solomon for the +most part and the majority of his domestics had become associated with +this mutiny because of their desire for the lands. And when the +appointed day had now come, Solomon was sitting in the sanctuary, +utterly ignorant of his own misfortune. And those who had decided to +kill the man went in, and, urging one another with nods, they put their +hands to their swords, but they did nothing nevertheless, either because +they were filled with awe of the rites then being performed in the +sanctuary, or because the fame of the general caused them to be ashamed, +or perhaps also some divine power prevented them. + +And when the rites on that day had been completely performed and all +were betaking themselves homeward, the conspirators began to blame one +another with having turned soft-hearted at no fitting time, and they +postponed the plot for a second attempt on the following day. And on the +next day they acted in the same manner and departed from the sanctuary +without doing anything, and entering the market place, they reviled each +other openly, and every single man of them called the next one +soft-hearted and a demoralizer of the band, not hesitating to censure +strongly the respect felt for Solomon. For this reason, indeed, they +thought that they could no longer without danger remain in Carthage, +inasmuch as they had disclosed their plot to the whole city. The most of +them, accordingly, went out of the city quickly and began to plunder the +lands and to treat as enemies all the Libyans whom they met; but the +rest remained in the city, giving no indication of what their own +intentions were but pretending ignorance of the plot which had been +formed. + +But Solomon, upon hearing what was being done by the soldiers in the +country, became greatly disturbed, and ceased not exhorting those in the +city and urging them to loyalty toward the emperor. And they at first +seemed to receive his words with favour, but on the fifth day, when they +heard that those who had gone out were secure in their power, they +gathered in the hippodrome and insulted Solomon and the other commanders +without restraint. And Theodorus, the Cappadocian, being sent there by +Solomon, attempted to dissuade them and win them by kind words, but they +listened to nothing of what was said. Now this Theodorus had a certain +hostility against Solomon and was suspected of plotting against him. For +this reason the mutineers straightway elected him general over them by +acclamation, and with him they went with all speed to the palace +carrying weapons and raising a great tumult. There they killed another +Theodorus, who was commander of the guards, a man of the greatest +excellence in every respect and an especially capable warrior. And when +they had tasted this blood, they began immediately to kill everyone they +met, whether Libyan or Roman, if he were known to Solomon or had money +in his hands; and then they turned to plundering, going up into the +houses which had no soldiers to defend them and seizing all the most +valuable things, until the coming of night, and drunkenness following +their toil, made them cease. + +And Solomon succeeded in escaping unnoticed into the great sanctuary +which is in the palace, and Martinus joined him there in the late +afternoon. And when all the mutineers were sleeping, they went out from +the sanctuary and entered the house of Theodorus, the Cappadocian, who +compelled them to dine although they had no desire to do so, and +conveyed them to the harbour and put them on the skiff of a certain +ship, which happened to have been made ready there by Martinus. And +Procopius also, who wrote this history, was with them, and about five +men of the house of Solomon. And after accomplishing three hundred +stades they reached Misuas, the ship-yard of Carthage, and, since they +had reached safety, Solomon straightway commanded Martinus to go into +Numidia to Valerian and the others who shared his command, and endeavour +to bring it about that each one of them, if it were in any way possible, +should appeal to some of the soldiers known to him, either with money or +by other means, and bring them back to loyalty toward the emperor. And +he sent a letter to Theodorus, charging him to take care of Carthage and +to handle the other matters as should seem possible to him, and he +himself with Procopius went to Belisarius at Syracuse. And after +reporting everything to him which had taken place in Libya, he begged +him to come with all speed to Carthage and defend the emperor, who was +suffering unholy treatment at the hands of his own soldiers, Solomon, +then, was thus engaged. + + +XV + +But the mutineers, after plundering everything in Carthage, gathered in +the plain of Boulla, and chose Stotzas,[50] one of the guards of +Martinus, and a passionate and energetic man, as tyrant over them, with +the purpose of driving the emperor's commanders out of all Libya and +thus gaining control over it. And he armed the whole force, amounting to +about eight thousand men, and led them on to Carthage, thinking to win +over the city instantly with no trouble. He sent also to the Vandals who +had run away from Byzantium with the ships and those who had not gone +there with Belisarius in the beginning, either because they had escaped +notice, or because those who were taking off the Vandals at that time +took no account of them. Now they were not fewer than a thousand, and +after no great time they joined Stotzas and the army with enthusiasm. +And a great throng of slaves also came to him. And when they drew near +Carthage, Stotzas sent orders that the people should surrender the city +to him as quickly as possible, on condition of their remaining free from +harm. But those in Carthage and Theodorus, in reply to this, refused +flatly to obey, and announced that they were guarding Carthage for the +emperor. And they sent to Stotzas Joseph, the secretary of the emperor's +guards, a man of no humble birth and one of the household of Belisarius, +who had recently been sent to Carthage on some mission to them, and they +demanded that Stotzas should go no further in his violence. But Stotzas, +upon hearing this, straightway killed Joseph and commenced a siege. And +those in the city, becoming terrified at the danger, were purposing to +surrender themselves and Carthage to Stotzas under an agreement. Such +was the course of events in the army in Libya. + +But Belisarius selected one hundred men from his own spearmen and +guards, and taking Solomon with him, sailed into Carthage with one ship +at about dusk, at the time when the besiegers were expecting that the +city would be surrendered to them on the following day. And since they +were expecting this, they bivouacked that night. But when day had come +and they learned that Belisarius was present, they broke up camp as +quickly as possible and disgracefully and in complete disorder beat a +hasty retreat And Belisarius gathered about two thousand of the army +and, after urging them with words to be loyal to the emperor and +encouraging them with large gifts of money, he began the pursuit of the +fugitives. And he overtook them at the city of Membresa, three hundred +and fifty stades distant from Carthage. There both armies made camp and +prepared themselves for battle, the forces of Belisarius making their +entrenchment at the River Bagradas, and the others in a high and +difficult position. For neither of them saw fit to enter the city, since +it was without walls. And on the day following they joined battle, the +mutineers trusting in their numbers, and the troops of Belisarius +despising their enemy as both without sense and without generals. And +Belisarius, wishing that these thoughts should be firmly lodged in the +minds of his soldiers, called them all together and spoke as follows:-- + +"The situation, fellow-soldiers, both for the emperor and for the +Romans, falls far short of our hopes and of our prayers. For we have now +come to a combat in which even the winning of the victory will not be +without tears for us, since we are fighting against kinsmen and men who +have been reared with us. But we have this comfort in our misfortune, +that we are not ourselves beginning the battle, but have been brought +into the conflict in our own defence. For he who has framed the plot +against his dearest friends and by his own act has dissolved the ties of +kinship, dies not, if he perishes, by the hands of his friends, but +having become an enemy is but making atonement to those who have +suffered wrong. And that our opponents are public enemies and barbarians +and whatever worse name one might call them, is shewn not alone by +Libya, which has become plunder under their hands, nor by the +inhabitants of this land, who have been wrongfully slain, but also by +the multitude of Roman soldiers whom these enemies have dared to kill, +though they have had but one fault to charge them with--loyalty to their +government. And it is to avenge these their victims that we have now +come against them, having with good reason become enemies to those who +were once most dear. For nature has made no men in the world either +friends or opponents to one another, but it is the actions of men in +every case which, either by the similarity of the motives which actuate +them unite them in alliance, or by the difference set them in hostility +to each other, making them friends or enemies as the case may be. That, +therefore, we are fighting against men who are outlaws and enemies of +the state, you must now be convinced; and now I shall make it plain that +they deserve to be despised by us. For a throng of men united by no law, +but brought together by motives of injustice, is utterly unable by +nature to play the part of brave men, since valour is unable to dwell +with lawlessness, but always shuns those who are unholy. Nor, indeed, +will they preserve discipline or give heed to the commands given by +Stotzas. For when a tyranny is newly organized and has not yet won that +authority which self-confidence gives, it is, of necessity, looked upon +by its subjects with contempt. Nor is it honoured through any sentiment +of loyalty, for a tyranny is, in the nature of the case, hated; nor does +it lead its subjects by fear, for timidity deprives it of the power to +speak out openly. And when the enemy is handicapped in point of valour +and of discipline, their defeat is ready at hand. With great contempt, +therefore, as I said, we should go against this enemy of ours. For it is +not by the numbers of the combatants, but by their orderly array and +their bravery, that prowess in war is wont to be measured." + +So spoke Belisarius. And Stotzas exhorted his troops as follows: "Men +who with me have escaped our servitude to the Romans, let no one of you +count it unworthy to die on behalf of the freedom which you have won by +your courage and your other qualities. For it is not so terrible a thing +to grow old and die in the midst of ills, as to return again to it after +having gained freedom from oppressive conditions. For the interval which +has given one a taste of deliverance makes the misfortune, naturally +enough, harder to bear. And this being so, it is necessary for you to +call to mind that after conquering the Vandals and the Moors you +yourselves have enjoyed the labours of war, while others have become +masters of all the spoils. And consider that, as soldiers, you will be +compelled all your lives to be acquainted with the dangers of war, +either in behalf of the emperor's cause, if, indeed, you are again his +slaves, or in behalf of your own selves, if you preserve this present +liberty. And whichever of the two is preferable, this it is in your +power to choose, either by becoming faint-hearted at this time, or by +preferring to play the part of brave men. Furthermore, this thought also +should come to your minds,--that if, having taken up arms against the +Romans, you come under their power, you will have experience of no +moderate or indulgent masters, but you will suffer the extreme of +punishment, and, what is more, your death will not have been unmerited. +To whomsoever of you, therefore, death comes in this battle, it is plain +that it will be a glorious death; and life, if you conquer the enemy, +will be independent and in all other respects happy; but if you are +defeated,--I need mention no other bitterness than this, that all your +hope will depend upon the mercy of those men yonder. And the conflict +will not be evenly matched in regard to strength. For not only are the +enemy greatly surpassed by us in numbers, but they will come against us +without the least enthusiasm, for I think that they are praying for a +share of this our freedom." Such was the speech of Stotzas. + +As the armies entered the combat, a wind both violent and exceedingly +troublesome began to blow in the faces of the mutineers of Stotzas. For +this reason they thought it disadvantageous for them to fight the battle +where they were, fearing lest the wind by its overpowering force should +carry the missiles of the enemy against them, while the impetus of their +own missiles would be very seriously checked. They therefore left their +position and moved toward the flank, reasoning that if the enemy also +should change front, as they probably would, in order that they might +not be assailed from the rear, the wind would then be in their faces. +But Belisarius, upon seeing that they had left their position and in +complete disorder were moving to his flank, gave orders immediately to +open the attack. And the troops of Stotzas were thrown into confusion by +the unexpected move, and in great disorder, as each one could, they fled +precipitately, and only when they reached Numidia did they collect +themselves again. Few of them, however, perished in this action, and +most of them were Vandals. For Belisarius did not pursue them at all, +for the reason that it seemed to him sufficient, since his army was very +small, if the enemy, having been defeated for the present, should get +out of his way. And he gave the soldiers the enemy's stockade to +plunder, and they took it with not a man inside. But much money was +found there and many women, the very women because of whom this war took +place.[51] After accomplishing this, Belisarius marched back to +Carthage. And someone coming from Sicily reported to him that a mutiny +had broken out in the army and was about to throw everything into +confusion, unless he himself should return to them with all speed and +take measures to prevent it. He there therefore arranged matters in +Libya as well as he could and, entrusting Carthage to Ildiger and +Theodorus, went to Sicily. + +And the Roman commanders in Numidia, hearing that the troops of Stotzas +had come and were gathering there, prepared for battle. Now the +commanders were as follows: of foederati,[52] Marcellus and Cyril, of +the cavalry forces, Barbatus, and of infantry Terentius and Sarapis. +All, however, took their commands from Marcellus, as holding the +authority in Numidia. He, therefore, upon hearing that Stotzas with some +few men was in a place called Gazophyla,[53] about two days' journey +distant from Constantina,[54] wished to anticipate the gathering of all +the mutineers, and led his army swiftly against them. And when the two +armies were near together and the battle was about to commence, Stotzas +came alone into the midst of his opponents and spoke as follows: + +"Fellow-soldiers, you are not acting justly in taking the field against +kinsmen and those who have been reared with you, and in raising arms +against men who in vexation at your misfortunes and the wrongs you have +suffered have decided to make war upon the emperor and the Romans. Or do +you not remember that you have been deprived of the pay which has been +owing you for a long time back, and that you have been robbed of the +enemy's spoil, which the law of war has set as prizes for the dangers of +battle? And that the others have claimed the right to live sumptuously +all their lives upon the good things of victory, while you have followed +as if their servants? If, now, you are angry with me, it is within your +power to vent your wrath upon this body, and to escape the pollution of +killing the others; but if you have no charge to bring against me, it is +time for you to take up your weapons in your own behalf." So spoke +Stotzas; and the soldiers listened to his words and greeted him with +great favour. And when the commanders saw what was happening, they +withdrew in silence and took refuge in a sanctuary which was in +Gazophyla. And Stotzas combined both armies into one and then went to +the commanders. And finding them in the sanctuary, he gave pledges and +then killed them all. + + +XVI + +When the emperor learned this, he sent his nephew Germanus, a man of +patrician rank, with some few men to Libya. And Symmachus also and +Domnicus, men of the senate, followed him, the former to be prefect and +charged with the maintenance of the army, while Domnicus was to command +the infantry forces. For John,[55] who had held the office of prefect, +had already died of disease. And when they had sailed into Carthage, +Germanus counted the soldiers whom they had, and upon looking over the +books of the scribes where the names of all the soldiers were +registered, he found that the third part of the army was in Carthage and +the other cities, while all the rest were arrayed with the tyrant +against the Romans. He did not, therefore, begin any fighting, but +bestowed the greatest care upon his army. And considering that those +left in Carthage were the kinsmen or tentmates of the enemy, he kept +addressing many winning words to all, and in particular said that he had +himself been sent by the emperor to Libya in order to defend the +soldiers who had been wronged and to punish those who had unprovoked +done them any injury. And when this was found out by the mutineers, they +began to come over to him a few at a time. And Germanus both received +them into the city in a friendly manner and, giving pledges, held them +in honour, and he gave them their pay for the time during which they had +been in arms against the Romans. And when the report of these acts was +circulated and came to all, they began now to detach themselves in large +numbers from the tyrant and to march to Carthage. Then at last Germanus, +hoping that in the battle he would be evenly matched in strength with +his opponents, began to make preparations for the conflict. + +But in the meantime Stotzas, already perceiving the trouble, and fearing +lest by the defection of still others of his soldiers the army should be +reduced still more, was pressing for a decisive encounter immediately +and trying to take hold of the war with more vigour. And since he had +some hope regarding the soldiers in Carthage, that they would come over +to him, and thought that they would readily desert if he came near them, +he held out the hope to all his men; and after encouraging them +exceedingly in this way, he advanced swiftly with his whole army against +Carthage. And when he had come within thirty-five stades of the city, he +made camp not far from the sea, and Germanus, after arming his whole +army and arraying them for battle, marched forth. And when they were all +outside the city, since he had heard what Stotzas was hoping for, he +called together the whole army and spoke as follows: + +"That there is nothing, fellow-soldiers, with which you can justly +reproach the emperor, and no fault which you can find with what he has +done to you, this, I think, no one of you all could deny; for it was he +who took you as you came from the fields with your wallets and one small +frock apiece and brought you together in Byzantium, and has caused you +to be so powerful that the Roman state now depends upon you. And that he +has not only been treated with wanton insult, but has also suffered the +most dreadful of all things at your hands, you yourselves, doubtless, +know full well. And desiring that you should preserve the memory of +these things for ever, he has dismissed the accusations brought against +you for your crimes, asking that this debt alone be due to him from +you--shame for what you have done. It is reasonable, therefore, that +you, being thus regarded by him, should learn anew the lesson of good +faith and correct your former folly. For when repentance comes at the +fitting time upon those who have done wrong, it is accustomed to make +those who have been injured indulgent; and service which comes in season +is wont to bring another name to those who have been called ungrateful. + +"And it will be needful for you to know well this also, that if at the +present time you shew yourselves completely loyal to the emperor, no +remembrance will remain of what has gone before. For in the nature of +things every course of action is characterized by men in accordance with +its final outcome; and while a wrong which has once been committed can +never be undone in all time, still, when it has been corrected by better +deeds on the part of those who committed it, it receives the fitting +reward of silence and generally comes to be forgotten. Moreover, if you +act with any disregard of duty toward these accursed rascals at the +present time, even though afterwards you fight through many wars in +behalf of the Romans and often win the victory over the enemy, you will +never again be regarded as having requited the emperor as you can +requite him to-day. For those who win applause in the very matter of +their former wrong-doing always gain for themselves a fairer apology. As +regards the emperor, then, let each one of you reason in some such way. +But as for me, I have not voluntarily done you any injustice, and I have +displayed my good-will to you by all possible means, and now, facing +this danger, I have decided to ask this much of you all: let no man +advance with us against the enemy contrary to his judgement. But if +anyone of you is already desirous of arraying himself with them, without +delay let him go with his weapons to the enemy's camp, granting us this +one favour, that it be not stealthily, but openly, that he has decided +to do us wrong. Indeed, it is for this reason that I am making my +speech, not in Carthage, but after coming on the battle-field, in order +that I might not be an obstacle to anyone who desires to desert to our +opponents, since it is possible for all without danger to shew their +disposition toward the state." Thus spoke Germanus. And a great uproar +ensued in the Roman army, for each one demanded the right to be the +first to display to the general his loyalty to the emperor and to swear +the most dread oaths in confirmation. + + +XVII + +Now for some time the two armies remained in position opposite each +other. But when the mutineers saw that nothing of what Stotzas had +foretold was coming to pass, they began to be afraid as having been +unexpectedly cheated of their hope, and they broke their ranks and +withdrew, and marched off to Numidia, where were their women and the +money from their booty. And Germanus too came there with the whole army +not long afterwards, having made all preparations in the best way +possible and also bringing along many wagons for the army. And +overtaking his opponents in a place which the Romans call Scalae +Veteres, he made his preparations for battle in the following manner. +Placing the wagons in line facing the front, he arrayed all the infantry +along them under the leadership of Domnicus, so that by reason of having +their rear in security they might fight with the greater courage. And +the best of the horsemen and those who had come with him from Byzantium +he himself had on the left of the infantry, while all the others he +placed on the right wing, not marshalled in one body but in three +divisions. And Ildiger led one of them, Theodoras the Cappadocian +another, while the remaining one, which was larger, was commanded by +John, the brother of Pappus, with three others. Thus did the Romans +array themselves. + +And the mutineers took their stand opposite them, not in order, however, +but scattered, more in the manner of barbarians. And at no great +distance many thousands of Moors followed them, who were commanded by a +number of leaders, and especially by Iaudas and Ortaïas. But not all of +them, as it happened, were faithful to Stotzas and his men, for many had +sent previously to Germanus and agreed that, when they came into the +fight, they would array themselves with the emperor's army against the +enemy. However, Germanus could not trust them altogether, for the +Moorish nation is by nature faithless to all men. It was for this reason +also that they did not array themselves with the mutineers, but remained +behind, waiting for what would come to pass, in order that with those +who should be victorious they might join in the pursuit of the +vanquished. Such was the purpose, then, of the Moors, in following +behind and not mingling with the mutineers. + +And when Stotzas came close to the enemy and saw the standard of +Germanus, he exhorted his men and began to charge against him. But the +mutinous Eruli who were arrayed about him did not follow and even tried +with all their might to prevent him, saying that they did not know the +character of the forces of Germanus, but that they did know that those +arrayed on the enemy's right would by no means withstand them. If, +therefore, they should advance against these, they would not only give +way themselves and turn to flight, but would also, in all probability, +throw the rest of the Roman army into confusion; but if they should +attack Germanus and be driven back and put to rout, their whole cause +would be ruined on the spot. And Stotzas was persuaded by these words, +and permitted the others to fight with the men of Germanus, while he +himself with the best men went against John and those arrayed with him. +And they failed to withstand the attack and hastened to flee in complete +disorder. And the mutineers took all their standards immediately, and +pursued them as they fled at top speed, while some too charged upon the +infantry, who had already begun to abandon their ranks. But at this +juncture Germanus himself, drawing his sword and urging the whole of +that part of the army to do the same, with great difficulty routed the +mutineers opposed to him and advanced on the run against Stotzas. And +then, since he was joined in this effort by the men of Ildiger and +Theodorus, the two armies mingled with each other in such a way that, +while the mutineers were pursuing some of their enemy, they were being +overtaken and killed by others. And as the confusion became greater and +greater, the troops of Germanus, who were in the rear, pressed on still +more, and the mutineers, falling into great fear, thought no longer of +resistance. But neither side could be distinguished either by their own +comrades or by their opponents. For all used one language and the same +equipment of arms, and they differed neither in figure nor in dress nor +in any other thing whatever. For this reason the soldiers of the emperor +by the advice of Germanus, whenever they captured anyone, asked who he +was; and then, if he said that he was a soldier of Germanus, they bade +him give the watchword of Germanus, and if he was not at all able to +give this, they killed him instantly. In this struggle one of the enemy +got by unnoticed and killed the horse of Germanus, and Germanus himself +fell to the ground and came into danger, and would have been lost had +not his guards quickly saved him by forming an enclosure around him and +mounting him on another horse. + +As for Stotzas, he succeeded in this tumult in escaping with a few men. +But Germanus, urging on his men, went straight for the enemy's camp. +There he was encountered by those of the mutineers who had been +stationed to guard the stockade. A stubborn fight took place around its +entrance, and the mutineers came within a little of forcing back their +opponents, but Germanus sent some of his followers and bade them make +trial of the camp at another point. These men, since no one was +defending the camp at this place, got inside the stockade with little +trouble. And the mutineers, upon seeing them, rushed off in flight, and +Germanus with all the rest of the army dashed into the enemy's camp. +There the soldiers, finding it easy to plunder the goods of the camp, +neither took any account of the enemy nor paid any further heed to the +exhortations of their general, since booty was at hand. For this reason +Germanus, fearing lest the enemy should get together and come upon them, +himself with some few men took his stand at the entrance of the +stockade, uttering many laments and urging his unheeding men to return +to good order. And many of the Moors, when the rout had taken place in +this way, were now pursuing the mutineers, and, arraying themselves with +the emperor's troops, were plundering the camp of the vanquished. But +Stotzas, at first having confidence in the Moorish army, rode to them in +order to renew the battle. But perceiving what was being done, he fled +with a hundred men, and succeeded with difficulty in making his escape. +And once more many gathered about him and attempted to engage with the +enemy, but being repulsed no less decisively than before, if not even +more so, they all came over to Germanus. And Stotzas alone with some few +Vandals withdrew to Mauretania, and taking to wife the daughter of one +of the rulers, remained there. And this was the conclusion of that +mutiny. + + +XVIII + +Now there was among the body-guards of Theodorus, the Cappadocian, a +certain Maximinus, an exceedingly base man. This Maximinus had first got +a very large number of the soldiers to join with him in a conspiracy +against the government, and was now purposing to attempt a tyranny. And +being eager to associate with himself still more men, he explained the +project to others and especially to Asclepiades, a native of Palestine, +who was a man of good birth and the first of the personal friends of +Theodorus. Now Asclepiades, after conversing with Theodorus, straightway +reported the whole matter to Germanus. And he, not wishing as yet, while +affairs were still unsettled, to begin any other disturbance, decided to +get the best of the man by cajoling and flattering him rather than by +punishment, and to bind him by oaths to loyalty toward the government. +Accordingly, since it was an old custom among all Romans that no one +should become a body-guard of one of the commanders, unless he had +previously taken the most dread oaths and given pledges of his loyalty +both toward his own commander and toward the Roman emperor, he summoned +Maximinus, and praising him for his daring, directed him to be one of +his body-guards from that time forth. And he, being overjoyed at the +extraordinary honour, and conjecturing that his project would in this +way get on more easily, took the oath, and though from that time forth +he was counted among the body-guards of Germanus, he did not hesitate to +disregard his oaths immediately and to strengthen much more than ever +his plans to achieve the tyranny. + +Now the whole city was celebrating some general festival, and many of +the conspirators of Maximinus at about the time of lunch came according +to their agreement to the palace, where Germanus was entertaining his +friends at a feast, and Maximinus took his stand beside the couches with +the other body-guards. And as the drinking proceeded, someone entered +and announced to Germanus that many soldiers were standing in great +disorder before the door of the court, putting forward the charge that +the government owed them their pay for a long period. And he commanded +the most trusty of the guards secretly to keep close watch over +Maximinus, allowing him in no way to perceive what was being done. Then +the conspirators with threats and tumult proceeded on the run to the +hippodrome, and those who shared their plan with them gathered gradually +from the houses and were assembling there. And if it had so chanced that +all of them had come together, no one, I think, would have been able +easily to destroy their power; but, as it was, Germanus anticipated +this, and, before the greater part had yet arrived, he straightway sent +against them all who were well-disposed to himself and to the emperor. +And they attacked the conspirators before they expected them. And then, +since Maximinus, for whom they were waiting to begin the battle for +them, was not with them, and they did not see the crowd gathered to help +them, as they had thought it would be, but instead even beheld their +fellow-soldiers unexpectedly fighting against them, they consequently +lost heart and were easily overcome in the struggle and rushed off in +flight and in complete disorder. And their opponents slew many of them, +and they also captured many alive and brought them to Germanus. Those, +however, who had not already come to the hippodrome gave no indication +of their sentiment toward Maximinus. And Germanus did not see fit to go +on and seek them out, but he enquired whether Maximinus, since he had +sworn the oath, had taken part in the plot. And since it was proved +that, though numbered among his own body-guards he had carried on his +designs still more than before, Germanus impaled him close by the +fortifications of Carthage, and in this way succeeded completely in +putting down the sedition. As for Maximinus, then, such was the end of +his plot. + + +XI + +[539-540 A.D.] And the emperor summoned Germanus together with Symmachus +and Domnicus and again entrusted all Libya to Solomon, in the thirteenth +year of his reign; and he provided him with an army and officers, among +whom were Rufinus and Leontius, the sons of Zaunas the son of +Pharesmanas, and John, the son of Sisiniolus. For Martinus and +Valerianus had already before this gone under summons to Byzantium. And +Solomon sailed to Carthage, and having rid himself of the sedition of +Stotzas, he ruled with moderation and guarded Libya securely, setting +the army in order, and sending to Byzantium and to Belisarius whatever +suspicious elements he found in it, and enrolling new soldiers to equal +their number, and removing those of the Vandals who were left and +especially all their women from the whole of Libya. And he surrounded +each city with a wall, and guarding the laws with great strictness, he +restored the government completely. And Libya became under his rule +powerful as to its revenues and prosperous in other respects. + +And when everything had been arranged by him in the best way possible, +he again made an expedition against Iaudas and the Moors on Aurasium. +And first he sent forward Gontharis, one of his own body-guards and an +able warrior, with an army. Now Gontharis came to the Abigas River and +made camp near Bagaïs, a deserted city. And there he engaged with the +enemy, but was defeated in battle, and retiring to his stockade was +already being hard pressed by the siege of the Moors. But afterwards +Solomon himself arrived with his whole army, and when he was sixty +stades away from the camp which Gontharis was commanding, he made a +stockade and remained there; and hearing all that had befallen the force +of Gontharis, he sent them a part of his army and bade them keep up the +fight against the enemy with courage. But the Moors, having gained the +upper hand in the engagement, as I have said, did as follows. The Abigas +River flows from Aurasium, and descending into a plain, waters the land +just as the men there desire. For the natives conduct this stream to +whatever place they think it will best serve them at the moment, for in +this plain there are many channels, into which the Abigas is divided, +and entering all of them, it passes underground, and reappears again +above the ground and gathers its stream together. This takes place over +the greatest part of the plain and makes it possible for the inhabitants +of the region, by stopping up the waterways with earth, or by again +opening them, to make use of the waters of this river as they wish. So +at that time the Moors shut off all the channels there and thus allowed +the whole stream to flow about the camp of the Romans. As a result of +this, a deep, muddy marsh formed there through which it was impossible +to go; this terrified them exceedingly and reduced them to a state of +helplessness. When this was heard by Solomon, he came quickly. But the +barbarians, becoming afraid, withdrew to the foot of Aurasium. And in a +place which they call Babosis they made camp and remained there. So +Solomon moved with his whole army and came to that place. And upon +engaging with the enemy, he defeated them decisively and turned them to +flight. Now after this the Moors did not think it advisable for them to +fight a pitched battle with the Romans; for they did not hope to +overcome them in this kind of contest; but they did have hope, based on +the difficult character of the country around Aurasium, that the Romans +would in a short time give up by reason of the sufferings they would +have to endure and would withdraw from there, just as they formerly had +done. The most of them, therefore, went off to Mauretania and the +barbarians to the south of Aurasium, but Iaudas with twenty thousand of +the Moors remained there. And it happened that he had built a fortress +on Aurasium, Zerboule by name. Into this he entered with all the Moors +and remained quiet. But Solomon was by no means willing that time should +be wasted in the siege, and learning that the plains about the city of +Tamougade were full of grain just becoming ripe, he led his army into +them, and settling himself there, began to plunder the land. Then, after +firing everything, he returned again to the fortress of Zerboule. + +But during this time, while the Romans were plundering the land, Iaudas, +leaving behind some of the Moors, about as many as he thought would be +sufficient for the defence of the fortress, himself ascended to the +summit of Aurasium with the rest of the army, not wishing to stand siege +in the fort and have provisions fail his forces. And finding a high +place with cliff's on all sides of it and concealed by perpendicular +rocks, Toumar by name, he remained quietly there. And the Romans +besieged the fortress of Zerboule for three days. And using their bows, +since the wall was not high, they hit many of the barbarians upon the +parapets. And by some chance it happened that all the leaders of the +Moors were hit by these missiles and died. And when the three days' time +had passed and night came on, the Romans, having learned nothing of the +death of the leaders among the Moors, were planning to break up the +siege. For it seemed better to Solomon to go against Iaudas and the +multitude of the Moors, thinking that, if he should be able to capture +that force by siege, the barbarians in Zerboule would with less trouble +and difficulty yield to the Romans. But the barbarians, thinking that +they could no longer hold out against the siege, since all their leaders +had now been destroyed, decided to flee with all speed and abandon the +fortress. Accordingly they fled immediately in silence and without +allowing the enemy in any way to perceive it, and the Romans also at +daybreak began to prepare for departure. And since no one appeared on +the wall, although the besieging army was withdrawing, they began to +wonder and fell into the greatest perplexity among themselves. And in +this state of uncertainty they went around the fortress and found the +gate open from which the Moors had departed in flight. And entering the +fortress they treated everything as plunder, but they had no thought of +pursuing the enemy, for they had set out with light equipment and were +familiar with the country round about. And when they had plundered +everything, they set guards over the fortress, and all moved forward on +foot. + + +XX + +And coming to the place Toumar, where the enemy had shut themselves in +and were remaining quiet, they encamped near by in a bad position, where +there would be no supply of water, except a little, nor any other +necessary thing. And after much time had been spent and the barbarians +did not come out against them at all, they themselves, no less than the +enemy, if not even more, were hard pressed by the siege and began to be +impatient. And more than anything else, they were distressed by the lack +of water; this Solomon himself guarded, giving each day no more than a +single cupful to each man. And since he saw that they were openly +discontented and no longer able to bear their present hardships, he +planned to make trial of the place, although it was difficult of access, +and called all together and exhorted them as follows: "Since God has +granted to the Romans to besiege the Moors on Aurasium, a thing which +hitherto has been beyond hope and now, to such as do not see what is +actually being done, is altogether incredible, it is necessary that we +too should lend our aid to the help that has come from above, and not +prove false to this favour, but undergoing the danger with enthusiasm, +should reach after the good fortune which is to come from success. For +in every case the turning of the scales of human affairs depends upon +the moment of opportunity; but if a man, by wilful cowardice, is traitor +to his fortune, he cannot justly blame it, having by his own action +brought the guilt upon himself. Now as for the Moors, you see their +weakness surely and the place in which they have shut themselves up and +are keeping guard, deprived of all the necessities of life. And as for +you, one of two things is necessary, either without feeling any vexation +at the siege to await the surrender of the enemy, or, if you shrink from +this, to accept the victory which goes with the danger. And fighting +against these barbarians will be the more free from danger for us, +inasmuch as they are already fighting with hunger and I think they will +never even come to an engagement with us. Having these things in mind at +the present time, it behooves you to execute all your orders with +eagerness." + +After Solomon had made this exhortation, he looked about to see from +what point it would be best for his men to make an attempt on the place, +and for a long time he seemed to be in perplexity. For the difficult +nature of the ground seemed to him quite too much to contend with. But +while Solomon was considering this, chance provided a way for the +enterprise as follows. There was a certain Gezon in the army, a +foot-soldier, "optio"[56] of the detachment to which Solomon belonged; +for thus the Romans call the paymaster. This Gezon, either in play or in +anger, or perhaps even moved by some divine impulse, began to make the +ascent alone, apparently going against the enemy, and not far from him +went some of his fellow-soldiers, marvelling greatly at what he was +doing. And three of the Moors, who had been stationed to guard the +approach, suspecting that the man was coming against them, went on the +run to confront him. But since they were in a narrow way, they did not +proceed in orderly array, but each one went separately. And Gezon struck +the first one who came upon him and killed him, and in this way he +despatched each of the others. And when those in the rear perceived +this, they advanced with much shouting and tumult against the enemy. And +when the whole Roman army both heard and saw what was being done, +without waiting either for the general to lead the way for them or for +the trumpets to give the signal for battle, as was customary, nor indeed +even keeping their order, but making a great uproar and urging one +another on, they ran against the enemy's camp. There Rufinus and +Leontius, the sons of Zaunas the son of Pharesmanes, made a splendid +display of valorous deeds against the enemy. And by this the Moors were +terror-stricken, and when they learned that their guards also had been +destroyed, they straightway turned to flight where each one could, and +the most of them were overtaken in the difficult ground and killed. And +Iaudas himself, though struck by a javelin in the thigh, still made his +escape and withdrew to Mauretania. But the Romans, after plundering the +enemy's camp, decided not to abandon Aurasium again, but to guard +fortresses which Solomon was to build there, so that this mountain might +not be again accessible to the Moors. + +Now there is on Aurasium a perpendicular rock which rises in the midst +of precipices; the natives call it the Rock of Geminianus; there the men +of ancient times had built a tower, making it very small as a place of +refuge, strong and unassailable, since the nature of the position +assisted them. Here, as it happened, Iaudas had a few days previously +deposited his money and his women, setting one old Moor in charge as +guardian of the money. For he could never have suspected that the enemy +would either reach this place, or that they could in all time capture +the tower by force. But the Romans at that time, searching through the +rough country of Aurasium, came there, and one of them, with a laugh, +attempted to climb up to the tower; but the women began to taunt him, +ridiculing him as attempting the impossible; and the old man, peering +out from the tower, did the same thing. But when the Roman soldier, +climbing with both hands and feet, had come near them, he drew his sword +quietly and leaped forward as quickly as he could, and struck the old +man a fair blow on the neck, and succeeded in cutting it through. And +the head fell down to the ground, and the soldiers, now emboldened and +holding to one another, ascended to the tower, and took out from there +both the women and the money, of which there was an exceedingly great +quantity. And by means of it Solomon surrounded many of the cities in +Libya with walls. + +And after the Moors had retired from Numidia, defeated in the manner +described, the land of Zabe, which is beyond Mt. Aurasium and is called +"First Mauretania," whose metropolis is Sitiphis,[57] was added to the +Roman empire by Solomon as a tributary province; for of the other +Mauretania Caesarea is the first city, where was settled Mastigas[58] +with his Moors, having the whole country there subject and tributary to +him, except, indeed, the city of Caesarea. For this city Belisarius had +previously recovered for the Romans, as has been set forth in the +previous narrative[59]; and the Romans always journey to this city in +ships, but they are not able to go by land, since Moors dwell in that +country. And as a result of this all the Libyans who were subjects of +the Romans, coming to enjoy secure peace and finding the rule of Solomon +wise and very moderate, and having no longer any thought of hostility in +their minds, seemed the most fortunate of all men. + + +XXI + +But in the fourth year after this it came about that all their blessings +were turned to the opposite. [543-544 A.D.] For in the seventeenth year +of the reign of the Emperor Justinian, Cyrus and Sergius, the sons of +Bacchus, Solomon's brother, were assigned by the emperor to rule over +the cities in Libya, Cyrus, the elder, to have Pentapolis,[60] and +Sergius Tripolis. And the Moors who are called Leuathae came to Sergius +with a great army at the city of Leptimagna,[61] spreading the report +that the reason they had come was this, that Sergius might give them the +gifts and insignia of office which were customary[62] and so make the +peace secure. But Sergius, persuaded by Pudentius, a man of Tripolis, of +whom I made mention in the preceding narrative[63] as having served the +Emperor Justinian against the Vandals at the beginning of the Vandalic +War, received eighty of the barbarians, their most notable men, into the +city, promising to fulfil all their demands; but he commanded the rest +to remain in the suburb. Then after giving these eighty men pledges +concerning the peace, he invited them to a banquet. But they say that +these barbarians had come into the city with treacherous intent, that +they might lay a trap for Sergius and kill him. And when they came into +conference with him, they called up many charges against the Romans, and +in particular said that their crops had been plundered wrongfully. And +Sergius, paying no heed to these things, rose from the seat on which he +was sitting, with intent to go away. And one of the barbarians, laying +hold upon his shoulder, attempted to prevent him from going. Then the +others began to shout in confusion, and were already rushing together +about him. But one of the body-guards of Sergius, drawing his sword, +despatched that Moor. And as a result of this a great tumult, as was +natural, arose in the room, and the guards of Sergius killed all the +barbarians. But one of them, upon seeing the others being slain, rushed +out of the house where these things were taking place, unnoticed by +anyone, and coming to his tribemates, revealed what had befallen their +fellows. And when they heard this, they betook themselves on the run to +their own camp and together with all the others arrayed themselves in +arms against the Romans. Now when they came near the city of Leptimagna, +Sergius and Pudentius confronted them with their whole army. And the +battle becoming a hand-to-hand fight, at first the Romans were +victorious and slew many of the enemy, and, plundering their camp, +secured their goods and enslaved an exceedingly great number of women +and children. But afterwards Pudentius, being possessed by a spirit of +reckless daring, was killed; and Sergius with the Roman army, since it +was already growing dark, marched into Leptimagna. + +At a later time the barbarians took the field against the Romans with a +greater array. And Sergius went to join his uncle Solomon, in order that +he too might go to meet the enemy with a larger army; and he found there +his brother Cyrus also. And the barbarians, coming into Byzacium, made +raids and plundered a great part of the country there; and Antalas (whom +I mentioned in the preceding narrative[64] as having remained faithful +to the Romans and as being for this reason sole ruler of the Moors in +Byzacium) had by now, as it happened, become hostile to Solomon, because +Solomon had deprived him of the maintenance with which the emperor had +honoured him and had killed his brother, charging him with +responsibility for an uprising against the people of Byzacium. So at +that time Antalas was pleased to see these barbarians, and making an +offensive and defensive alliance with them, led them against Solomon and +Carthage. + +And Solomon, as soon as he heard about this, put his whole army in +motion and marched against them, and coming upon them at the city of +Tebesta, distant six days' journey from Carthage, he established his +camp in company with the sons of his brother Bacchus, Cyrus and Sergius +and Solomon the younger. And fearing the multitude of the barbarians, he +sent to the leaders of the Leuathae, reproaching them because, while at +peace with the Romans, they had taken up arms and come against them, and +demanding that they should confirm the peace existing between the two +peoples, and he promised to swear the most dread oaths, that he would +hold no remembrance of what they had done. But the barbarians, mocking +his words, said that he would of course swear by the sacred writings of +the Christians, which they are accustomed to call Gospels. Now since +Sergius had once taken these oaths and then had slain those who trusted +in them,[65] it was their desire to go into battle and make a test of +these same sacred writings, to see what sort of power they had against +the perjurers, in order that they might first have absolute confidence +in them before they finally entered into the agreement. When Solomon +heard this, he made his preparations for the combat. + +And on the following day he engaged with a portion of the enemy as they +were bringing in a very large booty, conquered them in battle, seized +all their booty and kept it under guard. And when the soldiers were +dissatisfied and counted it an outrage that he did not give them the +plunder, he said that he was awaiting the outcome of the war, in order +that they might distribute everything then, according to the share that +should seem to suit the merit of each. But when the barbarians advanced +a second time, with their whole army, to give battle, this time some of +the Romans stayed behind and the others entered the encounter with no +enthusiasm. At first, then, the battle was evenly contested, but later, +since the Moors were vastly superior by reason of their great numbers, +the most of the Romans fled, and though Solomon and a few men about him +held out for a time against the missiles of the barbarians, afterwards +they were overpowered by the enemy, and fleeing in haste, reached a +ravine made by a brook which flowed in that region. And there Solomon's +horse stumbled and threw him to the ground, and his body-guards lifted +him quickly in their arms and set him upon his horse. But overcome by +great pain and unable to hold the reins longer, he was overtaken and +killed by the barbarians, and many of his guards besides. Such was the +end of Solomon's life. + + +XXII + +After the death of Solomon, Sergius, who, as has been said, was his +nephew, took over the government of Libya by gift of the emperor. And +this man became the chief cause of great ruin to the people of Libya, +and all were dissatisfied with his rule--the officers because, being +exceedingly stupid and young both in character and in years, he proved +to be the greatest braggart of all men, and he insulted them for no just +cause and disregarded them, always using the power of his wealth and the +authority of his office to this end; and the soldiers disliked him +because he was altogether unmanly and weak; and the Libyans, not only +for these reasons, but also because he had shown himself strangely fond +of the wives and the possessions of others. But most of all John, the +son of Sisiniolus, was hostile to the power of Sergius; for, though he +was an able warrior and was a man of unusually fair repute, he found +Sergius absolutely ungrateful. For this reason neither he nor anyone +else at all was willing to take up arms against the enemy. But almost +all the Moors were following Antalas, and Stotzas came at his summons +from Mauretania. And since not one of the enemy came out against them, +they began to sack the country, making plunder of everything without +fear. At that time Antalas sent to the Emperor Justinian a letter, which +set forth the following: + +"That I am a slave of thy empire not even I myself would deny, but the +Moors, having suffered unholy treatment at the hands of Solomon in time +of peace, have taken up arms under the most severe constraint, not +lifting them against thee, but warding off our personal enemy; and this +is especially true of me. For he not only decided to deprive me of the +maintenance, which Belisarius long before specified and thou didst +grant, but he also killed my own brother, although he had no wrongdoing +to charge against him. We have therefore taken vengeance upon him who +wronged us. And if it is thy will that the Moors be in subjection to thy +empire and serve it in all things as they are accustomed to do, command +Sergius, the nephew of Solomon, to depart from here and return to thee, +and send another general to Libya. For thou wilt not be lacking in men +of discretion and more worthy than Sergius in every way; for as long as +this man commands thy army, it is impossible for peace to be established +between the Romans and the Moors." + +Such was the letter written by Antalas. But the emperor, even after +reading these things and learning the common enmity of all toward +Sergius, was still unwilling to remove him from his office, out of +respect for the virtues of Solomon and especially the manner of his +death. Such, then, was the course of these events. + +But Solomon, the brother of Sergius, who was supposed to have +disappeared from the world together with his uncle Solomon, was +forgotten by his brother and by the rest as well; for no one had learned +that he was alive. But the Moors, as it happened, had taken him alive, +since he was very young; and they enquired of him who he was. And he +said that he was a Vandal by birth, and a slave of Solomon. He said, +moreover, that he had a friend, a physician, Pegasius by name, in the +city of Laribus near by, who would purchase him by giving ransom. So the +Moors came up close to the fortifications of the city and called +Pegasius and displayed Solomon to him, and asked whether it was his +pleasure to purchase the man. And since he agreed to purchase him, they +sold Solomon to him for fifty pieces of gold. But upon getting inside +the fortifications, Solomon taunted the Moors as having been deceived by +him, a mere lad; for he said that he was no other than Solomon, the son +of Bacchus and nephew of Solomon. And the Moors, being deeply stung by +what had happened, and counting it a terrible thing that, while having a +strong security for the conduct of Sergius and the Romans, they had +relinquished it so carelessly, came to Laribus and laid siege to the +place, in order to capture Solomon with the city. And the besieged, in +terror at being shut in by the barbarians, for they had not even carried +in provisions, as it happened, opened negotiations with the Moors, +proposing that upon receiving a great sum of money they should +straightway abandon the siege. Whereupon the barbarians, thinking that +they could never take the city by force--for the Moors are not at all +practised in the storming of walls--and at the same time not knowing +that provisions were scarce for the besieged, welcomed their words, and +when they had received three thousand pieces of gold, they abandoned the +siege, and all the Leuathae retired homeward. + + +XXIII + +But Antalas and the army of the Moors were gathering again in Byzacium +and Stotzas was with them, having some few soldiers and Vandals. And +John, the son of Sisiniolus, being earnestly entreated by the Libyans, +gathered an army and marched against them. Now Himerius, the Thracian, +was commander of the troops in Byzacium, and at that time he was ordered +by John to bring with him all the troops there, together with the +commanders of each detachment, and come to a place called Menephesse, +which is in Byzacium, and join his force there. But later, upon hearing +that the enemy were encamped there, John wrote to Himerius telling what +had happened and directing him to unite with his forces at another +place, that they might not go separately, but all together, to encounter +the enemy. But by some chance those who had this letter, making use of +another road, were quite unable to find Himerius, and he together with +his army, coming upon the camp of the enemy, fell into their hands. Now +there was in this Roman army a certain youth, Severianus, son of +Asiaticus, a Phoenician and a native of Emesa, commanding a detachment +of horse. This man alone, together with the soldiers under him, fifty in +number, engaged with the enemy. And for some time they held out, but +later, being overpowered by the great multitude, they ran to the top of +a hill in the neighbourhood on which there was also a fort, but one +which offered no security. For this reason they surrendered themselves +to their opponents when they ascended the hill to attack them. And the +Moors killed neither him nor any of the soldiers, but they made +prisoners of the whole force; and Himerius they kept under guard, and +handed over his soldiers to Stotzas, since they agreed with great +readiness to march with the rebels against the Romans; Himerius, +however, they threatened with death, if he should not carry out their +commands. And they commanded him to put into their hands by some device +the city of Hadrumetum on the sea. And since he declared that he was +willing, they went with him against Hadrumetum. And upon coming near the +city, they sent Himerius a little in advance with some of the soldiers +of Stotzas, dragging along, as it seemed, some Moors in chains, and they +themselves followed behind. And they directed Himerius to say to those +in command of the gates of the city that the emperor's army had won a +decisive victory, and that John would come very soon, bringing an +innumerable multitude of Moorish captives; and when in this manner the +gates had been opened to them, he was to get inside the fortifications +together with those who went with him. And he carried out these +instructions. And the citizens of Hadrumetum, being deceived in this way +(for they could not distrust the commander of all the troops in +Byzacium), opened wide the gates and received the enemy. Then, indeed, +those who had entered with Himerius drew their swords and would not +allow the guards there to shut the gates again, but straightway received +the whole army of the Moors into the city. And the barbarians, after +plundering it and establishing there some few guards, departed. And of +the Romans who had been captured some few escaped and came to Carthage, +among whom were Severianus and Himerius. For it was not difficult for +those who wished it to make their escape from Moors. And many also, not +at all unwillingly, remained with Stotzas. + +Not long after this one of the priests, Paulus by name, who had been +appointed to take charge of the sick, in conferring with some of the +nobles, said: "I myself shall journey to Carthage and I am hopeful that +I shall return quickly with an army, and it will be your care to receive +the emperor's forces into the city." So they attached some ropes to him +and let him down by night from the fortifications, and he, coming to the +sea-shore and happening upon a fishing-vessel which was thereabouts, won +over the masters of this boat by great sums of money and sailed off to +Carthage. And when he had landed there and come into the presence of +Sergius, he told the whole story and asked him to give him a +considerable army in order to recover Hadrumetum. And since this by no +means pleased Sergius, inasmuch as the army in Carthage was not great, +the priest begged him to give him some few soldiers, and receiving not +more than eighty men, he formed the following plan. He collected a large +number of boats and skiffs and embarked on them many sailors and Libyans +also, clad in the garments which the Roman soldiers are accustomed to +wear. And setting off with the whole fleet, he sailed at full speed +straight for Hadrumetum. And when he had come close to it, he sent some +men stealthily and declared to the notables of the city that Germanus, +the emperor's nephew, had recently come to Carthage, and had sent a very +considerable army to the citizens of Hadrumetum. And he bade them take +courage at this and open for them one small gate that night. And they +carried out his orders. Thus Paulus with his followers got inside the +fortifications, and he slew all the enemy and recovered Hadrumetum for +the emperor; and the rumour about Germanus, beginning there, went even +to Carthage. And the Moors, as well as Stotzas and his followers, upon +hearing this, at first became terrified and went off in flight to the +extremities of Libya, but later, upon learning the truth, they counted +it a terrible thing that they, after sparing all the citizens of +Hadrumetum, had suffered such things at their hands. For this reason +they made raids everywhere and wrought unholy deeds upon the Libyans, +sparing no one whatever his age, and the land became at that time for +the most part depopulated. For of the Libyans who had been left some +fled into the cities and some to Sicily and the other islands. But +almost all the notables came to Byzantium, among whom was Paulus also, +who had recovered Hadrumetum for the emperor. And the Moors with still +less fear, since no one came out against them, were plundering +everything, and with them Stotzas, who was now powerful. For many Roman +soldiers were following him, some who had come as deserters, and others +who had been in the beginning captives but now remained with him of +their own free will. And John, who was indeed a man of some reputation +among the Moors, was remaining quiet because of the extreme hostility he +had conceived against Sergius. + + +XXIV + +At this time the emperor sent to Libya, with some few soldiers, another +general, Areobindus, a man of the senate and of good birth, but not at +all skilled in matters of warfare. And he sent with him Athanasius, a +prefect, who had come recently from Italy, and some few Armenians led by +Artabanes and John, sons of John, of the line of the Arsacidae,[66] who +had recently left the Persian army and as deserters had come back to the +Romans, together with the other Armenians. And with Areobindus was his +sister and Prejecta, his wife, who was the daughter of Vigilantia, the +sister of the Emperor Justinian. The emperor, however, did not recall +Sergius, but commanded both him and Areobindus to be generals of Libya, +dividing the country and the detachments of soldiers between them. And +he enjoined upon Sergius to carry on the war against the barbarians in +Numidia, and upon Areobindus to direct his operations constantly against +the Moors in Byzacium. And when this expedition lauded at Carthage, +Sergius departed forthwith for Numidia with his own army, and +Areobindus, upon learning that Antalas and Stotzas were encamped near +the city of Siccaveneria, which is three days' journey distant from +Carthage, commanded John, the son of Sisiniolus, to go against them, +choosing out whatever was best of the army; and he wrote to Sergius to +unite with the forces of John, in order that they might all with one +common force engage with the enemy. Now Sergius decided to pay no heed +to the message and have nothing to do with this affair, and John with a +small army was compelled to engage with an innumerable host of the +enemy. And there had always been great enmity between him and Stotzas, +and each one used to pray that he might become the slayer of the other +before departing from the world. At that time, accordingly, as soon as +the fighting was about to come to close quarters, both rode out from +their armies and came against each other. And John drew his bow, and, as +Stotzas was still advancing, made a successful shot and hit him in the +right groin, and Stotzas, mortally wounded, fell there, not yet dead, +but destined to survive this wound only a little time. And all came up +immediately, both the Moorish army and those who followed Stotzas, and +placing Stotzas with little life in him against a tree, they advanced +upon their enemy with great fury; and since they were far superior in +numbers, they routed John and all the Romans with no difficulty. Then, +indeed, they say, John remarked that death had now a certain sweetness +for him, since his prayer regarding Stotzas had reached fulfilment. And +there was a steep place near by, where his horse stumbled and threw him +off. And as he was trying to leap upon the horse again, the enemy caught +and killed him, a man who had shown himself great both in reputation and +in valour. And Stotzas learned this and then died, remarking only that +now it was most sweet to die. In this battle John, the Armenian, brother +of Artabanes, also died, after making a display of valorous deeds +against the enemy. And the emperor, upon hearing this, was very deeply +grieved because of the valour of John; and thinking it inexpedient for +the two generals to administer the province, he immediately recalled +Sergius and sent him to Italy with an army, and gave over the whole +power of Libya to Areobindus. + + +XXV + +And two months after Sergius had departed from there, Gontharis essayed +to set up a tyranny in the following manner. He himself, as it happened, +was commanding the troops in Numidia and spending his time there for +that reason, but he was secretly treating with the Moors that they might +march against Carthage. Forthwith, therefore, an army of the enemy, +having been gathered into one place from Numidia and Byzacium, went with +great zeal against Carthage. And the Numidians were commanded by +Coutzinas and Iaudas, and the men of Byzacium by Antalas. And with him +was also John, the tyrant, and his followers; for the mutineers, after +the death of Stotzas, had set him up as ruler over themselves. And when +Areobindus learned of their attack, he summoned to Carthage a number of +the officers with their men, and among them Gontharis. And he was joined +also by Artabanes and the Armenians. Areobindus, accordingly, bade +Gontharis lead the whole army against the enemy. And Gontharis, though +he had promised to serve him zealously in the war, proceeded to act as +follows. One of his servants, a Moor by birth and a cook by trade, he +commanded to go to the enemy's camp, and to make it appear to all others +that he had run away from his master, but to tell Antalas secretly that +Gontharis wished to share with him the rule of Libya. So the cook +carried out these directions, and Antalas heard the word gladly, but +made no further reply than to say that worthy enterprises are not +properly brought to pass among men by cooks. When this was heard by +Gontharis, he immediately sent to Antalas one of his body-guards, +Ulitheus by name, whom he had found especially trustworthy in his +service, inviting him to come as close as possible to Carthage. For, if +this were done, he promised him to put Areobindus out of the way. So +Ulitheus without the knowledge of the rest of the barbarians made an +agreement with Antalas that he, Antalas, should rule Byzacium, having +half the possessions of Areobindus and taking with him fifteen hundred +Roman soldiers, while Gontharis should assume the dignity of king, +holding the power over Carthage and the rest of Libya. And after +settling these matters he returned to the Roman camp, which they had +made entirely in front of the circuit-wall, distributing among +themselves the guarding of each gate. And the barbarians not long +afterwards proceeded straight for Carthage in great haste, and they made +camp and remained in the place called Decimum.[67] And departing from +there on the following day, they were moving forward. But some of the +Roman army encountered them, and engaging with them unexpectedly, slew a +small number of the Moors. But these were straightway called back by +Gontharis, who rebuked them for acting with reckless daring and for +being willing to give the Romans foreknowledge of the danger into which +they were thrown. + +But in the meantime Areobindus sent to Coutzinas secretly and began to +treat with him with regard to turning traitor. And Coutzinas promised +him that, as soon as they should begin the action, he would turn against +Antalas and the Moors of Byzacium. For the Moors keep faith neither with +any other men nor with each other. This Areobindus reported to +Gontharis. And he, wishing to frustrate the enterprise by having it +postponed, advised Areobindus by no means to have faith in Coutzinas, +unless he should receive from him his children as hostages. So +Areobindus and Coutzinas, constantly sending secret messages to each +other, were busying themselves with the plot against Antalas. And +Gontharis sent Ulitheus once more and made known to Antalas what was +being done. And he decided not to make any charges against Coutzinas nor +did he allow him to know that he had discovered the plot, nor indeed did +he disclose anything of what had been agreed upon by himself and +Gontharis. But though enemies and hostile at heart to one another, they +were arrayed together with treacherous intent, and each of them was +marching with the other against his own particular friend. With such +purposes Coutzinas and Antalas were leading the Moorish army against +Carthage. And Gontharis was intending to kill Areobindus, but, in order +to avoid the appearance of aiming at sole power, he wished to do this +secretly in battle, in order that it might seem that the plot had been +made by others against the general, and that he had been compelled by +the Roman army to assume command over Libya. Accordingly he circumvented +Areobindus by deceit, and persuaded him to go out against the enemy and +engage with them, now that they had already come close to Carthage. He +decided, therefore, that on the following day he would lead the whole +army against the enemy at sunrise. But Areobindus, being very +inexperienced in this matter and reluctant besides, kept holding back +for no good reason. For while considering how he should put on his +equipment of arms and armour, and making the other preparations for the +sally, he wasted the greatest part of the day. He accordingly put off +the engagement to the following day and remained quiet. But Gontharis, +suspecting that he had hesitated purposely, as being aware of what was +being done, decided openly to accomplish the murder of the general and +make his attempt at the tyranny. + + +XXVI + +And on the succeeding day he proceeded to act as follows. Opening wide +the gates where he himself kept guard, he placed huge rocks under them, +that no one might be able easily to shut them, and he placed armoured +men with bows in their hands about the parapet in great numbers, and he +himself, having put on his breastplate, took his stand between the +gates. And his purpose in doing this was not that he might receive the +Moors into the city; for the Moors, being altogether fickle, are +suspicious of all men. And it is not unnatural that they are so; for +whoever is by nature treacherous toward his neighbours is himself unable +to trust anyone at all, but he is compelled to be suspicious of all men, +since he estimates the character of his neighbour by his own mind. For +this reason, then, Gontharis did not hope that even the Moors would +trust him and come inside the circuit-wall, but he made this move in +order that Areobindus, falling into great fear, might straightway rush +off in flight, and, abandoning Carthage as quickly as he could, might +betake himself to Byzantium. And he would have been right in his +expectation had not winter come on just then and frustrated his plan. +[544-545 A.D.] And Areobindus, learning what was being done, summoned +Athanasius and some of the notables. And Artabanes also came to him from +the camp with two others and he urged Areobindus neither to lose heart +nor to give way to the daring of Gontharis, but to go against him +instantly with all his men and engage him in battle, before any further +trouble arose. At first, then, Areobindus sent to Gontharis one of his +friends, Phredas by name, and commanded him to test the other's purpose. +And when Phredas returned and reported that Gontharis by no means denied +his intention of seizing the supreme power, he purposed immediately to +go against him arrayed for battle. + +But in the meantime Gontharis slandered Areobindus to the soldiers, +saying that he was a coward and not only possessed with fear of the +enemy, but at the same time quite unwilling to give them, his soldiers, +their pay, and that he was planning to run away with Anastasius and that +they were about to sail very soon from Mandracium[68], in order that the +soldiers, fighting both with hunger and with the Moors, might be +destroyed; and he enquired whether it was their wish to arrest both and +keep them under guard. For thus he hoped either that Areobindus, +perceiving the tumult, would turn to flight, or that he would be +captured by the soldiers and ruthlessly put to death. Moreover he +promised that he himself would advance to the soldiers money of his own, +as much as the government owed them. And they were approving his words +and were possessed with great wrath against Areobindus, but while this +was going on Areobindus together with Artabanes and his followers came +there. And a battle took place on the parapet and below about the gate +where Gontharis had taken his stand, and neither side was worsted. And +all were about to gather from the camps, as many as were well disposed +to the emperor, and capture the mutineers by force. For Gontharis had +not as yet deceived all, but the majority remained still uncorrupted in +mind. But Areobindus, seeing then for the first time the killing of men +(for he had not yet, as it happened, become acquainted with this sight), +was terror-stricken and, turning coward, fled, unable to endure what he +saw. + +Now there is a temple inside the fortifications of Carthage hard by the +sea-shore, the abode of men who are very exact in their practice of +religion, whom we have always been accustomed to call "monks"; this +temple had been built by Solomon not long before, and he had surrounded +it with a wall and rendered it a very strong fortress. And Areobindus, +fleeing for refuge, rushed into the monastery, where he had already sent +his wife and sister. Then Artabanes too ran away, and all the rest +withdrew from Carthage as each one could. And Gontharis, having taken +the city by assault, with the mutineers took possession of the palace, +and was already guarding both the gates and the harbour most carefully. +First, then, he summoned Athanasius, who came to him without delay, and +by using much flattery Athanasius made it appear that what had been done +pleased him exceedingly. And after this Gontharis sent the priest of the +city and commanded Areobindus, after receiving pledges, to come to the +palace, threatening that he would besiege him if he disobeyed and would +not again give him pledges of safety, but would use every means to +capture and put him to death. So the priest, Reparatus, stoutly declared +to Areobindus that in accordance with the decision of Gontharis he would +swear that no harm would come to him from Gontharis, telling also what +he had threatened in case he did not obey. But Areobindus became afraid +and agreed that he would follow the priest immediately, if the priest, +after performing the rite of the sacred bath[69] in the usual manner, +should swear to him by that rite and then give him pledges for his +safety. So the priest did according to this. And Areobindus without +delay followed him, clad in a garment which was suitable neither for a +general nor for any one else in military service, but altogether +appropriate to a slave or one of private station; this garment the +Romans call "casula"[70] in the Latin tongue. And when they came near +the palace, he took in his hands the holy scriptures from the priest, +and so went before Gontharis. And falling prone he lay there a long +time, holding out to him the suppliant olive-branch and the holy +scriptures, and with him was the child which had been counted worthy of +the sacred bath by which the priest had given him the pledge, as has +been told. And when, with difficulty, Gontharis had raised him to his +feet, he enquired of Gontharis in the name of all things holy whether +his safety was secure. And Gontharis now bade him most positively to be +of good cheer, for he would suffer no harm at his hands, but on the +following day would be gone from Carthage with his wife and his +possessions. Then he dismissed the priest Reparatus, and bade Areobindus +and Athanasius dine with him in the palace. And during the dinner he +honoured Areobindus, inviting him to take his place first on the couch; +but after the dinner he did not let him go, but compelled him to sleep +in a chamber alone; and he sent there Ulitheus with certain others to +assail him. And while he was wailing and crying aloud again and again +and speaking many entreating words to them to move them to pity, they +slew him. Athanasius, however, they spared, passing him by, I suppose, +on account of his advanced age. + + +XXVII + +And on the following day Gontharis sent the head of Areobindus to +Antalas, but decided to deprive him of the money and of the soldiers. +Antalas, therefore, was outraged, because he was not carrying out +anything of what had been agreed with him, and at the same time, upon +considering what Gontharis had sworn and what he had done to Areobindus, +he was incensed. For it did not seem to him that one who had disregarded +such oaths would ever be faithful either to him or to anyone else at +all. So after considering the matter long with himself, he was desirous +of submitting to the Emperor Justinian; for this reason, then, he +marched back. And learning that Marcentius, who commanded the troops in +Byzacium, had fled to one of the islands which lie off the coast, he +sent to him, and telling him the whole story and giving pledges, +persuaded him by kind words to come to him. And Marcentius remained with +Antalas in the camp, while the soldiers who were on duty in Byzacium, +being well disposed to the emperor, were guarding the city of +Hadrumetum. But the soldiers of Stotzas, being not less than a thousand, +perceiving what was being done, went in great haste, with John leading +them, to Gontharis; and he gladly received them into the city. Now there +were five hundred Romans and about eighty Huns, while all the rest were +Vandals. And Artabanes, upon receiving pledges, went up to the palace +with his Armenians, and promised to serve the tyrant according to his +orders. But secretly he was purposing to destroy Gontharis, having +previously communicated this purpose to Gregorius, his nephew, and to +Artasires, his body-guard. And Gregorius, urging him on to the +undertaking, spoke as follows: + +"Artabanes, the opportunity is now at hand for you, and you alone, to +win the glory of Belisarius--nay more, even to surpass that glory by +far. For he came here, having received from the emperor a most +formidable army and great sums of money, having officers accompanying +him and advisers in great numbers, and a fleet of ships whose like we +have never before heard tell of, and numerous cavalry, and arms, and +everything else, to put it in a word, prepared for him in a manner +worthy of the Roman empire. And thus equipped he won back Libya for the +Romans with much toil. But all these achievements have so completely +come to naught, that they are, at this moment, as if they had never +been--except indeed, that there is at present left to the Romans from +the victory of Belisarius the losses they have suffered in lives and in +money, and, in addition, that they are no longer able even to guard the +good things they won. But the winning back of all these things for the +emperor now depends upon the courage and judgment and right hand of you +alone. Therefore consider that you are of the house of the Arsacidae by +ancient descent, and remember that it is seemly for men of noble birth +to play the part of brave men always and in all places. Now many +remarkable deeds have been performed by you in behalf of freedom. For +when you were still young, you slew Acacius,[71] the ruler of the +Armenians, and Sittas,[72] the general of the Romans, and as a result of +this becoming known to the king Chosroes, you campaigned with him +against the Romans. And since you have reached so great a station that +it devolves upon you not to allow the Roman power to lie subject to a +drunken dog, show at this time that it was by reason of noble birth and +a valorous heart that at the former time, good sir, you performed those +deeds; and I as well as Artasires here will assist you in everything, so +far as we have the power, in accordance with your commands." + +So spoke Gregorius; and he excited the mind of Artabanes still more +against the tyrant. But Gontharis, bringing out the wife and the sister +of Areobindus from the fortress, compelled them to remain at a certain +house, showing them no insult by any word or deed whatsoever, nor did +they have provisions in any less measure than they needed, nor were they +compelled to say or to do anything except, indeed, that Prejecta was +forced to write to her uncle[73] that Gontharis was honouring them +exceedingly and that he was altogether guiltless of the murder of her +husband, and that the base deed had been done by Ulitheus, Gontharis by +no means approving. And Gontharis was persuaded to do this by +Pasiphilus, a man who had been foremost among the mutineers in Byzacium, +and had assisted Gontharis very greatly in his effort to establish the +tyranny. For Pasiphilus maintained that, if he should do this, the +emperor would marry the young woman to him, and in view of his kinship +with her would give also a, dowry of a large sum of money. And Gontharis +commanded Artabanes to lead the army against Antalas and the Moors in +Byzacium. For Coutzinas, having quarrelled with Antalas, had separated +from him openly and allied himself with Gontharis; and he gave Gontharis +his son and his mother as hostages. So the army, under the leadership of +Artabanes, proceeded immediately against Antalas. And with Artabanes was +John also, the commander of the mutineers of Stotzas, and Ulitheus, the +body-guard of Gontharis; and there were Moors also following him, led by +Coutzinas. And after passing by the city of Hadrumetum, they came upon +their opponents somewhere near there, and making a camp a little apart +from the enemy, they passed the night. And on the day after that John +and Ulitheus, with a detachment of the army, remained there, while +Artabanes and Coutzinas led their army against their opponents. And the +Moors under Antalas did not withstand their attack and rushed off in +flight. But Artabanes of a sudden wilfully played the coward, and +turning his standard about marched off towards the rear. For this reason +Ulitheus was purposing to kill him when he came into the camp. But +Artabanes, by way of excusing himself, said he feared lest Marcentius, +coming to assist the enemy from the city of Hadrumetum, where he then +happened to be, would do his forces irreparable harm; but Gontharis, he +said, ought to march against the enemy with the whole army. And at first +he considered going to Hadrumetum with his followers and uniting with +the emperor's forces. But after long deliberation it seemed to him +better to put Gontharis out of the world and thus free both the emperor +and Libya from a difficult situation. Returning, accordingly, to +Carthage, he reported to the tyrant that he would need a larger army to +meet the enemy. And Gontharis, after conferring with Pasiphilus, +consented, indeed, to equip his whole army, but purposed to place a +guard in Carthage, and in person to lead the army against the enemy. +Each day, therefore, he was destroying many men toward whom he felt any +suspicion, even though groundless. And he gave orders to Pasiphilus, +whom he was intending to appoint in charge of the garrison of Carthage, +to kill all the Greeks[74] without any consideration. + + +XXVIII + +And after arranging everything else in the very best way, as it seemed +to him, Gontharis decided to entertain his friends at a banquet, with +the intention of making his departure on the following day. And in a +room where there were in readiness three couches which had been there +from ancient times, he made the banquet. So he himself reclined, as was +natural, upon the first couch, where were also Athanasius and Artabanes, +and some of those known to Gontharis, and Peter, a Thracian by birth, +who had previously been a body-guard of Solomon. And on both the other +couches were the first and noblest of the Vandals. John, however, who +commanded the mutineers of Stotzas; was entertained by Pasiphilus in his +own house, and each of the other leaders wherever it suited the several +friends of Gontharis to entertain them. Artabanes, accordingly, when he +was bidden to this banquet, thinking that this occasion furnished him a +suitable opportunity for the murder of the tyrant, was planning to carry +out his purpose. He therefore disclosed the matter to Gregorius and to +Artasires and three other body-guards, bidding the body-guards get +inside the hall with their swords (for when commanders are entertained +at a banquet it is customary for their body-guards to stand behind +them), and after getting inside to make an attack suddenly, at whatever +moment should seem to them most suitable; and Artasires was to strike +the first blow. At the same time he directed Gregorius to pick out a +large number of the most daring of the Armenians and bring them to the +palace, carrying only their swords in their hands (for it is not lawful +for the escort of officers in a city to be armed with anything else), +and leaving these men in the vestibule, to come inside with the +body-guards; and he was to tell the plan to no one of them, but to make +only this explanation, that he was suspicious of Gontharis, fearing that +he had called Artabanes to this banquet to do him harm, and therefore +wished that they should stand beside the soldiers of Gontharis who had +been stationed there on guard, and giving the appearance of indulging in +some play, they were to take hold of the shields which these guards +carried, and waving them about and otherwise moving them keep constantly +turning them up and down; and if any tumult or shouting took place +within, they were to take up these very shields and come to the rescue +on the run. Such were the orders which Artabanes gave, and Gregorius +proceeded to put them into execution. And Artasires devised the +following plan: he cut some arrows into two parts and placed them on the +wrist of his left arm, the sections reaching to his elbow. And after +binding them very carefully with straps, he laid over them the sleeve of +his tunic. And he did this in order that, if anyone should raise his +sword over him and attempt to strike him, he might avoid the chance of +suffering serious injury; for he had only to thrust his left arm in +front of him, and the steel would break off as it crashed upon the wood, +and thus his body could not be reached at any point. + +With such purpose, then, Artasires did as I have said. And to Artabanes +he spoke as follows: "As for me, I have hopes that I shall prove equal +to the undertaking and shall not hesitate, and also that I shall touch +the body of Gontharis with this sword; but as for what will follow, I am +unable to say whether God in His anger against the tyrant will +co-operate with me in this daring deed, or whether, avenging some sin of +mine, He will stand against me there and be an obstacle in my way. If, +therefore, you see that the tyrant is not wounded in a vital spot, do +you kill me with my sword without the least hesitation, so that I may +not be tortured by him into saying that it was by your will that I +rushed into the undertaking, and thus not only perish myself most +shamefully, but also be compelled against my will to destroy you as +well." And after Artasires had spoken such words he too, together with +Gregorius and one of the body-guards, entered the room where the couches +were and took his stand behind Artabanes. And the rest, remaining by the +guards, did as they had been commanded. + +So Artasires, when the banquet had only just begun, was purposing to set +to work, and he was already touching the hilt of his sword. But +Gregorius prevented him by saying in the Armenian tongue that Gontharis +was still wholly himself, not having as yet drunk any great quantity of +wine. Then Artasires groaned and said: "My good fellow, how fine a heart +I have for the deed, and now you have for the moment wrongfully hindered +me!" And as the drinking went on, Gontharis, who by now was thoroughly +saturated with wine, began to give portions of the food to the +body-guards, yielding to a generous mood. And they, upon receiving these +portions, went outside the building immediately and were about to eat +them, leaving beside Gontharis only three body-guards, one of whom +happened to be Ulitheus. And Artasires also started to go out in order +to taste the morsels with the rest. But just then a kind of fear came +over him lest, when he should wish to draw his sword, something might +prevent him. Accordingly, as soon as he got outside, he secretly threw +away the sheath of the sword, and taking it naked under his arm, hidden +by his cloak, he rushed in to Gontharis, as if to say something without +the knowledge of the others. And Artabanes, seeing this, was in a fever +of excitement, and became exceedingly anxious by reason of the +surpassing magnitude of the issue at stake; he began to move his head, +the colour of his countenance changed repeatedly, and he seemed to have +become altogether like one inspired, on account of the greatness of the +undertaking. And Peter, upon seeing this, understood what was being +done, but he did not disclose it to any of the others, because, being +well disposed to the emperor, he was exceedingly pleased by what was +going on. And Artasires, having come close to the tyrant, was pushed by +one of the servants, and as he retreated a little to the rear, the +servant observed that his sword was bared and cried out saying: "What is +this, my excellent fellow?" And Gontharis, putting his hand to his right +ear, and turning his face, looked at him. And Artasires struck him with +his sword as he did so, and cut off a piece of his scalp together with +his fingers. And Peter cried out and exhorted Artasires to kill the most +unholy of all men. And Artabanes, seeing Gontharis leaping to his feet +(for he reclined close to him), drew a two-edged dagger which hung by +his thigh--a rather large one--and thrusting it into the tyrant's left +side clean up to the hilt, left it there. And the tyrant none the less +tried to leap up, but having received a mortal wound, he fell where he +was. Ulitheus then brought his sword down upon Artasires as if to strike +him over the head; but he held his left arm above his head, and thus +profited by his own idea in the moment of greatest need. For since +Ulitheus' sword had its edge turned when it struck the sections of +arrows on his arm, he himself was unscathed, and he killed Ulitheus with +no difficulty. And Peter and Artabanes, the one seizing the sword of +Gontharis and the other that of Ulitheus who had fallen, killed on the +spot those of the body-guards who remained. Thus there arose, as was +natural, an exceedingly great tumult and confusion. And when this was +perceived by those of the Armenians who were standing by the tyrant's +guards, they immediately picked up the shields according to the plan +which had been arranged with them, and went on the run to the +banquet-room. And they slew all the Vandals and the friends of +Gontharis, no one resisting. + +Then Artabanes enjoined upon Athanasius to take charge of the money in +the palace: for all that had been left by Areobindus was there. And when +the guards learned of the death of Gontharis, straightway many arrayed +themselves with the Armenians; for the most of them were of the +household of Areobindus. With one accord, therefore, they proclaimed the +Emperor Justinian triumphant. And the cry, coming forth from a multitude +of men, and being, therefore, an exceedingly mighty sound, was strong +enough to reach the greater part of the city. Wherefore those who were +well-disposed to the emperor leaped into the houses of the mutineers and +straightway killed them, some while enjoying sleep, others while taking +food, and still others while they were awe-struck with fear and in +terrible perplexity. And among these was Pasiphilus, but not John, for +he with some of the Vandals fled to the sanctuary. To these Artabanes +gave pledges, and making them rise from there, sent them to Byzantium, +and having thus recovered the city for the emperor, he continued to +guard it. And the murder of the tyrant took place on the thirty-sixth +day of the tyranny, in the nineteenth year of the reign of the Emperor +Justinian. [545-546 A.D.] + +And Artabanes won great fame for himself from this deed among all men. +And straightway Prejecta, the wife of Areobindus, rewarded him with +great sums of money, and the emperor appointed him general of all Libya. +But not long after this Artabanes entreated the emperor to summon him to +Byzantium, and the emperor fulfilled his request. And having summoned +Artabanes, he appointed John, the brother of Pappus, sole general of +Libya. And this John, immediately upon arriving in Libya, had an +engagement with Antalas and the Moors in Byzacium, and conquering them +in battle, slew many; and he wrested from these barbarians all the +standards of Solomon, and sent them to the emperor--standards which they +had previously secured as plunder, when Solomon had been taken from the +world.[75] And the rest of the Moors he drove as far as possible from +the Roman territory. But at a later time the Leuathae came again with a +great army from the country about Tripolis to Byzacium, and united with +the forces of Antalas. And when John went to meet this army, he was +defeated in the engagement, and losing many of his men, fled to Laribus. +And then indeed the enemy, overrunning the whole country there as far as +Carthage, treated in a terrible manner those Libyans who fell in their +way. But not long afterward John collected those of the soldiers who had +survived, and drawing into alliance with him many Moors and especially +those under Coutzinas, came to battle with the enemy and unexpectedly +routed them. And the Romans, following them up as they fled in complete +disorder, slew a great part of them, while the rest escaped to the +confines of Libya. Thus it came to pass that those of the Libyans who +survived, few as they were in number and exceedingly poor, at last and +after great toil found some peace. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] + +The _vexillum praetorium_ carried by the cavalry of the imperial guard, +IV. x. 4 below; cf. Lat. _pannum_. + +[2] + +See III. xxiv. 1. + +[3] + +"Auxiliaries"; see Book III. xi. 3 and note. + +[4] + +Chap. i. 3. + +[5] + +Chap. i. 3. + +[6] + +Now Bona; it was the home and burial-place of St. Augustine. + +[7] + +The Eruli, or Heruli, were one of the wildest and most corrupt of the +barbarian tribes. They came from beyond the Danube. On their origin, +practices, and character, see VI. xiv. + +[8] + +The Greek implies that the Tuscan Sea was stormy, like the Adriatic. The +Syrtes farther east had a bad reputation. + +[9] + +About twelve miles west of Algiers, originally Iol, now Cherchel; named +after Augustus. + +[10] + +See III. i. 6 and note. + +[11] + +See III. i. 18. + +[12] + +Book III. ix. 9. + +[13] + +See III. x. 23 + +[14] + +Lilybaeum had been ceded to the Vandals by Theoderic as dower of his +sister Amalafrida on her marriage to Thrasamund, the African king (III. +viii. 13). + +[15] + +"Friendship" and "hostility" refer to the present relations between +Justinian and the Goths and what they may become. + +[16] + +Amalasountha. + +[17] + +The correspondence between Queen Amalasountha and Justinian is given in +V. iii. 17. + +[18] + +In Latin _serica_, "silk," as coming from the Chinese (Seres). + +[19] + +Cf. Thucydides' description of the huts in which the Athenians lived +during the great plague. + +[20] + +Pharas and the other Eruli. + +[21] + +Cf. ch. vi. 4. + +[22] + +"Auxiliaries"; see Book III. xi. 3. + +[23] + +_i.e._ there in Africa, as successor to the throne of the Vandal kings. + +[24] + +Book III. xxv. 2-4. + +[25] + +Examples of the Roman system have come to light in Egyptian papyri: cf. +the declarations of personal property, [Greek: apographai], _Pap. +Lond._, I., p. 79; _Flinders Petrie Pap._, III., p. 200, ed. Mahaffy and +Smyly. + +[26] + +Since a triumph was granted only to an _imperator_, after the +establishment of the principate by Augustus all triumphs were celebrated +in the name of the emperor himself, the victorious general receiving +only the _insignia triumphalia_. The first general to refuse a triumph +was Agrippa, after his campaign in Spain, about 550 years before +Belisarius' triumph in Constantinople. + +[27] + +The barriers (_carceres_), or starting-point for the racers, were at the +open end of the hippodrome, the imperial box at the middle of the course +at the right as one entered. + +[28] + +Cf. Book III. v. 3; that was in A.D. 455. The spoliation of Jerusalem by +Titus had taken place in A.D. 70. + +[29] + +Ecclesiastes, i. 2. + +[30] + +Not an actual "triumph," but a triumphal celebration of his inauguration +as consul. + +[31] + +The reference is to the old custom of distributing to the populace +largesses (_congiaria_) of money or valuables on the occasion of events +of interest to the imperial house, such as the emperor's assumption of +the consular office, birthdays, etc. The first largess of this kind was +made by Julius Caesar. + +[32] + +Cf. Book IV. ii. 1. + +[33] + +The Canaanites of the Old Testament. + +[34] + +_i.e._, Clypea, or Aspis, now Kalibia, on the Carthaginian coast. + +[35] + +_i.e._, from Tangier, opposite Cadiz, to Algiers. On Caesarea see IV. v. +5 and note. + +[36] + +"On the borders of Mauretania" according to Procopius, _De aedificiis_, +vi. 6. 18. + +[37] + +Chap. x. 6. + +[38] + +Book III. viii. 25, 26. + +[39] + +The side toward the mountains; cf. § 20. + +[40] + +In the late Empire the _excubitores_, 300 in number, constituted the +select guard of the palace. Their commander, _comes excubitorum_, held +high rank at court; cf. VIII. xxi. 1, where we are told that Belisarius +held this position, and _Arcana_ 6. 10, where Justin, afterwards +emperor, is mentioned. + +[41] + +Cf. chap. viii. 14. Procopius has explained in III. xi. 6 that Solomon +was a eunuch. + +[42] + +See III. viii. 5. + +[43] + +A _comes foedtratorum_, mentioned in III. xi. 6. + +[44] + +Book III. viii. 5. + +[45] + +_i.e._ Clypea. Not the place mentioned in IV. x. 24. + +[46] + +The region in the interior of Sardinia called Barbargia or Barbagia +still preserves this name. But Procopius' explanation of the origin of +the barbarian settlers there has not been generally accepted. + +[47] + +Book III. xviii. 7 ff. + +[48] + +IV. iv. 30 and note. + +[49] + +Baptism was administered only during the fifty days between Easter and +Pentecost. Justinian had forbidden the baptism of Arians. + +[50] + +Cf. III. xi. 30. + +[51] + +Cf. chap. xiv. 8. + +[52] + +"Auxiliaries"; see Book III. xi. 3. + +[53] + +More correctly Gadiaufala, now Ksar-Sbehi. + +[54] + +Cirta, later named Constantina, now Constantine (Ksantina). + +[55] + +John the Cappadocian, cf. I. xxiv. 11 ff. + +[56] + +See Book III. xvii. 1 and note. + +[57] + +Now Setif. + +[58] + +Called Mastinas in IV. xiii. 19. + +[59] + +Book IV. v. 5. + +[60] + +Cyrenaica. + +[61] + +Now Lebida. + +[62] + +Cf. III. xxv. 4 ff. + +[63] + +Book III. x. 22 ff. + +[64] + +Book IV. xii. 30. + +[65] + +A reference to his slaughter of the eighty notables, IV. xxi. 7, where, +however, nothing is said of an oath sworn on the Gospels. + +[66] + +Cf. Book II. iii. 32. + +[67] + +Cf. Book III. xvii. 11, xxi. 23. + +[68] + +The port of Carthage; see III. xx. 3. + +[69] + +_i.e._ baptism. + +[70] + +A garment with a cowl, like the _cucullus_. + +[71] + +Cf. Book II. iii. 25. + +[72] + +Cf. Book II. iii. 15. + +[73] + +Justinian. + +[74] + +A contemptuous term for "subjects of the emperor." + +[75] + +See Book IV. xxi. 27. + + * * * * * + + + + +INDEX + +Abigas River, in Numidia, flowing down from Mt. Aurasium, IV. + xix. 7, 11, xiii. 20; + its many channels, IV. xix. 11-13; + turned upon the Roman camp, IV. x. 14 + +Abydus, city on the Hellespont, III. i. 8; + the Roman fleet delayed there, III. xii. 7-xiii. 5 + +Acacius, ruler of Armenians; + slain by Artabanes, IV. xxvii. 17 + +Acacius, priest of Byzantium, delivers over Basiliscus, III. vii. 22 + +Achilles, Bath of, in Byzantium, III. xiii. 16 + +Achilles, The, of the Vandals, name applied to Hoamer, III. ix. 2 + +Aclas, suburb of Carthage, IV. vii. 13 + +Adaulphus, king of the Visigoths, III. ii. 37 + +Adriatic Sea, divided from the Tuscan Sea by the islands Gaulus + and Melite, III. xiv. 16; + crossed by the Roman fleet, III. xiii. 21; + the scene of one of Gizeric's atrocities, III. xxii. 18 + +Aetius, Roman general; his splendid qualities, III. iii. 14, 15; + rival of Boniface, III. iii. 15; + whom he slanders to Placidia, III. iii. 17; + writes a deceitful letter to Boniface, III. iii. 18, 28; + spared by Placidia by reason of his great power, III. iii. 29; + defeats Attila, III. iv. 24; + Maximus plans to destroy him, III. iv. 24, 25; + slandered to the emperor, III. iv. 26; + his death, III. iv. 27, vi. 7; + a great loss to the emperor, III. iv. 28 + +Aetna, mountain in Sicily, III. xiii. 22 + +Aïgan, a Massagete, bodyguard of Belisarius, III, xi. 7, 9, IV. x. 4; + commander of cavalry, III. xi. 7; + on the right wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + makes a successful attack upon the Moors in Byzacium, IV. x. 5; + his force in turn annihilated by the Moors, IV. x. 6 ff.; + his death, IV. x. 10, xi. 22 + +Alani, a Gothic people, allies of the Vandals in their migration, + III. iii. 1; + with the Vandals in Africa, III. v. 18, 19, xxiv. 3; + lose their individuality as a people, III. v. 21 + +Alaric, king of the Visigoths, invades Europe, III, ii, 7; + captures Rome by a trick, III. ii. 14-23; + plunders the city, III. ii. 24; + declares Attalus emperor of the Romans, III. ii. 28; + marches with Attalus against Ravenna, III. ii. 29; + opposes sending of commanders to Libya by Attalus, III. ii. 30; + quarrels with Attalus, and reduces him from the kingship, III. ii. 36; + dies of disease, III. ii. 37 + +Alexandria, the home of Calonymus, III. xi. 14 + +Althias, commander of Roman auxiliaries, III. xi. 6; + on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + commander of Huns in Numidia, IV. xiii. 2; + his encounter with Iaudas, IV. xiii. 3-16; + his fame from the deed, IV. xiii. 17 + +Amalasountha, mother of Antalaric; + makes an agreement with Justinian, III. xiv. 5; + courts his friendship to secure protection, III. xiv. 6; + appealed to by the Goths in regard to Lilybaeum, IV. v. 18 + +Amalafrida, sister of Theoderic; + sought and given in marriage to Trasamundus, III. viii. 11, 12; + presented with Lilybaeum, III. viii. 13; + put under guard by the Vandals, III. ix. 4 + +Ammatas, brother of Gelimer; + instructed to prepare to meet the Romans near Carthage, + III. xvii. 11, xviii. 1; + kills his kinsmen in prison, III. xvii. 12; + his inopportune arrival at Decimum, III. xviii. 4, 5; + on the day before Easter, III. xxi. 23; + engages with John there and is defeated, III. xviii. 5, 6; + his death, III. xviii. 6; xix. 30, xx. 6, xxv. 15; + his body found by the Romans, III. xix. 14 + +Anastasius, emperor of the East, keeps peace with the Vandals, + III. vii. 26, viii. 14 + +Ancon, a dungeon in the royal residence in Carthage, III. xx. 4; + unexpected release of Roman merchants confined there, III. xx. 5-9 + +Antaeus, the mythical wrestler, king in Libya, IV. x. 24 + +Antalas, ruler of the Moors in Byzacium, III. ix. 3, IV. xxv. 2; + remains faithful to the Romans, IV. xii. 30; + becomes hostile to Solomon, IV. xxi. 17; + joins forces with the Leuathae, IV. xxi. 18; + gathers almost all the Moors under him, IV. xxii. 5; + writes a letter to Justinian, IV. xxii. 6-10; + gathers his army again, IV. xxiii. 1; + Areobindus sends an army against him, IV. xxiv. 6; + makes an agreement with Gontharis for the destruction of + Areobindus, IV. xxv. 6-10; + Coutzinas agrees to turn against him, IV. 25, 15, 18; + hears of the plot of Coutzinas and keeps his knowledge secret, + IV. xxv. 19-21; + resents the sending of the head of Areobindus to him by + Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 1, 2; + decides to side with Justinian, IV. xxvii. 4; + persuades Marcentius to come to him, IV. xxvii. 5, 6; + Artabanes sent against him, IV. xxvii. 23; + his quarrel with Coutzinas, IV. xxvii. 24; + Artabanes marches against him, IV. xxvii. 25; + his army spared by Artabanes, IV. xxvii. 28, 29; + defeated by John, IV. xxviii. 46, 47 + +Anthemius, a wealthy senator, appointed emperor of the West by Leon, + III. vi. 5; + killed by his son-in-law, Rhecimer, III. vii. 1 + +Antonina, wife of Belisarius, mother-in-law of Ildiger, IV. viii. 24; + sets sail with Belisarius for Africa, III. xii. 2; + preserves drinking water for Belisarius and his attendants, + III. xiii. 23, 24; + with the army at Decimum, III, xix. 11, xx. 1 + +Apollinaris, a native of Italy; + comes to Justinian to seek support for Ilderic, IV. v. 7, 8; + his good services to the Romans, IV. v. 9; + sent to the islands of Ebusa, Majorica, and Minorica, with an army, + IV. v. 7 + +Aquileia, city in Italy, III. iii. 9; + its size and importance, III. iv. 30; + besieged and captured by Attila, III. iv. 30 ff. + +Arcadius, elder son of Theodosius I; + receives the eastern empire, III. i. 2; + brother of Honorius and Placidia, III. iii. 4; + his alliance with the Visigoths, III. ii. 7; + succeeded by his son Theodosius II, III. ii. 33 + +Archelaus, a patrician; + manager of expenditures of the African expedition, III. xi. 17; + advises against disembarking on the African coast, III. xv. 2-17; + ordered by Belisarius not to take the fleet into Carthage, + III. xvii. 16; + commands the fleet to anchor off Carthage, III. xx. 11 + +Ardaburius, son of Aspar, Roman general; sent against the tyrant John, + III. iii. 8; + destroyed by Leon, III. vi. 27 + +Areobindus, a senator; sent as general to Libya, IV. xxiv. 1; + his inexperience in warfare, IV. xxiv. 1, xxv. 25, xxvi. 16; + accompanied by his sister and wife, IV. xxiv. 3; + shares the rule of Libya with Sergius, IV. xxiv. 4, 5; + sends John against Antalas and Stotzas, IV. xxiv. 6; + writes to Sergius to unite with John, IV. xxiv. 7; + made sole commander of Libya, IV. xxiv. 16; + sends Gontharis against the Moors, IV. xxv. 4, 5; + arranges with Coutzinas to turn against the other Moors, IV. xxv. 15; + tells Gontharis of his dealings with Coutzinas, IV. xxv. 16; + persuaded by G. to postpone the engagement, IV. xxv. 17, 18; + his death planned and finally accomplished by Gontharis, + IV. xxv. 22-xxvi. 33; + treasure left by him in the palace, IV. xxviii. 35; + sister of, IV. xxiv. 3; + placed in a fortress for her safety, IV. xxvi. 18; + removed from the fortress by Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 20 + +Arethusa, harbour of Syracuse, III. xiv. 11 + +Ariadne, daughter of Leon, wife of Zenon, and mother of Leon the + younger, III. vii. 2; + flees to Isauria with Zenon, III. vii. 18 + +Arian faith, disqualified one for the office of emperor, III. vi. 3; + followed by all Goths, III. ii, 5; + by the Vandals, III. viii. 4, xxi. 20; + by some among the Roman soldiers, IV. i, 4, xiv. 12, 21; + adhered to steadfastly by Gelimer, IV. ix. 14; + Arian priests of the Vandals, III. xxi. 23, 25 + +Armenia, III. xi. 5; + Armenians, sent with Areobindus to Libya, IV. xxiv. 2; + follow Artabanes in entering the service of Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 9; + support Artabanes in his plot against Gontharis, IV. xxviii. 8, 34, 36 + +Arsacidae, the ancient royal family of Armenia, IV. xxiv. 2, xxvii. 16 + +Artabanes, son of John, of the Arsacidae; + sent to Libya in command of Armenians, IV. xxiv. 2; + known to Chosroes for his brave deeds, IV. xxvii. 17; + brother of John, IV. xxiv. 15; + uncle of Gregorius, IV. xxvii. 10; + joins Areobindus, IV. xxv. 4; + supports him against Gontharis, IV. xxvi. 7, 13, 19; + enters the service of Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 9; + his plot to kill the tyrant, IV. xxvii. 10; + urged on by Gregorius, IV. xxvii. 11-19; + sent against Antalas, IV. xxvii. 23, 25; + joins battle, but allows the enemy to escape, IV. xxvii. 27-29; + threatened by Ulitheus, IV. xxvii. 30; + his excuses, IV. xxvii. 31, 32; + after deliberation returns to Carthage, IV. xxvii. 33, 35; + entertained by Gontharis at a banquet, IV. xxviii. 3; + arranges to carry out his plot against Gontharis, IV. xxviii. 6-9; + Artasires makes a request of him, IV. xxviii. 12, 13; + he succeeds in destroying Gontharis with his own hand, + IV. xxviii. 15-30; + assisted by Peter, cuts down the body-guards who remain, IV. xxviii. 33; + directs Athanasius to look after the treasure of Areobindus, + IV. xxviii. 35; + sends John and others to Byzantium, IV. xxviii. 40; + wins great fame, IV, xxviii. 42; + rewarded with money by Prejecta, IV. xxviii. 43; + made general of all Libya, IV. xxviii. 43; + summoned to Byzantium, IV. xxviii. 44. + +Artasires, body-guard of Artabanes; + shares knowledge of his plot against Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 10, 18; + renders good service in the execution of the plot, IV. xxviii. 7-32; + his ingenious protection for his arm, IV. xxviii. 10, 11, 31 + +Asclepiades, a native of Palestine and friend of Theodorus, IV. xviii. 3; + reveals the plot of Maximinus to Theodorus and Germanus, IV. xviii. 4 + +Asia, the continent to the right of the Mediterranean as one sails into it, + III. i. 5; + distance from Europe at different points, III. i. 7, 8; + distance along the Asiatic side of the Euxine, III. i. 11 + +Asiaticus, father of Severianus, IV. xxiii. 6 + +Aspar, Roman general; father of Ardaburius, III. iii. 8; + of the Arian faith, III. vi. 3; + his great power in Byzantium, III. iv. 8; + sent against the tyrant John, III. iii. 8; + defeated by the Vandals in Libya, III. iii. 35; + returns home, III. iii. 36; + makes Leon emperor of the East, III. v. 7; + his friendship sought by Basiliscus, III. vi. 2; + quarrels with Leon, III. vi. 3; + urges Basiliscus to spare the Vandals, III. vi. 4, 16; + destroyed by Leon, III. vi. 27; + the emperor Marcian had been his adviser, III. iv. 7 + +Atalaric, son of Amalasuntha; + ruler of the Goths, III. xiv. 5; + succeeded his grandfather Theoderic, III. xiv. 6 + +Athanasius, sent with Areobindus to Libya, IV. xxiv. 2; + summoned by Areobindus, IV. xxvi. 6; + being summoned by Gontharis, pretends to be pleased, IV. xxvi. 21, 22; + with Areobindus entertained by Gontharis, IV. xxvi. 31; + spared by the assassins of Gontharis, IV. xxvi. 33; + entertained by Gontharis at a second banquet, IV. xxviii. 3; + directed by Artabanes to look after the treasure of + Areobindus, IV. xxviii. 35 + +Athens, its distance from Megara a measure of one day's journey, III. i. 17 + +Attalus, made king of the Visigoths and declared emperor of the + Romans by Alaric, III. ii. 28; + of noble family, _ibid._; his lack of discretion, III. ii. 29; + marches with Alaric against Ravenna, _ibid._; + sends commanders alone to Libya against the advice of + Alaric, III. ii. 30, 32; + failure of his attempt upon Libya, _ibid._; + quarrels with Alaric, and is reduced from the kingship, III. ii. 36 + +Attila, leader of the Huns, defeated by Aetius, III. iv. 24; + overruns Europe, III. iv. 29; + besieges and captures Aquileia; III. iv. 30 ff. + +Augustus, emperor of the West, III. vii. 15 + +Aurasium, a mountain in Numidia; + distance from Carthage, III. viii. 5, IV. xiii. 22; + its great size, fruitful plateaus, and defences, IV. xiii. 23-25; + source of the Abigas River there, IV. xiii. 20, xix. 11; + adjoins First Mauretania, IV. xx. 30; + taken by the Moors from the Vandals, III. viii. 5, IV. xiii. 26; + its west side also held by the Moors, IV. xiii. 27; + Moors of, ruled by Iaudas, IV. xii. 29, xiii. 1; + Solomon marches thither, IV. xiii. 18; + Iaudas establishes himself there, IV. xiii. 21; + ascended by Solomon, IV. xiii. 30 ff.; + the Romans eluded by the Moors on the mountain, IV. xiii. 35, 36; + Solomon prepares more carefully for a second attempt, IV. xiii. 40; + in which he succeeds completely in dislodging the Moors from there, + IV. xix. 5-xx. 20; + fortified and held by the Romans, IV. xx. 22; + capture of Iaudas' treasure there, IV. xx. 23-29; + fugitive Vandals return thither, IV. xiv. 19 + + +Babosis, place in Numidia, IV. xix. 16 + +Bacchus, brother of Solomon, and father of Cyrus and Sergius, + IV. xxi. 1, 19; + father of Solomon the younger, IV. xxi. 19, xxii. 17 + +Bagaïs, a deserted city near the Abigas River, IV. xix. 7 + +Bagradas River, in Libya, IV. xv. 13 + +Balas, leader of the Massagetae, III. xi. 12 + +Bandifer, "standard-bearer" (Latin), cf. Bandum, IV. x. 4 + +Bandum, the Latin term for "standard" in Procopius' time, IV. ii. 1 + +Barbaricini, name applied to the Moors in Sardinia, IV. xiii. 44 + +Barbatus, commander of Roman cavalry, III. xi. 7, IV. xv. 50; + on the Roman right wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + his death, IV. xv. 59 + +Basiliscus, brother of Berine; commander of an expedition against the + Vandals, III. vi. 2; + his aspirations to the throne, _ibid._; + urged by Aspar to spare the Vandals, III. vi. 4; + landing in Africa, makes a complete failure of the + expedition, III. vi. 10-24, x. 2; + returning to Byzantium, becomes a suppliant, III. vi. 26; + saved by Berine, _ibid._; + makes himself tyrant in Byzantium, III. vii. 18; + his misrule, III. vii. 19; + sends an army under Harmatus to meet Zenon, III. vii. 20; + becomes a suppliant, III. vii. 22; + exiled to Cappadocia and dies, III. vii. 24, 25 + +Basiliscus, son of Harmatus, III. vii. 21; + made Caesar and then removed by Zenon, III. vii. 23 + +Belisarius, Roman general; a native of "Germany," III. xi. 21; + summoned from the East, III. ix. 25; + ordered to be in readiness to lead the African expedition, III. x. 21; + made commander-in-chief of the African expedition with unlimited power, + III. xi. 18, 20; + sets sail for Africa, III. xii. 2; + punished two Massagetae for murder, III. xii. 9; + addresses the army at Abydus, III. xii. 10-21; + provides for the safe navigation of the fleet, III. xiii. 1-4; + disembarks the army at Methone, III. xiii. 9 ff.; + provides a supply of bread for the army, III. xiii. 20; + his wife preserves the drinking water, III. xiii. 23, 24; + sends Procopius to Syracuse to get information, III. xiv. 3 ff.; + his anxiety regarding the Vandals and the attitude of his own soldiers, + III. xiv. 1, 2; + starts from Sicily toward Africa, III. xiv. 15; + holds a consultation regarding disembarking on the African coast, + III. xv. 1 ff.; + disembarks the army and fortifies a camp, III. xv. 31-33; + orders the fleet not to put in at Carthage, III. xvii. 10; + commands five men to remain on each ship, III. xv. 36; + punishes some of the soldiers for stealing and addresses the army, + III. xvi. 1-8; + advances with the army to Decimum, where he defeats the Vandals in + an engagement, III. xvi. 9-xix. 33, xxi. 16. xxii. 14; + captures with ease the unwalled cities of Libya, III. v. 9; + prevents the army from entering Carthage on the evening of their arrival, + III. xx. 2; + his commands respected by the greater part of the fleet, III. xx. 15; + enters Carthage with his army, III. xx. 17; + exhorts the soldiers to moderation, III. xx. 18-20; + sits upon the throne of Gelimer, III. xx. 21; + hears and answers complaints of Carthaginian citizens, III. xx. 22, 23; + lunches in Gelimer's palace, III. xxi. 1, 5; + enjoys great renown by reason of the peaceful entry into Carthage, + III. xxi. 8; + his treaties with the Moors, III. xxv. 2-9, IV. viii. 11 ff., xi. 9; + considers the repair of the fortifications of Carthage, III. xxi. 11; + presses on the work of repairing them, III. xxiii. 19, 20; + spares the messengers of Tzazon, III. xxiv. 6; + and the envoys of Gelimer, III. xxiv. 17; + takes measures to prevent desertions to the Vandals, IV, i. 7-11; + addresses the army, IV. i. 12-25; + defeats the Moors in the battle of Tricamarum, IV. ii. 1-iii. 18; + attacks the Vandal camp, IV. iii. 19; + takes measures to stop the disorder in the Roman army, IV. iv. 6-8; + sends John the Armenian to pursue Gelimer, IV. iv. 9; + himself follows Gelimer, IV. iv. 13; + mourns the death of John the Armenian, IV. iv. 24; + spares Uliaris, IV. iv, 25; + continues the pursuit of Gelimer, IV. iv. 26; + leaves Pharas to besiege Gelimer, IV. iv. 28; + sends suppliant Vandals to Carthage, IV. iv. 32; + captures Boniface with the treasures of Gelimer, IV. iv. 33-41; + returns to Carthage, IV. v. 1; + sends out armies to recover many lost provinces, V. v. 1-10; + makes an unsuccessful expedition to Sicily, IV. v. 11; + writes a letter to the Goths, IV. v. 12-17; + their reply, IV. v. 8-24; + reports to Justinian, IV. v. 25; + receives the report of Pharas regarding Gelimer, IV. vii. 10; + sends Cyprian with instructions, IV. vii. 11; + receives Gelimer at Aclas, IV. vii. 13, 14; + reports the capture of Gelimer, IV. vii. 17; + the victim of unjust slander, IV. viii. 1, 2; + given choice of going to Byzantium or remaining in Carthage, IV. viii. 4; + chooses the former IV. viii. 5; + learns of the accusation of treason to be brought against + him, IV. viii. 6, 7; + hears the report of the uprising of the Moors, IV. viii. 22; + leaves Solomon in charge of Libya, IV. viii. 23; + returning to Byzantium, receives great honours, IV, ix. 1 ff.; + brings Vandals with him, IV. ix. 1, xiv. 17; + pays homage to Justinian in the hippodrome, IV. ix. 12; + later celebrates a "triumph" in the old manner, IV. ix. 15; + becomes a consul, _ibid._; + distributes much wealth of the Vandals to the people, IV. ix. 16; + subjugates Sicily, IV. xiv. 1; + passes the winter in Syracuse, IV. xiv. 4, 41; + Solomon begs him to come to Carthage from Syracuse to put down the + mutiny, IV. xiv. 41, 42; + arrives at Carthage in time to prevent its surrender, IV. xv. 9-10; + pursues and overtakes the fugitives, IV. xv. 11, 12; + encamps at the Bagradas River and prepares for battle, IV. xv. 13-15; + addresses the army, IV. xv. 16-29; + defeats Stotzas' army, IV. xv. 40 ff.; + forbids pursuit of the enemy, but allows their camp to be plundered, + IV. xv. 46, 47; + returns to Carthage, IV. xv. 47; upon receipt of unfavourable news, + sets sail for Sicily, IV. xv. 48, 49; + Solomon sends suspected soldiers to him, IV. xix. 3; + counted the chief cause of the defeat of the Vandals, IV. xi. 44. + +Berine, wife of the Emperor Leon, and sister of Basiliscus, III. vi. 2; + gains clemency for Basiliscus, III. vi. 26 + +Boniface, Roman general; his splendid qualities, III. iii. 14, 15; + rival of Aetius, III. iii. 15; + made general of all Libya, III. iii. 16; + slandered by Aetius, III. iii. 17; + summoned to Rome by Placidia, III. iii. 18; + refuses to come, III. iii. 20; + makes an alliance with the Vandals, III. iii. 22, 25; + the true cause of his conduct discovered by his friends, + III. iii. 27, 28; + urged by Placidia to return to Rome, III. iii. 29; + unable to persuade the Vandals to withdraw, meets them in battle + and is twice defeated, III. iii. 30-35, xxi. 16; + returns to Rome, III. iii. 36 + +Boniface, the Libyan, a native of Byzacium; entrusted by + Gelimer with his wealth, IV. iv. 33, 34; + falls into the hands of Belisarius, IV. iv. 35-41 + +Boriades, body-guard of Belisarius; + sent to capture Syllectus, III. xvi. 9 + +Boulla, Plain of, distance from Carthage, III. xxv. 1; + near the boundary of Numidia, _ibid._; + the Vandals gather there, III. xix. 32, xxv. 1; + the only territory left to the Vandals, III. xxv. 16; + Gelimer and Tzazon meet there, III. xxv. 22; + mutineers gather there, IV. xv. 1 + +Bourgaon, mountain in Byzacium; + battle there with the Moors, IV. xii. 3 ff. + +Britain, counted in the Western empire, III. i. 18; + revolts from the Romans, III. ii. 31; + not recovered by the Romans, but held by tyrants, III. ii. 38 + +Byzacium, a Moorish province in Libya, III. xix. 32; + a dry region, III. xv. 34; + the town Hermione there, III. xiv. 10; + Moors of, defeat the Vandals, III. ix. 3; + Moors, of, seek alliance with the Romans, III. xxv. 3; + the home of Boniface, the Libyan, IV. iv. 33; + Moors of, revolt, IV. viii. 9, x. 2, xii. 1, 2; + Roman force annihilated there, IV. x. 3 ff.; + Solomon marches thither to confront the Moors, IV. xi. 14; + Moors of, suffer a crushing defeat, IV. xii. 21-25; + abandoned by the Moors, IV. xii. 29; + except those under Antalas, IV. xii. 30; + plundered by the Leuathae, IV. xxi. 17; + Moors gather there once more, IV. xxiii. 1; + Himerius of Thrace commander there, IV. xxiii. 3, 14; + Moors march, thence against Carthage, IV. xxv. 2; + defeated by John, IV. xxviii. 46; + subsequent battles, IV. xxviii. 47 ff. + +Byzantium, distance from the mouth of the Danube, III. i. 10; + from Carthage, III. x. 14; + its chief priest Epiphanius, III. xii. 2; + natives of, as rowers in the Roman fleet, III. xi. 16 + + +Cabaon, a Moorish ruler, prepares to meet the Vandals, III. viii. 15-16; + sends spies to Carthage, III. viii. 17 ff.; + receives the report of his spies, III. viii. 24; + prepares for the conflict, III. viii. 25, 26, IV. xi. 17; + defeats the enemy, III. viii. 28 + +Caenopolis, name of Taenarum in Procopius' time, III. xiii. 8 + +Caesar, a title given to one next below the emperor in + station, III. vii. 21, 23 + +Caesarea, first city of "Second Mauretania," IV. xx. 31; + situated at its eastern extremity, IV. x. 29; + distance from Carthage, IV. v. 5; + recovered for the Romans by Belisarius, _ibid._, IV. xx. 32 + +Calonymus, of Alexandria, admiral of the Roman fleet, III. xi. 14; + ordered by Belisarius not to take the fleet into Carthage, + III. xvii. 16; + enters the harbour Mandracium with a few ships, and plunders + the houses along the sea, III. xx. 16; + bound by oath to return his plunder, III. xx. 23; + disregards his oath, but later dies of apoplexy in Byzantium, + III. xx. 24, 25 + +Capitolinus, see Jupiter. + +Cappadocia, Basiliscus exiled thither, III. vii. 24 + +Caputvada, a place on the African coast; distance from Carthage, + III. xiv. 17; + the Roman army lands there, _ibid._ + +Caranalis, town in Sardinia, captured by Tzazon, + III. xxiv. 1, xxv. 10, IV. xiii. 44 + +Carthage, city in Africa, founded by Dido, IV. x. 25; + grows to be the metropolis of Libya, IV. x. 26, 27; + captured by the Romans, IV. x. 28; + after the Vandal occupation, its wall preserved by Gizeric, III. v. 6; + the only city with walls in Libya, III. xv. 9; + its defences neglected by the Vandals, III. xxi. 11, 12; + entered by the Roman army under Belisarius, III. xx. 17, 21; + its fortifications restored by Belisarius, III. xxiii. 19, 20; + besieged by Gelimer, IV. i. 3; + by Stotzas, IV. xv. 8; + its surrender prevented by Belisarius, IV. xv. 9, 10; + the harbours, Stagnum, III. xv. 15, xx. 15, + and Mandracium, III. xx. 3, 14, IV. xxvi. 10; + the ship-yard Misuas, IV. xiv. 40; + its suburb Aclas, IV. vii. 13; + and Decimum, III. xvii. 11; + its aqueduct, IV. i. 2; + its hippodrome, IV. xiv. 31, xviii. 11; + its palace, III. xx, 21, IV. xiv. 34, xviii. 8, xxvi. 20; + the priest of the city, Reparatus, IV. xxvi. 24, 31; + monastery built and fortified there by Solomon, IV. xxvi. 17; + an ancient saying among the children there, III. xxi. 14-16; + church of St. Cyprian, and a special annual festival in his honour, + III. xxi. 17, 18; + distance from Aurasium, III, viii. 5, IV. xiii. 22; + from the Plain of Boulla, III. xxv. 1; + from Byzantium, III. x. 14; + from Caesarea, IV. v. 5; + from Caputvada, III. xiv. 17; + from Decimum, III. xvii. 17; + from Grasse, III. xvii. 8; + from Hippo Regius, IV. iv. 26; + from Iouce, III, xv. 8; + from Membresa, IV. xv. 12; + from Mercurium, III. vi. 10; + from Siccaveneria, IV. xxiv. 6; + from Stagnum, III. xv. 15, xx. 15; + from Tebesta, IV. xxi. 19; + from Tricamarum, IV. ii. 4 + +Casula (Latin), garment befitting one of humble station, IV. xxvi. 26 + +Caucana, place in Sicily, III. xiv. 4, 11, 14; + distance from Syracuse, III. xiv. 4 + +Centenarium, a sum of money, so called because it "weighs one + hundred pounds" (I. xxii. 4), III. vi. 2 + +Centuriae, place in Numidia, IV. xiii. 2 + +Chalcedon, city opposite Byzantium, III. i. 8, 9; + distance from the Phasis River, III. i. 11 + +Chiliarch, III. v. 18, IV. iii. 8 + +Chosroes, Persian king; Artabanes known to him, IV. xxvii. 17 + +Christ, His temple in Byzantium, III. vi. 26 + +Christians, persecuted by Honoric, III. viii. 3, 4, xxi. 19; + by Gundamundus, III. viii. 7; + courted by Trasamundus, III. viii. 9, 10; + not troubled by Ilderic, III. ix. 1; + Justinian reproached for not protecting them, III. x. 19; + the church of St. Cyprian taken from them by the Vandals, III. xxi. 19; + consoled in a dream sent by St. Cyprian, III. xxi. 21; + recover the church of St. Cyprian, III. xxi. 25; + in Jerusalem, receive the treasures of the temple, IV. ix. 9; + reverence their churches and their worship, III. viii. 17, 18, 20, 24; + their rite of baptism, III. xii. 2, IV. xxvi. 25, 28; + their feast of Easter, IV. xiv. 7; + if not of the orthodox faith, excluded from the church, IV. xiv. 14; + Christian scriptures, IV. xxi. 21, xxvi. 28; + Christian teaching, offended against by Basiliscus, III. vii. 22 + +Cilicians, as sailors in the African expedition, III. xi. 14 + +Clipea, city in Africa, IV. x. 24 + +Clypea, see Shield Mountain + +Colchis, at the end of the Black Sea, III. i. 11 + +Constantina, city in Africa; distance from Gazophyla, IV. xv. 52 + +Constantine the Great; division of the Roman empire dating + from his time, III. i. 3; + his enlargement of Byzantium and giving of his name to the city, _ibid._ + +Constantinus, chosen king by the soldiers in Britain, III. ii. 31; + his invasion of Spain and Gaul, _ibid._; defeated and killed + in battle, III. ii. 37 + +Constantius, husband of Placidia, partner in the royal power with Honorius; + his brief reign and death, III. iii. 4; + father of Valentinian, III. iii. 5 + +Corsica, called Cyrnus in ancient times, IV. v. 3; + Cyril sent thither with an army, _ibid._; + recovered for the Roman empire, IV. v. 4 + +Coutzinas, a Moorish ruler, joins in an attack upon a Roman force, + IV. x. 6; + agrees to turn against the other Moors, IV. xxv. 2, 15; + his further dealings with Areobindus, IV. xxv. 17, 18; + ignorant of Antalas' knowledge of his plot, IV. xxv. 20, 21; + separates from Antalas, and sides with Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 24; + marches with Artabanes against Antalas, IV. xxvii. 25, 27; + in alliance with John, IV. xxviii. 50 + +Cteanus, name applied to Theodorus, III. xi. 7 + +Cyanean Rocks, or "Dark Blue Rocks" at the mouth of the Bosphorus, + III. i. 8 + +Cyprian, commander of Roman auxiliaries, III. xi. 6; + on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + sent by Belisarius to bring Gelimer from Papua, IV. vii. 11 + +Cyprian, a saint, especially reverenced at Carthage, III. xxi. 17; + a church to him there and a festival celebrated in his honour, + III. xxi. 18, 23, 25; + sends a dream to devout Christians, III. xxi. 21 + +Cypriana, a periodic storm on the African coast, III. xx. 12 + +Cypriana, a festival celebrated at Carthage, in honour of Cyprian, + from which the storm was named, III. xxi. 18 + +Cyrene, city in Africa, marking the division between the eastern + and western empires, III. i. 16 + +Cyril, sent as commander of an army to Sardinia, III. xi. 1, 6; + avoids Sardinia and sails to Carthage, III. xxiv. 19; + sent to Sardinia and Corsica with an army, IV. v. 2, 3; + wins them back for the empire, IV. v. 4; + commander of auxiliaries in Numidia, IV. xv. 50; + his death, IV. xv. 59 + +Cyrnus, ancient name of Corsica, IV. v. 3 + +Cyrus, son of Bacchus and brother of Sergius; + becomes ruler of Pentapolis in Libya, IV. xxi. 1, 16; + brother of Solomon the younger, IV. xxi. 19; + marches with Solomon against the Moors, ibid. + + +Dalmatia, held by Marcellianus as tyrant, III. vi. 7 + +Danube River, called also the Ister, III. i. 10 + +Daras, city on the eastern frontier of the empire; + home of Solomon, III. xi. 9 + +December, IV. in. 28 + +Decimum, suburb of Carthage, III. xvii. 11, 17, xviii. 5, + xix. 1, 14, 23, 33, xx. 6, 7, 10, xxi. 23, 24, IV. xxv. 12; + the Vandals routed there, III. xviii. 7-11, xix. 31; + distance from Carthage, III. xvii. 17; + from Pedion Halon, III. xviii. 12 + +Delphi, tripods first made there, III. xxi. 3 + +Delphix, a word used by the Romans to designate a royal banquet room, + III. xxi. 2, 3; + in the palace of Gelimer, III. xxi. 5 + +Dido, her emigration from Phoenicia, IV. x. 25 + +Diogenes, guardsman of Belisarius; + his notable exploit on a scouting expedition, III. xxiii. 5-18 + +Dolones, the large sails on ships, III. xvii. 5 + +Domesticus, a title designating a kind of confidential adviser, + III. iv. 7, xi. 5 + +Domnicus, senator, accompanies Germanus to Libya, IV. xvi. 2; + at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. xvii. 4; + summoned to Byzantium, IV. xix. 1 + +Dorotheus, general of Armenia; + commander of auxiliaries, III. xi. 5; + his death; III. xiv. 14 + +Dromon, a swift ship of war, III. xi. 15, 16, xv. 36 + +Dryous, city on the east + coast of Italy, III. i. 9, 12 + +Dyrrachium, the name of Epidamnus in Procopius' time, III. i. 16, xi. 8 + + +Easter, a feast of the Christians, IV. xiv. 7; + Arians annoyed by exclusion from it, IV. xiv, 15 + +Ebusa, island in the western Mediterranean, + so-called by the natives, III. i. 18; + Apollinarius sent thither with an army, IV. v. 7 + +Egypt, formerly marked the limit of Phoenicia, IV. x. 15; + densely populated from ancient times, IV. x. 19; + the migration of the Hebrews from there, IV. x. 13; + the Phoenicians pass through it on their way to Libya, IV. x. 18 + +Egyptians, as sailors in the African expedition, III. xi. 14 + +Emesa, city in Syria; + home of Severianus, IV. xxiii. 6 + +Epidamnus (Dyrrachium), city on the Ionian Sea, III. i. 16; + home of John, III. xi. 8 + +Epiphanius, chief priest of Byzantium; + blesses the fleet, III. xii. 2 + +Eruli, Roman auxiliaries in the African expedition, III. xi. 11; + their untrustworthy character, IV. iv. 30; + of the Arian faith, IV. xiv. 12; + dissuade Stotzas from attacking Germanus, IV. xvii. 14, 15 + +Esdilasas, a Moorish ruler; + joins in an attack upon a Roman force, IV. x. 6 ff.; + surrenders himself to the Romans, IV. xii. 26; + brought to Carthage, IV. xii. 29 + +Euagees, brother of Hoamer; + imprisoned by Gelimer, III. ix. 9. 14; + killed in prison by Ammatas, III. xvii. 12 + +Eudocia, daughter of Eudoxia; + taken captive by Gizeric, III. v. 3; + married to Honoric, III. v. 6 + +Eudoxia, daughter of Theodosius and wife of Valentinian, III. iv. 15, 20; + mother of Eudocia and Placidia, III. v. 3; + forced to be the mistress of Maximus, III. iv. 86; + invites Gizeric to avenge her, III. iv. 37-39; + taken captive by Gizeric, III. v. 3; + sent to Byzantium, III. v. 6 + +Eulogius, Roman envoy to Godas, III. x. 32, 33; + returns with his reply, III. x. 34 + +Europe, the continent opposite Asia, III. i. 7, xxii. 15; + distance from Asia at different points, III. i. 7, 8; + distance along the European side of the Euxine, III. i. 10; + extent of the western empire in, III. i. 14; + invaded by Alaric, III. ii. 7; + all its wealth plundered by the Visigoths, III. ii. 13; + overrun by Attila, III. iv. 29 + +Eustratius, sent to Libya to assess the taxes, IV. viii. 25 + +Eutyches, heresy of, III. vii. 22 + +Euxine Sea, distance around it, III. i. 10, 11; + receives the waters of the Phasis, III. i. 11 + +Excubitori, a Latin name for "guard," IV. xii. 17 + + +Foederati, auxiliary troops, III. xi. 2, 3, 5, xix. 13, 14, + IV. iii. 4, vii. 11, xv. 50 + +Foedus (Latin) "treaty," III. xi. 4 + +Franks, name used for all the Germans in Procopius' time, III. iii. 1 + +Fuscias, sent as envoy to Spain by Gelimer, III. xxiv. 7 ff. + + +Gadira, the strait of Gibraltar at the western extremity of the + Mediterranean, III. i. 4, 5, xxiv. 8, IV. v. 5, 6; + width of the strait, III. i. 7; + distance from Tripolis, III. i. 14; + and from the Ionian Sea, III. i. 15; + marking the limit of Mauretania, IV. x. 29; + the Vandals cross there, III. iii. 26; + _see_ Heracles, Pillars of + +Galatia, lands there given to Gelimer, IV. ix. 13 + +Gaulus, island between + the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas, III. xiv. 16 + +Gaul, the Visigoths retire thither, III. ii. 13, 37; + invaded by Constantius, III. ii. 31 + +Gazophyla, place in Numidia, IV. xv. 62; + distance from Constantina, _ibid._; + Roman commanders take sanctuary there, IV. xv. 59 + +Geilaris, son of Genzon and father of Gelimer, III. ix. 6 + +Gelimer, king of the Vandals; + son of Geilaris, III. ix. 6; + brother of Tzazon, III. xi. 23, xxiv. 1; + and of Ammatas, III. xvii. 11; + uncle of Gibamundus, III. xviii. 1; + his character, III. ix. 7; + encroaches upon the authority of Ilderic, III. ix. 8; + secures the royal power, _ibid._; + allowed by the Goths to hold Lilybaeum, IV. v. 13; + imprisons Ilderic, Hoamer, and Euagees, III. ix. 9; + defies Justinian, and shews further cruelty to the imprisoned princes, + III. ix. 14; + replies to Justinian, III. ix. 20-23; + Justinian prepares an expedition against him, III. x. 1 ff.; + sends envoys to Spain, III. xxiv. 7; + his slave Godas becomes tyrant of Sardinia, III. x. 25-27; + sends an expedition to Sardinia, III. xi. 22, 23; + his ignorance of the approaching Roman expedition, III. xiv. 10; + entrusts his wealth to Boniface, IV. iv. 34; + confines Roman merchants in a dungeon in the palace, III. xx. 5, 6; + expected by Belisarius to make an attack, III. xvii. 4; + writes to his brother in Carthage, III. xvii. 11; + follows the Roman army, III. xvii. 14; + plans his attack upon the Roman army, III. xviii. 1; + comes upon the Romans with a large force of cavalry, III. xix. 18; + anticipates them in seizing a point of advantage, III. xix. 20-22; + by a great blunder loses the chance of defeating the Roman armies, + III. xix. 25-29; + attacked and routed by Belisarius, III. xix. 30, 31, xxi. 16; + flees to the Plain of Boulla, III. xix. 32; + Belisarius sits upon his throne, III. xx. 21; + his banquet-hall, servants, and even food, used by the Romans, + III. xxi. 1-6; + reason for his not staying in Carthage, III. xxi. 12; + encourages Libyan farmers to kill Roman soldiers, III. xxiii. 1-4; + eluded by a party of Roman scouts, III. xxiii. 6-16; + Tzazon writes to him from Sardinia, III. xxiv. 2-4; + collects the Vandals in the Plain of Boulla, III. xxv. 1; + sends a letter to Tzazon in Sardinia, III. xxv. 10-18; + leads the Vandals against Carthage, IV. i. 1; + cuts the aqueduct and tries to besiege the city, IV. i. 2, 3; + prepares the Vandals for battle at Tricamarum, and addresses the army, + IV. ii. 8-22; + at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 9; + flees from the Vandals' camp, IV. iii. 20; + pursued by John the Armenian, IV. iv. 9, 14; + and by Belisarius, IV. iv. 13, 26; + escapes his pursuers, and takes refuge on Mt. Papua, IV. iv. 26, 28; + Moors there friendly to him, IV. iv. 27; + Pharas set to guard him, IV. iv. 28, 31; + suffers great misery on Mt. Papua, IV. vi. 4, 14; + receives a letter from Pharas, IV. vi. 15-26; + replies with a letter, IV. vi. 27-30; + the meaning of his strange request, IV. vi. 31-33; + after enduring extreme suffering, is induced by a piteous + sight to surrender, IV. vii. 1-6; + writes a second time to Pharas, IV. vii. 6-9; + Cyprian comes to Papua to take him prisoner, IV. vii. 11; + surrenders himself, IV. vii. 12; + meets Belisarius at Aclas, IV. vii. 14; + his unexpected laughter, IV. vii. 14-16; + marvels at the restoration of the fortifications of Carthage by + Belisarius, III. xxiii. 20, 21; + his capture reported by Belisarius, IV. vii. 17; + reaches Byzantium with Belisarius, IV, ix. 1; + a slave in Belisarius' triumph, IV. ix. 10; + before Justinian in the hippodrome, IV. ix. 11, 12; + given lands in Galatia, but not made a patrician, IV. ix. 13, 14; + nephew of, IV. vii. 4 + +Geminianus, Rock of, on Mt Aurasium, IV. xx. 23 + +Genzon, son of Gizeric; + receives Libyan slaves, III. v. 11; + tries to save John, III. vi. 24; + father of Gundamundus and Trasamundus, III. viii. 6, 8; + and of Geilaris, III. ix. 6; + his death, III. viii. 1 + +Gergesites, ancient people of Phoenicia, IV. x. 17; + emigrate to Egypt and then to Libya, IV. x. 18, 19 + +Gepaides, one division of the Gothic peoples, III. ii. 2; + their location, III. ii. 6 + +Getic, a name sometime applied to the Gothic peoples, III. ii. 2 + +Gezon, a Roman infantryman, paymaster of his company, IV. xx. 12; + scales the fortress of Toumar and leads the army to its + capture, IV. xx. 13-16 + +Germania, the home of Belisarius, III. xi. 21 + +Germans, called Franks in Procopius' time, III. iii. 1; + according to one account killed Gontharis, III. iii. 33 + +Germanus, Roman general, nephew of Justinian; + sent to Libya, IV. xvi. 1; + makes a count of the loyal part of the army, IV. xvi. 3; + wins over many mutineers by persuasion, IV. xvi. 4-6; + prepares to meet Stotzas in battle, IV. xvi. 7; + arrays his army for battle, IV. xvi. 10; + addresses his troops, IV. xvi. 11-24; + follows the mutineers into Numidia, IV. xvii. 2; + overtaking the enemy at Scalae Veteres, prepares for battle, + IV. xvii. 3-6; + receives offers of desertion from the Moors with Stotzas, IV. xvii. 9; + not able to trust them, IV. xvii. 10; + Stotzas proposes to attack his division, IV. xvii. 13; + rallies the Romans, IV. xvii. 18; + routs the mutineers, IV. xvii. 19, 20; + his horse killed under him, IV. xvii. 23; + orders his men to distinguish their comrades by the countersign, + IV. xvii. 22; + captures and plunders the enemy's camp, IV. xvii. 24-29; + tries to restore order in the army, IV. xvii. 30; + defeats Stotzas in a second battle, IV. xvii. 34; + learns the plot of Maximinus from Asclepiades; IV. xviii. 4; + invites Max. to join his body-guards, IV. xviii. 5, 6; + frustrates the attempt of Maximinus, IV. xviii. 8-15; + examines Max. and impales him, IV. xviii. 17, 18; + summoned to Byzantium, IV. xix. 1; + false report of his coming to Carthage, IV. xxiii. 23, 25 + +Gibamundus, nephew of Gelimer, III. xviii. 1; + sent to attack the Roman army on the left, _ibid._; + his force destroyed at Pedion Halon, III. xviii. 12, 19, xix. 18, 19, + xxv. 15 + +Gizeric, king of the Vandals; + son of Godigisclus and brother of Gontharis, III. iii. 23; + father of Honoric, Genzon, and Theodorus, III. v. 6, 11, vi. 24; + becomes ruler of the Vandals with his brother, III. iii. 23; + according to one account destroyed his brother Gontharis, III. iii. 33; + his great ability, III. iii. 24; + invited by Boniface to share Libya, III. iii. 25; + leads the Vandals into Libya, III. iii. 33; + besieges Hippo Regius, III. iii. 32, 34; + discovers Marcian among Roman captives, III. iv. 3-8; + spares his life and makes him swear friendship to + the Vandals, III. iv. 9, 10; + secures possession of Libya, III. xxi. 16, xxii. 4; + secures his power by making a compact with Valentinian and + giving his son as a hostage, III. iv. 12-14, xvi. 13; + receives his son back, III. iv. 14; + receives ambassadors from the Vandals who had not emigrated, + III. xxii. 7; + at first hears them with favour, but later refuses their petition, + III. xxii. 9-11; + makes an attempt on Taenarum, III. xxii. 16; + attacks Zacynthus and brutally massacres many of the inhabitants, + III. xxii. 17, 18; + invited by Eudoxia to punish Maximus, III. iv. 38, 39; + despoils the city of Rome, III. v. 1 ff. IV. ix. 5, 8; + takes captive Eudoxia and her daughters, III. v. 3; + removes the walls of Libyan cities, III. v. 8, xv. 9; + wins ridicule thereby in later times, III. v. 9; + destroyed all the tax records of Libya, IV. viii. 25; + enslaves notable Libyans and takes property from others, III. v. 11, 12; + exempts confiscated lands from taxation, III. v. 14; + with the Moors, makes many inroads into Roman provinces III. v. 22-25; + Aspar urges Basiliscus to spare him, III. vi. 4; + desires the appointment of Olyvrius as emperor of the West, III. vi. 6; + his fear of Leon, III. vi. 11; + persuades Basiliscus to delay, III. vi. 12-16; + destroys the Roman fleet, III. vi. 17-21; + receives Majorinus disguised as an envoy, III. vii. 6, 7, 9, 10; + prepares to meet the army of Majorinus, III. vii. 12; + forms a compact with Zenon, III. vii. 26, ix. 23; + his death and his will, III. vii. 29, 30. ix. 10, xvi. 13; + the "law of Gizeric," III. ix. 12 + +Glycerius, emperor of the West, dies after a very short reign, III. vii. 15 + +Godas, a Goth, slave of Gelimer; + sets up a tyranny in Sardinia, III. x. 25-27. xi. 22, xxv. 11; + invites Justinian to support him, III. x. 28-31; + receives the envoy Eulogius, III. x. 33; + sends him back with a letter, III. x. 34; + the Vandals send an expedition against him, III. xi. 23, xiv. 9; + killed by Tzazon, xi, xxiv. 1, 3, IV. ii. 27 + +Godigisclus, leader of the Vandals in their migration, + III. iii. 2, xxii. 3, 5; + settles in Spain by agreement with Honorius, III. iii. 2; + dies in Spain, III. ii. 23; + father of Gontharis and Gizeric, III. ii. 23 + +Gontharis, son of Godigisclus and brother of Gizeric; + becomes ruler of the Vandals with his brother, III. ii. 23; + his mild character, III. ii. 21; + invited by Boniface to share Libya, III. ii. 25; + his death, III. iii. 32, 33. + +Gontharis, body-guard of Solomon; + sent forward against the Moors, IV. xix. 6; + camps near the Abigas River, IV. xix. 7; + defeated by the Moors and besieged in his camp, IV. xix. 8; + receives support from Solomon, IV. xix. 9; + attempts to set up a tyranny, IV. xxv. 1 ff.; + summoned to Carthage and sent against the Moors, IV. xxv. 4, 5; + makes an agreement with Antalas to betray the Romans, IV. xxv. 6-10; + recalls Roman skirmishers, IV. xxv. 14; + hears of the treasonable plan of Coutzinas, IV. xxv. 16; + persuades Areobindus to postpone the engagement, IV. xxv. 17, 18; + reveals the plot to Antalas, IV. xxv. 19; + plans to kill Areobindus, IV. xxv. 22; + persuades him to join battle with the Moors, IV. xxv. 23 ff.; + openly sets about establishing his tyranny, IV. xxv. 28 ff.; + summons Athanasius, IV. xxvi. 21; + and Areobindus, IV. xxvi. 23; + his reception of Areobindus, IV. xxvi. 27-32; + has him assassinated, IV. xxvi. 32, 33; + offends Antalas by sending him the head of Areobindus, IV. xxvii. 1, 2; + receives the mutineers under John, IV. xxvii. 7, 8; + removes the wife and sister of Areobindus from the fortress, + IV. xxvii. 20; + compels Prejecta to write a false report in a letter to Justinian + for his own advantage, IV. xxvii. 20-22; + sends Artabanes against Antalas, IV. xxvii. 23; + Coutzinas sides with him, IV. xxvii. 21; + Artabanes determines to kill him, IV. xxvii. 34; + prepares a larger army against Antalas, IV. xxvii. 36; + destroys many in the city, IV. xxvii. 37, 38; + entertains Artabanes and others at a banquet, IV. xxviii. 1 ff.; + his murder planned by Artabanes, IV. xxviii. 6 ff; + his death, IV. xxviii. 27-30 + +Gospels, the sacred writings of the Christians; + oaths taken upon them, IV. xxi. 21. + +Gothaeus, sent as envoy to Spain by Gelimer, III. xxiv. 7 ff. + +Goths, general description of the Gothic peoples, III. ii. 2 ff.; + their migrations, III. ii. 6 ff.; + their common religion and language, III. ii. 5; + enter Pannonia and then settle in Thrace for a time, III. ii. 39; + subdue the western empire, III. ii. 40; + in Italy, Belisarius sent against them, IV. xiv. 1; + furnish the Roman fleet a market in Sicily, III. xiv. 5; + refuse to give up Lilybaeum, IV. v. 11; + receive a letter of remonstrance from Belisarius, IV. v. 12-17; + their reply, IV. v. 18-24 + +Grasse, a place in Libya, III. xvii. 8, 14, 17; + its pleasant park, III. xvii. 9, 10; + distance from Carthage, III. xvii. 8 + +Greece, plundered by Gizeric, III. v. 23 + +Greeks, contemptuous term for the subjects of the emperor, + IV. xxvii. 38 + +Gregorius, nephew of Artabanes; + with him plans the murder of Gontharis, IV. xxviii. 7-9; + urges Artabanes to carry out the plot, IV. xxvii. 10-19; + takes his stand in the banquet-hall, IV. xxviii. 14; + restrains Artasires, IV. xxviii. 16 + +Gundamundus, son of Gezon; + becomes king of the Vandals, III. viii. 6; + his reign and death, III. viii. 7; + brother of Trasamundus, III. viii. 8 + + +Hadrumetum, city in Libya, III. xvii. 8, IV. xxvii. 26, 31, 33; + taken by the Moors, IV. xxiii. 11-15; + recovered by Paulus, a priest, IV. xxiii. 18-25, 29; + guarded for the emperor, IV. xxvii. 6 + +Harmatus, Roman General; + marches against Zenon, III. vii. 20; + surrenders to him, III. vii. 21; + killed by Zenon, III. vii. 23 + +Hebrews, their migration from Egypt to Palestine, IV. x. 13; + history of the, IV. x. 17 + +Hebrew Scripture, quoted by Gelimer, IV. ix. 11 + +Hellespont, strait between Sestus and Abydus, III. i. 7 + +Heracleia, the name of Perinthus in Procopius' time, III. xii. 6 + +Heracles, wrestled with Antaeus in Clipea, IV. x. 24 + +Heracles, Pillars of, Gibraltar, III. i. 5, 9, + 15, 18. vii. 11, IV. x. 20 + +Heraclius, defeats the Vandals in Tripolis, III. vi. 9; + returns to Byzantium, III. vi. 25 + +Hermes, called Mercury by the Romans, III. vi. 10; + town of Hermes or Mercurium, on the coast of Libya, + III. vi. 10, xvii. 15, xx. 10 + +Hermione, town in Byzacium; + distance from the coast, III. xiv. 10, xvii. 4, 11 + +Hieron, near the mouth of the Bosphorus, III. i. 8 + +Himerius of Thrace, commander in Byzacium; fails to unite with John, + and falls into the hands of the Moors, IV. xxiii. 3-5; + guarded by the Moors, IV. xxiii. 10; + puts Hadrumetum into their hands, IV. xxiii. 10-15; + escapes to Carthage, IV. xxiii. 17 + +Hippo Regius, a strong city of Numidia, III. iii. 31, IV. iv. 32; + besieged by the Vandals, III. iii. 32, 34; + distance from Carthage, IV. iv. 26; + Boniface the Libyan captured there, IV. iv. 34, 36, 39 + +Hoamer, nephew of Ilderic; + acts as his general, III. ix. 2; + imprisoned by Gelimer, III. ix. 9; + blinded by Gelimer, III. ix. 14, 17; + his death, III. xvii. 12 + +Honoric, son of Gizeric; + given as a hostage to Valentinian, III. iv. 13; + returned, III, iv. 14; + marries Eudocia, III. v. 6; + receives Libyan slaves, III. v. 11; + succeeds to the throne of the Vandals, III. viii. 1, xxi. 19; + makes war on the Moors, III. viii. 1, 2; + persecutes the Christians, III. viii. 3, 4; + his death, III. viii. 5; + father of Ilderic, III. ix. 1; + in his reign the church of St. Cyprian taken by the Arians, III. xxi. 19 + +Honorius, younger son of Theodosius; + receives the western empire, III. i. 2, ii. 1; + brother of Arcadius and Placidia, III. iii. 4; + the western empire overrun by barbarians during his reign, III. ii. 1; + retires from Rome to Ravenna, III. ii. 8, 9; + accused of bringing in the Visigoths, III. ii. 10; + his stupid remark upon hearing of the fall of Rome, III. ii. 25, 26; + displaced from the throne of the western empire by Attalus, III. ii. 28; + prepares for flight either to Libya or to Byzantium, III. ii. 32; + his good fortune in extreme peril, III. ii. 34-37; + allows the Vandals to settle in Spain, III. iii. 2; + provides that they shall not acquire possession of the land, III. iii. 3; + shares royal power with Constantius, III. iii. 4; + his death, III. iii. 4 + +Huns, see Massagetae. + + +Iaudas, ruler of the Moors in Aurasium, IV. xii. 29, xxv. 2; + the best warrior among the Moors, IV. xiii. 13; + plunders Numidia, IV. xiii. 1; + his combat with Althias at Tigisis, IV. xiii. 10-16; + Solomon marches against him, IV. xiii. 18; + accused before Solomon by other Moorish rulers, IV. xiii. 19; + slays his father-in-law Mephanius, _ibid._; + establishes himself on Mt, Aurasium, IV. xiii. 21; + with the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. xvii. 8; + Solomon marches against him, IV. xix. 5; + remains on Mt. Aurasium, IV. xix. 19; + goes up to the top of Mt. Aurasium, IV. xix. 21; + escapes wounded from Toumar, IV. xx. 21; + deposited his treasures in a tower at the Rock of Geminianus, IV. xx. 24 + +Ilderic, son of Honoric, + becomes king of the Vandals, III. ix. 1; + an unwarlike ruler, _ibid._; + uncle of Hoamer, III. ix. 2; + suspected plot of the Goths against him, III. ix. 4; + on terms of special friendship with Justinian, III. ix. 5; + makes large gifts to Apollinarius, IV. v. 8; + allows Gelimer to encroach upon his authority, III. ix. 8; + dethroned and imprisoned, III. ix. 8, 9, 14, 17; + killed in prison by Ammatas, III. xvii. 11, 12; + his sons and other offspring receive rewards from Justinian + and Theodora, IV. ix. 13 + +Ildiger, son-in-law of Antonina, IV. viii. 24; + sent to Libya with an army, _ibid._; + made joint commander of Carthage with Theodoras, IV. xv. 49; + at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. xvii. 6, 19 + +Illyricum, III. xi. 17, 21; + plundered by Gizeric, III. v. 23 + +Ionian Sea, III. i. 9, 12, 15, ii. 9, 11 + +Ionians, as sailors in the African expedition, III. xi. 14 + +Iouce, distance from Carthage, III. xv. 8 + +Iourpouthes, a Moorish ruler, joins in an attack upon a Roman force, + IV. x. 6 ff. + +Ister, called also the Danube, III. i. 10, ii. 6; + crossed by the Goths, III. ii. 39 + +Italy the brutal destruction of its cities and people by the Visigoths, + III. ii. 11, 12; + invaded by Gizeric, III. v. 1 ff., 22, 23 + + +Jebusites, ancient people of Phoenicia, IV. x. 17; + emigrate to Egypt and then to Libya, IV. x. 18, 19 + +Jerusalem, captured by Titus, IV. ix. 5; + Christians there receive back the treasures of the temple, IV. ix. 9 + +Jews, their treasures brought to Byzantium by Belisarius, IV. ix. 5; + sent back to Jerusalem by Justinian, IV. ix. 9; + one of them warns the Romans not to keep the treasures of the + temple in Jerusalem, IV. ix. 6-8 + +John the Armenian; + financial manager of Belisarius, III. xvii. 1, 2; + commanded to precede the Roman army, III. xvii, 2, xviii. 3; + engages with Ammatas at Decimum and defeats his force, III. xviii. 5, 6; + pursues the fugitives to Carthage, III. xviii. 10, xix. 30; + rejoins Belisarius, III. xix. 33; + entrusted with the command of a skirmishing force, IV. ii. 1; + in the centre at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 5; + begins the fighting, IV. iii. 10, 12, 13; + pursues Gelimer, IV, iv. 9, 14; + killed accidentally by Uliaris, IV. iv. 18, 19; + his character, IV, iv. 20; + cared for and buried by his soldiers, IV. iv. 22; + mourned by Belisarius, IV. iv. 24 + +John, father of Artabanes and John, of the Arsacidae, IV. xxiv. 2 + +John, commander of auxiliaries, III. xi. 6; + on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. in. 4; + sent with an army to Caesarea, IV. v. 5 + +John, a general under Basiliscus; + his excellent fighting against the Vandals, III. vi. 22-24 + +John the Cappadocian, urges Justinian not to make war on the Vandals, + III. x. 7-17; + praetorian perfect; + supplies the army with bad bread, III. xiii. 12 ff. + +John, guardsman of Belisarius; + sent to the Pillars of Heracles with an army, IV. v. 6 + +John, a Roman soldier, chosen emperor, III. iii. 5; + his virtues as a ruler, III. iii. 6, 7; + reduced from power by Theodosius, III. iii. 8; + captured, brutally abused, and killed by Valentinian, III. iii. 9 + +John of Epidamnus, + commander-in-chief of infantry, III. xi. 8, IV. xvi. 2 + +John, son of John, of the Arsacidae; + sent to Libya in command of Armenians, IV. xxiv. 2; + brother of Artabanes, IV. xxiv. 15; + his death, _ibid._ + +John the mutineer, succeeds Stotzas as general of the mutineers, + IV. xxv. 3; + leads the mutineers to join Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 7; + marches with Artabanes against Antalas, IV. xxvii. 25; + does not take part in the battle, IV, xxvii. 27; + entertained by Pamphilus at a banquet, IV. xxviii. 5; + taken from sanctuary, and sent to Byzantium, IV. xxviii. 39, 40 + +John, brother of Pappus; + at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. xvii. 6, 16; + made general of Libya, IV. xxviii. 45; + his varying fortunes in fighting with the Moors, IV. xxviii. 46-51 + +John, son of Sisiniolus; + sent as commander to Libya, IV. xix. 1; + especially hostile to Sergius, IV. xxii. 3, 4; + marches against the Moors, IV. xxiii. 2; + fails to meet Himerius, IV. xxiii. 3-5; + quarrels with Sergius, IV. xxiii. 32; + sent against Antalas and Stotzas, IV. xxiv. C; + meets the enemy at a great disadvantage, IV. xxiv. 8; + his enmity against Stotzas, IV, xxiv. 9; + gives him a mortal wound in the battle, IV. xxiv. 11; + his army routed by the Moors, IV. xxiv. 12; + his death, IV. xxiv. 13. 14; + Justinian's sorrow at his death, IV. xxiv. 16 + +Joseph, an imperial scribe, sent as envoy to Stotzas, IV. xv. 7; + killed by Stotzas, IV. xv. 8 + +Joshua ("Jesus"), son of ("Naues"), brings the Hebrews into Palestine, + IV. x. 13; + subjugates the country, IV. x. 14; + mentioned in a Phoenician inscription, IV. x. 22 + +Juppiter Capitolinus, temple of, in Rome, despoiled by Gizeric, III. v. 4 + +Justinian, succeeds his uncle Justinus as emperor, III. vii. 27; + on terms of especial friendship with Ilderic, III. ix. 5; + sends warning to Gelimer, III. ix. 10-13; + sends a second warning to Gelimer, III. ix. 15-19; + approached by Apollinarius and other Libyans seeking help for Ilderic, + IV. v. 8; + prepares to make war upon Gelimer, III. ix. 24, 25; + summons Belisarius from the East to command the African expedition, + III. ix. 25; + makes preparations for the expedition, III. x. 1 ff.; + discouraged by John the Cappadocian, III. x. 7 ff.; + urged by a priest to prosecute the war, III. x. 18-20; + continues preparations III. x. 21; + invited by Godas to support him in Sardinia, III. x. 28-31; + sends an envoy to him, III. x. 32; + and later an army, III. xi. 1; + sends Valerianus and Martinus in advance of the African expedition, + III. xi. 24; + despatches the expedition, III. xii. 1 ff.; + makes an agreement with Amalasountha for a market, III. xiv. 5; + their mutual friendship, III. xiv. 6; + his letter to the Vandals, III. xvi. 12-14; + never properly delivered, III. xvi. 15; + the Goths appeal to him as arbiter, IV. v. 24; + receives report of Belisarius regarding the dispute with the Goths, + IV. v. 25; + hears slander against Belisarius, IV. viii. 2; + sends Solomon to test him, IV. viii. 4; + sends the Jewish treasures back to Jerusalem, IV. ix. 9; + receives the homage of Gelimer and of Belisarius, IV. ix. 12; + distributes rewards to Gelimer and others, IV. ix. 13; + sends Belisarius against the Goths in Italy, IV. xiv. 1; + sends Germanus to Libya, IV. xvi. 1; + entrusts Solomon again with the command of Libya, IV. xix. 1; + receives a letter from Antalas, IV. xxii. 6-10; + refuses to recall Sergius, IV. xxii. 11; + sends Areobindus to Libya IV. xxiv. 1; + recalls Sergius and sends him to Italy, IV. xxiv. 16; + appoints Artabanes general of all Libya, IV. xxviii. 43; + summons him to Byzantium, IV. xxviii. 44; + uncle of Germanus, IV. xvi. 1; + and of Vigilantia, IV. xxiv. 3; + the Vandals of, IV. xiv. 17; + excluded all not of the orthodox faith from the church, IV. xiv. 14; + years of reign noted, III. xii. 1, IV. xiv. 6, xix. 1, xxi. 1, xxviii. 41 + +Justinus, Roman emperor, uncle of Justinian, III. vii. 27; + not a vigorous or skilful ruler, III. ix. 5; + Ilderic accused of betraying the Vandals to him, III. ix. 8 + + +Laribus or Laribous, city in Libya, IV. xxii. 14, xxviii. 48; + attacked by the Moors, IV. xxii. 18-20 + +Latin tongue, the, III. i. 6, IV. xiii. 33 + +Laurus, a Carthaginian; + impaled by Belisarius, IV. i. 8 + +Leon, emperor of the East, III. v. 7; + sends an expedition against the Vandals, III. vi. 1 ff., xx. 2; + quarrels with Aspar, III. vi. 3; + appoints Anthemius emperor of the West, III. vi. 5; + wins over the tyrant Marcellianus and sends him against the + Vandals in Sardinia, III. vi. 8; + dreaded by Gizeric, III. vi. 11; + his expedition destroyed by the Vandals, III. vi. 17 ff.; + destroys Aspar and Ardaburius, III. vi. 27; + his death, III. vii. 2; + husband of Berine, III. vi. 2; + father of Ariadne, III. vii. 2 + +Leon the younger, son of Zenon and Ariadne, III. vii. 2; + becomes emperor while an infant, III. vii. 2; + dies soon afterwards, III. vii. 3 + +Leontius, son of Zaunus, sent as commander to Libya, IV. xix. 1; + fights valorously at the capture of Toumar, IV. xx. 19; + brother of Rufinus, _ibid._ + +Leptes, city in Libya, III. xvii. 8 + +Leptimagna, city in Tripolis; + threatened by an army of Leuathae, IV. xxi. 2, 13, 15 + +Lesbos, passed by the fugitive Vandals, IV. xiv. 18 + +Leuathae, tribe of Moors; + present demands to Sergius, IV. xxi. 2; + their representatives received by Sergius and killed, IV. xxi. 4-10; + come in arms against Leptimagna, IV. xxi. 12; + routed by the Romans, IV. xxi. 14; + march against the Romans a second time, IV. xxi. 16; + scorn the overtures of Solomon, IV. xxi. 20-22; + capture Solomon, son of Bacchus, IV. xxii. 13; + release him, IV. xxii. 16; + besiege Laribus, IV. xxii. 18; + depart to their homes IV. xxii. 20; + join the Moors of Byzacium against the Romans, IV. xxviii. 47 + +Libya, included in "Asia," III. i. 5; + its aborigines, IV. x. 23; + the Phoenicians emigrate thither, IV. x. 19; + Phoenician tongue used there, IV. x. 20; + subjugated by the Romans, IV. x. 28; + failure of the Visigothic king Attalus to get a foothold there, + III. ii. 30, 32, 36; + lost by Valentinian, III. iii. 12; + occupied by the Vandals, III. iii. 26, xxii. 4; + who remove the walls of the cities, III. v. 8, xv. 9; + recovered for the Romans by Belisarius, III. xvi. 9 ff.; + prospers under the rule of Solomon, IV. xix. 3, xx. 33; + who restores the walls of the cities, IV. xix. 3, xx. 29; + overrun by the Moors, IV. xxiii. 26-31, xxviii. 49 + +Libyans, enslaved and impoverished by Gizeric, III. v. 11-13, 15-17; + cannot trust the Vandals, III. xvi. 3; + their sufferings at the hands of the Vandals, III. xx. 19; + oppressed by the Moors, IV. viii. 20, xxiii. 27; + enjoy peace at last, IV. xxviii. 52 + +Liguria, the army of Majorinus halts there, III. vii. 4, 11 + +Lilybaeum, a promontory of Sicily; + presented to Amalafrida, III. viii. 13; + Belisarius attempts unsuccessfully to take it, IV. v. 11; + he asserts his claim, IV. v. 12 ff.; + the claim denied by the Goths, IV. v. 19 ff. + + +Massagetae, called Huns in Procopius' time, III. xi. 9; + their love of wine, III. xii. 8; + their custom of allowing only members of a certain family to begin + a battle, III. xviii. 14; + in the army of Aetius, III. iv. 24; + in the African expedition of Belisarius, III. xi. 11, xii. 8-10, + xvii. 3, xviii. 3, 12, 17, xix. 18, 33, IV. xiii. 2; + their doubtful allegiance, IV. i. 5, 6, 9-11, ii. 3, iii. 7, 16; + with the mutineers under John, IV. xxvii. 8 + +Maeotic Lake, at the eastern extremity of the "Mediterranean," III. i. 4; + limit of the Euxine, III. i. 10; + home of the Vandals, III. iii. 1 + +Majorica, island in the western Mediterranean, III. i. 18; + Apollinarius sent thither with an army, IV. v. 7 + +Majorinus, emperor of the West; + makes an expedition against the Vandals, III. vii. 4-13; + disguised as an envoy and received by Gizeric, III. vii. 8-10; + his death, III. vii. 14 + +Malea, southern promontory of the Peloponnesus, III. xiii. 5 + +Mammes, a place in Byzacium; + Solomon encamps there, IV. xi. 15; + battle fought there, IV. xi. 47-54 + +Mandracium, the harbour of Carthage, III. xx. 14, 15, + IV. viii. 7, xxvi. 10; + opened to the Roman fleet, III. xx. 3; + entered by Calonymus with a few ships, III. xx. 16 + +Marcellianus, rules as independent tyrant over Dalmatia, III. vi. 7; + won over by Leon and sent to Sardinia against the Vandals, III. vi. 8; + destroyed by treachery, III. vi. 25 + +Marcellus, commander of auxiliaries, III. xi. 6; + on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + commander-in-chief of Roman forces in Numidia, IV. xv. 50, 51; + leads his army against Stotzas, IV. xv. 52; + his death, IV. xv. 59 + +Marcentius, commander in Byzacium; + persuaded by Antalas to join him, IV. xxvii. 5, 6, 31 + +Marcian, confidential adviser of Aspar, III. iv. 7; + taken prisoner by Gizeric, III. iv. 2; + his career foreshadowed by a sign, III. iv. 4-8; + spared by Gizeric, III. iv. 9, 10; + becomes emperor of the East, III. iv. 10, 39; + his successful reign, III. iv. 11; + his death, III. v. 7 + +Marcian, commander of infantry, III. xi. 7 + +Martinus, commander of auxiliaries, III. xi. 6, 29; + sent with Valerian in advance of the African expedition, III. xi. 24; + meets the Roman fleet at Methone, III. xiii. 9; + on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + escapes with Solomon from the mutiny in Carthage IV. xiv. 37-40; + sent back to Numidia, IV. xiv. 40; + summoned to Byzantium, IV. xix. 2 + +Massonas, son of Mephanias; + a Moorish ruler, accuses Iaudas to Solomon, IV. xiii. 19 + +Mastigas, Moorish ruler, IV. xx. 31 + +Mastinas, ruler of Moors in Mauretania, IV. xiii. 19 + +Mauritania, occupied by the Moors, IV. x. 29; + Moors of, seek alliance with the Romans, III. xxv. 3; + ruled by Mastinas IV. xiii. 19; + fugitive Vandals return thither, IV. xiv. 19; + Iaudas retires thither, IV. xx. 21; + "First Mauritania," called Zabe, subjugated by Solomon, IV. xx. 30; + Stotzas comes thence to joiZabetalas, IV. xxii. 5; + adjoins Numidia, III. xxv. 21; + city of Caesarea there, IV. v. 5 + +Maximinus, body-guard of Theodorus the Cappadocian; + tries to set up a tyranny, IV. xviii. 1-3; + upon invitation of Germanus, becomes a body-guard of + his, IV. xviii. 6, 7; + his attempt frustrated by Germanus, IV. xviii. 8-15; + examined by Germanus and impaled, IV. xviii. 17, 18 + +Maximus the elder, his tyranny, III. iv. 16; + the festival celebrating his defeat, _ibid._ + +Maximus, a Roman senator, III. iv. 16; + his wife outraged by Valentinian, III. iv. 17-22; + plans to murder Valentinian, III. iv. 24; + slanders and destroys Aetius, III. iv. 25-27; + kills Valentinian, and makes himself tyrant, III. iv. 36; + stoned to death, III. v. 2 + +Medeos, city at the foot of Mt. Papua in Numidia, IV. iv. 27 + +Medic garments, _i.e._ silk; + called "seric" in Procopius' time, as coming from the Chinese (Seres); + worn by the Vandals, IV. vi. 7 + +Medissinissas, a Moorish ruler; + joins in an attack upon a Roman force, IV. x. 6 ff.; + slays Rufinus, IV. x. 11 + +Megara, its distance from Athens the measure of a one day's journey, + III. i. 17 + +Melanchlaenae, an old name for the Goths, III. ii. 2 + +Melita, island between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas (Malta), + III. xiv. 16 + +Membresa, city in Libya, IV. xv. 12; + distance from Carthage, _ibid._ + +Menephesse, place in Byzacium, IV. xxiii. 3 + +Mephanias, a Moor, father of Massonas, and father-in-law of Iaudas, + IV. xiii. 10; + treacherously slain by Iaudas, _ibid._ + +Mercurium, a town near Carthage, III. vi. 10, xvii. 15, xx. 10 + +Mercurius, the Latin name for Hermes, III. vi. 10 + +Methone, a town in the Peloponnesus, III. xiii. 9; + the Roman fleet stops there, III. xiii. 9-21 + +Minorica, island in the western Mediterranean, III. i. 18; + Apollinarius sent thither with an army, IV. v. 7 + +Misuas, the ship-yard of Carthage, IV. xiv. 40 + +Monks, their monastery in Carthage, IV. xxvi. 17 + +Moors, a black race of Africa, IV. xiii. 29; + an account of their origin in Palestine, and migration westward, + IV. x. 13 ff.; + driven away from Carthage, IV. x. 27, 28; + possess themselves of much of Libya, IV. x. 29; + take Mt. Aurasium from the Vandals, IV. xiii. 26, 27; + those beyond Mt. Aurasium ruled by Ortaïas, IV. xiii. 28; + on Aurasium, ruled by Iaudas, IV. xii. 29, xiii. 1; + of Mauritania, ruled by Mastinas, IV. xiii. 19; + inhabit Mt. Papua, IV. iv. 27, vi. 19, 20; + not merged with the Vandals, III. v. 21; + their alliance secured by Gizeric, III. v. 22; + make war on the Vandals, III. viii. 1, 2; + dwelling on Mt. Aurasium, establish their independence from the Vandals, + III. viii. 5; + their wars with Gundamundus, III. viii. 7; + inflict a great disaster upon the Vandals, III. viii. 15-28; + of Byzacium, defeat the Vandals, III. ix. 3; + most of them seek alliance with the Romans, III. xxv. 2-4, + IV. viii. 11 ff.; + their doubtful fidelity, III. xxv. 9; + stationed in the rear of the Vandals at the battle of Tricamarum, + IV. iii. 8; + threaten the Roman power in Tripolis, IV. v. 10; + on Mt. Papua, drive back Pharas and his men, IV. vi. 1-3; + of Byzacium and Numidia, rise and overrun the + country, IV. viii. 20-23, x. 1, 2; + caught by Aïgan and Rufinus in an ambush, IV. x. 5; + in turn annihilate the Roman force, IV. x. 6 ff.; + receive a warning letter from Solomon, IV. xi. 1-8; + their reply, IV. xi. 9-13; + Solomon marches against them, IV. xi. 14; + prepare for battle at Mammes, IV. xi. 17, 18, 37-46; + defeated by the Romans, IV. xi. 47-54; + rise against the Romans a second time, IV. xii. 1; + establish themselves on Mt. Bourgaon, IV. xii. 3-9; + suffer a crushing defeat, IV. xii. 17 ff.; + finally understand their ancient prophecy, IV. xii. 28; + emigrate from Byzacium to Numidia, IV. xii, 29; + those under Antalas remain in Byzacium, IV. xii. 30; + of Aurasium, take up arms under Iaudas, IV. xiii. 1 ff.; + checked by Althias at the spring of Tigisis, IV. xiii. 8, 9; + in the army of Solomon, IV. xiii. 20; + elude Solomon on Mt. Aurasium, IV. xiii. 35, 36; + Solomon prepares another expedition against them, IV. xiii. 40; + with the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. xvii. 8; + their uncertain allegiance, IV. xvii. 9-12; + join in the pursuit of the mutineers, IV. xvii. 31; + on Aurasium; Solomon marches against them, IV. xix. 5; + defeat Gontharis, IV. xix. 8; + flood the Roman camp, IV. xix. 14; + retire to Mt. Aurasium, IV. xix. 16; + defeated by Solomon, retire to the heights of Aurasium, IV. xix. 17, 18; + abandon the fortress of Zerboule to the Romans, IV. xix. 23-32; + overwhelmingly defeated at Toumar, IV, xx. 1 ff.; + defeat the Romans under Solomon, IV. xxi. 25-28; + gather under Antalas, IV. xxii. 5; + tricked by Solomon the younger, IV. xxii. 12-17; + attack Laribus, IV. xxii. 18-20; + gathered a second time by Antalas, IV. xxiii. 1; + capture Himerius and take Hadrumetum, IV. xxiii. 10-15; + lose Hadrumetum, IV. xxiii. 25; + pillage all Libya unhindered, IV. xxiii. 26-32; + defeat the Roman army at Siccaveneria, IV. xxiv. 8-12; + at the invitation of Gontharis, march against Carthage, IV. xxv. 1, 2; + of Coutzinas, in the army of Artabanes, IV. xxvii. 25; + of Byzacium, defeated by John, IV. xxviii. 46; + with the Leuathae defeat John, IV. xxviii. 47, 48; + routed in a third battle, IV. xxviii. 50, 51; + of Coutzinas, in alliance with John, IV. xxviii. 50; + in Sardinia, Solomon prepares an expedition against them, + IV. xiii. 41, 45; + sent thither by the Vandals, IV. xiii. 43; + overrun the island, IV. xiii. 42, 44; + called Barbaricini, IV. xiii. 44; + their polygamy, IV. xi. 13; + untrustworthy by nature, IV. xiii. 37, xvii. 10, + even among themselves, IV. xxv. 16; + suspicious toward all, IV. xxvi. 2; + their hardiness as a nation, IV. vi. 5, 10-13; + their reckless character, IV. viii. 10; + their female oracles, IV. viii. 13; + their method of cooking bread, IV. vii. 3; + accustomed to take some women with their armies, IV. xi. 18, 19; + undesirable allies, IV. xiii. 40; + not practised in storming walls, IV. xxii. 20; + not diligent in guarding captives, IV. xxiii. 17; + the symbols of kingship among them received from the Roman + emperor, III. xxv. 5-7; + Moorish old man, guardian of Iaudas' treasures, IV. xx. 24; + slain by a Roman soldier, IV. xx. 27; + Moorish woman, IV. vii. 3 + +Moses, leader of the Hebrews, his death, IV. x. 13 + + +Nepos, emperor of the West, dies after a reign of a few days, III. vii. 15 + +Numidia, in Africa, adjoins Mauritania, III. xxv. 21; + its boundary near the plain of Boulla, III. xxv. 1; + Mt. Papua on its borders, IV. iv. 27; + includes Mt. Aurasium, III. viii. 5; + and the city of Hippo Regius, III. iii. 31, IV. iv. 26; + and the city of Tigisis, IV. x. 21; + Moors of, seek alliance with the Romans, III. xxv. 3; + plundered by the Moors, IV. viii. 9, x. 2; + plundered by Iaudas, IV. xiii. 1, 18; + a place of retreat for the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. xv. 44, 50, xvii. 1; + Romans retire from there, IV. xx. 30; + Gontharis commander there, IV. xxv. 1; + Moors of, march out against Carthage, IV. xxv. 2 + +Nun ("Naues"), father of Joshua ("Jesus"), IV. x. 13, 22 + + +Ocean, Procopius' conception of it as encircling the earth, III. 1. 4 + +Olyvrius, Roman senator, husband of Placidia, III. v. 6, vi. 6; + becomes emperor of the West; killed after a short reign, III. vii. 1 + +Optio (Latin), a kind of adjutant in the Roman army, + III. xvii. 1, IV. xx. 12 + +Ortaïas, Moorish ruler beyond Mt. Aurasium, IV. xiii. 19, 28; + accuses Iaudas to Solomon, IV. xiii. 19; + with the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. xvii. 8; + his report of the country beyond his own, IV. xiii. 29 + + +Palatium, the imperial residence in Rome; said to be named from Pallas, + III. xxi. 4; + despoiled by Gizeric, III. v. 34, IV. ix. 5 + +Palestine, settlement of the Hebrews there, IV. x. 13; + Moors emigrated therefrom, IV. x. 27 + +Pallas, an "eponymous" hero, used to explain the word "Palatium," + III. xxi. 4 + +Pannonia, entered by the Goths, III. ii. 39 + +Pappus, brother of John, IV. xvii. 6, xxviii. 45; + commander of cavalry, III. xi. 7; + on the right wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4 + +Papua, mountain in Numidia, IV. iv. 27; + Gelimer takes refuge there, IV. 26, 28; + its ascent attempted by Pharas, IV. vi. 1; + closely besieged, IV. iv. 28, vi. 3; + Cyprian sent thither to receive Gelimer, IV. vii. 11 + +Pasiphilus, a mutineer in the Roman army; active supporter of Gontharis, + IV. xxvii. 21, 22, 36, 38; + entertains John at a banquet, IV. xxviii. 3; + his death, IV. xxviii. 39 + +Patrician rank, III. ii. 15, xi. 17, IV. vi. 22, xvi. 1; + Gelimer excluded from it because of Arianism, IV. ix. 14 + +Paulus, a priest of Hadrumetum; + rescues the city from the Moors, IV. xxiii. 18-25; + comes to Byzantium, IV. xxiii. 29 + +Pedion Halon, in Libya, distance from Decimum; + forces of Gibamundus destroyed there, III. xviii. 12 + +Pegasius, friend of Solomon the younger, IV. xxii. 14, 15 + +Peloponnesus, III. xi. 24, IV. xiv. 18; + plundered by Gizeric, III. v. 23, xxii. 16 + +Pentapolis, part of Libya; + its rule falls to Cyrus, IV. xxi. 1 + +Perinthus, called Heracleia in Procopius' time, III, xii. 6 + +Persians, III. xix. 7; + make peace with the Romans, III. i. 1, ix. 25, 26; + Vandals fight against them IV. xiv. 18 + +Peter, Roman general, accused by the Massagetae of unfair dealing, IV. i. 6 + +Peter, of Thrace, body-guard of Solomon; + at the banquet of Gontharis, IV. xxviii. 3; + looks with approval upon Artabanes' plot, IV. xxviii. 24, 28; + with Artabanes cuts down the body-guards who remain, IV. xxviii. 33 + +Pharas, leader of Eruli, in the African expedition, III. xi. 11; + left in charge of the siege of Gelimer on Mt. Papua, + IV. iv. 28, 31, vi. 1, 3; + his correspondence with Gelimer, IV. vi. 15-30, vii. 6-9; + learns the reasons for Gelimer's peculiar request, and fulfils it, + IV. vi. 31-34; + reports to Belisarius, IV. vii. 10; + his good qualities, IV. iv. 29, 31; + an uneducated man, IV. vi. 15 + +Pharesmanes, father of Zaunas, IV. xix. 1, xx. 19 + +Phasis River, in Colchis, III. i. 11; + distance from Chalcedon, _ibid._ + +Phoenicia, its extent, IV. x. 15; + ruled by one king in ancient times, IV. x. 16; + home of various peoples, IV. x. 17; + Dido's emigration therefrom, IV. x. 25; + Phoenician tongue, spoken in Libya, IV. x. 20; + Phoenician writing, on two stones in Numidia IV. x. 22 + +Phredas, friend of Areobindus, sent by him to Gontharis, IV. xxvi. 8, 9 + +Placidia, sister of Arcadius and Honorius and wife of + Constantius, III. iii. 4; + mother of Valentinian, brings him up in vicious ways, III. iii. 10; + as regent for her son, appoints Boniface general of all + Libya, III. iii. 16; + gives ear to Aetius' slander of Boniface, III. iii. 17, 18; + summons him to Rome, III. iii. 18; + sends men to Boniface at Carthage, III. iii. 27; + upon learning the truth tries to bring him back, III. iii. 28, 29; + finally receives him back, III. iii. 36; + her death, III. iv. 15 + +Placidia, daughter of Eudoxia and wife of Olyvrius; + taken captive by Gizeric, III. v. 3, vi. 6; + sent to Byzantium, III. v. 6 + +Pontus, see Euxine + +Praetor, III. x. 3 + +Praetorian, see Prefect + +Prefect, praetorian prefect (lit. "of the court"), + III. x. 3, 7, xi. 17, xiii. 12; + of the army, "financial manager," III. xi. 17. cf. + III. xv. 13, xvii, 16, IV. xvi. 2 + +Prejecta, daughter of Vigilantia and wife of Areobindus, accompanies + him to Libya, IV. xxiv. 3; + placed in a fortress for her safety, IV. xxvi. 18; + removed from the fortress by Gontharis and compelled to give a + false report in a letter to Justinian, IV. xxvii. 20; + presents a great sum of money to Artabanes, IV. xxviii. 43 + +Proba, a notable woman of Rome; + according to one account opened the gates of the city to Alaric, + III. ii. 27 + +Procopius, author of the History of the Wars; + sails with Belisarius for Africa, III. xii. 3; + his reassuring dream, III. xii. 3-5; + sent by Belisarius to Syracuse to get information, III. xiv. 3, 4, 7-13; + praised by Belisarius III. xiv. 15; + congratulates Belisarius upon a good omen, III. xv. 35; + escapes from Carthage with Solomon, IV. xiv. 39; + goes to Belisarius in Syracuse, IV. xiv. 41 + +Pudentius, of Tripolis; + recovers this country for the Roman empire, III. x. 22-24, xi. 22, + IV. xxi. 3; + receives support from Belisarius, IV. v. 10; + persuades Sergius to receive only representatives of the + Leuathae, IV. xxi. 3; + rights against the Leuathae, IV. xxi. 13, 14; + his death, IV. xxii. 15 + + +Ravenna, city in Italy; + the refuge of Honorius, III. ii. 9, 25; + attacked by Alaric and Attalus, III. ii. 29 + +Reparatus, priest of Carthage; + sent by Gontharis to summon Areobindus, IV. xxvi. 23; + with difficulty persuades him to come, IV. xxvi. 24-27; + dismissed by Gontharis, IV. xxvi. 31 + +Rhecimer, slays his father-in-law Anthemius, emperor of the West, + III. vii. 1 + +Rhine River, crossed by the Vandals, III. iii. 1 + +Romans, subjects of the Roman empire, both in the East and in the West; + mentioned constantly throughout; + celebrate a festival commemorating the overthrow of Maximus, + III. iv. 16; + accustomed to enter subject cities in disorder, III. xxi. 9; + require especial oaths of loyalty from body-guards of officers, + IV. xviii. 6; + subjugate the peoples of Libya, IV. x. 28; + lose Libya to Gizeric and the Vandals, III. iii. 31-35; + send an unsuccessful expedition under Basiliscus against the Vandals, + III. vi. 1-24; + make peace with the Persians, III. ix. 26; + send a second expedition under Belisarius, III. xi. 1 ff.; + defeat the Vandals at Decimum, III. xviii. 5-19, xix. 31-33; + at Tricamarum, IV. ii. 4 ff.; + defeat the Moors at the battle of Mammes, IV. xi. 47-54; + on Mt. Bourgaon, IV. xii. 19 ff.; + and on Mt. Aurasium, IV. xix. 5-xx. 22; + further conflicts with the Moors, IV. xi.-xxviii.; + poverty of the Roman soldiers, IV. iv. 3; + their marriages with the Vandal women, IV. xiv. 8; + and their desire for the Vandals estates, IV. xiv. 10; + they make a mutiny, IV. xiv. 7 ff. + +Rome, abandoned by Honorius, III. ii. 8, 9; + completely sacked by the Visigoths, III. ii. 13; + captured by Alaric, III. ii. 14-23; + sacked by Alaric, III. ii. 24; + according to one account, was delivered over to Alaric by Proba, + III. ii. 27; + the suffering of the city during the siege of Alaric, III. ii. 27; + despoiled by Gizeric, III. v. 1 ff., IV. ix. 5 + +Rome, name of a cock of the Emperor Honorius, III. ii. 26 + +Rufinus, of Thrace; + of the house of Belisarius and his standard-bearer, IV. x. 3, 4; + commander of cavalry, III. xi. 7; + makes a successful attack upon the Moors in Byzacium, IV. x. 5; + his force in turn annihilated by the Moors, IV. x. 6 ff; + captured and killed, IV. x. 10, 11, xi. 22 + +Rufinus, son of Zaunas and brother of Leontius; + sent as commander to Libya, IV. xix. 1; + fights valorously at the capture of Toumar, IV. xx. 19 + + +Salarian Gate, at Rome, III. ii. 17, 22 + +Sallust, Roman historian, the house of, burned by Alaric, III. ii. 24 + +Sarapis, commander of Roman infantry, III. xi. 7, IV. xv. 50; + his death, IV. xv. 59 + +Sardinia, its size compared with that of Sicily, IV. xiii. 42; + half way between Rome and Carthage, _ibid._; + recovered by the Romans from the Vandals, III. vi. 8, 11; + occupied by the tyrant Godas, III. x. 26, 27; + Gelimer sends an expedition to recover it, III. xi. 22, 23; + subdued by Tzazon, III, xxiv. 1, 3, IV. ii. 25; + avoided by Cyril, III. xxiv. 19; + Tzazon and his men summoned thence by Gelimer, III. xxv. 10, 17, 24, 25; + recovered for the Roman empire by Cyril, IV. v. 2, 4; + Solomon sends an expedition against the Moors who had overrun the island, + IV. xiii. 41-45 + +Sauromatae, an old name for the Goths, III. ii. 2 + +Scalae Veteres, place in Numidia, IV. xvii. 3 + +Scythians, a barbarian people, III. xix. 7; + in the army of Attila, III. iv. 24 + +Scriptures of the Christians; + Areobindus seeks to protect himself by them, IV. xxvi. 27; + see also Gospel, and Hebrew Scriptures + +Septem, fort at the Pillars of Heracles, III. i. 6; + John sent thither with an army, IV. v. 6 + +Sergius, son of Bacchus, and brother of Cyrus; + becomes ruler of Tripolis in Libya, IV. xxi. 1; + brother of Solomon the younger, IV. xxi. 19; + threatened by an army of Leuathae, IV. xxi, 2; + receives representative from them, IV. xxi. 3 ff.; + meets them in battle, IV. xxi. 13, 14; + retires into the city, IV. xxi. 15; + and receives help from Solomon, IV. xxi. 16, 19; + succeeds Solomon in the command of Libya, IV. xxii. 1; + his misrule, IV. xxii, 2; + his recall demanded by Antalas, IV. xxii. 9, 10; + Justinian refuses to recall him, IV. xxii. 11; + appealed to by Paulus to save Hadrumetum, but does nothing, + IV. xxiii. 20, 21; + quarrels with John, son of Sisiniolus, IV. xxii. 3; xxiii. 32; + shares the rule of Libya with Areobindus, IV. xxiv. 4, 5; + departs to Numidia, IV. xxiv. 6; + disregards Areobindus' instructions to unite with John, IV. xxiv. 7, 8; + recalled and sent to Italy, IV. xxiv. 16, XXV. 1 + +Seric, see Medic Garments, IV. vi. 7 + +Sestus, city on the Hellespont, III. i. 8 + +Severianus, son of Asiaticus, a Phoenician; + his daring encounter with the Moors, IV. xxiii. 6-9; + escapes to Carthage, IV. xxiii. 17 + +Shield Mountain (Clypea), ancient fort on Aurasium, IV. xiii. 33 + +Shoal's Head, see Caputvada, III. xiv. 17 + +Siccaveneria, city in Libya; + distance from Carthage, IV. xxiv. 6 + +Sicily, its size compared with that of Sardinia, IV. xiii. 42; + invaded by Gizeric, III. v. 22, 23; + concessions given the Vandals there, III. viii. 13, IV. v. 21; + reached by the Roman fleet, III. xiii. 22; + expedition sent thither by Belisarius, IV. v. 11; + claimed by the Goths, IV. v. 19; + subjugated by Belisarius, IV. xiv. 1; + a mutiny there causes Belisarius to return to it, IV. xv. 48, 49; + refuge of Libyans, IV. xxiii. 28 + +Sidon, city at the extremity of Phoenicia, IV. x. 15 + +Sigeum, promontory on the coast of the Troad, III. xiii. 5 + +Singidunum, town in the land of the Gepaides, modern Belgrade, III. ii. 6 + +Sinnion, leader of the Massagetae, III. xi. 12 + +Sirmium, town in the land of the Gepaides, III. ii. 6 + +Sisiniolus, father of John, IV. xix. 1, xxii. 3, xxiii. 2, xxiv. 6 + +Sitiphis, metropolis of "First Mauritania," IV. xx. 30 + +Sittas, Roman general; slain by Artabanes, IV. xxvii. 17 + +Sophia, name of the great church in Byzantium, III. vi. 26 + +Solomon, commander of auxiliaries, III. xi. 5; + a eunuch, III. xi. 6; + a native of the country about Daras, III. xi. 9; + uncle of Bacchus, IV. xxi. 1; + sent to report Belisarius' victory to the emperor, III. xxiv. 19; + returns to Libya, IV. viii. 4; + left by Belisarius in charge of Libya, IV. viii. 23; + receives reinforcements from Byzantium, IV. viii. 24; + disturbed by the news of uprisings in Libya, IV. x. 1 _ff._; + writes to the Moorish leaders, IV. xi. 1-8; + their reply, IV. xi. 9-13; + moves against the Moors with his whole army, IV. xi. 14; + addresses his troops, IV. xi. 23-36; + inflicts a crushing defeat upon the enemy at Mammes, IV. xi. 15 ff.; + receives word of the second Moorish uprising, and marches back, + IV. xii. 2; + wins a brilliant victory on Mt. Bourgaon, IV. xii. 3 ff.; + moves against Iaudas, IV. xiii. 18; + instigated against him by other Moorish leaders, IV. xiii. 19; + encamps on the Abigas River, IV. xiii. 20; + ascends Mt. Aurasium with few provisions, IV. xiii. 30-33; + eluded by the Moors, IV. xiii. 35, 36; + returns to Carthage, IV. xiii. 39; + prepares a second expedition against Mt. Aurasium, IV. xiii. 40; + and against Sardinia, IV. xiii. 41. 45; + passes the winter in Carthage, IV. xiv. 4; + opposed by the soldiers in regard to confiscated lands, IV. xiv. 10; + plan to assassinate him, IV. xiv. 22; + his guards implicated in the plot, IV. xiv. 23; + failure of the conspirators to act, IV. xiv. 24-27; + tries to win back the loyalty of his men, IV. xiv. 30; + insulted openly, IV. xiv. 31; + sends Theodorus to the mutineers, IV. xiv. 32; + his enmity toward Theodorus, IV. xiv. 33; + his acquaintances killed by the mutineers, IV. xiv. 36; + flees to a sanctuary in the palace, IV. xiv. 37; + joined by Martinus there, _ibid._; + they come out to the house of Theodorus, IV. xiv. 38; + escape in a boat to Misuas, whence he sends Martinus to + Numidia, IV. xiv. 40; + writes to Theodorus, and departs to Syracuse, IV. xiv. 41; + begs Belisarius to come to Carthage, IV. xiv. 42; + returns with him, IV. xv. 9; + entrusted again with the command of Libya, IV. xix. 1; + his prosperous rule, IV. xix. 3, 4, xx. 33; + marches against Iaudas once more, IV. xix. 5; + sends Gontharis ahead, IV. xix. 6; + hears of the defeat of Gontharis, IV. xix. 9; + advances to the camp of Gontharis, thence to Babosis, IV. xix. 16; + defeats the Moors in battle, IV. xix. 17; + plunders the plain and then returns to Zerboule, IV. xix. 20; + which he unexpectedly captures, IV. xix. 25-31; + his care of the water supply during the siege of Toumar, IV. xx. 3; + addresses the army, IV. xx. 4-9; + tries to find a point of attack, IV. xx. 10, 11; + fortifies Mt. Aurasium against the Moors, IV. xx, 22; + fortifies many Libyan cities with money captured from Iaudas, + IV. xix. 3, xx. 29; + subjugates Zabe, or "First Mauritania," IV. xx. 30; + appealed to by Sergius for help, IV. xxi. 16; + incurs the enmity of Antalas, IV. xxi. 17, xxii. 7, 8; + marches against the Moors, IV. xxi. 19; + his overtures scorned by the Leuathae, IV. xxi. 20-22; + captures some booty and refuses to distribute it to the + soldiers, IV. xxi. 23, 24; + defeated by the Moors and slain, IV. xxi. 25-28; + Justinian's regard for him, IV. xxii. 11; + builds and fortifies a monastery in Carthage, IV. xxvi. 17; + standards of, recovered from the Moors, IV. xxviii. 46 + +Solomon the younger, brother of Cyrus and Sergius; + marches with Solomon against the Moors, IV. xxi. 19; + his capture and release, IV. xxii. 12-17 + +Solomon, king of the Jews, IV. ix. 7 + +Sophia, temple of, in Byzantium; + appropriateness of its name, III. vi. 26 + +Spain, settled by the Vandals, III. iii. 2, 22; + invaded by Constantinus, III. ii. 31; + settled by the Visigoths, III. iii. 26. xxiv. 7, IV. iv. 34 + +Stagnum, a harbour near Carthage, III. xv. 15; + the Roman fleet anchors there, III. xx. 15, 16 + +Stotzas, a body-guard of Martinus, destined not to return to + Byzantium, III. xi. 30; + chosen tyrant by the mutineers, IV. xv. 1; + marches on Carthage, IV. xv. 2; + invites the Vandals to join his army, IV. xv. 3, 4; + demands the surrender of Carthage, IV. xv. 5; + kills the envoy Joseph, and besieges Carthage, IV. xv. 8; + addresses his troops, IV. xv. 30-39; + defeated by Belisarius, IV. xv. 40 ff.; + his forces gather in Numidia, IV. xv. 50; + the Romans march against him at Gazophyla, IV. xv. 52; + comes alone into the Roman army and addresses the soldiers, + IV. xv. 53-57; + received with favour, IV. xv. 58; + kills the Roman commanders in a sanctuary, IV. xv. 59; + eager to fight a battle with Germanus, IV. xvi. 8; + approaches Carthage, hoping for defection from there, IV. xvi. 9, 10; + his hopes falsified, IV. xvii. 1; + defeated by Germanus at Scalae Veteres, IV. xvii. 3 ff.; + escapes with a few men, IV. xvii. 24; + hopes to renew the battle with the help of the Moors, IV. xvii. 32; + makes his escape with difficulty, IV. xvii. 33; + suffers another defeat, IV. xvii. 34; + withdraws to Mauritania and marries the daughter of a Moorish + chief, IV. xvii. 35; + the end of his mutiny, _ibid._; IV. xix. 3; + joins Antalas, IV. xxii. 5, xxiii. 1; + receives Roman captives, IV. xxiii. 10, 17; + joins the Moors in plundering Libya, IV. xxiii. 26-31; + Areobindus sends an army against him, IV. xxiv. 6; + his enmity against John, IV, xxiv. 9; + mortally wounded by him in battle, IV. xxiv. 11; + carried out of the battle, IV. xxiv. 12; + his death, IV. xxiv. 14; + succeeded by John as tyrant of the mutineers, IV. xxv. 3 + +Syllectus, city in Libya, III. xvi. 9; + captured by Belisarius' men, III. xvi. 11; + entered by the Roman army, III. xvii. 6 + +Symmachus, a Roman senator; + accompanies Germanus to Libya, IV. xvi. 2; + summoned to Byzantium, IV. xix. 1 + +Syracuse, city in Sicily, III. xiv. 13; + its harbour Arethusa, III. xiv. 11; + Procopius sent thither, III. xiv. 3, 7; + Belisarius passes the winter there, IV. xiv. 4, 41; + distance from Caucana, III. xiv. 4 + + +Taenarum, called Caenopolis in Procopius' time; + promontory of the Peloponnesus, III. xiii. 8; + Gizeric repulsed from there, III. xxii. 16 + +Tamougadis, a city at the foot of Mt. Aurasium; + dismantled by the Moors, IV. xiii. 26, xix. 20 + +Tattimuth, sent in command of an army to Tripolis, III. x. 23; + receives support from Belisarius, IV. v. 10 + +Taulantii, a people of Illyricum, III. ii. 9 + +Tebesta, city in Libya; + distance from Carthage, IV. xxi. 19 + +Terentius, Roman commander of infantry, III. xi. 7, IV. xv. 50 + +Theoderic, king of the Goths; + gives his daughter in marriage to the king of the Vandals, and + makes certain concessions in Sicily, III. viii. 11-13, IV. v. 21; + becomes hostile to the Vandals, III. ix. 3; + refrains from attacking them III. ix. 5; + his death, III. xiv. 6; + grandfather of Antalaric, _ibid._; + brother of Amalafrida, III. viii. 11, 13 + +Theodora, wife of Justinian; + distributes rewards to Gelimer and others, IV. ix. 13 + +Theodorus, youngest son of Gizeric; + his death, III. v. 11 + +Theodorus, called Cteanus, commander of infantry, III. xi. 7 + +Theodorus, commander of guards; + sent to the top of Mt. Bourgaon by Solomon, IV. xii. 17; + killed by the mutineers, IV. xiv. 35; + his excellent qualities as a soldier, _ibid._ + +Theodorus, the Cappadocian; + sent to Libya with an army, IV. viii. 24; + sent by Solomon to quiet the mutineers, IV. xiv. 32; + his enmity against Solomon, IV. xiv. 33; + elected general by the mutineers, IV. xiv. 34; + gives Solomon and Martinus dinner and helps them to escape, IV. xiv. 38; + bidden by Solomon to take care of Carthage, IV. xiv. 41; + refuses to surrender Carthage to Stotzas, IV. xv. 6; + made joint ruler of Carthage with Ildiger, IV. xv. 49; + at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. xvii. 6, 19; + learns of the plot of Maximinus from Asclepiades, IV. xviii. 4 + +Theodosius I, Roman emperor, father of Arcadius and Honorius, III. i. 2; + overthrows the tyranny of Maximus, III. iv. 16 + +Theodosius II, son of Arcadius; + becomes emperor of the East, III. ii. 33, iii. 6; + Honorius considers the possibility of finding refuge with him, + III. ii. 32; + rears Valentinian, III. iii. 5; + makes him emperor of the West, III. iii. 8; + sends an army against the tyrant John, _ibid._; + his death, III. iv. 39; + succeeded by Marcian, III. iv. 2, 10; + father of Eudoxia, III. iv. 15 + +Thrace, starting point of Alaric's invasion, III. ii. 7; + the Goths settle there for a time, III. ii. 39; + home of several Roman commanders, III. xi. 10; + adjoins "Germania," III. xi. 21; + royal horse-pastures there, III. xii. 6; + home of Himerius, IV. xxiii. 3; + and of Peter, IV. xxviii. 3 + +Thessalian cape, or chlamys, III. xxv. 7 + +Theodatus, king of the Goths; + Belisarius sent against him, IV. xiv. 1 + +Theudis, king of the Visigoths, IV. iv. 34; + receives envoys from Gelimer, III. xxiv. 7-16 + +Tigisis, city in Numidia, IV. x. 21; + two Phoenician inscriptions there, IV. x. 22; + its great spring, IV. xiii. 5 + +Titus, Roman emperor, IV. ix. 2; + his capture of Jerusalem, IV. ix. 5; + son of Vespasian, _ibid._ + +Toumar, place on the summit of Mt. Aurasium, IV. xix. 22; + besieged by the Romans, IV. xx. 1 ff.; + scaled by Gezon and captured by Solomon, IV. xx. 1-20 + +Trajan, Roman emperor, IV. ix. 2 + +Trasamundus, brother of Gundamundus; + becomes king of the Vandals, III. viii. 8; + tries to win over the Christians, III. viii. 9, 10; + asks the hand of Amalafrida, III. viii. 11; + becomes a friend of Anastasius, III. viii. 14; + his death, III. viii. 29 + +Tricamarum, place in Libya; + distance from Carthage, IV. ii. 4; + Vandals defeated there, IV. iii. 1 ff., iv. 35, v. 2, 9 + +Tripolis, district in Libya; + distance from Gadira, III. i. 14; + the Vandals there defeated by Heraclius, III. vi. 9, 11; + Moors dwelling there, III. viii. 15; + lost again by the Vandals, III. x. 22-24; + Gelimer hopeless of recovering it, III. xi. 22; + Belisarius sends an army thither, IV. v. 10; + rule of, falls to Sergius, IV. xxi. 1; + Leuathae come from there with a large army, IV. xxviii. 47 + +Troy, III. xxi. 4 + +Tryphon, sent to Libya to assess the taxes, IV. viii. 25 + +Tuscan Sea, separated from the Adriatic by Gaulus and Melita, III. xiv. 16; + severity of its storms, IV. iv. 37 + +Tzazon, brother of Gelimer; + sent with an army to recover Sardinia, III. xi. 23; + overthrows and kills Godas in Sardinia, III. xxiv. 1; + writes to Gelimer, III. xxiv. 2-4; + receives a letter from him, III. xxv. 10-18; + thereupon departs for Libya, III. xxv. 19-21; + meets Gelimer in the Plain of Boulla, III. xxv. 24; + addresses his troops separately, IV. ii. 23-32; + commands the centre at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. in. 1, 8, 10, 12; + his death, IV. iii. 14; + his head taken to Sardinia by Cyril, IV. v. 2, 4 + + +Uliaris, body-guard of Belisarius, III. xix. 23; + his stupid action at Decimum, III. xix. 24; + kills John the Armenian accidentally, IV, iv. 15 ff.; + takes refuge in a sanctuary, IV. iv. 21; + spared by Belisarius, IV. iv. 25 + +Ulitheus, trusted body-guard of Gontharis, IV. xxv. 8; + bears messages to Antalas, IV. xxv. 8-11, 19; + at Gontharis' order assassinates Areobindus, IV. xxvi. 32, 33, xxvii. 20; + marches with Artabanes against Antalas, IV. xxvii. 25 ff.; + killed by Artasires at the banquet of Gontharis, IV. xxviii. 19 ff. + + +Valentinian, son of Constantius, reared by Theodosius, III. iii. 5; + made emperor of the West, III. iii. 8; + captures John and after brutal abuse kills him, III. iii. 9; + his viciousness resulting from early training, III. iii. 10, 11; + loses Libya to the empire, III. iii. 12; + receives tribute and a hostage from Gizeric, III. iv. 13; + returns the hostage, III. iv. 14; + slays Aetius, III. iv. 27; + outrages the wife of Maximus, III. iv. 16 ff.; + slain by him, III. iv. 15, 36; + son of Placidia, III. iii. 10; + father of Eudocia and Placidia, III. v. 3, vi. 6; + husband of Eudoxia, III. iv. 15; + members of his family receive rewards from Justinian and Theodora, + IV. ix. 13 + +Valerian, commander of auxiliaries, III. xi. 6; + sent with Martinus in advance of the African expedition, + III. xi. 24, 29; + meets the Roman fleet at Methone, III. xiii. 9; + on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + Martinus sent to him in Numidia, IV. xiv. 40; + summoned to Byzantium, IV. xix. 2 + +Vandals, a Gothic people, III. ii. 2; + whence they came into the Roman empire, III. i. 1, iii. 1 ff.; + a portion of them left behind and lost to memory, III. xxii. 3, 13; + settle in Spain, III. iii. 2; + their alliance sought by Boniface, III. iii. 22, 25; + cross from Spain into Libya, III. iii. 26; + defeat Boniface in battle, III. iii. 31; + besiege Hippo Regius, III. iii. 32, 34; + defeat a second Roman army, III. iii. 35; + secure possession of Libya, III. xxii. 4; + send Moors to Sardinia, IV. xiii. 43; + take the church of St. Cyprian at Carthage from the Christians, + III. xxi. 19; + invade Italy and sack Rome, III. v. 1 ff.; + their numbers together with the Alani, III. v. 18-20; + absorb all barbarian peoples associated with them except the Moors, + III. v. 21; + Leon sends an expedition against them, III. vi. 1 ff.; + driven out of Sardinia by Marcellianus; III. vi. 8; + defeated in Tripolis by Heraclius, III. vi. 9; + lost Mt. Aurasium to the Moors, IV. xiii. 26; + enter into an "endless peace" with the emperor Zeno, III. vii. 26; + make war on the Moors, III. viii. 1, 2; + suffer a great disaster at the hands of the Moors, III. viii. 15-28; + defeated by the Moors, and become enemies of the Goths, III. ix. 3; + defeated many times by the Moors, IV. x. 29; + Justinian prepares an expedition against them, III. x. 1 ff.; + lose Tripolis, III. x. 22-24; + and Sardinia, III. x. 25-27; + letter addressed to them by Justinian, III. xvi. 12-14; + recover Sardinia, III. xxiv. 1; + defeated by the Romans at Decimum, III. xviii. 1 ff.; + greatly feared by the Roman army III. xix. 27; + collected by Gelimer in the Plain of Boulla, III. xxv. 1 ff.; + besiege Carthage, IV. i. 3; + invite the Huns to join them, IV. i. 5; + defeated by the Romans at Tricamarum, IV. ii. 4 ff.; + taken to Byzantium by Belisarius, IV. xiv. 17; + some of them go to the East, while the others escape to Libya, + IV. xiv. 17-19; + together with their women, sent out of Libya, IV. xix. 3; + upon invitation of Stotzas, join the mutineers, IV. xv. 3, 4; + accumulate great wealth in Africa, IV. iii. 26; + not trusted by the Libyans, III. xvi. 3; + their effeminacy as a nation, IV. vi. 5-9; + their women, as wives of the Romans, incite them to mutiny, + IV. xiv. 8, 9; + priests of, incite Romans of Arian faith to mutiny, IV. xiv. 13; + Vandals' estates, established by Gizeric, III. v. 12; + Vandals of Justinian, IV. xiv. 17 + +Veredarii (Latin), royal messengers, III. xvi. 12 + +Vespasian, Roman emperor, father of Titus, IV. ix. 5 + +Vigilantia, mother of Prejecta, and sister of Justinian, IV. xxiv. 3 + +Visigoths, a Gothic people, III. ii. 2; + their alliance with Arcadius, III. ii. 7; + the destruction wrought by them in Italy, III. ii. 11-12; + settle in Spain, III. iii. 26; IV. iv. 34; + invited to form alliance with the Vandals, III. xxiv. 7 + +Zabe, called "First Mauritania"; + subjugated by Solomon, IV. xx. 30 + +Zacynthus, island off the coast of Greece, III. xiii. 21; + its inhabitants the victims of Gizeric's atrocity, III. xxii. 15, 17, 18 + +Zaïdus, commander of Roman infantry, III. xi. 7 + +Zaunus, son of Paresmanes, and father of Leontius and Rufinus, + IV. xix. 1, xx. 19 + +Zeno, emperor of the East; + husband of Ariadne, and father of Leon the younger, III. vii. 2; + shares the empire with his infant son, III. vii. 3; + flees into Isauria, III. vii. 18; + gathers an army and marches against Basiliscus, III. vii. 20; + meets Harmatus and receives the army by surrender, III. vii. 21; + captures Basiliscus and banishes him, III. vii. 22, 24; + becomes emperor a second time, III. vii. 23; + kills Harmatus, _ibid._; + forms a compact with Gizeric, III. vii. 26 + +Zerboule, fortress on Mt. Aurasium, IV. xix. 19, 20; + besieged by the Romans, IV. xix. 23-27; + abandoned by the Moors, IV. xix. 28-32 + + + + * * * * * * + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + Periods added in index to some instances of Roman numerals + to conform to rest of index. + + Index Errata: + + Under Adriatic Sea "Melite" should read "Melita" + + "Apollonaris" should read "Apollonarius" + + "Arethusa" should read "Arethousa" (also under Syracuse) + + Under Ariadne "Zenon" should read "Zeno" + Also under: Basiliscus, brother of Berine + Basiliscus, son of Harmatus + Gizeric + Harmatus + Leon the younger + + "Atalaric" should be "Antalaric" + + Under Atalaric "Amalasuntha" should be "Amalasountha" + + "Centenarium" should be "Centenaria" + + "Dromon" should be "Dromone" + + "Gepaides" should be "Gepaedes" + Also under: Singidunum + Sirmium + + Under Gizeric "Olyvrius" should be "Olybrius" + Also under: Olyvrius + Placidia + + "Heraclius" should be "Heracleius" also under: Tripolis Vandals + + Under Iaudas "Mephanius" should be "Mephanias" + + "Iourpouthes" should be "Iourphothes" + + Under John, the mutineer, "Pamphilus" should be "Pasiphilus" + + "Juppiter" should be "Jupiter" + + Under Leontius "Zaunus" should be "Zaunas" Also under: Zaunus + + "Leptes" should be "Leptis" + + "Medeos" should be "Medeus" + + "Medissinissas" should be "Medisinissas" + + Under Zaunus "Paresmanes" should be "Pharesmanes" + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WARS, BOOKS III AND +IV (OF 8)*** + + +******* This file should be named 16765-8.txt or 16765-8.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/7/6/16765 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: +https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + diff --git a/16765-8.zip b/16765-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c435d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/16765-8.zip diff --git a/16765-h.zip b/16765-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..721215e --- /dev/null +++ b/16765-h.zip diff --git a/16765-h/16765-h.htm b/16765-h/16765-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7bbbc3 --- /dev/null +++ b/16765-h/16765-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,11969 @@ + <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the Wars, Books III and IV (of 8), by Procopius</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- +p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 100%; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + .tnote {border: dashed 1px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + +LI.indent { + margin-left: 5%; +} + +UL.toc { margin-left: 5%; list-style-type: none; position: relative +} + + .blockquote { margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 5%; } + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 2%; font-size: 95%; text-align: left;} /* page numbers */ + + +.sidenote {width: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; margin-left: 1em; + float: right; clear: right; margin-top: 1em; + font-size: 90%; background: #eeeeee; border: dashed 1px;} + + .bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + .bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + .bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + .br {border-right: solid 2px;} + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .fnanchor {font-size: 80%; } + hr.full { width: 100%; } + pre {font-size: x-small;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, History of the Wars, Books III and IV (of 8), +by Procopius, Translated by H. B. Dewing</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: History of the Wars, Books III and IV (of 8)</p> +<p> The Vandalic War </p> +<p>Author: Procopius</p> +<p>Translator: H. B. Dewing</p> +<p>Release Date: September 27, 2005 [eBook #16765]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WARS, BOOKS III AND IV (OF 8)***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, jayam,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (https://www.pgdp.net/)</h3> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" noshade="noshade" size="4" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h1>PROCOPIUS</h1> + + +<h2>HISTORY OF THE WARS,<br /> + BOOKS III AND IV</h2> +<br /> + +<h3>HISTORY OF THE WARS</h3> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h1>THE VANDALIC WAR</h1> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h2>PROCOPIUS</h2> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h4>WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY H.B. DEWING</h4> +<br /> +<h3>IN SEVEN VOLUMES</h3> +<br /> +<br /> +<h3>II</h3> +<br /> +<br /> +<h4>HISTORY OF THE WARS,<br /> +BOOKS III AND IV</h4> +<br /> +<br /> +<h5>First printed 1916</h5> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"><b>CONTENTS</b></a> +<br /> +<ul> +<li><a href="#BOOK_III"><b>BOOK III.—THE VANDALIC WAR</b></a></li> +<li><a href="#BOOK_IV"><b>BOOK IV.—THE VANDALIC WAR (<i>continued</i>)</b></a></li> +<li><a href="#INDEX"><b>INDEX</b></a></li> +</ul> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h2>PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA</h2> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<h2><a name="BOOK_III" id="BOOK_III">BOOK III<br /> +THE VANDALIC WAR</a></h2> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> + + + +<p>I</p> +<span class="sidenote">Jan. 17, 395 A.D.</span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_i_1" id="PageIII_i_1">[1-3]</a></span> +<p>Such, then, was the final outcome of the Persian War for the Emperor +Justinian; and I shall now proceed to set forth all that he did +against the Vandals and the Moors. But first shall be told whence came +the host of the Vandals when they descended upon the land of the +Romans. After Theodosius, the Roman Emperor, had departed from the +world, having proved himself one of the most just of men and an able +warrior, his kingdom was taken over by his two sons, Arcadius, the +elder, receiving the Eastern portion, and Honorius, the younger, the +Western. But the Roman power had been thus divided as far back as the +time of Constantine and his sons; for he transferred his government to +Byzantium, and making the city larger and much more renowned, allowed +it to be named after him. +</p> +<p>Now the earth is surrounded by a circle of ocean, either entirely or +for the most part (for our knowledge is not as yet at all clear in +this matter); and it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_i_4" id="PageIII_i_4">[4-9]</a></span> is split into two continents by a sort of +outflow from the ocean, a flow which enters at the western part and +forms this Sea which we know, beginning at Gadira<a name="FNanchor_1_III" id="FNanchor_1_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_III" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> and extending all +the way to the Maeotic Lake.<a name="FNanchor_2_III" id="FNanchor_2_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_III" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Of these two continents the one to the +right, as one sails into the Sea, as far as the Lake, has received the +name of Asia, beginning at Gadira and at the southern<a name="FNanchor_3_III" id="FNanchor_3_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_III" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> of the two +Pillars of Heracles. Septem<a name="FNanchor_4_III" id="FNanchor_4_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_III" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> is the name given by the natives to the +fort at that point, since seven hills appear there; for "septem" has +the force of "seven" in the Latin tongue. And the whole continent +opposite this was named Europe. And the strait at that point separates +the two continents<a name="FNanchor_5_III" id="FNanchor_5_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_III" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> by about eighty-four stades, but from there on +they are kept apart by wide expanses of sea as far as the Hellespont. +For at this point they again approach each other at Sestus and Abydus, +and once more at Byzantium and Chalcedon as far as the rocks called in +ancient times the "Dark Blue Rocks," where even now is the place +called Hieron. For at these places the continents are separated from +one another by a distance of only ten stades and even less than that. +</p> +<p>Now the distance from one of the Pillars of Heracles to the other, if +one goes along the shore and does not pass around the Ionian Gulf and +the sea called the Euxine but crosses from Chalcedon<a name="FNanchor_6_III" id="FNanchor_6_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_III" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> to Byzantium +and from Dryous<a name="FNanchor_7_III" id="FNanchor_7_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_III" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> to the opposite mainland,<a name="FNanchor_8_III" id="FNanchor_8_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_III" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_i_9" id="PageIII_i_9">[9-15]</a></span> is a journey of +two hundred and eighty-five days for an unencumbered traveller. For as +to the land about the Euxine Sea, which extends from Byzantium to the +Lake, it would be impossible to tell everything with precision, since +the barbarians beyond the Ister River, which they also call the +Danube, make the shore of that sea quite impossible for the Romans to +traverse—except, indeed, that from Byzantium to the mouth of the +Ister is a journey of twenty-two days, which should be added to the +measure of Europe by one making the computation. And on the Asiatic +side, that is from Chalcedon to the Phasis River, which, flowing from +the country of the Colchians, descends into the Pontus, the journey is +accomplished in forty days. So that the whole Roman domain, according +to the distance along the sea at least, attains the measure of a three +hundred and forty-seven days' journey, if, as has been said, one +ferries over the Ionian Gulf, which extends about eight hundred stades +from Dryous. For the passage across the gulf<a name="FNanchor_9_III" id="FNanchor_9_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_III" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> amounts to a journey +of not less than four days. Such, then, was the size of the Roman +empire in the ancient times. +</p> +<p>And there fell to him who held the power in the West the most of +Libya, extending ninety days' journey—for such is the distance from +Gadira to the boundaries of Tripolis in Libya; and in Europe he +received as his portion territory extending seventy-five days' +journey—for such is the distance from the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_i_15" id="PageIII_i_15">[15-2]</a></span> northern<a name="FNanchor_10_III" id="FNanchor_10_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_III" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> of the +Pillars of Heracles to the Ionian Gulf.<a name="FNanchor_11_III" id="FNanchor_11_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_III" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> And one might add also the +distance around the gulf. And the emperor of the East received +territory extending one hundred and twenty days' journey, from the +boundaries of Cyrene in Libya as far as Epidamnus, which lies on the +Ionian Gulf and is called at the present time Dyrrachium, as well as +that portion of the country about the Euxine Sea which, as previously +stated, is subject to the Romans. Now one day's journey extends two +hundred and ten stades,<a name="FNanchor_12_III" id="FNanchor_12_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_III" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> or as far as from Athens to Megara. Thus, +then, the Roman emperors divided either continent between them. And +among the islands Britain, which is outside the Pillars of Heracles +and by far the largest of all islands, was counted, as is natural, +with the West; and inside the Pillars, Ebusa,<a name="FNanchor_13_III" id="FNanchor_13_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_III" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> which lies in the +Mediterranean in what we may call the Propontis, just inside the +opening where the ocean enters, about seven days' journey from the +opening, and two others near it, Majorica and Minorica, as they are +called by the natives, were also assigned to the Western empire. And +each of the islands in the Sea itself fell to the share of that one of +the two emperors within whose boundaries it happened to lie. +</p><br /> +<p>II</p> +<span class="sidenote">395-423 A.D</span> + +<p>Now while Honorius was holding the imperial power in the West, +barbarians took possession of his land; and I shall tell who they were +and in what manner they did so. There were many Gothic nations +in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_2" id="PageIII_ii_2">[2-8]</a></span> earlier times, just as also at the present, but the greatest +and most important of all are the Goths, Vandals, Visigoths, and +Gepaedes. In ancient times, however, they were named Sauromatae and +Melanchlaeni;<a name="FNanchor_14_III" id="FNanchor_14_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_III" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> and there were some too who called these nations +Getic. All these, while they are distinguished from one another by +their names, as has been said, do not differ in anything else at all. +For they all have white bodies and fair hair, and are tall and +handsome to look upon, and they use the same laws and practise a +common religion. For they are all of the Arian faith, and have one +language called Gothic; and, as it seems to me, they all came +originally from one tribe, and were distinguished later by the names +of those who led each group. This people used to dwell above the Ister +River from of old. Later on the Gepaedes got possession of the country +about Singidunum<a name="FNanchor_15_III" id="FNanchor_15_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_III" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> and Sirmium,<a name="FNanchor_16_III" id="FNanchor_16_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_III" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> on both sides of the Ister +River, where they have remained settled even down to my time. +</p> +<p>But the Visigoths, separating from the others, removed from there and +at first entered into an alliance with the Emperor Arcadius, but at a +later time (for faith with the Romans cannot dwell in barbarians), +under the leadership of Alaric, they became hostile to both emperors, +and, beginning with Thrace, treated all Europe as an enemy's land. Now +the Emperor Honorius had before this time been sitting in Rome, with +never a thought of war +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_8" id="PageIII_ii_8">[8-15]</a></span> in his mind, but glad, I think, if men +allowed him to remain quiet in his palace. But when word was brought +that the barbarians with a great army were not far off, but somewhere +among the Taulantii,<a name="FNanchor_17_III" id="FNanchor_17_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_III" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> he abandoned the palace and fled in +disorderly fashion to Ravenna, a strong city lying just about at the +end of the Ionian Gulf, while some say that he brought in the +barbarians himself, because an uprising had been started against him +among his subjects; but this does not seem to me trustworthy, as far, +at least, as one can judge of the character of the man. And the +barbarians, finding that they had no hostile force to encounter them, +became the most cruel of all men. For they destroyed all the cities +which they captured, especially those south of the Ionian Gulf, so +completely that nothing has been left to my time to know them by, +unless, indeed, it might be one tower or one gate or some such thing +which chanced to remain. And they killed all the people, as many as +came in their way, both old and young alike, sparing neither women nor +children. Wherefore even up to the present time Italy is sparsely +populated. They also gathered as plunder all the money out of all +Europe, and, most important of all, they left in Rome nothing whatever +of public or private wealth when they moved on to Gaul. But I shall +now tell how Alaric captured Rome. +</p> +<p>After much time had been spent by him in the siege, and he had not +been able either by force or by any other device to capture the place, +he formed the following plan. Among the youths in the army whose +beards had not yet grown, but who had just come of age, he chose out +three hundred whom he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_15" id="PageIII_ii_15">[15-21]</a></span> knew to be of good birth and possessed of +valour beyond their years, and told them secretly that he was about to +make a present of them to certain of the patricians in Rome, +pretending that they were slaves. And he instructed them that, as soon +as they got inside the houses of those men, they should display much +gentleness and moderation and serve them eagerly in whatever tasks +should be laid upon them by their owners; and he further directed them +that not long afterwards, on an appointed day at about midday, when +all those who were to be their masters would most likely be already +asleep after their meal, they should all come to the gate called +Salarian and with a sudden rush kill the guards, who would have no +previous knowledge of the plot, and open the gates as quickly as +possible. After giving these orders to the youths, Alaric straightway +sent ambassadors to the members of the senate, stating that he admired +them for their loyalty toward their emperor, and that he would trouble +them no longer, because of their valour and faithfulness, with which +it was plain that they were endowed to a remarkable degree, and in +order that tokens of himself might be preserved among men both noble +and brave, he wished to present each one of them with some domestics. +After making this declaration and sending the youths not long +afterwards, he commanded the barbarians to make preparations for the +departure, and he let this be known to the Romans. And they heard his +words gladly, and receiving the gifts began to be exceedingly happy, +since they were completely ignorant of the plot of the barbarian. For +the youths, by being unusually obedient to their owners, averted +suspicion, and in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_21" id="PageIII_ii_21">[21-26]</a></span> the camp some were already seen moving from +their positions and raising the siege, while it seemed that the others +were just on the point of doing the very same thing. But when the +appointed day had come, Alaric armed his whole force for the attack +and was holding them in readiness close by the Salarian Gate; for it +happened that he had encamped there at the beginning of the +siege.<span class="sidenote">Aug. 24, 410 A.D.</span>And all the youths at the time of the day agreed upon came to this +gate, and, assailing the guards suddenly, put them to death; then they +opened the gates and received Alaric and the army into the city at +their leisure. And they set fire to the houses which were next to the +gate, among which was also the house of Sallust, who in ancient times +wrote the history of the Romans, and the greater part of this house +has stood half-burned up to my time; and after plundering the whole +city and destroying the most of the Romans, they moved on. At that +time they say that the Emperor Honorius in Ravenna received the +message from one of the eunuchs, evidently a keeper of the poultry, +that Rome had perished. And he cried out and said, "And yet it has +just eaten from my hands!" For he had a very large cock, Rome by name; +and the eunuch comprehending his words said that it was the city of +Rome which had perished at the hands of Alaric, and the emperor with a +sigh of relief answered quickly: "But I, my good fellow, thought that +my fowl Rome had perished." So great, they say, was the folly with +which this emperor was possessed.</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_27" id="PageIII_ii_27">[27-32]</a></span> +<p>But some say that Rome was not +captured in this way by Alaric, but that Proba, a woman of very +unusual eminence in wealth and in fame among the Roman senatorial +class, felt pity for the Romans who were being destroyed by hunger and +the other suffering they endured; for they were already even tasting +each other's flesh; and seeing that every good hope had left them, +since both the river and the harbour were held by the enemy, she +commanded her domestics, they say, to open the gates by night. +</p> +<p>Now when Alaric was about to depart from Rome, he declared Attalus, +one of their nobles, emperor of the Romans, investing him with the +diadem and the purple and whatever else pertains to the imperial +dignity. And he did this with the intention of removing Honorius from +his throne and of giving over the whole power in the West to Attalus. +With such a purpose, then, both Attalus and Alaric were going with a +great army against Ravenna. But this Attalus was neither able to think +wisely himself, nor to be persuaded by one who had wisdom to offer. So +while Alaric did not by any means approve the plan, Attalus sent +commanders to Libya without an army. Thus, then, were these things +going on.</p> +<span class="sidenote">407 A.D.</span> + +<p>And the island of Britain revolted from the Romans, and the soldiers +there chose as their king Constantinus, a man of no mean station. And +he straightway gathered a fleet of ships and a formidable army and +invaded both Spain and Gaul with a great force, thinking to enslave +these countries. But Honorius was holding ships in readiness and +waiting to see what +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_32" id="PageIII_ii_32">[32-39]</a></span> would happen in Libya, in order that, if +those sent by Attalus were repulsed, he might himself sail for Libya +and keep some portion of his own kingdom, while if matters there +should go against him, he might reach Theodosius and remain with him. +<span class="sidenote">408-450 A.D.</span> +For Arcadius had already died long before, and his son Theodosius, +still a very young child,<a name="FNanchor_18_III" id="FNanchor_18_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_III" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> held the power of the East. But while +Honorius was thus anxiously awaiting the outcome of these events and +tossed amid the billows of uncertain fortune, it so chanced that some +wonderful pieces of good fortune befell him. For God is accustomed to +succour those who are neither clever nor able to devise anything of +themselves, and to lend them assistance, if they be not wicked, when +they are in the last extremity of despair; such a thing, indeed, +befell this emperor. For it was suddenly reported from Libya that the +commanders of Attalus had been destroyed, and that a host of ships was +at hand from Byzantium with a very great number of soldiers who had +come to assist him, though he had not expected them, and that Alaric, +having quarrelled with Attalus, had stripped him of the emperor's garb +and was now keeping him under guard in the position of a private +citizen. +<span class="sidenote">411 A.D.</span> +And afterwards Alaric died of disease, and the army of the Visigoths +under the leadership of Adaulphus proceeded into Gaul, and +Constantinus, defeated in battle, died with his sons. However the +Romans never succeeded in recovering Britain, but it remained from +that time on under tyrants. And the Goths, after making the crossing +of the Ister, at first occupied Pannonia, but afterwards, since the +emperor gave them the right, they inhabited the country of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ii_39" id="PageIII_ii_39">[39-4]</a></span> +Thrace. And after spending no great time there they conquered the +West. But this will be told in the narrative concerning the Goths. +</p><br /> +<p>III +</p> +<p>Now the Vandals dwelling about the Maeotic Lake, since they were +pressed by hunger, moved to the country of the Germans, who are now +called Franks, and the river Rhine, associating with themselves the +Alani, a Gothic people. Then from there, under the leadership of +Godigisclus, they moved and settled in Spain, which is the first land +of the Roman empire on the side of the ocean. At that time Honorius +made an agreement with Godigisclus that they should settle there on +condition that it should not be to the detriment of the country. But +there was a law among the Romans, that if any persons should fail to +keep their property in their own possession, and if, meanwhile, a time +amounting to thirty years should pass, that these persons should +thenceforth not be entitled to proceed against those who had forced +them out, but they were excluded by demurrer<a name="FNanchor_19_III" id="FNanchor_19_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_III" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> from access to the +court; and in view of this he established a law that whatever time +should be spent by the Vandals in the Roman domain should not by any +means be counted toward this thirty-year demurrer. +<span class="sidenote">Aug. 27, 423 A.D.</span> +And Honorius himself, when the West had been driven by him to this +pass, died of disease. +Now before this, as it happened, the royal power had been shared +by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iii_4" id="PageIII_iii_4">[4-9]</a></span> +Honorius with Constantius, the husband of Placidia, the sister of +Arcadius and Honorius; <span class="sidenote">421 A.D.</span>but he lived to exercise the power only a few +days, and then, becoming seriously ill, he died while Honorius was +still living, having never succeeded in saying or in doing anything +worth recounting; for the time was not sufficient during which he +lived in possession of the royal power. Now a son of this Constantius, +Valentinian, a child just weaned, was being reared in the palace of +Theodosius, but the members of the imperial court in Rome chose one of +the soldiers there, John by name, as emperor. +This man was both gentle and well-endowed with sagacity and thoroughly +capable of valorous deeds. At any rate he held the tyranny five +years<a name="FNanchor_20_III" id="FNanchor_20_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_III" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> and directed it with moderation, and he neither gave ear to +slanderers nor did he do any unjust murder, willingly at least, nor +did he set his hand to robbing men of money; but he did not prove able +to do anything at all against the barbarians, since his relations with +Byzantium were hostile. Against this John, Theodosius, the son of +Arcadius, sent a great army and Aspar and Ardaburius, the son of +Aspar, as generals, and wrested from him the tyranny and gave over the +royal power to Valentinian, who was still a child. And Valentinian +took John alive, and he brought him out in the hippodrome of Aquileia +with one of his hands cut off and caused him to ride in state on an +ass, and then after he had suffered much ill treatment from the +stage-performers there, both in word and in deed, he put him to death. +<span class="sidenote">426 A.D.</span> +Thus Valentinian took +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iii_9" id="PageIII_iii_9">[9-16]</a></span> over the power of the West. But Placidia, +his mother, had reared this emperor and educated him in an altogether +effeminate manner, and in consequence he was filled with wickedness +from childhood. For he associated mostly with sorcerers and those who +busy themselves with the stars, and, being an extraordinarily zealous +pursuer of love affairs with other men's wives, he conducted himself +in a most indecent manner, although he was married to a woman of +exceptional beauty. +<span class="sidenote">455 A.D.</span> +And not only was this true, but he also failed to recover for the +empire anything of what had been wrested from it before, and he both +lost Libya in addition to the territory previously lost and was +himself destroyed. And when he perished, it fell to the lot of his +wife and his children to become captives. Now the disaster in Libya +came about as follows. +</p> +<p>There were two Roman generals, Aetius and Boniface, especially valiant +men and in experience of many wars inferior to none of that time at +least. These two came to be at variance in regard to matters of state, +but they attained to such a degree of highmindedness and excellence in +every respect that if one should call either of them "the last of the +Romans" he would not err, so true was it that all the excellent +qualities of the Romans were summed up in these two men. One of these, +Boniface, was appointed by Placidia general of all Libya. Now this was +not in accord with the wishes of Aetius, but he by no means disclosed +the fact that it did not please him. For their hostility had not as +yet come to light, but was concealed behind the countenance +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iii_16" id="PageIII_iii_16">[16-23]</a></span> of +each. But when Boniface had got out of the way, Aetius slandered him +to Placidia, saying that he was setting up a tyranny and had robbed +her and the emperor of all Libya, and he said that it was very easy +for her to find out the truth; for if she should summon Boniface to +Rome, he would never come. And when the woman heard this, Aetius +seemed to her to speak well and she acted accordingly. But Aetius, +anticipating her, wrote to Boniface secretly that the mother of the +emperor was plotting against him and wished to put him out of the way. +And he predicted to him that there would be convincing proof of the +plot; for he would be summoned very shortly for no reason at all. Such +was the announcement of the letter. And Boniface did not disregard the +message, for as soon as those arrived who were summoning him to the +emperor, he refused to give heed to the emperor and his mother, +disclosing to no one the warning of Aetius. So when Placidia heard +this, she thought that Aetius was exceedingly well-disposed towards +the emperor's cause and took under consideration the question of +Boniface. But Boniface, since it did not seem to him that he was able +to array himself against the emperor, and since if he returned to Rome +there was clearly no safety for him, began to lay plans so that, if +possible, he might have a defensive alliance with the Vandals, who, as +previously stated, had established themselves in Spain not far from +Libya. There Godigisclus had died and the royal power had fallen to +his sons, Gontharis, who was born to him from his wedded wife, and +Gizeric,<a name="FNanchor_21_III" id="FNanchor_21_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_III" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> of illegitimate birth. But the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iii_23" id="PageIII_iii_23">[23-29]</a></span> former was still a +child and not of very energetic temper, while Gizeric had been +excellently trained in warfare, and was the cleverest of all men. +Boniface accordingly sent to Spain those who were his own most +intimate friends and gained the adherence of each of the sons of +Godigisclus on terms of complete equality, it being agreed that each +one of the three, holding a third part of Libya, should rule over his +own subjects; but if a foe should come against any one of them to make +war, that they should in common ward off the aggressors. On the basis +of this agreement the Vandals crossed the strait at Gadira and came +into Libya, and the Visigoths in later times settled in Spain. But in +Rome the friends of Boniface, remembering the character of the man and +considering how strange his action was, were greatly astonished to +think that Boniface was setting up a tyranny, and some of them at the +order of Placidia went to Carthage. There they met Boniface, and saw +the letter of Aetius, and after hearing the whole story they returned +to Rome as quickly as they could and reported to Placidia how Boniface +stood in relation to her. And though the woman was dumbfounded, she +did nothing unpleasant to Aetius nor did she upbraid him for what he +had done to the emperor's house, for he himself wielded great power +and the affairs of the empire were already in an evil plight; but she +disclosed to the friends of Boniface the advice Aetius had given, and, +offering oaths and pledges of safety, entreated them to persuade the +man, if they could, to return to his fatherland and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iii_29" id="PageIII_iii_29">[29-36]</a></span> not to +permit the empire of the Romans to lie under the hand of barbarians. +And when Boniface heard this, he repented of his act and of his +agreement with the barbarians, and he besought them incessantly, +promising them everything, to remove from Libya. But since they did +not receive his words with favour, but considered that they were being +insulted, he was compelled to fight with them, and being defeated in +the battle, he retired to Hippo<a name="FNanchor_22_III" id="FNanchor_22_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_III" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> Regius, a strong city in the +portion of Numidia that is on the sea. There the Vandals made camp +under the leadership of Gizeric and began a siege; for Gontharis had +already died. And they say that he perished at the hand of his +brother. The Vandals, however, do not agree with those who make this +statement, but say that Gontharis' was captured in battle by Germans +in Spain and impaled, and that Gizeric was already sole ruler when he +led the Vandals into Libya. This, indeed, I have heard from the +Vandals, stated in this way. But after much time had passed by, since +they were unable to secure Hippo Regius either by force or by +surrender, and since at the same time they were being pressed by +hunger, they raised the siege. And a little later Boniface and the +Romans in Libya, since a numerous army had come from both Rome and +Byzantium and Aspar with them as general, decided to renew the +struggle, and a fierce battle was fought in which they were badly +beaten by the enemy, and they made haste to flee as each one could. +And Aspar betook himself homeward, and Boniface, coming +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iii_36" id="PageIII_iii_36">[36-8]</a></span> before +Placidia, acquitted himself of the suspicion, showing that it had +arisen against him for no true cause. +</p><br /> +<p>IV +</p> +<p>So the Vandals, having wrested Libya from the Romans in this way, made +it their own. And those of the enemy whom they took alive they reduced +to slavery and held under guard. Among these happened to be Marcian, +who later upon the death of Theodosius assumed the imperial power. At +that time, however, Gizeric commanded that the captives be brought +into the king's courtyard, in order that it might be possible for him, +by looking at them, to know what master each of them might serve +without degradation. And when they were gathered under the open sky, +about midday, the season being summer, they were distressed by the sun +and sat down. And somewhere or other among them Marcian, quite +neglected, was sleeping. Then an eagle flew over him spreading out his +wings, as they say, and always remaining in the same place in the air +he cast a shadow over Marcian alone. And Gizeric, upon seeing from the +upper storey what was happening, since he was an exceedingly +discerning person, suspected that the thing was a divine +manifestation, and summoning the man enquired of him who he might be. +And he replied that he was a confidential adviser of Aspar; such a +person the Romans call a "domesticus" in their own tongue. And when +Gizeric heard this and considered first the meaning +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iv_8" id="PageIII_iv_8">[8-13]</a></span> of the +bird's action, and then remembered how great power Aspar exercised in +Byzantium, it became evident to him that the man was being led to +royal power. He therefore by no means deemed it right to kill him, +reasoning that, if he should remove him from the world, it would be +very clear that the thing which the bird had done was nothing (for he +would not honour with his shadow a king who was about to die +straightway), and he felt, too, that he would be killing him for no +good cause; and if, on the other hand, it was fated that in later +times the man should become king, it would never be within his power +to inflict death upon him; for that which has been decided upon by God +could never be prevented by a man's decision. But he bound Marcian by +oaths that, if it should be in his power, he would never take up arms +against the Vandals at least. Thus, then, Marcian was released and +came to Byzantium, and when at a later time Theodosius died he +received the empire.<span class="sidenote">450 A.D.</span> + +And in all other respects he proved himself a +good emperor, but he paid no attention at all to affairs in Libya. But +this happened in later times. +</p> +<p>At that time Gizeric, after conquering Aspar and Boniface in battle, +displayed a foresight worth recounting, whereby he made his good +fortune most thoroughly secure. For fearing lest, if once again an +army should come against him from both Rome and Byzantium, the Vandals +might not be able to use the same strength and enjoy the same fortune, +(since human affairs are wont to be overturned by Heaven and to fail +by reason of the weakness of men's bodies), he was not lifted up by +the good fortune he had enjoyed, but rather became moderate because of +what he feared, and so he made a treaty +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iv_13" id="PageIII_iv_13">[13-20]</a></span> with the Emperor +Valentinian providing that each year he should pay to the emperor +tribute from Libya, and he delivered over one of his sons, Honoric, as +a hostage to make this agreement binding. So Gizeric both showed +himself a brave man in the battle and guarded the victory as securely +as possible, and, since the friendship between the two peoples +increased greatly, he received back his son Honoric. And at Rome +Placidia had died before this time, and after her, Valentinian, her +son, also died, having no male offspring, but two daughters had been +born to him from Eudoxia, the child of Theodosius. And I shall now +relate in what manner Valentinian died. +</p> +<p>There was a certain Maximus, a Roman senator, of the house of that +Maximus<a name="FNanchor_23_III" id="FNanchor_23_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_III" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> who, while usurping the imperial power, was overthrown by +the elder Theodosius and put to death, and on whose account also the +Romans celebrate the annual festival named from the defeat of Maximus. +This younger Maximus was married to a woman discreet in her ways and +exceedingly famous for her beauty. For this reason a desire came over +Valentinian to have her to wife. And since it was impossible, much as +he wished it, to meet her, he plotted an unholy deed and carried it to +fulfilment. For he summoned Maximus to the palace and sat down with +him to a game of draughts, and a certain sum was set as a penalty for +the loser; and the emperor won in this game, and receiving Maximus' +ring as a pledge for the agreed amount, he sent it to his house, +instructing the messenger to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iv_20" id="PageIII_iv_20">[20-28]</a></span> tell the wife of Maximus that her +husband bade her come as quickly as possible to the palace to salute +the queen Eudoxia. And she, judging by the ring that the message was +from Maximus, entered her litter and was conveyed to the emperor's +court. And she was received by those who had been assigned this +service by the emperor, and led into a certain room far removed from +the women's apartments, where Valentinian met her and forced her, much +against her will. And she, after the outrage, went to her husband's +house weeping and feeling the deepest possible grief because of her +misfortune, and she cast many curses upon Maximus as having provided +the cause for what had been done. Maximus, accordingly, became +exceedingly aggrieved at that which had come to pass, and straightway +entered into a conspiracy against the emperor; but when he saw that +Aetius was exceedingly powerful, for he had recently conquered Attila, +who had invaded the Roman domain with a great army of Massagetae and +the other Scythians, the thought occurred to him that Aetius would be +in the way of his undertaking. And upon considering this matter, it +seemed to him that it was the better course to put Aetius out of the +way first, paying no heed to the fact that the whole hope of the +Romans centred in him. And since the eunuchs who were in attendance +upon the emperor were well-disposed toward him, he persuaded the +emperor by their devices that Aetius was setting on foot a revolution. +And Valentinian, judging by nothing else than the power and valour of +Aetius that the report was true, put the man to death. +<span class="sidenote">Sept.21, 454 A.D.</span> +Whereupon a certain Roman made himself famous +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iv_28" id="PageIII_iv_28">[28-33]</a></span> by a saying which +he uttered. For when the emperor enquired of him whether he had done +well in putting Aetius to death, he replied saying that, as to this +matter, he was not able to know whether he had done well or perhaps +otherwise, but one thing he understood exceedingly well, that he had +cut off his own right hand with the other. +</p> +<p>So after the death of Aetius,<a name="FNanchor_24_III" id="FNanchor_24_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_III" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> Attila, since no one was a match for +him, plundered all Europe with no trouble and made both emperors +subservient and tributary to himself. For tribute money was sent to +him every year by the emperors. At that time, while Attila was +besieging Aquileia, a city of great size and exceedingly populous +situated near the sea and above the Ionian Gulf, they say that the +following good fortune befell him. For they tell the story that, when +he was able to capture the place neither by force nor by any other +means, he gave up the siege in despair, since it had already lasted a +long time, and commanded the whole army without any delay to make +their preparations for the departure, in order that on the morrow all +might move from there at sunrise. And the following day about sunrise, +the barbarians had raised the siege and were already beginning the +departure, when a single male stork which had a nest on a certain +tower of the city wall and was rearing his nestlings there suddenly +rose and left the place with his young. And the father stork was +flying, but the little storks, since they were not yet quite ready to +fly, were at times sharing their father's flight and at times +riding +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iv_33" id="PageIII_iv_33">[33-38]</a></span> upon his back, and thus they flew off and went far away +from the city. And when Attila saw this (for he was most clever at +comprehending and interpreting all things), he commanded the army, +they say, to remain still in the same place, adding that the bird +would never have gone flying off at random from there with his +nestlings, unless he was prophesying that some evil would come to the +place at no distant time. Thus, they say, the army of the barbarians +settled down to the siege once more, and not long after that a portion +of the wall—the very part which held the nest of that bird—for no +apparent reason suddenly fell down, and it became possible for the +enemy to enter the city at that point, and thus Aquileia was captured +by storm. Such is the story touching Aquileia. +</p> +<p><span class="sidenote">455 A.D.</span>Later on Maximus slew the emperor with no trouble and secured the +tyranny, and he married Eudoxia by force. For the wife to whom he had +been wedded had died not long before. And on one occasion in private +he made the statement to Eudoxia that it was all for the sake of her +love that he had carried out all that he had done. And since she felt +a repulsion for Maximus even before that time, and had been desirous +of exacting vengeance from him for the wrong done Valentinian, his +words made her swell with rage still more against him, and led her on +to carry out her plot, since she had heard Maximus say that on account +of her the misfortune had befallen her husband. And as soon as day +came, she sent to Carthage +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_iv_38" id="PageIII_iv_38">[38-4]</a></span> entreating Gizeric to avenge +Valentinian, who had been destroyed by an unholy man, in a manner +unworthy both of himself and of his imperial station, and to deliver +her, since she was suffering unholy treatment at the hand of the +tyrant. And she impressed it upon Gizeric that, since he was a friend +and ally and so great a calamity had befallen the imperial house, it +was not a holy thing to fail to become an avenger. For from Byzantium +she thought no vengeance would come, since Theodosius had already<span class="sidenote">Mar. 17, 455.A.D.</span> +departed from the world and Marcian had taken over the empire. +</p><br /> +<p>V +</p> +<p>And Gizeric, for no other reason than that he suspected that much +money would come to him, set sail for Italy with a great fleet. And +going up to Rome, since no one stood in his way, he took possession of +the palace. Now while Maximus was trying to flee, the Romans threw +stones at him and killed him, and they cut off his head and each of +his other members and divided them among themselves. But Gizeric took +Eudoxia captive, together with Eudocia and Placidia, the children of +herself and Valentinian, and placing an exceedingly great amount of +gold and other imperial treasure<a name="FNanchor_25_III" id="FNanchor_25_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_III" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> in his ships sailed to Carthage, +having spared neither bronze nor anything else whatsoever in the +palace. He plundered also the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_v_4" id="PageIII_v_4">[4-9]</a></span> +tore off half of the roof. Now this roof was of bronze of the finest +quality, and since gold was laid over it exceedingly thick, it shone +as a magnificent and wonderful spectacle.<a name="FNanchor_26_III" id="FNanchor_26_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_III" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> But of the ships with +Gizeric, one, which was bearing the statues, was lost, they say, but +with all the others the Vandals reached port in the harbour of +Carthage. Gizeric then married Eudocia to Honoric, the elder of his +sons; but the other of the two women, being the wife of Olybrius, a +most distinguished man in the Roman senate, he sent to Byzantium +together with her mother, Eudoxia, at the request of the emperor. Now +the power of the East had by now fallen to Leon, who had been set in +this position by Aspar, since Marcian had already passed from the +world.<span class="sidenote">457. A.D.</span> +</p> +<p>Afterwards Gizeric devised the following scheme. He tore down the +walls of all the cities in Libya except Carthage, so that neither the +Libyans themselves, espousing the cause of the Romans, might have a +strong base from which to begin a rebellion, nor those sent by the +emperor have any ground for hoping to capture a city and by +establishing a garrison in it to make trouble for the Vandals. Now at +that time it seemed that he had counselled well and had ensured +prosperity for the Vandals in the safest possible manner; but in later +times when these cities, being without walls, were captured by +Belisarius all the more easily and with less exertion, Gizeric was +then condemned to suffer much ridicule, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_v_9" id="PageIII_v_9">[9-17]</a></span> and that which for the +time he considered wise counsel turned out for him to be folly. For as +fortunes change, men are always accustomed to change with them their +judgments regarding what has been planned in the past. And among the +Libyans all who happened to be men of note and conspicuous for their +wealth he handed over as slaves, together with their estates and all +their money, to his sons Honoric and Genzon. For Theodorus, the +youngest son, had died already, being altogether without offspring, +either male or female. And he robbed the rest of the Libyans of their +estates, which were both very numerous and excellent, and distributed +them among the nation of the Vandals, and as a result of this these +lands have been called "Vandals' estates" up to the present time. And +it fell to the lot of those who had formerly possessed these lands to +be in extreme poverty and to be at the same time free men; and they +had the privilege of going away wheresoever they wished. And Gizeric +commanded that all the lands which he had given over to his sons and +to the other Vandals should not be subject to any kind of taxation. +But as much of the land as did not seem to him good he allowed to +remain in the hands of the former owners, but assessed so large a sum +to be paid on this land for taxes to the government that nothing +whatever remained to those who retained their farms. And many of them +were constantly being sent into exile or killed. For charges were +brought against them of many sorts, and heavy ones too; but one charge +seemed to be the greatest of all, that a man, having money of his own, +was hiding it. Thus the Libyans were visited with every form of +misfortune. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_v_18" id="PageIII_v_18">[18-25]</a></span> +</p> +<p>The Vandals and the Alani he arranged in companies, appointing over +them no less than eighty captains, whom he called "chiliarchs,"<a name="FNanchor_27_III" id="FNanchor_27_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_III" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> +making it appear that his host of fighting men in active service +amounted to eighty thousand. And yet the number of the Vandals and +Alani was said in former times, at least, to amount to no more than +fifty thousand men. However, after that time by their natural increase +among themselves and by associating other barbarians with them they +came to be an exceedingly numerous people. But the names of the Alani +and all the other barbarians, except the Moors, were united in the +name of Vandals. At that time, after the death of Valentinian, Gizeric +gained the support of the Moors, and every year at the beginning of +spring he made invasions into Sicily and Italy, enslaving some of the +cities, razing others to the ground, and plundering everything; and +when the land had become destitute of men and of money, he invaded the +domain of the emperor of the East. And so he plundered Illyricum and +the most of the Peloponnesus and of the rest of Greece and all the +islands which lie near it. And again he went off to Sicily and Italy, +and kept plundering and pillaging all places in turn. And one day when +he had embarked on his ship in the harbour of Carthage, and the sails +were already being spread, the pilot asked him, they say, against what +men in the world he bade them go. And he in reply said: "Plainly +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_v_25" id="PageIII_v_25"> +[25-4]</a></span> +against those with whom God is angry." Thus without any cause he kept +making invasions wherever chance might lead him. +</p><br /> +<p>VI +</p> +<p>And the Emperor Leon, wishing to punish the Vandals because of these +things, was gathering an army against them; and they say that this +army amounted to about one hundred thousand men. And he collected a +fleet of ships from the whole of the eastern Mediterranean, shewing +great generosity to both soldiers and sailors, for he feared lest from +a parsimonious policy some obstacle might arise to hinder him in his +desire to carry out his punishment of the barbarians. Therefore, they +say, thirteen hundred centenaria<a name="FNanchor_28_III" id="FNanchor_28_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_III" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> were expended by him to no +purpose. But since it was not fated that the Vandals should be +destroyed by this expedition, he made Basiliscus commander-in-chief, +the brother of his wife Berine, a man who was extraordinarily desirous +of the royal power, which he hoped would come to him without a +struggle if he won the friendship of Aspar. For Aspar himself, being +an adherent of the Arian faith, and having no intention of changing it +for another, was unable to enter upon the imperial office, but he was +easily strong enough to establish another in it, and it already seemed +likely that he would plot against the Emperor Leon, who had given him +offence. So they say that since Aspar was then fearful lest, if the +Vandals were defeated, Leon should establish his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vi_4" id="PageIII_vi_4">[4-9]</a></span> power most +securely, he repeatedly urged upon Basiliscus that he should spare the +Vandals and Gizeric. +</p> +<p>Now before this time Leon had already appointed and sent Anthemius, as +Emperor of the West, a man of the senate of great wealth and high +birth, in order that he might assist him in the Vandalic war. And yet +Gizeric kept asking and earnestly entreating that the imperial power +be given to Olybrius, who was married to Placidia, the daughter of +Valentinian, and on account of his relationship<a name="FNanchor_29_III" id="FNanchor_29_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_III" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> well-disposed +toward him, and when he failed in this he was still more angry and +kept plundering the whole land of the emperor. Now there was in +Dalmatia a certain Marcellianus, one of the acquaintances of Aetius +and a man of repute, who, after Aetius had died in the manner told +above,<a name="FNanchor_30_III" id="FNanchor_30_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_III" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> no longer deigned to yield obedience to the emperor, but +beginning a revolution and detaching all the others from allegiance, +held the power of Dalmatia himself, since no one dared encounter him. +But the Emperor Leon at that time won over this Marcellianus by very +careful wheedling, and bade him go to the island of Sardinia, which +was then subject to the Vandals. And he drove out the Vandals and +gained possession of it with no great difficulty. And Heracleius was +sent from Byzantium to Tripolis in Libya, and after conquering the +Vandals of that district in battle, he easily captured the cities, and +leaving his ships there, led his army on foot toward Carthage. Such, +then, was the sequence of events which formed the prelude of the +war. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vi_10" id="PageIII_vi_10">[10-16]</a></span> +</p> +<p>But Basiliscus with his whole fleet put in at a town distant from +Carthage no less than two hundred and eighty stades (now it so +happened that a temple of Hermes had been there from of old, from +which fact the place was named Mercurium; for the Romans call Hermes +"Mercurius"), and if he had not purposely played the coward and +hesitated, but had undertaken to go straight for Carthage, he would +have captured it at the first onset, and he would have reduced the +Vandals to subjection without their even thinking of resistance; so +overcome was Gizeric with awe of Leon as an invincible emperor, when +the report was brought to him that Sardinia and Tripolis had been +captured, and he saw the fleet of Basiliscus to be such as the Romans +were said never to have had before. But, as it was, the general's +hesitation, whether caused by cowardice or treachery, prevented this +success. And Gizeric, profiting by the negligence of Basiliscus, did +as follows. Arming all his subjects in the best way he could, he +filled his ships, but not all, for some he kept in readiness empty, +and they were the ships which sailed most swiftly. And sending envoys +to Basiliscus, he begged him to defer the war for the space of five +days, in order that in the meantime he might take counsel and do those +things which were especially desired by the emperor. They say, too, +that he sent also a great amount of gold without the knowledge of the +army of Basiliscus and thus purchased this armistice. And he did this, +thinking, as actually did happen, that a favouring wind would rise for +him during this time. And Basiliscus, either as doing a favour to +Aspar in accordance with what +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vi_16" id="PageIII_vi_16">[16-22]</a></span> he had promised, or selling the +moment of opportunity for money, or perhaps thinking it the better +course, did as he was requested and remained quietly in the camp, +awaiting the moment favourable to the enemy. +</p> +<p>But the Vandals, as soon as the wind had arisen for them which they +had been expecting during the time they lay at rest, raised their +sails and, taking in tow the boats which, as has been stated above, +they had made ready with no men in them, they sailed against the +enemy. And when they came near, they set fire to the boats which they +were towing, when their sails were bellied by the wind, and let them +go against the Roman fleet. And since there were a great number of +ships there, these boats easily spread fire wherever they struck, and +were themselves readily destroyed together with those with which they +came in contact. And as the fire advanced in this way the Roman fleet +was filled with tumult, as was natural, and with a great din that +rivalled the noise caused by the wind and the roaring of the flames, +as the soldiers together with the sailors shouted orders to one +another and pushed off with their poles the fire-boats and their own +ships as well, which were being destroyed by one another in complete +disorder. And already the Vandals too were at hand ramming and sinking +the ships, and making booty of such of the soldiers as attempted to +escape, and of their arms as well. But there were also some of the +Romans who proved +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vi_22" id="PageIII_vi_22">[22-27]</a></span> themselves brave men in this struggle, and +most of all John, who was a general under Basiliscus and who had no +share whatever in his treason. For a great throng having surrounded +his ship, he stood on the deck, and turning from side to side kept +killing very great numbers of the enemy from there, and when he +perceived that the ship was being captured, he leaped with his whole +equipment of arms from the deck into the sea. And though Genzon, the +son of Gizeric, entreated him earnestly not to do this, offering +pledges and holding out promises of safety, he nevertheless threw +himself into the sea, uttering this one word, that John would never +come under the hands of dogs.</p> +<span class="sidenote">471 A.D.</span> + +<p>So this war came to an end, and Heracleius departed for home; for +Marcellianus had been destroyed treacherously by one of his +fellow-officers. And Basiliscus, coming to Byzantium, seated himself +as a suppliant in the sanctuary of Christ the Great God ("Sophia"<a name="FNanchor_31_III" id="FNanchor_31_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_III" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> +the temple is called by the men of Byzantium who consider that this +designation is especially appropriate to God), and although, by the +intercession of Berine, the queen, he escaped this danger, he was not +able at that time to reach the throne, the thing for the sake of which +everything had been done by him. For the Emperor Leon not long +afterwards destroyed both Aspar and Ardaburius in the palace, because +he suspected that they were plotting against his life. Thus, then, did +these events take place. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vii_1" id="PageIII_vii_1">[1-7]</a></span> +</p><br /> +<p>VII</p> +<span class="sidenote">Aug. 11, 472 A.D.</span> + +<p>Now Anthemius, the emperor of the West, died at the hand of his +son-in-law Rhecimer, and Olybrius, succeeding to the throne, a short +time afterward suffered the same fate. +<span class="sidenote">Oct. 10, 472 A.D.</span> +And when Leon also had died in +Byzantium, the imperial office was taken over by the younger Leon, the +son of Zeno and Ariadne, the daughter of Leon, while he was still only +a few days old. And his father having been chosen as partner in the +royal power, the child forthwith passed from the world. +<span class="sidenote">474 A.D.</span> +Majorinus also +deserves mention, who had gained the power of the West before this +time. For this Majorinus, who surpassed in every virtue all who have +ever been emperors of the Romans, did not bear lightly the loss of +Libya, but collected a very considerable army against the Vandals and +came to Liguria, intending himself to lead the army against the enemy. +For Majorinus never showed the least hesitation before any task and +least of all before the dangers of war. But thinking it not +inexpedient for him to investigate first the strength of the Vandals +and the character of Gizeric and to discover how the Moors and Libyans +stood with regard to friendship or hostility toward the Romans, he +decided to trust no eyes other than his own in such a matter. +Accordingly he set out as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vii_7" id="PageIII_vii_7">[7-13]</a></span> if an envoy from the emperor to +Gizeric, assuming some fictitious name. And fearing lest, by becoming +known, he should himself receive some harm and at the same time +prevent the success of the enterprise, he devised the following +scheme. His hair, which was famous among all men as being so fair as +to resemble pure gold, he anointed with some kind of dye, which was +especially invented for this purpose, and so succeeded completely in +changing it for the time to a dark hue. And when he came before +Gizeric, the barbarian attempted in many ways to terrify him, and in +particular, while treating him with engaging attention, as if a +friend, he brought him into the house where all his weapons were +stored, a numerous and exceedingly noteworthy array. Thereupon they +say that the weapons shook of their own accord and gave forth a sound +of no ordinary or casual sort, and then it seemed to Gizeric that +there had been an earthquake, but when he got outside and made +enquiries concerning the earthquake, since no one else agreed with +him, a great wonder, they say, came over him, but he was not able to +comprehend the meaning of what had happened. So Majorinus, having +accomplished the very things he wished, returned to Liguria, and +leading his army on foot, came to the Pillars of Heracles, purposing +to cross over the strait at that point, and then to march by land from +there against Carthage. And when Gizeric became aware of this, and +perceived that he had been tricked by Majorinus in the matter of the +embassy, he became alarmed and made his preparations for war. And the +Romans, basing their confidence on the valour of Majorinus, already +began to have fair hopes of recovering Libya for the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vii_13" id="PageIII_vii_13">[13-21]</a></span> empire.</p> +<p> +<span class="sidenote">461 A.D.</span> +But meantime Majorinus was attacked by the disease of dysentery and +died, a man who had shewn himself moderate toward his subjects, and an +object of fear to his enemies. +<span class="sidenote">July 24, 474 A.D.</span> +And another emperor, Nepos, upon taking over the empire, and living to +enjoy it only a few days, died of disease, and Glycerius after him +entered into this office and suffered a similar fate. +<span class="sidenote">474-475 A.D.</span> +And after him Augustus assumed the imperial power. There were, +moreover, still other emperors in the West before this time, but +though I know their names well, I shall make no mention of them +whatever. For it so fell out that they lived only a short time after +attaining the office, and as a result of this accomplished nothing +worthy of mention. Such was the course of events in the West.</p> + +<p> +But in Byzantium Basiliscus, being no longer able to master his +passion for royal power, made an attempt to usurp the throne, and +succeeded without difficulty, since Zeno, together with his wife, +sought refuge in Isauria, which was his native home. <span class="sidenote"> 471 A.D.</span>And while he was +maintaining his tyranny for a year and eight months he was detested by +practically everyone and in particular by the soldiers of the court on +account of the greatness of his avarice. And Zeno, perceiving this, +collected an army and came against him. And Basiliscus sent an army +under the general Harmatus in order to array himself against Zeno. But +when they had made camp near one another, Harmatus surrendered his +army to Zeno, on the condition that Zeno should appoint as Caesar +Harmatus' son Basiliscus,<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vii_21" id="PageIII_vii_21">[21-26]</a></span> who was a very young child, and leave him as successor to the throne upon his death. And Basiliscus, +deserted by all, fled for refuge to the same sanctuary as formerly. +And Acacius, the priest of the city, put him into the hands of Zeno, +charging him with impiety and with having brought great confusion and +many innovations into the Christian doctrine, having inclined toward +the heresy of Eutyches. And this was so. And after Zeno had thus taken +over the empire a second time, he carried out his pledge to Harmatus +formally by appointing his son Basiliscus Caesar, but not long +afterwards he both stripped him of the office and put Harmatus to +death. And he sent Basiliscus together with his children and his wife +into Cappadocia in the winter season, commanding that they should be +destitute of food and clothes and every kind of care. And there, being +hard pressed by both cold and hunger, they took refuge in one +another's arms, and embracing their loved ones, perished. And this +punishment overtook Basiliscus for the policy he had pursued. These +things, however, happened in later times.</p> +<p> +But at that time Gizeric was plundering the whole Roman domain just as +much as before, if not more, circumventing his enemy by craft and +driving them out of their possessions by force, as has been previously +said, and he continued to do so until the emperor Zeno came to an +agreement with him and an endless peace was established between them, +by which it was provided that the Vandals should never in all time +perform any hostile act against the Romans nor suffer such a thing at +their hands. And this peace was preserved by Zeno himself and <span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_vii_26" id="PageIII_vii_26">[26-4]</a></span>also by his successor in the empire, Anastasius And it remained in +force until the time of the emperor Justinus. +But Justinian, who was the nephew of Justinus, succeeded him in the +imperial power, and it was in the reign of this Justinian that the war +with which we are concerned came to pass, in the manner which will be +told in the following narrative. +<span class="sidenote"> 477 A.D.</span>Gizeric, after living on a short +time, died at an advanced age, having made a will in which he +enjoined many things upon the Vandals and in particular that the royal +power among them should always fall to that one who should be the +first in years among all the male offspring descended from Gizeric +himself. So Gizeric, having ruled over the Vandals thirty-nine years +from the time when he captured Carthage, died, as I have said.</p> +<p> +VIII</p> +<p> +And Honoric, the eldest of his sons, succeeded to the throne, Genzon +having already departed from the world. During the time when this +Honoric ruled the Vandals they had no war against anyone at all, +except the Moors. For through fear of Gizeric the Moors had remained +quiet before that time, but as soon as he was out of their way they +both did much harm to the Vandals and suffered the same themselves. +And Honoric shewed himself the most cruel and unjust of all men toward +the Christians in Libya. For he forced them to change over to the +Arian faith, and as many as he found not readily yielding +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_viii_4" id="PageIII_viii_4">[4-9]</a></span> + to him +he burned, or destroyed by other forms of death; and he also cut off +the tongues of many from the very throat, who even up to my time were +going about in Byzantium having their speech uninjured, and perceiving +not the least effect from this punishment; but two of these, since +they saw fit to go in to harlots, were thenceforth no longer able to +speak. And after ruling over the Vandals eight years he died of +disease; and by that time the Moors dwelling on +Mt. Aurasium<a name="FNanchor_32_III" id="FNanchor_32_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_III" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> + had +revolted from the Vandals and were independent (this Aurasium is a +mountain of Numidia, about thirteen days' journey distant from +Carthage and fronting the south); and indeed they never came under the +Vandals again, since the latter were unable to carry on a war against +Moors on a mountain difficult of access and exceedingly steep.</p> +<p> +After the death of Honoric the rule of the Vandals fell to +Gundamundus, the son of Genzon, the son of Gizeric. + +<span class="sidenote"> 485 A.D.</span> +For he, in point of years, was the first of the offspring of +Gizeric. This Gundamundus fought against the Moors in numerous +encounters, and after subjecting the Christians to still greater +suffering, he died of disease, being now at about the middle of the +twelfth year of his reign. +<span class="sidenote"> 490 A.D.</span> +And his brother Trasamundus took over the kingdom, a man well-favoured +in appearance and especially gifted with discretion and +highmindedness. However he continued to force the Christians to change +their ancestral faith, not by torturing their bodies as his +predecessors had done, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_viii_9" id="PageIII_viii_9">[9-15]</a></span> +but by seeking to win them with honours and +offices and presenting them with great sums of money; and in the case +of those who would not be persuaded, he pretended he had not the least +knowledge of what manner of men +they were.<a name="FNanchor_33_III" id="FNanchor_33_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_III" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> + And if he caught any +guilty of great crimes which they had committed either by accident or +deliberate intent, he would offer such men, as a reward for changing +their faith, that they should not be punished for their offences. And +when his wife died without becoming the mother of either male or +female offspring, wishing to establish the kingdom as securely as +possible, he sent to Theoderic, the king of the Goths, asking him to +give him his sister Amalafrida to wife, for her husband had just died. +And Theoderic sent him not only his sister but also a thousand of the +notable Goths as a bodyguard, who were followed by a host of +attendants amounting to about five thousand fighting men. And +Theoderic also presented his sister with one of the promontories of +Sicily, which are three in number,—the one which they call +Lilybaeum,—and as a result of this Trasamundus was accounted the +strongest and most powerful of all those who had ruled over the +Vandals. He became also a very special friend of the emperor +Anastasius. It was during the reign of Trasamundus that it came about +that the Vandals suffered a disaster at the hands of the Moors such as +had never befallen them before that time.</p> +<p> +There was a certain Cabaon ruling over the Moors of Tripolis, a man +experienced in many wars and exceedingly shrewd. This Cabaon, upon +learning that the Vandals were marching against him, did as +follows.<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_viii_15" id="PageIII_viii_15">[15-20]</a></span> + +First of all he issued orders to his subjects to abstain from +all injustice and from all foods tending towards luxury and most of +all from association with women; and setting up two palisaded +enclosures, he encamped himself with all the men in one, and in the +other he shut the women, and he threatened that death would be the +penalty if anyone should go to the women's palisade. And after this he +sent spies to Carthage with the following instructions: whenever the +Vandals in going forth on the expedition should offer insult to any +temple which the Christians reverence, they were to look on and see +what took place; and when the Vandals had passed the place, they were +to do the opposite of everything which the Vandals had done to the +sanctuary before their departure. And they say that he added this +also, that he was ignorant of the God whom the Christians worshipped, +but it was probable that if He was powerful, as He was said to be, He +should wreak vengeance upon those who insulted Him and defend those +who honoured Him. So the spies came to Carthage and waited quietly, +observing the preparation of the Vandals; but when the army set out on +the march to Tripolis, they followed, clothing themselves in humble +garb. And the Vandals, upon making camp the first day, led their +horses and their other animals into the temples of the Christians, and +sparing no insult, they acted with all the unrestrained lawlessness +natural to them, beating as many priests as they caught and lashing +them with many blows over the back and commanding them to render such +service to the Vandals as they were accustomed to assign to the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_viii_20" id="PageIII_viii_20">[20-27]</a></span> +most dishonoured of their domestics. And as soon as they had departed +from there, the spies of Cabaon did as they had been directed to do; +for they straightway cleansed the sanctuaries and took away with great +care the filth and whatever other unholy thing lay in them, and they +lighted all the lamps and bowed down before the priests with great +reverence and saluted them with all friendliness; and after giving +pieces of silver to the poor who sat about these sanctuaries, they +then followed after the army of the Vandals. And from then on along +the whole route the Vandals continued to commit the same offences and +the spies to render the same service. And when they were coming near +the Moors, the spies anticipated them and reported to Cabaon what had +been done by the Vandals and by themselves to the temples of the +Christians, and that the enemy were somewhere near by. And Cabaon, +upon learning this, arranged for the encounter as follows. He marked +off a circle in the plain where he was about to make his palisade, and +placed his camels turned sideways in a circle as a protection for the +camp, making his line fronting the enemy about twelve camels deep. +Then he placed the children and the women and all those who were unfit +for fighting together with their possessions in the middle, while he +commanded the host of fighting men to stand between the feet of those +animals, covering themselves with their shields.<a name="FNanchor_34_III" id="FNanchor_34_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_III" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> + And since the +phalanx of the Moors was of such a sort, the Vandals were at a loss +how to handle the situation; for they were neither good with the +javelin nor with the bow, nor did they know how to go into +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_viii_27" id="PageIII_viii_27">[27-3]</a></span> + +battle on foot, but they were all horsemen, and used spears and +swords for the most part, so that they were unable to do the enemy any +harm at a distance; and their horses, annoyed at the sight of the +camels, refused absolutely to be driven against the enemy. And since +the Moors, by hurling javelins in great numbers among them from their +safe position, kept killing both their horses and men without +difficulty, because they were a vast throng, they began to flee, and, +when the Moors came out against them, the most of them were destroyed, +while some fell into the hands of the enemy; and an exceedingly small +number from this army returned home. Such was the fortune which +Trasamundus suffered at the hands of the Moors. And he died at a later +time, having ruled over the Moors twenty-seven years.</p> +<br /><p>IX</p> +<p> +<span class="sidenote">523 A.D.</span> +And Ilderic, the son of Honoric, the son of Gizeric, next received the +kingdom, a ruler who was easily approached by his subjects and +altogether gentle, and he shewed himself harsh neither to the +Christians nor to anyone else, but in regard to affairs of war he was +a weakling and did not wish this thing even to come to his ears. + +<span class="sidenote"> 523 A.D.</span> + +Hoamer, accordingly, his nephew and an able warrior, led the +armies against any with whom the Vandals were at war; he it was whom +they called the Achilles of the Vandals. During the reign of this +Ilderic the Vandals were defeated in Byzacium by the Moors, who +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ix_3" id="PageIII_ix_3">[3-8]</a></span> + +were ruled by Antalas, and it so fell out that they became enemies +instead of allies and friends to Theoderic and the Goths in Italy. For +they put Amalafrida in prison and destroyed all the Goths, charging +them with revolutionary designs against the Vandals and Ilderic. +However, no revenge came from Theoderic, for he considered himself +unable to gather a great fleet and make an expedition into Libya, and +Ilderic was a very particular friend and guest-friend of Justinian, +who had not yet come to the throne, but was administering the +government according to his pleasure; for his uncle Justinus, who was +emperor, was very old and not altogether experienced in matters of +state. And Ilderic and Justinian made large presents of money to each +other.</p> +<p> +Now there was a certain man in the family of Gizeric, Gelimer, the son +of Geilaris, the son of Genzon, the son of Gizeric, who was of such +age as to be second only to Ilderic, and for this reason he was +expected to come into the kingdom very soon. This man was thought to +be the best warrior of his time, but for the rest he was a cunning +fellow and base at heart and well versed in undertaking revolutionary +enterprises and in laying hold upon the money of others. Now this +Gelimer, when he saw the power coming to him, was not able to live in +his accustomed way, but assumed to himself the tasks of a king and +usurped the rule, though it was not yet due him; and since Ilderic in +a spirit of friendliness gave in to him, he was no longer able to +restrain his thoughts, but allying with himself all the noblest of the +Vandals, he persuaded them to wrest the kingdom from Ilderic, as being +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ix_8" id="PageIII_ix_8">[8-13]</a></span> +an unwarlike king who had been defeated by the Moors, and as +betraying the power of the Vandals into the hand of the Emperor +Justinus, in order that the kingdom might not come to him, because he +was of the other branch of the family; for he asserted slanderously +that this was the meaning of Ilderic's embassy to Byzantium, and that +he was giving over the empire of the Vandals to Justinus. And they, +being persuaded, carried out this plan. + +<span class="sidenote"> 530 A.D.</span> + +Thus Gelimer seized the supreme power, and imprisoned Ilderic, after +he had ruled over the Vandals seven years, and also Hoamer and his +brother Euagees.</p> +<p> + <span class="sidenote"> 527 A.D.</span> + +But when Justinian heard these things, having already received the +imperial power, he sent envoys to Gelimer in Libya with the following +letter: "You are not acting in a holy manner nor worthily of the will +of Gizeric, keeping in prison an old man and a kinsman and the king of +the Vandals (if the counsels of Gizeric are to be of effect), and +robbing him of his office by violence, though it would be possible for +you to receive it after a short time in a lawful manner. Do you +therefore do no further wrong and do not exchange the name of king for +the title of tyrant, which comes but a short time earlier. But as for +this man, whose death may be expected at any moment, allow him to bear +in appearance the form of royal power, while you do all the things +which it is proper that a king should do; and wait until you can +receive from time and the law of Gizeric, and from them alone, the +name which belongs to the position. For if you do this, the attitude +of the Almighty will be favourable and at the same time our relations +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ix_14" id="PageIII_ix_14">[14-23]</a></span> +with you will be friendly."</p> <p>Such was his message. But Gelimer sent the +envoys away with nothing accomplished, and he blinded Hoamer and also +kept Ilderic and Euagees in closer confinement, charging them with +planning flight to Byzantium. And when this too was heard by the +Emperor Justinian, he sent envoys a second time and wrote as follows: +"We, indeed, supposed that you would never go contrary to our advice +when we wrote you the former letter. But since it pleases you to have +secured possession of the royal power in the manner in which you have +taken and now hold it, get from it whatever Heaven grants. But do you +send to us Ilderic, and Hoamer whom you have blinded, and his brother, +to receive what comfort they can who have been robbed of a kingdom or +of sight; for we shall not let the matter rest if you do not do this. +And I speak thus because we are led by the hope which I had based on +our friendship. And the treaty with Gizeric will not stand as an +obstacle for us. For it is not to make war upon him who has succeeded +to the kingdom of Gizeric that we come, but to avenge Gizeric with all +our power."</p> +<p> +When Gelimer had read this, he replied as follows: "King Gelimer to +the Emperor Justinian. Neither have I taken the office by violence nor +has anything unholy been done by me to my kinsmen. For Ilderic, while +planning a revolution against the house of Gizeric, was dethroned by +the nation of the Vandals; and I was called to the kingdom by my +years, which gave me the preference, according to the law at least. +Now it is well for one to administer the kingly office which belongs +to him and not to make the concerns of others his own. Hence for +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_ix_23" id="PageIII_ix_23">[23-2]</a></span> + +you also, who have a kingdom, meddling in other's affairs is not just; +and if you break the treaty and come against us, we shall oppose you +with all our power, calling to witness the oaths which were sworn by +Zeno, from whom you have received the kingdom which you hold." The +Emperor Justinian, upon receiving this letter, having been angry with +Gelimer even before then, was still more eager to punish him. And it +seemed to him best to put an end to the Persian war as soon as +possible and then to make an expedition to Libya; and since he was +quick at forming a plan and prompt in carrying out his decisions, +Belisarius, the General of the East, was summoned and came to him +immediately, no announcement having been made to him nor to anyone +else that he was about to lead an army against Libya, but it was given +out that he had been removed from the office which he held. And +straightway the treaty with Persia was made, as has been told in the +preceding narrative.<a name="FNanchor_35_III" id="FNanchor_35_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_III" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> +<p> +X</p> +<p> +And when the Emperor Justinian considered that the situation was as +favourable as possible, both as to domestic affairs and as to his +relations with Persia, he took under consideration the situation in +Libya. But when he disclosed to the magistrates that he was gathering +an army against the Vandals and Gelimer, the most of them began +immediately to show hostility to the plan, and they lamented it as a +misfortune, recalling the expedition of the Emperor Leon and the +disaster of Basiliscus, and reciting how many soldiers had + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_x_2" id="PageIII_x_2">[2-7]</a></span> +perished and how much money the state had lost. But the men who were +the most sorrowful of all, and who, by reason of their anxiety, felt +the keenest regret, were the pretorian prefect, whom the Romans call +"praetor," and the administrator of the treasury, and all to whom had +been assigned the collection of either public or imperial<a name="FNanchor_36_III" id="FNanchor_36_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_III" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> + taxes, +for they reasoned that while it would be necessary for them to produce +countless sums for the needs of the war, they would be granted neither +pardon in case of failure nor extension of time in which to raise +these sums. And every one of the generals, supposing that he himself +would command the army, was in terror and dread at the greatness of +the danger, if it should be necessary for him, if he were preserved +from the perils of the sea, to encamp in the enemy's land, and, using +his ships as a base, to engage in a struggle against a kingdom both +large and formidable. The soldiers, also, having recently returned +from a long, hard war, and having not yet tasted to the full the +blessings of home, were in despair, both because they were being led +into sea-fighting,—a thing which they had not learned even from +tradition before then,—and because they were sent from the eastern +frontier to the West, in order to risk their lives against Vandals and +Moors. But all the rest, as usually happens in a great throng, wished +to be spectators of new adventures while others faced the dangers.</p> +<p> +But as for saying anything to the emperor to prevent the expedition, +no one dared to do this except John the Cappadocian, the pretorian +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_x_7" id="PageIII_x_7">[7-13]</a></span> + +prefect, a man of the greatest daring and the cleverest of all +men of his time. For this John, while all the others were bewailing in +silence the fortune which was upon them, came before the emperor and +spoke as follows: "O Emperor, the good faith which thou dost shew in +dealing with thy subjects enables us to speak frankly regarding +anything which will be of advantage to thy government, even though +what is said and done may not be agreeable to thee. For thus does thy +wisdom temper thy authority with justice, in that thou dost not +consider that man only as loyal to thy cause who serves thee under any +and all conditions, nor art thou angry with the man who speaks against +thee, but by weighing all things by pure reason alone, thou hast often +shewn that it involves us in no danger to oppose thy purposes. Led by +these considerations, O Emperor, I have come to offer this advice, +knowing that, though I shall give perhaps offence at the moment, if it +so chance, yet in the future the loyalty which I bear you will be made +clear, and that for this I shall be able to shew thee as a witness. +For if, through not hearkening to my words, thou shalt carry out the +war against the Vandals, it will come about, if the struggle is +prolonged for thee, that my advice will win renown. For if thou hast +confidence that thou wilt conquer the enemy, it is not at all +unreasonable that thou shouldst sacrifice the lives of men and expend +a vast amount of treasure, and undergo the difficulties of the +struggle; for victory, coming at the end, covers up all the calamities +of war. But if in reality these things lie on the knees of God, and if +it behoves us, taking example from what has happened in the past, to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_x_13" id="PageIII_x_13">[13-20]</a></span> + +fear the outcome of war, on what grounds is it not better to +love a state of quiet rather than the dangers of mortal strife? Thou +art purposing to make an expedition against Carthage, to which, if one +goes by land, the journey is one of a hundred and forty days, and if +one goes by water, he is forced to cross the whole open sea and go to +its very end. So that he who brings thee news of what will happen in +the camp must needs reach thee a year after the event. And one might +add that if thou art victorious over thy enemy, thou couldst not take +possession of Libya while Sicily and Italy lie in the hands of others; +and at the same time, if any reverse befall thee, O Emperor, the +treaty having already been broken by thee, thou wilt bring the danger +upon our own land. In fact, putting all in a word, it will not be +possible for thee to reap the fruits of victory, and at the same time +any reversal of fortune will bring harm to what is well established. +It is before an enterprise that wise planning is useful. For when men +have failed, repentance is of no avail, but before disaster comes +there is no danger in altering plans. Therefore it will be of +advantage above all else to make fitting use of the decisive moment."</p> +<p> +Thus spoke John; and the Emperor Justinian, hearkening to his words, +checked his eager desire for the war. But one of the priests whom they +call bishops, who had come from the East, said that he wished to have +a word with the emperor. And when he met Justinian, he said that God +had visited him in a dream, and bidden him go to the emperor and +rebuke him, because, after undertaking the task of protecting the +Christians in Libya from tyrants, he had for no good reason become +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_x_20" id="PageIII_x_20">[20-28]</a></span> +afraid. "And yet," He had said, "I will Myself join with him in +waging war and make him lord of Libya." When the emperor heard this, +he was no longer able to restrain his purpose, and he began to collect +the army and the ships, and to make ready supplies of weapons and of +food, and he announced to Belisarius that he should be in readiness, +because he was very soon to act as general in Libya. Meanwhile +Pudentius, one of the natives of Tripolis in Libya, caused this +district to revolt from the Vandals, and sending to the emperor he +begged that he should despatch an army to him; for, he said, he would +with no trouble win the land for the emperor. And Justinian sent him +Tattimuth and an army of no very great size. This force Pudentius +joined with his own troops and, the Vandals being absent, he gained +possession of the land and made it subject to the emperor. And +Gelimer, though wishing to inflict punishment upon Pudentius, found +the following obstacle in his way.</p> +<p> +There was a certain Godas among the slaves of Gelimer, a Goth by +birth, a passionate and energetic fellow possessed of great bodily +strength, but appearing to be well-disposed to the cause of his +master. To this Godas Gelimer entrusted the island of Sardinia, in +order both to guard the island and to pay over the annual tribute. But +he neither could digest the prosperity brought by fortune nor had he +the spirit to endure it, and so he undertook to establish a tyranny, +and he refused to continue the payment of the tribute, and actually +detached the island from the Vandals and held it himself. And when he +perceived that the Emperor Justinian was eager to make war against +Libya and Gelimer, he wrote to him as follows:</p> <p>"It was neither +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_x_29" id="PageIII_x_29">[29-2]</a></span> +because I yielded to folly nor because I had suffered anything +unpleasant at my master's hands that I turned my thoughts towards +rebellion, but seeing the extreme cruelty of the man both toward his +kinsmen and toward his subjects, I could not, willingly at least, be +reputed to have a share in his inhumanity. For it is better to serve a +just king than a tyrant whose commands are unlawful. But do thou join +with me to assist in this my effort and send soldiers so that I may be +able to ward off my assailants."</p> +<p> +And the emperor, on receiving this letter, was pleased, and he sent +Eulogius as envoy and wrote a letter praising Godas for his wisdom and +his zeal for justice, and he promised an alliance and soldiers and a +general, who would be able to guard the island with him and to assist +him in every other way, so that no trouble should come to him from the +Vandals. But Eulogius, upon coming to Sardinia, found that Godas was +assuming the name and wearing the dress of a king and that he had +attached a body-guard to his person. And when Godas read the emperor's +letter, he said that it was his wish to have soldiers, indeed, come to +fight along with him, but as for a commander, he had absolutely no +desire for one. And having written to the emperor in this sense, he +dismissed Eulogius.</p> +<p> +XI</p> +<p> +The emperor, meanwhile, not having yet ascertained these things, was +preparing four hundred soldiers with Cyril as commander, who were to +assist Godas in guarding the island. And with them he also had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xi_2" id="PageIII_xi_2">[2-7]</a></span> +in readiness the expedition against Carthage, ten thousand +foot-soldiers, and five thousand horsemen, gathered from the regular +troops and from the "foederati." Now at an earlier time only +barbarians were enlisted among the foederati, those, namely, who had +come into the Roman political system, not in the condition of slaves, +since they had not been conquered by the Romans, but on the basis of +complete equality.<a name="FNanchor_37_III" id="FNanchor_37_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_III" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> + For the Romans call treaties with their enemies +"foedera." But at the present time there is nothing to prevent anyone +from assuming this name, since time will by no means consent to keep +names attached to the things to which they were formerly applied, but +conditions are ever changing about according to the desire of men who +control them, and men pay little heed to the meaning which they +originally attached to a name. And the commanders of the foederati +were Dorotheus, the general of the troops in Armenia, and Solomon, who +was acting as manager for the general Belisarius; (such a person the +Romans call "domesticus." Now this Solomon was a eunuch, but it was +not by the devising of man that he had suffered mutilation, but some +accident which befell him while in swaddling clothes had imposed this +lot upon him); and there were also Cyprian, Valerian, Martinus, +Althias, John, Marcellus, and the Cyril whom I have mentioned above; +and the commanders of the regular cavalry were Rufinus and Aïgan, who +were of the house of Belisarius, and Barbatus and Pappus, while the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xi_7" id="PageIII_xi_7">[7-16]</a></span> +regular infantry was commanded by Theodorus, who was surnamed +Cteanus, and Terentius, Zaïdus, Marcian, and Sarapis. And a certain +John, a native of Epidamnus, which is now called Dyrrachium, held +supreme command over all the leaders of infantry. Among all these +commanders Solomon was from a place in the East, at the very extremity +of the Roman domain, where the city called Daras now stands, and Aïgan +was by birth of the Massagetae whom they now call Huns; and the rest +were almost all inhabitants of the land of Thrace. And there followed +with them also four hundred Eruli, whom Pharas led, and about six +hundred barbarian allies from the nation of the Massagetae, all +mounted bowmen; these were led by Sinnion and Balas, men endowed with +bravery and endurance in the highest degree. And for the whole force +five hundred ships were required, no one of which was able to carry +more than fifty thousand medimni,<a name="FNanchor_38_III" id="FNanchor_38_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_III" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> + nor any one less than three +thousand. And in all the vessels together there were thirty thousand +sailors, Egyptians and Ionians for the most part, and Cilicians, and +one commander was appointed over all the ships, Calonymus of +Alexandria. And they had also ships of war prepared as for +sea-fighting, to the number of ninety-two, and they were single-banked +ships covered by decks, in order that the men rowing them might if +possible not be exposed to the bolts of the enemy. Such boats are +called "dromones"<a name="FNanchor_39_III" id="FNanchor_39_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_III" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> + by those of the present time; for they are able +to attain a great speed. In these sailed two thousand men of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xi_16" id="PageIII_xi_16">[16-23]</a></span> +Byzantium, who were all rowers as well as fighting men; for +there was not a single superfluous man among them. And Archelaus was +also sent, a man of patrician standing who had already been pretorian +prefect both in Byzantium and in Illyricum, but he then held the +position of prefect of the army; for thus the officer charged with the +maintenance of the army is designated. But as general with supreme +authority over all the emperor sent Belisarius, who was in command of +the troops of the East for the second time. And he was followed by +many spearmen and many guards as well, men who were capable warriors +and thoroughly experienced in the dangers of fighting. And the emperor +gave him written instructions, bidding him do everything as seemed +best to him, and stating that his acts would be final, as if the +emperor himself had done them. The writing, in fact, gave him the +power of a king. Now Belisarius was a native of Germania, which lies +between Thrace and Illyricum. These things, then, took place in this +way.</p> +<p> +Gelimer, however, being deprived of Tripolis by Pudentius and of +Sardinia by Godas, scarcely hoped to regain Tripolis, since it was +situated at a great distance and the rebels were already being +assisted by the Romans, against whom just at that moment it seemed to +him best not to take the field; but he was eager to get to the island +before any army sent by the emperor to fight for his enemies should +arrive there. He accordingly selected five thousand of the Vandals and +one hundred and twenty ships of the fastest kind, and appointing as +general his brother Tzazon, he sent them off. And so they were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xi_23" id="PageIII_xi_23">[23-30]</a></span> +sailing with great enthusiasm and eagerness against Godas and +Sardinia. In the meantime the Emperor Justinian was sending off +Valerian and Martinus in advance of the others in order to await the +rest of the army in the Peloponnesus. And when these two had embarked +upon their ships, it came to the emperor's mind that there was +something which he wished to enjoin upon them,—a thing which he had +wished to say previously, but he had been so busied with the other +matters of which he had to speak that his mind had been occupied with +them and this subject had been driven out. He summoned them, +accordingly, intending to say what he wished, but upon considering the +matter, he saw that it would not be propitious for them to interrupt +their journey. He therefore sent men to forbid them either to return +to him or to disembark from their ships. And these men, upon coming +near the ships, commanded them with much shouting and loud cries by no +means to turn back, and it seemed to those present that the thing +which had happened was no good omen and that never would one of the +men in those ships return from Libya to Byzantium. For besides the +omen they suspected that a curse also had come to the men from the +emperor, not at all by his own will, so that they would not return. +Now if anyone should so interpret the incident with regard to these +two commanders, Valerian and Martinus, he will find the original +opinion untrue. But there was a certain man among the body-guards of +Martinus, Stotzas by name, who was destined to be an enemy of the +emperor, to make an attempt to set up a tyranny, and by no means to +return to Byzantium, and one might suppose that curse to have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xi_30" id="PageIII_xi_30">[30-5]</a></span> +been turned upon him by Heaven. But whether this matter stands +thus or otherwise, I leave to each one to reason out as he wishes. But +I shall proceed to tell how the general Belisarius and the army +departed.</p> +<p> +XII</p> +<p> +<span class="sidenote"> 533 A.D.</span> +In the seventh year of Justinian's reign, at about the spring equinox, +the emperor commanded the general's ship to anchor off the point +which is before the royal palace. Thither came also Epiphanius, the +chief priest of the city, and after uttering an appropriate prayer, he +put on the ships one of the soldiers who had lately been baptized and +had taken the Christian name. And after this the general Belisarius +and Antonina, his wife, set sail. And there was with them also +Procopius, who wrote this history; now previously he had been +exceedingly terrified at the danger, but later he had seen a vision in +his sleep which caused him to take courage and made him eager to go on +the expedition. For it seemed in the dream that he was in the house of +Belisarius, and one of the servants entering announced that some men +had come bearing gifts; and Belisarius bade him investigate what sort +of gifts they were, and he went out into the court and saw men who +carried on their shoulders earth with the flowers and all. And he bade +him bring these men into the house and deposit the earth they were +carrying in the portico; and Belisarius together with his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xii_5" id="PageIII_xii_5">[5-10]</a></span> +guardsmen came there, and he himself reclined on that earth and +ate of the flowers, and urged the others to do likewise; and as they +reclined and ate, as if upon a couch, the food seemed to them +exceedingly sweet. Such, then, was the vision of the dream.</p> +<p> +And the whole fleet followed the general's ship, and they put in at +Perinthus, which is now called Heracleia,<a name="FNanchor_40_III" id="FNanchor_40_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_III" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> + where five days' time +was spent by the army, since at that place the general received as a +present from the emperor an exceedingly great number of horses from +the royal pastures, which are kept for him in the territory of Thrace. +And setting sail from there, they anchored off Abydus, and it came +about as they were delaying there four days on account of the lack of +wind that the following event took place. Two Massagetae killed one of +their comrades who was ridiculing them, in the midst of their +intemperate drinking; for they were intoxicated. For of all men the +Massagetae are the most intemperate drinkers. Belisarius, accordingly, +straightway impaled these two men on the hill which is near Abydus. +And since all, and especially the relatives of these two men, were +angry and declared that it was not in order to be punished nor to be +subject to the laws of the Romans that they had entered into an +alliance (for their own laws did not make the punishment for murder +such <i>as</i> this, they said); and since they were joined in voicing the +accusation against the general even by Roman soldiers, who were +anxious that there should be no punishment for their offences, +Belisarius called together both the Massagetae and the rest of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xii_10" id="PageIII_xii_10">[10-18]</a></span> +army and spoke as follows: "If my words were addressed to men +now for the first time entering into war, it would require a long time +for me to convince you by speech how great a help justice is for +gaining the victory. For those who do not understand the fortunes of +such struggles think that the outcome of war lies in strength of arm +alone. But you, who have often conquered an enemy not inferior to you +in strength of body and well endowed with valour, you who have often +tried your strength against your opponents, you, I think, are not +ignorant that, while it is men who always do the fighting in either +army, it is God who judges the contest as seems best to Him and +bestows the victory in battle. Now since this is so, it is fitting to +consider good bodily condition and practice in arms and all the other +provision for war of less account than justice and those things which +pertain to God. For that which may possibly be of greatest advantage +to men in need would naturally be honoured by them above all other +things. Now the first proof of justice would be the punishment of +those who have committed unjust murder. For if it is incumbent upon us +to sit in judgment upon the actions which from time to time are +committed by men toward their neighbours, and to adjudge and to name +the just and the unjust action, we should find that nothing is more +precious to a man than his life. And if any barbarian who has slain +his kinsman expects to find indulgence in his trial on the ground that +he was drunk, in all fairness he makes the charge so much the worse by +reason of the very circumstance by which, as he alleges, his guilt is +removed. For it is not right for a man under any circumstances, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xii_18" id="PageIII_xii_18">[18-2]</a></span> +and especially when serving in an army, to be so drunk as readily to +kill his dearest friends; nay, the drunkenness itself, even if the +murder is not added at all, is worthy of punishment; and when a +kinsman is wronged, the crime would clearly be of greater moment as +regards punishment than when committed against those who are not +kinsmen, at least in the eyes of men of sense. Now the example is +before you and you may see what sort of an outcome such actions have. +But as for you, it is your duty to avoid laying violent hands upon +anyone without provocation, or carrying off the possessions of others; +for I shall not overlook it, be assured, and I shall not consider +anyone of you a fellow-soldier of mine, no matter how terrible he is +reputed to be to the foe, who is not able to use clean hands against +the enemy. For bravery cannot be victorious unless it be arrayed along +with justice." So spoke Belisarius. And the whole army, hearing what +was said and looking up at the two men impaled, felt an overwhelming +fear come over them and took thought to conduct their lives with +moderation, for they saw that they would not be free from great danger +if they should be caught doing anything unlawful.</p> +<p> +XIII</p> +<p> +After this Belisarius bethought him how his whole fleet should always +keep together as it sailed and should anchor in the same place. For he +knew that in a large fleet, and especially if rough winds should +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiii_2" id="PageIII_xiii_2">[2-8]</a></span> +assail them, it was inevitable that many of the ships should be left +behind and scattered on the open sea, and that their pilots should not +know which of the ships that put to sea ahead of them it was better to +follow. So after considering the matter, he did as follows. The sails +of the three ships in which he and his following were carried he +painted red from the upper corner for about one third of their length, +and he erected upright poles on the prow of each, and hung lights from +them, so that both by day and by night the general's ships might be +distinguishable; then he commanded all the pilots to follow these +ships. Thus with the three ships leading the whole fleet not a single +ship was left behind. And whenever they were about to put out from a +harbour, the trumpets announced this to them.</p> +<p> +And upon setting out from Abydus they met with strong winds which +carried them to Sigeum. And again in calm weather they proceeded more +leisurely to Malea, where the calm proved of the greatest advantage to +them. For since they had a great fleet and exceedingly large ships, as +night came on everything was thrown into confusion by reason of their +being crowded into small space, and they were brought into extreme +peril. At that time both the pilots and the rest of the sailors shewed +themselves skilful and efficient, for while shouting at the top of +their voices and making a great noise they kept pushing the ships +apart with their poles, and cleverly kept the distances between their +different vessels; but if a wind had arisen, whether a following or a +head wind, it seems to me that the sailors would hardly have preserved +themselves and their ships. But as it was, they escaped, as I +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiii_8" id="PageIII_xiii_8">[8-15]</a></span> +have said, and put in at Taenarum, which is now called Caenopolis.<a name="FNanchor_41_III" id="FNanchor_41_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_III" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> +Then, pressing on from there, they touched at Methone, and found +Valerian and Martinus with their men, who had reached the same place a +short time before. And since there were no winds blowing, Belisarius +anchored the ships there, and disembarked the whole army; and after +they were on shore he assigned the commanders their positions and drew +up the soldiers. And while he was thus engaged and no wind at all +arose, it came about that many of the soldiers were destroyed by +disease caused in the following manner.</p> +<p> +The pretorian prefect, John, was a man of worthless character, and so +skilful at devising ways of bringing money into the public treasury to +the detriment of men that I, for my part, should never be competent to +describe this trait of his. But this has been said in the preceding +pages, when I was brought to this point by my narrative.<a name="FNanchor_42_III" id="FNanchor_42_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_III" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> + But I +shall tell in the present case in what manner he destroyed the +soldiers. The bread which soldiers are destined to eat in camp must of +necessity be put twice into the oven, and be cooked so carefully as to +last for a very long period and not spoil in a short time, and loaves +cooked in this way necessarily weigh less; and for this reason, when +such bread is distributed, the soldiers generally received as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiii_15" id="PageIII_xiii_15">[15-21]</a></span> +their portion one-fourth more than the usual weight.<a name="FNanchor_43_III" id="FNanchor_43_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_III" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> + John, +therefore, calculating how he might reduce the amount of firewood used +and have less to pay to the bakers in wages, and also how he might not +lose in the weight of the bread, brought the still uncooked dough to +the public baths of Achilles, in the basement of which the fire is +kept burning, and bade his men set it down there. And when it seemed +to be cooked in some fashion or other, he threw it into bags, put it +on the ships, and sent it off. And when the fleet arrived at Methone, +the loaves disintegrated and returned again to flour, not wholesome +flour, however, but rotten and becoming mouldy and already giving out +a sort of oppressive odour. And the loaves were dispensed by +measure<a name="FNanchor_44_III" id="FNanchor_44_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_III" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> + to the soldiers by those to whom this office was assigned, +and they were already making the distribution of the bread by quarts +and bushels. And the soldiers, feeding upon this in the summer time in +a place where the climate is very hot, became sick, and not less than +five hundred of them died; and the same thing was about to happen to +more, but Belisarius prevented it by ordering the bread of the country +to be furnished them. And reporting tke matter to the emperor, he +himself gained in favour, but he did not at that time bring any +punishment upon John.</p> +<p> +These events, then, took place in the manner described. And setting +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiii_21" id="PageIII_xiii_21">[21-23]</a></span> +out from Methone they reached the harbour of Zacynthus, where +they took in enough water to last them in crossing the Adriatic Sea, +and after making all their other preparations, sailed on. But since +the wind they had was very gentle and languid, it was only on the +sixteenth day that they came to land at a deserted place in Sicily +near which Mount Aetna rises. And while they were being delayed in +this passage, as has been said, it so happened that the water of the +whole fleet was spoiled, except that which Belisarius himself and his +table-companions were drinking. For this alone was preserved by the +wife of Belisarius in the following manner. She filled with water jars +made of glass and constructed a small room with planks in the hold of +the ship where it was impossible for the sun to penetrate, and there +she sank the jars in sand, and by this means the water remained +unaffected. So much, then, for this.</p> +<p> +XIV</p> +<p> +And as soon as Belisarius had disembarked upon the island, he began to +feel restless, knowing not how to proceed, and his mind was tormented +by the thought that he did not know what sort of men the Vandals were +against whom he was going, and how strong they were in war, or in what +manner the Romans would have to wage the war, or what place would be +their base of operations. But most of all he was disturbed by the +soldiers, who were in mortal dread of sea-fighting and had no shame in +saying beforehand that, if they should be disembarked on the land, +they would try to show themselves brave men in the battle, but if +hostile ships assailed them, they would turn to flight; for, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiv_2" id="PageIII_xiv_2">[2-7]</a></span> +they said, they were not able to contend against two enemies at once, +both men and water. Being at a loss, therefore, because of all these +things, he sent Procopius, his adviser, to Syracuse, to find out +whether the enemy had any ships in ambush keeping watch over the +passage across the sea, either on the island or on the continent, and +where it would be best for them to anchor in Libya, and from what +point as base it would be advantageous for them to start in carrying +on the war against the Vandals. And he bade him, when he should have +accomplished his commands, return and meet him at the place called +Caucana,<a name="FNanchor_45_III" id="FNanchor_45_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_III" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> + about two hundred stades distant from Syracuse, where +both he and the whole fleet were to anchor. But he let it be +understood that he was sending him to buy provisions, since the Goths +were willing to give them a market, this having been decided upon by +the Emperor Justinian and Amalasountha, the mother of Antalaric,<a name="FNanchor_46_III" id="FNanchor_46_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_III" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> +who was at that time a boy being reared under the care of his mother, +Amalasountha, and held sway over both the Goths and the Italians. For +when Theoderic had died and the kingdom came to his nephew, Antalaric, +who had already before this lost his father, Amalasountha was fearful +both for her child and for the kingdom and cultivated the friendship +of Justinian very carefully, and she gave heed to his commands in all +matters and at that time promised to provide a market for his army and +did so.</p> +<p> +Now when Procopius reached Syracuse, he unexpectedly met a man who had +been a fellow-citizen and friend of his from childhood, who had been +living in Syracuse for a long time engaged in the shipping +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiv_7" id="PageIII_xiv_7">[7-13]</a></span> +business, and he learned from him what he wanted; for this man showed +him a domestic who had three days before that very day come from +Carthage, and he said that they need not suspect that there would be +any ambush set for the fleet by the Vandals. For from no one in the +world had they learned that an army was coming against them at that +time, but all the active men among the Vandals had actually a little +before gone on an expedition against Godas. And for this reason +Gelimer, with no thought of an enemy in his mind and regardless of +Carthage and all the other places on the sea, was staying in Hermione, +which is in Byzacium, four days' journey distant from the coast; so +that it was possible for them to sail without fearing any difficulty +and to anchor wherever the wind should call them. When Procopius heard +this, he took the hand of the domestic and walked to the harbour of +Arethousa where his boat lay at anchor, making many enquiries of the +man and searching out every detail. And going on board the ship with +him, he gave orders to raise the sails and to make all speed for +Caucana. And since the master of the domestic stood on the shore +wondering that he did not give him back the man, Procopius shouted +out, when the ship was already under way, begging him not to be angry +with him; for it was necessary that the domestic should meet the +general, and, after leading the army to Libya, would return after no +long time to Syracuse with much money in his pocket.</p> <p>But upon +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xiv_14" id="PageIII_xiv_14">[14-2]</a></span> +coming to Caucana they found all in deep grief. For Dorotheus, the +general of the troops of Armenia, had died there, leaving to the whole +army a great sense of loss. But Belisarius, when the domestic had come +before him and related his whole story, became exceedingly glad, and +after bestowing many praises upon Procopius, he issued orders to give +the signal for departure with the trumpets. And setting sail quickly +they touched at the islands of Gaulus and Melita,<a name="FNanchor_47_III" id="FNanchor_47_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_III" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> + which mark the +boundary between the Adriatic and Tuscan Seas. There a strong east +wind arose for them, and on the following day it carried the ships to +the point of Libya, at the place which the Romans call in their own +tongue "Shoal's Head." For its name is "Caputvada," and it is five +days' journey from Carthage for an unencumbered traveller.</p> +<p> +XV</p> +<p> +And when they came near the shore, the general bade them furl the +sails, throw out anchors from the ships, and make a halt; and calling +together all the commanders to his own ship, he opened a discussion +with regard to the disembarkation. Thereupon many speeches were made +inclining to either side, and Archelaus came forward and spoke as +follows:</p> +<p> +"I admire, indeed, the virtue of our general, who, while surpassing +all by far in judgment and possessing the greatest wealth of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xv_2" id="PageIII_xv_2">[2-10]</a></span> +experience, and at the same time holding the power alone, has +proposed an open discussion and bids each one of us speak, so that we +shall be able to choose whichever course seems best, though it is +possible for him to decide alone on what is needful and at his leisure +to put it into execution as he wishes. But as for you, my fellow +officers—I do not know how I am to say it easily—one might wonder +that each one did not hasten to be the first to oppose the +disembarkation. And yet I understand that the making of suggestions to +those who are entering upon a perilous course brings no personal +advantage to him who offers the advice, but as a general thing results +in bringing blame upon him. For when things go well for men, they +attribute their success to their own judgment or to fortune, but when +they fail, they blame only the one who has advised them. Nevertheless +I shall speak out. For it is not right for those who deliberate about +safety to shrink from blame. You are purposing to disembark on the +enemy's land, fellow-officers; but in what harbour are you planning to +place the ships in safety? Or in what city's wall will you find +security for yourselves? Have you not then heard that this +promontory—I mean from Carthage to Iouce—extends, they say, for a +journey of nine days, altogether without harbours and lying open to +the wind from whatever quarter it may blow? And not a single walled +town is left in all Libya except Carthage, thanks to the decision of +Gizeric.<a name="FNanchor_48_III" id="FNanchor_48_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_III" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> + And one might add that in this place, they say, water is +entirely lacking. Come now, if you wish, let us suppose that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xv_10" id="PageIII_xv_10">[10-17]</a></span> +some adversity befall us, and with this in view make the decision. For +that those who enter into contests of arms should expect no difficulty +is not in keeping with human experience nor with the nature of things. +If, then, after we have disembarked upon the mainland, a storm should +fall upon us, will it not be necessary that one of two things befall +the ships, either that they flee away as far as possible, or perish +upon this promontory? Secondly, what means will there be of supplying +us with necessities? Let no one look to me as the officer charged with +the maintenance of the army. For every official, when deprived of the +means of administering his office, is of necessity reduced to the name +and character of a private person. And where shall we deposit our +superfluous arms or any other part of our necessaries when we are +compelled to receive the attack of the barbarians? Nay, as for this, +it is not well even to say how it will turn out. But I think that we +ought to make straight for Carthage. For they say that there is a +harbour called Stagnum not more than forty stades distant from that +city, which is entirely unguarded and large enough for the whole +fleet. And if we make this the base of our operations, we shall carry +on the war without difficulty. And I, for my part, think it likely +that we shall win Carthage by a sudden attack, especially since the +enemy are far away from it, and that after we have won it we shall +have no further trouble. For it is a way with all men's undertakings +that when the chief point has been captured, they collapse after no +long time. It behoves us, therefore, to bear in mind all these things +and to choose the best course." So spoke Archelaus.</p> <p>And +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xv_18" id="PageIII_xv_18">[18-25]</a></span> +Belisarius spoke as follows: "Let no one of you, fellow-officers, +think that my words are those of censure, nor that they are spoken in +the last place to the end that it may become necessary for all to +follow them, of whatever sort they may be. For I have heard what seems +best to each one of you, and it is becoming that I too should lay +before you what I think, and then with you should choose the better +course. But it is right to remind you of this fact, that the soldiers +said openly a little earlier that they feared the dangers by sea and +would turn to flight if a hostile ship should attack them, and we +prayed God to shew us the land of Libya and allow us a peaceful +disembarkation upon it. And since this is so, I think it the part of +foolish men first to pray to receive from God the more favourable +fortune, then when this is given them, to reject it and go in the +contrary direction. And if we do sail straight for Carthage and a +hostile fleet encounters us, the soldiers will remain without blame, +if they flee with all their might—for a delinquency announced +beforehand carries with it its own defence—but for us, even if we +come through safely, there will be no forgiveness. Now while there are +many difficulties if we remain in the ships, it will be sufficient, I +think, to mention only one thing,—that by which especially they wish +to frighten us when they hold over our heads the danger of a storm. +For if any storm should fall upon us, one of two things, they say, +must necessarily befall the ships, either that they flee far from +Libya or be destroyed upon this headland. What then under the present +circumstances will be more to our advantage to choose? to have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xv_25" id="PageIII_xv_25">[25-31]</a></span> +the ships alone destroyed, or to have lost everything, men and all? +But apart from this, at the present time we shall fall upon the enemy +unprepared, and in all probability shall fare as we desire; for in +warfare it is the unexpected which is accustomed to govern the course +of events. But a little later, when the enemy have already made their +preparation, the struggle we shall have will be one of strength evenly +matched. And one might add that it will be necessary perhaps to fight +even for the disembarkation, and to seek for that which now we have +within our grasp but over which we are deliberating as a thing not +necessary. And if at the very time, when we are engaged in conflict, a +storm also comes upon us, as often happens on the sea, then while +struggling both against the waves and against the Vandals, we shall +come to regret our prudence. As for me, then, I say that we must +disembark upon the land with all possible speed, landing horses and +arms and whatever else we consider necessary for our use, and that we +must dig a trench quickly and throw a stockade around us of a kind +which can contribute to our safety no less than any walled town one +might mention, and with that as our base must carry on the war from +there if anyone should attack us. And if we shew ourselves brave men, +we shall lack nothing in the way of provisions. For those who hold the +mastery over their enemy are lords also of the enemy's possessions; +and it is the way of victory, first to invest herself with all the +wealth, and then to set it down again on that side to which she +inclines. Therefore, for you both the chance of safety and of having +an abundance of good things lies in your own hands." +</p> <p> +When Belisarius had said this, the whole assembly agreed and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xv_31" id="PageIII_xv_31">[31-36]</a></span> +adopted his proposal, and separating from one another, they made the +disembarkation as quickly as possible, about three months later than +their departure from Byzantium. And indicating a certain spot on the +shore the general bade both soldiers and sailors dig the trench and +place the stockade about it. And they did as directed. And since a +great throng was working and fear was stimulating their enthusiasm and +the general was urging them on, not only was the trench dug on the +same day, but the stockade was also completed and the pointed stakes +were fixed in place all around. Then, indeed, while they were digging +the trench, something happened which was altogether amazing. A great +abundance of water sprang forth from the earth, a thing which had not +happened before in Byzacium, and besides this the place where they +were was altogether waterless. Now this water sufficed for all uses of +both men and animals. And in congratulating the general, Procopius +said that he rejoiced at the abundance of water, not so much because +of its usefulness, as because it seemed to him a symbol of an easy +victory, and that Heaven was foretelling a victory to them. This, at +any rate, actually came to pass. So for that night all the soldiers +bivouacked in the camp, setting guards and doing everything else as +was customary, except, indeed, that Belisarius commanded five bowmen +to remain in each ship for the purpose of a guard, and that the +ships-of-war should anchor in a circle about them, taking care that no +one should come against them to do them harm.</p> +<p> +XVI</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvi_1" id="PageIII_xvi_1">[1-5]</a></span> +<p> +But on the following day, when some of the soldiers went out into the +fields and laid hands on the fruit, the general inflicted corporal +punishment of no casual sort upon them, and he called all the army +together and spoke as follows: "This using of violence and the eating +of that which belongs to others seems at other times a wicked thing +only on this account, that injustice is in the deed itself, as the +saying is; but in the present instance so great an element of +detriment is added to the wrongdoing that—if it is not too harsh to +say so—we must consider the question of justice of less account and +calculate the magnitude of the danger that may arise from your act. +For I have disembarked you upon this land basing my confidence on this +alone, that the Libyans, being Romans from of old, are unfaithful and +hostile to the Vandals, and for this reason I thought that no +necessaries would fail us and, besides, that the enemy would not do us +any injury by a sudden attack. But now this your lack of self-control +has changed it all and made the opposite true. For you have doubtless +reconciled the Libyans to the Vandals, bringing their hostility round +upon your own selves. For by nature those who are wronged feel enmity +toward those who have done them violence, and it has come round to +this that you have exchanged your own safety and a bountiful supply of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvi_5" id="PageIII_xvi_5">[5-10]</a></span> +good things for some few pieces of silver, when it was possible +for you, by purchasing provisions from willing owners, not to appear +unjust and at the same time to enjoy their friendship to the utmost. +Now, therefore, the war will be between you and both Vandals and +Libyans, and I, at least, say further that it will be against God +himself, whose aid no one who does wrong can invoke. But do you cease +trespassing wantonly upon the possessions of others, and reject a gain +which is full of dangers. For this is that time in which above all +others moderation is able to save, but lawlessness leads to death. For +if you give heed to these things, you will find God propitious, the +Libyan people well-disposed, and the race of the Vandals open to your +attack."</p> +<p> +With these words Belisarius dismissed the assembly. And at that time +he heard that the city of Syllectus was distant one day's journey from +the camp, lying close to the sea on the road leading to Carthage, and +that the wall of this city had been torn down for a long time, but the +inhabitants of the place had made a barrier on all sides by means of +the walls of their houses, on account of the attacks of the Moors, and +guarded a kind of fortified enclosure; he, accordingly, sent one of +his spearmen, Boriades, together with some of the guards, commanding +them to make an attempt oh the city, and, if they captured it, to do +no harm in it, but to promise a thousand good things and to say that +they had come for the sake of the people's freedom, that so the army +might be able to enter into it. And they came near the city about dusk +and passed the night hidden in a ravine. But at early dawn, meeting +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvi_10" id="PageIII_xvi_10">[10-14]</a></span> +country folk going into the city with waggons, they entered +quietly with them and with no trouble took possession of the city. And +when day came, no one having begun any disturbance, they called +together the priest and all the other notables and announced the +commands of the general, and receiving the keys of the entrances from +willing hands, they sent them to the general.</p> +<p> +On the same day the overseer of the public post deserted, handing over +all the government horses. And they captured also one of those who are +occasionally sent to bear the royal responses, whom they call +"veredarii"<a name="FNanchor_49_III" id="FNanchor_49_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_III" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> +; and the general did him no harm but presented him +with much gold and, receiving pledges from him, put into his hand the +letter which the Emperor Justinian had written to the Vandals, that he +might give it to the magistrates of the Vandals. And the writing was +as follows: "Neither have we decided to make war upon the Vandals, nor +are we breaking the treaty of Gizeric, but we are attempting to +dethrone your tyrant, who, making light of the testament of Gizeric, +has imprisoned your king and is keeping him in custody, and those of +his relatives whom he hated exceedingly he put to death at the first, +and the rest, after robbing them of their sight, he keeps under guard, +not allowing them to terminate their misfortunes by death. Do you, +therefore, join forces with us and help us in freeing yourselves from +so wicked a tyranny, in order that you may be able to enjoy both peace +and freedom. For we give you pledges in the name of God that these +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvi_14" id="PageIII_xvi_14">[14-5]</a></span> +things will come to you by our hand." Such was the message of +the emperor's letter. But the man who received this from Belisarius +did not dare to publish it openly, and though he shewed it secretly to +his friends, he accomplished nothing whatever of consequence.</p> +<p> +XVII</p> +<p> +And Belisarius, having arrayed his army as for battle in the following +manner, began the march to Carthage. He chose out three hundred of his +guards, men who were able warriors, and handed them over to John, who +was in charge of the expenditures of the general's household; such a +person the Romans call "optio."<a name="FNanchor_50_III" id="FNanchor_50_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_III" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> + And he was an Armenian by birth, a +man gifted with discretion and courage in the highest degree. This +John, then, he commanded to go ahead of the army, at a distance of not +less than twenty stades, and if he should see anything of the enemy, +to report it with all speed, so that they might not be compelled to +enter into battle unprepared. And the allied Massagetae he commanded +to travel constantly on the left of the army, keeping as many stades +away or more; and he himself marched in the rear with the best troops. +For he suspected that it would not be long before Gelimer, following +them from Hermione, would make an attack upon them. And these +precautions were sufficient, for on the right side there was no fear, +since they were travelling not far from the coast. And he commanded +the sailors to follow along with them always and not to separate +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvii_5" id="PageIII_xvii_5">[5-10]</a></span> +themselves far from the army, but when the wind was favouring to +lower the great sails, and follow with the small sails, which they +call "dolones,"<a name="FNanchor_51_III" id="FNanchor_51_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_III" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> + and when the wind dropped altogether to keep the +ships under way as well as they could by rowing.</p> +<p> +And when Belisarius reached Syllectus, the soldiers behaved with +moderation, and they neither began any unjust brawls nor did anything +out of the way, and he himself, by displaying great gentleness and +kindness, won the Libyans to his side so completely that thereafter he +made the journey as if in his own land; for neither did the +inhabitants of the land withdraw nor did they wish to conceal +anything, but they both furnished a market and served the soldiers in +whatever else they wished. And accomplishing eighty stades each day, +we completed the whole journey to Carthage, passing the night either +in a city, should it so happen, or in a camp made as thoroughly secure +as the circumstances permitted. Thus we passed through the city of +Leptis and Hadrumetum and reached the place called Grasse, three +hundred and fifty stades distant from Carthage. In that place was a +palace of the ruler of the Vandals and a park the most beautiful of +all we know. For it is excellently watered by springs and has a great +wealth of woods. And all the trees are full of fruit; so that each one +of the soldiers pitched his tent among fruit-trees, and though all of +them ate their fill of the fruit, which was then ripe, there +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvii_10" id="PageIII_xvii_10">[10-16]</a></span> +was practically no diminution to be seen in the fruit.</p> +<p> +But Gelimer, as soon as he heard in Hermione that the enemy were at +hand, wrote to his brother Ammatas in Carthage to kill Ilderic and all +the others, connected with him either by birth or otherwise, whom he +was keeping under guard, and commanded him to make ready the Vandals +and all others in the city serviceable for war, in order that, when +the enemy got inside the narrow passage at the suburb of the city +which they call Decimum,<a name="FNanchor_52_III" id="FNanchor_52_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_III" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> + they might come together from both sides +and surround them and, catching them as in a net, destroy them. And +Ammatas carried this out, and killed Ilderic, who was a relative of +his, and Euagees, and all the Libyans who were intimate with them. For +Hoamer had already departed from the world.<a name="FNanchor_53_III" id="FNanchor_53_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_III" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> + And arming the +Vandals, he made them ready, intending to make his attack at the +opportune moment. But Gelimer was following behind, without letting it +be known to us, except, indeed, that, on that night when we bivouacked +in Grasse, scouts coming from both armies met each other, and after an +exchange of blows they each retired to their own camp, and in this way +it became evident to us that the enemy were not far away. As we +proceeded from there it was impossible to discern the ships. For high +rocks extending well into the sea cause mariners to make a great +circuit, and there is a projecting headland,<a name="FNanchor_54_III" id="FNanchor_54_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_III" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> + inside of which lies +the town of Hermes. Belisarius therefore commanded Archelaus, the +prefect, and Calonymus, the admiral, not to put in at Carthage, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xvii_16" id="PageIII_xvii_16">[16-4]</a></span> +but to remain about two hundred stades away until he himself should +summon them. And departing from Grasse we came on the fourth day to +Decimum, seventy stades distant from Carthage.</p> +<p> +XVIII</p> +<p> +And on that day Gelimer commanded his nephew Gibamundus with two +thousand of the Vandals to go ahead of the rest of the army on the +left side, in order that Ammatas coming from Carthage, Gelimer himself +from the rear, and Gibamundus from the country to the left, might +unite and accomplish the task of encircling the enemy with less +difficulty and exertion. But as for me, during this struggle I was +moved to wonder at the ways of Heaven and of men, noting how God, who +sees from afar what will come to pass, traces out the manner in which +it seems best to him that things should come to pass, while men, +whether they are deceived or counsel aright, know not that they have +failed, should that be the issue, or that they have succeeded, God's +purpose being that a path shall be made for Fortune, who presses on +inevitably toward that which has been foreordained. For if Belisarius +had not thus arranged his forces, commanding the men under John to +take the lead, and the Massagetae to march on the left of the army, we +should never have been able to escape the Vandals. And even with this +planned so by Belisarius, if Ammatas had observed the opportune +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xviii_4" id="PageIII_xviii_4">[4-11]</a></span> +time, and had not anticipated this by about the fourth part of a day, +never would the cause of the Vandals have fallen as it did; but as it +was, Ammatas came to Decimum about midday, in advance of the time, +while both we and the Vandal army were far away, erring not only in +that he did not arrive at the fitting time, but also in leaving at +Carthage the host of the Vandals, commanding them to come to Decimum +as quickly as possible, while he with a few men and not even the pick +of the army came into conflict with John's men. And he killed twelve +of the best men who were fighting in the front rank, and he himself +fell, having shewn himself a brave man in this engagement. And the +rout, after Ammatas fell, became complete, and the Vandals, fleeing at +top speed, swept back all those who were coming from Carthage to +Decimum. For they were advancing in no order and not drawn up as for +battle, but in companies, and small ones at that; for they were coming +in bands of twenty or thirty. And seeing the Vandals under Ammatas +fleeing, and thinking their pursuers were a great multitude, they +turned and joined in the flight. And John and his men, killing all +whom they came upon, advanced as far as the gates of Carthage. And +there was so great a slaughter of Vandals in the course of the seventy +stades that those who beheld it would have supposed that it was the +work of an enemy twenty thousand strong.</p> +<p> At the same time +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xviii_12" id="PageIII_xviii_12">[12-19]</a></span> +Gibamundus and his two thousand came to Pedion Halon, which is forty +stades distant from Decimum on the left as one goes to Carthage, and +is destitute of human habitation or trees or anything else, since the +salt in the water permits nothing except salt to be produced there; in +that place they encountered the Huns and were all destroyed. Now there +was a certain man among the Massagetae, well gifted with courage and +strength of body, the leader of a few men; this man had the privilege +handed down from his fathers and ancestors to be the first in all the +Hunnic armies to attack the enemy. For it was not lawful for a man of +the Massagetae to strike first in battle and capture one of the enemy +until, indeed, someone from this house began the struggle with the +enemy. So when the two armies had come not far from each other, this +man rode out and stopped alone close to the army of the Vandals. And +the Vandals, either because they were dumbfounded at the courageous +spirit of the man or perhaps because they suspected that the enemy +were contriving something against them, decided neither to move nor to +shoot at the man. And I think that, since they had never had +experience of battle with the Massagetae, but heard that the nation +was very warlike, they were for this reason terrified at the danger. +And the man, returning to his compatriots, said that God had sent them +these strangers as a ready feast. Then at length they made their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xviii_19" id="PageIII_xviii_19">[19-6]</a></span> +onset and the Vandals did not withstand them, but breaking their ranks +and never thinking of resistance, they were all disgracefully +destroyed.</p> +<p> +XIX</p> +<p> +But we, having learned nothing at all of what had happened, were going +on to Decimum. And Belisarius, seeing a place well adapted for a camp, +thirty-five stades distant from Decimum, surrounded it with a stockade +which was very well made, and placing all the infantry there and +calling together the whole army, he spoke as follows: "Fellow-soldiers, the decisive moment of the struggle is already at +hand; for I perceive that the enemy are advancing upon us; and the +ships have been taken far away from us by the nature of the place; and +it has come round to this that our hope of safety lies in the strength +of our hands. For there is not a friendly city, no, nor any other +stronghold, in which we may put our trust and have confidence +concerning ourselves. But if we should show ourselves brave men, it is +probable that we shall still overcome the enemy in the war; but if we +should weaken at all, it will remain for us to fall under the hand of +the Vandals and to be destroyed disgracefully. And yet there are many +advantages on our side to help us on toward victory; for we have with +us both justice, with which we have come against our enemy (for we are +here in order to recover what is our own), and the hatred of the +Vandals toward their own tyrant. For the alliance of God follows +naturally those who put justice forward, and a soldier who is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xix_6" id="PageIII_xix_6">[6-14]</a></span> +ill-disposed toward his ruler knows not how to play the part of a +brave man. And apart from this, we have been engaged with Persians and +Scythians all the time, but the Vandals, since the time they conquered +Libya, have seen not a single enemy except naked Moors. And who does +not know that in every work practice leads to skill, while idleness +leads to inefficiency? Now the stockade, from which we shall have to +carry on the war, has been made by us in the best possible manner. And +we are able to deposit here our weapons and everything else which we +are not able to carry when we go forth; and when we return here again, +no kind of provisions can fail us. And I pray that each one of you, +calling to mind his own valour and those whom he has left at home, may +so march with contempt against the enemy."</p> +<p> +After speaking these words and uttering a prayer after them, +Belisarius left his wife and the barricaded camp to the infantry, and +himself set forth with all the horsemen. For it did not seem to him +advantageous for the present to risk an engagement with the whole +army, but it seemed wise to skirmish first with the horsemen and make +trial of the enemy's strength, and finally to fight a decisive battle +with the whole army. Sending forward, therefore, the commanders of the +foederati,<a name="FNanchor_55_III" id="FNanchor_55_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_III" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> + he himself followed with the rest of the force and his +own spearmen and guards. And when the foederati and their leaders +reached Decimum, they saw the corpses of the fallen—twelve +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xix_14" id="PageIII_xix_14">[14-22]</a></span> +comrades from the forces of John and near them Ammatas and some of the +Vandals. And hearing from the inhabitants of the place the whole story +of the fight, they were vexed, being at a loss as to where they ought +to go. But while they were still at a loss and from the hills were +looking around over the whole country thereabouts, a dust appeared +from the south and a little later a very large force of Vandal +horsemen. And they sent to Belisarius urging him to come as quickly as +possible, since the enemy were bearing down upon them. And the +opinions of the commanders were divided. For some thought that they +ought to close with their assailants, but the others said that their +force was not sufficient for this. And while they were debating thus +among themselves, the barbarians drew near under the leadership of +Gelimer, who was following a road between the one which Belisarius was +travelling and the one by which the Massagetae who had encountered +Gibamundus had come. But since the land was hilly on both sides, it +did not allow him to see either the disaster of Gibamundus or +Belisarius' stockade, nor even the road along which Belisarius' men +were advancing. But when they came near each other, a contest arose +between the two armies as to which should capture the highest of all +the hills there. For it seemed a suitable one to encamp upon, and both +sides preferred to engage with the enemy from there. And the Vandals, +coming first, took possession of the hill by crowding off their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xix_22" id="PageIII_xix_22">[22-28]</a></span> +assailants and routed the enemy, having already become an object of +terror to them. And the Romans in flight came to a place seven stades +distant from Decimum, where, as it happened, Uliaris, the personal +guard of Belisarius, was, with eight hundred guardsmen. And all +supposed that Uliaris would receive them and hold his position, and +together with them would go against the Vandals; but when they came +together, these troops all unexpectedly fled at top speed and went on +the run to Belisarius.</p> +<p> +From then on I am unable to say what happened to Gelimer that, having +the victory in his hands, he willingly gave it up to the enemy, unless +one ought to refer foolish actions also to God, who, whenever He +purposes that some adversity shall befall a man, touches first his +reason and does not permit that which will be to his advantage to come +to his consideration. For if, on the one hand, he had made the pursuit +immediately, I do not think that even Belisarius would have withstood +him, but our cause would have been utterly and completely lost, so +numerous appeared the force of the Vandals and so great the fear they +inspired in the Romans; or if, on the other hand, he had even ridden +straight for Carthage, he would easily have killed all John's men, +who, heedless of everything else, were wandering about the plain one +by one or by twos and stripping the dead. And he would have preserved +the city with its treasures, and captured our ships, which had come +rather near, and he would have withdrawn from us all hope both +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xix_28" id="PageIII_xix_28">[28-1]</a></span> +of sailing away and of victory. But in fact he did neither of these +things. Instead he descended from the hill at a walk, and when he +reached the level ground and saw the corpse of his brother, he turned +to lamentations, and, in caring for his burial, he blunted the edge of +his opportunity—an opportunity which he was not able to grasp again. +Meantime Belisarius, meeting the fugitives, bade them stop, and +arrayed them all in order and rebuked them at length; then, after +hearing of the death of Ammatas and the pursuit of John, and learning +what he wished concerning the place and the enemy, he proceeded at +full speed against Gelimer and the Vandals. But the barbarians, having +already fallen into disorder and being now unprepared, did not +withstand the onset of the Romans, but fled with all their might, +losing many there, and the battle ended at night. Now the Vandals were +in flight, not to Carthage nor to Byzacium, whence they had come, but +to the plain of Boulla and the road leading into Numidia. So the men +with John and the Massagetae returned to us about dusk, and after +learning all that had happened and reporting what they had done, they +passed the night with us in Decimum.</p> +<p> +XX</p> +<p> +But on the following day the infantry with the wife of Belisarius came +up and we all proceeded together on the road toward Carthage, which we +reached in the late evening; and we passed the night in the open, +although no one hindered us from marching into the city at once. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xx_1" id="PageIII_xx_1">[1-7]</a></span> +For the Carthaginians opened the gates and burned lights everywhere +and the city was brilliant with the illumination that whole night, and +those of the Vandals who had been left behind were sitting as +suppliants in the sanctuaries. But Belisarius prevented the entrance +in order to guard against any ambuscade being set for his men by the +enemy, and also to prevent the soldiers from having freedom to turn to +plundering, as they might under the concealment of night. On that day, +since an east wind arose for them, the ships reached the headland, and +the Carthaginians, for they already sighted them, removed the iron +chains of the harbour which they call Mandracium, and made it possible +for the fleet to enter. Now there is in the king's palace a room +filled with darkness, which the Carthaginians call Ancon, where all +were cast with whom the tyrant was angry. In that place, as it +happened, many of the eastern merchants had been confined up to that +time. For Gelimer was angry with these men, charging them with having +urged the emperor on to the war, and they were about to be destroyed, +all of them, this having been decided upon by Gelimer on that day on +which Ammatas was killed in Decimum; to such an extremity of danger +did they come. The guard of this prison, upon hearing what had taken +place in Decimum and seeing the fleet inside the point, entered the +room and enquired of the men, who had not yet learned the good news, +but were sitting in the darkness and expecting death, what among +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xx_7" id="PageIII_xx_7">[7-15]</a></span> +their possessions they would be willing to give up and be saved. +And when they said they desired to give everything he might wish, he +demanded nothing of all their treasures, but required them all to +swear that, if they escaped, they would assist him also with all their +power when he came into danger. And they did this. Then he told them +them the whole story, and tearing off a plank from the side toward the +sea, he pointed out the fleet approaching, and releasing all from the +prison went out with them.</p> +<p> +But tile men on the ships, having as yet heard nothing of what the +army had done on the land, were completely at a loss, and slackening +their sails they sent to the town of Mercurium; there they learned +what had taken place at Decimum, and becoming exceedingly joyful +sailed on. And when, with a favouring wind blowing, they came to +within one hundred and fifty stades of Carthage, Archelaus and the +soldiers bade them anchor there, fearing the warning of the general, +but the sailors would not obey. For they said that the promontory at +that point was without a harbour and also that the indications were +that a well-known storm, which the natives call Cypriana, would arise +immediately. And they predicted that, if it came upon them in that +place, they would not be able to save even one of the ships. And it +was as they said. So they slackened their sails for a short time and +deliberated; and they did not think they ought to try for Mandracium +(for they shrank from violating the commands of Belisarius, and at the +same time they suspected that the entrance to Mandracium was closed by +the chains, and besides they feared that this harbour was not +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xx_15" id="PageIII_xx_15">[15-21]</a></span> +sufficient for the whole fleet) but Stagnum seemed to them well +situated (for it is forty stades distant from Carthage), and there was +nothing in it to hinder them, and also it was large enough for the +whole fleet. There they arrived about dusk and all anchored, except, +indeed, that Calonymus with some of the sailors, disregarding the +general and all the others, went off secretly to Mandracium, no one +daring to hinder him, and plundered the property of the merchants +dwelling on the sea, both foreigners and Carthaginians.</p> +<p> +On the following day Belisarius commanded those on the ships to +disembark, and after marshalling the whole army and drawing it up in +battle formation, he marched into Carthage; for he feared lest he +should encounter some snare set by the enemy. There he reminded the +soldiers at length of how much good fortune had come to them because +they had displayed moderation toward the Libyans, and he exhorted them +earnestly to preserve good order with the greatest care in Carthage. +For all the Libyans had been Romans in earlier times and had come +under the Vandals by no will of their own and had suffered many +outrages at the hands of these barbarians. For this very reason the +emperor had entered into war with the Vandals, and it was not holy +that any harm should come from them to the people whose freedom they +had made the ground for taking the field against the Vandals. + +<span class="sidenote"> Sept. 15 533 A.D.</span> + +After such words of exhortation he entered Carthage, and, since +no enemy was seen by them, he went up to the palace and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xx_21" id="PageIII_xx_21">[21-3]</a></span> +seated himself on Gelimer's throne. There a crowd of merchants and +other Carthaginians came before Belisarius with much shouting, persons +whose homes were on the sea, and they made the charge that there had +been a robbery of their property on the preceding night by the +sailors. And Belisarius bound Calonymus by oaths to bring without fail +all his thefts to the light. And Calonymus, taking the oath and +disregarding what he had sworn, for the moment made the money his +plunder, but not long afterwards he paid his just penalty in +Byzantium. For being taken with the disease called apoplexy, he became +insane and bit off his own tongue and then died. But this happened at +a later time.</p> +<p> +XXI</p> +<p> +But then, since the hour was appropriate, Belisarius commanded that +lunch be prepared for them, in the very place where Gelimer was +accustomed to entertain the leaders of the Vandals. This place the +Romans call "Delphix," not in their own tongue, but using the Greek +word according to the ancient custom. For in the palace at Rome, where +the dining couches of the emperor were placed, a tripod had stood from +olden times, on which the emperor's cupbearers used to place the cups. +Now the Romans call a tripod "Delphix," since they were first made at +Delphi, and from this both in Byzantium and wherever there is a king's +dining couch they call the room "Delphix"; for the Romans follow the +Greek also in calling the emperor's residence "Palatium." For a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxi_3" id="PageIII_xxi_3">[3-10]</a></span> +Greek named Pallas lived in this place before the capture of Troy and +built a noteworthy house there, and they called this dwelling +"Palatium"; and when Augustus received the imperial power, he decided +to take up his first residence in that house, and from this they call +the place wherever the emperor resides "Palatium." So Belisarius dined +in the Delphix and with him all the notables of the army. And it +happened that the lunch made for Gelimer on the preceding day was in +readiness. And we feasted on that very food and the domestics of +Gelimer served it and poured the wine and waited upon us in every way. +And it was possible to see Fortune in her glory and making a display +of the fact that all things are hers and that nothing is the private +possession of any man. And it fell to the lot of Belisarius on that +day to win such fame as no one of the men of his time ever won nor +indeed any of the men of olden times. For though the Roman soldiers +were not accustomed to enter a subject city without confusion, even if +they numbered only five hundred, and especially if they made the entry +unexpectedly, all the soldiers under the command of this general +showed themselves so orderly that there was not a single act of +insolence nor a threat, and indeed nothing happened to hinder the +business of the city; but in a captured city, one which had changed +its government and shifted its allegiance, it came about that no man's +household was excluded from the privileges of the market-place; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxi_10" id="PageIII_xxi_10">[10-17]</a></span> +on the contrary, the clerks drew up their lists of the men and +conducted the soldiers to their lodgings, just as usual,<a name="FNanchor_56_III" id="FNanchor_56_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_III" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> + and the +soldiers themselves, getting their lunch by purchase from the market, +rested as each one wished.</p> +<p> +Afterwards Belisarius gave pledges to those Vandals who had fled into +the sanctuaries, and began to take thought for the fortifications. For +the circuit-wall of Carthage had been so neglected that in many places +it had become accessible to anyone who wished and easy to attack. For +no small part of it had fallen down, and it was for this reason, the +Carthaginians said, that Gelimer had not made his stand in the city. +For he thought that it would be impossible in a short time to restore +such a circuit-wall to a safe condition. And they said that an old +oracle had been uttered by the children in earlier times in Carthage, +to the effect that "gamma shall pursue beta, and again beta itself +shall pursue gamma." And at that time it had been spoken by the +children in play and had been left as an unexplained riddle, but now +it was perfectly clear to all. For formerly Gizeric had driven out +Boniface and now Belisarius was doing the same to Gelimer. This, then, +whether it was a rumour or an oracle, came out as I have stated.</p> +<p> +At that time a dream also came to light, which had been seen often +before this by many persons, but without being clear as to how it +would turn out. And the dream was as follows. Cyprian,<a name="FNanchor_57_III" id="FNanchor_57_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_III" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> + a holy man, +is reverenced above all others by the Carthaginians. And they +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxi_17" id="PageIII_xxi_17">[17-23]</a></span> +have founded a very noteworthy temple in his honour before the city on +the sea-shore, in which they conduct all other customary services, and +also celebrate there a festival which they call the "Cypriana"; and +the sailors are accustomed to name after Cyprian the storm, which I +mentioned lately,<a name="FNanchor_58_III" id="FNanchor_58_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_III" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> + giving it the same name as the festival, since +it is wont to come on at the time at which the Libyans have always +been accustomed to celebrate the festival. This temple the Vandals +took from the Christians by violence in the reign of Honoric. And they +straightway drove out their priests from the temple in great +dishonour, and themselves thereafter attended to the sacred festival +which, they said, now belonged to the Arians. And the Libyans, indeed, +were angry on this account and altogether at a loss, but Cyprian, they +say, often sent them a dream saying that there was not the least need +for the Christians to be concerned about him; for he himself as time +went on would be his own avenger. And when the report of this was +passed around and came to all the Libyans, they were expecting that +some vengeance would come upon the Vandals at some time because of +this sacred festival, but were unable to conjecture how in the world +the vision would be realized for them. Now, therefore, when the +emperor's expedition had come to Libya, since the time had already +come round and would bring the celebration of the festival on the +succeeding day, the priests of the Arians, in spite of the fact that +Ammatas had led the Vandals to Decimum, cleansed the whole sanctuary +and were engaged in hanging up the most beautiful of the votive +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxi_23" id="PageIII_xxi_23">[23-5]</a></span> +offerings there, and making ready the lamps and bringing out the +treasures from the store-houses and preparing all things with +exactness, arranging everything according to its appropriate use. But +the events in Decimum turned out in the manner already described. And +the priests of the Arians were off in flight, while the Christians who +conform to the orthodox faith came to the temple of Cyprian, and they +burned all the lamps and attended to the sacred festival just as is +customary for them to perform this service, and thus it was known to +all what the vision of the dream was foretelling. This, then, came +about in this way.</p> +<p> +XXII</p> +<p> +And the Vandals, recalling an ancient saying, marvelled, understanding +clearly thereafter that for a man, at least, no hope could be +impossible nor any possession secure. And what this saying was and in +what manner it was spoken I shall explain. When the Vandals +originally, pressed by hunger, were about to remove from their +ancestral abodes, a certain part of them was left behind who were +reluctant to go and not desirous of following Godigisclus. And as time +went on it seemed to those who had remained that they were well off as +regards abundance of provisions, and Gizeric with his followers gained +possession of Libya. And when this was heard by those who had not +followed Godigisclus, they rejoiced, since thenceforth the country was +altogether sufficient for them to live upon. But fearing lest at +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxii_5" id="PageIII_xxii_5">[5-12]</a></span> +some time much later either the very ones who had conquered Libya, or +their descendants, should in some way or other be driven out of Libya +and return to their ancestral homes (for they never supposed that the +Romans would let Libya be held for ever), they sent ambassadors to +them. And these men, upon coming before Gizeric, said that they +rejoiced with their compatriots who had met with such success, but +that they were no longer able to guard the land of which he and his +men had thought so little that they had settled in Libya. They prayed +therefore that, if they laid no claim to their fatherland, they would +bestow it as an unprofitable possession upon themselves, so that their +title to the land might be made as secure as possible, and if anyone +should come to do it harm, they might by no means disdain to die in +behalf of it. Gizeric, accordingly, and all the other Vandals thought +that they spoke fairly and justly, and they were in the act of +granting everything which the envoys desired of them. But a certain +old man who was esteemed among them and had a great reputation for +discretion said that he would by no means permit such a thing. "For in +human affairs," he said, "not one thing stands secure; nay, nothing +which now exists is stable for all time for men, while as regards that +which does not yet exist, there is nothing which may not come to +pass." When Gizeric heard this, he expressed approval and decided to +send the envoys away with nothing accomplished. Now at that time both +he himself and the man who had given the advice were judged worthy of +ridicule by all the Vandals, as foreseeing the impossible. But when +these things which have been told took place, the Vandals +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxii_12" id="PageIII_xxii_12">[12-18]</a></span> +learned to take a different view of the nature of human affairs and +realized that the saying was that of a wise man.</p> +<p> +Now as for those Vandals who remained in their native land, neither +remembrance nor any name of them has been preserved to my time.<a name="FNanchor_59_III" id="FNanchor_59_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_III" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> + +For since, I suppose, they were a small number, they were either +overpowered by the neighbouring barbarians or they were mingled with +them not at all unwillingly and their name gave way to that of their +conquerors. Indeed, when the Vandals were conquered at that time by +Belisarius, no thought occurred to them to go from there to their +ancestral homes. For they were not able to convey themselves suddenly +from Libya to Europe, especially as they had no ships at hand, but +paid the penalty<a name="FNanchor_60_III" id="FNanchor_60_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_III" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> + there for all the wrongs they had done the Romans +and especially the Zacynthians. For at one time Gizeric, falling +suddenly upon the towns in the Peloponnesus, undertook to assault +Taenarum. And being repulsed from there and losing many of his +followers he retired in complete disorder. And while he was still +filled with anger on account of this, he touched at Zacynthus, and +having killed many of those he met and enslaved five hundred of the +notables, he sailed away soon afterwards. And when he reached the +middle of the Adriatic Sea, as it is called, he cut into small pieces +the bodies of the five hundred and threw them all about the sea +without the least concern. But this happened in earlier times.</p> +<p> +XXIII</p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxiii_1" id="PageIII_xxiii_1">[1-9]</a></span> +<p> +But at that time Gelimer, by distributing much money to the farmers +among the Libyans and shewing great friendliness toward them, +succeeded in winning many to his side. These he commanded to kill the +Romans who went out into the country, proclaiming a fixed sum of gold +for each man killed, to be paid to him who did the deed. And they +killed many from the Roman army, not soldiers, however, but slaves and +servants, who because of a desire for money went up into the villages +stealthily and were caught. And the farmers brought their heads before +Gelimer and departed receiving their pay, while he supposed that they +had slain soldiers of the enemy.</p> +<p> +At that time Diogenes, the aide of Belisarius, made a display of +valorous deeds. For having been sent, together with twenty-two of the +body-guards, to spy upon their opponents, he came to a place two days' +journey distant from Carthage. And the farmers of the place, being +unable to kill these men, reported to Gelimer that they were there. +And he chose out and sent against them three hundred horsemen of the +Vandals, enjoining upon them to bring all the men alive before him. +For it seemed to him a most remarkable achievement to make captive a +personal aide of Belisarius with twenty-two body-guards. Now Diogenes +and his party had entered a certain house and were sleeping in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxiii_9" id="PageIII_xxiii_9">[9-16]</a></span> +the upper storey, having no thought of the enemy in mind, since, +indeed, they had learned that their opponents were far away. But the +Vandals, coming there at early dawn, thought it would not be to their +advantage to destroy the doors of the house or to enter it in the +dark, fearing lest, being involved in a night encounter, they might +themselves destroy one another, and at the same time, if that should +happen, provide a way of escape for a large number of the enemy in the +darkness. But they did this because cowardice had paralyzed their +minds, though it would have been possible for them with no trouble, by +carrying torches or even without these, to catch their enemies in +their beds not only without weapons, but absolutely naked besides. But +as it was, they made a phalanx in a circle about the whole house and +especially at the doors, and all took their stand there. But in the +meantime it so happened that one of the Roman soldiers was roused from +sleep, and he, noticing the noise which the Vandals made as they +talked stealthily among themselves and moved with their weapons, was +able to comprehend what was being done, and rousing each one of his +comrades silently, he told them what was going on. And they, following +the opinion of Diogenes, all put on their clothes quietly and taking +up their weapons went below. There they put the bridles on their +horses and leaped upon them unperceived by anyone. And after standing +for a time by the court-yard entrance, they suddenly opened the door +there, and straightway all came out. And then the Vandals +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxiii_16" id="PageIII_xxiii_16">[16-1]</a></span> +immediately closed with them, but they accomplished nothing. For +the Romans rode hard, covering themselves with their shields and +warding off their assailants with their spears. And in this way +Diogenes escaped the enemy, losing two of his followers, but saving +the rest. He himself, however, received three blows in this encounter +on the neck and the face, from which indeed he came within a little of +dying, and one blow also on the left hand, as a result of which he was +thereafter unable to move his little finger. This, then, took place in +this way.</p> +<p> +And Belisarius offered great sums of money to the artisans engaged in +the building trade and to the general throng of workmen, and by this +means he dug a trench deserving of great admiration about the +circuit-wall, and setting stakes close together along it he made an +excellent stockade about the fortifications. And not only this, but he +built up in a short time the portions of the wall which had suffered, +a thing which seemed worthy of wonder not only to the Carthaginians, +but also to Gelimer himself at a later time. For when he came as a +captive to Carthage, he marvelled when he saw the wall and said that +his own negligence had proved the cause of all his present troubles. +This, then, was accomplished by Belisarius while in Carthage.</p> +<p> +XXIV</p> +<p> +But Tzazon, the brother of Gelimer, reached Sardinia with the +expedition which has been mentioned above<a name="FNanchor_61_III" id="FNanchor_61_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_III" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> + and disembarked at the +harbour of Caranalis<a name="FNanchor_62_III" id="FNanchor_62_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_III" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> +; and at the first onset he captured the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxiv_1" id="PageIII_xxiv_1">[1-9]</a></span> +city and killed the tyrant Godas and all the fighting men about him. +And when he heard that the emperor's expedition was in the land of +Libya, having as yet learned nothing of what had been done there, he +wrote to Gelimer as follows: "Know, O King of the Vandals and Alani, +that the tyrant Godas has perished, having fallen into our hands, and +that the island is again under thy kingdom, and celebrate the festival +of triumph. And as for the enemy who have had the daring to march +against our land, expect that their attempt will come to the same fate +as that experienced by those who in former times marched against our +ancestors." And those who took this letter sailed into the harbour of +Carthage with no thought of the enemy in mind. And being brought by +the guards before the general, they put the letter into his hands and +gave him information on the matters about which he enquired, being +thunderstruck at what they beheld and awed at the suddenness of the +change; however, they suffered nothing unpleasant at the hand of +Belisarius.</p> +<p> +At this same time another event also occurred as follows. A short time +before the emperor's expedition reached Libya, Gelimer had sent envoys +into Spain, among whom were Gothaeus and Fuscias, in order to persuade +Theudis, the ruler of the Visigoths,<a name="FNanchor_63_III" id="FNanchor_63_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_III" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> + to establish an alliance with +the Vandals. And these envoys, upon disembarking on the mainland after +crossing the strait at Gadira, found Theudis in a place situated far +from the sea. And when they had come up to the place where he was, +Theudis received them with friendliness and entertained them +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxiv_9" id="PageIII_xxiv_9">[9-19]</a></span> +heartily, and during the feast he pretended to enquire how matters +stood with Gelimer and the Vandals. Now since these envoys had +travelled to him rather slowly, it happened that he had heard from +others everything which had befallen the Vandals. For one merchant +ship sailing for trade had put out from Carthage on the very same day +as the army marched into the city, and finding a favouring wind, had +come to Spain. From those on this ship Theudis learned all that had +happened in Libya, but he forbade the merchants to reveal it to +anyone, in order that this might not become generally known. And when +Gothaeus and his followers replied that everything was as well as +possible for them, he asked them for what purpose, then, they had +come. And when they proposed the alliance, Theudis bade them go to the +sea-coast; "For from there," he said, "you will learn of the affairs +at home with certainty." And the envoys, supposing that the man was in +his cups and his words were not sane, remained silent. But when on the +following day they met him and made mention of the alliance, and +Theudis used the same words a second time, then at length they +understood that some change of fortune had befallen them in Libya, but +never once thinking of Carthage they sailed for the city. And upon +coming to land close by it and happening upon Roman soldiers, they put +themselves in their hands to do with them as they wished. And from +there they were led away to the general, and reporting the whole +story, they suffered no harm at his hand. These things, then, happened +thus. And Cyril,<a name="FNanchor_64_III" id="FNanchor_64_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_III" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> + upon coming near to Sardinia and learning +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxiv_19" id="PageIII_xxiv_19">[19-7]</a></span> +what had happened to Godas, sailed to Carthage, and there, finding the +Roman army and Belisarius victorious, he remained at rest; and +Solomon<a name="FNanchor_65_III" id="FNanchor_65_III"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_III" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> + was sent to the emperor in order to announce what had been +accomplished.</p> +<p> +XXV</p> +<p> +But Gelimer, upon reaching the plain of Boulla, which is distant from +Carthage a journey of four days for an unencumbered traveller, not far +from the boundaries of Numidia, began to gather there all the Vandals +and as many of the Moors as happened to be friendly to him. Few Moors, +however, joined his alliance, and these were altogether insubordinate. +For all those who ruled over the Moors in Mauretania and Numidia and +Byzacium sent envoys to Belisarius saying that they were slaves of the +emperor and promised to fight with him. There were some also who even +furnished their children as hostages and requested that the symbols of +office be sent them from him according to the ancient custom. For it +was a law among the Moors that no one should be a ruler over them, +even if he was hostile to the Romans, until the emperor of the Romans +should give him the tokens of the office. And though they had already +received them from the Vandals, they did not consider that the Vandals +held the office securely. Now these symbols are a staff of silver +covered with gold, and a silver cap,—not covering the whole head, but +like a crown and held in place on all sides by bands of silver,—a +kind of white cloak gathered by a golden brooch on the right +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxv_7" id="PageIII_xxv_7">[7-15]</a></span> +shoulder in the form of a Thessalian cape, and a white tunic with +embroidery, and a gilded boot. And Belisarius sent these things to +them, and presented each one of them with much money. However, they +did not come to fight along with him, nor, on the other hand, did they +dare give their support to the Vandals, but standing out of the way of +both contestants, they waited to see what would be the outcome of the +war. Thus, then, matters stood with the Romans.</p> +<p> +But Gelimer sent one of the Vandals to Sardinia with a letter to his +brother Tzazon. And he went quickly to the coast, and finding by +chance a merchant-ship putting out to sea, he sailed into the harbour +of Caranalis and put the letter into the hands of Tzazon. Now the +message of the letter was as follows:</p> +<p> +"It was not, I venture to think, Godas who caused the island to revolt +from us, but some curse of madness sent from Heaven which fell upon +the Vandals. For by depriving us of you and the notables of the +Vandals, it has seized and carried off from the house of Gizeric +absolutely all the blessings which we enjoyed. For it was not to +recover the island for us that you sailed from here, but in order that +Justinian might be master of Libya. For that which Fortune had decided +upon previously it is now possible to know from the outcome. +Belisarius, then, has come against us with a small army, but valour +straightway departed and fled from the Vandals, taking good fortune +with her. For Ammatas and Gibamundus have fallen, because the Vandals +lost their courage, and the horses and shipyards and all Libya and, +not least of all, Carthage itself, are held already by the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxv_15" id="PageIII_xxv_15">[15-23]</a></span> +enemy. And the Vandals are sitting here, having paid with their +children and wives and all their possessions for their failure to play +the part of brave men in battle, and to us is left only the plain of +Boulla, where our hope in you has set us down and still keeps us. But +do you have done with such matters as rebel tyrants and Sardinia and +the cares concerning these things, and come to us with your whole +force as quickly as possible. For when men find the very heart and +centre of all in danger, it is not advisable for them to consider +minutely other matters. And struggling hereafter in common against the +enemy, we shall either recover our previous fortune, or gain the +advantage of not bearing apart from each other the hard fate sent by +Heaven."</p> +<p> +When this letter had been brought to Tzazon, and he had disclosed its +contents to the Vandals, they turned to wailing and lamentation, not +openly, however, but concealing their feelings as much as possible and +avoiding the notice of the islanders, silently among themselves they +bewailed the fate which was upon them. And straightway setting in +order matters in hand just as chance directed, they manned the ships. +And sailing from there with the whole fleet, on the third day they +came to land at the point of Libya which marks the boundary between +the Numidians and Mauretanians. And they reached the plain of Boulla +travelling on foot, and there joined with the rest of the army. And in +that place there were many most pitiable scenes among the Vandals, +which I, at least, could never relate as they deserve. For I think +that even if one of the enemy themselves had happened to be a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIII_xxv_23" id="PageIII_xxv_23">[23-26]</a></span> +spectator at that time, he would probably have felt pity, in spite of +himself, for the Vandals and for human fortune. For Gelimer and Tzazon +threw their arms about each other's necks, and could not let go, but +they spoke not a word to each other, but kept wringing their hands and +weeping, and each one of the Vandals with Gelimer embraced one of +those who had come from Sardinia, and did the same thing. And they +stood for a long time as if grown together and found such comfort as +they could in this, and neither did the men of Gelimer think fit to +ask about Godas (for their present fortune had prostrated them and +caused them to reckon such things as had previously seemed to them +most important with those which were now utterly negligible), nor +could those who came from Sardinia bring themselves to ask about what +had happened in Libya. For the place was sufficient to permit them to +judge of what had come to pass. And indeed they did not make any +mention even of their own wives and children, knowing well that +whoever of theirs was not there had either died or fallen into the +hands of the enemy. Thus, then, did these things happen.</p> +<p> +FOOTNOTES:</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_1_III" id="Footnote_1_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_III"><span class="label">[1]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cadiz.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_2_III" id="Footnote_2_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_III"><span class="label">[2]</span></a></p> +<p> +Sea of Azov.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_3_III" id="Footnote_3_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_III"><span class="label">[3]</span></a></p> +<p> +Abila.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_4_III" id="Footnote_4_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_III"><span class="label">[4]</span></a></p> +<p> +Or Septem Fratres.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_5_III" id="Footnote_5_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_III"><span class="label">[5]</span></a></p> +<p> +Most ancient geographers divided the inhabited world into three +continents, but some made two divisions. It was a debated question +with these latter whether Africa belonged to Asia or to Europe; of. +Sallust, <i>Jugurtha</i>, 17.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_6_III" id="Footnote_6_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_III"><span class="label">[6]</span></a></p> +<p> +Kadi Keui.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_7_III" id="Footnote_7_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_III"><span class="label">[7]</span></a></p> +<p> +More correctly Hydrous, Lat. Hydruntum (Otranto).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_8_III" id="Footnote_8_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_III"><span class="label">[8]</span></a></p> +<p> +At Aulon (Avlona).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_9_III" id="Footnote_9_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_III"><span class="label">[9]</span></a></p> +<p> +Adding these four days to the other items (285, 22, 40), the total +is 351 days.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_10_III" id="Footnote_10_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_III"><span class="label">[10]</span></a></p> +<p> +Calpe (Gibraltar).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_11_III" id="Footnote_11_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_III"><span class="label">[11]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>., instead of stopping at Otranto, one might also reckon in +the coast-line around the Adriatic to Dyrrachium.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_12_III" id="Footnote_12_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_III"><span class="label">[12]</span></a></p> +<p> +About twenty-four English miles.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_13_III" id="Footnote_13_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_III"><span class="label">[13]</span></a></p> +<p> +Iviza.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_14_III" id="Footnote_14_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_III"><span class="label">[14]</span></a></p> +<p> +"Black-cloaks."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_15_III" id="Footnote_15_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_III"><span class="label">[15]</span></a></p> +<p> +Belgrade.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_16_III" id="Footnote_16_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_III"><span class="label">[16]</span></a></p> +<p> +Mitrovitz.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_17_III" id="Footnote_17_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_III"><span class="label">[17]</span></a></p> +<p> +In Illyricum.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_18_III" id="Footnote_18_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_III"><span class="label">[18]</span></a></p> +<p> +He ascended the throne at the age of seven.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_19_III" id="Footnote_19_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_III"><span class="label">[19]</span></a></p> +<p> +That is, the actual occupant could enter a demurrer to the former +owner's action for recovery, citing his own occupancy for thirty years +or more. The new law extended the period during which the ousted +proprietor could recover possession, by admitting no demurrer from the +occupant so far as the years were concerned during which the Vandals +should be in possession of the country.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_20_III" id="Footnote_20_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_III"><span class="label">[20]</span></a></p> +<p> +This is an error; he really ruled only eighteen months.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_21_III" id="Footnote_21_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_III"><span class="label">[21]</span></a></p> +<p> +Geiseric, Gaiseric, less properly Genseric.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_22_III" id="Footnote_22_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_III"><span class="label">[22]</span></a></p> +<p> +Now corrupted to Bona.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_23_III" id="Footnote_23_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_III"><span class="label">[23]</span></a></p> +<p> +Emperor in Gaul, Britain and Spain 383-388. Aspiring to be +Emperor of the West, he invaded Italy, was defeated by Theodosius, and +put to death.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_24_III" id="Footnote_24_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_III"><span class="label">[24]</span></a></p> +<p> +This is an error, for Attila died before Aetius.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_25_III" id="Footnote_25_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_III"><span class="label">[25]</span></a></p> +<p> +Including the famous treasure which Titus had brought from +Jerusalem, cf. IV. ix. 5.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_26_III" id="Footnote_26_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_III"><span class="label">[26]</span></a></p> +<p> +Domitian had spent 12,000 talents (£2,400,000) on the gilding +alone; Plutarch, <i>Publ</i>. 15.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_27_III" id="Footnote_27_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_III"><span class="label">[27]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e.</i> "leaders of a thousand."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_28_III" id="Footnote_28_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_III"><span class="label">[28]</span></a></p> +<p> +130,000 Roman pounds; cf. Book I. xxii. 4. The modern equivalent +is unknown.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_29_III" id="Footnote_29_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_III"><span class="label">[29]</span></a></p> +<p> +Placidia's sister, Eudocia, was wife of Honorio, Gizeric's son.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_30_III" id="Footnote_30_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_III"><span class="label">[30]</span></a></p> +<p> +See chap. iv. 27.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_31_III" id="Footnote_31_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_III"><span class="label">[31]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>. "wisdom."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_32_III" id="Footnote_32_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_III"><span class="label">[32]</span></a></p> +<p> +Jebel Auress.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_33_III" id="Footnote_33_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_III"><span class="label">[33]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>. to what sect or religion they belonged.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_34_III" id="Footnote_34_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_III"><span class="label">[34]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Book IV. xi. 17 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_35_III" id="Footnote_35_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_III"><span class="label">[35]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book I. xxii. 16.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_36_III" id="Footnote_36_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_III"><span class="label">[36]</span></a></p> +<p> +The "imperial" taxes were for the emperor's privy purse, the +fiscus.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_37_III" id="Footnote_37_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_III"><span class="label">[37]</span></a></p> +<p> +These foederati were private bands of troops under the leadership +of condottiere; these had the title of "count" and received from the +state an allowance for the support of their bands.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_38_III" id="Footnote_38_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_III"><span class="label">[38]</span></a></p> +<p> +The medimnus equalled about one and a half bushels.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_39_III" id="Footnote_39_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_III"><span class="label">[39]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>. "runners."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_40_III" id="Footnote_40_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_III"><span class="label">[40]</span></a></p> +<p> +Eregli, on the Sea of Marmora.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_41_III" id="Footnote_41_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_III"><span class="label">[41]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cape Matapan.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_42_III" id="Footnote_42_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_III"><span class="label">[42]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book I. xxiv. 12-15; xxv. 8-10.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_43_III" id="Footnote_43_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_III"><span class="label">[43]</span></a></p> +<p> +The ration of this twice-baked bread represented for the same +weight one-fourth more wheat than when issued in the once-baked bread. +He was evidently paid on the basis of so much per ration, in weight, +of the once-baked bread, but on account of the length of the voyage +the other kind was requisitioned.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_44_III" id="Footnote_44_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_III"><span class="label">[44]</span></a></p> +<p> +Instead of by weight.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_45_III" id="Footnote_45_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_III"><span class="label">[45]</span></a></p> +<p> +Now Porto Lorabardo.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_46_III" id="Footnote_46_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_III"><span class="label">[46]</span></a></p> +<p> +Or Athalaric.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_47_III" id="Footnote_47_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_III"><span class="label">[47]</span></a></p> +<p> +Now Gozzo and Malta.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_48_III" id="Footnote_48_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_III"><span class="label">[48]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. III. v. 8 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_49_III" id="Footnote_49_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_III"><span class="label">[49]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>. couriers, from <i>veredus</i>, "post-horse."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_50_III" id="Footnote_50_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_III"><span class="label">[50]</span></a></p> +<p> +An adjutant, the general's own "choice."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_51_III" id="Footnote_51_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_III"><span class="label">[51]</span></a></p> +<p> +Topsails.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_52_III" id="Footnote_52_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_III"><span class="label">[52]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e. Decimum miliarium</i>, tenth milestone from Carthage.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_53_III" id="Footnote_53_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_III"><span class="label">[53]</span></a></p> +<p> +Before 533 A.D.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_54_III" id="Footnote_54_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_III"><span class="label">[54]</span></a></p> +<p> +Hermaeum, Lat. Mercurii promontorium (Cape Bon).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_55_III" id="Footnote_55_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_III"><span class="label">[55]</span></a></p> +<p> +"Auxiliaries"; see chap. xi. 3, 4.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_56_III" id="Footnote_56_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_III"><span class="label">[56]</span></a></p> +<p> +The troops were billeted as at a peaceful occupation.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_57_III" id="Footnote_57_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_III"><span class="label">[57]</span></a></p> +<p> +St. Cyprian (<i>circa</i> 200-257 A.D.), Bishop of Carthage.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_58_III" id="Footnote_58_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_III"><span class="label">[58]</span></a></p> + + +<p> +Chap. xx. 13.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_59_III" id="Footnote_59_III"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_59_III"><span class="label">[59]</span></a></p> +<p> +Compare the remarks of Gibbon, iv. p. 295.</p> +<p> + +<a name="Footnote_60_III" id="Footnote_60_III"></a> +<a href="#FNanchor_60_III"><span class="label">[60]</span></a></p> + +<p> +In <i>Arcana</i>, 18, 5 ff., Procopius estimates the number of the +Vandals in Africa, at the time of Belisarius, at 80,000 males, and +intimates that practically all perished.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_61_III" id="Footnote_61_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_III"><span class="label">[61]</span></a></p> +<p> +Chap. xi. 23.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_62_III" id="Footnote_62_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_III"><span class="label">[62]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cagliari.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_63_III" id="Footnote_63_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_III"><span class="label">[63]</span></a></p> +<p> +On this Theudis and his accession to the throne of the Visigoths +in Spain see V. xii. 50 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_64_III" id="Footnote_64_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_III"><span class="label">[64]</span></a></p> +<p> +The leader of a band of <i>foederati</i>. Cf. III. xi. 1, 6, xxiv. 19.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_65_III" id="Footnote_65_III"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_III"><span class="label">[65]</span></a></p> +<p> +Also a <i>dux foederatorum</i>, and <i>domesticus</i> of Belisarius. Cf. +III. xi. 5 ff.</p> + + + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h2>HISTORY OF THE WARS:<br />BOOK IV</h2> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<h2><a name="BOOK_IV" id="BOOK_IV">BOOK III<br /> +THE VANDALIC WAR (<i>Continued</i>)</a></h2> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_i_1" id="PageIV_i_1">[1-5]</a></span> +<br /><p>I</p> + +<p> +Gelimer, seeing all the Vandals gathered together, led his army +against Carthage. And when they came close to it, they tore down a +portion of the aqueduct,—a structure well worth seeing—which +conducted water into the city, and after encamping for a time they +withdrew, since no one of the enemy came out against them. And going +about the country there they kept the roads under guard and thought +that in this way they were besieging Carthage; however, they did not +gather any booty, nor plunder the land, but took possession of it as +their own. And at the same time they kept hoping that there would be +some treason on the part of the Carthaginians themselves and such of +the Roman soldiers as followed the doctrine of Arius. They also sent +to the leaders of the Huns, and promising that they would have many +good things from the Vandals, entreated them to become their friends +and allies. Now the Huns even before this had not been well-disposed +toward the cause of the Romans, since they had not indeed come to them +willingly as allies (for they asserted that the Roman general Peter +had given an oath and then, disregarding what had been sworn, had thus +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_i_6" id="PageIV_i_6">[6-11]</a></span> +brought them to Byzantium), and accordingly they received the +words of the Vandals, and promised that when they should come to real +fighting they would turn with them against the Roman army. But +Belisarius had a suspicion of all this (for he had heard it from the +deserters), and also the circuit-wall had not as yet been completed +entirely, and for these reasons he did not think it possible for his +men to go out against the enemy for the present, but he was making his +preparations within as well as possible. And one of the Carthaginians, +Laurus by name, having been condemned on a charge of treason and +proved guilty by his own secretary, was impaled by Belisarius on a +hill before the city, and as a result of this the others came to feel +a sort of irresistible fear and refrained from attempts at treason. +And he courted the Massagetae with gifts and banquets and every other +manner of flattering attention every day, and thus persuaded them to +disclose to him what Gelimer had promised them on condition of their +turning traitors in the battle. And these barbarians said that they +had no enthusiasm for fighting, for they feared that, if the Vandals +were vanquished, the Romans would not send them back to their native +land, but they would be compelled to grow old and die right there in +Libya; and besides they were also concerned, they said, about the +booty, lest they be robbed of it. Then indeed Belisarius gave them +pledges that, if the Vandals should be conquered decisively, they +would be sent without the least delay to their homes with all their +booty, and thus he bound them by oaths in very truth to assist the +Romans with all zeal in carrying through the war.</p> <p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_i_12" id="PageIV_i_12">[12-18]</a></span> +And when all +things had been prepared by him in the best way possible, and the +circuit-wall had been already completed, he called together the whole +army and spoke as follows: "As for exhortation, fellow Romans, I do +not know that it is necessary to make any to you,—men who have +recently conquered the enemy so completely that Carthage here and the +whole of Libya is a possession of your valour, and for this reason you +will have no need of admonition that prompts to daring. For the +spirits of those who have conquered are by no means wont to be +overcome. But I think it not untimely to remind you of this one thing, +that, if you on the present occasion but prove equal to your own +selves in valour, straightway there will be an end for the Vandals of +their hopes, and for you of the battle. Hence there is every reason +why you should enter into this engagement with the greatest eagerness. +For ever sweet to men is toil coming to an end and reaching its close. +Now as for the host of the Vandals, let no one of you consider them. +For not by numbers of men nor by measure of body, but by valour of +soul, is war wont to be decided. And let the strongest motive which +actuates men come to your minds, namely, pride in past achievement. +For it is a shame, for those at least who have reason, to fall short +of one's own self and to be found inferior to one's own standard of +valour. For I know well that terror and the memory of misfortunes have +laid hold upon the enemy and compel them to become less brave, for the +one fills them with fear because of what has already happened, and the +other brushes aside their hope of success. For Fortune, once seen to +be bad, straightway enslaves the spirit of those +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_i_18" id="PageIV_i_18">[18-25]</a></span> +who have +fallen in her way. And I shall explain how the struggle involves for +you at the present time a greater stake than formerly. For in the +former battle the danger was, if things did not go well for us, that +we should not take the land of others; but now, if we do not win the +struggle, we shall lose the land which is our own. In proportion, +then, as it is easier to possess nothing than to be deprived of what +one has, just so now our fear touches our most vital concerns more +than before. And yet formerly we had the fortune to win the victory +with the infantry absent, but now, entering the battle with God +propitious and with our whole army, I have hopes of capturing the camp +of the enemy, men and all. Thus, then, having the end of the war ready +at hand, do not by reason of any negligence put it off to another +time, lest you be compelled to seek for the opportune moment after it +has run past us. For when the fortune of war is postponed, its nature +is not to proceed in the same manner as before, especially if the war +be prolonged by the will of those who are carrying it on. For Heaven +is accustomed to bring retribution always upon those who abandon the +good fortune which is present. But if anyone considers that the enemy, +seeing their children and wives and most precious possessions in our +hands, will be daring beyond reason and will incur risks beyond the +strength which they have, he does not think rightly. For an +overpowering passion springing up in the heart in behalf of what is +most precious is wont to diminish men's actual strength +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_i_25" id="PageIV_i_25">[25-6]</a></span> +and +does not allow them to make full use of their present opportunities. +Considering, then, all these things, it behooves you to go with great +contempt against the enemy." +</p> +<br /><p>II</p> +<p> + +After such words of exhortation, Belisarius sent out all the horsemen +on the same day, except five hundred, and also the guardsmen and the +standard, which the Romans call "bandum,"<a name="FNanchor_1_IV" id="FNanchor_1_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_1_IV" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> entrusting them to John +the Armenian, and directing him to skirmish only, if opportunity +should arise. And he himself on the following day followed with the +infantry forces and the five hundred horsemen. And the Massagetae, +deliberating among themselves, decided, in order to seem in friendly +agreement with both Gelimer and Belisarius, neither to begin fighting +for the Romans nor to go over to the Vandals before the encounter, but +whenever the situation of one or the other army should be bad, then to +join the victors in their pursuit of the vanquished. Thus, then, had +this matter been decided upon by the barbarians. And the Roman army +came upon the Vandals encamped in Tricamarum, one hundred and fifty +stades distant from Carthage. So they both bivouacked there at a +considerable distance from one another. And when it was well on in the +night, a prodigy came to pass in the Roman camp as follows. The tips +of their spears were lighted with a bright fire and the points +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_ii_6" id="PageIV_ii_6">[6-12]</a></span> +of them seemed to be burning most vigorously. This was not seen by +many, but it filled with consternation the few who did see it, not +knowing how it would come out. And this happened to the Romans in +Italy again at a much later time. And at that time, since they knew by +experience, they believed it to be a sign of victory. But now, as I +have said, since this was the first time it had happened, they were +filled with consternation and passed the night in great fear. +</p> +<p>And on the following day Gelimer commanded the Vandals to place the +women and children and all their possessions in the middle of the +stockade, although it had not the character of a fort, and calling all +together, he spoke as follows: "It is not to gain glory, or to +retrieve the loss of empire alone, O fellow Vandals, that we are about +to fight, so that even if we wilfully played the coward and sacrificed +these our belongings we might possibly live, sitting at home and +keeping our own possessions; but you see, surely, that our fortunes +have come round to such a pass that, if we do not gain the mastery +over the enemy, we shall, if we perish, leave them as masters of these +our children and our wives and our land and all our possessions, while +if we survive, there will be added our own enslavement and to behold +all these enslaved; but if, indeed, we overcome our foes in the war, +we shall, if we live, pass our lives among all good things, or, after +the glorious ending of our lives, there will be left to our wives and +children the blessings of prosperity, while the name of the Vandals +will survive and their empire be preserved. For if it has ever +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_ii_12" id="PageIV_ii_12">[12-20]</a></span> +happened to any men to be engaged in a struggle for their all, we now +more than all others realize that we are entering the battle-line with +our hopes for all we have resting wholly upon ourselves. Not for our +bodies, then, is our fear, nor in death is our danger, but in being +defeated by the enemy. For if we lose the victory, death will be to +our advantage. Since, therefore, the case stands so, let no one of the +Vandals weaken, but let him proudly expose his body, and from shame at +the evils that follow defeat let him court the end of life. For when a +man is ashamed of that which is shameful, there is always present with +him a dauntless courage in the face of danger. And let no recollection +of the earlier battle come into your minds. For it was not by +cowardice on our part that we were defeated, but we tripped upon +obstacles interposed by fortune and were overthrown. Now it is not the +way of the tide of fortune to flow always in the same direction, but +every day, as a rule, it is wont to change about. In manliness it is +our boast that we surpass the enemy, and that in numbers we are much +superior; for we believe that we surpass them no less than tenfold. +And why shall I add that many and great are the incentives which, now +especially, urge us on to valour, naming the glory of our ancestors +and the empire which has been handed down to us by them? For in our +case that glory is obscured by our unlikeness to our kindred, while +the empire is bent upon fleeing from us as unworthy. And I pass over +in silence the wails of these poor women and the tears of our +children, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_ii_20" id="PageIV_ii_20">[20-27]</a></span> +by which, as you see, I am now so deeply moved that I +am unable to prolong my discourse. But having said this one thing, I +shall stop,—that there will be for us no returning to these most +precious possessions if we do not gain the mastery over the enemy. +Remembering these things, shew yourselves brave men and do not bring +shame upon the fame of Gizeric." +</p> +<p>After speaking such words, Gelimer commanded his brother Tzazon to +deliver an exhortation separately to the Vandals who had come with him +from Sardinia. And he gathered them together a little apart from the +camp and spoke as follows: "For all the Vandals, fellow soldiers, the +struggle is in behalf of those things which you have just heard the +king recount, but for you, in addition to all the other +considerations, it so happens that you are vying with yourselves. For +you have recently been victorious in a struggle for the maintenance of +our rule, and you have recovered the island for the empire of the +Vandals; there is every reason, therefore, for you to make still +greater display of your valour. For those whose hazard involves the +greatest things must needs display the greatest zeal for warfare also. +Indeed, when men who struggle for the maintenance of their rule are +defeated, should it so happen, they have not failed in the most vital +part; but when men are engaged in battle for their all, surely their +very lives are influenced by the outcome of the struggle. And for the +rest, if you shew yourselves brave men at the present time, you will +thereby prove with certainty that the destruction<a name="FNanchor_2_IV" id="FNanchor_2_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_2_IV" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> of the tyrant +Godas was an achievement of valour on your part; but if +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_ii_27" id="PageIV_ii_27">[27-2]</a></span> + you +weaken now, you will be deprived of even the renown of those deeds, as +of something which does not belong to you at all. And yet, even apart +from this, it is reasonable to think that you will have an advantage +over the rest of the Vandals in this battle. For those who have failed +are dismayed by their previous fortune, while those who have +encountered no reverse enter the struggle with their courage +unimpaired. And this too, I think, will not be spoken out of season, +that if we conquer the enemy, it will be you who will win the credit +for the greatest part of the victory, and all will call you saviours +of the nation of the Vandals. For men who achieve renown in company +with those who have previously met with misfortune naturally claim the +better fortune as their own. Considering all these things, therefore, +I say that you should bid the women and children who are lamenting +their fate to take courage even now, should summon God to fight with +us, should go with enthusiasm against the enemy, and lead the way for +our compatriots into this battle." +</p><br /> +<p>III</p> +<p> + +After both Gelimer and Tzazon had spoken such exhortations, they led +out the Vandals, and at about the time of lunch, when the Romans were +not expecting them, but were preparing their meal, they were at hand +and arrayed themselves for battle along the bank of the stream. Now +the stream at that place is an ever-flowing one, to be sure, but its +volume is so small that it is not even given a special name by the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iii_2" id="PageIV_iii_2">[2-10]</a></span> +inhabitants of the place, but it is designated simply as a +brook. So the Romans came to the other bank of this river, after +preparing themselves as well as they could under the circumstances, +and arrayed themselves as follows. The left wing was held by Martinus +and Valerian, John, Cyprian, Althias, and Marcellus, and as many +others as were commanders of the foederati<a name="FNanchor_3_IV" id="FNanchor_3_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_3_IV" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>; and the right was held +by Pappas, Barbatus, and Aïgan, and the others who commanded the +forces of cavalry. And in the centre John took his position, leading +the guards and spearmen of Belisarius and carrying the general's +standard. And Belisarius also came there at the opportune moment with +his five hundred horsemen, leaving the infantry behind advancing at a +walk. For all the Huns had been arrayed in another place, it being +customary for them even before this not to mingle with the Roman army +if they could avoid so doing, and at that time especially, since they +had in mind the purpose which has previously been explained,<a name="FNanchor_4_IV" id="FNanchor_4_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_4_IV" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> it was +not their wish to be arrayed with the rest of the army. Such, then, +was the formation of the Romans. And on the side of the Vandals, +either wing was held by the chiliarchs, and each one led the division +under him, while in the centre was Tzazon, the brother of Gelimer, and +behind him were arrayed the Moors. But Gelimer himself was going about +everywhere exhorting them and urging them on to daring. And the +command had been previously given to all the Vandals to use neither +spear nor any other weapon in this engagement except their swords. +</p> +<p>After a considerable time had passed and no one +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iii_10" id="PageIV_iii_10">[10-17]</a></span> + began the +battle, John chose out a few of those under him by the advice of +Belisarius and crossing the river made an attack on the centre, where +Tzazon crowded them back and gave chase. And the Romans in flight came +into their own camp, while the Vandals in pursuit came as far as the +stream, but did not cross it. And once more John, leading out more of +the guardsmen of Belisarius, made a dash against the forces of Tzazon, +and again being repulsed from there, withdrew to the Roman camp. And a +third time with almost all the guards and spearmen of Belisarius he +took the general's standard and made his attack with much shouting and +a great noise. But since the barbarians manfully withstood them and +used only their swords, the battle became fierce, and many of the +noblest of the Vandals fell, and among them Tzazon himself, the +brother of Gelimer. Then at last the whole Roman army was set in +motion, and crossing the river they advanced upon the enemy, and the +rout, beginning at the centre, became complete; for each of the Roman +divisions turned to flight those before them with no trouble. And the +Massagetae, seeing this, according to their agreement among +themselves<a name="FNanchor_5_IV" id="FNanchor_5_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_5_IV" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> joined the Roman army in making the pursuit, but this +pursuit was not continued for a great distance. For the Vandals +entered their own camp quickly and remained quiet, while the Romans, +thinking that they would not be able to fight it out with them inside +the stockade, stripped such of the corpses as had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iii_17" id="PageIV_iii_17">[17-26]</a></span> + gold upon +them and retired to their own camp. And there perished in this battle, +of the Romans less than fifty, but of the Vandals about eight hundred. +</p> +<p>But Belisarius, when the infantry came up in the late afternoon, moved +as quickly as he could with the whole army and went against the camp +of the Vandals. And Gelimer, realising that Belisarius with his +infantry and the rest of his army was coming against him straightway, +without saying a word or giving a command leaped upon his horse and +was off in flight on the road leading to Numidia. And his kinsmen and +some few of his domestics followed him in utter consternation and +guarding with silence what was taking place. And for some time it +escaped the notice of the Vandals that Gelimer had run away, but when +they all perceived that he had fled, and the enemy were already +plainly seen, then indeed the men began to shout and the children +cried out and the women wailed. And they neither took with them the +money they had nor did they heed the laments of those dearest to them, +but every man fled in complete disorder just as he could. And the +Romans, coming up, captured the camp, money and all, with not a man in +it; and they pursued the fugitives throughout the whole night, killing +all the men upon whom they happened, and making slaves of the women +and children. And they found in this camp a quantity of wealth such as +has never before been found, at least in one place. For the Vandals +had plundered the Roman domain for a long time and had transferred +great amounts of money to Libya, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iii_26" id="PageIV_iii_26">[26-3]</a></span> +and since their land was an +especially good one, nourishing abundantly with the most useful crops, +it came about that the revenue collected from the commodities produced +there was not paid out to any other country in the purchase of a food +supply, but those who possessed the land always kept for themselves +the income from it for the ninety-five years during which the Vandals +ruled Libya. And from this it resulted that their wealth, amounting to +an extraordinary sum, returned once more on that day into the hands of +the Romans. +<span class="sidenote">533 A.D.</span> + +So this battle and the pursuit and the capture of the Vandals' camp +happened three months after the Roman army came to Carthage, at about +the middle of the last month, which the Romans call +"December." +</p><br /> +<p>IV</p> +<p> + +Then Belisarius, seeing the Roman army rushing about in confusion and +great disorder, was disturbed, being fearful throughout the whole +night lest the enemy, uniting by mutual agreement against him, should +do him irreparable harm. And if this thing had happened at that time +in any way at all, I believe that, not one of the Romans would have +escaped and enjoyed this booty. For the soldiers, being extremely poor +men, upon becoming all of a sudden masters of very great wealth and of +women both young and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iv_3" id="PageIV_iv_3">[3-10]</a></span> + extremely comely, were no longer able to +restrain their minds or to find any satiety in the things they had, +but were so intoxicated, drenched as they were by their present good +fortunes, that each one wished to take everything with him back to +Carthage. And they were going about, not in companies but alone or by +twos, wherever hope led them, searching out everything roundabout +among the valleys and the rough country and wherever there chanced to +be a cave or anything such as might bring them into danger or ambush. +For neither did fear of the enemy nor their respect for Belisarius +occur to them, nor indeed anything else at all except the desire for +spoils, and being overmastered by this they came to think lightly of +everything else. And Belisarius, taking note of all this, was at a +loss as to how he should handle the situation. But at daybreak he took +his stand upon a certain hill near the road, appealing to the +discipline which no longer existed and heaping reproaches upon all, +soldiers and officers alike. Then indeed, those who chanced to be +near, and especially those who were of the household of Belisarius, +sent the money and slaves which they had to Carthage with their +tentmates and messmates, and themselves came up beside the general and +gave heed to the orders given them. +</p> +<p>And he commanded John, the Armenian, with two hundred men to follow +Gelimer, and without slackening their speed either night or day to +pursue him, until they should take him living or dead. And he sent +word to his associates in Carthage to lead into +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iv_10" id="PageIV_iv_10">[10-19]</a></span> + the city all +the Vandals who were sitting as suppliants in sanctuaries in the +places about the city, giving them pledges and taking away their +weapons, that they might not begin an uprising, and to keep them there +until he himself should come. And with those who were left he went +about everywhere and gathered the soldiers hastily, and to all the +Vandals he came upon he gave pledges for their safety. For it was no +longer possible to catch anyone of the Vandals except as a suppliant +in the sanctuaries. And from these he took away their weapons and sent +them, with soldiers to guard them, to Carthage, not giving them time +to unite against the Romans. And when everything was as well settled +as possible, he himself with the greater part of the army moved +against Gelimer with all speed. But John, after continuing the pursuit +five days and nights, had already come not far from Gelimer, and in +fact he was about to engage with him on the following day. But since +it was not fated that Gelimer should be captured by John, the +following obstacle was contrived by fortune. Among those pursuing with +John it happened that there was Uliaris, the aide of Belisarius. Now +this man was a passionate fellow and well favoured in strength of +heart and body, but not a very serious man, but one who generally took +delight in wine and buffoonery. This Uliaris on the sixth day of the +pursuit, being drunk, saw a bird sitting in a tree at about sunrise, +and he quickly stretched his bow and despatched a missile at the bird. +And he missed the bird, but John, who was behind it, he hit in the +neck by no will of his own. And since the wound was mortal, John +passed away a short time afterwards, leaving great sorrow at his loss +to the Emperor Justinian and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iv_19" id="PageIV_iv_19">[19-27]</a></span> + Belisarius, the general, and to +all the Romans and Carthaginians. For in manliness and every sort of +virtue he was well endowed, and he shewed himself, to those who +associated with him, gentle and equitable to a degree quite +unsurpassed. Thus, then, John fulfilled his destiny. As for Uliaris, +when he came to himself, he fled to a certain village which was near +by and sat as a suppliant in the sanctuary there. And the soldiers no +longer pressed the pursuit of Gelimer, but they cared for John as long +as he survived, and when he had died they carried out all the +customary rites in his burial, and reporting the whole matter to +Belisarius they remained where they were. And as soon as he heard of +it, he came to John's burial, and bewailed his fate. And after weeping +over him and grieving bitterly at the whole occurrence, he honoured +the tomb of John with many gifts and especially by providing for it a +regular income. However, he did nothing severe to Uliaris, since the +soldiers said that John had enjoined upon them by the most dread oaths +that no vengeance should come to him, since he had not performed the +unholy deed with deliberate intent. +</p> +<p>Thus, then, Gelimer escaped falling into the hands of the enemy on +that day. And from that time on Belisarius pursued him, but upon +reaching a strong city of Numidia situated on the sea, ten days +distant from Carthage, which they call Hippo Regius,<a name="FNanchor_6_IV" id="FNanchor_6_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_6_IV" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> he learned +that Gelimer had ascended the mountain Papua and could no longer be +captured by the Romans. Now this mountain is situated at the extremity +of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iv_27" id="PageIV_iv_27">[27-32]</a></span> + Numidia and is exceedingly precipitous and climbed only with +the greatest difficulty (for lofty cliffs rise up toward it from every +side), and on it dwell barbarian Moors, who were friends and allies to +Gelimer, and an ancient city named Medeus lies on the outskirts of the +mountain. There Gelimer rested with his followers. But as for +Belisarius, he was not able to make any attempt at all on the +mountain, much less in the winter season, and since his affairs were +still in an uncertain state, he did not think it advisable to be away +from Carthage; and so he chose out soldiers, with Pharas as their +leader, and set them to maintain the siege of the mountain. Now this +Pharas was energetic and thoroughly serious and upright in every way, +although he was an Erulian by birth. And for an Erulian not to give +himself over to treachery and drunkenness, but to strive after +uprightness, is no easy matter and merits +abundant praise.<a name="FNanchor_7_IV" id="FNanchor_7_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_7_IV" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> +But not +only was it Pharas who maintained orderly conduct, but also all the +Erulians who followed him. This Pharas, then, Belisarius commanded to +establish himself at the foot of the mountain during the winter season +and to keep close guard, so that it would neither be possible for +Gelimer to leave the mountain nor for any supplies to be brought in to +him. And Pharas acted accordingly. Then Belisarius turned to the +Vandals who were sitting as suppliants in the sanctuaries in Hippo +Regius,—and there were many of them and of the nobility—and he +caused them all to accept pledges and arise, and then he sent them to +Carthage with a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iv_32" id="PageIV_iv_32">[32-38]</a></span> + guard. And there it came about that the +following event happened to him. +</p> +<p> +In the house of Gelimer there was a certain scribe named Boniface, a +Libyan, and a native of Byzacium, a man exceedingly faithful to +Gelimer. At the beginning of this war Gelimer had put this Boniface on +a very swift-sailing ship, and placing all the royal treasure in it +commanded him to anchor in the harbour of Hippo Regius, and if he +should see that the situation was not favourable to their side, he was +to sail with all speed to Spain with the money, and go to Theudis, the +leader of the Visigoths, where he was expecting to find safety for +himself also, should the fortune of war prove adverse for the Vandals. +So Boniface, as long as he felt hope for the cause of the Vandals, +remained there; but as soon as the battle in Tricamarum took place, +with all the other events which have been related, he spread his +canvas and sailed away just as Gelimer had directed him. But an +opposing wind brought him back, much against his will, into the +harbour of Hippo Regius. And since he had already heard that the enemy +were somewhere near, he entreated the sailors with many promises to +row with all their might for some other continent or for an island. +But they were unable to do so, since a very severe storm had fallen +upon them and the waves of the sea were rising to a great height, +seeing that it was +the Tuscan sea,<a name="FNanchor_8_IV" id="FNanchor_8_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_8_IV" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> +and then it occurred to them and +to Boniface that, after all, God wished to give the money to the +Romans and so was not allowing the ship to put out. However, though +they had got outside the harbour, they encountered great danger +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_iv_38" id="PageIV_iv_38">[38-3]</a></span> +in bringing their ship back to anchorage. And when Belisarius arrived +at Hippo Regius, Boniface sent some men to him. These he commanded to +sit in a sanctuary, and they were to say that they had been sent by +Boniface, who had the money of Gelimer, but to conceal the place where +he was, until they should receive the pledges of Belisarius that upon +giving Gelimer's money lie himself should escape free from harm, +having all that was his own. These men, then, acted according to these +instructions, and Belisarius was pleased at the good news and did not +decline to take an oath. And sending some of his associates he took +the treasure of Gelimer and released Boniface in possession of his own +money and also with an enormous sum which he plundered from Gelimer's +treasure. +</p><br /> +<p>V</p> +<p> + +And when he returned to Carthage, he put all the Vandals in readiness, +so that at the opening of spring he might send them to Byzantium; and +he sent out an army to recover for the Romans everything which the +Vandals ruled. And first he sent Cyril to Sardinia with a great force, +having the head of Tzazon, since these islanders were not at all +willing to yield to the Romans, fearing the Vandals and thinking that +what had been told them as having happened in Tricamarum could not be +true. And he ordered this Cyril to send a portion of the army to +Corsica, and to recover for the Roman empire the island, which had +been previously subject to the Vandals; this island was called Cyrnus +in early +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_v_3" id="PageIV_v_3">[3-10]</a></span> + times, and is not far from Sardinia. So he came to +Sardinia and displayed the head of Tzazon to the inhabitants of the +place, and he won back both the islands and made them tributary to the +Roman domain. And to Caesarea<a name="FNanchor_9_IV" id="FNanchor_9_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_9_IV" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> in Mauretania Belisarius sent John +with an infantry company which he usually commanded himself; this +place is distant from Carthage a journey of thirty days for an +unencumbered traveller, as one goes towards Gadira and the west; and +it is situated upon the sea, having been a great and populous city +from ancient times. Another John, one of his own guardsmen, he sent to +Gadira on the strait and by one of the Pillars of Heracles, to take +possession of the fort there which they call "Septem."<a name="FNanchor_10_IV" id="FNanchor_10_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_10_IV" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> And to the +islands which are near the strait where the ocean flows in, called +Ebusa and Majorica and Minorica<a name="FNanchor_11_IV" id="FNanchor_11_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_11_IV" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> by the natives, he sent +Apollinarius, who was a native of Italy, but had come while still a +lad to Libya. And he had been rewarded with great sums of money by +Ilderic, who was then leader of the Vandals, and after Ilderic had +been removed from the office and was in confinement, as has been told +in the previous narrative,<a name="FNanchor_12_IV" id="FNanchor_12_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_12_IV" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> he came to the Emperor Justinian with +the other Libyans who were working in the interest of Ilderic, in +order to entreat his favour as a suppliant. And he joined the Roman +expedition against Gelimer and the Vandals, and proved himself a brave +man in this war and most of all at Tricamarum. And as a result of his +deeds there Belisarius entrusted to him these islands. And later +Belisarius sent an army also into Tripolis to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_v_10" id="PageIV_v_10">[10-15]</a></span> + Pudentius and +Tattimuth,<a name="FNanchor_13_IV" id="FNanchor_13_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_13_IV" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> who were being pressed by the Moors there, and thus +strengthened the Roman power in that quarter. +</p> +<p>He also sent some men to Sicily in order to take the fortress in +Lilybaeum, as belonging to the Vandals' kingdom,<a name="FNanchor_14_IV" id="FNanchor_14_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_14_IV" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> but he was +repulsed from there, since the Goths by no means saw fit to yield any +part of Sicily, on the ground that this fortress did not belong to the +Vandals at all. And when Belisarius heard this, he wrote to the +commanders who were there as follows: "You are depriving us of +Lilybaeum, the fortress of the Vandals who are the slaves of the +emperor, and are not acting justly nor in a way to benefit yourselves, +and you wish to bring upon your ruler, though he does not so will it +and is far distant from the scene of these actions, the hostility of +the great emperor, whose good-will he has, having won it with great +labour. And yet how could you but seem to be acting contrary to the +ways of men, it you recently allowed Gelimer to hold the fortress, but +have decided to wrest from the emperor, Gelimer's master, the +possessions of the slave? You, at least, should not act thus, most +excellent sirs. But reflect that, while it is the nature of friendship +to cover over many faults, hostility does not brook even the smallest +misdeeds, but searches the past for every offence, and allows not its +enemy to grow rich on what does not in the least belong to them.<a name="FNanchor_15_IV" id="FNanchor_15_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_15_IV" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> +Moreover, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_v_15" id="PageIV_v_15">[15-23]</a></span> +the enemy fights to avenge the wrongs which it says +have been done to its ancestors; and whereas, if friendship thus +turned to hostility fails in the struggle, it suffers no loss of its +own possessions, yet if it succeeds, it teaches the vanquished to take +a new view of the indulgence which has been shewn them in the past. +See to it, then, that you neither do us further harm nor suffer harm +yourselves, and do not make the great emperor an enemy to the Gothic +nation, when it is your prayer that he be propitious toward you. For +be well assured that, if you lay claim to this fortress, war will +confront you immediately, and not for Lilybaeum alone, but for all the +possessions you claim as yours, though not one of them belongs to +you."</p> <p>Such was the message of the letter. And the Goths reported these +things to the mother<a name="FNanchor_16_IV" id="FNanchor_16_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_16_IV" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> of Antalaric, and at her direction made the +following reply: "The letter which you have written, most excellent +Belisarius, carries sound admonition, but pertinent to some other men, +not to us the Goths. For there is nothing of the Emperor Justinian's +which we have taken and hold; may we never be so mad as to do such a +thing! The whole of Sicily we claim because it is our own, and the +fortress of Lilybaeum is one of its promontories. And if Theoderic +gave his sister, who was the consort of the king of the Vandals, one +of the trading-ports of Sicily for her use, this is nothing. For this +fact could not afford a basis for any claim on your part. But you, O +General, would be acting justly toward us, if you should be willing to +make the settlement of the matters in dispute between us, not as an +enemy, but as a friend. And there is this difference, that friends + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_v_23" id="PageIV_v_23">[23-3]</a></span> +are accustomed to settle their disagreements by arbitration, +but enemies by battle. We, therefore, shall commit this matter to the +Emperor Justinian, to arbitrate<a name="FNanchor_17_IV" id="FNanchor_17_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_17_IV" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> in whatever manner seems to him +lawful and just. And we desire that the decisions you make shall be as +wise as possible, rather than as hasty as possible, and that you, +therefore, await the decision of your emperor." Such was the message +of the letter of the Goths. And Belisarius, reporting all to the +emperor, remained quiet until the emperor should send him word what +his wish was. +</p><br /> +<p>VI</p> +<p> + +But Pharas, having by this time become weary of the siege for many +reasons, and especially because of the winter season, and at the same +time thinking that the Moors there would not be able to stand in his +way, undertook the ascent of Papua with great zeal. Accordingly he +armed all his followers very carefully and began the ascent. But the +Moors rushed to the defence, and since they were on ground which was +steep and very hard to traverse, their efforts to hinder those making +the ascent were easily accomplished. But Pharas fought hard to force +the ascent, and one hundred and ten of his men perished in this +struggle, and he himself with the remainder was beaten back and +retired; and as a result of this he did not dare to attempt the ascent +again, since the situation was against him, but he established as +careful a guard as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vi_3" id="PageIV_vi_3">[3-10]</a></span> + possible, in order that those on Papua, +being pressed by hunger, might surrender themselves; and he neither +permitted them to run away nor anything to be brought in to them from +outside. Then, indeed, it came about that Gelimer and those about him, +who were nephews and cousins of his and other persons of high birth, +experienced a misery which no one could describe, however eloquent he +might be, in a way which would equal the facts. For of all the nations +which we know that of the Vandals is the most luxurious, and that of +the Moors the most hardy. For the Vandals, since the time when they +gained possession of Libya, used to indulge in baths, all of them, +every day, and enjoyed a table abounding in all things, the sweetest +and best that the earth and sea produce. And they wore gold very +generally, and clothed themselves in the Medic garments, which now +they call "seric,"<a name="FNanchor_18_IV" id="FNanchor_18_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_18_IV" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> and passed their time, thus dressed, in +theatres and hippodromes and in other pleasureable pursuits, and above +all else in hunting. And they had dancers and mimes and all other +things to hear and see which are of a musical nature or otherwise +merit attention among men. And the most of them dwelt in parks, which +were well supplied with water and trees; and they had great numbers of +banquets, and all manner of sexual pleasures were in great vogue among +them. But the Moors live in stuffy huts<a name="FNanchor_19_IV" id="FNanchor_19_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_19_IV" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> both in winter and in +summer and at every other time, never removing from them either +because of snow or the heat of the sun or any other discomfort +whatever +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vi_10" id="PageIV_vi_10">[10-20]</a></span> + due to nature. And they sleep on the ground, the +prosperous among them, if it should so happen, spreading a fleece +under themselves. Moreover, it is not customary among them to change +their clothing with the seasons, but they wear a thick cloak and a +rough shirt at all times. And they have neither bread nor wine nor any +other good thing, but they take grain, either wheat or barley, and, +without boiling it or grinding it to flour or barley-meal, they eat it +in a manner not a whit different from that of animals. Since the +Moors, then, were of a such a sort, the followers of Gelimer, after +living with them for a long time and changing their accustomed manner +of life to such a miserable existence, when at last even the +necessities of life had failed, held out no longer, but death was +thought by them most sweet and slavery by no means disgraceful. +</p> +<p>Now when this was learned by Pharas, he wrote to Gelimer as follows: +"I too am a barbarian and not accustomed to writing and speaking, nor +am I skilful in these matters. But that which I am forced as a man to +know, having learned from the nature of things, this I am writing you. +What in the world has happened to you, my dear Gelimer, that you have +cast, not yourself alone, but your whole family besides, into this +pit? Is it, forsooth, that you may avoid becoming a slave? But this is +assuredly nothing but youthful folly, and making of 'liberty' a mere +shibboleth, as though liberty were worth possessing at the price of +all this misery! And, after all, do you not consider that you are, +even now, a slave to the most wretched of the Moors, since your only +hope of being saved, if the best happens, is in them? And yet why +would it not be better in every way to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vi_20" id="PageIV_vi_20">[20-26]</a></span> + be a slave among the +Romans and beggared, than to be monarch on Mount Papua with Moors as +your subjects? But of course it seems to you the very height of +disgrace even to be a fellow slave with Belisarius! Away with the +thought, most excellent Gelimer. Are not we,<a name="FNanchor_20_IV" id="FNanchor_20_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_20_IV" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> who also are born of +noble families, proud that we are now in the service of an emperor? +And indeed they say that it is the wish of the Emperor Justinian to +have you enrolled in the senate, thus sharing in the highest honour +and being a patrician, as we term that rank, and to present you with +lands both spacious and good and with great sums of money, and that +Belisarius is willing to make himself responsible for your having all +these things, and to give you pledges. Now as for all the miseries +which fortune has brought you, you are able to bear with fortitude +whatever comes from her, knowing that you are but a man and that these +things are inevitable; but if fortune has purposed to temper these +adversities with some admixture of good, would you of yourself refuse +to accept this gladly? Or should we consider that the good gifts of +fortune are not just as inevitable as are her undesirable gifts? Yet +such is not the opinion of even the utterly senseless; but you, it +would seem, have now lost your good judgment, steeped as you are in +misfortunes. Indeed, discouragement is wont to confound the mind and +to be transformed to folly. If, however, you can bear your own +thoughts and refrain from rebelling against fortune when she changes, +it will be possible at this very moment for you to choose that which +will be wholly to your advantage, and to escape from the evils which +hang over you."</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vi_27" id="PageIV_vi_27">[27-34]</a></span> +When Gelimer had read this letter and wept +bitterly over it, he wrote in reply as follows: "I am both deeply +grateful to you for the advice which you have given me and I also +think it unbearable to be a slave to an enemy who wrongs me, from whom +I should pray God to exact justice, if He should be propitious to +me,—an enemy who, though he had never experienced any harm from me +either in deeds which he suffered or in words which he heard, provided +a pretext for a war which was unprovoked, and reduced me to this state +of misfortune, bringing Belisarius against me from I know not where. +And yet it is not at all unlikely that he also, since he is but a man, +though he be emperor too, may have something befall him which he would +not choose. But as for me, I am not able to write further. For my +present misfortune has robbed me of my thoughts. Farewell, then, dear +Pharas, and send me a lyre and one loaf of bread and a sponge, I pray +you." When this reply was read by Pharas, he was at a loss for some +time, being unable to understand the final words of the letter, until +he who had brought the letter explained that Gelimer desired one loaf +because he was eager to enjoy the sight of it and to eat it, since +from the time when he went up upon Papua he had not seen a single +baked loaf. A sponge also was necessary for him; for one of his eyes, +becoming irritated by lack of washing, was greatly swollen. And being +a skilful harpist he had composed an ode relating to his present +misfortune, which he was eager to chant to the accompaniment of a lyre +while he wept out his soul. When Pharas heard this, he was deeply +moved, and lamenting the fortune of men, he did as was written and +sent all +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vi_34" id="PageIV_vi_34">[34-5]</a></span> + the things which Gelimer desired of him. However he +relaxed the siege not a whit, but kept watch more closely than before. +</p><br /> +<p>VII</p> +<p> + +And already a space of three months had been spent in this siege and +the winter was coming to an end. And Gelimer was afraid, suspecting +that his besiegers would come up against him after no great time; and +the bodies of most of the children who were related to him<a name="FNanchor_21_IV" id="FNanchor_21_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_21_IV" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> were +discharging worms in this time of misery. And though in everything he +was deeply distressed, and looked upon everything,—except, indeed, +death,—with dissatisfaction, he nevertheless endured the suffering +beyond all expectation, until it happened that he beheld a sight such +as the following. A certain Moorish woman had managed somehow to crush +a little corn, and making of it a very tiny cake, threw it into the +hot ashes on the hearth. For thus it is the custom among the Moors to +bake their loaves. And beside this hearth two children were sitting, +in exceedingly great distress by reason of their hunger, the one being +the son of the very woman who had thrown in the cake, and the other a +nephew of Gelimer; and they were eager to seize the cake as soon as it +should seem to them to be cooked. And of the two children the Vandal +got ahead of the other and snatched the cake first, and, though it was +still exceedingly hot and covered with ashes, hunger overpowered him, +and he threw it into his mouth and was eating it, when the other +seized him by the hair of the head +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vii_5" id="PageIV_vii_5">[5-11]</a></span> + and struck him over the +temple and beat him again and thus compelled him with great violence +to cast out the cake which was already in his throat. This sad +experience Gelimer could not endure (for he had followed all from the +beginning), and his spirit was weakened and he wrote as quickly as +possible to Pharas as follows: "If it has ever happened to any man, +after manfully enduring terrible misfortunes, to take a course +contrary to that which he had previously determined upon, consider me +to be such a one, O most excellent Pharas. For there has come to my +mind your advice, which I am far from wishing to disregard. For I +cannot resist fortune further nor rebel against fate, but I shall +follow straightway wherever it seems to her best to lead; but let me +receive the pledges, that Belisarius guarantees that the emperor will +do everything which you recently promised me. For I, indeed, as soon +as you give the pledges, shall put both myself into your hands and +these kinsmen of mine and the Vandals, as many as are here with us." +</p> +<p>Such were the words written by Gelimer in this letter. And Pharas, +having signified this to Belisarius, as well as what they had +previously written to each other, begged him to declare as quickly as +possible what his wish was. And Belisarius (since he was greatly +desirous of leading Gelimer alive to the emperor), as soon as he had +read the letter, became overjoyed and commanded Cyprian, a leader of +foederati,<a name="FNanchor_22_IV" id="FNanchor_22_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_22_IV" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> to go to Papua with certain others, and directed them +to give an oath concerning the safety of Gelimer and of those with +him, and to swear that +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vii_11" id="PageIV_vii_11">[11-17]</a></span> + he would be honoured before the emperor +and would lack nothing. And when these men had come to Pharas, they +went with him to a certain place by the foot of the mountain, where +Gelimer came at their summons, and after receiving the pledges just as +he wished he came with them to Carthage. And it happened that +Belisarius was staying for a time in the suburb of the city which they +call Adas. Accordingly Gelimer came before him in that place, laughing +with such laughter as was neither moderate nor the kind one could +conceal, and some of those who were looking at him suspected that by +reason of the extremity of his affliction he had changed entirely from +his natural state and that, already beside himself, he was laughing +for no reason. But his friends would have it that the man was in his +sound mind, and that because he had been born in a royal family, and +had ascended the throne, and had been clothed with great power and +immense wealth from childhood even to old age, and then being driven +to flight and plunged into great fear had undergone the sufferings on +Papua, and now had come as a captive, having in this way had +experience of all the gifts of fortune, both good and evil, for this +reason, they believed, he thought that man's lot was worthy of nothing +else than much laughter. Now concerning this laughter of Gelimer's, +let each one speak according to his judgment, both enemy and friend. +But Belisarius, reporting to the emperor that Gelimer was a captive in +Carthage, asked permission to bring him to Byzantium with him. At the +same time he guarded both him and all the Vandals in no dishonour and +proceeded to put the fleet in readiness. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_vii_18" id="PageIV_vii_18">[18-2]</a></span> +Now many other things +too great to be hoped for have before now been experienced in the long +course of time, and they will continue as long as the fortunes of men +are the same as they now are; for those things which seem to reason +impossible are actually accomplished, and many times those things +which previously appeared impossible, when they have befallen, have +seemed to be worthy of wonder; but whether such events as these ever +took place before I am not able to say, wherein the fourth descendant +of Gizeric, and his kingdom at the height of its wealth and military +strength, were completely undone in so short a time by five thousand +men coming in as invaders and having not a place to cast anchor. For +such was the number of the horsemen who followed Belisarius, and +carried through the whole war against the Vandals. For whether this +happened by chance or because of some kind of valour, one would justly +marvel at it. But I shall return to the point from which I have +strayed. +</p><br /> +<p>VIII</p> +<p> + +So the Vandalic war ended thus. But envy, as is wont to happen in +cases of great good fortune, was already swelling against Belisarius, +although he provided no pretext for it. For some of the officers +slandered him to the emperor, charging him, without any grounds +whatever, with seeking to set up a kingdom for himself,<a name="FNanchor_23_IV" id="FNanchor_23_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_23_IV" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> a +statement for which there +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_viii_2" id="PageIV_viii_2">[2-10]</a></span> + was no basis whatever. But the +emperor did not disclose these things to the world, either because he +paid no heed to the slander, or because this course seemed better to +him. But he sent Solomon and gave Belisarius the opportunity to choose +whichever of two things he desired, either to come to Byzantium with +Gelimer and the Vandals, or to remain there and send them. And +Belisarius, since it did not escape him that the officers were +bringing against him the charge of seeking supreme power, was eager to +get to Byzantium, in order that he might clear himself of the charge +and be able to proceed against his slanderers. Now as to the manner in +which he learned of the attempt of his accusers, I shall explain. When +those who denounced him wished to present this slander, fearing lest +the man who was to carry their letter to the emperor should be lost at +sea and thus put a stop to their proceedings, they wrote the aforesaid +accusation on two tablets, purposing to send two messengers to the +emperor in two ships. And one of these two sailed away without being +detected, but the second, on account of some suspicion or other, was +captured in Mandracium, and putting the writing into the hands of his +captors, he made known what was being done. So Belisarius, having +learned in this way, was eager to come before the emperor, as has been +said. Such, then, was the course of these events at Carthage. +</p> +<p>But the Moors who dwelt in Byzacium and in Numidia turned to revolt +for no good reason, and they decided to break the treaty and to rise +suddenly against the Romans. And this was not out of keeping with +their peculiar character. For there is among the Moors neither fear of +God nor respect for men. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_viii_10" id="PageIV_viii_10">[10-17]</a></span> +For they care not either for oaths or +for hostages, even though the hostages chance to be the children or +brothers of their leaders. Nor is peace maintained among the Moors by +any other means than by fear of the enemies opposing them. Now I shall +set forth in what manner the treaty was made by them with Belisarius +and how it was broken. When it came to be expected that the emperor's +expedition would arrive in Libya, the Moors, fearing lest they should +receive some harm from it, consulted the oracles of their women. For +it is not lawful in this nation for a man to utter oracles, but the +women among them as a result of some sacred rites become possessed and +foretell the future, no less than any of the ancient oracles. So on +that occasion, when they made enquiry, as has been said, the women +gave the response: "There shall be a host from the waters, the +overthrow of the Vandals, destruction and defeat of the Moors, when +the general of the Romans shall come unbearded." When the Moors heard +this, since they saw that the emperor's army had come from the sea, +they began to be in great fear and were quite unwilling to fight in +alliance with the Vandals, but they sent to Belisarius and established +peace, as has been stated previously,<a name="FNanchor_24_IV" id="FNanchor_24_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_24_IV" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> and then remained quiet and +waited for the future, to see how it would fall out. And when the +power of the Vandals had now come to an end, they sent to the Roman +army, investigating whether there was anyone unbearded among them +holding an office. And when they saw all wearing full beards, they +thought that the oracle did not indicate the present time to them, but +one many generations later, interpreting the saying in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_viii_17" id="PageIV_viii_17">[17-25]</a></span> + that way +which they themselves wished. Immediately, therefore, they were eager +to break the treaty, but their fear of Belisarius prevented them. For +they had no hope that they would ever overcome the Romans in war, at +least with him present. But when they heard that he was making his +departure together with his guards and spearmen, and that the ships +were already being filled with them and the Vandals, they suddenly +rose in arms and displayed every manner of outrage upon the Libyans. +For the soldiers were both few in each place on the frontier and still +unprepared, so that they would not have been able to stand against the +barbarians as they made inroads at every point, nor to prevent their +incursions, which took place frequently and not in an open manner. But +men were being killed indiscriminately and women with their children +were being made slaves, and the wealth was being plundered from every +part of the frontier and the whole country was being filled with +fugitives. These things were reported to Belisarius when he was just +about setting sail. And since it was now too late for him to return +himself, he entrusted Solomon with the administration of Libya and he +also chose out the greatest part of his own guards and spearmen, +instructing them to follow Solomon and as quickly as possible to +punish with all zeal those of the Moors who had risen in revolt and to +exact vengeance for the injury done the Romans. And the emperor sent +another army also to Solomon with Theodoras, the Cappadocian, and +Ildiger, who was the son-in-law of Antonina, the wife of Belisarius. +And since it was no longer possible to find the revenues of the +districts of Libya set down in order in documents, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_viii_25" id="PageIV_viii_25">[25-4]</a></span> +as the +Romans had recorded them in former times,<a name="FNanchor_25_IV" id="FNanchor_25_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_25_IV" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> inasmuch as Gizeric had +upset and destroyed everything in the beginning, Tryphon and +Eustratius were sent by the emperor, in order to assess the taxes for +the Libyans each according to his proportion. But these men seemed to +the Libyans neither moderate nor endurable. +</p><br /> +<p>IX</p> +<p> + +Belisarius, upon reaching Byzantium with Gelimer and the Vandals, was +counted worthy to receive such honours, as in former times were +assigned to those generals of the Romans who had won the greatest and +most noteworthy victories. And a period of about six hundred years had +now passed since anyone had attained these honours,<a name="FNanchor_26_IV" id="FNanchor_26_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_26_IV" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> except, +indeed, Titus and Trajan, and such other emperors as had led armies +against some barbarian nation and had been victorious. For he +displayed the spoils and slaves from the war in the midst of the city +and led a procession which the Romans call a "triumph," not, however, +in the ancient manner, but going on foot from his own house to the +hippodrome and then again from the barriers until he reached the place +where the imperial throne is.<a name="FNanchor_27_IV" id="FNanchor_27_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_27_IV" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> And there was booty,—first of all, +whatever articles are wont +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_ix_4" id="PageIV_ix_4">[4-11]</a></span> +to be set apart for the royal +service,—thrones of gold and carriages in which it is customary for a +king's consort to ride, and much jewelry made of precious stones, and +golden drinking cups, and all the other things which are useful for +the royal table. And there was also silver weighing many thousands of +talents and all the royal treasure amounting to an exceedingly great +sum (for Gizeric had despoiled the Palatium in Rome, as has been said +in the preceding narrative),<a name="FNanchor_28_IV" id="FNanchor_28_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_28_IV" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> +and among these were the treasures of +the Jews, which Titus, the son of Vespasian, together with certain +others, had brought to Rome after the capture of Jerusalem. And one of +the Jews, seeing these things, approached one of those known to the +emperor and said: "These treasures I think it inexpedient to carry +into the palace in Byzantium. Indeed, it is not possible for them to +be elsewhere than in the place where Solomon, the king of the Jews, +formerly placed them. For it is because of these that Gizeric captured +the palace of the Romans, and that now the Roman army has captured +that the Vandals." When this had been brought to the ears of the +Emperor, he became afraid and quickly sent everything to the +sanctuaries of the Christians in Jerusalem. And there were slaves in +the triumph, among whom was Gelimer himself, wearing some sort of a +purple garment upon his shoulders, and all his family, and as many of +the Vandals as were very tall and fair of body. And when Gelimer +reached the hippodrome and saw the emperor sitting upon a lofty seat +and the people standing on either side and realized as he looked +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_ix_11" id="PageIV_ix_11">[11-16]</a></span> +about in what an evil plight he was, he neither wept nor cried out, +but ceased not saying over in the +words of the Hebrew scripture<a name="FNanchor_29_IV" id="FNanchor_29_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_29_IV" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>: + +"Vanity of vanities, all is vanity." And when he came before the +emperor's seat, they stripped off the purple garment, and compelled +him to fall prone on the ground and do obeisance to the Emperor +Justinian. This also Belisarius did, as being a suppliant of the +emperor along with him. And the Emperor Justinian and the Empress +Theodora presented the children of Ilderic and his offspring and all +those of the family of the Emperor Valentinian with sufficient sums of +money, and to Gelimer they gave lands not to be despised in Galatia +and permitted him to live there together with his family. However, +Gelimer was by no means enrolled among the patricians, since he was +unwilling to change from the faith of Arius.</p> +<p> +<span class="sidenote">Jan 1, 535 A.D.</span> + +A little later the triumph<a name="FNanchor_30_IV" id="FNanchor_30_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_30_IV" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> was celebrated by, Belisarius in the +ancient manner also. For he had the fortune to be advanced to the +office of consul, and therefore was borne aloft by the captives, and +as he was thus carried in his curule chair, he threw to the populace +those very spoils of the Vandalic war. For the people carried off the +silver plate and golden girdles and a vast amount of the Vandals' +wealth of other sorts as a result of Belisarius' consulship, and it +seemed that after a long interval of disuse an old custom was being +revived.<a name="FNanchor_31_IV" id="FNanchor_31_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_31_IV" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> These things, then, took place in Byzantium in the manner +described. +</p><br /> +<p>X</p> +<p> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_x_1" id="PageIV_x_1">[1-7]</a></span> +And Solomon took over the army in Libya; but in view of the fact that +the Moors had risen against him, as has been told previously, and that +everything was in suspense, he was at a loss how to treat the +situation. For it was reported that the barbarians had destroyed the +soldiers in Byzacium and Numidia and that they were pillaging and +plundering everything there. But what disturbed most of all both him +and all Carthage was the fate which befell Aïgan, the Massagete, and +Rufinus, the Thracian, in Byzacium. For both were men of great repute +both in the household of Belisarius and in the Roman army, one of +them, Aïgan, being among the spearmen of Belisarius, while the other, +as the most courageous of all, was accustomed to carry the standard of +the general in battle; such an officer the +Romans call "bandifer."<a name="FNanchor_32_IV" id="FNanchor_32_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_32_IV" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> +Now at the time referred to these two men were commanding detatchments +of cavalry in Byzacium, and when they saw the Moors plundering +everything before them and making all the Libyans captives, they +watched in a narrow pass with their followers for those who were +escorting the booty, and killed them and took away all the captives. +And when a report of this came to the commanders of the barbarians, +Coutzinas and Esdilasas and Iourphouthes and Medisinissas, who were +not far away from this pass, they moved against them with their whole +army in the late afternoon. And the Romans, being a very few men and +shut off in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_x_7" id="PageIV_x_7">[7-14]</a></span> +a narrow place in the midst of many thousands, were +not able to ward off their assailants. For wherever they might turn, +they were always shot at from the rear. Then, indeed, Rufinus and +Aïgan with some few men ran to the top of a rock which was near by and +from there defended themselves against the barbarians. Now as long as +they were using their bows, the enemy did not dare come directly to a +hand-to-hand struggle with them, but they kept hurling their javelins +among them; but when all the arrows of the Romans were now exhausted, +the Moors closed with them, and they defended themselves with their +swords as well as the circumstances permitted. But since they were +overpowered by the multitude of the barbarians, Aïgan fell there with +his whole body hacked to pieces, and Rufinus was seized by the enemy +and led away. But straightway one of the commanders, Medisinissas, +fearing lest he should escape and again make trouble for them, cut off +his head and taking it to his home shewed it to his wives, for it was +a remarkable sight on account of the extraordinary size of the head +and the abundance of hair. And now, since the narration of the history +has brought me to this point, it is necessary to tell from the +beginning whence the nations of the Moors came to Libya and how they +settled there. +</p> +<p>When the Hebrews had withdrawn from Egypt and had come near the +boundaries of Palestine, Moses, a wise man, who was their leader on +the journey, died, and the leadership was passed on to Joshua, the son +of Nun, who led this people into Palestine, and, by displaying a +valour in war greater than that natural to a man, gained possession of +the land. And after overthrowing all the nations he +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_x_14" id="PageIV_x_14">[14-24]</a></span> +easily won +the cities, and he seemed to be altogether invincible. Now at that +time the whole country along the sea from Sidon as far as the +boundaries of Egypt was called Phoenicia. And one king in ancient +times held sway over it, as is agreed by all who have written the +earliest accounts of the Phoenicians. In that country there dwelt very +populous tribes, the Gergesites and the Jebusites and some others with +other names by which they are called in the history of the +Hebrews.<a name="FNanchor_33_IV" id="FNanchor_33_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_33_IV" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> Now when these nations saw that the invading general was +an irresistible prodigy, they emigrated from their ancestral homes and +made their way to Egypt, which adjoined their country. And finding +there no place sufficient for them to dwell in, since there has been a +great population in Aegypt from ancient times, they proceeded to +Libya. And they established numerous cities and took possession of the +whole of Libya as far as the Pillars of Heracles, and there they have +lived even up to my time, using the Phoenician tongue. They also built +a fortress in Numidia, where now is the city called Tigisis. In that +place are two columns made of white stone near by the great spring, +having Phoenician letters cut in them which say in the Phoenician +tongue: "We are they who fled from before the face of Joshua, the +robber, the son of Nun." There were also other nations settled in +Libya before the Moors, who on account of having been established +there from of old were said to be children of the soil. And because of +this they said that Antaeus, their king, who wrestled with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_x_24" id="PageIV_x_24">[24-2]</a></span> + +Heracles in Clipea,<a name="FNanchor_34_IV" id="FNanchor_34_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_34_IV" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> was a son of the earth. And in later times +those who removed from Phoenicia with Dido came to the inhabitants of +Libya as to kinsmen. And they willingly allowed them to found and hold +Carthage. But as time went on Carthage became a powerful and populous +city. And a battle took place between them and their neighbours, who, +as has been said, had come from Palestine before them and are called +Moors at the present time, and the Carthaginians defeated them and +compelled them to live a very great distance away from Carthage. Later +on the Romans gained the supremacy over all of them in war, and +settled the Moors at the extremity of the inhabited land of Libya, and +made the Carthaginians and the other Libyans subject and tributary to +themselves. And after this the Moors won many victories over the +Vandals and gained possession of the land now called Mauretania, +extending from Gadira as far as the boundaries of Caesarea,<a name="FNanchor_35_IV" id="FNanchor_35_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_35_IV" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> as +well as the most of Libya which remained. Such, then, is the story of +the settlement of the Moors in Libya. +</p><br /> +<p>XI</p> +<p> + +Now when Solomon heard what had befallen Rufinus and Aïgan, he made +ready for war and wrote as follows to the commanders of the Moors: +"Other men than you have even before this had the ill +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_2" id="PageIV_xi_2">[2-9]</a></span> +fortune to +lose their senses and to be destroyed, men who had no means of judging +beforehand how their folly would turn out. But as for you, who have +the example near at hand in your neighbours, the Vandals, what in the +world has happened to you that you have decided to raise your hands +against the great emperor and throw away your own security, and that +too when you have given the most dread oaths in writing and have +handed over your children as pledges to the agreement? Is it that you +have determined to make a kind of display of the fact that you have no +consideration either for God or for good faith or for kinship itself +or for safety or for any other thing at all? And yet, if such is your +practice in matters which concern the divine, in what ally do you put +your trust in marching against the emperor of the Romans? And if you +are taking the field to the destruction of your children, what in the +world is it in behalf of which you have decided to endanger +yourselves? But if any repentance has by now entered your hearts for +what has already taken place, write to us, that we may satisfactorily +arrange with you touching what has already been done; but if your +madness has not yet abated, expect a Roman war, which will come upon +you together with the oaths which you have violated and the wrong +which you are doing to your own children." +</p> +<p>Such was the letter which Solomon wrote. And the Moors replied as +follows: "Belisarius deluded us with great promises and by this means +persuaded us to become subjects of the Emperor Justinian; but the +Romans, while giving us no share in any good thing, expected to have +us, though pinched with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_9" id="PageIV_xi_9">[9-18]</a></span> +hunger, as their friends and allies. +Therefore it is more fitting that you should be called faithless than +that the Moors should be. For the men who break treaties are not those +who, when manifestly wronged, bring accusation against their +neighbours and turn away from them, but those who expect to keep +others in faithful alliance with them and then do them violence. And +men make God their enemy, not when they march against others in order +to recover their own possessions, but when they get themselves into +danger of war by encroaching upon the possessions of others. And as +for children, that will be your concern, who are not permitted to +marry more than one wife; but with us, who have, it may be, fifty +wives living with each of us, offspring of children can never fail." +</p> +<p>When Solomon had read this letter, he decided to lead his whole army +against the Moors. So after arranging matters in Carthage, he +proceeded with all his troops to Byzacium. And when he reached the +place which is called Mammes,<a name="FNanchor_36_IV" id="FNanchor_36_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_36_IV" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> where the four Moorish commanders, +whom I have mentioned a little before,<a name="FNanchor_37_IV" id="FNanchor_37_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_37_IV" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> were encamped, he made a +stockade for himself. Now there are lofty mountains there, and a level +space near the foothills of the mountains, where the barbarians had +made preparations for the battle and arranged their fighting order as +follows. They formed a circle of their camels, just as, in the +previous narrative,<a name="FNanchor_38_IV" id="FNanchor_38_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_38_IV" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> +I have said Cabaon did, making the front about +twelve deep. And they placed the women with the children within the +circle; (for among the Moors it is customary to take also a few +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_18" id="PageIV_xi_18">[18-24]</a></span> +women, with their children, to battle, and these make the stockades +and huts for them and tend the horses skilfully, and have charge of +the camels and the food; they also sharpen the iron weapons and take +upon themselves many of the tasks in connection with the preparation +for battle); and the men themselves took their stand on foot in +between the legs of the camels, having shields and swords and small +spears which they are accustomed to hurl like javelins. And some of +them with their horses remained quietly among the mountains. But +Solomon disregarded one half of the circle of the Moors, which was +towards the mountain, placing no one there. For he feared lest the +enemy on the mountain should come down and those in the circle should +turn about and thus make the men drawn up there exposed to attack on +both sides in the battle. But against the remainder of the circle he +drew up his whole army, and since he saw the most of them frightened +and without courage, on account of what had befallen Aïgan and +Rufinus, and wishing to admonish them to be of good cheer, he spoke as +follows: "Men who have campaigned with Belisarius, let no fear of +these men enter your minds, and, if Moors gathered to the number of +fifty thousand have already defeated five hundred Romans, let not this +stand for you as an example. But call to mind your own valour, and +consider that while the Vandals defeated the Moors, you have become +masters of the Vandals in war without any effort, and that it is not +right that those who have conquered the greater should be +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_24" id="PageIV_xi_24">[24-35]</a></span> +terrified before those who are inferior. And indeed of all men the +Moorish nation seems to be the most poorly equipped for war's +struggle. For the most of them have no armour at all, and those who +have shields to hold before themselves have only small ones which are +not well made and are not able to turn aside what strikes against +them. And after they have thrown those two small spears, if they do +not accomplish anything, they turn of their own accord to flight. So +that it is possible for you, after guarding against the first attack +of the barbarians, to win the victory with no trouble at all. But as +to your equipment of arms, you see, of course, how great is the +difference between it and that of your opponents. And apart from this, +both valour of heart and strength of body and experience in war and +confidence because you have already conquered all your enemies,—all +these advantages you have; but the Moors, being deprived of all these +things, put their trust only in their own great throng. And it is +easier for a few who are most excellently prepared to conquer a +multitude of men not good at warfare than it is for the multitude to +defeat them. For while the good soldier has his confidence in himself, +the cowardly man generally finds that the very number of those arrayed +with him produces a want of room that is full of peril. Furthermore, +you are warranted in despising these camels, which cannot fight for +the enemy, and when struck by our missiles will, in all probability, +become the cause of considerable confusion and disorder among them. +And the eagerness for battle which the enemy have acquired on account +of their former success will be your ally in the fight. For daring, +when it is kept +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_35" id="PageIV_xi_35">[35-42]</a></span> + commensurate with one's power, will perhaps be +of some benefit even to those who make use of it, but when it exceeds +one's power it lends into danger. Bearing these things in mind and +despising the enemy, observe silence and order; for by taking thought +for these things we shall win the victory over the disorder of the +barbarians more easily and with less labour." Thus spoke Solomon. +</p> +<p>And the commanders of the Moors also, seeing the barbarians terrified +at the orderly array of the Romans, and wishing to recall their host +to confidence again, exhorted them in this wise: "That the Romans have +human bodies, the kind that yield when struck with iron, we have been +taught, O fellow-soldiers, by those of them whom we have recently met, +the best of them all, some of whom we have overwhelmed with our spears +and killed, and the others we have seized and made our prisoners of +war. And not only is this so, but it is now possible to see also that +we boast great superiority over them in numbers. And, furthermore, the +struggle for us involves the very greatest things, either to be +masters of all Libya or to be slaves to these braggarts. It is +therefore necessary for us to be in the highest degree brave men at +the present time. For it is not expedient that those whose all is at +stake should be other than exceedingly courageous. And it behoves us +to despise the equipment of arms which the enemy have. For if they +come on foot against us, they will not be able to move rapidly, but +will be worsted by the agility of the Moors, and their cavalry will be +terrified both by the sight of the camels, and by the noise they make, +which, rising above the general tumult of battle, will, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_42" id="PageIV_xi_42">[42-51]</a></span> + in all +likelihood, throw them into disorder. And if anyone by taking into +consideration the victory of the Romans over the Vandals thinks them +not to be withstood, he is mistaken in his judgment. For the scales of +war are, in the nature of the case, turned by the valour of the +commander or by fortune; and Belisarius, who was responsible for their +gaining the mastery over the Vandals, has now, thanks to Heaven, been +removed out of our way. And, besides, we too have many times conquered +the Vandals and stripped them of their power, and have thus made the +victory over them a more feasible and an easier task for the Romans. +And now we have reason to hope to conquer this enemy also if you shew +yourselves brave men in the struggle." +</p> +<p>After the officers of the Moors had delivered this exhortation, they +began the engagement. And at first there arose great disorder in the +Roman army. For their horses were offended by the noise made by the +camels and by the sight of them, and reared up and threw off their +riders and the most of them fled in complete disorder. And in the +meantime the Moors were making sallies and hurling all the small +spears which they had in their hands, thus causing the Roman army to +be filled with tumult, and they were hitting them with their missiles +while they were unable either to defend themselves or to remain in +position. But after this, Solomon, observing what was happening, +leaped down from his horse himself first and caused all the others to +do the same. And when they had dismounted, he commanded the others to +stand still, and, holding their shields before them and receiving the +missiles sent by the enemy, to remain in their position; but he +himself, leading forward not +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xi_51" id="PageIV_xi_51">[51-2]</a></span> + less than five hundred men, made +an attack upon the other portion of the circle.<a name="FNanchor_39_IV" id="FNanchor_39_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_39_IV" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> These men he +commanded to draw their swords and kill the camels which stood at that +point. Then the Moors who were stationed there beat a hasty retreat, +and the men under Solomon killed about two hundred camels, and +straightway, when the camels fell, the circle became accessible to the +Romans. And they advanced on the run into the middle of the circle +where the women of the Moors were sitting; meanwhile the barbarians in +consternation withdrew to the mountain which was close by, and as they +fled in complete disorder the Romans followed behind and killed them. +And it is said that ten thousand of the Moors perished in this +encounter, while all the women together with the children were made +slaves. And the soldiers secured as booty all the camels which they +had not killed. Thus the Romans with all their plunder went to +Carthage to celebrate the festival of triumph. +</p><br /> +<p>XII</p> +<p> + +But the barbarians, being moved with anger, once more took the field +in a body against the Romans, leaving behind not one of their number, +and they began to overrun the country in Byzacium, sparing none of any +age of those who fell in their way. And when Solomon had just marched +into Carthage it was reported that the barbarians with a great host +had come into Byzacium and were plundering everything there. He +therefore departed quickly with his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xii_2" id="PageIV_xii_2">[2-10]</a></span> + whole army and marched +against them. And when he reached Bourgaon, where the enemy were +encamped, he remained some days in camp over against them, in order +that, as soon as the Moors should get on level ground, he might begin +the battle. But since they remained on the mountain, he marshalled his +army and arrayed it for battle; the Moors, however, had no intention +of ever again engaging in battle with the Romans in level country (for +already an irresistible fear had come over them), but on the mountain +they hoped to overcome them more easily. Now Mt. Bourgaon is for the +most part precipitous and on the side toward the east extremely +difficult to ascend, but on the west it is easily accessible and rises +in an even slope. And there are two lofty peaks which rise up, forming +between them a sort of vale, very narrow, but of incredible depth. Now +the barbarians left the peak of the mountain unoccupied, thinking that +on this side no hostile movement would be made against them; and they +left equally unprotected the space about the foot of the mountain +where Bourgaon was easy of access. But at the middle of the ascent +they made their camp and remained there, in order that, if the enemy +should ascend and begin battle with them, they might at the outset, +being on higher ground, shoot down upon their heads. They also had on +the mountain many horses, prepared either for flight or for the +pursuit, if they should win the battle. +</p> +<p>Now when Solomon saw that the Moors were unwilling to fight another +battle on the level ground, and also that the Roman army was opposed +to making +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xii_10" id="PageIV_xii_10">[10-17]</a></span> + a siege in a desert place, he was eager to come to an +encounter with the enemy on Bourgaon. But inasmuch as he saw that the +soldiers were stricken with terror because of the multitude of their +opponents, which was many times greater than it had been in the +previous battle, he called together the army and spoke as follows: +"The fear which the enemy feel toward you needs no other arraignment, +but voluntarily pleads guilty, bringing forward, as it does, the +testimony of its own witnesses. For you see, surely, our opponents +gathered in so many tens and tens of thousands, but not daring to come +down to the plain and engage with us, unable to feel confidence even +in their own selves, but taking refuge in the difficulty of this +place. It is therefore not even necessary to address any exhortation +to you, at the present time at least. For those to whom both the +circumstances and the weakness of the enemy give courage, need not, I +think, the additional assistance of words. But of this one thing it +will be needful to remind you, that if we fight out this engagement +also with brave hearts, it will remain for us, having defeated the +Vandals and reduced the Moors to the same fortune, to enjoy all the +good things of Libya, having no thought whatever of an enemy in our +minds. But as to preventing the enemy from shooting down upon our +heads, and providing that no harm come to us from the nature of the +place, I myself shall make provision." +</p> +<p>After making this exhortation Solomon commanded Theodorus, who led the +"excubitores<a name="FNanchor_40_IV" id="FNanchor_40_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_40_IV" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>" +(for thus the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xii_17" id="PageIV_xii_17">[17-21]</a></span> +Romans call their guards), to +take with him a thousand infantrymen toward the end of the afternoon +and with some of the standards to go up secretly on the east side of +Bourgaon, where the mountain is most difficult of ascent and, one +might say, impracticable, commanding him that, when they arrived near +the crest of the mountain, they should remain quietly there and pass +the rest of the night, and that at sunrise they should appear above +the enemy and displaying the standards commence to shoot. And +Theodoras did as directed. And when it was well on in the night, they +climbed up the precipitous slope and reached a point near the peak +without being noticed either by the Moors or even by any of the +Romans; for they were being sent out, it was said, as an advance +guard, to prevent anyone from coming to the camp from the outside to +do mischief. And at early dawn Solomon with the whole army went up +against the enemy to the outskirts of Bourgaon. And when morning had +come and the enemy were seen near at hand, the soldiers were +completely at a loss, seeing the summit of the mountain no longer +unoccupied, as formerly, but covered with men who were displaying +Roman standards; for already some daylight was beginning to shew. But +when those on the peak began their attack, the Romans perceived that +the army was their own and the barbarians that they had been placed +between their enemy's forces, and being shot at from both sides and +having no opportunity to ward off the enemy, they thought no more of +resistance but turned, all of them, to a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xii_21" id="PageIV_xii_21">[21-28]</a></span> + hasty flight. And since +they could neither run up to the top of Bourgaon, which was held by +the enemy, nor go to the plain anywhere over the lower slopes of the +mountain, since their opponents were pressing upon them from that +side, they went with a great rush to the vale and the unoccupied peak, +some even with their horses, others on foot. But since they were a +numerous throng fleeing in great fear and confusion, they kept killing +each other, and as they rushed into the vale, which was exceedingly +deep, those who were first were being killed constantly, but their +plight could not be perceived by those who were coming up behind. And +when the vale became full of dead horses and men, and the bodies made +a passage from Bourgaon to the other mountain, then the remainder were +saved by making the crossing over the bodies. And there perished in +this struggle, among the Moors fifty thousand, as was declared by +those of them who survived, but among the Romans no one at all, nor +indeed did anyone receive even a wound, either at the hand of the +enemy or by any accident happening to him, but they all enjoyed this +victory unscathed. All of the leaders of the barbarians also made +their escape, except Esdilasas, who received pledges and surrendered +himself to the Romans. So great, however, was the multitude of women +and children whom the Romans seized as booty, that they would sell a +Moorish boy for the price of a sheep to any who wished to buy. And +then the remainder of the Moors recalled the saying of their women, to +the effect that their nation would be destroyed by a beardless +man.<a name="FNanchor_41_IV" id="FNanchor_41_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_41_IV" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p> +<p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xii_29" id="PageIV_xii_29">[29-4]</a></span> +So the Roman army, together with its booty and with Esdilasas, +marched into Carthage; and those of the barbarians who had not +perished decided that it was impossible to settle in Byzacium, lest +they, being few, should be treated with violence by the Libyans who +were their neighbours, and with their leaders they went into Numidia +and made themselves suppliants of Iaudas, who ruled the Moors in +Aurasium.<a name="FNanchor_42_IV" id="FNanchor_42_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_42_IV" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> +And the only Moors who remained in Byzacium were those +led by Antalas, who during this time had kept faith with the Romans +and together with his subjects had remained unharmed. +</p><br /> +<p>XIII</p> +<p> + +But during the time when these things were happening in Byzacium, +Iaudas, who ruled the Moors in Aurasium, bringing more than thirty +thousand fighting men, was plundering the country of Numidia and +enslaving many of the Libyans. Now it so happened +that Althias<a name="FNanchor_43_IV" id="FNanchor_43_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_43_IV" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> +in +Centuriae was keeping guard over the forts there; and he, being eager +to take from the enemy some of their captives, went outside the fort +with the Huns who were under his command, to the number of about +seventy. And reasoning that he was not able to cope with such a great +multitude of Moors with only seventy men, he wished to occupy some +narrow pass, so that, while the enemy were marching through it, he +might be able to snatch up some of the captives. And since there are +no such roads there, because flat plains +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiii_4" id="PageIV_xiii_4">[4-14]</a></span> + extend in every +direction, he devised the following plan. +</p> +<p>There is a city not far distant, named Tigisis, then an unwalled +place, but having a great spring at a place which was very closely +shut in. Althias therefore decided to take possession of this spring, +reasoning that the enemy, compelled by thirst, would surely come +there; for there is no other water at all close by. Now it seemed to +all upon considering the disparity of the armies that his plan was +insane. But the Moors came up feeling very much wearied and greatly +oppressed by the heat in the summer weather, and naturally almost +overcome by an intense thirst, and they made for the spring with a +great rush, having no thought of meeting any obstacle. But when they +found the water held by the enemy, they all halted, at a loss what to +do, the greatest part of their strength having been already expended +because of their desire for water. Iaudas therefore had a parley with +Althias and agreed to give him the third part of the booty, on +condition that the Moors should all drink. But Althias was by no means +willing to accept the proposal, but demanded that he fight with him in +single combat for the booty. And this challenge being accepted by +Iaudas, it was agreed that if it so fell out that Althias was +overcame, the Moors should drink. And the whole Moorish army was +rejoiced, being in good hope, since Althias was lean and not tall of +body, while Iaudas was the finest and most warlike of all the Moors. +Now both of them were, as it happened, mounted. And Iaudas hurled his +spear first, but as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiii_14" id="PageIV_xiii_14">[14-21]</a></span> + it was coming toward him Althias succeeded +with amazing skill in catching it with his right hand, thus filling +Iaudas and the enemy with consternation. And with his left hand he +drew his bow instantly, for he was ambidextrous, and hit and killed +the horse of Iaudas. And as he fell, the Moors brought another horse +for their commander, upon which Iaudas leaped and straightway fled; +and the Moorish army followed him in complete disorder. And Althias, +by thus taking from them the captives and the whole of the booty, won +a great name in consequence of this deed throughout all Libya. Such, +then, was the course of these events. +</p> +<p>And Solomon, after delaying a short time in Carthage, led his army +toward Mt. Aurasium and Iaudas, alleging against him that, while the +Roman army was occupied in Byzacium, he had plundered many of the +places in Numidia. And this was true. Solomon was also urged on +against Iaudas by the other commanders of the Moors, Massonas and +Ortaïas, because of their personal enmity; Massonas, because his +father Mephanias, who was the father-in-law of Iaudas, had been +treacherously slain by him, and Ortaïas, because Iaudas, together with +Mastinas, who ruled over the barbarians in Mauretania, had purposed to +drive him and all the Moors whom he ruled from the land where they had +dwelt from of old. So the Roman army, under the leadership of Solomon, +and those of the Moors who came into alliance with them, made their +camp on the river Abigas, which flows along by Aurasium and waters the +land there. But to Iaudas it seemed inexpedient to array himself +against the enemy in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiii_21" id="PageIV_xiii_21">[21-29]</a></span> + plain, but he made his preparations on +Aurasium in such a way as seemed to him would offer most difficulty to +his assailants. This mountain is about thirteen days' journey distant +from Carthage, and the largest of all known to us. For its circuit is +a three days' journey for an unencumbered traveller. And for one +wishing to go upon it the mountain is difficult of access and +extremely wild, but as one ascends and reaches the level ground, +plains are seen and many springs which form rivers and a great number +of altogether wonderful parks. And the grain which grows here, and +every kind of fruit, is double the size of that produced in all the +rest of Libya. And there are fortresses also on this mountain, which +are neglected, by reason of the fact that they do not seem necessary +to the inhabitants. For since the time when the Moors wrested Aurasium +from the Vandals,<a name="FNanchor_44_IV" id="FNanchor_44_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_44_IV" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> +not a single enemy had until now ever come there +or so much as caused the barbarians to be afraid that they would come, +but even the populous city of Tamougadis, situated against the +mountain on the east at the beginning of the plain, was emptied of its +population by the Moors and razed to the ground, in order that the +enemy should not only not be able to encamp there, but should not even +have the city as an excuse for coming near the mountain. And the Moors +of that place held also the land to the west of Aurasium, a tract both +extensive and fertile. And beyond these dwelt other nations of the +Moors, who were ruled by Ortaïas, who had come, as was stated above, +as an ally to Solomon and the Romans. And I have heard this man say +that beyond the country which he ruled there was no +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiii_29" id="PageIV_xiii_29">[29-36]</a></span> + habitation +of men, but desert land extending to a great distance, and that beyond +that there are men, not black-skinned like the Moors, but very white +in body and fair-haired. So much, then, for these things.</p> <p>And Solomon, +after bribing the Moorish allies with great sums of money and +earnestly exhorting them, began the ascent of Mt. Aurasium with the +whole army arrayed as for battle, thinking that on that day he would +do battle with the enemy and just as he was have the matter out with +them according as fortune should wish. Accordingly the soldiers did +not even take with them any food, except a little, for themselves and +their horses. And after proceeding over very rough ground for about +fifty stades, they made a bivouac. And covering a similar distance +each day they came on the seventh day to a place where there was an +ancient fortress and an ever-flowing stream. The place is called +"Shield Mountain" by the Romans in their +own tongue.<a name="FNanchor_45_IV" id="FNanchor_45_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_45_IV" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> +Now it was +reported to them that the enemy were encamped there, and when they +reached this place and encountered no enemy, they made camp and, +preparing themselves for battle, remained there; and three days' time +was spent by them in that place. And since the enemy kept altogether +out of their way, and their provisions had failed, the thought came to +Solomon and to the whole army that there had been some plot against +them on the part of the Moors who were their allies; for these Moors +were not unacquainted with the conditions of travel on Aurasium, and +understood, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiii_36" id="PageIV_xiii_36">[36-42]</a></span> + probably, what had been decided upon by the enemy; they were +stealthily going out to meet them each day, it was said, and had also +frequently been sent to their country by the Romans to reconnoitre, +and had decided to make nothing but false reports, in order, no doubt, +that the Romans, with no prior knowledge of conditions, might make the +ascent of Mt. Aurasium without supplies for a longer time or without +preparing themselves otherwise in the way which would be best. And, +all things considered, the Romans were suspicious that an ambush had +been set for them by men who were their allies and began to be afraid, +reasoning that the Moors are said to be by nature untrustworthy at all +times and especially whenever they march as allies with the Romans or +any others against Moors. So, remembering these things, and at the +same time being pinched by hunger, they withdrew from there with all +speed without accomplishing anything, and, upon reaching the plain, +constructed a stockade. +</p> +<p>After this Solomon established a part of the army in Numidia to serve +as a guard and with the remainder went to Carthage, since it was +already winter. There he arranged and set everything in order, so that +at the beginning of spring he might again march against Aurasium with +a larger equipment and, if possible, without Moors as allies. At the +same time he prepared generals and another army and a fleet of ships +for an expedition against the Moors who dwell in the island of +Sardinia; for this island is a large one and flourishing besides, +being about two thirds as large as Sicily (for the perimeter of the +island makes a journey of twenty days for an unencumbered traveller); +and lying, as +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiii_42" id="PageIV_xiii_42">[42-4]</a></span> + it does, between Rome and Carthage, it was +oppressed by the Moors who dwelt there. For the Vandals in ancient +times, being enraged against these barbarians, sent some few of them +with their wives to Sardinia and confined them there. But as time went +on they seized the mountains which are near Caranalis, at first making +plundering expeditions secretly upon those who dwelt round about, but +when they became no less than three thousand, they even made their +raids openly, and with no desire for concealment plundered all the +country there, being called +Barbaricini<a name="FNanchor_46_IV" id="FNanchor_46_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_46_IV" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> +by the natives. It was +against these barbarians, therefore, that Solomon was preparing the +fleet during that winter. Such, then, was the course of events in +Libya. +</p><br /> +<p>XIV</p> +<p> + +And in Italy during these same times the following events took place. +Belisarius was sent against Theodatus and the Gothic nation by the +Emperor Justinian, and sailing to Sicily he secured this island with +no trouble. And the manner in which this was done will be told in the +following pages, when the history leads me to the narration of the +events in Italy. For it has not seemed to me out of order first to +record all the events which happened in Libya and after that to turn +to the portion of the history touching Italy and the Goths.</p> + + +<p>During this winter Belisarius remained in Syracuse +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiv_4" id="PageIV_xiv_4">[4-10]</a></span> + and Solomon in +Carthage. And it came about during this year that a most dread portent +took place. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness, like +the moon, during this whole year, and it seemed exceedingly like the +sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear nor such as it is +accustomed to shed. And from the time when this thing happened men +were free neither from war nor pestilence nor any other thing leading +to death. And it was the time when Justinian was in the tenth year of +his reign.<span class="sidenote">536-537 A.D.</span></p> +<p> +<span class="sidenote">536 A.D.</span> +At the opening of spring, when the Christians were celebrating the +feast which they call Easter, there arose a mutiny among the soldiers +in Libya. I shall now tell how it arose and to what end it came. +</p> +<p>After the Vandals had been defeated in the battle, as I have told +previously,<a name="FNanchor_47_IV" id="FNanchor_47_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_47_IV" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> +the Roman soldiers took their daughters and wives and +made them their own by lawful marriage. And each one of these women +kept urging her husband to lay claim to the possession of the lands +which she had owned previously, saying that it was not right or +fitting if, while living with the Vandals, they had enjoyed these +lands, but after entering into marriage with the conquerors of the +Vandals they were then to be deprived of their possessions. And having +these things in mind, the soldiers did not think that they were bound +to yield the lands of the Vandals to Solomon, who wished to register +them as belonging to the commonwealth and to the emperor's house and +said that while it was not unreasonable that the slaves and all other +things of value should go as booty to the soldiers, the land itself +belonged to the emperor and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiv_10" id="PageIV_xiv_10">[10-17]</a></span> + the empire of the Romans, which had +nourished them and caused them to be called soldiers and to be such, +not in order to win for themselves such land as they should wrest from +the barbarians who were trespassing on the Roman empire, but that this +land might come to the commonwealth, from which both they and all +others secured their maintenance. This was one cause of the mutiny. +And there was a second, concurrent, cause also, which was no less, +perhaps even more, effective in throwing all Libya into confusion. It +was as follows: In the Roman army there were, as it happened, not less +than one. thousand soldiers of the Arian faith; and the most of these +were barbarians, some of these being of +the Erulian<a name="FNanchor_48_IV" id="FNanchor_48_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_48_IV" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> +nation. Now +these men were urged on to the mutiny by the priests of the Vandals +with the greatest zeal. For it was not possible for them to worship +God in their accustomed way, but they were excluded both from all +sacraments and from all sacred rites. For the Emperor Justinian did +not allow any Christian who did not espouse the orthodox faith to +receive baptism or any other sacrament. But most of all they were +agitated by the feast of Easter, during which they found themselves +unable +to baptize<a name="FNanchor_49_IV" id="FNanchor_49_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_49_IV" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> +their own children with the sacred water, or do +anything else pertaining to this feast. And as if these things were +not sufficient for Heaven, in its eagerness to ruin the fortunes of +the Romans, it so fell out that still another thing provided an +occasion for those who were planning the mutiny. For the Vandals whom +Belisarius took to Byzantium were +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiv_17" id="PageIV_xiv_17">[17-23]</a></span> + placed by the emperor in five +cavalry squadrons, in order that they might be settled permanently in +the cities of the East; he also called them the "Vandals of +Justinian," and ordered them to betake themselves in ships to the +East. Now the majority of these Vandal soldiers reached the East, and, +filling up the squadrons to which they had been assigned, they have +been fighting against the Persians up to the present time; but the +remainder, about four hundred in number, after reaching Lesbos, +waiting until the sails were bellied with the wind, forced the sailors +to submission and sailed on till they reached the Peloponnesus. And +setting sail from there, they came to land in Libya at a desert place, +where they abandoned the ships, and, after equipping themselves, went +up to Mt. Aurasium and Mauretania. Elated by their accession, the +soldiers who were planning the mutiny formed a still closer conspiracy +among themselves. And there was much talk about this in the camp and +oaths were already being taken. And when the rest were about to +celebrate the Easter festival, the Arians, being vexed by their +exclusion from the sacred rites, purposed to attack them vigorously. +</p> +<p>And it seemed best to their leading men to kill Solomon in the +sanctuary on the first day of the feast, which they call the great +day. +<span class="sidenote">March 23, 536 A.D.</span> +And they were fortunate enough not to be found out, since no one +disclosed this plan. For though there were many who shared in the +horrible plot, no word of it was divulged to any hostile person as the +orders were passed around, and thus they succeeded completely in +escaping detection, for even the spearmen and guards of Solomon for +the most part and the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiv_23" id="PageIV_xiv_23">[23-29]</a></span> + majority of his domestics had become associated +with this mutiny because of their desire for the lands. And when the +appointed day had now come, Solomon was sitting in the sanctuary, +utterly ignorant of his own misfortune. And those who had decided to +kill the man went in, and, urging one another with nods, they put +their hands to their swords, but they did nothing nevertheless, either +because they were filled with awe of the rites then being performed in +the sanctuary, or because the fame of the general caused them to be +ashamed, or perhaps also some divine power prevented them. +</p> +<p>And when the rites on that day had been completely performed and all +were betaking themselves homeward, the conspirators began to blame one +another with having turned soft-hearted at no fitting time, and they +postponed the plot for a second attempt on the following day. And on +the next day they acted in the same manner and departed from the +sanctuary without doing anything, and entering the market place, they +reviled each other openly, and every single man of them called the +next one soft-hearted and a demoralizer of the band, not hesitating to +censure strongly the respect felt for Solomon. For this reason, +indeed, they thought that they could no longer without danger remain +in Carthage, inasmuch as they had disclosed their plot to the whole +city. The most of them, accordingly, went out of the city quickly and +began to plunder the lands and to treat as enemies all the Libyans +whom they met; but the rest remained in the city, giving no indication +of what their own intentions were but pretending ignorance of the plot +which had been formed. + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiv_30" id="PageIV_xiv_30">[30-37]</a></span></p> +<p> +But Solomon, upon hearing what was being done by the soldiers +in the country, became greatly disturbed, and ceased not exhorting +those in the city and urging them to loyalty toward the emperor. And +they at first seemed to receive his words with favour, but on the +fifth day, when they heard that those who had gone out were secure in +their power, they gathered in the hippodrome and insulted Solomon and +the other commanders without restraint. And Theodorus, the +Cappadocian, being sent there by Solomon, attempted to dissuade them +and win them by kind words, but they listened to nothing of what was +said. Now this Theodorus had a certain hostility against Solomon and +was suspected of plotting against him. For this reason the mutineers +straightway elected him general over them by acclamation, and with him +they went with all speed to the palace carrying weapons and raising a +great tumult. There they killed another Theodorus, who was commander +of the guards, a man of the greatest excellence in every respect and +an especially capable warrior. And when they had tasted this blood, +they began immediately to kill everyone they met, whether Libyan or +Roman, if he were known to Solomon or had money in his hands; and then +they turned to plundering, going up into the houses which had no +soldiers to defend them and seizing all the most valuable things, +until the coming of night, and drunkenness following their toil, made +them cease.</p> <p>And Solomon succeeded in escaping unnoticed into the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xiv_37" id="PageIV_xiv_37">[37-1]</a></span> +great sanctuary which is in the palace, and Martinus joined him there +in the late afternoon. And when all the mutineers were sleeping, they +went out from the sanctuary and entered the house of Theodorus, the +Cappadocian, who compelled them to dine although they had no desire to +do so, and conveyed them to the harbour and put them on the skiff of a +certain ship, which happened to have been made ready there by +Martinus. And Procopius also, who wrote this history, was with them, +and about five men of the house of Solomon. And after accomplishing +three hundred stades they reached Misuas, the ship-yard of Carthage, +and, since they had reached safety, Solomon straightway commanded +Martinus to go into Numidia to Valerian and the others who shared his +command, and endeavour to bring it about that each one of them, if it +were in any way possible, should appeal to some of the soldiers known +to him, either with money or by other means, and bring them back to +loyalty toward the emperor. And he sent a letter to Theodorus, +charging him to take care of Carthage and to handle the other matters +as should seem possible to him, and he himself with Procopius went to +Belisarius at Syracuse. And after reporting everything to him which +had taken place in Libya, he begged him to come with all speed to +Carthage and defend the emperor, who was suffering unholy treatment at +the hands of his own soldiers, Solomon, then, was thus engaged. +</p><br /> +<p>XV</p> +<p> + +But the mutineers, after plundering everything in Carthage, gathered +in the plain of Boulla, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_1" id="PageIV_xv_1">[1-8]</a></span> + chose Stotzas,<a name="FNanchor_50_IV" id="FNanchor_50_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_50_IV" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> +one of the guards +of Martinus, and a passionate and energetic man, as tyrant over them, +with the purpose of driving the emperor's commanders out of all Libya +and thus gaining control over it. And he armed the whole force, +amounting to about eight thousand men, and led them on to Carthage, +thinking to win over the city instantly with no trouble. He sent also +to the Vandals who had run away from Byzantium with the ships and +those who had not gone there with Belisarius in the beginning, either +because they had escaped notice, or because those who were taking off +the Vandals at that time took no account of them. Now they were not +fewer than a thousand, and after no great time they joined Stotzas and +the army with enthusiasm. And a great throng of slaves also came to +him. And when they drew near Carthage, Stotzas sent orders that the +people should surrender the city to him as quickly as possible, on +condition of their remaining free from harm. But those in Carthage and +Theodorus, in reply to this, refused flatly to obey, and announced +that they were guarding Carthage for the emperor. And they sent to +Stotzas Joseph, the secretary of the emperor's guards, a man of no +humble birth and one of the household of Belisarius, who had recently +been sent to Carthage on some mission to them, and they demanded that +Stotzas should go no further in his violence. But Stotzas, upon +hearing this, straightway killed Joseph and commenced a siege. And +those in the city, becoming terrified at the danger, were purposing to +surrender themselves and Carthage to Stotzas under an agreement. Such +was the course of events in the army in Libya.</p> <p> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_9" id="PageIV_xv_9">[9-16]</a></span> +But Belisarius +selected one hundred men from his own spearmen and guards, and taking +Solomon with him, sailed into Carthage with one ship at about dusk, at +the time when the besiegers were expecting that the city would be +surrendered to them on the following day. And since they were +expecting this, they bivouacked that night. But when day had come and +they learned that Belisarius was present, they broke up camp as +quickly as possible and disgracefully and in complete disorder beat a +hasty retreat And Belisarius gathered about two thousand of the army +and, after urging them with words to be loyal to the emperor and +encouraging them with large gifts of money, he began the pursuit of +the fugitives. And he overtook them at the city of Membresa, three +hundred and fifty stades distant from Carthage. There both armies made +camp and prepared themselves for battle, the forces of Belisarius +making their entrenchment at the River Bagradas, and the others in a +high and difficult position. For neither of them saw fit to enter the +city, since it was without walls. And on the day following they joined +battle, the mutineers trusting in their numbers, and the troops of +Belisarius despising their enemy as both without sense and without +generals. And Belisarius, wishing that these thoughts should be firmly +lodged in the minds of his soldiers, called them all together and +spoke as follows:—</p> +<p> +"The situation, fellow-soldiers, both for the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_16" id="PageIV_xv_16">[16-23]</a></span> + emperor and for the Romans, falls far short of our hopes and of +our prayers. For we have now come to a combat in which even the +winning of the victory will not be without tears for us, since we are +fighting against kinsmen and men who have been reared with us. But we +have this comfort in our misfortune, that we are not ourselves +beginning the battle, but have been brought into the conflict in our +own defence. For he who has framed the plot against his dearest +friends and by his own act has dissolved the ties of kinship, dies +not, if he perishes, by the hands of his friends, but having become an +enemy is but making atonement to those who have suffered wrong. And +that our opponents are public enemies and barbarians and whatever +worse name one might call them, is shewn not alone by Libya, which has +become plunder under their hands, nor by the inhabitants of this land, +who have been wrongfully slain, but also by the multitude of Roman +soldiers whom these enemies have dared to kill, though they have had +but one fault to charge them with—loyalty to their government. And it +is to avenge these their victims that we have now come against them, +having with good reason become enemies to those who were once most +dear. For nature has made no men in the world either friends or +opponents to one another, but it is the actions of men in every case +which, either by the similarity of the motives which actuate them +unite them in alliance, or by the difference set them in hostility to +each other, making them friends or enemies as the case may be. That, +therefore, we are fighting against men who are outlaws and enemies of +the state, you must now be convinced; and now I shall make it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_23" id="PageIV_xv_23">[23-33]</a></span> +plain that they deserve to be despised by us. For a throng of men +united by no law, but brought together by motives of injustice, is +utterly unable by nature to play the part of brave men, since valour +is unable to dwell with lawlessness, but always shuns those who are +unholy. Nor, indeed, will they preserve discipline or give heed to the +commands given by Stotzas. For when a tyranny is newly organized and +has not yet won that authority which self-confidence gives, it is, of +necessity, looked upon by its subjects with contempt. Nor is it +honoured through any sentiment of loyalty, for a tyranny is, in the +nature of the case, hated; nor does it lead its subjects by fear, for +timidity deprives it of the power to speak out openly. And when the +enemy is handicapped in point of valour and of discipline, their +defeat is ready at hand. With great contempt, therefore, as I said, we +should go against this enemy of ours. For it is not by the numbers of +the combatants, but by their orderly array and their bravery, that +prowess in war is wont to be measured." +</p> +<p>So spoke Belisarius. And Stotzas exhorted his troops as follows: "Men +who with me have escaped our servitude to the Romans, let no one of +you count it unworthy to die on behalf of the freedom which you have +won by your courage and your other qualities. For it is not so +terrible a thing to grow old and die in the midst of ills, as to +return again to it after having gained freedom from oppressive +conditions. For the interval which has given one a taste of +deliverance makes the misfortune, naturally enough, harder to bear. +And this being so, it is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_33" id="PageIV_xv_33">[33-41]</a></span> + necessary for you to call to mind that +after conquering the Vandals and the Moors you yourselves have enjoyed +the labours of war, while others have become masters of all the +spoils. And consider that, as soldiers, you will be compelled all your +lives to be acquainted with the dangers of war, either in behalf of +the emperor's cause, if, indeed, you are again his slaves, or in +behalf of your own selves, if you preserve this present liberty. And +whichever of the two is preferable, this it is in your power to +choose, either by becoming faint-hearted at this time, or by +preferring to play the part of brave men. Furthermore, this thought +also should come to your minds,—that if, having taken up arms against +the Romans, you come under their power, you will have experience of no +moderate or indulgent masters, but you will suffer the extreme of +punishment, and, what is more, your death will not have been +unmerited. To whomsoever of you, therefore, death comes in this +battle, it is plain that it will be a glorious death; and life, if you +conquer the enemy, will be independent and in all other respects +happy; but if you are defeated,—I need mention no other bitterness +than this, that all your hope will depend upon the mercy of those men +yonder. And the conflict will not be evenly matched in regard to +strength. For not only are the enemy greatly surpassed by us in +numbers, but they will come against us without the least enthusiasm, +for I think that they are praying for a share of this our freedom." +Such was the speech of Stotzas. +</p> +<p>As the armies entered the combat, a wind both violent and exceedingly +troublesome began to blow in the faces of the mutineers of Stotzas. +For this +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_41" id="PageIV_xv_41">[41-49]</a></span> + reason they thought it disadvantageous for them to +fight the battle where they were, fearing lest the wind by its +overpowering force should carry the missiles of the enemy against +them, while the impetus of their own missiles would be very seriously +checked. They therefore left their position and moved toward the +flank, reasoning that if the enemy also should change front, as they +probably would, in order that they might not be assailed from the +rear, the wind would then be in their faces. But Belisarius, upon +seeing that they had left their position and in complete disorder were +moving to his flank, gave orders immediately to open the attack. And +the troops of Stotzas were thrown into confusion by the unexpected +move, and in great disorder, as each one could, they fled +precipitately, and only when they reached Numidia did they collect +themselves again. Few of them, however, perished in this action, and +most of them were Vandals. For Belisarius did not pursue them at all, +for the reason that it seemed to him sufficient, since his army was +very small, if the enemy, having been defeated for the present, should +get out of his way. And he gave the soldiers the enemy's stockade to +plunder, and they took it with not a man inside. But much money was +found there and many women, the very women because of whom this war +took place.<a name="FNanchor_51_IV" id="FNanchor_51_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_51_IV" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> +After accomplishing this, Belisarius marched back to +Carthage. And someone coming from Sicily reported to him that a mutiny +had broken out in the army and was about to throw everything into +confusion, unless he himself should return to them with all speed and +take measures to prevent it. He there +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_49" id="PageIV_xv_49">[49-56]</a></span> +therefore arranged matters +in Libya as well as he could and, entrusting Carthage to Ildiger and +Theodorus, went to Sicily. +</p> +<p>And the Roman commanders in Numidia, hearing that the troops of +Stotzas had come and were gathering there, prepared for battle. Now +the commanders were as follows: +of foederati,<a name="FNanchor_52_IV" id="FNanchor_52_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_52_IV" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> +Marcellus and Cyril, +of the cavalry forces, Barbatus, and of infantry Terentius and +Sarapis. All, however, took their commands from Marcellus, as holding +the authority in Numidia. He, therefore, upon hearing that Stotzas +with some few men was in a place +called Gazophyla,<a name="FNanchor_53_IV" id="FNanchor_53_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_53_IV" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> +about two days' +journey distant +from Constantina,<a name="FNanchor_54_IV" id="FNanchor_54_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_54_IV" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> +wished to anticipate the +gathering of all the mutineers, and led his army swiftly against them. +And when the two armies were near together and the battle was about to +commence, Stotzas came alone into the midst of his opponents and spoke +as follows:</p> +<p> +"Fellow-soldiers, you are not acting justly in taking the field +against kinsmen and those who have been reared with you, and in +raising arms against men who in vexation at your misfortunes and the +wrongs you have suffered have decided to make war upon the emperor and +the Romans. Or do you not remember that you have been deprived of the +pay which has been owing you for a long time back, and that you have +been robbed of the enemy's spoil, which the law of war has set as +prizes for the dangers of battle? And that the others have claimed the +right to live sumptuously all their lives upon the good things of +victory, while you have +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xv_56" id="PageIV_xv_56">[56-3]</a></span> +followed as if their servants? If, now, +you are angry with me, it is within your power to vent your wrath upon +this body, and to escape the pollution of killing the others; but if +you have no charge to bring against me, it is time for you to take up +your weapons in your own behalf." So spoke Stotzas; and the soldiers +listened to his words and greeted him with great favour. And when the +commanders saw what was happening, they withdrew in silence and took +refuge in a sanctuary which was in Gazophyla. And Stotzas combined +both armies into one and then went to the commanders. And finding them +in the sanctuary, he gave pledges and then killed them all. +</p><br /> +<p>XVI</p> +<p> + +When the emperor learned this, he sent his nephew Germanus, a man of +patrician rank, with some few men to Libya. And Symmachus also and +Domnicus, men of the senate, followed him, the former to be prefect +and charged with the maintenance of the army, while Domnicus was to +command the infantry forces. +For John,<a name="FNanchor_55_IV" id="FNanchor_55_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_55_IV" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> +who had held the office of +prefect, had already died of disease. And when they had sailed into +Carthage, Germanus counted the soldiers whom they had, and upon +looking over the books of the scribes where the names of all the +soldiers were registered, he found that the third part of the army was +in Carthage and the other +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvi_3" id="PageIV_xvi_3">[3-9]</a></span> +cities, while all the rest were +arrayed with the tyrant against the Romans. He did not, therefore, +begin any fighting, but bestowed the greatest care upon his army. And +considering that those left in Carthage were the kinsmen or tentmates +of the enemy, he kept addressing many winning words to all, and in +particular said that he had himself been sent by the emperor to Libya +in order to defend the soldiers who had been wronged and to punish +those who had unprovoked done them any injury. And when this was found +out by the mutineers, they began to come over to him a few at a time. +And Germanus both received them into the city in a friendly manner +and, giving pledges, held them in honour, and he gave them their pay +for the time during which they had been in arms against the Romans. +And when the report of these acts was circulated and came to all, they +began now to detach themselves in large numbers from the tyrant and to +march to Carthage. Then at last Germanus, hoping that in the battle he +would be evenly matched in strength with his opponents, began to make +preparations for the conflict. +</p> +<p>But in the meantime Stotzas, already perceiving the trouble, and +fearing lest by the defection of still others of his soldiers the army +should be reduced still more, was pressing for a decisive encounter +immediately and trying to take hold of the war with more vigour. And +since he had some hope regarding the soldiers in Carthage, that they +would come over to him, and thought that they would readily desert if +he came near them, he held out the hope to all his men; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvi_9" id="PageIV_xvi_9">[9-17]</a></span> +and +after encouraging them exceedingly in this way, he advanced swiftly +with his whole army against Carthage. And when he had come within +thirty-five stades of the city, he made camp not far from the sea, and +Germanus, after arming his whole army and arraying them for battle, +marched forth. And when they were all outside the city, since he had +heard what Stotzas was hoping for, he called together the whole army +and spoke as follows:</p> +<p> +"That there is nothing, fellow-soldiers, with which you can justly +reproach the emperor, and no fault which you can find with what he has +done to you, this, I think, no one of you all could deny; for it was +he who took you as you came from the fields with your wallets and one +small frock apiece and brought you together in Byzantium, and has +caused you to be so powerful that the Roman state now depends upon +you. And that he has not only been treated with wanton insult, but has +also suffered the most dreadful of all things at your hands, you +yourselves, doubtless, know full well. And desiring that you should +preserve the memory of these things for ever, he has dismissed the +accusations brought against you for your crimes, asking that this debt +alone be due to him from you—shame for what you have done. It is +reasonable, therefore, that you, being thus regarded by him, should +learn anew the lesson of good faith and correct your former folly. For +when repentance comes at the fitting time upon those who have done +wrong, it is accustomed to make those who have been injured indulgent; +and service which comes in season is wont to bring another name to +those who have been called ungrateful. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvi_18" id="PageIV_xvi_18">[18-24]</a></span></p> +<p> +"And it will be needful +for you to know well this also, that if at the present time you shew +yourselves completely loyal to the emperor, no remembrance will remain +of what has gone before. For in the nature of things every course of +action is characterized by men in accordance with its final outcome; +and while a wrong which has once been committed can never be undone in +all time, still, when it has been corrected by better deeds on the +part of those who committed it, it receives the fitting reward of +silence and generally comes to be forgotten. Moreover, if you act with +any disregard of duty toward these accursed rascals at the present +time, even though afterwards you fight through many wars in behalf of +the Romans and often win the victory over the enemy, you will never +again be regarded as having requited the emperor as you can requite +him to-day. For those who win applause in the very matter of their +former wrong-doing always gain for themselves a fairer apology. As +regards the emperor, then, let each one of you reason in some such +way. But as for me, I have not voluntarily done you any injustice, and +I have displayed my good-will to you by all possible means, and now, +facing this danger, I have decided to ask this much of you all: let no +man advance with us against the enemy contrary to his judgement. But +if anyone of you is already desirous of arraying himself with them, +without delay let him go with his weapons to the enemy's camp, +granting us this one favour, that it be not stealthily, but openly, +that he has decided to do us wrong. Indeed, it is for this reason that +I am making my speech, not in Carthage, but after coming on the +battle-field, in order that I +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvi_24" id="PageIV_xvi_24">[24-5]</a></span> +might not be an obstacle to anyone +who desires to desert to our opponents, since it is possible for all +without danger to shew their disposition toward the state." Thus spoke +Germanus. And a great uproar ensued in the Roman army, for each one +demanded the right to be the first to display to the general his +loyalty to the emperor and to swear the most dread oaths in +confirmation. +</p><br /> +<p>XVII</p> +<p> + +Now for some time the two armies remained in position opposite each +other. But when the mutineers saw that nothing of what Stotzas had +foretold was coming to pass, they began to be afraid as having been +unexpectedly cheated of their hope, and they broke their ranks and +withdrew, and marched off to Numidia, where were their women and the +money from their booty. And Germanus too came there with the whole +army not long afterwards, having made all preparations in the best way +possible and also bringing along many wagons for the army. And +overtaking his opponents in a place which the Romans call Scalae +Veteres, he made his preparations for battle in the following manner. +Placing the wagons in line facing the front, he arrayed all the +infantry along them under the leadership of Domnicus, so that by +reason of having their rear in security they might fight with the +greater courage. And the best of the horsemen and those who had come +with him from Byzantium he himself had on the left of the infantry, +while all the others he placed on the right wing, not marshalled in +one body but in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvii_5" id="PageIV_xvii_5">[5-14]</a></span> +three divisions. And Ildiger led one of them, +Theodoras the Cappadocian another, while the remaining one, which was +larger, was commanded by John, the brother of Pappus, with three +others. Thus did the Romans array themselves. +</p> +<p>And the mutineers took their stand opposite them, not in order, +however, but scattered, more in the manner of barbarians. And at no +great distance many thousands of Moors followed them, who were +commanded by a number of leaders, and especially by Iaudas and +Ortaïas. But not all of them, as it happened, were faithful to Stotzas +and his men, for many had sent previously to Germanus and agreed that, +when they came into the fight, they would array themselves with the +emperor's army against the enemy. However, Germanus could not trust +them altogether, for the Moorish nation is by nature faithless to all +men. It was for this reason also that they did not array themselves +with the mutineers, but remained behind, waiting for what would come +to pass, in order that with those who should be victorious they might +join in the pursuit of the vanquished. Such was the purpose, then, of +the Moors, in following behind and not mingling with the mutineers. +</p> +<p>And when Stotzas came close to the enemy and saw the standard of +Germanus, he exhorted his men and began to charge against him. But the +mutinous Eruli who were arrayed about him did not follow and even +tried with all their might to prevent him, saying that they did not +know the character of the forces of Germanus, but that they did know +that those arrayed on the enemy's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvii_14" id="PageIV_xvii_14">[14-21]</a></span> +right would by no means +withstand them. If, therefore, they should advance against these, they +would not only give way themselves and turn to flight, but would also, +in all probability, throw the rest of the Roman army into confusion; +but if they should attack Germanus and be driven back and put to rout, +their whole cause would be ruined on the spot. And Stotzas was +persuaded by these words, and permitted the others to fight with the +men of Germanus, while he himself with the best men went against John +and those arrayed with him. And they failed to withstand the attack +and hastened to flee in complete disorder. And the mutineers took all +their standards immediately, and pursued them as they fled at top +speed, while some too charged upon the infantry, who had already begun +to abandon their ranks. But at this juncture Germanus himself, drawing +his sword and urging the whole of that part of the army to do the +same, with great difficulty routed the mutineers opposed to him and +advanced on the run against Stotzas. And then, since he was joined in +this effort by the men of Ildiger and Theodorus, the two armies +mingled with each other in such a way that, while the mutineers were +pursuing some of their enemy, they were being overtaken and killed by +others. And as the confusion became greater and greater, the troops of +Germanus, who were in the rear, pressed on still more, and the +mutineers, falling into great fear, thought no longer of resistance. +But neither side could be distinguished either by their own comrades +or by their opponents. For all used one language and the same +equipment of arms, and they differed neither in figure nor in dress +nor in any other thing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvii_21" id="PageIV_xvii_21">[21-40]</a></span> +whatever. For this reason the soldiers of +the emperor by the advice of Germanus, whenever they captured anyone, +asked who he was; and then, if he said that he was a soldier of +Germanus, they bade him give the watchword of Germanus, and if he was +not at all able to give this, they killed him instantly. In this +struggle one of the enemy got by unnoticed and killed the horse of +Germanus, and Germanus himself fell to the ground and came into +danger, and would have been lost had not his guards quickly saved him +by forming an enclosure around him and mounting him on another horse. +</p> +<p>As for Stotzas, he succeeded in this tumult in escaping with a few +men. But Germanus, urging on his men, went straight for the enemy's +camp. There he was encountered by those of the mutineers who had been +stationed to guard the stockade. A stubborn fight took place around +its entrance, and the mutineers came within a little of forcing back +their opponents, but Germanus sent some of his followers and bade them +make trial of the camp at another point. These men, since no one was +defending the camp at this place, got inside the stockade with little +trouble. And the mutineers, upon seeing them, rushed off in flight, +and Germanus with all the rest of the army dashed into the enemy's +camp. There the soldiers, finding it easy to plunder the goods of the +camp, neither took any account of the enemy nor paid any further heed +to the exhortations of their general, since booty was at hand. For +this reason Germanus, fearing lest the enemy should get together +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xvii_30" id="PageIV_xvii_30">[30-3]</a></span> +and come upon them, himself with some few men took his stand at the +entrance of the stockade, uttering many laments and urging his +unheeding men to return to good order. And many of the Moors, when the +rout had taken place in this way, were now pursuing the mutineers, +and, arraying themselves with the emperor's troops, were plundering +the camp of the vanquished. But Stotzas, at first having confidence in +the Moorish army, rode to them in order to renew the battle. But +perceiving what was being done, he fled with a hundred men, and +succeeded with difficulty in making his escape. And once more many +gathered about him and attempted to engage with the enemy, but being +repulsed no less decisively than before, if not even more so, they all +came over to Germanus. And Stotzas alone with some few Vandals +withdrew to Mauretania, and taking to wife the daughter of one of the +rulers, remained there. And this was the conclusion of that mutiny. +</p><br /> +<p>XVIII</p> +<p> + +Now there was among the body-guards of Theodorus, the Cappadocian, a +certain Maximinus, an exceedingly base man. This Maximinus had first +got a very large number of the soldiers to join with him in a +conspiracy against the government, and was now purposing to attempt a +tyranny. And being eager to associate with himself still more men, he +explained the project to others and especially to Asclepiades, a +native of Palestine, who was a man of good birth and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xviii_3" id="PageIV_xviii_3">[3-10]</a></span> +the first +of the personal friends of Theodorus. Now Asclepiades, after +conversing with Theodorus, straightway reported the whole matter to +Germanus. And he, not wishing as yet, while affairs were still +unsettled, to begin any other disturbance, decided to get the best of +the man by cajoling and flattering him rather than by punishment, and +to bind him by oaths to loyalty toward the government. Accordingly, +since it was an old custom among all Romans that no one should become +a body-guard of one of the commanders, unless he had previously taken +the most dread oaths and given pledges of his loyalty both toward his +own commander and toward the Roman emperor, he summoned Maximinus, and +praising him for his daring, directed him to be one of his body-guards +from that time forth. And he, being overjoyed at the extraordinary +honour, and conjecturing that his project would in this way get on +more easily, took the oath, and though from that time forth he was +counted among the body-guards of Germanus, he did not hesitate to +disregard his oaths immediately and to strengthen much more than ever +his plans to achieve the tyranny. +</p> +<p>Now the whole city was celebrating some general festival, and many of +the conspirators of Maximinus at about the time of lunch came +according to their agreement to the palace, where Germanus was +entertaining his friends at a feast, and Maximinus took his stand +beside the couches with the other body-guards. And as the drinking +proceeded, someone entered and announced to Germanus that many +soldiers were standing in great disorder before the door of the court, +putting forward the charge that the government owed them their pay for +a long period. And +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xviii_10" id="PageIV_xviii_10">[10-18]</a></span> +he commanded the most trusty of the guards +secretly to keep close watch over Maximinus, allowing him in no way to +perceive what was being done. Then the conspirators with threats and +tumult proceeded on the run to the hippodrome, and those who shared +their plan with them gathered gradually from the houses and were +assembling there. And if it had so chanced that all of them had come +together, no one, I think, would have been able easily to destroy +their power; but, as it was, Germanus anticipated this, and, before +the greater part had yet arrived, he straightway sent against them all +who were well-disposed to himself and to the emperor. And they +attacked the conspirators before they expected them. And then, since +Maximinus, for whom they were waiting to begin the battle for them, +was not with them, and they did not see the crowd gathered to help +them, as they had thought it would be, but instead even beheld their +fellow-soldiers unexpectedly fighting against them, they consequently +lost heart and were easily overcome in the struggle and rushed off in +flight and in complete disorder. And their opponents slew many of +them, and they also captured many alive and brought them to Germanus. +Those, however, who had not already come to the hippodrome gave no +indication of their sentiment toward Maximinus. And Germanus did not +see fit to go on and seek them out, but he enquired whether Maximinus, +since he had sworn the oath, had taken part in the plot. And since it +was proved that, though numbered among his own body-guards he had +carried on his designs still more than before, Germanus impaled him +close by the fortifications of Carthage, and in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xviii_18" id="PageIV_xviii_18">[18-6]</a></span> +this way +succeeded completely in putting down the sedition. As for Maximinus, +then, such was the end of his plot. +</p><br /> +<p>XIX</p> +<p> + +And the emperor summoned Germanus together with Symmachus and Domnicus +and again entrusted all Libya to Solomon, in the thirteenth year of +his reign; and he provided him with an army and officers, among whom +were Rufinus and Leontius, the sons of Zaunas the son of Pharesmanas, +and John, the son of Sisiniolus. +<span class="sidenote">539-540 A.D.</span> +For Martinus and Valerianus had already before this gone under summons +to Byzantium. And Solomon sailed to Carthage, and having rid himself +of the sedition of Stotzas, he ruled with moderation and guarded Libya +securely, setting the army in order, and sending to Byzantium and to +Belisarius whatever suspicious elements he found in it, and enrolling +new soldiers to equal their number, and removing those of the Vandals +who were left and especially all their women from the whole of Libya. +And he surrounded each city with a wall, and guarding the laws with +great strictness, he restored the government completely. And Libya +became under his rule powerful as to its revenues and prosperous in +other respects. +</p> +<p>And when everything had been arranged by him in the best way possible, +he again made an expedition against Iaudas and the Moors on Aurasium. +And first he sent forward Gontharis, one of his own +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xix_6" id="PageIV_xix_6">[6-15]</a></span> + body-guards +and an able warrior, with an army. Now Gontharis came to the Abigas +River and made camp near Bagaïs, a deserted city. And there he engaged +with the enemy, but was defeated in battle, and retiring to his +stockade was already being hard pressed by the siege of the Moors. But +afterwards Solomon himself arrived with his whole army, and when he +was sixty stades away from the camp which Gontharis was commanding, he +made a stockade and remained there; and hearing all that had befallen +the force of Gontharis, he sent them a part of his army and bade them +keep up the fight against the enemy with courage. But the Moors, +having gained the upper hand in the engagement, as I have said, did as +follows. The Abigas River flows from Aurasium, and descending into a +plain, waters the land just as the men there desire. For the natives +conduct this stream to whatever place they think it will best serve +them at the moment, for in this plain there are many channels, into +which the Abigas is divided, and entering all of them, it passes +underground, and reappears again above the ground and gathers its +stream together. This takes place over the greatest part of the plain +and makes it possible for the inhabitants of the region, by stopping +up the waterways with earth, or by again opening them, to make use of +the waters of this river as they wish. So at that time the Moors shut +off all the channels there and thus allowed the whole stream to flow +about the camp of the Romans. As a result of this, a deep, muddy marsh +formed there through which it was impossible to go; this terrified +them exceedingly and reduced them to a state of helplessness. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xix_15" id="PageIV_xix_15">[15-21]</a></span> +When this was heard by Solomon, he came quickly. But the +barbarians, becoming afraid, withdrew to the foot of Aurasium. And in +a place which they call Babosis they made camp and remained there. So +Solomon moved with his whole army and came to that place. And upon +engaging with the enemy, he defeated them decisively and turned them +to flight. Now after this the Moors did not think it advisable for +them to fight a pitched battle with the Romans; for they did not hope +to overcome them in this kind of contest; but they did have hope, +based on the difficult character of the country around Aurasium, that +the Romans would in a short time give up by reason of the sufferings +they would have to endure and would withdraw from there, just as they +formerly had done. The most of them, therefore, went off to Mauretania +and the barbarians to the south of Aurasium, but Iaudas with twenty +thousand of the Moors remained there. And it happened that he had +built a fortress on Aurasium, Zerboule by name. Into this he entered +with all the Moors and remained quiet. But Solomon was by no means +willing that time should be wasted in the siege, and learning that the +plains about the city of Tamougade were full of grain just becoming +ripe, he led his army into them, and settling himself there, began to +plunder the land. Then, after firing everything, he returned again to +the fortress of Zerboule. +</p> +<p>But during this time, while the Romans were plundering the land, +Iaudas, leaving behind some of the Moors, about as many as he thought +would be sufficient for the defence of the fortress, himself ascended +to the summit of Aurasium with the rest of the army, not wishing to +stand siege in the fort and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xix_21" id="PageIV_xix_21">[21-31]</a></span> +have provisions fail his forces. And +finding a high place with cliff's on all sides of it and concealed by +perpendicular rocks, Toumar by name, he remained quietly there. And +the Romans besieged the fortress of Zerboule for three days. And using +their bows, since the wall was not high, they hit many of the +barbarians upon the parapets. And by some chance it happened that all +the leaders of the Moors were hit by these missiles and died. And when +the three days' time had passed and night came on, the Romans, having +learned nothing of the death of the leaders among the Moors, were +planning to break up the siege. For it seemed better to Solomon to go +against Iaudas and the multitude of the Moors, thinking that, if he +should be able to capture that force by siege, the barbarians in +Zerboule would with less trouble and difficulty yield to the Romans. +But the barbarians, thinking that they could no longer hold out +against the siege, since all their leaders had now been destroyed, +decided to flee with all speed and abandon the fortress. Accordingly +they fled immediately in silence and without allowing the enemy in any +way to perceive it, and the Romans also at daybreak began to prepare +for departure. And since no one appeared on the wall, although the +besieging army was withdrawing, they began to wonder and fell into the +greatest perplexity among themselves. And in this state of uncertainty +they went around the fortress and found the gate open from which the +Moors had departed in flight. And entering the fortress they treated +everything as plunder, but they had +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xix_31" id="PageIV_xix_31">[31-5]</a></span> +no thought of pursuing the +enemy, for they had set out with light equipment and were familiar +with the country round about. And when they had plundered everything, +they set guards over the fortress, and all moved forward on foot. +</p><br /> +<p>XX</p> +<p> + +And coming to the place Toumar, where the enemy had shut themselves in +and were remaining quiet, they encamped near by in a bad position, +where there would be no supply of water, except a little, nor any +other necessary thing. And after much time had been spent and the +barbarians did not come out against them at all, they themselves, no +less than the enemy, if not even more, were hard pressed by the siege +and began to be impatient. And more than anything else, they were +distressed by the lack of water; this Solomon himself guarded, giving +each day no more than a single cupful to each man. And since he saw +that they were openly discontented and no longer able to bear their +present hardships, he planned to make trial of the place, although it +was difficult of access, and called all together and exhorted them as +follows: "Since God has granted to the Romans to besiege the Moors on +Aurasium, a thing which hitherto has been beyond hope and now, to such +as do not see what is actually being done, is altogether incredible, +it is necessary that we too should lend our aid to the help that has +come from above, and not prove false to this favour, but undergoing +the danger with enthusiasm, should +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xx_5" id="PageIV_xx_5">[5-13]</a></span> +reach after the good fortune +which is to come from success. For in every case the turning of the +scales of human affairs depends upon the moment of opportunity; but if +a man, by wilful cowardice, is traitor to his fortune, he cannot +justly blame it, having by his own action brought the guilt upon +himself. Now as for the Moors, you see their weakness surely and the +place in which they have shut themselves up and are keeping guard, +deprived of all the necessities of life. And as for you, one of two +things is necessary, either without feeling any vexation at the siege +to await the surrender of the enemy, or, if you shrink from this, to +accept the victory which goes with the danger. And fighting against +these barbarians will be the more free from danger for us, inasmuch as +they are already fighting with hunger and I think they will never even +come to an engagement with us. Having these things in mind at the +present time, it behooves you to execute all your orders with +eagerness." +</p> +<p>After Solomon had made this exhortation, he looked about to see from +what point it would be best for his men to make an attempt on the +place, and for a long time he seemed to be in perplexity. For the +difficult nature of the ground seemed to him quite too much to contend +with. But while Solomon was considering this, chance provided a way +for the enterprise as follows. There was a certain Gezon in the army, +a foot-soldier, "optio"<a name="FNanchor_56_IV" id="FNanchor_56_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_56_IV" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> +of the detachment to which Solomon +belonged; for thus the Romans call the paymaster. This Gezon, either +in play or in anger, or perhaps even moved by some divine impulse, +began to make the ascent alone, apparently going against the enemy, +and not far from him +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xx_13" id="PageIV_xx_13">[13-22]</a></span> +went some of his fellow-soldiers, +marvelling greatly at what he was doing. And three of the Moors, who +had been stationed to guard the approach, suspecting that the man was +coming against them, went on the run to confront him. But since they +were in a narrow way, they did not proceed in orderly array, but each +one went separately. And Gezon struck the first one who came upon him +and killed him, and in this way he despatched each of the others. And +when those in the rear perceived this, they advanced with much +shouting and tumult against the enemy. And when the whole Roman army +both heard and saw what was being done, without waiting either for the +general to lead the way for them or for the trumpets to give the +signal for battle, as was customary, nor indeed even keeping their +order, but making a great uproar and urging one another on, they ran +against the enemy's camp. There Rufinus and Leontius, the sons of +Zaunas the son of Pharesmanes, made a splendid display of valorous +deeds against the enemy. And by this the Moors were terror-stricken, +and when they learned that their guards also had been destroyed, they +straightway turned to flight where each one could, and the most of +them were overtaken in the difficult ground and killed. And Iaudas +himself, though struck by a javelin in the thigh, still made his +escape and withdrew to Mauretania. But the Romans, after plundering +the enemy's camp, decided not to abandon Aurasium again, but to guard +fortresses which Solomon was to build there, so that this mountain +might not be again accessible to the Moors. + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xx_23" id="PageIV_xx_23">[23-30]</a></span></p> +<p> +Now there is on Aurasium a perpendicular rock which rises in +the midst of precipices; the natives call it the Rock of Geminianus; +there the men of ancient times had built a tower, making it very small +as a place of refuge, strong and unassailable, since the nature of the +position assisted them. Here, as it happened, Iaudas had a few days +previously deposited his money and his women, setting one old Moor in +charge as guardian of the money. For he could never have suspected +that the enemy would either reach this place, or that they could in +all time capture the tower by force. But the Romans at that time, +searching through the rough country of Aurasium, came there, and one +of them, with a laugh, attempted to climb up to the tower; but the +women began to taunt him, ridiculing him as attempting the impossible; +and the old man, peering out from the tower, did the same thing. But +when the Roman soldier, climbing with both hands and feet, had come +near them, he drew his sword quietly and leaped forward as quickly as +he could, and struck the old man a fair blow on the neck, and +succeeded in cutting it through. And the head fell down to the ground, +and the soldiers, now emboldened and holding to one another, ascended +to the tower, and took out from there both the women and the money, of +which there was an exceedingly great quantity. And by means of it +Solomon surrounded many of the cities in Libya with walls. +</p> +<p>And after the Moors had retired from Numidia, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xx_30" id="PageIV_xx_30">[30-2]</a></span> +defeated in the manner +described, the land of Zabe, which is +beyond Mt. Aurasium and is called "First Mauretania," whose metropolis +is Sitiphis,<a name="FNanchor_57_IV" id="FNanchor_57_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_57_IV" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> +was added to the Roman empire by Solomon as a +tributary province; for of the other Mauretania Caesarea is the first +city, where was +settled Mastigas<a name="FNanchor_58_IV" id="FNanchor_58_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_58_IV" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> +with his Moors, having the whole +country there subject and tributary to him, except, indeed, the city +of Caesarea. For this city Belisarius had previously recovered for the +Romans, as has been set forth in the +previous narrative<a name="FNanchor_59_IV" id="FNanchor_59_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_59_IV" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>; +and the +Romans always journey to this city in ships, but they are not able to +go by land, since Moors dwell in that country. And as a result of this +all the Libyans who were subjects of the Romans, coming to enjoy +secure peace and finding the rule of Solomon wise and very moderate, +and having no longer any thought of hostility in their minds, seemed +the most fortunate of all men. +</p><br /> +<p>XXI</p> +<p> + +But in the fourth year after this it came about that all their +blessings were turned to the opposite.</p> + <span class="sidenote">543-544 A.D.</span> + +<p>For in the seventeenth year of the reign of the Emperor Justinian, +Cyrus and Sergius, the sons of Bacchus, Solomon's brother, were +assigned by the emperor to rule over the cities in Libya, Cyrus, the +elder, to have Pentapolis,<a name="FNanchor_60_IV" id="FNanchor_60_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_60_IV" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> +and Sergius Tripolis. And the Moors who +are called Leuathae came to Sergius +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxi_2" id="PageIV_xxi_2">[2-19]</a></span> +with a great army at the city of +Leptimagna,<a name="FNanchor_61_IV" id="FNanchor_61_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_61_IV" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> +spreading the report that the reason they had come was +this, that Sergius might give them the gifts and insignia of office +which were customary<a name="FNanchor_62_IV" id="FNanchor_62_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_62_IV" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> +and so make the peace secure. But Sergius, +persuaded by Pudentius, a man of Tripolis, of whom I made mention in +the preceding narrative<a name="FNanchor_63_IV" id="FNanchor_63_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_63_IV" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> +as having served the Emperor Justinian +against the Vandals at the beginning of the Vandalic War, received +eighty of the barbarians, their most notable men, into the city, +promising to fulfil all their demands; but he commanded the rest to +remain in the suburb. Then after giving these eighty men pledges +concerning the peace, he invited them to a banquet. But they say that +these barbarians had come into the city with treacherous intent, that +they might lay a trap for Sergius and kill him. And when they came +into conference with him, they called up many charges against the +Romans, and in particular said that their crops had been plundered +wrongfully. And Sergius, paying no heed to these things, rose from the +seat on which he was sitting, with intent to go away. And one of the +barbarians, laying hold upon his shoulder, attempted to prevent him +from going. Then the others began to shout in confusion, and were +already rushing together about him. But one of the body-guards of +Sergius, drawing his sword, despatched that Moor. And as a result of +this a great tumult, as was natural, arose in the room, and the guards +of Sergius +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxi_10" id="PageIV_xxi_10">[10-17]</a></span> +killed all the barbarians. But one of them, upon seeing the +others being slain, rushed out of the house where these things were +taking place, unnoticed by anyone, and coming to his tribemates, +revealed what had befallen their fellows. And when they heard this, +they betook themselves on the run to their own camp and together with +all the others arrayed themselves in arms against the Romans. Now when +they came near the city of Leptimagna, Sergius and Pudentius +confronted them with their whole army. And the battle becoming a +hand-to-hand fight, at first the Romans were victorious and slew many +of the enemy, and, plundering their camp, secured their goods and +enslaved an exceedingly great number of women and children. But +afterwards Pudentius, being possessed by a spirit of reckless daring, +was killed; and Sergius with the Roman army, since it was already +growing dark, marched into Leptimagna. +</p> +<p>At a later time the barbarians took the field against the Romans with +a greater array. And Sergius went to join his uncle Solomon, in order +that he too might go to meet the enemy with a larger army; and he +found there his brother Cyrus also. And the barbarians, coming into +Byzacium, made raids and plundered a great part of the country there; +and Antalas (whom I mentioned in the preceding +narrative<a name="FNanchor_64_IV" id="FNanchor_64_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_64_IV" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> +as having +remained faithful to the Romans and as being for this reason sole +ruler of the Moors in Byzacium) had by now, as it happened, become +hostile to Solomon, because Solomon had deprived him of the +maintenance with which the emperor had honoured him and had killed his +brother, charging him with responsibility for an uprising against the +people of Byzacium. + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxi_17" id="PageIV_xxi_17">[17-23]</a></span> +So at that time Antalas was pleased to see these barbarians, +and making an offensive and defensive alliance with them, led them +against Solomon and Carthage. +</p> +<p>And Solomon, as soon as he heard about this, put his whole army in +motion and marched against them, and coming upon them at the city of +Tebesta, distant six days' journey from Carthage, he established his +camp in company with the sons of his brother Bacchus, Cyrus and +Sergius and Solomon the younger. And fearing the multitude of the +barbarians, he sent to the leaders of the Leuathae, reproaching them +because, while at peace with the Romans, they had taken up arms and +come against them, and demanding that they should confirm the peace +existing between the two peoples, and he promised to swear the most +dread oaths, that he would hold no remembrance of what they had done. +But the barbarians, mocking his words, said that he would of course +swear by the sacred writings of the Christians, which they are +accustomed to call Gospels. Now since Sergius had once taken these +oaths and then had slain those +who trusted in them,<a name="FNanchor_65_IV" id="FNanchor_65_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_65_IV" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> +it was their +desire to go into battle and make a test of these same sacred +writings, to see what sort of power they had against the perjurers, in +order that they might first have absolute confidence in them before +they finally entered into the agreement. When Solomon heard this, he +made his preparations for the combat. +</p> +<p>And on the following day he engaged with a + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxi_23" id="PageIV_xxi_23">[23-2]</a></span> +portion of the enemy as they were bringing in a very large +booty, conquered them in battle, seized all their booty and kept it +under guard. And when the soldiers were dissatisfied and counted it an +outrage that he did not give them the plunder, he said that he was +awaiting the outcome of the war, in order that they might distribute +everything then, according to the share that should seem to suit the +merit of each. But when the barbarians advanced a second time, with +their whole army, to give battle, this time some of the Romans stayed +behind and the others entered the encounter with no enthusiasm. At +first, then, the battle was evenly contested, but later, since the +Moors were vastly superior by reason of their great numbers, the most +of the Romans fled, and though Solomon and a few men about him held +out for a time against the missiles of the barbarians, afterwards they +were overpowered by the enemy, and fleeing in haste, reached a ravine +made by a brook which flowed in that region. And there Solomon's horse +stumbled and threw him to the ground, and his body-guards lifted him +quickly in their arms and set him upon his horse. But overcome by +great pain and unable to hold the reins longer, he was overtaken and +killed by the barbarians, and many of his guards besides. Such was the +end of Solomon's life. +</p><br /> +<p>XXII</p> +<p> + +After the death of Solomon, Sergius, who, as has been said, was his +nephew, took over the government of Libya by gift of the emperor. And +this man became the chief cause of great ruin to the people of Libya, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxii_2" id="PageIV_xxii_2">[2-8]</a></span> +and all were dissatisfied with his rule—the officers because, +being exceedingly stupid and young both in character and in years, he +proved to be the greatest braggart of all men, and he insulted them +for no just cause and disregarded them, always using the power of his +wealth and the authority of his office to this end; and the soldiers +disliked him because he was altogether unmanly and weak; and the +Libyans, not only for these reasons, but also because he had shown +himself strangely fond of the wives and the possessions of others. But +most of all John, the son of Sisiniolus, was hostile to the power of +Sergius; for, though he was an able warrior and was a man of unusually +fair repute, he found Sergius absolutely ungrateful. For this reason +neither he nor anyone else at all was willing to take up arms against +the enemy. But almost all the Moors were following Antalas, and +Stotzas came at his summons from Mauretania. And since not one of the +enemy came out against them, they began to sack the country, making +plunder of everything without fear. At that time Antalas sent to the +Emperor Justinian a letter, which set forth the following:</p> +<p> +"That I am a slave of thy empire not even I myself would deny, but the +Moors, having suffered unholy treatment at the hands of Solomon in +time of peace, have taken up arms under the most severe constraint, +not lifting them against thee, but warding off our personal enemy; and +this is especially true of me. For he not only decided to deprive me +of the maintenance, which Belisarius long before +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxii_8" id="PageIV_xxii_8">[8-15]</a></span> +specified and +thou didst grant, but he also killed my own brother, although he had +no wrongdoing to charge against him. We have therefore taken vengeance +upon him who wronged us. And if it is thy will that the Moors be in +subjection to thy empire and serve it in all things as they are +accustomed to do, command Sergius, the nephew of Solomon, to depart +from here and return to thee, and send another general to Libya. For +thou wilt not be lacking in men of discretion and more worthy than +Sergius in every way; for as long as this man commands thy army, it is +impossible for peace to be established between the Romans and the +Moors." +</p> +<p>Such was the letter written by Antalas. But the emperor, even after +reading these things and learning the common enmity of all toward +Sergius, was still unwilling to remove him from his office, out of +respect for the virtues of Solomon and especially the manner of his +death. Such, then, was the course of these events. +</p> +<p>But Solomon, the brother of Sergius, who was supposed to have +disappeared from the world together with his uncle Solomon, was +forgotten by his brother and by the rest as well; for no one had +learned that he was alive. But the Moors, as it happened, had taken +him alive, since he was very young; and they enquired of him who he +was. And he said that he was a Vandal by birth, and a slave of +Solomon. He said, moreover, that he had a friend, a physician, +Pegasius by name, in the city of Laribus near by, who would purchase +him by giving ransom. So the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxii_15" id="PageIV_xxii_15">[15-1]</a></span> +Moors came up close to the +fortifications of the city and called Pegasius and displayed Solomon +to him, and asked whether it was his pleasure to purchase the man. And +since he agreed to purchase him, they sold Solomon to him for fifty +pieces of gold. But upon getting inside the fortifications, Solomon +taunted the Moors as having been deceived by him, a mere lad; for he +said that he was no other than Solomon, the son of Bacchus and nephew +of Solomon. And the Moors, being deeply stung by what had happened, +and counting it a terrible thing that, while having a strong security +for the conduct of Sergius and the Romans, they had relinquished it so +carelessly, came to Laribus and laid siege to the place, in order to +capture Solomon with the city. And the besieged, in terror at being +shut in by the barbarians, for they had not even carried in +provisions, as it happened, opened negotiations with the Moors, +proposing that upon receiving a great sum of money they should +straightway abandon the siege. Whereupon the barbarians, thinking that +they could never take the city by force—for the Moors are not at all +practised in the storming of walls—and at the same time not knowing +that provisions were scarce for the besieged, welcomed their words, +and when they had received three thousand pieces of gold, they +abandoned the siege, and all the Leuathae retired homeward. +</p><br /> +<p>XXIII</p> +<p> + +But Antalas and the army of the Moors were gathering again in Byzacium +and Stotzas was with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiii_1" id="PageIV_xxiii_1">[1-10]</a></span> +them, having some few soldiers and Vandals. +And John, the son of Sisiniolus, being earnestly entreated by the +Libyans, gathered an army and marched against them. Now Himerius, the +Thracian, was commander of the troops in Byzacium, and at that time he +was ordered by John to bring with him all the troops there, together +with the commanders of each detachment, and come to a place called +Menephesse, which is in Byzacium, and join his force there. But later, +upon hearing that the enemy were encamped there, John wrote to +Himerius telling what had happened and directing him to unite with his +forces at another place, that they might not go separately, but all +together, to encounter the enemy. But by some chance those who had +this letter, making use of another road, were quite unable to find +Himerius, and he together with his army, coming upon the camp of the +enemy, fell into their hands. Now there was in this Roman army a +certain youth, Severianus, son of Asiaticus, a Phoenician and a native +of Emesa, commanding a detachment of horse. This man alone, together +with the soldiers under him, fifty in number, engaged with the enemy. +And for some time they held out, but later, being overpowered by the +great multitude, they ran to the top of a hill in the neighbourhood on +which there was also a fort, but one which offered no security. For +this reason they surrendered themselves to their opponents when they +ascended the hill to attack them. And the Moors killed neither him nor +any of the soldiers, but they made prisoners of the whole force; and +Himerius they kept under guard, and handed over his soldiers to +Stotzas, since they agreed with +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiii_10" id="PageIV_xxiii_10">[10-17]</a></span> +great readiness to march with +the rebels against the Romans; Himerius, however, they threatened with +death, if he should not carry out their commands. And they commanded +him to put into their hands by some device the city of Hadrumetum on +the sea. And since he declared that he was willing, they went with him +against Hadrumetum. And upon coming near the city, they sent Himerius +a little in advance with some of the soldiers of Stotzas, dragging +along, as it seemed, some Moors in chains, and they themselves +followed behind. And they directed Himerius to say to those in command +of the gates of the city that the emperor's army had won a decisive +victory, and that John would come very soon, bringing an innumerable +multitude of Moorish captives; and when in this manner the gates had +been opened to them, he was to get inside the fortifications together +with those who went with him. And he carried out these instructions. +And the citizens of Hadrumetum, being deceived in this way (for they +could not distrust the commander of all the troops in Byzacium), +opened wide the gates and received the enemy. Then, indeed, those who +had entered with Himerius drew their swords and would not allow the +guards there to shut the gates again, but straightway received the +whole army of the Moors into the city. And the barbarians, after +plundering it and establishing there some few guards, departed. And of +the Romans who had been captured some few escaped and came to +Carthage, among whom were Severianus and Himerius. For it was not +difficult for those who wished it to make +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiii_17" id="PageIV_xxiii_17">[17-23]</a></span> +their escape from +Moors. And many also, not at all unwillingly, remained with Stotzas. +</p> +<p>Not long after this one of the priests, Paulus by name, who had been +appointed to take charge of the sick, in conferring with some of the +nobles, said: "I myself shall journey to Carthage and I am hopeful +that I shall return quickly with an army, and it will be your care to +receive the emperor's forces into the city." So they attached some +ropes to him and let him down by night from the fortifications, and +he, coming to the sea-shore and happening upon a fishing-vessel which +was thereabouts, won over the masters of this boat by great sums of +money and sailed off to Carthage. And when he had landed there and +come into the presence of Sergius, he told the whole story and asked +him to give him a considerable army in order to recover Hadrumetum. +And since this by no means pleased Sergius, inasmuch as the army in +Carthage was not great, the priest begged him to give him some few +soldiers, and receiving not more than eighty men, he formed the +following plan. He collected a large number of boats and skiffs and +embarked on them many sailors and Libyans also, clad in the garments +which the Roman soldiers are accustomed to wear. And setting off with +the whole fleet, he sailed at full speed straight for Hadrumetum. And +when he had come close to it, he sent some men stealthily and declared +to the notables of the city that Germanus, the emperor's nephew, had +recently come to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiii_23" id="PageIV_xxiii_23">[23-32]</a></span> +Carthage, and had sent a very considerable army +to the citizens of Hadrumetum. And he bade them take courage at this +and open for them one small gate that night. And they carried out his +orders. Thus Paulus with his followers got inside the fortifications, +and he slew all the enemy and recovered Hadrumetum for the emperor; +and the rumour about Germanus, beginning there, went even to Carthage. +And the Moors, as well as Stotzas and his followers, upon hearing +this, at first became terrified and went off in flight to the +extremities of Libya, but later, upon learning the truth, they counted +it a terrible thing that they, after sparing all the citizens of +Hadrumetum, had suffered such things at their hands. For this reason +they made raids everywhere and wrought unholy deeds upon the Libyans, +sparing no one whatever his age, and the land became at that time for +the most part depopulated. For of the Libyans who had been left some +fled into the cities and some to Sicily and the other islands. But +almost all the notables came to Byzantium, among whom was Paulus also, +who had recovered Hadrumetum for the emperor. And the Moors with still +less fear, since no one came out against them, were plundering +everything, and with them Stotzas, who was now powerful. For many +Roman soldiers were following him, some who had come as deserters, and +others who had been in the beginning captives but now remained with +him of their own free will. And John, who was indeed a man of some +reputation among the Moors, was remaining quiet because of the extreme +hostility he had conceived against Sergius. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiv_1" id="PageIV_xxiv_1">[1-7]</a></span> +</p><br /> +<p>XXIV</p> +<p> + +At this time the emperor sent to Libya, with some few soldiers, +another general, Areobindus, a man of the senate and of good birth, +but not at all skilled in matters of warfare. And he sent with him +Athanasius, a prefect, who had come recently from Italy, and some few +Armenians led by Artabanes and John, sons of John, of the line of the +Arsacidae,<a name="FNanchor_66_IV" id="FNanchor_66_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_66_IV" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> +who had recently left the Persian army and as deserters +had come back to the Romans, together with the other Armenians. And +with Areobindus was his sister and Prejecta, his wife, who was the +daughter of Vigilantia, the sister of the Emperor Justinian. The +emperor, however, did not recall Sergius, but commanded both him and +Areobindus to be generals of Libya, dividing the country and the +detachments of soldiers between them. And he enjoined upon Sergius to +carry on the war against the barbarians in Numidia, and upon +Areobindus to direct his operations constantly against the Moors in +Byzacium. And when this expedition lauded at Carthage, Sergius +departed forthwith for Numidia with his own army, and Areobindus, upon +learning that Antalas and Stotzas were encamped near the city of +Siccaveneria, which is three days' journey distant from Carthage, +commanded John, the son of Sisiniolus, to go against them, choosing +out whatever was best of the army; and he wrote to Sergius to unite +with the forces of John, in order that they might all with one common +force engage +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiv_7" id="PageIV_xxiv_7">[7-15]</a></span> +with the enemy. Now Sergius decided to pay no heed +to the message and have nothing to do with this affair, and John with +a small army was compelled to engage with an innumerable host of the +enemy. And there had always been great enmity between him and Stotzas, +and each one used to pray that he might become the slayer of the other +before departing from the world. At that time, accordingly, as soon as +the fighting was about to come to close quarters, both rode out from +their armies and came against each other. And John drew his bow, and, +as Stotzas was still advancing, made a successful shot and hit him in +the right groin, and Stotzas, mortally wounded, fell there, not yet +dead, but destined to survive this wound only a little time. And all +came up immediately, both the Moorish army and those who followed +Stotzas, and placing Stotzas with little life in him against a tree, +they advanced upon their enemy with great fury; and since they were +far superior in numbers, they routed John and all the Romans with no +difficulty. Then, indeed, they say, John remarked that death had now a +certain sweetness for him, since his prayer regarding Stotzas had +reached fulfilment. And there was a steep place near by, where his +horse stumbled and threw him off. And as he was trying to leap upon +the horse again, the enemy caught and killed him, a man who had shown +himself great both in reputation and in valour. And Stotzas learned +this and then died, remarking only that now it was most sweet to die. + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxiv_15" id="PageIV_xxiv_15">[15-4]</a></span> +In this battle John, the Armenian, brother of Artabanes, also +died, after making a display of valorous deeds against the enemy. And +the emperor, upon hearing this, was very deeply grieved because of the +valour of John; and thinking it inexpedient for the two generals to +administer the province, he immediately recalled Sergius and sent him +to Italy with an army, and gave over the whole power of Libya to +Areobindus. +</p><br /> +<p>XXV</p> +<p> + +And two months after Sergius had departed from there, Gontharis +essayed to set up a tyranny in the following manner. He himself, as it +happened, was commanding the troops in Numidia and spending his time +there for that reason, but he was secretly treating with the Moors +that they might march against Carthage. Forthwith, therefore, an army +of the enemy, having been gathered into one place from Numidia and +Byzacium, went with great zeal against Carthage. And the Numidians +were commanded by Coutzinas and Iaudas, and the men of Byzacium by +Antalas. And with him was also John, the tyrant, and his followers; +for the mutineers, after the death of Stotzas, had set him up as ruler +over themselves. And when Areobindus learned of their attack, he +summoned to Carthage a number of the officers with their men, and +among them Gontharis. And he was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxv_4" id="PageIV_xxv_4">[4-11]</a></span> +joined also by Artabanes and +the Armenians. Areobindus, accordingly, bade Gontharis lead the whole +army against the enemy. And Gontharis, though he had promised to serve +him zealously in the war, proceeded to act as follows. One of his +servants, a Moor by birth and a cook by trade, he commanded to go to +the enemy's camp, and to make it appear to all others that he had run +away from his master, but to tell Antalas secretly that Gontharis +wished to share with him the rule of Libya. So the cook carried out +these directions, and Antalas heard the word gladly, but made no +further reply than to say that worthy enterprises are not properly +brought to pass among men by cooks. When this was heard by Gontharis, +he immediately sent to Antalas one of his body-guards, Ulitheus by +name, whom he had found especially trustworthy in his service, +inviting him to come as close as possible to Carthage. For, if this +were done, he promised him to put Areobindus out of the way. So +Ulitheus without the knowledge of the rest of the barbarians made an +agreement with Antalas that he, Antalas, should rule Byzacium, having +half the possessions of Areobindus and taking with him fifteen hundred +Roman soldiers, while Gontharis should assume the dignity of king, +holding the power over Carthage and the rest of Libya. And after +settling these matters he returned to the Roman camp, which they had +made entirely in front of the circuit-wall, distributing among +themselves the guarding of each +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxv_11" id="PageIV_xxv_11">[11-21]</a></span> +gate. And the barbarians not +long afterwards proceeded straight for Carthage in great haste, and +they made camp and remained in the place +called Decimum.<a name="FNanchor_67_IV" id="FNanchor_67_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_67_IV" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> And +departing from there on the following day, they were moving forward. +But some of the Roman army encountered them, and engaging with them +unexpectedly, slew a small number of the Moors. But these were +straightway called back by Gontharis, who rebuked them for acting with +reckless daring and for being willing to give the Romans foreknowledge +of the danger into which they were thrown. +</p> +<p>But in the meantime Areobindus sent to Coutzinas secretly and began to +treat with him with regard to turning traitor. And Coutzinas promised +him that, as soon as they should begin the action, he would turn +against Antalas and the Moors of Byzacium. For the Moors keep faith +neither with any other men nor with each other. This Areobindus +reported to Gontharis. And he, wishing to frustrate the enterprise by +having it postponed, advised Areobindus by no means to have faith in +Coutzinas, unless he should receive from him his children as hostages. +So Areobindus and Coutzinas, constantly sending secret messages to +each other, were busying themselves with the plot against Antalas. And +Gontharis sent Ulitheus once more and made known to Antalas what was +being done. And he decided not to make any charges against Coutzinas +nor did he allow him to know that he had discovered the plot, nor +indeed did he disclose anything of what had been agreed upon by +himself and Gontharis. But though enemies and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxv_21" id="PageIV_xxv_21">[21-1]</a></span> +hostile at heart +to one another, they were arrayed together with treacherous intent, +and each of them was marching with the other against his own +particular friend. With such purposes Coutzinas and Antalas were +leading the Moorish army against Carthage. And Gontharis was intending +to kill Areobindus, but, in order to avoid the appearance of aiming at +sole power, he wished to do this secretly in battle, in order that it +might seem that the plot had been made by others against the general, +and that he had been compelled by the Roman army to assume command +over Libya. Accordingly he circumvented Areobindus by deceit, and +persuaded him to go out against the enemy and engage with them, now +that they had already come close to Carthage. He decided, therefore, +that on the following day he would lead the whole army against the +enemy at sunrise. But Areobindus, being very inexperienced in this +matter and reluctant besides, kept holding back for no good reason. +For while considering how he should put on his equipment of arms and +armour, and making the other preparations for the sally, he wasted the +greatest part of the day. He accordingly put off the engagement to the +following day and remained quiet. But Gontharis, suspecting that he +had hesitated purposely, as being aware of what was being done, +decided openly to accomplish the murder of the general and make his +attempt at the tyranny. +</p><br /> +<p>XXVI</p> +<p> + +And on the succeeding day he proceeded to act as follows. Opening wide +the gates where he himself +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvi_1" id="PageIV_xxvi_1">[1-8]</a></span> + kept guard, he placed huge rocks +under them, that no one might be able easily to shut them, and he +placed armoured men with bows in their hands about the parapet in +great numbers, and he himself, having put on his breastplate, took his +stand between the gates. And his purpose in doing this was not that he +might receive the Moors into the city; for the Moors, being altogether +fickle, are suspicious of all men. And it is not unnatural that they +are so; for whoever is by nature treacherous toward his neighbours is +himself unable to trust anyone at all, but he is compelled to be +suspicious of all men, since he estimates the character of his +neighbour by his own mind. For this reason, then, Gontharis did not +hope that even the Moors would trust him and come inside the +circuit-wall, but he made this move in order that Areobindus, falling +into great fear, might straightway rush off in flight, and, abandoning +Carthage as quickly as he could, might betake himself to Byzantium. +And he would have been right in his expectation had not winter come on +just then and frustrated his plan. +<span class="sidenote">544-545 A.D.</span> + +And Areobindus, learning what was being done, summoned Athanasius and +some of the notables. And Artabanes also came to him from the camp +with two others and he urged Areobindus neither to lose heart nor to +give way to the daring of Gontharis, but to go against him instantly +with all his men and engage him in battle, before any further trouble +arose. At first, then, Areobindus sent to Gontharis one of his +friends, Phredas by name, and commanded him to test the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvi_9" id="PageIV_xxvi_9">[9-16]</a></span> +other's +purpose. And when Phredas returned and reported that Gontharis by no +means denied his intention of seizing the supreme power, he purposed +immediately to go against him arrayed for battle. +</p> +<p>But in the meantime Gontharis slandered Areobindus to the soldiers, +saying that he was a coward and not only possessed with fear of the +enemy, but at the same time quite unwilling to give them, his +soldiers, their pay, and that he was planning to run away with +Anastasius and that they were about to sail very soon from +Mandracium<a name="FNanchor_68_IV" id="FNanchor_68_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_68_IV" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>, +in order that the soldiers, fighting both with hunger +and with the Moors, might be destroyed; and he enquired whether it was +their wish to arrest both and keep them under guard. For thus he hoped +either that Areobindus, perceiving the tumult, would turn to flight, +or that he would be captured by the soldiers and ruthlessly put to +death. Moreover he promised that he himself would advance to the +soldiers money of his own, as much as the government owed them. And +they were approving his words and were possessed with great wrath +against Areobindus, but while this was going on Areobindus together +with Artabanes and his followers came there. And a battle took place +on the parapet and below about the gate where Gontharis had taken his +stand, and neither side was worsted. And all were about to gather from +the camps, as many as were well disposed to the emperor, and capture +the mutineers by force. For Gontharis had not as yet deceived all, but +the majority remained still uncorrupted in mind. But Areobindus, +seeing then for the first time the killing of men (for he had not yet, +as it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvi_16" id="PageIV_xxvi_16">[16-25]</a></span> +happened, become acquainted with this sight), was +terror-stricken and, turning coward, fled, unable to endure what he +saw. +</p> +<p>Now there is a temple inside the fortifications of Carthage hard by +the sea-shore, the abode of men who are very exact in their practice +of religion, whom we have always been accustomed to call "monks"; this +temple had been built by Solomon not long before, and he had +surrounded it with a wall and rendered it a very strong fortress. And +Areobindus, fleeing for refuge, rushed into the monastery, where he +had already sent his wife and sister. Then Artabanes too ran away, and +all the rest withdrew from Carthage as each one could. And Gontharis, +having taken the city by assault, with the mutineers took possession +of the palace, and was already guarding both the gates and the harbour +most carefully. First, then, he summoned Athanasius, who came to him +without delay, and by using much flattery Athanasius made it appear +that what had been done pleased him exceedingly. And after this +Gontharis sent the priest of the city and commanded Areobindus, after +receiving pledges, to come to the palace, threatening that he would +besiege him if he disobeyed and would not again give him pledges of +safety, but would use every means to capture and put him to death. So +the priest, Reparatus, stoutly declared to Areobindus that in +accordance with the decision of Gontharis he would swear that no harm +would come to him from Gontharis, telling also what he had threatened +in case he did not obey. But Areobindus became afraid and agreed that +he would follow the priest immediately, if the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvi_25" id="PageIV_xxvi_25">[25-33]</a></span> +priest, after +performing the rite of +the sacred bath<a name="FNanchor_69_IV" id="FNanchor_69_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_69_IV" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> +in the usual manner, should +swear to him by that rite and then give him pledges for his safety. So +the priest did according to this. And Areobindus without delay +followed him, clad in a garment which was suitable neither for a +general nor for any one else in military service, but altogether +appropriate to a slave or one of private station; this garment the +Romans +call "casula"<a name="FNanchor_70_IV" id="FNanchor_70_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_70_IV" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> +in the Latin tongue. And when they came near +the palace, he took in his hands the holy scriptures from the priest, +and so went before Gontharis. And falling prone he lay there a long +time, holding out to him the suppliant olive-branch and the holy +scriptures, and with him was the child which had been counted worthy +of the sacred bath by which the priest had given him the pledge, as +has been told. And when, with difficulty, Gontharis had raised him to +his feet, he enquired of Gontharis in the name of all things holy +whether his safety was secure. And Gontharis now bade him most +positively to be of good cheer, for he would suffer no harm at his +hands, but on the following day would be gone from Carthage with his +wife and his possessions. Then he dismissed the priest Reparatus, and +bade Areobindus and Athanasius dine with him in the palace. And during +the dinner he honoured Areobindus, inviting him to take his place +first on the couch; but after the dinner he did not let him go, but +compelled him to sleep in a chamber alone; and he sent there Ulitheus +with certain others to assail him. And while he was wailing and crying +aloud again and again and speaking many entreating +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvi_33" id="PageIV_xxvi_33">[33-8]</a></span> +words to them +to move them to pity, they slew him. Athanasius, however, they spared, +passing him by, I suppose, on account of his advanced age. +</p><br /> +<p>XXVII</p> +<p> + +And on the following day Gontharis sent the head of Areobindus to +Antalas, but decided to deprive him of the money and of the soldiers. +Antalas, therefore, was outraged, because he was not carrying out +anything of what had been agreed with him, and at the same time, upon +considering what Gontharis had sworn and what he had done to +Areobindus, he was incensed. For it did not seem to him that one who +had disregarded such oaths would ever be faithful either to him or to +anyone else at all. So after considering the matter long with himself, +he was desirous of submitting to the Emperor Justinian; for this +reason, then, he marched back. And learning that Marcentius, who +commanded the troops in Byzacium, had fled to one of the islands which +lie off the coast, he sent to him, and telling him the whole story and +giving pledges, persuaded him by kind words to come to him. And +Marcentius remained with Antalas in the camp, while the soldiers who +were on duty in Byzacium, being well disposed to the emperor, were +guarding the city of Hadrumetum. But the soldiers of Stotzas, being +not less than a thousand, perceiving what was being done, went in +great haste, with John leading them, to Gontharis; and he gladly +received them into the city. Now there were five hundred Romans and +about eighty Huns, while all the rest +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvii_8" id="PageIV_xxvii_8">[8-17]</a></span> +were Vandals. And +Artabanes, upon receiving pledges, went up to the palace with his +Armenians, and promised to serve the tyrant according to his orders. +But secretly he was purposing to destroy Gontharis, having previously +communicated this purpose to Gregorius, his nephew, and to Artasires, +his body-guard. And Gregorius, urging him on to the undertaking, spoke +as follows:</p> +<p> +"Artabanes, the opportunity is now at hand for you, and you alone, to +win the glory of Belisarius—nay more, even to surpass that glory by +far. For he came here, having received from the emperor a most +formidable army and great sums of money, having officers accompanying +him and advisers in great numbers, and a fleet of ships whose like we +have never before heard tell of, and numerous cavalry, and arms, and +everything else, to put it in a word, prepared for him in a manner +worthy of the Roman empire. And thus equipped he won back Libya for +the Romans with much toil. But all these achievements have so +completely come to naught, that they are, at this moment, as if they +had never been—except indeed, that there is at present left to the +Romans from the victory of Belisarius the losses they have suffered in +lives and in money, and, in addition, that they are no longer able +even to guard the good things they won. But the winning back of all +these things for the emperor now depends upon the courage and judgment +and right hand of you alone. Therefore consider that you are of the +house of the Arsacidae by ancient descent, and remember that it is +seemly for men of noble birth to play the part of brave men always and +in all places. Now many remarkable deeds have been performed by you +in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvii_17" id="PageIV_xxvii_17">[17-22]</a></span> +behalf of freedom. For when you were still young, you slew +Acaeius,<a name="FNanchor_71_IV" id="FNanchor_71_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_71_IV" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> +the ruler of the Armenians, +and Sittas,<a name="FNanchor_72_IV" id="FNanchor_72_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_72_IV" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> +the general +of the Romans, and as a result of this becoming known to the king +Chosroes, you campaigned with him against the Romans. And since you +have reached so great a station that it devolves upon you not to allow +the Roman power to lie subject to a drunken dog, show at this time +that it was by reason of noble birth and a valorous heart that at the +former time, good sir, you performed those deeds; and I as well as +Artasires here will assist you in everything, so far as we have the +power, in accordance with your commands." +</p> +<p>So spoke Gregorius; and he excited the mind of Artabanes still more +against the tyrant. But Gontharis, bringing out the wife and the +sister of Areobindus from the fortress, compelled them to remain at a +certain house, showing them no insult by any word or deed whatsoever, +nor did they have provisions in any less measure than they needed, nor +were they compelled to say or to do anything except, indeed, that +Prejecta was forced to write +to her uncle<a name="FNanchor_73_IV" id="FNanchor_73_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_73_IV" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> +that Gontharis was +honouring them exceedingly and that he was altogether guiltless of the +murder of her husband, and that the base deed had been done by +Ulitheus, Gontharis by no means approving. And Gontharis was persuaded +to do this by Pasiphilus, a man who had been foremost among the +mutineers in Byzacium, and had assisted Gontharis very greatly in his +effort to establish the tyranny. For Pasiphilus maintained that, if he +should do this, the emperor would marry the young woman to him, and in +view of his kinship with her would +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvii_22" id="PageIV_xxvii_22">[22-33]</a></span> +give also a, dowry of a large +sum of money. And Gontharis commanded Artabanes to lead the army +against Antalas and the Moors in Byzacium. For Coutzinas, having +quarrelled with Antalas, had separated from him openly and allied +himself with Gontharis; and he gave Gontharis his son and his mother +as hostages. So the army, under the leadership of Artabanes, proceeded +immediately against Antalas. And with Artabanes was John also, the +commander of the mutineers of Stotzas, and Ulitheus, the body-guard of +Gontharis; and there were Moors also following him, led by Coutzinas. +And after passing by the city of Hadrumetum, they came upon their +opponents somewhere near there, and making a camp a little apart from +the enemy, they passed the night. And on the day after that John and +Ulitheus, with a detachment of the army, remained there, while +Artabanes and Coutzinas led their army against their opponents. And +the Moors under Antalas did not withstand their attack and rushed off +in flight. But Artabanes of a sudden wilfully played the coward, and +turning his standard about marched off towards the rear. For this +reason Ulitheus was purposing to kill him when he came into the camp. +But Artabanes, by way of excusing himself, said he feared lest +Marcentius, coming to assist the enemy from the city of Hadrumetum, +where he then happened to be, would do his forces irreparable harm; +but Gontharis, he said, ought to march against the enemy with the +whole army. And at first he considered going to Hadrumetum with his +followers +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxvii_33" id="PageIV_xxvii_33">[33-3]</a></span> +and uniting with the emperor's forces. But after long +deliberation it seemed to him better to put Gontharis out of the world +and thus free both the emperor and Libya from a difficult situation. +Returning, accordingly, to Carthage, he reported to the tyrant that he +would need a larger army to meet the enemy. And Gontharis, after +conferring with Pasiphilus, consented, indeed, to equip his whole +army, but purposed to place a guard in Carthage, and in person to lead +the army against the enemy. Each day, therefore, he was destroying +many men toward whom he felt any suspicion, even though groundless. +And he gave orders to Pasiphilus, whom he was intending to appoint in +charge of the garrison of Carthage, to kill all +the Greeks<a name="FNanchor_74_IV" id="FNanchor_74_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_74_IV" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> +without +any consideration. +</p><br /> +<p>XXVIII</p> +<p> + +And after arranging everything else in the very best way, as it seemed +to him, Gontharis decided to entertain his friends at a banquet, with +the intention of making his departure on the following day. And in a +room where there were in readiness three couches which had been there +from ancient times, he made the banquet. So he himself reclined, as +was natural, upon the first couch, where were also Athanasius and +Artabanes, and some of those known to Gontharis, and Peter, a Thracian +by birth, who had previously been a body-guard of Solomon. And on both +the other couches were the first and noblest of the Vandals. John, +however, who commanded the mutineers of Stotzas; was entertained by +Pasiphilus in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_5" id="PageIV_xxviii_5">[5-9]</a></span> +his own house, and each of the other leaders +wherever it suited the several friends of Gontharis to entertain them. +Artabanes, accordingly, when he was bidden to this banquet, thinking +that this occasion furnished him a suitable opportunity for the murder +of the tyrant, was planning to carry out his purpose. He therefore +disclosed the matter to Gregorius and to Artasires and three other +body-guards, bidding the body-guards get inside the hall with their +swords (for when commanders are entertained at a banquet it is +customary for their body-guards to stand behind them), and after +getting inside to make an attack suddenly, at whatever moment should +seem to them most suitable; and Artasires was to strike the first +blow. At the same time he directed Gregorius to pick out a large +number of the most daring of the Armenians and bring them to the +palace, carrying only their swords in their hands (for it is not +lawful for the escort of officers in a city to be armed with anything +else), and leaving these men in the vestibule, to come inside with the +body-guards; and he was to tell the plan to no one of them, but to +make only this explanation, that he was suspicious of Gontharis, +fearing that he had called Artabanes to this banquet to do him harm, +and therefore wished that they should stand beside the soldiers of +Gontharis who had been stationed there on guard, and giving the +appearance of indulging in some play, they were to take hold of the +shields which these guards carried, and waving them about and +otherwise moving them keep constantly turning them up and down; and if +any tumult or shouting took place within, they were to take up these +very shields and come to the rescue on the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_9" id="PageIV_xxviii_9">[9-14]</a></span> +run. Such were the +orders which Artabanes gave, and Gregorius proceeded to put them into +execution. And Artasires devised the following plan: he cut some +arrows into two parts and placed them on the wrist of his left arm, +the sections reaching to his elbow. And after binding them very +carefully with straps, he laid over them the sleeve of his tunic. And +he did this in order that, if anyone should raise his sword over him +and attempt to strike him, he might avoid the chance of suffering +serious injury; for he had only to thrust his left arm in front of +him, and the steel would break off as it crashed upon the wood, and +thus his body could not be reached at any point. +</p> +<p>With such purpose, then, Artasires did as I have said. And to +Artabanes he spoke as follows: "As for me, I have hopes that I shall +prove equal to the undertaking and shall not hesitate, and also that I +shall touch the body of Gontharis with this sword; but as for what +will follow, I am unable to say whether God in His anger against the +tyrant will co-operate with me in this daring deed, or whether, +avenging some sin of mine, He will stand against me there and be an +obstacle in my way. If, therefore, you see that the tyrant is not +wounded in a vital spot, do you kill me with my sword without the +least hesitation, so that I may not be tortured by him into saying +that it was by your will that I rushed into the undertaking, and thus +not only perish myself most shamefully, but also be compelled against +my will to destroy you as well." And after Artasires had spoken such +words he too, together with Gregorius and one of the body-guards, +entered the room where the couches were and took his +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_14" id="PageIV_xxviii_14">[14-24]</a></span> + stand +behind Artabanes. And the rest, remaining by the guards, did as they +had been commanded. +</p> +<p>So Artasires, when the banquet had only just begun, was purposing to +set to work, and he was already touching the hilt of his sword. But +Gregorius prevented him by saying in the Armenian tongue that +Gontharis was still wholly himself, not having as yet drunk any great +quantity of wine. Then Artasires groaned and said: "My good fellow, +how fine a heart I have for the deed, and now you have for the moment +wrongfully hindered me!" And as the drinking went on, Gontharis, who +by now was thoroughly saturated with wine, began to give portions of +the food to the body-guards, yielding to a generous mood. And they, +upon receiving these portions, went outside the building immediately +and were about to eat them, leaving beside Gontharis only three +body-guards, one of whom happened to be Ulitheus. And Artasires also +started to go out in order to taste the morsels with the rest. But +just then a kind of fear came over him lest, when he should wish to +draw his sword, something might prevent him. Accordingly, as soon as +he got outside, he secretly threw away the sheath of the sword, and +taking it naked under his arm, hidden by his cloak, he rushed in to +Gontharis, as if to say something without the knowledge of the others. +And Artabanes, seeing this, was in a fever of excitement, and became +exceedingly anxious by reason of the surpassing magnitude of the issue +at stake; he began to move his head, the colour of his countenance +changed repeatedly, and he seemed to have become altogether like one +inspired, on account of the greatness of the undertaking. And Peter, +upon seeing +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_24" id="PageIV_xxviii_24">[24-34]</a></span> + this, understood what was being done, but he did +not disclose it to any of the others, because, being well disposed to +the emperor, he was exceedingly pleased by what was going on. And +Artasires, having come close to the tyrant, was pushed by one of the +servants, and as he retreated a little to the rear, the servant +observed that his sword was bared and cried out saying: "What is this, +my excellent fellow?" And Gontharis, putting his hand to his right +ear, and turning his face, looked at him. And Artasires struck him +with his sword as he did so, and cut off a piece of his scalp together +with his fingers. And Peter cried out and exhorted Artasires to kill +the most unholy of all men. And Artabanes, seeing Gontharis leaping to +his feet (for he reclined close to him), drew a two-edged dagger which +hung by his thigh—a rather large one—and thrusting it into the +tyrant's left side clean up to the hilt, left it there. And the tyrant +none the less tried to leap up, but having received a mortal wound, he +fell where he was. Ulitheus then brought his sword down upon Artasires +as if to strike him over the head; but he held his left arm above his +head, and thus profited by his own idea in the moment of greatest +need. For since Ulitheus' sword had its edge turned when it struck the +sections of arrows on his arm, he himself was unscathed, and he killed +Ulitheus with no difficulty. And Peter and Artabanes, the one seizing +the sword of Gontharis and the other that of Ulitheus who had fallen, +killed on the spot those of the body-guards who remained. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_34" id="PageIV_xxviii_34">[34-42]</a></span> +Thus +there arose, as was natural, an exceedingly great tumult and +confusion. And when this was perceived by those of the Armenians who +were standing by the tyrant's guards, they immediately picked up the +shields according to the plan which had been arranged with them, and +went on the run to the banquet-room. And they slew all the Vandals and +the friends of Gontharis, no one resisting. +</p> +<p>Then Artabanes enjoined upon Athanasius to take charge of the money in +the palace: for all that had been left by Areobindus was there. And +when the guards learned of the death of Gontharis, straightway many +arrayed themselves with the Armenians; for the most of them were of +the household of Areobindus. With one accord, therefore, they +proclaimed the Emperor Justinian triumphant. And the cry, coming forth +from a multitude of men, and being, therefore, an exceedingly mighty +sound, was strong enough to reach the greater part of the city. +Wherefore those who were well-disposed to the emperor leaped into the +houses of the mutineers and straightway killed them, some while +enjoying sleep, others while taking food, and still others while they +were awe-struck with fear and in terrible perplexity. And among these +was Pasiphilus, but not John, for he with some of the Vandals fled to +the sanctuary. To these Artabanes gave pledges, and making them rise +from there, sent them to Byzantium, and having thus recovered the city +for the emperor, he continued to guard it. And the murder of the +tyrant took place on the thirty-sixth day of the tyranny, in the +nineteenth year of the reign of the Emperor Justinian.</p> +<span class="sidenote">545-546 A.D.</span> + +<p>And Artabanes won great fame for himself from +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_42" id="PageIV_xxviii_42">[42-51]</a></span> +this deed among all men. +And straightway Prejecta, the wife of Areobindus, rewarded him with +great sums of money, and the emperor appointed him general of all +Libya. But not long after this Artabanes entreated the emperor to +summon him to Byzantium, and the emperor fulfilled his request. And +having summoned Artabanes, he appointed John, the brother of Pappus, +sole general of Libya. And this John, immediately upon arriving in +Libya, had an engagement with Antalas and the Moors in Byzacium, and +conquering them in battle, slew many; and he wrested from these +barbarians all the standards of Solomon, and sent them to the +emperor—standards which they had previously secured as plunder, when +Solomon had been taken +from the world.<a name="FNanchor_75_IV" id="FNanchor_75_IV" /><a href="#Footnote_75_IV" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> +And the rest of the Moors +he drove as far as possible from the Roman territory. But at a later +time the Leuathae came again with a great army from the country about +Tripolis to Byzacium, and united with the forces of Antalas. And when +John went to meet this army, he was defeated in the engagement, and +losing many of his men, fled to Laribus. And then indeed the enemy, +overrunning the whole country there as far as Carthage, treated in a +terrible manner those Libyans who fell in their way. But not long +afterward John collected those of the soldiers who had survived, and +drawing into alliance with him many Moors and especially those under +Coutzinas, came to battle with the enemy and unexpectedly routed them. +And the Romans, following them up +<span class="pagenum"><a name="PageIV_xxviii_51" id="PageIV_xxviii_51">[51-52]</a></span> +as they fled in complete disorder, +slew a great part of them, while the rest escaped to the confines of +Libya. Thus it came to pass that those of the Libyans who survived, +few as they were in number and exceedingly poor, at last and after +great toil found some peace. +</p> + + + + +<h3> +FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<p> +<a name="Footnote_1_IV" id="Footnote_1_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_IV"><span class="label">[1]</span></a></p> +<p> +The <i>vexillum praetorium</i> carried by the cavalry of the imperial +guard, IV. x. 4 below; cf. Lat. <i>pannum</i>.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_2_IV" id="Footnote_2_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_IV"><span class="label">[2]</span></a></p> +<p> +See III. xxiv. 1.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_3_IV" id="Footnote_3_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_IV"><span class="label">[3]</span></a></p> +<p> +"Auxiliaries"; see Book III. xi. 3 and note.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_4_IV" id="Footnote_4_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_IV"><span class="label">[4]</span></a></p> +<p> +Chap. i. 3.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_5_IV" id="Footnote_5_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_IV"><span class="label">[5]</span></a></p> +<p> +Chap. i. 3.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_6_IV" id="Footnote_6_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_IV"><span class="label">[6]</span></a></p> +<p> +Now Bona; it was the home and burial-place of St. Augustine.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_7_IV" id="Footnote_7_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_IV"><span class="label">[7]</span></a></p> +<p> +The Eruli, or Heruli, were one of the wildest and most corrupt of +the barbarian tribes. They came from beyond the Danube. On their +origin, practices, and character, see VI. xiv.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_8_IV" id="Footnote_8_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_IV"><span class="label">[8]</span></a></p> +<p> +The Greek implies that the Tuscan Sea was stormy, like the +Adriatic. The Syrtes farther east had a bad reputation.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_9_IV" id="Footnote_9_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_IV"><span class="label">[9]</span></a></p> +<p> +About twelve miles west of Algiers, originally Iol, now Cherchel; +named after Augustus.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_10_IV" id="Footnote_10_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_IV"><span class="label">[10]</span></a></p> +<p> +See III. i. 6 and note.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_11_IV" id="Footnote_11_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_IV"><span class="label">[11]</span></a></p> +<p> +See III. i. 18.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_12_IV" id="Footnote_12_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_IV"><span class="label">[12]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book III. ix. 9.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_13_IV" id="Footnote_13_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_IV"><span class="label">[13]</span></a></p> +<p> +See III. x. 23</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_14_IV" id="Footnote_14_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_IV"><span class="label">[14]</span></a></p> +<p> +Lilybaeum had been ceded to the Vandals by Theoderic as dower of +his sister Amalafrida on her marriage to Thrasamund, the African king +(III. viii. 13).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_15_IV" id="Footnote_15_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_IV"><span class="label">[15]</span></a></p> +<p> +"Friendship" and "hostility" refer to the present relations +between Justinian and the Goths and what they may become.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_16_IV" id="Footnote_16_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_IV"><span class="label">[16]</span></a></p> +<p> +Amalasountha.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_17_IV" id="Footnote_17_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_IV"><span class="label">[17]</span></a></p> +<p> +The correspondence between Queen Amalasountha and Justinian is +given in V. iii. 17.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_18_IV" id="Footnote_18_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_IV"><span class="label">[18]</span></a></p> +<p> +In Latin <i>serica</i>, "silk," as coming from the Chinese (Seres).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_19_IV" id="Footnote_19_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_IV"><span class="label">[19]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Thucydides' description of the huts in which the Athenians +lived during the great plague.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_20_IV" id="Footnote_20_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_IV"><span class="label">[20]</span></a></p> +<p> +Pharas and the other Eruli.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_21_IV" id="Footnote_21_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_IV"><span class="label">[21]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. ch. vi. 4.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_22_IV" id="Footnote_22_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_IV"><span class="label">[22]</span></a></p> +<p> +"Auxiliaries"; see Book III. xi. 3.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_23_IV" id="Footnote_23_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_IV"><span class="label">[23]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e.</i> there in Africa, as successor to the throne of the Vandal +kings.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_24_IV" id="Footnote_24_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_IV"><span class="label">[24]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book III. xxv. 2-4.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_25_IV" id="Footnote_25_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_IV"><span class="label">[25]</span></a></p> +<p> +Examples of the Roman system have come to light in +Egyptian papyri: cf. the declarations of personal property, +[απογραπάι], <i>Pap. Lond</i>., I., p. 79; <i>Flinders Petrie Pap.</i>, III., +p. 200, ed. Mahaffy and Smyly.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_26_IV" id="Footnote_26_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_IV"><span class="label">[26]</span></a></p> +<p> +Since a triumph was granted only to an <i>imperator</i>, after the +establishment of the principate by Augustus all triumphs were +celebrated in the name of the emperor himself, the victorious general +receiving only the <i>insignia triumphalia</i>. The first general to refuse +a triumph was Agrippa, after his campaign in Spain, about 550 years +before Belisarius' triumph in Constantinople.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_27_IV" id="Footnote_27_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_IV"><span class="label">[27]</span></a></p> +<p> +The barriers (_carceres_), or starting-point for the racers, were +at the open end of the hippodrome, the imperial box at the middle of +the course at the right as one entered.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_28_IV" id="Footnote_28_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_IV"><span class="label">[28]</span></a></p> +<p> + Cf. Book III. v. 3; that was in A.D. 455. The spoliation of +Jerusalem by Titus had taken place in A.D. 70.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_29_IV" id="Footnote_29_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_IV"><span class="label">[29]</span></a></p> +<p> +Ecclesiastes, i. 2.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_30_IV" id="Footnote_30_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_IV"><span class="label">[30]</span></a></p> +<p> +Not an actual "triumph," but a triumphal celebration of his +inauguration as consul.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_31_IV" id="Footnote_31_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_IV"><span class="label">[31]</span></a></p> +<p> +The reference is to the old custom of distributing to the +populace largesses (<i>congiaria</i>) of money or valuables on the occasion +of events of interest to the imperial house, such as the emperor's +assumption of the consular office, birthdays, etc. The first largess +of this kind was made by Julius Caesar.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_32_IV" id="Footnote_32_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_IV"><span class="label">[32]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Book IV. ii. 1.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_33_IV" id="Footnote_33_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_IV"><span class="label">[33]</span></a></p> +<p> +The Canaanites of the Old Testament.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_34_IV" id="Footnote_34_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_IV"><span class="label">[34]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>., Clypea, or Aspis, now Kalibia, on the Carthaginian coast.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_35_IV" id="Footnote_35_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_IV"><span class="label">[35]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e</i>., from Tangier, opposite Cadiz, to Algiers. On Caesarea see +IV. v. 5 and note.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_36_IV" id="Footnote_36_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_IV"><span class="label">[36]</span></a></p> +<p> +"On the borders of Mauretania" according to Procopius, <i>De +aedificiis</i>, vi. 6. 18.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_37_IV" id="Footnote_37_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_IV"><span class="label">[37]</span></a></p> +<p> +Chap. x. 6.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_38_IV" id="Footnote_38_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_IV"><span class="label">[38]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book III. viii. 25, 26.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_39_IV" id="Footnote_39_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_IV"><span class="label">[39]</span></a></p> +<p> +The side toward the mountains; cf. § 20.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_40_IV" id="Footnote_40_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_IV"><span class="label">[40]</span></a></p> +<p> +In the late Empire the <i>excubitores</i>, 300 in number, constituted the +select guard of the palace. Their commander, <i>comes excubitorum</i>, held +high rank at court; cf. VIII. xxi. 1, where we are told that Belisarius held this +position, and <i>Arcana</i> 6. 10, where Justin, afterwards emperor, is +mentioned.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_41_IV" id="Footnote_41_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_IV"><span class="label">[41]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. chap. viii. 14. Procopius has explained in III. xi. 6 that +Solomon was a eunuch.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_42_IV" id="Footnote_42_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_IV"><span class="label">[42]</span></a></p> +<p> +See III. viii. 5.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_43_IV" id="Footnote_43_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_IV"><span class="label">[43]</span></a></p> +<p> +A <i>comes foedtratorum</i>, mentioned in III. xi. 6.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_44_IV" id="Footnote_44_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_IV"><span class="label">[44]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book III. viii. 5.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_45_IV" id="Footnote_45_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_IV"><span class="label">[45]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e.</i> Clypea. Not the place mentioned in IV. x. 24.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_46_IV" id="Footnote_46_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_IV"><span class="label">[46]</span></a></p> +<p> +The region in the interior of Sardinia called Barbargia or Barbagia +still preserves this name. But Procopius' explanation of the origin of +the barbarian settlers there has not been generally accepted.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_47_IV" id="Footnote_47_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_IV"><span class="label">[47]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book III. xviii. 7 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_48_IV" id="Footnote_48_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_IV"><span class="label">[48]</span></a></p> +<p> +IV. iv. 30 and note.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_49_IV" id="Footnote_49_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_IV"><span class="label">[49]</span></a></p> +<p> +Baptism was administered only during the fifty days between +Easter and Pentecost. Justinian had forbidden the baptism of Arians.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_50_IV" id="Footnote_50_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_IV"><span class="label">[50]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. III. xi. 30.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_51_IV" id="Footnote_51_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_IV"><span class="label">[51]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. chap. xiv. 8</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_52_IV" id="Footnote_52_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_IV"><span class="label">[52]</span></a></p> +<p> +"Auxiliaries"; see Book III. xi. 3.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_53_IV" id="Footnote_53_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_IV"><span class="label">[53]</span></a></p> +<p> +More correctly Gadiaufala, now Ksar-Sbehi.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_54_IV" id="Footnote_54_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_IV"><span class="label">[54]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cirta, later named Constantina, now Constantine (Ksantina).</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_55_IV" id="Footnote_55_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_IV"><span class="label">[55]</span></a></p> +<p> +John the Cappadocian, cf. I. xxiv. 11 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_56_IV" id="Footnote_56_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_IV"><span class="label">[56]</span></a></p> +<p> +See Book III. xvii. 1 and note.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_57_IV" id="Footnote_57_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_IV"><span class="label">[57]</span></a></p> +<p> +Now Setif.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_58_IV" id="Footnote_58_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_IV"><span class="label">[58]</span></a></p> +<p> +Called Mastinas in IV. xiii. 19.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_59_IV" id="Footnote_59_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_IV"><span class="label">[59]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book IV. v. 5.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_60_IV" id="Footnote_60_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_IV"><span class="label">[60]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cyrenaica.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_61_IV" id="Footnote_61_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_IV"><span class="label">[61]</span></a></p> +<p> +Now Lebida.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_62_IV" id="Footnote_62_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_IV"><span class="label">[62]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. III. xxv. 4 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_63_IV" id="Footnote_63_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_IV"><span class="label">[63]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book III. x. 22 ff.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_64_IV" id="Footnote_64_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_IV"><span class="label">[64]</span></a></p> +<p> +Book IV. xii. 30.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_65_IV" id="Footnote_65_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_IV"><span class="label">[65]</span></a></p> +<p> +A reference to his slaughter of the eighty notables, IV. xxi. 7, +where, however, nothing is said of an oath sworn on the Gospels.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_66_IV" id="Footnote_66_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_IV"><span class="label">[66]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Book II. iii. 32.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_67_IV" id="Footnote_67_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_IV"><span class="label">[67]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Book III. xvii. 11, xxi. 23.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_68_IV" id="Footnote_68_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_IV"><span class="label">[68]</span></a></p> +<p> +The port of Carthage; see III. xx. 3.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_69_IV" id="Footnote_69_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_IV"><span class="label">[69]</span></a></p> +<p> +<i>i.e.</i> baptism.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_70_IV" id="Footnote_70_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_IV"><span class="label">[70]</span></a></p> +<p> +A garment with a cowl, like the <i>cucullus</i>.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_71_IV" id="Footnote_71_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_IV"><span class="label">[71]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Book II. iii. 25.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_72_IV" id="Footnote_72_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_IV"><span class="label">[72]</span></a></p> +<p> +Cf. Book II. iii. 15.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_73_IV" id="Footnote_73_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_IV"><span class="label">[73]</span></a></p> +<p> +Justinian.</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_74_IV" id="Footnote_74_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_IV"><span class="label">[74]</span></a></p> +<p> +A contemptuous term for "subjects of the emperor."</p> +<p> +<a name="Footnote_75_IV" id="Footnote_75_IV"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_IV"><span class="label">[75]</span></a></p> +<p> +See Book IV. xxi. 27.</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h3><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX">INDEX</a></h3> + + + +<ul> +<li>Abigas River, in Numidia, flowing down from Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its many channels, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 11-13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">turned upon the Roman camp, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 14</a></li> + +<li>Abydus, city on the Hellespont, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Roman fleet delayed there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 7-xiii. 5</a></li> + +<li>Acacius, ruler of Armenians; slain by Artabanes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Acacius, priest of Byzantium, delivers over Basiliscus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 22</a></li> + +<li>Achilles, Bath of, in Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_15">xiii. 16</a></li> + +<li>Achilles, The, of the Vandals, name applied to Hoamer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">ix. 2</a></li> + +<li>Aclas, suburb of Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 13</a></li> + +<li>Adaulphus, king of the Visigoths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 37</a></li> + +<li>Adriatic Sea, divided from the Tuscan Sea by the islands Gaulus and Melite, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">crossed by the Roman fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the scene of one of Gizeric's atrocities, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 18</a></li> + +<li>Aetius, Roman general; his splendid qualities, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rival of Boniface, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">whom he slanders to Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 17</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">writes a deceitful letter to Boniface, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spared by Placidia by reason of his great power, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeats Attila, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Maximus plans to destroy him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">slandered to the emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 27</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a great loss to the emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_28">iv. 28</a></li> + +<li>Aetna, mountain in Sicily, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiii. 22</a></li> + +<li>Aïgan, a Massagete, bodyguard of Belisarius, III, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">9</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commander of cavalry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the right wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes a successful attack upon the Moors in Byzacium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his force in turn annihilated by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xi_18">xi. 22</a></li> + +<li>Alani, a Gothic people, allies of the Vandals in their migration, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the Vandals in Africa, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">19</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lose their individuality as a people, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 21</a></li> + +<li>Alaric, king of the Visigoths, invades Europe, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 7</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">captures Rome by a trick, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 14-23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plunders the city, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">declares Attalus emperor of the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Attalus against Ravenna, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">opposes sending of commanders to Libya by Attalus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">quarrels with Attalus, and reduces him from the kingship, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dies of disease, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 37</a></li> + +<li>Alexandria, the home of Calonymus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 14</a></li> + +<li>Althias, commander of Roman auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commander of Huns in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his encounter with Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 3-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his fame from the deed, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Amalasountha, mother of Antalaric; makes an agreement with Justinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">courts his friendship to secure protection, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">appealed to by the Goths in regard to Lilybaeum, +<a href="#PageIV_v_15">v. 18</a></li> + +<li>Amalafrida, sister of Theoderic;</li> +<li class="indent">sought and given in marriage to Trasamundus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">12</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">presented with Lilybaeum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">put under guard by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 4</a></li> + +<li>Ammatas, brother of Gelimer;</li> +<li class="indent">instructed to prepare to meet the Romans near Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">kills his kinsmen in prison, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his inopportune arrival at Decimum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the day before Easter, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxi. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">engages with John there and is defeated, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 6</a>; +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 30</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his body found by the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">xix. 14</a></li> + +<li>Anastasius, emperor of the East, keeps peace with the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 14</a></li> + +<li>Ancon, a dungeon in the royal residence in Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">unexpected release of Roman merchants confined there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 5-9</a></li> + +<li>Antaeus, the mythical wrestler, king in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 24</a></li> + +<li>Antalas, ruler of the Moors in Byzacium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 3</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">remains faithful to the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes hostile to Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">joins forces with the Leuathae, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gathers almost all the Moors under him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes a letter to Justinian, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 6-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gathers his army again, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Areobindus sends an army against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes an agreement with Gontharis for the destruction of Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 6-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Coutzinas agrees to turn against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">xxv. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_9">15</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hears of the plot of Coutzinas and keeps his knowledge secret, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 19-21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">resents the sending of the head of Areobindus to him by Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">decides to side with Justinian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persuades Marcentius to come to him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Artabanes sent against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his quarrel with Coutzinas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Artabanes marches against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his army spared by Artabanes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 28</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 46</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">47</a></li> + +<li>Anthemius, a wealthy senator, appointed emperor of the West by Leon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 5</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">killed by his son-in-law, Rhecimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Antonina, wife of Belisarius, mother-in-law of Ildiger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sets sail with Belisarius for Africa, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">preserves drinking water for Belisarius and his attendants, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiii. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the army at Decimum, III, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_6">xix. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 1</a></li> + +<li>Apollinaris, a native of Italy;</li> +<li class="indent">comes to Justinian to seek support for Ilderic, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his good services to the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to the islands of Ebusa, Majorica, and Minorica, with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 7</a></li> + +<li>Aquileia, city in Italy, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its size and importance, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_28">iv. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besieged and captured by Attila, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_28">iv. 30</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Arcadius, elder son of Theodosius I;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the eastern empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_1">i. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Honorius and Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his alliance with the Visigoths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">succeeded by his son Theodosius II, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 33</a></li> + +<li>Archelaus, a patrician;</li> +<li class="indent">manager of expenditures of the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 17</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">advises against disembarking on the African coast, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_2">xv. 2-17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ordered by Belisarius not to take the fleet into Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xvii. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commands the fleet to anchor off Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">xx. 11</a></li> + +<li>Ardaburius, son of Aspar, Roman general; sent against the tyrant John, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">destroyed by Leon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 27</a></li> + +<li>Areobindus, a senator; sent as general to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his inexperience in warfare, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">xxv. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">accompanied by his sister and wife, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">shares the rule of Libya with Sergius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends John against Antalas and Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes to Sergius to unite with John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made sole commander of Libya, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxiv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Gontharis against the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">arranges with Coutzinas to turn against the other Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">tells Gontharis of his dealings with Coutzinas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persuaded by G. to postpone the engagement, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death planned and finally accomplished by Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">xxv. 22-xxvi. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">treasure left by him in the palace, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 35</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">sister of, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">placed in a fortress for her safety, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">removed from the fortress by Gontharis, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 20</a></li> + +<li>Arethusa, harbour of Syracuse, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 11</a></li> + +<li>Ariadne, daughter of Leon, wife of Zenon, and mother of Leon +the younger, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">flees to Isauria with Zenon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 18</a></li> + +<li>Arian faith, disqualified one for the office of emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">followed by all Goths, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">by some among the Roman soldiers, +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 12</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">adhered to steadfastly by Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Arian priests of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxi. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">25</a></li> + +<li>Armenia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Armenians, sent with Areobindus to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">follow Artabanes in entering the service of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">support Artabanes in his plot against Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_5">xxviii. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 34</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">36</a></li> + +<li>Arsacidae, the ancient royal family of Armenia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 16</a></li> + +<li>Artabanes, son of John, of the Arsacidae;</li> + + +<li class="indent">sent to Libya in command of Armenians, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">known to Chosroes for his brave deeds, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxiv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">uncle of Gregorius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">joins Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">supports him against Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_1">xxvi. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_9">13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enters the service of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his plot to kill the tyrant, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">urged on by Gregorius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 11-19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent against Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">joins battle, but allows the enemy to escape, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 27-29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">threatened by Ulitheus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his excuses, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 31</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">after deliberation returns to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxvii. 33</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entertained by Gontharis at a banquet, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxviii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">arranges to carry out his plot against Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_5">xxviii. 6-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Artasires makes a request of him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_9">xxviii. 12</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_9">13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">he succeeds in destroying Gontharis with his own hand, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_14">xxviii. 15-30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">assisted by Peter, cuts down the body-guards who remain, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_24">xxviii. 33</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">directs Athanasius to look after the treasure of +Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends John and others to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">wins great fame, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 42</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rewarded with money by Prejecta, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 43</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made general of all Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 43</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 44</a></li> + +<li>Artasires, body-guard of Artabanes;</li> +<li class="indent">shares knowledge of his plot against Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">renders good service in the execution of the plot, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_5">xxviii. 7-32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his ingenious protection for his arm, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_9">xxviii. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_9">11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_24">31</a></li> + +<li>Asclepiades, a native of Palestine and friend of Theodorus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xviii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reveals the plot of Maximinus to Theodorus and Germanus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 4</a></li> + +<li>Asia, the continent to the right of the Mediterranean as one sails into it, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Europe at different points, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance along the Asiatic side of the Euxine, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 11</a></li> + +<li>Asiaticus, father of Severianus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Aspar, Roman general; father of Ardaburius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of the Arian faith, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his great power in Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent against the tyrant John, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Vandals in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns home, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iii. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes Leon emperor of the East, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his friendship sought by Basiliscus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">quarrels with Leon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">urges Basiliscus to spare the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_16">16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">destroyed by Leon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the emperor Marcian had been his adviser, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iv. 7</a></li> + +<li>Atalaric, son of Amalasuntha;</li> +<li class="indent">ruler of the Goths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">succeeded his grandfather Theoderic, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 6</a></li> + +<li>Athanasius, sent with Areobindus to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned by Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_1">xxvi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">being summoned by Gontharis, pretends to be pleased, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 21</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with Areobindus entertained by Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spared by the assassins of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvi. 33</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">entertained by Gontharis at a second banquet, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxviii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">directed by Artabanes to look after the treasure of Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 35</a></li> + +<li>Athens, its distance from Megara a measure of one day's journey, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 17</a></li> + +<li>Attalus, made king of the Visigoths and declared emperor of the Romans by Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of noble family, <a href="#PageIII_ii_27"><i>ibid.</i></a>; </li> +<li class="indent">his lack of discretion, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Alaric against Ravenna, <a href="#PageIII_ii_27"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends commanders alone to Libya against the advice of</li> +<li class="indent">Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 30</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">failure of his attempt upon Libya, <a href="#PageIII_ii_32"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">quarrels with Alaric, and is reduced from the kingship, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 36</a></li> + +<li>Attila, leader of the Huns, defeated by Aetius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overruns Europe, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_28">iv. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besieges and captures Aquileia; III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_28">iv. 30</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Augustus, emperor of the West, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 15</a></li> + +<li>Aurasium, a mountain in Numidia;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 5</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its great size, fruitful plateaus, and defences, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 23-25</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">source of the Abigas River there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 20</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">adjoins First Mauretania, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">taken by the Moors from the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 5</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its west side also held by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, ruled by Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 29</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon marches thither, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Iaudas establishes himself there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ascended by Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 30</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">the Romans eluded by the Moors on the mountain, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 35</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon prepares more carefully for a second attempt, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in which he succeeds completely in dislodging the Moors from there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 5-xx. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fortified and held by the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">capture of Iaudas' treasure there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 23-29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fugitive Vandals return thither, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 19</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Babosis, place in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 16</a></li> + +<li>Bacchus, brother of Solomon, and father of Cyrus and Sergius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xxi. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Solomon the younger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Bagaïs, a deserted city near the Abigas River, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 7</a></li> + + + +<li>Bagradas River, in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 13</a></li> + +<li>Balas, leader of the Massagetae, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 12</a></li> + +<li>Bandifer, "standard-bearer" (Latin), cf. Bandum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 4</a></li> + +<li>Bandum, the Latin term for "standard" in Procopius' time, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Barbaricini, name applied to the Moors in Sardinia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 44</a></li> + +<li>Barbatus, commander of Roman cavalry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the Roman right wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 59</a></li> + +<li>Basiliscus, brother of Berine; </li> +<li class="indent">commander of an expedition against the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his aspirations to the throne, <a href="#PageIII_v_25"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">urged by Aspar to spare the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">landing in Africa, makes a complete failure of the expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 10-24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_x_2">x. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returning to Byzantium, becomes a suppliant, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">saved by Berine, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes himself tyrant in Byzantium, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his misrule, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends an army under Harmatus to meet Zenon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes a suppliant, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">exiled to Cappadocia and dies, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">25</a></li> + + + +<li>Basiliscus, son of Harmatus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made Caesar and then removed by Zenon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 23</a></li> + +<li>Belisarius, Roman general; a native of "Germany," III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned from the East, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ordered to be in readiness to lead the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made commander-in-chief of the African expedition with unlimited power, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sets sail for Africa, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">punished two Massagetae for murder, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses the army at Abydus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_10">xii. 10-21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">provides for the safe navigation of the fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_18">xiii. 1-4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">disembarks the army at Methone, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 9</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">provides a supply of bread for the army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_15">xiii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his wife preserves the drinking water, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiii. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Procopius to Syracuse to get information, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 3</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">his anxiety regarding the Vandals and the attitude of his own soldiers, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiv. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">starts from Sicily toward Africa, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">holds a consultation regarding disembarking on the African coast, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xv. 1</a> ff.; </li> +<li class="indent">disembarks the army and fortifies a camp, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_31">xv. 31-33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">orders the fleet not to put in at Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 10</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">commands five men to remain on each ship, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_31">xv. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">punishes some of the soldiers for stealing and addresses the army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_1">xvi. 1-8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">advances with the army to Decimum, where he defeats the Vandals in an engagement, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_5">xvi. 9-xix. 33</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captures with ease the unwalled cities of Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prevents the army from entering Carthage on the evening of their arrival, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his commands respected by the greater part of the fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enters Carthage with his army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">exhorts the soldiers to moderation, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 18-20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sits upon the throne of Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xx. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hears and answers complaints of Carthaginian citizens, III. <a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xx. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lunches in Gelimer's palace, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xxi. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enjoys great renown by reason of the peaceful entry into Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his treaties with the Moors, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 2-9</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_10">viii. 11</a> ff., +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">considers the repair of the fortifications of Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">presses on the work of repairing them, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">xxiii. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spares the messengers of Tzazon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and the envoys of Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_9">xxiv. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">takes measures to prevent desertions to the Vandals, +<a href="#PageIV_i_6">i. 7-11</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">addresses the army, IV +<a href="#PageIV_i_12">i. 12-25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeats the Moors in the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 1-iii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">attacks the Vandal camp, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_17">iii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">takes measures to stop the disorder in the Roman army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_3">iv. 6-8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends John the Armenian to pursue Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_3">iv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">himself follows Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_10">iv. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">mourns the death of John the Armenian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spares Uliaris, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">continues the pursuit of Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">leaves Pharas to besiege Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends suppliant Vandals to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captures Boniface with the treasures of Gelimer, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 33-41</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">v. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends out armies to recover many lost provinces, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">v. 1-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes an unsuccessful expedition to Sicily, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes a letter to the Goths, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 12-17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their reply, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 8-24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reports to Justinian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_23">v. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the report of Pharas regarding Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_5">vii. 10</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">sends Cyprian with instructions, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives Gelimer at Aclas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reports the capture of Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the victim of unjust slander, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_18">viii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">given choice of going to Byzantium or remaining in Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">chooses the former IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">learns of the accusation of treason to be brought against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hears the report of the uprising of the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">leaves Solomon in charge of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returning to Byzantium, receives great honours, +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">ix. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">brings Vandals with him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">ix. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">pays homage to Justinian in the hippodrome, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">later celebrates a "triumph" in the old manner, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes a consul, <a href="#PageIV_ix_11"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distributes much wealth of the Vandals to the people, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subjugates Sicily, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">passes the winter in Syracuse, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 41</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon begs him to come to Carthage from Syracuse to put down the mutiny, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 41</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">42</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">arrives at Carthage in time to prevent its surrender, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 9-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">pursues and overtakes the fugitives, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">encamps at the Bagradas River and prepares for battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 13-15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses the army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 16-29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeats Stotzas' army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_33">xv. 40</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">forbids pursuit of the enemy, but allows their camp to be plundered, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_41">xv. 46</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_41">47</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_41">xv. 47</a>; upon receipt of unfavourable news, sets sail for Sicily, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_41">xv. 48</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">49</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon sends suspected soldiers to him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">counted the chief cause of the defeat of the Vandals, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_42">xi. 44</a>.</li> + +<li>Berine, wife of the Emperor Leon, and sister of Basiliscus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gains clemency for Basiliscus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 26</a></li> + +<li>Boniface, Roman general; his splendid qualities, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rival of Aetius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made general of all Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">slandered by Aetius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Rome by Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">refuses to come, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes an alliance with the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">25</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">the true cause of his conduct discovered by his friends, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 27</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">urged by Placidia to return to Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">unable to persuade the Vandals to withdraw, meets them in battle and is twice defeated, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 30-35</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns to Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iii. 36</a></li> + +<li>Boniface, the Libyan, a native of Byzacium; entrusted by Gelimer with his wealth, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 33</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">falls into the hands of Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 35-41</a></li> + +<li>Boriades, body-guard of Belisarius;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to capture Syllectus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_5">xvi. 9</a></li> + +<li>Boulla, Plain of, distance from Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">near the boundary of Numidia, <a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Vandals gather there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the only territory left to the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Gelimer and Tzazon meet there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">mutineers gather there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 1</a></li> + +<li>Bourgaon, mountain in Byzacium;</li> +<li class="indent">battle there with the Moors, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xi_51">xii. 3</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Britain, counted in the Western empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 18</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">revolts from the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not recovered by the Romans, but held by tyrants, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 38</a></li> + +<li>Byzacium, a Moorish province in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a dry region, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_31">xv. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the town Hermione there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, defeat the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors, of, seek alliance with the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the home of Boniface, the Libyan, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, revolt, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xi_51">xii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xii_2">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Roman force annihilated there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 3</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon marches thither to confront the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, suffer a crushing defeat, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_21">xii. 21-25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">abandoned by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">except those under Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plundered by the Leuathae, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors gather there once more, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Himerius of Thrace commander there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_10">xxiii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors march, thence against Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 46</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subsequent battles, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 47</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Byzantium, distance from the mouth of the Danube, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_13">x. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its chief priest Epiphanius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">natives of, as rowers in the Roman fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 16</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Cabaon, a Moorish ruler, prepares to meet the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">viii. 15-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends spies to Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">viii. 17</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the report of his spies, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_20">viii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares for the conflict, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_20">viii. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_20">26</a>, IV. <a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeats the enemy, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">viii. 28</a></li> + +<li>Caenopolis, name of Taenarum in Procopius' time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 8</a></li> + +<li>Caesar, a title given to one next below the emperor in station, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 21</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">23</a></li> + +<li>Caesarea, first city of "Second Mauretania," IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">situated at its eastern extremity, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recovered for the Romans by Belisarius, <a href="#PageIV_v_3"><i>ibid.</i></a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 32</a></li> + +<li>Calonymus, of Alexandria, admiral of the Roman fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ordered by Belisarius not to take the fleet into Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xvii. 16</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">enters the harbour Mandracium with a few ships, and plunders the houses along the sea, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">bound by oath to return his plunder, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xx. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">disregards his oath, but later dies of apoplexy in Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xx. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">25</a></li> + +<li>Capitolinus, see Jupiter.</li> + +<li>Cappadocia, Basiliscus exiled thither, III +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 24</a></li> + +<li>Caputvada, a place on the African coast; distance from Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Roman army lands there, <a href="#PageIII_xiv_14"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Caranalis, town in Sardinia, captured</li> +<li class="indent">by Tzazon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 10</a>, IV. <a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 44</a></li> + +<li>Carthage, city in Africa, founded by Dido, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">grows to be the metropolis of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captured by the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">after the Vandal occupation, its wall preserved by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the only city with walls in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_2">xv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its defences neglected by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entered by the Roman army under Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its fortifications restored by Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">xxiii. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">xxiii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besieged by Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">by Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its surrender prevented by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the harbours, Stagnum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_10">xv. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and Mandracium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">xx. 14</a>, IV. <a href="#PageIV_xxvi_9">xxvi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the ship-yard Misuas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its suburb Aclas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and Decimum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its aqueduct, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its hippodrome, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 31</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_10">xviii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its palace, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xx. 21</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 34</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the priest of the city, Reparatus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">monastery built and fortified there by Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">an ancient saying among the children there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 14-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">church of St. Cyprian, and a special annual festival in his honour, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Aurasium, III, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 5</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from the Plain of Boulla, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_13">x. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Caesarea, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Caputvada, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Decimum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xvii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Grasse, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Hippo Regius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Iouce, +<a href="#PageIII_xv_2">xv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Membresa, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Mercurium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Siccaveneria, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Stagnum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_10">xv. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Tebesta, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 4</a></li> + +<li>Casula (Latin), garment befitting one of humble station, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 26</a></li> + +<li>Caucana, place in Sicily, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Syracuse, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 4</a></li> + +<li>Centenarium, a sum of money, so called because it "weighs one hundred pounds" (I. xxii. 4), III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 2</a></li> + +<li>Centuriae, place in Numidia, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 2</a></li> + +<li>Chalcedon, city opposite Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">9</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">distance from the Phasis River, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 11</a></li> + +<li>Chiliarch, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 18</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 8</a></li> + +<li>Chosroes, Persian king; Artabanes known to him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Christ, His temple in Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 26</a></li> + +<li>Christians, persecuted by Honoric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">by Gundamundus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">courted by Trasamundus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not troubled by Ilderic, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">ix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Justinian reproached for not protecting them, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_13">x. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the church of St. Cyprian taken from them by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">consoled in a dream sent by St. Cyprian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recover the church of St. Cyprian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxi. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in Jerusalem, receive the treasures of the temple, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reverence their churches and their worship, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">viii. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_20">20</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_20">24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their rite of baptism, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 2</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their feast of Easter, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">if not of the orthodox faith, excluded from the church, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Christian scriptures, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 21</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Christian teaching, offended against by Basiliscus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 22</a></li> + + + +<li>Cilicians, as sailors in the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 14</a></li> + +<li>Clipea, city in Africa, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 24</a></li> + +<li>Clypea, see Shield Mountain</li> + +<li>Colchis, at the end of the Black Sea, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 11</a></li> + +<li>Constantina, city in Africa; distance from Gazophyla, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 52</a></li> + +<li>Constantine the Great; division of the Roman empire dating from his time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_1">i. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his enlargement of Byzantium and giving of his name to the city, <a href="#PageIII_i_1"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Constantinus, chosen king by the soldiers in Britain, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his invasion of Spain and Gaul, <a href="#PageIII_ii_27"><i>ibid.</i></a>; </li> +<li class="indent">defeated and killed in battle, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 37</a></li> + +<li>Constantius, husband of Placidia, partner in the royal power with Honorius; his brief reign and death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 5</a></li> + +<li>Corsica, called Cyrnus in ancient times, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Cyril sent thither with an army, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> <li class="indent">recovered for the +Roman empire, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 4</a></li> + +<li>Coutzinas, a Moorish ruler, joins in an attack upon a Roman force, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">agrees to turn against the other Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">15</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">his further dealings with Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ignorant of Antalas' knowledge of his plot, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 20</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">separates from Antalas, and sides with Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Artabanes against Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in alliance with John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 50</a></li> + +<li>Cteanus, name applied to Theodorus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a></li> + +<li>Cyanean Rocks, or "Dark Blue Rocks" at the mouth of the Bosphorus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 8</a></li> + +<li>Cyprian, commander of Roman auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent by Belisarius to bring Gelimer from Papua, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 11</a>;</li> +<li>Cyprian, a saint, especially reverenced at Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a church to him there and a festival celebrated in his honour, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends a dream to devout Christians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 21</a></li> + +<li>Cypriana, a periodic storm on the African coast, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">xx. 12</a></li> + +<li>Cypriana, a festival celebrated at Carthage, in honour of Cyprian, +from which the storm was named, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 18</a></li> + +<li>Cyrene, city in Africa, marking the division between the eastern +and western empires, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 16</a></li> + + + +<li>Cyril, sent as commander of an army to Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">xi. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">avoids Sardinia and sails to Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxiv. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Sardinia and Corsica with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">v. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">wins them back for the empire, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commander of auxiliaries in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 59</a></li> + +<li>Cyrnus, ancient name of Corsica, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 3</a></li> + +<li>Cyrus, son of Bacchus and brother of Sergius;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes ruler of Pentapolis in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xxi. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Solomon the younger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Solomon against the Moors, <a href="#PageIV_xxi_17"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Dalmatia, held by Marcellianus as tyrant, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 7</a></li> + +<li>Danube River, called also the Ister, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 10</a></li> + +<li>Daras, city on the eastern frontier of the empire;</li> +<li class="indent">home of Solomon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 9</a></li> +<li>December, IV. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 28</a></li> + +<li>Decimum, suburb of Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_19">xix. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_22">23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">33</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxi. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">24</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Vandals routed there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 7-11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xvii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">from Pedion Halon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_12">xviii. 12</a></li> + +<li>Delphi, tripods first made there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 3</a></li> + +<li>Delphix, a word used by the Romans to designate a royal banquet room, III +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xxi. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in the palace of Gelimer, III +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 5</a></li> + +<li>Dido, her emigration from Phoenicia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 25</a></li> + +<li>Diogenes, guardsman of Belisarius;</li> +<li class="indent">his notable exploit on a scouting expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_1">xxiii. 5-18</a></li> + +<li>Dolones, the large sails on ships, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 5</a></li> + +<li>Domesticus, a title designating a kind of confidential adviser, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iv. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 5</a></li> + +<li>Domnicus, senator, accompanies Germanus to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a></li> + +<li>Dorotheus, general of Armenia;</li> +<li class="indent">commander of auxiliaries, III +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death; III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 14</a></li> + +<li>Dromon, a swift ship of war, III +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">16</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xv_31">xv. 36</a></li> + +<li>Dryous, city on the east coast of Italy, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">12</a></li> + +<li>Dyrrachium, the name of Epidamnus in Procopius' time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 16</a> +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 8</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Easter, a feast of the Christians, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Arians annoyed by exclusion from it, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 15</a></li> + +<li>Ebusa, island in the western Mediterranean,</li> +<li class="indent">so-called by the natives, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Apollinarius sent thither with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 7</a></li> + +<li>Egypt, formerly marked the limit of Phoenicia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">densely populated from ancient times, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the migration of the Hebrews from there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Phoenicians pass through it on their way to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 18</a></li> + +<li>Egyptians, as sailors in the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 14</a></li> + +<li>Emesa, city in Syria;</li> +<li class="indent">home of Severianus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Epidamnus (Dyrrachium), city on the Ionian Sea, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">home of John, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 8</a></li> + +<li>Epiphanius, chief priest of Byzantium;</li> +<li class="indent">blesses the fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 2</a></li> + +<li>Eruli, Roman auxiliaries in the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 11</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">their untrustworthy character, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of the Arian faith, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dissuade Stotzas from attacking Germanus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">xvii. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">xvii. 15</a></li> + +<li>Esdilasas, a Moorish ruler;</li> +<li class="indent">joins in an attack upon a Roman force, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">surrenders himself to the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_21">xii. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brought to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 29</a></li> + +<li>Euagees, brother of Hoamer;</li> +<li class="indent">imprisoned by Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">killed in prison by Ammatas, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 12</a></li> + +<li>Eudocia, daughter of Eudoxia;</li> +<li class="indent">taken captive by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">married to Honoric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a></li> + +<li>Eudoxia, daughter of Theodosius and wife of Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">mother of Eudocia and Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">forced to be the mistress of Maximus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_33">iv. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invites Gizeric to avenge her, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_33">iv. 37-39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">taken captive by Gizeric, III +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a></li> + +<li>Eulogius, Roman envoy to Godas, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">x. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns with his reply, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">x. 34</a></li> + +<li>Europe, the continent opposite Asia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Asia at different points, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance along the European side of the Euxine, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">extent of the western empire in, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invaded by Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">all its wealth plundered by the Visigoths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overrun by Attila, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_28">iv. 29</a></li> + +<li>Eustratius, sent to Libya to assess the taxes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">viii. 25</a></li> + +<li>Eutyches, heresy of, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 22</a></li> + +<li>Euxine Sea, distance around it, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the waters of the Phasis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 11</a></li> + +<li>Excubitori, a Latin name for "guard," IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_17">xii. 17</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Foederati, auxiliary troops, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_6">xix. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">14</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a></li> + +<li>Foedus (Latin) "treaty," III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 4</a></li> + +<li>Franks, name used for all the Germans in Procopius' time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Fuscias, sent as envoy to Spain by Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 7</a> ff.</li> + + + + +</ul> <ul><li>Gadira, the strait of Gibraltar at the western extremity of the Mediterranean, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 8</a>, IV. <a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">width of the strait, II. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Tripolis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and from the Ionian Sea, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marking the limit of Mauretania, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Vandals cross there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 26</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent"><i>see</i> Heracles, Pillars of</li> + +<li>Galatia, lands there given to Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 13</a></li> + +<li>Gaulus, island between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 16</a></li> + +<li>Gaul, the Visigoths retire thither, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 37</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invaded by Constantius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 31</a></li> + +<li>Gazophyla, place in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 62</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Constantina, <a href="#PageIV_xv_56"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Roman commanders take sanctuary there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 59</a></li> + +<li>Geilaris, son of Genzon and father of Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 6</a></li> + +<li>Gelimer, king of the Vandals;</li> +<li class="indent">son of Geilaris, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Tzazon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">and of Ammatas, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">uncle of Gibamundus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his character, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">encroaches upon the authority of Ilderic, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">secures the royal power, <a href="#PageIII_ix_8"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">allowed by the Goths to hold Lilybaeum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">imprisons Ilderic, Hoamer, and Euagees, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defies Justinian, and shews further cruelty to the imprisoned princes, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">ix. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">replies to Justinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 20-23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Justinian prepares an expedition against him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">x. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">sends envoys to Spain, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his slave Godas becomes tyrant of Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 25-27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends an expedition to Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his ignorance of the approaching Roman expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entrusts his wealth to Boniface, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">confines Roman merchants in a dungeon in the palace, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">expected by Belisarius to make an attack, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes to his brother in Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">follows the Roman army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 14</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">plans his attack upon the Roman army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">comes upon the Romans with a large force of cavalry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">xix. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">anticipates them in seizing a point of advantage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">xix. 20-22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">by a great blunder loses the chance of defeating the Roman armies, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_22">xix. 25-29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">attacked and routed by Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">30</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">31</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">flees to the Plain of Boulla, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Belisarius sits upon his throne, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xx. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his banquet-hall, servants, and even food, used by the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xxi. 1-6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reason for his not staying in Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">encourages Libyan farmers to kill Roman soldiers, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_1">xxiii. 1-4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">eluded by a party of Roman scouts, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_1">xxiii. 6-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Tzazon writes to him from Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2-4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">collects the Vandals in the Plain of Boulla, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends a letter to Tzazon in Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 10-18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">leads the Vandals against Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">cuts the aqueduct and tries to besiege the city, IV +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 2</a>, <a href="#PageIV_i_1">3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares the Vandals for battle at Tricamarum, and addresses the army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ii_6">ii. 8-22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">flees from the Vandals' camp, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_17">iii. 20</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">pursued by John the Armenian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_3">iv. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_10">iv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_10">iv. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes his pursuers, and takes refuge on Mt. Papua, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors there friendly to him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Pharas set to guard him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 28</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">suffers great misery on Mt. Papua, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">vi. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vi_10">vi. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives a letter from Pharas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_10">vi. 15-26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">replies with a letter, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_27">vi. 27-30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the meaning of his strange request, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_27">vi. 31-33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">after enduring extreme suffering, is induced by a piteous sight to surrender, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_34">vii. 1-6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes a second time to Pharas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_5">vii. 6-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Cyprian comes to Papua to take him prisoner, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">surrenders himself, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">meets Belisarius at Aclas, IV +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his unexpected laughter, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 14-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marvels at the restoration of the fortifications of Carthage by Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">xxiii. 20</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his capture reported by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reaches Byzantium with Belisarius, +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">ix. 1</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">a slave in Belisarius' triumph, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">before Justinian in the hippodrome, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">given lands in Galatia, but not made a patrician, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">nephew of, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_34">vii. 4</a> </li> +<li>Geminianus, Rock of, on Mt Aurasium, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 23</a></li> + +<li>Genzon, son of Gizeric;</li> +<li class="indent">receives Libyan slaves, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">tries to save John, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Gundamundus and Trasamundus, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and of Geilaris, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 1</a></li> +<li>Gergesites, ancient people of Phoenicia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">emigrate to Egypt and then to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">19</a></li> + +<li>Gepaides, one division of the Gothic peoples, III. <a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their location, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Getic, a name sometime applied to the Gothic peoples, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a></li> + +<li>Gezon, a Roman infantryman, paymaster of his company, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_5">xx. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">scales the fortress of Toumar and leads the army to its capture, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 13-16</a></li> + +<li>Germania, the home of Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 21</a></li> + + + +<li>Germans, called Franks in Procopius' time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">according to one account killed Gontharis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 33</a></li> + +<li>Germanus, Roman general, nephew of Justinian;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes a count of the loyal part of the army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_3">xvi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">wins over many mutineers by persuasion, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_3">xvi. 4-6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares to meet Stotzas in battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_3">xvi. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">arrays his army for battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_9">xvi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses his troops, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_9">xvi. 11-24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">follows the mutineers into Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overtaking the enemy at Scalae Veteres, prepares for battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 3-6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives offers of desertion from the Moors with Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not able to trust them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Stotzas proposes to attack his division, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rallies the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">xvii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">routs the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">xvii. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his horse killed under him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_21">xvii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">orders his men to distinguish their comrades by the countersign, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_21">xvii. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captures and plunders the enemy's camp, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_21">xvii. 24-29</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">tries to restore order in the army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeats Stotzas in a second battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">learns the plot of Maximinus from Asclepiades; IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invites Max. to join his body-guards, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">frustrates the attempt of Maximinus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 8-15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">examines Max. and impales him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_10">xviii. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">false report of his coming to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">25</a></li> + +<li>Gibamundus, nephew of Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to attack the Roman army on the left, <a href="#PageIII_xvii_16"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his force destroyed at Pedion Halon, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_12">xviii. 12</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_19">19</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">xix. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">19</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 15</a></li> + +<li>Gizeric, king of the Vandals;</li> +<li class="indent">son of Godigisclus and brother of Gontharis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Honoric, Genzon, and Theodorus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes ruler of the Vandals with his brother, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">according to one account destroyed his brother Gontharis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his great ability, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invited by Boniface to share Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">leads the Vandals into Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 33</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">besieges Hippo Regius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">discovers Marcian among Roman captives, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iv. 3-8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spares his life and makes him swear friendship to the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">secures possession of Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">secures his power by making a compact with Valentinian and giving his son as a hostage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 12-14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_10">xvi. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives his son back, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives ambassadors from the Vandals who had not emigrated, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_5">xxii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at first hears them with favour, but later refuses their petition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_5">xxii. 9-11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes an attempt on Taenarum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">attacks Zacynthus and brutally massacres many of the inhabitants, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invited by Eudoxia to punish Maximus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">iv. 38</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">despoils the city of Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 1</a> ff., IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">takes captive Eudoxia and her daughters, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">removes the walls of Libyan cities, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xv_2">xv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">wins ridicule thereby in later times, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">destroyed all the tax records of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">viii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enslaves notable Libyans and takes property from others, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">12</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">the Vandals send an expedition against him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_23">xi. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">killed by Tzazon, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi.</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">xxiv. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiii_16">3</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ii_27">ii. 27</a></li> + +<li>Godigisclus, leader of the Vandals in their migration, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_5">5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">settles in Spain by agreement with Honorius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dies in Spain, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Gontharis and Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 23</a></li> + + + +<li class="indent">exempts confiscated lands from taxation, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the Moors, makes many inroads into Roman provinces III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 22-25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Aspar urges Basiliscus to spare him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">desires the appointment of Olyvrius as emperor of the West, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his fear of Leon, III +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persuades Basiliscus to delay, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 12-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">destroys the Roman fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_16">vi. 17-21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives Majorinus disguised as an envoy, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares to meet the army of Majorinus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">vii. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">forms a compact with Zenon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death and his will, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 29</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">30</a>. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_10">xvi. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the "law of Gizeric," III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 12</a></li> + +<li>Glycerius, emperor of the West, dies after a very short reign, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 15</a></li> + +<li>Godas, a Goth, slave of Gelimer;</li> +<li class="indent">sets up a tyranny in Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 25-27</a>. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invites Justinian to support him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 28-31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the envoy Eulogius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">x. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends him back with a letter, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">x. 34</a>;</li> + + +<li>Gontharis, son of Godigisclus and brother of Gizeric;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes ruler of the Vandals with his brother, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his mild character, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invited by Boniface to share Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">iii. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Gontharis, body-guard of Solomon;</li> +<li class="indent">sent forward against the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">camps near the Abigas River, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Moors and besieged in his camp, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives support from Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">attempts to set up a tyranny, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Carthage and sent against the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">5</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">makes an agreement with Antalas to betray the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 6-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recalls Roman skirmishers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hears of the treasonable plan of Coutzinas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persuades Areobindus to postpone the engagement, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reveals the plot to Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plans to kill Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">xxv. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persuades him to join battle with the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">xxv. 23</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">openly sets about establishing his tyranny, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_21">xxv. 28</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">summons Athanasius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his reception of Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 27-32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">has him assassinated, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">offends Antalas by sending him the head of Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the mutineers under John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">removes the wife and sister of Areobindus from the fortress, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">compels Prejecta to write a false report in a letter to Justinian for his own advantage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 20-22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Artabanes against Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Coutzinas sides with him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 21</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">Artabanes determines to kill him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxvii. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares a larger army against Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxvii. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">destroys many in the city, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxvii. 37</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxvii. 38</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entertains Artabanes and others at a banquet, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxviii. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">his murder planned by Artabanes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_5">xxviii. 6</a> ff;</li> + +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_24">xxviii. 27-30</a></li> + +<li>Gospels, the sacred writings of the Christians; oaths taken upon them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 21</a>.</li> +<li>Gothaeus, sent as envoy to Spain by Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 7</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Goths, general description of the Gothic peoples, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">their migrations, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 6</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">their common religion and language, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enter Pannonia and then settle in Thrace for a time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">ii. 39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subdue the western empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">ii. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in Italy, Belisarius sent against them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">furnish the Roman fleet a market in Sicily, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">refuse to give up Lilybaeum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receive a letter of remonstrance from Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 12-17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their reply, IV +<a href="#PageIV_v_15">v. 18-24</a></li> + +<li>Grasse, a place in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">17</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">its pleasant park, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, III. xvii. 8</li> + +<li>Greece, plundered by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 23</a></li> + +<li>Greeks, contemptuous term for the subjects of the emperor, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxvii. 38</a></li> + +<li>Gregorius, nephew of Artabanes;</li> +<li class="indent">with him plans the murder of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_5">xxviii. 7-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">urges Artabanes to carry out the plot, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 10-19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">takes his stand in the banquet-hall, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_14">xxviii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">restrains Artasires, IV. xxviii. 16</li> + +<li>Gundamundus, son of Gezon;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes king of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his reign and death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Trasamundus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 8</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Hadrumetum, city in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 31</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">taken by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_10">xxiii. 11-15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recovered by Paulus, a priest, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 18-25</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">guarded for the emperor, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 6</a></li> +<li>Harmatus, Roman General;</li> +<li class="indent">marches against Zenon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">surrenders to him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 21</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">killed by Zenon, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 23</a></li> + +<li>Hebrews, their migration from Egypt to Palestine, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">history of the, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 17</a></li> + +<li>Hebrew Scripture, quoted by Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 11</a></li> + +<li>Hellespont, strait between Sestus and Abydus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 7</a></li> + +<li>Heracleia, the name of Perinthus in Procopius' time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Heracles, wrestled with Antaeus in Clipea, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 24</a></li> + +<li>Heracles, Pillars of, Gibraltar, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">vii. 11</a>, +IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 20</a></li> + +<li>Heraclius, defeats the Vandals in Tripolis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns to Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 25</a></li> + +<li>Hermes, called Mercury by the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">town of Hermes or Mercurium, on the coast of Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 10</a> +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">xx. 10</a></li> + +<li>Hermione, town in Byzacium;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from the coast, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">11</a></li> + +<li>Hieron, near the mouth of the Bosphorus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 8</a></li> + + + + +<li>Himerius of Thrace, commander in Byzacium; fails to unite with John, and falls into the hands of the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 3-5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">guarded by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_10">xxiii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">puts Hadrumetum into their hands, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_10">xxiii. 10-15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes to Carthage, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Hippo Regius, a strong city of Numidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 31</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besieged by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Boniface the Libyan captured there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 34</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">36</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">39</a></li> + +<li>Hoamer, nephew of Ilderic;</li> +<li class="indent">acts as his general, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">ix. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">imprisoned by Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">blinded by Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">ix. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 12</a></li> + +<li>Honoric, son of Gizeric;</li> +<li class="indent">given as a hostage to Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returned, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marries Eudocia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives Libyan slaves, III +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 11</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">succeeds to the throne of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes war on the Moors, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persecutes the Christians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Ilderic, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">ix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in his reign the church of St. Cyprian taken by the Arians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a></li> + +<li>Honorius, younger son of Theodosius;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the western empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_1">i. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">ii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Arcadius and Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the western empire overrun by barbarians during his reign, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">ii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">retires from Rome to Ravenna, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 8</a>, 9;</li> +<li class="indent">accused of bringing in the Visigoths, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his stupid remark upon hearing of the fall of Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">displaced from the throne of the western empire by Attalus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares for flight either to Libya or to Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his good fortune in extreme peril, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 34-37</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">allows the Vandals to settle in Spain, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">provides that they shall not acquire possession of the land, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">shares royal power with Constantius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 4</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 4</a> </li> + +<li>Huns, see Massagetae.</li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Iaudas, ruler of the Moors in Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 29</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the best warrior among the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_4">xiii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plunders Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his combat with Althias at Tigisis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_4">xiii. 10-16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon marches against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">accused before Solomon by other Moorish rulers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">slays his father-in-law Mephanius, <a href="#PageIV_xiii_14"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">establishes himself on Mt, Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon marches against him, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">remains on Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">goes up to the top of Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_21">xix. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes wounded from Toumar, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">deposited his treasures in a tower at the Rock of Geminianus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 24</a></li> + +<li>Ilderic, son of Honoric,</li> +<li class="indent">becomes king of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">ix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">an unwarlike ruler, <a href="#PageIII_viii_27"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">uncle of Hoamer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">ix. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">suspected plot of the Goths against him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on terms of special friendship with Justinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes large gifts to Apollinarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">allows Gelimer to encroach upon his authority, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dethroned and imprisoned, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">killed in prison by Ammatas, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10"> 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his sons and other offspring receive rewards from Justinian and Theodora, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 13</a></li> + +<li>Ildiger, son-in-law of Antonina, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Libya with an army, <a href="#PageIV_viii_17"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made joint commander of Carthage with Theodoras, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 49</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at the battle of Scalae Veteres, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">19</a></li> + +<li>Illyricum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plundered by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 23</a></li> + +<li>Ionian Sea, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 12</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 9</a>, 11</li> + +<li>Ionians, as sailors in the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 14</a></li> + +<li>Iouce, distance from Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_2">xv. 8</a></li> + +<li>Iourpouthes, a Moorish ruler, joins in an attack upon a Roman force, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Ister, called also the Danube, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 6</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">crossed by the Goths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">ii. 39</a></li> + +<li>Italy the brutal destruction of its cities and people by the Visigoths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invaded by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 1</a> ff, +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">23</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Jebusites, ancient people of Phoenicia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">emigrate to Egypt and then to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">19</a></li> + +<li>Jerusalem, captured by Titus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Christians there receive back the treasures of the temple, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 9</a> </li> + +<li>Jews,</li> +<li class="indent">their treasures brought to Byzantium by Belisarius, +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent back to Jerusalem by Justinian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">one of them warns the Romans not to keep the treasures of the temple in Jerusalem, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 6-8</a></li> + +<li>John the Armenian;</li> +<li class="indent">financial manager of Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commanded to precede the Roman army, III +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">engages with Ammatas at Decimum and defeats his force, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">pursues the fugitives to Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rejoins Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 33</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">entrusted with the command of a skirmishing force, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in the centre at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">begins the fighting, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_10">iii. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_10">12</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_10">13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">pursues Gelimer, IV, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_3">iv. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_10">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">killed accidentally by Uliaris, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_10">iv. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his character, IV, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19"> iv. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">cared for and buried by his soldiers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">mourned by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 24</a></li> + +<li>John, father of Artabanes and John, of the Arsacidae, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2</a></li> + +<li>John, commander of auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. <a href="#PageIV_iii_2">4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent with an army to Caesarea, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 5</a></li> +<li>John, a general under Basiliscus;</li> +<li class="indent">his excellent fighting against the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 22-24</a></li> + +<li>John the Cappadocian, urges Justinian not to make war on the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_7">x. 7-17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">praetorian perfect;</li> +<li class="indent">supplies the army with bad bread, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 12</a> ff.</li> + +<li>John, guardsman of Belisarius;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to the Pillars of Heracles with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 6</a></li> + + + + +<li>John, a Roman soldier, chosen emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his virtues as a ruler, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reduced from power by Theodosius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captured, brutally abused, and killed by Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 9</a></li> + +<li>John of Epidamnus,</li> +<li class="indent">commander-in-chief of infantry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 8</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 2</a></li> + +<li>John, son of John, of the Arsacidae;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Libya in command of Armenians, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Artabanes, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxiv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> +<li>John the mutineer, succeeds Stotzas as general of the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">leads the mutineers to join Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Artabanes against Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">does not take part in the battle, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entertained by Pamphilus at a banquet, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_5">xxviii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">taken from sanctuary, and sent to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 39</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 40</a></li> + +<li>John, brother of Pappus;</li> +<li class="indent">at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">xvii. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made general of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 45</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">his varying fortunes in fighting with the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 46-51</a></li> + +<li>John, son of Sisiniolus;</li> +<li class="indent">sent as commander to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">especially hostile to Sergius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches against the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fails to meet Himerius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 3-5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">quarrels with Sergius, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent against Antalas and Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">meets the enemy at a great disadvantage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his enmity against Stotzas, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gives him a mortal wound in the battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his army routed by the Moors, IV +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_9">xxiv. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 13</a>. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Justinian's sorrow at his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxiv. 16</a></li> + +<li>Joseph, an imperial scribe, sent as envoy to Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">killed by Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 8</a></li> + +<li>Joshua ("Jesus"), son of ("Naues"), brings the Hebrews into Palestine, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subjugates the country, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 14</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">mentioned in a Phoenician inscription, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 22</a></li> + +<li>Juppiter Capitolinus, temple of, in Rome, despoiled by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 4</a></li> +<li>Justinian, succeeds his uncle Justinus as emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on terms of especial friendship with Ilderic, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends warning to Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 10-13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends a second warning to Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_14">ix. 15-19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">approached by Apollinarius and other Libyans seeking help for Ilderic, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares to make war upon Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summons Belisarius from the East to command the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes preparations for the expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">x. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">discouraged by John the Cappadocian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_7">x. 7</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">urged by a priest to prosecute the war, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_13">x. 18-20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">continues preparations III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invited by Godas to support him in Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 28-31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends an envoy to him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">x. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and later an army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">xi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Valerianus and Martinus in advance of the African expedition, III +<a href="#PageIII_xi_23">xi. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">despatches the expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">makes an agreement with Amalasountha for a market, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 5</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">their mutual friendship, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his letter to the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_10">xvi. 12-14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">never properly delivered, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvi. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Goths appeal to him as arbiter, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_23">v. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives report of Belisarius regarding the dispute with the Goths, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_23">v. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hears slander against Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Solomon to test him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends the Jewish treasures back to Jerusalem, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives the homage of Gelimer and of Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distributes rewards to Gelimer and others, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Belisarius against the Goths in Italy, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Germanus to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entrusts Solomon again with the command of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives a letter from Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 6-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">refuses to recall Sergius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Areobindus to Libya IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recalls Sergius and sends him to Italy, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxiv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">appoints Artabanes general of all Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 43</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summons him to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 44</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">uncle of Germanus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and of Vigilantia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Vandals of, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">excluded all not of the orthodox faith from the church, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">years of reign noted, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 1</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_19">xix. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_21">xxi. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 41</a></li> + +<li>Justinus, Roman emperor, uncle of Justinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not a vigorous or skilful ruler, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Ilderic accused of betraying the Vandals to him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_8">ix. 8</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Laribus or Laribous, city in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 48</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">attacked by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 18-20</a></li> + +<li>Latin tongue, the, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 6</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 33</a></li> + +<li>Laurus, a Carthaginian;</li> +<li class="indent">impaled by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_6">i. 8</a></li> + +<li>Leon, emperor of the East, +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends an expedition against the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 1</a> ff., +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">quarrels with Aspar, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">appoints Anthemius emperor of the West, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">wins over the tyrant Marcellianus and sends him against the Vandals in Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dreaded by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 11</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">his expedition destroyed by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_16">vi. 17</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">destroys Aspar and Ardaburius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">husband of Berine, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Ariadne, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 2</a></li> + +<li>Leon the younger, son of Zenon and Ariadne, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes emperor while an infant, III +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dies soon afterwards, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 3</a></li> + +<li>Leontius, son of Zaunus, sent as commander to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fights valorously at the capture of Toumar, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Rufinus, <a href="#PageIV_xx_13"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Leptes, city in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a></li> + +<li>Leptimagna, city in Tripolis;</li> +<li class="indent">threatened by an army of Leuathae, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">15</a></li> + +<li>Lesbos, passed by the fugitive Vandals, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 18</a></li> + +<li>Leuathae, tribe of Moors;</li> +<li class="indent">present demands to Sergius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their representatives received by Sergius and killed, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 4-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">come in arms against Leptimagna, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 12</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">routed by the Romans, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">march against the Romans a second time, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">scorn the overtures of Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 20-22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">capture Solomon, son of Bacchus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">release him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besiege Laribus, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">depart to their homes IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">join the Moors of Byzacium against the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 47</a></li> + +<li>Libya, included in "Asia," III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its aborigines, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Phoenicians emigrate thither, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Phoenician tongue used there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subjugated by the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">failure of the Visigothic king Attalus to get a foothold there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 30</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lost by Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">occupied by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">who remove the walls of the cities, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xv_2">xv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recovered for the Romans by Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_5">xvi. 9</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">prospers under the rule of Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 33</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">who restores the walls of the cities, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overrun by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 26-31</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 49</a></li> + +<li>Libyans, enslaved and impoverished by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 11-13</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">15-17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">cannot trust the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_1">xvi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their sufferings at the hands of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">oppressed by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 20</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enjoy peace at last, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_51">xxviii. 52</a></li> + +<li>Liguria, the army of Majorinus halts there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">11</a></li> + +<li>Lilybaeum, a promontory of Sicily;</li> +<li class="indent">presented to Amalafrida, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Belisarius attempts unsuccessfully to take it, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">he asserts his claim, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 12</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">the claim denied by the Goths, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_15">v. 19</a> ff.</li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Massagetae, called Huns in Procopius' time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their love of wine, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their custom of allowing only members of a certain family to begin a battle, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_12">xviii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in the army of Aetius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in the African expedition of Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 8-10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">12</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_14">xix. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">33</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 2</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">their doubtful allegiance, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_i_6">6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_i_6">9-11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_ii_12">ii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_10">16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the mutineers under John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_8">xxvii. 8</a></li> + +<li>Maeotic Lake, at the eastern extremity of the "Mediterranean," III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">limit of the Euxine, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">home of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Majorica, island in the western Mediterranean, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Apollinarius sent thither with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 7</a></li> + +<li>Majorinus, emperor of the West;</li> +<li class="indent">makes an expedition against the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 4-13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">disguised as an envoy and received by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_7">vii. 8-10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 14</a></li> + +<li>Malea, southern promontory of the Peloponnesus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_2">xiii. 5</a></li> + +<li>Mammes, a place in Byzacium;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon encamps there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">battle fought there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_42">xi. 47-54</a></li> + +<li>Mandracium, the harbour of Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">xx. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">15</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_9">xxvi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">opened to the Roman fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_1">xx. 3</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">entered by Calonymus with a few ships, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 16</a></li> + +<li>Marcellianus, rules as independent tyrant over Dalmatia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">won over by Leon and sent to Sardinia against the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">destroyed by treachery, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 25</a></li> + +<li>Marcellus, commander of auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commander-in-chief of Roman forces in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">51</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">leads his army against Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 52</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 59</a></li> + +<li>Marcentius, commander in Byzacium;</li> +<li class="indent">persuaded by Antalas to join him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">xxvii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">31</a></li> + +<li>Marcian, confidential adviser of Aspar, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">taken prisoner by Gizeric, II. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his career foreshadowed by a sign, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iv. 4-8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spared by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes emperor of the East, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his successful reign, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 7</a></li> + +<li>Marcian, commander of infantry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a></li> + + + +<li>Martinus, commander of auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_23">29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent with Valerian in advance of the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">meets the Roman fleet at Methone, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes with Solomon from the mutiny in Carthage IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 37-40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent back to Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 2</a></li> + +<li>Massonas, son of Mephanias;</li> +<li class="indent">a Moorish ruler, accuses Iaudas to Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a></li> + +<li>Mastigas, Moorish ruler, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 31</a></li> + +<li>Mastinas, ruler of Moors in Mauretania, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a></li> + +<li>Mauritania, occupied by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, seek alliance with the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ruled by Mastinas IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fugitive Vandals return thither, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Iaudas retires thither, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">"First Mauritania," called Zabe, subjugated by Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Stotzas comes thence to join Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">adjoins Numidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 21</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">city of Caesarea there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 5</a></li> + +<li>Maximinus, body-guard of Theodorus the Cappadocian;</li> +<li class="indent">tries to set up a tyranny, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xviii. 1-3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">upon invitation of Germanus, becomes a body-guard of his, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3"> 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his attempt frustrated by Germanus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 8-15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">examined by Germanus and impaled, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_10">xviii. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">18</a></li> + +<li>Maximus the elder, his tyranny, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the festival celebrating his defeat, <a href="#PageIII_iv_13"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Maximus, a Roman senator, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his wife outraged by Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 17-22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plans to murder Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">slanders and destroys Aetius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 25-27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">kills Valentinian, and makes himself tyrant, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_33">iv. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">stoned to death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 2</a></li> + +<li>Medeos, city at the foot of Mt. Papua in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 27</a></li> + +<li>Medic garments, <i>i.e.</i> silk;</li> +<li class="indent">called "seric" in Procopius' time, as coming from the Chinese (Seres);</li> +<li class="indent">worn by the Vandals, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">vi. 7</a></li> + + + +<li>Medissinissas, a Moorish ruler;</li> +<li class="indent">joins in an attack upon a Roman force, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">slays Rufinus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 11</a></li> + +<li>Megara, its distance from Athens the measure of a one day's journey, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 17</a></li> + +<li>Melanchlaenae, an old name for the Goths, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a></li> + +<li>Melita, island between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas + (Malta), III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 16</a></li> + +<li>Membresa, city in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Menephesse, place in Byzacium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 3</a></li> + +<li>Mephanias, a Moor, </li> +<li class="indent">father of Massonas, and father-in-law of Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_4">xiii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">treacherously slain by Iaudas, <a href="#PageIV_xiii_4"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Mercurium, a town near Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_10">xvii. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_7">xx. 10</a></li> + +<li>Mercurius, the Latin name for Hermes, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 10</a></li> + +<li>Methone, a town in the Peloponnesus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Roman fleet stops there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 9-21</a></li> + +<li>Minorica, island in the western Mediterranean, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_15">i. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Apollinarius sent thither with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 7</a></li> + + + +<li>Misuas, the ship-yard of Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 40</a></li> + +<li>Monks, their monastery in Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 17</a></li> + +<li>Moors, a black race of Africa, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">an account of their origin in Palestine, and migration westward, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">driven away from Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 27</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">possess themselves of much of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">take Mt. Aurasium from the Vandals, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">those beyond Mt. Aurasium ruled by Ortaïas, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on Aurasium, ruled by laudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 29</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Mauritania, ruled by Mastinas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">inhabit Mt. Papua, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 27</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vi_10">vi. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vi_20">20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not merged with the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their alliance secured by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">make war on the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dwelling on Mt. Aurasium, establish their independence from the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their wars with Gundamundus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">inflict a great disaster upon the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">viii. 15-28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Byzacium, defeat the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">most of them seek alliance with the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 2-4</a>,</li> + + +<li class="indent">IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_10">viii. 11</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">their doubtful fidelity, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">stationed in the rear of the Vandals at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">threaten the Roman power in Tripolis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on Mt. Papua, drive back Pharas and his men, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_23">vi. 1-3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Byzacium and Numidia, rise and overrun the country, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 20-23</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">x. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">caught by Aïgan and Rufinus in an ambush, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in turn annihilate the Roman force, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">receive a warning letter from Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">xi. 1-8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their reply, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 9-13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon marches against them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepare for battle at Mammes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xi_18">18</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xi_35">37-46</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_42">xi. 47-54</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rise against the Romans a second time, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_51">xii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">establish themselves on Mt. Bourgaon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_2">xii. 3-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">suffer a crushing defeat, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_17">xii. 17</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">finally understand their ancient prophecy, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_21">xii. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">emigrate from Byzacium to Numidia, +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 29</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">those under Antalas remain in Byzacium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xii. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Aurasium, take up arms under Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">checked by Althias at the spring of Tigisis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_4">xiii. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_4">9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in the army of Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">elude Solomon on Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 35</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Solomon prepares another expedition against them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their uncertain allegiance, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 9-12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">join in the pursuit of the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on Aurasium; Solomon marches against them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">flood the Roman camp, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">retire to Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by Solomon, retire to the heights of Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">abandon the fortress of Zerboule to the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_21">xix. 23-32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overwhelmingly defeated at Toumar, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_31">xx. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat the Romans under Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_23">xxi. 25-28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gather under Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">tricked by Solomon the younger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 12-17</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">attack Laribus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 18-20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gathered a second time by Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">capture Himerius and take Hadrumetum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_10">xxiii. 10-15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lose Hadrumetum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">pillage all Libya unhindered, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 26-32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat the Roman army at Siccaveneria, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 8-12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at the invitation of Gontharis, march against Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Coutzinas, in the army of Artabanes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Byzacium, defeated by John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 46</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the Leuathae defeat John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 47</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">48</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">routed in a third battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 50</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_51">51</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">of Coutzinas, in alliance with John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 50</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in Sardinia, Solomon prepares an expedition against them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 41</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">45</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent thither by the Vandals, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 43</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overrun the island, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 42</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">44</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">called Barbaricini, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 44</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their polygamy, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">untrustworthy by nature, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 37</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">even among themselves, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">xxv. 16</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">suspicious toward all, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_1">xxvi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their hardiness as a nation, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">vi. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vi_10">10-13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their reckless character, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_10">viii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their female oracles, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_10">viii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their method of cooking bread, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_34">vii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">accustomed to take some women with their armies, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_18">xi. 18</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xi_18">19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">undesirable allies, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not practised in storming walls, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">not diligent in guarding captives, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the symbols of kingship among them received from the Roman emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 5-7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moorish old man, guardian of Iaudas' treasures, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">slain by a Roman soldier, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moorish woman, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_34">vii. 3</a></li> + +<li>Moses, leader of the Hebrews, his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Nepos, emperor of the West, dies after a reign of a few days, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 15</a></li> + +<li>Numidia, in Africa, adjoins Mauritania, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its boundary near the plain of Boulla, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Mt. Papua on its borders, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">includes Mt. Aurasium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 5</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">and the city of Hippo Regius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 31</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and the city of Tigisis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, seek alliance with the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plundered by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plundered by Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_29">xiii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a place of retreat for the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_41">xv. 44</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">50</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Romans retire from there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Gontharis commander there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors of, march out against Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 2</a></li> + +<li>Nun ("Naues"), father of Joshua ("Jesus"), IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">22</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Ocean, Procopius' conception of it as encircling the earth, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 4</a></li> + +<li>Olyvrius, Roman senator, husband of Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes emperor of the West; killed after a short reign, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Optio (Latin), a kind of adjutant in the Roman</li> +<li class="indent">army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_14">xvii. 1</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_5">xx. 12</a></li> + +<li>Ortaïas, Moorish ruler beyond Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">accuses Iaudas to Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his report of the country beyond his own, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 29</a></li> + + + + +</ul> <ul><li>Palatium, the imperial residence in Rome; </li> +<li class="indent">said to be named from Pallas, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">despoiled by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_33">iv. 34</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a></li> + +<li>Palestine, settlement of the Hebrews there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors emigrated therefrom, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 27</a></li> + +<li>Pallas, an "eponymous" hero, used to explain the word + "Palatium," III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 4</a></li> + +<li>Pannonia, entered by the Goths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">ii. 39</a></li> + +<li>Pappus, brother of John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 45</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commander of cavalry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the right wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a></li> + +<li>Papua, mountain in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Gelimer takes refuge there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">26</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its ascent attempted by Pharas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_23">vi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">closely besieged, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 28</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">vi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Cyprian sent thither to receive Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_11">vii. 11</a></li> + +<li>Pasiphilus, a mutineer in the Roman army; </li> +<li class="indent">active supporter of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 21</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">22</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">36</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">38</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entertains John at a banquet, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxviii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_34">xxviii. 39</a></li> + + +<li>Patrician rank, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_15">ii. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 17</a>, IV. <a href="#PageIV_vi_20">vi. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_1">xvi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Gelimer excluded from it because of Arianism, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 14</a></li> + +<li>Paulus, a priest of Hadrumetum;</li> +<li class="indent">rescues the city from the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 18-25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">comes to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 29</a></li> + +<li>Pedion Halon, in Libya, distance from Decimum;</li> +<li class="indent">forces of Gibamundus destroyed there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_12">xviii. 12</a></li> + +<li>Pegasius, friend of Solomon the younger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 14</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">15</a></li> + +<li>Peloponnesus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 24</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plundered by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 16</a></li> + +<li>Pentapolis, part of Libya;</li> +<li class="indent">its rule falls to Cyrus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xxi. 1</a></li> + +<li>Perinthus, called Heracleia in Procopius' time, +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Persians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_6">xix. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">make peace with the Romans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_1">i. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 25</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Vandals fight against them IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 18</a></li> + +<li>Peter, Roman general, accused by the Massagetae of unfair dealing, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_6">i. 6</a></li> + +<li>Peter, of Thrace, body-guard of Solomon;</li> +<li class="indent">at the banquet of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxviii. 3</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">looks with approval upon Artabanes' plot, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_24">xxviii. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_24">28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with Artabanes cuts down the body-guards who remain, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_24">xxviii. 33</a></li> + +<li>Pharas, leader of Eruli, in the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">left in charge of the siege of Gelimer on Mt. Papua, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 28</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">31</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_23">vi. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his correspondence with Gelimer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_10">vi. 15-30</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_vii_5">vii. 6-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">learns the reasons for Gelimer's peculiar request, and fulfils it, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_27">vi. 31-34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reports to Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vii_5">vii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his good qualities, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">iv. 29</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_27">31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">an uneducated man, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_10">vi. 15</a></li> + +<li>Pharesmanes, father of Zaunas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 19</a></li> + +<li>Phasis River, in Colchis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Chalcedon, <a href="#PageIII_i_9"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Phoenicia, its extent, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ruled by one king in ancient times, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">home of various peoples, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Dido's emigration therefrom, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Phoenician tongue, spoken in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Phoenician writing, on two stones in Numidia IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 22</a></li> + + + +<li>Phredas, friend of Areobindus, sent by him to Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_1">xxvi. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_9">9</a></li> + +<li>Placidia, sister of Arcadius and Honorius and wife of Constantius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">mother of Valentinian, brings him up in vicious ways, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">as regent for her son, appoints Boniface general of all Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gives ear to Aetius' slander of Boniface, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summons him to Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends men to Boniface at Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">upon learning the truth tries to bring him back, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 28</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">finally receives him back, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iii. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">her death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 15</a></li> + +<li>Placidia, daughter of Eudoxia and wife of Olyvrius;</li> +<li class="indent">taken captive by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_4">v. 6</a></li> + +<li>Pontus, see Euxine</li> + +<li>Praetor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_2">x. 3</a></li> + +<li>Praetorian, see Prefect</li> + +<li>Prefect, praetorian prefect (lit. "of the court"), III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_2">x. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_x_7">7</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 12</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">of the army, "financial manager," III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 17</a>. cf. III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_10">xv. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xvii. 16</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 2</a></li> + +<li>Prejecta, daughter of Vigilantia and wife of Areobindus, accompanies him to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">placed in a fortress for her safety, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">removed from the fortress by Gontharis and compelled to give a false report in a letter to Justinian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">presents a great sum of money to Artabanes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 43</a></li> + +<li>Proba, a notable woman of Rome;</li> +<li class="indent">according to one account opened the gates of the city to</li> +<li class="indent">Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 27</a></li> + +<li>Procopius, author of the History of the Wars;</li> +<li class="indent">sails with Belisarius for Africa, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his reassuring dream, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_30">xii. 3-5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent by Belisarius to Syracuse to get information, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">4</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">7-13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">praised by Belisarius III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">congratulates Belisarius upon a good omen, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_31">xv. 35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes from Carthage with Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">goes to Belisarius in Syracuse, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 41</a></li> + +<li>Pudentius, of Tripolis;</li> + + +<li class="indent">recovers this country for the Roman empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 22-24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 22</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives support from Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">persuades Sergius to receive only representatives of the Leuathae, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rights against the Leuathae, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_15">xxii. 15</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Ravenna, city in Italy;</li> +<li class="indent">the refuge of Honorius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">attacked by Alaric and Attalus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 29</a></li> + +<li>Reparatus, priest of Carthage;</li> +<li class="indent">sent by Gontharis to summon Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">with difficulty persuades him to come, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 24-27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">dismissed by Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 31</a></li> + +<li>Rhecimer, slays his father-in-law Anthemius, emperor of the West, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Rhine River, crossed by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 1</a></li> + +<li>Romans, subjects of the Roman empire, both in the East and in the West;</li> +<li class="indent">mentioned constantly throughout;</li> +<li class="indent">celebrate a festival commemorating the overthrow of Maximus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">accustomed to enter subject cities in disorder, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">require especial oaths of loyalty from body-guards of</li> + + +<li class="indent">officers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subjugate the peoples of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lose Libya to Gizeric and the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 31-35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">send an unsuccessful expedition under Basiliscus against the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 1-24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">make peace with the Persians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">ix. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">send a second expedition under Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_29">xi. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat the Vandals at Decimum, III +<a href="#PageIII_xviii_4">xviii. 5-19</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xix_28">xix. 31-33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 4</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat the Moors at the battle of Mammes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_42">xi. 47-54</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on Mt. Bourgaon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_17">xii. 19</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">and on Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 5-xx. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">further conflicts with the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_2">xi.-xxviii.</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">poverty of the Roman soldiers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_3">iv. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their marriages with the Vandal women, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and their desire for the Vandals estates, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">they make a mutiny, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 7</a> ff.</li> + +<li>Rome, abandoned by Honorius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">completely sacked by the Visigoths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captured by Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 14</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">sacked by Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">according to one account, was delivered over to Alaric by Proba, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the suffering of the city during the siege of Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">despoiled by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 1</a> ff., IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a></li> + +<li>Rome, name of a cock of the Emperor Honorius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 26</a></li> + +<li>Rufinus, of Thrace;</li> +<li class="indent">of the house of Belisarius and his standard-bearer, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commander of cavalry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes a successful attack upon the Moors in Byzacium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his force in turn annihilated by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_1">x. 6</a> ff;</li> +<li class="indent">captured and killed, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_x_7">x. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xi_18">xi. 22</a></li> + +<li>Rufinus, son of Zaunas and brother of Leontius;</li> +<li class="indent">sent as commander to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fights valorously at the capture of Toumar, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 19</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Salarian Gate, at Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_15">ii. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">22</a></li> + +<li>Sallust, Roman historian, the house of, burned by Alaric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_21">ii. 24</a></li> + +<li>Sarapis, commander of Roman infantry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 59</a></li> + + + +<li>Sardinia, its size compared with that of Sicily, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 42</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">half way between Rome and Carthage, <a href="#PageIV_xiii_42"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recovered by the Romans from the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">occupied by the tyrant Godas, III +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">27</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">Gelimer sends an expedition to recover it, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subdued by Tzazon, III, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">3</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ii_20"> ii. 25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">avoided by Cyril, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxiv. 19</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">Tzazon and his men summoned thence by Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_23">24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_23">25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recovered for the Roman empire by Cyril, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">v. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 4</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">Solomon sends an expedition against the Moors who had overrun the island, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 41-45</a></li> + +<li>Sauromatae, an old name for the Goths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a></li> + +<li>Scalae Veteres, place in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 3</a></li> + +<li>Scythians, a barbarian people, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_6">xix. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">in the army of Attila, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 24</a></li> + +<li>Scriptures of the Christians;</li> +<li class="indent">Areobindus seeks to protect himself by them, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">see also Gospel, and Hebrew Scriptures</li> + +<li>Septem, fort at the Pillars of Heracles, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">John sent thither with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">v. 6</a></li> + +<li>Sergius, son of Bacchus, and brother of Cyrus;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes ruler of Tripolis in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xxi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Solomon the younger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">threatened by an army of Leuathae, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives representative from them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_2">xxi. 3</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">meets them in battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 13</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">retires into the city, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and receives help from Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">succeeds Solomon in the command of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_23">xxii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his misrule, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his recall demanded by Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Justinian refuses to recall him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">appealed to by Paulus to save Hadrumetum, but does nothing, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 20</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">quarrels with John, son of Sisiniolus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 3</a>; +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">shares the rule of Libya with Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">departs to Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">disregards Areobindus' instructions to unite with John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recalled and sent to Italy, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxiv. 16</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 1</a></li> + + +<li>Seric, see Medic Garments, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">vi. 7</a></li> + +<li>Sestus, city on the Hellespont, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_4">i. 8</a></li> + +<li>Severianus, son of Asiaticus, a Phoenician;</li> +<li class="indent">his daring encounter with the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 6-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">xxiii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Shield Mountain (Clypea), ancient fort on Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 33</a></li> + +<li>Shoal's Head, see Caputvada, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 17</a></li> + +<li>Siccaveneria, city in Libya;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a></li> + +<li>Sicily, its size compared with that of Sardinia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 42</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invaded by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">concessions given the Vandals there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 13</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_15">v. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">reached by the Roman fleet, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiii. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">expedition sent thither by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">claimed by the Goths, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_15">v. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subjugated by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a mutiny there causes Belisarius to return to it, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_41">xv. 48</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">49</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">refuge of Libyans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 28</a></li> + +<li>Sidon, city at the extremity of Phoenicia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 15</a></li> + + +<li>Sigeum, promontory on the coast of the Troad, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_2">xiii. 5</a></li> + +<li>Singidunum, town in the land of the Gepaides, modern Belgrade, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Sinnion, leader of the Massagetae, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 12</a></li> + +<li>Sirmium, town in the land of the Gepaides, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Sisiniolus, father of John, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a></li> + +<li>Sitiphis, metropolis of "First Mauritania," IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 30</a></li> + +<li>Sittas, Roman general; slain by Artabanes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 17</a></li> + +<li>Sophia, name of the great church in Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 26</a></li> + +<li>Solomon, commander of auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a eunuch, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">a native of the country about Daras, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">uncle of Bacchus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xxi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to report Belisarius' victory to the emperor, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxiv. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_2">viii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">left by Belisarius in charge of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives reinforcements from Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">disturbed by the news of uprisings in Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">x. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">writes to the Moorish leaders, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">xi. 1-8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their reply, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 9-13</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">moves against the Moors with his whole army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses his troops, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_18">xi. 23-36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">inflicts a crushing defeat upon the enemy at Mammes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xi_9">xi. 15</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">receives word of the second Moorish uprising, and marches back, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_2">xii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">wins a brilliant victory on Mt. Bourgaon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_2">xii. 3</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">moves against Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">instigated against him by other Moorish leaders, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">encamps on the Abigas River, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_14">xiii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">ascends Mt. Aurasium with few provisions, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 30-33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">eluded by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_29">xiii. 35</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">prepares a second expedition against Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and against Sardinia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">xiii. 41</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_36">45</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">passes the winter in Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">opposed by the soldiers in regard to confiscated lands, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">plan to assassinate him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his guards implicated in the plot, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_23">xiv. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">failure of the conspirators to act, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_23">xiv. 24-27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">tries to win back the loyalty of his men, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 30</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">insulted openly, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Theodorus to the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his enmity toward Theodorus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his acquaintances killed by the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">flees to a sanctuary in the palace, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 37</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">joined by Martinus there, <a href="#PageIV_xiv_37"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">they come out to the house of Theodorus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 38</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">escape in a boat to Misuas, whence he sends Martinus to Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes to Theodorus, and departs to Syracuse, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 41</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">begs Belisarius to come to Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 42</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns with him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_9">xv. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entrusted again with the command of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his prosperous rule, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches against Iaudas once more, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends Gontharis ahead, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hears of the defeat of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_6">xix. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">advances to the camp of Gontharis, thence to Babosis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeats the Moors in battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 17</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">plunders the plain and then returns to Zerboule, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">which he unexpectedly captures, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_21">xix. 25-31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his care of the water supply during the siege of Toumar, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_31">xx. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses the army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_31">xx. 4-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">tries to find a point of attack, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_5">xx. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_5">11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fortifies Mt. Aurasium against the Moors, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">fortifies many Libyan cities with money captured from Iaudas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_23">xx. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">subjugates Zabe, or "First Mauritania," IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">appealed to by Sergius for help, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_10">xxi. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">incurs the enmity of Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 17</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 7</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches against the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his overtures scorned by the Leuathae, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 20-22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captures some booty and refuses to distribute it to the soldiers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_23">xxi. 23</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_23">24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Moors and slain, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_23">xxi. 25-28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Justinian's regard for him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">builds and fortifies a monastery in Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_16">xxvi. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">standards of, recovered from the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 46</a></li> + +<li>Solomon the younger, brother of Cyrus and Sergius;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Solomon against the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> + +<li class="indent">his capture and release, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_8">xxii. 12-17</a></li> + +<li>Solomon, king of the Jews, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 7</a></li> + +<li>Sophia, temple of, in Byzantium;</li> +<li class="indent">appropriateness of its name, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_22">vi. 26</a></li> + +<li>Spain, settled by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invaded by Constantinus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_27">ii. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">settled by the Visigoths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 26</a>. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 7</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 34</a></li> + +<li>Stagnum, a harbour near Carthage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xv_10">xv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Roman fleet anchors there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">xx. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xx_15">16</a></li> + +<li>Stotzas, a body-guard of Martinus,</li> +<li class="indent">destined not to return to Byzantium, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_23">xi. 30</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">chosen tyrant by the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches on Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invites the Vandals to join his army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">demands the surrender of Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">kills the envoy Joseph, and besieges Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses his troops, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_23">xv. 30-39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_33">xv. 40</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">his forces gather in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">the Romans march against him at Gazophyla, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 52</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">comes alone into the Roman army and addresses the soldiers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 53-57</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">received with favour, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 58</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">kills the Roman commanders in a sanctuary, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xv. 59</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">eager to fight a battle with Germanus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_3">xvi. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">approaches Carthage, hoping for defection from there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_9">xvi. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_9">xvi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his hopes falsified, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by Germanus at Scalae Veteres, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvi_24">xvii. 3</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">escapes with a few men, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_21">xvii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">hopes to renew the battle with the help of the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes his escape with difficulty, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">suffers another defeat, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">withdraws to Mauritania and marries the daughter of a Moorish chief, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_30">xvii. 35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the end of his mutiny, <a href="#PageIV_xvii_30"><i>ibid.</i></a>; IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">joins Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxii_2">xxii. 5</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives Roman captives, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_10">xxiii. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_17">17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">joins the Moors in plundering Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_23">xxiii. 26-31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Areobindus sends an army against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his enmity against John, +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 9</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">mortally wounded by him in battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">carried out of the battle, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_7">xxiv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">succeeded by John as tyrant of the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_15">xxv. 3</a></li> + +<li>Syllectus, city in Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_5">xvi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captured by Belisarius' men, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_10">xvi. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">entered by the Roman army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_5">xvii. 6</a></li> + +<li>Symmachus, a Roman senator;</li> +<li class="indent">accompanies Germanus to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_56">xvi. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a></li> + +<li>Syracuse, city in Sicily, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its harbour Arethusa, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Procopius sent thither, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_7">xiv. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Belisarius passes the winter there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 4</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">41</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Caucana, +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 4</a></li> + + +<li>Taenarum, called Caenopolis in Procopius' time;</li> +<li class="indent">promontory of the Peloponnesus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Gizeric repulsed from there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 16</a></li> + + +<li>Tamougadis, a city at the foot of Mt. Aurasium;</li> +<li class="indent">dismantled by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 26</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 20</a></li> + +<li>Tattimuth, sent in command of an army to Tripolis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives support from Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 10</a></li> + +<li>Taulantii, a people of Illyricum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 9</a></li> + +<li>Tebesta, city in Libya;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a></li> + +<li>Terentius, Roman commander of infantry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 50</a></li> + +<li>Theoderic, king of the Goths;</li> +<li class="indent">gives his daughter in marriage to the king of the Vandals, and makes certain concessions in Sicily, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 11-13</a>, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_15">v. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes hostile to the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">refrains from attacking them III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_2">xiv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">grandfather of Antalaric, <a href="#PageIII_xiv_2"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">brother of Amalafrida, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 11</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">13</a></li> + +<li>Theodora, wife of Justinian;</li> +<li class="indent">distributes rewards to Gelimer and others, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 13</a></li> + +<li>Theodorus, youngest son of Gizeric;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 11</a></li> + + +<li>Theodorus, called Cteanus, commander of infantry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a></li> + +<li>Theodorus, commander of guards;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to the top of Mt. Bourgaon by Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xii_17">xii. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">killed by the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his excellent qualities as a soldier, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Theodorus, the Cappadocian;</li> +<li class="indent">sent to Libya with an army, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_17">viii. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent by Solomon to quiet the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his enmity against Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 33</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">elected general by the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_30">xiv. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gives Solomon and Martinus dinner and helps them to escape, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 38</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">bidden by Solomon to take care of Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 41</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">refuses to surrender Carthage to Stotzas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made joint ruler of Carthage with Ildiger, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_49">xv. 49</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_5">xvii. 6</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xvii_14">19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">learns of the plot of Maximinus from Asclepiades, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_3">xviii. 4</a></li> + +<li>Theodosius I, Roman emperor, father of Arcadius and Honorius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_1">i. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overthrows the tyranny of Maximus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 16</a></li> + +<li>Theodosius II, son of Arcadius;</li> + + +<li class="indent">becomes emperor of the East, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 33</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Honorius considers the possibility of finding refuge with him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_32">ii. 32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rears Valentinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">makes him emperor of the West, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sends an army against the tyrant John, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">iv. 39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">succeeded by Marcian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_36">iv. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_8">iv. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Eudoxia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 15</a></li> + +<li>Thrace, starting point of Alaric's invasion, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the Goths settle there for a time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">ii. 39</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">home of several Roman commanders, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">adjoins "Germania," III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">royal horse-pastures there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xii_5">xii. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">home of Himerius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiii_1">xxiii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and of Peter, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_33">xxviii. 3</a></li> + +<li>Thessalian cape, or chlamys, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 7</a></li> + +<li>Theodatus, king of the Goths;</li> +<li class="indent">Belisarius sent against him, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiv. 1</a></li> + +<li>Theudis, king of the Visigoths, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 34</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">receives envoys from Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 7-16</a></li> + +<li>Tigisis, city in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">two Phoenician inscriptions there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_14">x. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its great spring, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_4">xiii. 5</a></li> + +<li>Titus, Roman emperor, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">ix. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his capture of Jerusalem, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">son of Vespasian, <a href="#PageIV_ix_4"><i>ibid.</i></a></li> + +<li>Toumar, place on the summit of Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_21">xix. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besieged by the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_31">xx. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">scaled by Gezon and captured by Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_31">xx. 1-20</a></li> + +<li>Trajan, Roman emperor, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">ix. 2</a></li> + +<li>Trasamundus, brother of Gundamundus;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes king of the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_4">viii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">tries to win over the Christians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">asks the hand of Amalafrida, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes a friend of Anastasius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_9">viii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_27">viii. 29</a></li> + +<li>Tricamarum, place in Libya;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 4</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">Vandals defeated there, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ii_27">iii. 1</a> ff., +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 35</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">v. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">9</a></li> + +<li>Tripolis, district in Libya;</li> +<li class="indent">distance from Gadira, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_9">i. 14</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">the Vandals there defeated by Heraclius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 9</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Moors dwelling there, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">viii. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lost again by the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 22-24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Gelimer hopeless of recovering it, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 22</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Belisarius sends an army thither, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_v_10">v. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">rule of, falls to Sergius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xxi. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Leuathae come from there with a large army, IV +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_42">xxviii. 47</a></li> + +<li>Troy, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_3">xxi. 4</a></li> + +<li>Tryphon, sent to Libya to assess the taxes, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_viii_25">viii. 25</a></li> + +<li>Tuscan Sea, separated from the Adriatic by Gaulus and Melita, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiv_14">xiv. 16</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">severity of its storms, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 37</a></li> + +<li>Tzazon, brother of Gelimer;</li> +<li class="indent">sent with an army to recover Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">overthrows and kills Godas in Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">writes to Gelimer, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 2-4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives a letter from him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_7">xxv. 10-18</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">thereupon departs for Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_15">xxv. 19-21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">meets Gelimer in the Plain of Boulla, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxv_23">xxv. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">addresses his troops separately, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ii_20">ii. 23-32</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">commands the centre at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ii_27">iii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">8</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_10">10</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_iii_10">12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his death, IV. <a href="#PageIV_iii_10">iii. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his head taken to Sardinia by Cyril, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_38">v. 2</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_v_3">4</a></li> + +</ul> <ul><li>Uliaris, body-guard of Belisarius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_22">xix. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">his stupid action at Decimum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_22">xix. 24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">kills John the Armenian accidentally, +<a href="#PageIV_iv_10">iv. 15</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">takes refuge in a sanctuary, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">spared by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_19">iv. 25</a></li> + +<li>Ulitheus, trusted body-guard of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">bears messages to Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_4">xxv. 8-11</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxv_11">19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">at Gontharis' order assassinates Areobindus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_25">xxvi. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvi_33">33</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_17">xxvii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">marches with Artabanes against Antalas, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxvii_22">xxvii. 25</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">killed by Artasires at the banquet of Gontharis, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxviii_14">xxviii. 19</a> ff.</li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Valentinian, son of Constantius, reared by Theodosius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">made emperor of the West, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_4">iii. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captures John and after brutal abuse kills him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 9</a>;</li> + + + +<li class="indent">his viciousness resulting from early training, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 10</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">11</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">loses Libya to the empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">receives tribute and a hostage from Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">returns the hostage, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">slays Aetius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_20">iv. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">outrages the wife of Maximus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 16</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">slain by him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iv_33">36</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">son of Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_9">iii. 10</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">father of Eudocia and Placidia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">husband of Eudoxia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_13">iv. 15</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">members of his family receive rewards from Justinian and Theodora, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_11">ix. 13</a></li> + +<li>Valerian, commander of auxiliaries, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_2">xi. 6</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">sent with Martinus in advance of the African expedition, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_16">xi. 24</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xi_23">xi. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">meets the Roman fleet at Methone, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_8">xiii. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_2">iii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Martinus sent to him in Numidia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_37">xiv. 40</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">summoned to Byzantium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 2</a></li> + +<li>Vandals, a Gothic people, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">whence they came into the Roman empire, III. +<a href="#PageIII_i_1">i. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 1</a> ff.;</li> + + +<li class="indent">a portion of them left behind and lost to memory, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxii. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">settle in Spain, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_39">iii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their alliance sought by Boniface, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_16">iii. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">25</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">cross from Spain into Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat Boniface in battle, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 31</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besiege Hippo Regius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 32</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeat a second Roman army, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_29">iii. 35</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">secure possession of Libya, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_23">xxii. 4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">send Moors to Sardinia, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_42">xiii. 43</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">take the church of St. Cyprian at Carthage from the Christians, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxi_17">xxi. 19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invade Italy and sack Rome, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iv_38">v. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">their numbers together with the Alani, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 18-20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">absorb all barbarian peoples associated with them except the Moors, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_18">v. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Leon sends an expedition against them, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_25">vi. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">driven out of Sardinia by Marcellianus; III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_4">vi. 8</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated in Tripolis by Heraclius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vi_10">vi. 9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">lost Mt. Aurasium to the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiii_21">xiii. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">enter into an "endless peace" with the emperor Zeno, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 26</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">make war on the Moors, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">viii. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">2</a>;</li> + + +<li class="indent">suffer a great disaster at the hands of the Moors, III. +<a href="#PageIII_viii_15">viii. 15-28</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Moors, and become enemies of the Goths, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_3">ix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated many times by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_x_24">x. 29</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Justinian prepares an expedition against them, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ix_23">x. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">lose Tripolis, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 22-24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">and Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_x_20">x. 25-27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">letter addressed to them by Justinian, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_10">xvi. 12-14</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">recover Sardinia, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 1</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Romans at Decimum, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvii_16">xviii. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">greatly feared by the Roman army III. +<a href="#PageIII_xix_22">xix. 27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">collected by Gelimer in the Plain of Boulla, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_19">xxv. 1</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">besiege Carthage, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invite the Huns to join them, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_1">i. 5</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">defeated by the Romans at Tricamarum, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_i_25">ii. 4</a> ff.;</li> +<li class="indent">taken to Byzantium by Belisarius, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 17</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">some of them go to the East, while the others escape to Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 17-19</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">together with their women, sent out of Libya, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">upon invitation of Stotzas, join the mutineers, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">xv. 3</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xv_1">4</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">accumulate great wealth in Africa, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iii_26">iii. 26</a>;</li> + + + + + + +<li class="indent">not trusted by the Libyans, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_1">xvi. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their effeminacy as a nation, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_vi_3">vi. 5-9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their women, as wives of the Romans, incite them to mutiny, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">xiv. 8</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_4">9</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">priests of, incite Romans of Arian faith to mutiny, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_10">xiv. 13</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Vandals' estates, established by Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_v_9">v. 12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">Vandals of Justinian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xiv_17">xiv. 17</a></li> + +<li>Veredarii (Latin), royal messengers, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xvi_10">xvi. 12</a></li> + +<li>Vespasian, Roman emperor, father of Titus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_ix_4">ix. 5</a></li> + +<li>Vigilantia, mother of Prejecta, and sister of Justinian, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xxiv_1">xxiv. 3</a></li> + +<li>Visigoths, a Gothic people, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">their alliance with Arcadius, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_2">ii. 7</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">the destruction wrought by them in Italy, III. +<a href="#PageIII_ii_8">ii. 11-12</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">settle in Spain, III. +<a href="#PageIII_iii_23">iii. 26</a>; IV. +<a href="#PageIV_iv_32">iv. 34</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">invited to form alliance with the Vandals, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxiv_1">xxiv. 7</a></li> + + +</ul> <ul><li>Zabe, called "First Mauritania";</li> +<li class="indent">subjugated by Solomon, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xx_30">xx. 30</a></li> + +<li>Zacynthus, island off the coast of Greece, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xiii_21">xiii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">its inhabitants the victims of Gizeric's atrocity, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">xxii. 15</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">17</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_xxii_12">18</a></li> + +<li>Zaïdus, commander of Roman infantry, III. +<a href="#PageIII_xi_7">xi. 7</a></li> + +<li>Zaunus, son of Paresmanes, and father of Leontius and Rufinus, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xviii_18">xix. 1</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xx_13">xx. 19</a></li> + +<li>Zeno, emperor of the East;</li> +<li class="indent">husband of Ariadne, and father of Leon the younger, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 2</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">shares the empire with his infant son, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_1">vii. 3</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">flees into Isauria, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 18</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">gathers an army and marches against Basiliscus, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_13">vii. 20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">meets Harmatus and receives the army by surrender, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 21</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">captures Basiliscus and banishes him, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 22</a>, +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">24</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">becomes emperor a second time, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_21">vii. 23</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">kills Harmatus, <a href="#PageIII_vii_21"><i>ibid.</i></a>;</li> +<li class="indent">forms a compact with Gizeric, III. +<a href="#PageIII_vii_26">vii. 26</a></li> + +<li>Zerboule, fortress on Mt. Aurasium, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">xix. 19</a>, +<a href="#PageIV_xix_15">20</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">besieged by the Romans, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_21">xix. 23-27</a>;</li> +<li class="indent">abandoned by the Moors, IV. +<a href="#PageIV_xix_21">xix. 28-32</a></li> +</ul> + +<div class='tnote'><p>Transcriber's Note: Periods added in index to some instances of Roman +numerals to conform to rest of index.</p> + +<p class='center'>Index Errata:</p> + +<p>Under Adriatic Sea "Melite" should read "Melita"<br /> +<br /> +"Apollonaris" should read "Apollonarius"<br /> +<br /> +"Arethusa" should read "Arethousa" (also under Syracuse)<br /> +<br /> +Under Ariadne "Zenon" should read "Zeno" <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Also under: Basiliscus, brother of Berine</span> <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Basiliscus, son of Harmatus</span> <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Gizeric</span> <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Harmatus</span> <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Leon the younger</span><br /> +<br /> +"Atalaric" should read "Antalaric" <br /> +<br /> +Under Atalaric "Amalasuntha" should read "Amalasountha"<br /> +<br /> +"Centenarium" should read "Centenaria"<br /> +<br /> +"Dromon" should read "Dromone"<br /> +<br /> +"Gepaides" should read "Gepaedes" <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Also under: Singidunum</span> <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Sirmium</span><br /> +<br /> +Under Gizeric "Olyvrius" should read "Olybrius" <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Also under: Olyvrius</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Placidia</span><br /> +<br /> +"Heraclius" should read "Heracleius" <br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Also under: Tripolis </span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Vandals</span><br /> +<br /> +Under Iaudas "Mephanius" should read "Mephanias"<br /> +<br /> +"Iourpouthes" should read "Iourphothes"<br /> +<br /> +Under John, the mutineer, "Pamphilus" should read "Pasiphilus"<br /> +<br /> +"Juppiter" should read "Jupiter"<br /> +<br /> +Under Leontius "Zaunus" should read "Zaunas"<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Also under: Zaunus</span><br /> +<br /> +"Leptes" should read "Leptis"<br /> +<br /> +"Medeos" should read "Medeus"<br /> +<br /> +"Medissinissas" should read "Medisinissas"<br /> +<br /> +Under Zaunus "Paresmanes" should read "Pharesmanes"</p></div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" noshade="noshade" size="4" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WARS, BOOKS III AND IV (OF 8)***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 16765-h.txt or 16765-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/7/6/16765">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/7/6/16765</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution.</p> + + + +<pre> +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +<a href="https://gutenberg.org/license">https://gutenberg.org/license)</a>. + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: +https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">https://www.gutenberg.org</a> + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. + +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/">https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/</a> + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL">https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL</a> + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** +</pre> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/16765.txt b/16765.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87ed629 --- /dev/null +++ b/16765.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9003 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, History of the Wars, Books III and IV (of 8), +by Procopius, Translated by H. B. Dewing + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: History of the Wars, Books III and IV (of 8) + The Vandalic War + + +Author: Procopius + +Translator: H. B. Dewing + + +Release Date: September 27, 2005 [eBook #16765] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WARS, BOOKS III AND +IV (OF 8)*** + + +E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, jayam, and the Project Gutenberg +Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/) + + + +PROCOPIUS + +With an English Translation by H. B. Dewing + +In Seven Volumes + +II + +HISTORY OF THE WARS, BOOKS III AND IV + +London +William Heinemann Ltd +Cambridge, Massachusetts +Harvard University Press + +MCMLXXI + +First Printed 1916 + + + + + + + +CONTENTS + + + HISTORY OF THE WARS-- + + PAGE + BOOK III.--THE VANDALIC WAR 1 + BOOK IV.--THE VANDALIC WAR _(CONTINUED)_ 209 + + INDEX 461 + + + + + + + +PROCOPIUS OF CAESAREA + +HISTORY OF THE WARS. + +BOOK III + +THE VANDALIC WAR + + +I + +Such, then, was the final outcome of the Persian War for the Emperor +Justinian; and I shall now proceed to set forth all that he did against +the Vandals and the Moors. But first shall be told whence came the host +of the Vandals when they descended upon the land of the Romans. After +Theodosius, the Roman Emperor, had departed from the world, having +proved himself one of the most just of men and an able warrior, his +kingdom was taken over by his two sons, Arcadius, the elder, receiving +the Eastern portion, and Honorius, the younger, the Western. [Jan. 17, +395 A.D.] But the Roman power had been thus divided as far back as the +time of Constantine and his sons; for he transferred his government to +Byzantium, and making the city larger and much more renowned, allowed it +to be named after him. + +Now the earth is surrounded by a circle of ocean, either entirely or for +the most part (for our knowledge is not as yet at all clear in this +matter); and it is split into two continents by a sort of outflow from +the ocean, a flow which enters at the western part and forms this Sea +which we know, beginning at Gadira[1] and extending all the way to the +Maeotic Lake.[2] Of these two continents the one to the right, as one +sails into the Sea, as far as the Lake, has received the name of Asia, +beginning at Gadira and at the southern[3] of the two Pillars of +Heracles. Septem[4] is the name given by the natives to the fort at that +point, since seven hills appear there; for "septem" has the force of +"seven" in the Latin tongue. And the whole continent opposite this was +named Europe. And the strait at that point separates the two +continents[5] by about eighty-four stades, but from there on they are +kept apart by wide expanses of sea as far as the Hellespont. For at this +point they again approach each other at Sestus and Abydus, and once more +at Byzantium and Chalcedon as far as the rocks called in ancient times +the "Dark Blue Rocks," where even now is the place called Hieron. For at +these places the continents are separated from one another by a distance +of only ten stades and even less than that. + +Now the distance from one of the Pillars of Heracles to the other, if +one goes along the shore and does not pass around the Ionian Gulf and +the sea called the Euxine but crosses from Chalcedon[6] to Byzantium and +from Dryous[7] to the opposite mainland,[8] is a journey of two hundred +and eighty-five days for an unencumbered traveller. For as to the land +about the Euxine Sea, which extends from Byzantium to the Lake, it would +be impossible to tell everything with precision, since the barbarians +beyond the Ister River, which they also call the Danube, make the shore +of that sea quite impossible for the Romans to traverse--except, indeed, +that from Byzantium to the mouth of the Ister is a journey of twenty-two +days, which should be added to the measure of Europe by one making the +computation. And on the Asiatic side, that is from Chalcedon to the +Phasis River, which, flowing from the country of the Colchians, descends +into the Pontus, the journey is accomplished in forty days. So that the +whole Roman domain, according to the distance along the sea at least, +attains the measure of a three hundred and forty-seven days' journey, +if, as has been said, one ferries over the Ionian Gulf, which extends +about eight hundred stades from Dryous. For the passage across the +gulf[9] amounts to a journey of not less than four days. Such, then, was +the size of the Roman empire in the ancient times. + +And there fell to him who held the power in the West the most of Libya, +extending ninety days' journey--for such is the distance from Gadira to +the boundaries of Tripolis in Libya; and in Europe he received as his +portion territory extending seventy-five days' journey--for such is the +distance from the northern[10] of the Pillars of Heracles to the Ionian +Gulf.[11] And one might add also the distance around the gulf. And the +emperor of the East received territory extending one hundred and twenty +days' journey, from the boundaries of Cyrene in Libya as far as +Epidamnus, which lies on the Ionian Gulf and is called at the present +time Dyrrachium, as well as that portion of the country about the Euxine +Sea which, as previously stated, is subject to the Romans. Now one day's +journey extends two hundred and ten stades,[12] or as far as from Athens +to Megara. Thus, then, the Roman emperors divided either continent +between them. And among the islands Britain, which is outside the +Pillars of Heracles and by far the largest of all islands, was counted, +as is natural, with the West; and inside the Pillars, Ebusa,[13] which +lies in the Mediterranean in what we may call the Propontis, just inside +the opening where the ocean enters, about seven days' journey from the +opening, and two others near it, Majorica and Minorica, as they are +called by the natives, were also assigned to the Western empire. And +each of the islands in the Sea itself fell to the share of that one of +the two emperors within whose boundaries it happened to lie. + + +II + +Now while Honorius was holding the imperial power in the West, +barbarians took possession of his land; and I shall tell who they were +and in what manner they did so. [395-423 A.D.] There were many Gothic +nations in earlier times, just as also at the present, but the greatest +and most important of all are the Goths, Vandals, Visigoths, and +Gepaedes. In ancient times, however, they were named Sauromatae and +Melanchlaeni;[14] and there were some too who called these nations +Getic. All these, while they are distinguished from one another by their +names, as has been said, do not differ in anything else at all. For they +all have white bodies and fair hair, and are tall and handsome to look +upon, and they use the same laws and practise a common religion. For +they are all of the Arian faith, and have one language called Gothic; +and, as it seems to me, they all came originally from one tribe, and +were distinguished later by the names of those who led each group. This +people used to dwell above the Ister River from of old. Later on the +Gepaedes got possession of the country about Singidunum[15] and +Sirmium,[16] on both sides of the Ister River, where they have remained +settled even down to my time. + +But the Visigoths, separating from the others, removed from there and at +first entered into an alliance with the Emperor Arcadius, but at a later +time (for faith with the Romans cannot dwell in barbarians), under the +leadership of Alaric, they became hostile to both emperors, and, +beginning with Thrace, treated all Europe as an enemy's land. Now the +Emperor Honorius had before this time been sitting in Rome, with never a +thought of war in his mind, but glad, I think, if men allowed him to +remain quiet in his palace. But when word was brought that the +barbarians with a great army were not far off, but somewhere among the +Taulantii,[17] he abandoned the palace and fled in disorderly fashion to +Ravenna, a strong city lying just about at the end of the Ionian Gulf, +while some say that he brought in the barbarians himself, because an +uprising had been started against him among his subjects; but this does +not seem to me trustworthy, as far, at least, as one can judge of the +character of the man. And the barbarians, finding that they had no +hostile force to encounter them, became the most cruel of all men. For +they destroyed all the cities which they captured, especially those +south of the Ionian Gulf, so completely that nothing has been left to my +time to know them by, unless, indeed, it might be one tower or one gate +or some such thing which chanced to remain. And they killed all the +people, as many as came in their way, both old and young alike, sparing +neither women nor children. Wherefore even up to the present time Italy +is sparsely populated. They also gathered as plunder all the money out +of all Europe, and, most important of all, they left in Rome nothing +whatever of public or private wealth when they moved on to Gaul. But I +shall now tell how Alaric captured Rome. + +After much time had been spent by him in the siege, and he had not been +able either by force or by any other device to capture the place, he +formed the following plan. Among the youths in the army whose beards had +not yet grown, but who had just come of age, he chose out three hundred +whom he knew to be of good birth and possessed of valour beyond their +years, and told them secretly that he was about to make a present of +them to certain of the patricians in Rome, pretending that they were +slaves. And he instructed them that, as soon as they got inside the +houses of those men, they should display much gentleness and moderation +and serve them eagerly in whatever tasks should be laid upon them by +their owners; and he further directed them that not long afterwards, on +an appointed day at about midday, when all those who were to be their +masters would most likely be already asleep after their meal, they +should all come to the gate called Salarian and with a sudden rush kill +the guards, who would have no previous knowledge of the plot, and open +the gates as quickly as possible. After giving these orders to the +youths, Alaric straightway sent ambassadors to the members of the +senate, stating that he admired them for their loyalty toward their +emperor, and that he would trouble them no longer, because of their +valour and faithfulness, with which it was plain that they were endowed +to a remarkable degree, and in order that tokens of himself might be +preserved among men both noble and brave, he wished to present each one +of them with some domestics. After making this declaration and sending +the youths not long afterwards, he commanded the barbarians to make +preparations for the departure, and he let this be known to the Romans. +And they heard his words gladly, and receiving the gifts began to be +exceedingly happy, since they were completely ignorant of the plot of +the barbarian. For the youths, by being unusually obedient to their +owners, averted suspicion, and in the camp some were already seen moving +from their positions and raising the siege, while it seemed that the +others were just on the point of doing the very same thing. But when the +appointed day had come, Alaric armed his whole force for the attack and +was holding them in readiness close by the Salarian Gate; for it +happened that he had encamped there at the beginning of the siege. And +all the youths at the time of the day agreed upon came to this gate, +and, assailing the guards suddenly, put them to death; then they opened +the gates and received Alaric and the army into the city at their +leisure. [Aug. 24, 410 A.D.] And they set fire to the houses which were +next to the gate, among which was also the house of Sallust, who in +ancient times wrote the history of the Romans, and the greater part of +this house has stood half-burned up to my time; and after plundering the +whole city and destroying the most of the Romans, they moved on. At that +time they say that the Emperor Honorius in Ravenna received the message +from one of the eunuchs, evidently a keeper of the poultry, that Rome +had perished. And he cried out and said, "And yet it has just eaten from +my hands!" For he had a very large cock, Rome by name; and the eunuch +comprehending his words said that it was the city of Rome which had +perished at the hands of Alaric, and the emperor with a sigh of relief +answered quickly: "But I, my good fellow, thought that my fowl Rome had +perished." So great, they say, was the folly with which this emperor was +possessed. + +But some say that Rome was not captured in this way by Alaric, but that +Proba, a woman of very unusual eminence in wealth and in fame among the +Roman senatorial class, felt pity for the Romans who were being +destroyed by hunger and the other suffering they endured; for they were +already even tasting each other's flesh; and seeing that every good hope +had left them, since both the river and the harbour were held by the +enemy, she commanded her domestics, they say, to open the gates by +night. + +Now when Alaric was about to depart from Rome, he declared Attalus, one +of their nobles, emperor of the Romans, investing him with the diadem +and the purple and whatever else pertains to the imperial dignity. And +he did this with the intention of removing Honorius from his throne and +of giving over the whole power in the West to Attalus. With such a +purpose, then, both Attalus and Alaric were going with a great army +against Ravenna. But this Attalus was neither able to think wisely +himself, nor to be persuaded by one who had wisdom to offer. So while +Alaric did not by any means approve the plan, Attalus sent commanders to +Libya without an army. Thus, then, were these things going on. + +And the island of Britain revolted from the Romans, and the soldiers +there chose as their king Constantinus, a man of no mean station. [407 +A.D.] And he straightway gathered a fleet of ships and a formidable army +and invaded both Spain and Gaul with a great force, thinking to enslave +these countries. But Honorius was holding ships in readiness and waiting +to see what would happen in Libya, in order that, if those sent by +Attalus were repulsed, he might himself sail for Libya and keep some +portion of his own kingdom, while if matters there should go against +him, he might reach Theodosius and remain with him. For Arcadius had +already died long before, and his son Theodosius, still a very young +child,[18] held the power of the East. [408-450 A.D.] But while Honorius +was thus anxiously awaiting the outcome of these events and tossed amid +the billows of uncertain fortune, it so chanced that some wonderful +pieces of good fortune befell him. For God is accustomed to succour +those who are neither clever nor able to devise anything of themselves, +and to lend them assistance, if they be not wicked, when they are in the +last extremity of despair; such a thing, indeed, befell this emperor. +For it was suddenly reported from Libya that the commanders of Attalus +had been destroyed, and that a host of ships was at hand from Byzantium +with a very great number of soldiers who had come to assist him, though +he had not expected them, and that Alaric, having quarrelled with +Attalus, had stripped him of the emperor's garb and was now keeping him +under guard in the position of a private citizen. [411 A.D.] And +afterwards Alaric died of disease, and the army of the Visigoths under +the leadership of Adaulphus proceeded into Gaul, and Constantinus, +defeated in battle, died with his sons. However the Romans never +succeeded in recovering Britain, but it remained from that time on under +tyrants. And the Goths, after making the crossing of the Ister, at first +occupied Pannonia, but afterwards, since the emperor gave them the +right, they inhabited the country of Thrace. And after spending no great +time there they conquered the West. But this will be told in the +narrative concerning the Goths. + + +III + +Now the Vandals dwelling about the Maeotic Lake, since they were pressed +by hunger, moved to the country of the Germans, who are now called +Franks, and the river Rhine, associating with themselves the Alani, a +Gothic people. Then from there, under the leadership of Godigisclus, +they moved and settled in Spain, which is the first land of the Roman +empire on the side of the ocean. At that time Honorius made an agreement +with Godigisclus that they should settle there on condition that it +should not be to the detriment of the country. But there was a law among +the Romans, that if any persons should fail to keep their property in +their own possession, and if, meanwhile, a time amounting to thirty +years should pass, that these persons should thenceforth not be entitled +to proceed against those who had forced them out, but they were excluded +by demurrer[19] from access to the court; and in view of this he +established a law that whatever time should be spent by the Vandals in +the Roman domain should not by any means be counted toward this +thirty-year demurrer. And Honorius himself, when the West had been +driven by him to this pass, died of disease. [Aug. 27, 423 A.D.] Now +before this, as it happened, the royal power had been shared by Honorius +with Constantius, the husband of Placidia, the sister of Arcadius and +Honorius; but he lived to exercise the power only a few days, and then, +becoming seriously ill, he died while Honorius was still living, [421 +A.D.] having never succeeded in saying or in doing anything worth +recounting; for the time was not sufficient during which he lived in +possession of the royal power. Now a son of this Constantius, +Valentinian, a child just weaned, was being reared in the palace of +Theodosius, but the members of the imperial court in Rome chose one of +the soldiers there, John by name, as emperor. This man was both gentle +and well-endowed with sagacity and thoroughly capable of valorous deeds. +At any rate he held the tyranny five years[20] and directed it with +moderation, and he neither gave ear to slanderers nor did he do any +unjust murder, willingly at least, nor did he set his hand to robbing +men of money; but he did not prove able to do anything at all against +the barbarians, since his relations with Byzantium were hostile. Against +this John, Theodosius, the son of Arcadius, sent a great army and Aspar +and Ardaburius, the son of Aspar, as generals, and wrested from him the +tyranny and gave over the royal power to Valentinian, who was still a +child. And Valentinian took John alive, and he brought him out in the +hippodrome of Aquileia with one of his hands cut off and caused him to +ride in state on an ass, and then after he had suffered much ill +treatment from the stage-performers there, both in word and in deed, he +put him to death. [426 A.D.] Thus Valentinian took over the power of the +West. But Placidia, his mother, had reared this emperor and educated him +in an altogether effeminate manner, and in consequence he was filled +with wickedness from childhood. For he associated mostly with sorcerers +and those who busy themselves with the stars, and, being an +extraordinarily zealous pursuer of love affairs with other men's wives, +he conducted himself in a most indecent manner, although he was married +to a woman of exceptional beauty. [455 A.D.] And not only was this true, +but he also failed to recover for the empire anything of what had been +wrested from it before, and he both lost Libya in addition to the +territory previously lost and was himself destroyed. And when he +perished, it fell to the lot of his wife and his children to become +captives. Now the disaster in Libya came about as follows. + +There were two Roman generals, Aetius and Boniface, especially valiant +men and in experience of many wars inferior to none of that time at +least. These two came to be at variance in regard to matters of state, +but they attained to such a degree of highmindedness and excellence in +every respect that if one should call either of them "the last of the +Romans" he would not err, so true was it that all the excellent +qualities of the Romans were summed up in these two men. One of these, +Boniface, was appointed by Placidia general of all Libya. Now this was +not in accord with the wishes of Aetius, but he by no means disclosed +the fact that it did not please him. For their hostility had not as yet +come to light, but was concealed behind the countenance of each. But +when Boniface had got out of the way, Aetius slandered him to Placidia, +saying that he was setting up a tyranny and had robbed her and the +emperor of all Libya, and he said that it was very easy for her to find +out the truth; for if she should summon Boniface to Rome, he would never +come. And when the woman heard this, Aetius seemed to her to speak well +and she acted accordingly. But Aetius, anticipating her, wrote to +Boniface secretly that the mother of the emperor was plotting against +him and wished to put him out of the way. And he predicted to him that +there would be convincing proof of the plot; for he would be summoned +very shortly for no reason at all. Such was the announcement of the +letter. And Boniface did not disregard the message, for as soon as those +arrived who were summoning him to the emperor, he refused to give heed +to the emperor and his mother, disclosing to no one the warning of +Aetius. So when Placidia heard this, she thought that Aetius was +exceedingly well-disposed towards the emperor's cause and took under +consideration the question of Boniface. But Boniface, since it did not +seem to him that he was able to array himself against the emperor, and +since if he returned to Rome there was clearly no safety for him, began +to lay plans so that, if possible, he might have a defensive alliance +with the Vandals, who, as previously stated, had established themselves +in Spain not far from Libya. There Godigisclus had died and the royal +power had fallen to his sons, Gontharis, who was born to him from his +wedded wife, and Gizeric,[21] of illegitimate birth. But the former was +still a child and not of very energetic temper, while Gizeric had been +excellently trained in warfare, and was the cleverest of all men. +Boniface accordingly sent to Spain those who were his own most intimate +friends and gained the adherence of each of the sons of Godigisclus on +terms of complete equality, it being agreed that each one of the three, +holding a third part of Libya, should rule over his own subjects; but if +a foe should come against any one of them to make war, that they should +in common ward off the aggressors. On the basis of this agreement the +Vandals crossed the strait at Gadira and came into Libya, and the +Visigoths in later times settled in Spain. But in Rome the friends of +Boniface, remembering the character of the man and considering how +strange his action was, were greatly astonished to think that Boniface +was setting up a tyranny, and some of them at the order of Placidia went +to Carthage. There they met Boniface, and saw the letter of Aetius, and +after hearing the whole story they returned to Rome as quickly as they +could and reported to Placidia how Boniface stood in relation to her. +And though the woman was dumbfounded, she did nothing unpleasant to +Aetius nor did she upbraid him for what he had done to the emperor's +house, for he himself wielded great power and the affairs of the empire +were already in an evil plight; but she disclosed to the friends of +Boniface the advice Aetius had given, and, offering oaths and pledges of +safety, entreated them to persuade the man, if they could, to return to +his fatherland and not to permit the empire of the Romans to lie under +the hand of barbarians. And when Boniface heard this, he repented of his +act and of his agreement with the barbarians, and he besought them +incessantly, promising them everything, to remove from Libya. But since +they did not receive his words with favour, but considered that they +were being insulted, he was compelled to fight with them, and being +defeated in the battle, he retired to Hippo[22] Regius, a strong city in +the portion of Numidia that is on the sea. There the Vandals made camp +under the leadership of Gizeric and began a siege; for Gontharis had +already died. And they say that he perished at the hand of his brother. +The Vandals, however, do not agree with those who make this statement, +but say that Gontharis' was captured in battle by Germans in Spain and +impaled, and that Gizeric was already sole ruler when he led the Vandals +into Libya. This, indeed, I have heard from the Vandals, stated in this +way. But after much time had passed by, since they were unable to secure +Hippo Regius either by force or by surrender, and since at the same time +they were being pressed by hunger, they raised the siege. And a little +later Boniface and the Romans in Libya, since a numerous army had come +from both Rome and Byzantium and Aspar with them as general, decided to +renew the struggle, and a fierce battle was fought in which they were +badly beaten by the enemy, and they made haste to flee as each one +could. And Aspar betook himself homeward, and Boniface, coming before +Placidia, acquitted himself of the suspicion, showing that it had arisen +against him for no true cause. + + +IV + +So the Vandals, having wrested Libya from the Romans in this way, made +it their own. And those of the enemy whom they took alive they reduced +to slavery and held under guard. Among these happened to be Marcian, who +later upon the death of Theodosius assumed the imperial power. At that +time, however, Gizeric commanded that the captives be brought into the +king's courtyard, in order that it might be possible for him, by looking +at them, to know what master each of them might serve without +degradation. And when they were gathered under the open sky, about +midday, the season being summer, they were distressed by the sun and sat +down. And somewhere or other among them Marcian, quite neglected, was +sleeping. Then an eagle flew over him spreading out his wings, as they +say, and always remaining in the same place in the air he cast a shadow +over Marcian alone. And Gizeric, upon seeing from the upper storey what +was happening, since he was an exceedingly discerning person, suspected +that the thing was a divine manifestation, and summoning the man +enquired of him who he might be. And he replied that he was a +confidential adviser of Aspar; such a person the Romans call a +"domesticus" in their own tongue. And when Gizeric heard this and +considered first the meaning of the bird's action, and then remembered +how great power Aspar exercised in Byzantium, it became evident to him +that the man was being led to royal power. He therefore by no means +deemed it right to kill him, reasoning that, if he should remove him +from the world, it would be very clear that the thing which the bird had +done was nothing (for he would not honour with his shadow a king who was +about to die straightway), and he felt, too, that he would be killing +him for no good cause; and if, on the other hand, it was fated that in +later times the man should become king, it would never be within his +power to inflict death upon him; for that which has been decided upon by +God could never be prevented by a man's decision. But he bound Marcian +by oaths that, if it should be in his power, he would never take up arms +against the Vandals at least. [450 A.D.] Thus, then, Marcian was +released and came to Byzantium, and when at a later time Theodosius died +he received the empire. And in all other respects he proved himself a +good emperor, but he paid no attention at all to affairs in Libya. But +this happened in later times. + +At that time Gizeric, after conquering Aspar and Boniface in battle, +displayed a foresight worth recounting, whereby he made his good fortune +most thoroughly secure. For fearing lest, if once again an army should +come against him from both Rome and Byzantium, the Vandals might not be +able to use the same strength and enjoy the same fortune, (since human +affairs are wont to be overturned by Heaven and to fail by reason of the +weakness of men's bodies), he was not lifted up by the good fortune he +had enjoyed, but rather became moderate because of what he feared, and +so he made a treaty with the Emperor Valentinian providing that each +year he should pay to the emperor tribute from Libya, and he delivered +over one of his sons, Honoric, as a hostage to make this agreement +binding. So Gizeric both showed himself a brave man in the battle and +guarded the victory as securely as possible, and, since the friendship +between the two peoples increased greatly, he received back his son +Honoric. And at Rome Placidia had died before this time, and after her, +Valentinian, her son, also died, having no male offspring, but two +daughters had been born to him from Eudoxia, the child of Theodosius. +And I shall now relate in what manner Valentinian died. + +There was a certain Maximus, a Roman senator, of the house of that +Maximus[23] who, while usurping the imperial power, was overthrown by +the elder Theodosius and put to death, and on whose account also the +Romans celebrate the annual festival named from the defeat of Maximus. +This younger Maximus was married to a woman discreet in her ways and +exceedingly famous for her beauty. For this reason a desire came over +Valentinian to have her to wife. And since it was impossible, much as he +wished it, to meet her, he plotted an unholy deed and carried it to +fulfilment. For he summoned Maximus to the palace and sat down with him +to a game of draughts, and a certain sum was set as a penalty for the +loser; and the emperor won in this game, and receiving Maximus' ring as +a pledge for the agreed amount, he sent it to his house, instructing the +messenger to tell the wife of Maximus that her husband bade her come as +quickly as possible to the palace to salute the queen Eudoxia. And she, +judging by the ring that the message was from Maximus, entered her +litter and was conveyed to the emperor's court. And she was received by +those who had been assigned this service by the emperor, and led into a +certain room far removed from the women's apartments, where Valentinian +met her and forced her, much against her will. And she, after the +outrage, went to her husband's house weeping and feeling the deepest +possible grief because of her misfortune, and she cast many curses upon +Maximus as having provided the cause for what had been done. Maximus, +accordingly, became exceedingly aggrieved at that which had come to +pass, and straightway entered into a conspiracy against the emperor; but +when he saw that Aetius was exceedingly powerful, for he had recently +conquered Attila, who had invaded the Roman domain with a great army of +Massagetae and the other Scythians, the thought occurred to him that +Aetius would be in the way of his undertaking. And upon considering this +matter, it seemed to him that it was the better course to put Aetius out +of the way first, paying no heed to the fact that the whole hope of the +Romans centred in him. And since the eunuchs who were in attendance upon +the emperor were well-disposed toward him, he persuaded the emperor by +their devices that Aetius was setting on foot a revolution. And +Valentinian, judging by nothing else than the power and valour of Aetius +that the report was true, put the man to death. [Sept. 21, 454 A.D.] +Whereupon a certain Roman made himself famous by a saying which he +uttered. For when the emperor enquired of him whether he had done well +in putting Aetius to death, he replied saying that, as to this matter, +he was not able to know whether he had done well or perhaps otherwise, +but one thing he understood exceedingly well, that he had cut off his +own right hand with the other. + +So after the death of Aetius,[24] Attila, since no one was a match for +him, plundered all Europe with no trouble and made both emperors +subservient and tributary to himself. For tribute money was sent to him +every year by the emperors. At that time, while Attila was besieging +Aquileia, a city of great size and exceedingly populous situated near +the sea and above the Ionian Gulf, they say that the following good +fortune befell him. For they tell the story that, when he was able to +capture the place neither by force nor by any other means, he gave up +the siege in despair, since it had already lasted a long time, and +commanded the whole army without any delay to make their preparations +for the departure, in order that on the morrow all might move from there +at sunrise. And the following day about sunrise, the barbarians had +raised the siege and were already beginning the departure, when a single +male stork which had a nest on a certain tower of the city wall and was +rearing his nestlings there suddenly rose and left the place with his +young. And the father stork was flying, but the little storks, since +they were not yet quite ready to fly, were at times sharing their +father's flight and at times riding upon his back, and thus they flew +off and went far away from the city. And when Attila saw this (for he +was most clever at comprehending and interpreting all things), he +commanded the army, they say, to remain still in the same place, adding +that the bird would never have gone flying off at random from there with +his nestlings, unless he was prophesying that some evil would come to +the place at no distant time. Thus, they say, the army of the barbarians +settled down to the siege once more, and not long after that a portion +of the wall--the very part which held the nest of that bird--for no +apparent reason suddenly fell down, and it became possible for the enemy +to enter the city at that point, and thus Aquileia was captured by +storm. Such is the story touching Aquileia. + +Later on Maximus slew the emperor with no trouble and secured the +tyranny, and he married Eudoxia by force. [455 A.D.] For the wife to +whom he had been wedded had died not long before. And on one occasion in +private he made the statement to Eudoxia that it was all for the sake of +her love that he had carried out all that he had done. And since she +felt a repulsion for Maximus even before that time, and had been +desirous of exacting vengeance from him for the wrong done Valentinian, +his words made her swell with rage still more against him, and led her +on to carry out her plot, since she had heard Maximus say that on +account of her the misfortune had befallen her husband. And as soon as +day came, she sent to Carthage entreating Gizeric to avenge Valentinian, +who had been destroyed by an unholy man, in a manner unworthy both of +himself and of his imperial station, and to deliver her, since she was +suffering unholy treatment at the hand of the tyrant. And she impressed +it upon Gizeric that, since he was a friend and ally and so great a +calamity had befallen the imperial house, it was not a holy thing to +fail to become an avenger. For from Byzantium she thought no vengeance +would come, since Theodosius had already departed from the world and +Marcian had taken over the empire. [Mar. 17, 455 A.D.] + + +V + +And Gizeric, for no other reason than that he suspected that much money +would come to him, set sail for Italy with a great fleet. And going up +to Rome, since no one stood in his way, he took possession of the +palace. Now while Maximus was trying to flee, the Romans threw stones at +him and killed him, and they cut off his head and each of his other +members and divided them among themselves. But Gizeric took Eudoxia +captive, together with Eudocia and Placidia, the children of herself and +Valentinian, and placing an exceedingly great amount of gold and other +imperial treasure[25] in his ships sailed to Carthage, having spared +neither bronze nor anything else whatsoever in the palace. He plundered +also the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and tore off half of the roof. +Now this roof was of bronze of the finest quality, and since gold was +laid over it exceedingly thick, it shone as a magnificent and wonderful +spectacle.[26] But of the ships with Gizeric, one, which was bearing the +statues, was lost, they say, but with all the others the Vandals reached +port in the harbour of Carthage. Gizeric then married Eudocia to +Honoric, the elder of his sons; but the other of the two women, being +the wife of Olybrius, a most distinguished man in the Roman senate, he +sent to Byzantium together with her mother, Eudoxia, at the request of +the emperor. Now the power of the East had by now fallen to Leon, who +had been set in this position by Aspar, since Marcian had already passed +from the world. [457 A.D.] + +Afterwards Gizeric devised the following scheme. He tore down the walls +of all the cities in Libya except Carthage, so that neither the Libyans +themselves, espousing the cause of the Romans, might have a strong base +from which to begin a rebellion, nor those sent by the emperor have any +ground for hoping to capture a city and by establishing a garrison in it +to make trouble for the Vandals. Now at that time it seemed that he had +counselled well and had ensured prosperity for the Vandals in the safest +possible manner; but in later times when these cities, being without +walls, were captured by Belisarius all the more easily and with less +exertion, Gizeric was then condemned to suffer much ridicule, and that +which for the time he considered wise counsel turned out for him to be +folly. For as fortunes change, men are always accustomed to change with +them their judgments regarding what has been planned in the past. And +among the Libyans all who happened to be men of note and conspicuous for +their wealth he handed over as slaves, together with their estates and +all their money, to his sons Honoric and Genzon. For Theodorus, the +youngest son, had died already, being altogether without offspring, +either male or female. And he robbed the rest of the Libyans of their +estates, which were both very numerous and excellent, and distributed +them among the nation of the Vandals, and as a result of this these +lands have been called "Vandals' estates" up to the present time. And it +fell to the lot of those who had formerly possessed these lands to be in +extreme poverty and to be at the same time free men; and they had the +privilege of going away wheresoever they wished. And Gizeric commanded +that all the lands which he had given over to his sons and to the other +Vandals should not be subject to any kind of taxation. But as much of +the land as did not seem to him good he allowed to remain in the hands +of the former owners, but assessed so large a sum to be paid on this +land for taxes to the government that nothing whatever remained to those +who retained their farms. And many of them were constantly being sent +into exile or killed. For charges were brought against them of many +sorts, and heavy ones too; but one charge seemed to be the greatest of +all, that a man, having money of his own, was hiding it. Thus the +Libyans were visited with every form of misfortune. + +The Vandals and the Alani he arranged in companies, appointing over them +no less than eighty captains, whom he called "chiliarchs,"[27] making it +appear that his host of fighting men in active service amounted to +eighty thousand. And yet the number of the Vandals and Alani was said in +former times, at least, to amount to no more than fifty thousand men. +However, after that time by their natural increase among themselves and +by associating other barbarians with them they came to be an exceedingly +numerous people. But the names of the Alani and all the other +barbarians, except the Moors, were united in the name of Vandals. At +that time, after the death of Valentinian, Gizeric gained the support of +the Moors, and every year at the beginning of spring he made invasions +into Sicily and Italy, enslaving some of the cities, razing others to +the ground, and plundering everything; and when the land had become +destitute of men and of money, he invaded the domain of the emperor of +the East. And so he plundered Illyricum and the most of the Peloponnesus +and of the rest of Greece and all the islands which lie near it. And +again he went off to Sicily and Italy, and kept plundering and pillaging +all places in turn. And one day when he had embarked on his ship in the +harbour of Carthage, and the sails were already being spread, the pilot +asked him, they say, against what men in the world he bade them go. And +he in reply said: "Plainly against those with whom God is angry." Thus +without any cause he kept making invasions wherever chance might lead +him. + + +VI + +And the Emperor Leon, wishing to punish the Vandals because of these +things, was gathering an army against them; and they say that this army +amounted to about one hundred thousand men. And he collected a fleet of +ships from the whole of the eastern Mediterranean, shewing great +generosity to both soldiers and sailors, for he feared lest from a +parsimonious policy some obstacle might arise to hinder him in his +desire to carry out his punishment of the barbarians. Therefore, they +say, thirteen hundred centenaria[28] were expended by him to no purpose. +But since it was not fated that the Vandals should be destroyed by this +expedition, he made Basiliscus commander-in-chief, the brother of his +wife Berine, a man who was extraordinarily desirous of the royal power, +which he hoped would come to him without a struggle if he won the +friendship of Aspar. For Aspar himself, being an adherent of the Arian +faith, and having no intention of changing it for another, was unable to +enter upon the imperial office, but he was easily strong enough to +establish another in it, and it already seemed likely that he would plot +against the Emperor Leon, who had given him offence. So they say that +since Aspar was then fearful lest, if the Vandals were defeated, Leon +should establish his power most securely, he repeatedly urged upon +Basiliscus that he should spare the Vandals and Gizeric. + +[467 A.D.] Now before this time Leon had already appointed and sent +Anthemius, as Emperor of the West, a man of the senate of great wealth +and high birth, in order that he might assist him in the Vandalic war. +And yet Gizeric kept asking and earnestly entreating that the imperial +power be given to Olybrius, who was married to Placidia, the daughter of +Valentinian, and on account of his relationship[29] well-disposed toward +him, and when he failed in this he was still more angry and kept +plundering the whole land of the emperor. Now there was in Dalmatia a +certain Marcellianus, one of the acquaintances of Aetius and a man of +repute, who, after Aetius had died in the manner told above,[30] no +longer deigned to yield obedience to the emperor, but beginning a +revolution and detaching all the others from allegiance, held the power +of Dalmatia himself, since no one dared encounter him. But the Emperor +Leon at that time won over this Marcellianus by very careful wheedling, +and bade him go to the island of Sardinia, which was then subject to the +Vandals. And he drove out the Vandals and gained possession of it with +no great difficulty. And Heracleius was sent from Byzantium to Tripolis +in Libya, and after conquering the Vandals of that district in battle, +he easily captured the cities, and leaving his ships there, led his army +on foot toward Carthage. Such, then, was the sequence of events which +formed the prelude of the war. + +But Basiliscus with his whole fleet put in at a town distant from +Carthage no less than two hundred and eighty stades (now it so happened +that a temple of Hermes had been there from of old, from which fact the +place was named Mercurium; for the Romans call Hermes "Mercurius"), and +if he had not purposely played the coward and hesitated, but had +undertaken to go straight for Carthage, he would have captured it at the +first onset, and he would have reduced the Vandals to subjection without +their even thinking of resistance; so overcome was Gizeric with awe of +Leon as an invincible emperor, when the report was brought to him that +Sardinia and Tripolis had been captured, and he saw the fleet of +Basiliscus to be such as the Romans were said never to have had before. +But, as it was, the general's hesitation, whether caused by cowardice or +treachery, prevented this success. And Gizeric, profiting by the +negligence of Basiliscus, did as follows. Arming all his subjects in the +best way he could, he filled his ships, but not all, for some he kept in +readiness empty, and they were the ships which sailed most swiftly. And +sending envoys to Basiliscus, he begged him to defer the war for the +space of five days, in order that in the meantime he might take counsel +and do those things which were especially desired by the emperor. They +say, too, that he sent also a great amount of gold without the knowledge +of the army of Basiliscus and thus purchased this armistice. And he did +this, thinking, as actually did happen, that a favouring wind would rise +for him during this time. And Basiliscus, either as doing a favour to +Aspar in accordance with what he had promised, or selling the moment of +opportunity for money, or perhaps thinking it the better course, did as +he was requested and remained quietly in the camp, awaiting the moment +favourable to the enemy. + +But the Vandals, as soon as the wind had arisen for them which they had +been expecting during the time they lay at rest, raised their sails and, +taking in tow the boats which, as has been stated above, they had made +ready with no men in them, they sailed against the enemy. And when they +came near, they set fire to the boats which they were towing, when their +sails were bellied by the wind, and let them go against the Roman fleet. +And since there were a great number of ships there, these boats easily +spread fire wherever they struck, and were themselves readily destroyed +together with those with which they came in contact. And as the fire +advanced in this way the Roman fleet was filled with tumult, as was +natural, and with a great din that rivalled the noise caused by the wind +and the roaring of the flames, as the soldiers together with the sailors +shouted orders to one another and pushed off with their poles the +fire-boats and their own ships as well, which were being destroyed by +one another in complete disorder. And already the Vandals too were at +hand ramming and sinking the ships, and making booty of such of the +soldiers as attempted to escape, and of their arms as well. But there +were also some of the Romans who proved themselves brave men in this +struggle, and most of all John, who was a general under Basiliscus and +who had no share whatever in his treason. For a great throng having +surrounded his ship, he stood on the deck, and turning from side to side +kept killing very great numbers of the enemy from there, and when he +perceived that the ship was being captured, he leaped with his whole +equipment of arms from the deck into the sea. And though Genzon, the son +of Gizeric, entreated him earnestly not to do this, offering pledges and +holding out promises of safety, he nevertheless threw himself into the +sea, uttering this one word, that John would never come under the hands +of dogs. + +So this war came to an end, and Heracleius departed for home; for +Marcellianus had been destroyed treacherously by one of his +fellow-officers. And Basiliscus, coming to Byzantium, seated himself as +a suppliant in the sanctuary of Christ the Great God ("Sophia"[31] the +temple is called by the men of Byzantium who consider that this +designation is especially appropriate to God), and although, by the +intercession of Berine, the queen, he escaped this danger, he was not +able at that time to reach the throne, the thing for the sake of which +everything had been done by him. For the Emperor Leon not long +afterwards destroyed both Aspar and Ardaburius in the palace, because he +suspected that they were plotting against his life. [471 A.D.] Thus, +then, did these events take place. + + +VII + +[Aug. 11, 472 A.D.] Now Anthemius, the emperor of the West, died at the +hand of his son-in-law Rhecimer, and Olybrius, succeeding to the throne, +a short time afterward suffered the same fate. [Oct. 10, 472 A.D.] And +when Leon also had died in Byzantium, the imperial office was taken over +by the younger Leon, the son of Zeno and Ariadne, the daughter of Leon, +while he was still only a few days old. And his father having been +chosen as partner in the royal power, the child forthwith passed from +the world. [474 A.D.] Majorinus also deserves mention, who had gained +the power of the West before this time. For this Majorinus, who +surpassed in every virtue all who have ever been emperors of the Romans, +did not bear lightly the loss of Libya, but collected a very +considerable army against the Vandals and came to Liguria, intending +himself to lead the army against the enemy. For Majorinus never showed +the least hesitation before any task and least of all before the dangers +of war. But thinking it not inexpedient for him to investigate first the +strength of the Vandals and the character of Gizeric and to discover how +the Moors and Libyans stood with regard to friendship or hostility +toward the Romans, he decided to trust no eyes other than his own in +such a matter. Accordingly he set out as if an envoy from the emperor to +Gizeric, assuming some fictitious name. And fearing lest, by becoming +known, he should himself receive some harm and at the same time prevent +the success of the enterprise, he devised the following scheme. His +hair, which was famous among all men as being so fair as to resemble +pure gold, he anointed with some kind of dye, which was especially +invented for this purpose, and so succeeded completely in changing it +for the time to a dark hue. And when he came before Gizeric, the +barbarian attempted in many ways to terrify him, and in particular, +while treating him with engaging attention, as if a friend, he brought +him into the house where all his weapons were stored, a numerous and +exceedingly noteworthy array. Thereupon they say that the weapons shook +of their own accord and gave forth a sound of no ordinary or casual +sort, and then it seemed to Gizeric that there had been an earthquake, +but when he got outside and made enquiries concerning the earthquake, +since no one else agreed with him, a great wonder, they say, came over +him, but he was not able to comprehend the meaning of what had happened. +So Majorinus, having accomplished the very things he wished, returned to +Liguria, and leading his army on foot, came to the Pillars of Heracles, +purposing to cross over the strait at that point, and then to march by +land from there against Carthage. And when Gizeric became aware of this, +and perceived that he had been tricked by Majorinus in the matter of the +embassy, he became alarmed and made his preparations for war. And the +Romans, basing their confidence on the valour of Majorinus, already +began to have fair hopes of recovering Libya for the empire. [461 A.D.] +But meantime Majorinus was attacked by the disease of dysentery and +died, a man who had shewn himself moderate toward his subjects, and an +object of fear to his enemies. [July 24, 474 A.D.] And another emperor, +Nepos, upon taking over the empire, and living to enjoy it only a few +days, died of disease, and Glycerius after him entered into this office +and suffered a similar fate. [474-475 A.D.] And after him Augustus +assumed the imperial power. There were, moreover, still other emperors +in the West before this time, but though I know their names well, I +shall make no mention of them whatever. For it so fell out that they +lived only a short time after attaining the office, and as a result of +this accomplished nothing worthy of mention. Such was the course of +events in the West. + +But in Byzantium Basiliscus, being no longer able to master his passion +for royal power, made an attempt to usurp the throne, and succeeded +without difficulty, since Zeno, together with his wife, sought refuge in +Isauria, which was his native home. [471 A.D.] And while he was +maintaining his tyranny for a year and eight months he was detested by +practically everyone and in particular by the soldiers of the court on +account of the greatness of his avarice. And Zeno, perceiving this, +collected an army and came against him. And Basiliscus sent an army +under the general Harmatus in order to array himself against Zeno. But +when they had made camp near one another, Harmatus surrendered his army +to Zeno, on the condition that Zeno should appoint as Caesar Harmatus' +son Basiliscus, who was a very young child, and leave him as successor +to the throne upon his death. And Basiliscus, deserted by all, fled for +refuge to the same sanctuary as formerly. And Acacius, the priest of the +city, put him into the hands of Zeno, charging him with impiety and with +having brought great confusion and many innovations into the Christian +doctrine, having inclined toward the heresy of Eutyches. And this was +so. And after Zeno had thus taken over the empire a second time, he +carried out his pledge to Harmatus formally by appointing his son +Basiliscus Caesar, but not long afterwards he both stripped him of the +office and put Harmatus to death. And he sent Basiliscus together with +his children and his wife into Cappadocia in the winter season, +commanding that they should be destitute of food and clothes and every +kind of care. And there, being hard pressed by both cold and hunger, +they took refuge in one another's arms, and embracing their loved ones, +perished. And this punishment overtook Basiliscus for the policy he had +pursued. These things, however, happened in later times. + +But at that time Gizeric was plundering the whole Roman domain just as +much as before, if not more, circumventing his enemy by craft and +driving them out of their possessions by force, as has been previously +said, and he continued to do so until the emperor Zeno came to an +agreement with him and an endless peace was established between them, by +which it was provided that the Vandals should never in all time perform +any hostile act against the Romans nor suffer such a thing at their +hands. And this peace was preserved by Zeno himself and also by his +successor in the empire, Anastasius And it remained in force until the +time of the emperor Justinus. But Justinian, who was the nephew of +Justinus, succeeded him in the imperial power, and it was in the reign +of this Justinian that the war with which we are concerned came to pass, +in the manner which will be told in the following narrative. [477 A.D.] +Gizeric, after living on a short time, died at an advanced age, having +made a will in which he enjoined many things upon the Vandals and in +particular that the royal power among them should always fall to that +one who should be the first in years among all the male offspring +descended from Gizeric himself. So Gizeric, having ruled over the +Vandals thirty-nine years from the time when he captured Carthage, died, +as I have said. + + +VIII + +And Honoric, the eldest of his sons, succeeded to the throne, Genzon +having already departed from the world. During the time when this +Honoric ruled the Vandals they had no war against anyone at all, except +the Moors. For through fear of Gizeric the Moors had remained quiet +before that time, but as soon as he was out of their way they both did +much harm to the Vandals and suffered the same themselves. And Honoric +shewed himself the most cruel and unjust of all men toward the +Christians in Libya. For he forced them to change over to the Arian +faith, and as many as he found not readily yielding to him he burned, or +destroyed by other forms of death; and he also cut off the tongues of +many from the very throat, who even up to my time were going about in +Byzantium having their speech uninjured, and perceiving not the least +effect from this punishment; but two of these, since they saw fit to go +in to harlots, were thenceforth no longer able to speak. And after +ruling over the Vandals eight years he died of disease; and by that time +the Moors dwelling on Mt. Aurasium[32] had revolted from the Vandals and +were independent (this Aurasium is a mountain of Numidia, about thirteen +days' journey distant from Carthage and fronting the south); and indeed +they never came under the Vandals again, since the latter were unable to +carry on a war against Moors on a mountain difficult of access and +exceedingly steep. + +After the death of Honoric the rule of the Vandals fell to Gundamundus, +the son of Genzon, the son of Gizeric. [485 A.D.] For he, in point of +years, was the first of the offspring of Gizeric. This Gundamundus +fought against the Moors in numerous encounters, and after subjecting +the Christians to still greater suffering, he died of disease, being now +at about the middle of the twelfth year of his reign. [496 A.D.] And his +brother Trasamundus took over the kingdom, a man well-favoured in +appearance and especially gifted with discretion and highmindedness. +However he continued to force the Christians to change their ancestral +faith, not by torturing their bodies as his predecessors had done, but +by seeking to win them with honours and offices and presenting them with +great sums of money; and in the case of those who would not be +persuaded, he pretended he had not the least knowledge of what manner of +men they were.[33] And if he caught any guilty of great crimes which +they had committed either by accident or deliberate intent, he would +offer such men, as a reward for changing their faith, that they should +not be punished for their offences. And when his wife died without +becoming the mother of either male or female offspring, wishing to +establish the kingdom as securely as possible, he sent to Theoderic, the +king of the Goths, asking him to give him his sister Amalafrida to wife, +for her husband had just died. And Theoderic sent him not only his +sister but also a thousand of the notable Goths as a bodyguard, who were +followed by a host of attendants amounting to about five thousand +fighting men. And Theoderic also presented his sister with one of the +promontories of Sicily, which are three in number,--the one which they +call Lilybaeum,--and as a result of this Trasamundus was accounted the +strongest and most powerful of all those who had ruled over the Vandals. +He became also a very special friend of the emperor Anastasius. It was +during the reign of Trasamundus that it came about that the Vandals +suffered a disaster at the hands of the Moors such as had never befallen +them before that time. + +There was a certain Cabaon ruling over the Moors of Tripolis, a man +experienced in many wars and exceedingly shrewd. This Cabaon, upon +learning that the Vandals were marching against him, did as follows. +First of all he issued orders to his subjects to abstain from all +injustice and from all foods tending towards luxury and most of all from +association with women; and setting up two palisaded enclosures, he +encamped himself with all the men in one, and in the other he shut the +women, and he threatened that death would be the penalty if anyone +should go to the women's palisade. And after this he sent spies to +Carthage with the following instructions: whenever the Vandals in going +forth on the expedition should offer insult to any temple which the +Christians reverence, they were to look on and see what took place; and +when the Vandals had passed the place, they were to do the opposite of +everything which the Vandals had done to the sanctuary before their +departure. And they say that he added this also, that he was ignorant of +the God whom the Christians worshipped, but it was probable that if He +was powerful, as He was said to be, He should wreak vengeance upon those +who insulted Him and defend those who honoured Him. So the spies came to +Carthage and waited quietly, observing the preparation of the Vandals; +but when the army set out on the march to Tripolis, they followed, +clothing themselves in humble garb. And the Vandals, upon making camp +the first day, led their horses and their other animals into the temples +of the Christians, and sparing no insult, they acted with all the +unrestrained lawlessness natural to them, beating as many priests as +they caught and lashing them with many blows over the back and +commanding them to render such service to the Vandals as they were +accustomed to assign to the most dishonoured of their domestics. And as +soon as they had departed from there, the spies of Cabaon did as they +had been directed to do; for they straightway cleansed the sanctuaries +and took away with great care the filth and whatever other unholy thing +lay in them, and they lighted all the lamps and bowed down before the +priests with great reverence and saluted them with all friendliness; and +after giving pieces of silver to the poor who sat about these +sanctuaries, they then followed after the army of the Vandals. And from +then on along the whole route the Vandals continued to commit the same +offences and the spies to render the same service. And when they were +coming near the Moors, the spies anticipated them and reported to Cabaon +what had been done by the Vandals and by themselves to the temples of +the Christians, and that the enemy were somewhere near by. And Cabaon, +upon learning this, arranged for the encounter as follows. He marked off +a circle in the plain where he was about to make his palisade, and +placed his camels turned sideways in a circle as a protection for the +camp, making his line fronting the enemy about twelve camels deep. Then +he placed the children and the women and all those who were unfit for +fighting together with their possessions in the middle, while he +commanded the host of fighting men to stand between the feet of those +animals, covering themselves with their shields.[34] And since the +phalanx of the Moors was of such a sort, the Vandals were at a loss how +to handle the situation; for they were neither good with the javelin nor +with the bow, nor did they know how to go into battle on foot, but they +were all horsemen, and used spears and swords for the most part, so that +they were unable to do the enemy any harm at a distance; and their +horses, annoyed at the sight of the camels, refused absolutely to be +driven against the enemy. And since the Moors, by hurling javelins in +great numbers among them from their safe position, kept killing both +their horses and men without difficulty, because they were a vast +throng, they began to flee, and, when the Moors came out against them, +the most of them were destroyed, while some fell into the hands of the +enemy; and an exceedingly small number from this army returned home. +Such was the fortune which Trasamundus suffered at the hands of the +Moors. And he died at a later time, having ruled over the Moors +twenty-seven years. + + +IX + +[523 A.D.] And Ilderic, the son of Honoric, the son of Gizeric, next +received the kingdom, a ruler who was easily approached by his subjects +and altogether gentle, and he shewed himself harsh neither to the +Christians nor to anyone else, but in regard to affairs of war he was a +weakling and did not wish this thing even to come to his ears. Hoamer, +accordingly, his nephew and an able warrior, led the armies against any +with whom the Vandals were at war; he it was whom they called the +Achilles of the Vandals. During the reign of this Ilderic the Vandals +were defeated in Byzacium by the Moors, who were ruled by Antalas, and +it so fell out that they became enemies instead of allies and friends to +Theoderic and the Goths in Italy. For they put Amalafrida in prison and +destroyed all the Goths, charging them with revolutionary designs +against the Vandals and Ilderic. However, no revenge came from +Theoderic, for he considered himself unable to gather a great fleet and +make an expedition into Libya, and Ilderic was a very particular friend +and guest-friend of Justinian, who had not yet come to the throne, but +was administering the government according to his pleasure; for his +uncle Justinus, who was emperor, was very old and not altogether +experienced in matters of state. And Ilderic and Justinian made large +presents of money to each other. + +Now there was a certain man in the family of Gizeric, Gelimer, the son +of Geilaris, the son of Genzon, the son of Gizeric, who was of such age +as to be second only to Ilderic, and for this reason he was expected to +come into the kingdom very soon. This man was thought to be the best +warrior of his time, but for the rest he was a cunning fellow and base +at heart and well versed in undertaking revolutionary enterprises and in +laying hold upon the money of others. Now this Gelimer, when he saw the +power coming to him, was not able to live in his accustomed way, but +assumed to himself the tasks of a king and usurped the rule, though it +was not yet due him; and since Ilderic in a spirit of friendliness gave +in to him, he was no longer able to restrain his thoughts, but allying +with himself all the noblest of the Vandals, he persuaded them to wrest +the kingdom from Ilderic, as being an unwarlike king who had been +defeated by the Moors, and as betraying the power of the Vandals into +the hand of the Emperor Justinus, in order that the kingdom might not +come to him, because he was of the other branch of the family; for he +asserted slanderously that this was the meaning of Ilderic's embassy to +Byzantium, and that he was giving over the empire of the Vandals to +Justinus. And they, being persuaded, carried out this plan. [530 A.D.] +Thus Gelimer seized the supreme power, and imprisoned Ilderic, after he +had ruled over the Vandals seven years, and also Hoamer and his brother +Euagees. + +[527 A.D.] But when Justinian heard these things, having already +received the imperial power, he sent envoys to Gelimer in Libya with the +following letter: "You are not acting in a holy manner nor worthily of +the will of Gizeric, keeping in prison an old man and a kinsman and the +king of the Vandals (if the counsels of Gizeric are to be of effect), +and robbing him of his office by violence, though it would be possible +for you to receive it after a short time in a lawful manner. Do you +therefore do no further wrong and do not exchange the name of king for +the title of tyrant, which comes but a short time earlier. But as for +this man, whose death may be expected at any moment, allow him to bear +in appearance the form of royal power, while you do all the things which +it is proper that a king should do; and wait until you can receive from +time and the law of Gizeric, and from them alone, the name which belongs +to the position. For if you do this, the attitude of the Almighty will +be favourable and at the same time our relations with you will be +friendly." Such was his message. But Gelimer sent the envoys away with +nothing accomplished, and he blinded Hoamer and also kept Ilderic and +Euagees in closer confinement, charging them with planning flight to +Byzantium. And when this too was heard by the Emperor Justinian, he sent +envoys a second time and wrote as follows: "We, indeed, supposed that +you would never go contrary to our advice when we wrote you the former +letter. But since it pleases you to have secured possession of the royal +power in the manner in which you have taken and now hold it, get from it +whatever Heaven grants. But do you send to us Ilderic, and Hoamer whom +you have blinded, and his brother, to receive what comfort they can who +have been robbed of a kingdom or of sight; for we shall not let the +matter rest if you do not do this. And I speak thus because we are led +by the hope which I had based on our friendship. And the treaty with +Gizeric will not stand as an obstacle for us. For it is not to make war +upon him who has succeeded to the kingdom of Gizeric that we come, but +to avenge Gizeric with all our power." + +When Gelimer had read this, he replied as follows: "King Gelimer to the +Emperor Justinian. Neither have I taken the office by violence nor has +anything unholy been done by me to my kinsmen. For Ilderic, while +planning a revolution against the house of Gizeric, was dethroned by the +nation of the Vandals; and I was called to the kingdom by my years, +which gave me the preference, according to the law at least. Now it is +well for one to administer the kingly office which belongs to him and +not to make the concerns of others his own. Hence for you also, who have +a kingdom, meddling in other's affairs is not just; and if you break the +treaty and come against us, we shall oppose you with all our power, +calling to witness the oaths which were sworn by Zeno, from whom you +have received the kingdom which you hold." The Emperor Justinian, upon +receiving this letter, having been angry with Gelimer even before then, +was still more eager to punish him. And it seemed to him best to put an +end to the Persian war as soon as possible and then to make an +expedition to Libya; and since he was quick at forming a plan and prompt +in carrying out his decisions, Belisarius, the General of the East, was +summoned and came to him immediately, no announcement having been made +to him nor to anyone else that he was about to lead an army against +Libya, but it was given out that he had been removed from the office +which he held. And straightway the treaty with Persia was made, as has +been told in the preceding narrative.[35] + + +X + +And when the Emperor Justinian considered that the situation was as +favourable as possible, both as to domestic affairs and as to his +relations with Persia, he took under consideration the situation in +Libya. But when he disclosed to the magistrates that he was gathering an +army against the Vandals and Gelimer, the most of them began immediately +to show hostility to the plan, and they lamented it as a misfortune, +recalling the expedition of the Emperor Leon and the disaster of +Basiliscus, and reciting how many soldiers had perished and how much +money the state had lost. But the men who were the most sorrowful of +all, and who, by reason of their anxiety, felt the keenest regret, were +the pretorian prefect, whom the Romans call "praetor," and the +administrator of the treasury, and all to whom had been assigned the +collection of either public or imperial[36] taxes, for they reasoned +that while it would be necessary for them to produce countless sums for +the needs of the war, they would be granted neither pardon in case of +failure nor extension of time in which to raise these sums. And every +one of the generals, supposing that he himself would command the army, +was in terror and dread at the greatness of the danger, if it should be +necessary for him, if he were preserved from the perils of the sea, to +encamp in the enemy's land, and, using his ships as a base, to engage in +a struggle against a kingdom both large and formidable. The soldiers, +also, having recently returned from a long, hard war, and having not yet +tasted to the full the blessings of home, were in despair, both because +they were being led into sea-fighting,--a thing which they had not +learned even from tradition before then,--and because they were sent +from the eastern frontier to the West, in order to risk their lives +against Vandals and Moors. But all the rest, as usually happens in a +great throng, wished to be spectators of new adventures while others +faced the dangers. + +But as for saying anything to the emperor to prevent the expedition, no +one dared to do this except John the Cappadocian, the pretorian prefect, +a man of the greatest daring and the cleverest of all men of his time. +For this John, while all the others were bewailing in silence the +fortune which was upon them, came before the emperor and spoke as +follows: "O Emperor, the good faith which thou dost shew in dealing with +thy subjects enables us to speak frankly regarding anything which will +be of advantage to thy government, even though what is said and done may +not be agreeable to thee. For thus does thy wisdom temper thy authority +with justice, in that thou dost not consider that man only as loyal to +thy cause who serves thee under any and all conditions, nor art thou +angry with the man who speaks against thee, but by weighing all things +by pure reason alone, thou hast often shewn that it involves us in no +danger to oppose thy purposes. Led by these considerations, O Emperor, I +have come to offer this advice, knowing that, though I shall give +perhaps offence at the moment, if it so chance, yet in the future the +loyalty which I bear you will be made clear, and that for this I shall +be able to shew thee as a witness. For if, through not hearkening to my +words, thou shalt carry out the war against the Vandals, it will come +about, if the struggle is prolonged for thee, that my advice will win +renown. For if thou hast confidence that thou wilt conquer the enemy, it +is not at all unreasonable that thou shouldst sacrifice the lives of men +and expend a vast amount of treasure, and undergo the difficulties of +the struggle; for victory, coming at the end, covers up all the +calamities of war. But if in reality these things lie on the knees of +God, and if it behoves us, taking example from what has happened in the +past, to fear the outcome of war, on what grounds is it not better to +love a state of quiet rather than the dangers of mortal strife? Thou art +purposing to make an expedition against Carthage, to which, if one goes +by land, the journey is one of a hundred and forty days, and if one goes +by water, he is forced to cross the whole open sea and go to its very +end. So that he who brings thee news of what will happen in the camp +must needs reach thee a year after the event. And one might add that if +thou art victorious over thy enemy, thou couldst not take possession of +Libya while Sicily and Italy lie in the hands of others; and at the same +time, if any reverse befall thee, O Emperor, the treaty having already +been broken by thee, thou wilt bring the danger upon our own land. In +fact, putting all in a word, it will not be possible for thee to reap +the fruits of victory, and at the same time any reversal of fortune will +bring harm to what is well established. It is before an enterprise that +wise planning is useful. For when men have failed, repentance is of no +avail, but before disaster comes there is no danger in altering plans. +Therefore it will be of advantage above all else to make fitting use of +the decisive moment." + +Thus spoke John; and the Emperor Justinian, hearkening to his words, +checked his eager desire for the war. But one of the priests whom they +call bishops, who had come from the East, said that he wished to have a +word with the emperor. And when he met Justinian, he said that God had +visited him in a dream, and bidden him go to the emperor and rebuke him, +because, after undertaking the task of protecting the Christians in +Libya from tyrants, he had for no good reason become afraid. "And yet," +He had said, "I will Myself join with him in waging war and make him +lord of Libya." When the emperor heard this, he was no longer able to +restrain his purpose, and he began to collect the army and the ships, +and to make ready supplies of weapons and of food, and he announced to +Belisarius that he should be in readiness, because he was very soon to +act as general in Libya. Meanwhile Pudentius, one of the natives of +Tripolis in Libya, caused this district to revolt from the Vandals, and +sending to the emperor he begged that he should despatch an army to him; +for, he said, he would with no trouble win the land for the emperor. And +Justinian sent him Tattimuth and an army of no very great size. This +force Pudentius joined with his own troops and, the Vandals being +absent, he gained possession of the land and made it subject to the +emperor. And Gelimer, though wishing to inflict punishment upon +Pudentius, found the following obstacle in his way. + +There was a certain Godas among the slaves of Gelimer, a Goth by birth, +a passionate and energetic fellow possessed of great bodily strength, +but appearing to be well-disposed to the cause of his master. To this +Godas Gelimer entrusted the island of Sardinia, in order both to guard +the island and to pay over the annual tribute. But he neither could +digest the prosperity brought by fortune nor had he the spirit to endure +it, and so he undertook to establish a tyranny, and he refused to +continue the payment of the tribute, and actually detached the island +from the Vandals and held it himself. And when he perceived that the +Emperor Justinian was eager to make war against Libya and Gelimer, he +wrote to him as follows: + +"It was neither because I yielded to folly nor because I had suffered +anything unpleasant at my master's hands that I turned my thoughts +towards rebellion, but seeing the extreme cruelty of the man both toward +his kinsmen and toward his subjects, I could not, willingly at least, be +reputed to have a share in his inhumanity. For it is better to serve a +just king than a tyrant whose commands are unlawful. But do thou join +with me to assist in this my effort and send soldiers so that I may be +able to ward off my assailants." + +And the emperor, on receiving this letter, was pleased, and he sent +Eulogius as envoy and wrote a letter praising Godas for his wisdom and +his zeal for justice, and he promised an alliance and soldiers and a +general, who would be able to guard the island with him and to assist +him in every other way, so that no trouble should come to him from the +Vandals. But Eulogius, upon coming to Sardinia, found that Godas was +assuming the name and wearing the dress of a king and that he had +attached a body-guard to his person. And when Godas read the emperor's +letter, he said that it was his wish to have soldiers, indeed, come to +fight along with him, but as for a commander, he had absolutely no +desire for one. And having written to the emperor in this sense, he +dismissed Eulogius. + + +XI + +The emperor, meanwhile, not having yet ascertained these things, was +preparing four hundred soldiers with Cyril as commander, who were to +assist Godas in guarding the island. And with them he also had in +readiness the expedition against Carthage, ten thousand foot-soldiers, +and five thousand horsemen, gathered from the regular troops and from +the "foederati." Now at an earlier time only barbarians were enlisted +among the foederati, those, namely, who had come into the Roman +political system, not in the condition of slaves, since they had not +been conquered by the Romans, but on the basis of complete equality.[37] +For the Romans call treaties with their enemies "foedera." But at the +present time there is nothing to prevent anyone from assuming this name, +since time will by no means consent to keep names attached to the things +to which they were formerly applied, but conditions are ever changing +about according to the desire of men who control them, and men pay +little heed to the meaning which they originally attached to a name. And +the commanders of the foederati were Dorotheus, the general of the +troops in Armenia, and Solomon, who was acting as manager for the +general Belisarius; (such a person the Romans call "domesticus." Now +this Solomon was a eunuch, but it was not by the devising of man that he +had suffered mutilation, but some accident which befell him while in +swaddling clothes had imposed this lot upon him); and there were also +Cyprian, Valerian, Martinus, Althias, John, Marcellus, and the Cyril +whom I have mentioned above; and the commanders of the regular cavalry +were Rufinus and Aigan, who were of the house of Belisarius, and +Barbatus and Pappus, while the regular infantry was commanded by +Theodorus, who was surnamed Cteanus, and Terentius, Zaidus, Marcian, and +Sarapis. And a certain John, a native of Epidamnus, which is now called +Dyrrachium, held supreme command over all the leaders of infantry. Among +all these commanders Solomon was from a place in the East, at the very +extremity of the Roman domain, where the city called Daras now stands, +and Aigan was by birth of the Massagetae whom they now call Huns; and +the rest were almost all inhabitants of the land of Thrace. And there +followed with them also four hundred Eruli, whom Pharas led, and about +six hundred barbarian allies from the nation of the Massagetae, all +mounted bowmen; these were led by Sinnion and Balas, men endowed with +bravery and endurance in the highest degree. And for the whole force +five hundred ships were required, no one of which was able to carry more +than fifty thousand medimni,[38] nor any one less than three thousand. +And in all the vessels together there were thirty thousand sailors, +Egyptians and Ionians for the most part, and Cilicians, and one +commander was appointed over all the ships, Calonymus of Alexandria. And +they had also ships of war prepared as for sea-fighting, to the number +of ninety-two, and they were single-banked ships covered by decks, in +order that the men rowing them might if possible not be exposed to the +bolts of the enemy. Such boats are called "dromones"[39] by those of the +present time; for they are able to attain a great speed. In these sailed +two thousand men of Byzantium, who were all rowers as well as fighting +men; for there was not a single superfluous man among them. And +Archelaus was also sent, a man of patrician standing who had already +been pretorian prefect both in Byzantium and in Illyricum, but he then +held the position of prefect of the army; for thus the officer charged +with the maintenance of the army is designated. But as general with +supreme authority over all the emperor sent Belisarius, who was in +command of the troops of the East for the second time. And he was +followed by many spearmen and many guards as well, men who were capable +warriors and thoroughly experienced in the dangers of fighting. And the +emperor gave him written instructions, bidding him do everything as +seemed best to him, and stating that his acts would be final, as if the +emperor himself had done them. The writing, in fact, gave him the power +of a king. Now Belisarius was a native of Germania, which lies between +Thrace and Illyricum. These things, then, took place in this way. + +Gelimer, however, being deprived of Tripolis by Pudentius and of +Sardinia by Godas, scarcely hoped to regain Tripolis, since it was +situated at a great distance and the rebels were already being assisted +by the Romans, against whom just at that moment it seemed to him best +not to take the field; but he was eager to get to the island before any +army sent by the emperor to fight for his enemies should arrive there. +He accordingly selected five thousand of the Vandals and one hundred and +twenty ships of the fastest kind, and appointing as general his brother +Tzazon, he sent them off. And so they were sailing with great enthusiasm +and eagerness against Godas and Sardinia. In the meantime the Emperor +Justinian was sending off Valerian and Martinus in advance of the others +in order to await the rest of the army in the Peloponnesus. And when +these two had embarked upon their ships, it came to the emperor's mind +that there was something which he wished to enjoin upon them,--a thing +which he had wished to say previously, but he had been so busied with +the other matters of which he had to speak that his mind had been +occupied with them and this subject had been driven out. He summoned +them, accordingly, intending to say what he wished, but upon considering +the matter, he saw that it would not be propitious for them to interrupt +their journey. He therefore sent men to forbid them either to return to +him or to disembark from their ships. And these men, upon coming near +the ships, commanded them with much shouting and loud cries by no means +to turn back, and it seemed to those present that the thing which had +happened was no good omen and that never would one of the men in those +ships return from Libya to Byzantium. For besides the omen they +suspected that a curse also had come to the men from the emperor, not at +all by his own will, so that they would not return. Now if anyone should +so interpret the incident with regard to these two commanders, Valerian +and Martinus, he will find the original opinion untrue. But there was a +certain man among the body-guards of Martinus, Stotzas by name, who was +destined to be an enemy of the emperor, to make an attempt to set up a +tyranny, and by no means to return to Byzantium, and one might suppose +that curse to have been turned upon him by Heaven. But whether this +matter stands thus or otherwise, I leave to each one to reason out as he +wishes. But I shall proceed to tell how the general Belisarius and the +army departed. + + +XII + +[533 A.D.] In the seventh year of Justinian's reign, at about the spring +equinox, the emperor commanded the general's ship to anchor off the +point which is before the royal palace. Thither came also Epiphanius, +the chief priest of the city, and after uttering an appropriate prayer, +he put on the ships one of the soldiers who had lately been baptized and +had taken the Christian name. And after this the general Belisarius and +Antonina, his wife, set sail. And there was with them also Procopius, +who wrote this history; now previously he had been exceedingly terrified +at the danger, but later he had seen a vision in his sleep which caused +him to take courage and made him eager to go on the expedition. For it +seemed in the dream that he was in the house of Belisarius, and one of +the servants entering announced that some men had come bearing gifts; +and Belisarius bade him investigate what sort of gifts they were, and he +went out into the court and saw men who carried on their shoulders earth +with the flowers and all. And he bade him bring these men into the house +and deposit the earth they were carrying in the portico; and Belisarius +together with his guardsmen came there, and he himself reclined on that +earth and ate of the flowers, and urged the others to do likewise; and +as they reclined and ate, as if upon a couch, the food seemed to them +exceedingly sweet. Such, then, was the vision of the dream. + +And the whole fleet followed the general's ship, and they put in at +Perinthus, which is now called Heracleia,[40] where five days' time was +spent by the army, since at that place the general received as a present +from the emperor an exceedingly great number of horses from the royal +pastures, which are kept for him in the territory of Thrace. And setting +sail from there, they anchored off Abydus, and it came about as they +were delaying there four days on account of the lack of wind that the +following event took place. Two Massagetae killed one of their comrades +who was ridiculing them, in the midst of their intemperate drinking; for +they were intoxicated. For of all men the Massagetae are the most +intemperate drinkers. Belisarius, accordingly, straightway impaled these +two men on the hill which is near Abydus. And since all, and especially +the relatives of these two men, were angry and declared that it was not +in order to be punished nor to be subject to the laws of the Romans that +they had entered into an alliance (for their own laws did not make the +punishment for murder such _as_ this, they said); and since they were +joined in voicing the accusation against the general even by Roman +soldiers, who were anxious that there should be no punishment for their +offences, Belisarius called together both the Massagetae and the rest of +the army and spoke as follows: "If my words were addressed to men now +for the first time entering into war, it would require a long time for +me to convince you by speech how great a help justice is for gaining the +victory. For those who do not understand the fortunes of such struggles +think that the outcome of war lies in strength of arm alone. But you, +who have often conquered an enemy not inferior to you in strength of +body and well endowed with valour, you who have often tried your +strength against your opponents, you, I think, are not ignorant that, +while it is men who always do the fighting in either army, it is God who +judges the contest as seems best to Him and bestows the victory in +battle. Now since this is so, it is fitting to consider good bodily +condition and practice in arms and all the other provision for war of +less account than justice and those things which pertain to God. For +that which may possibly be of greatest advantage to men in need would +naturally be honoured by them above all other things. Now the first +proof of justice would be the punishment of those who have committed +unjust murder. For if it is incumbent upon us to sit in judgment upon +the actions which from time to time are committed by men toward their +neighbours, and to adjudge and to name the just and the unjust action, +we should find that nothing is more precious to a man than his life. And +if any barbarian who has slain his kinsman expects to find indulgence in +his trial on the ground that he was drunk, in all fairness he makes the +charge so much the worse by reason of the very circumstance by which, as +he alleges, his guilt is removed. For it is not right for a man under +any circumstances, and especially when serving in an army, to be so +drunk as readily to kill his dearest friends; nay, the drunkenness +itself, even if the murder is not added at all, is worthy of punishment; +and when a kinsman is wronged, the crime would clearly be of greater +moment as regards punishment than when committed against those who are +not kinsmen, at least in the eyes of men of sense. Now the example is +before you and you may see what sort of an outcome such actions have. +But as for you, it is your duty to avoid laying violent hands upon +anyone without provocation, or carrying off the possessions of others; +for I shall not overlook it, be assured, and I shall not consider anyone +of you a fellow-soldier of mine, no matter how terrible he is reputed to +be to the foe, who is not able to use clean hands against the enemy. For +bravery cannot be victorious unless it be arrayed along with justice." +So spoke Belisarius. And the whole army, hearing what was said and +looking up at the two men impaled, felt an overwhelming fear come over +them and took thought to conduct their lives with moderation, for they +saw that they would not be free from great danger if they should be +caught doing anything unlawful. + + +XIII + +After this Belisarius bethought him how his whole fleet should always +keep together as it sailed and should anchor in the same place. For he +knew that in a large fleet, and especially if rough winds should assail +them, it was inevitable that many of the ships should be left behind and +scattered on the open sea, and that their pilots should not know which +of the ships that put to sea ahead of them it was better to follow. So +after considering the matter, he did as follows. The sails of the three +ships in which he and his following were carried he painted red from the +upper corner for about one third of their length, and he erected upright +poles on the prow of each, and hung lights from them, so that both by +day and by night the general's ships might be distinguishable; then he +commanded all the pilots to follow these ships. Thus with the three +ships leading the whole fleet not a single ship was left behind. And +whenever they were about to put out from a harbour, the trumpets +announced this to them. + +And upon setting out from Abydus they met with strong winds which +carried them to Sigeum. And again in calm weather they proceeded more +leisurely to Malea, where the calm proved of the greatest advantage to +them. For since they had a great fleet and exceedingly large ships, as +night came on everything was thrown into confusion by reason of their +being crowded into small space, and they were brought into extreme +peril. At that time both the pilots and the rest of the sailors shewed +themselves skilful and efficient, for while shouting at the top of their +voices and making a great noise they kept pushing the ships apart with +their poles, and cleverly kept the distances between their different +vessels; but if a wind had arisen, whether a following or a head wind, +it seems to me that the sailors would hardly have preserved themselves +and their ships. But as it was, they escaped, as I have said, and put in +at Taenarum, which is now called Caenopolis.[41] Then, pressing on from +there, they touched at Methone, and found Valerian and Martinus with +their men, who had reached the same place a short time before. And since +there were no winds blowing, Belisarius anchored the ships there, and +disembarked the whole army; and after they were on shore he assigned the +commanders their positions and drew up the soldiers. And while he was +thus engaged and no wind at all arose, it came about that many of the +soldiers were destroyed by disease caused in the following manner. + +The pretorian prefect, John, was a man of worthless character, and so +skilful at devising ways of bringing money into the public treasury to +the detriment of men that I, for my part, should never be competent to +describe this trait of his. But this has been said in the preceding +pages, when I was brought to this point by my narrative.[42] But I shall +tell in the present case in what manner he destroyed the soldiers. The +bread which soldiers are destined to eat in camp must of necessity be +put twice into the oven, and be cooked so carefully as to last for a +very long period and not spoil in a short time, and loaves cooked in +this way necessarily weigh less; and for this reason, when such bread is +distributed, the soldiers generally received as their portion one-fourth +more than the usual weight.[43] John, therefore, calculating how he +might reduce the amount of firewood used and have less to pay to the +bakers in wages, and also how he might not lose in the weight of the +bread, brought the still uncooked dough to the public baths of Achilles, +in the basement of which the fire is kept burning, and bade his men set +it down there. And when it seemed to be cooked in some fashion or other, +he threw it into bags, put it on the ships, and sent it off. And when +the fleet arrived at Methone, the loaves disintegrated and returned +again to flour, not wholesome flour, however, but rotten and becoming +mouldy and already giving out a sort of oppressive odour. And the loaves +were dispensed by measure[44] to the soldiers by those to whom this +office was assigned, and they were already making the distribution of +the bread by quarts and bushels. And the soldiers, feeding upon this in +the summer time in a place where the climate is very hot, became sick, +and not less than five hundred of them died; and the same thing was +about to happen to more, but Belisarius prevented it by ordering the +bread of the country to be furnished them. And reporting the matter to +the emperor, he himself gained in favour, but he did not at that time +bring any punishment upon John. + +These events, then, took place in the manner described. And setting out +from Methone they reached the harbour of Zacynthus, where they took in +enough water to last them in crossing the Adriatic Sea, and after making +all their other preparations, sailed on. But since the wind they had was +very gentle and languid, it was only on the sixteenth day that they came +to land at a deserted place in Sicily near which Mount Aetna rises. And +while they were being delayed in this passage, as has been said, it so +happened that the water of the whole fleet was spoiled, except that +which Belisarius himself and his table-companions were drinking. For +this alone was preserved by the wife of Belisarius in the following +manner. She filled with water jars made of glass and constructed a small +room with planks in the hold of the ship where it was impossible for the +sun to penetrate, and there she sank the jars in sand, and by this means +the water remained unaffected. So much, then, for this. + + +XIV + +And as soon as Belisarius had disembarked upon the island, he began to +feel restless, knowing not how to proceed, and his mind was tormented by +the thought that he did not know what sort of men the Vandals were +against whom he was going, and how strong they were in war, or in what +manner the Romans would have to wage the war, or what place would be +their base of operations. But most of all he was disturbed by the +soldiers, who were in mortal dread of sea-fighting and had no shame in +saying beforehand that, if they should be disembarked on the land, they +would try to show themselves brave men in the battle, but if hostile +ships assailed them, they would turn to flight; for, they said, they +were not able to contend against two enemies at once, both men and +water. Being at a loss, therefore, because of all these things, he sent +Procopius, his adviser, to Syracuse, to find out whether the enemy had +any ships in ambush keeping watch over the passage across the sea, +either on the island or on the continent, and where it would be best for +them to anchor in Libya, and from what point as base it would be +advantageous for them to start in carrying on the war against the +Vandals. And he bade him, when he should have accomplished his commands, +return and meet him at the place called Caucana,[45] about two hundred +stades distant from Syracuse, where both he and the whole fleet were to +anchor. But he let it be understood that he was sending him to buy +provisions, since the Goths were willing to give them a market, this +having been decided upon by the Emperor Justinian and Amalasountha, the +mother of Antalaric,[46] who was at that time a boy being reared under +the care of his mother, Amalasountha, and held sway over both the Goths +and the Italians. For when Theoderic had died and the kingdom came to +his nephew, Antalaric, who had already before this lost his father, +Amalasountha was fearful both for her child and for the kingdom and +cultivated the friendship of Justinian very carefully, and she gave heed +to his commands in all matters and at that time promised to provide a +market for his army and did so. + +Now when Procopius reached Syracuse, he unexpectedly met a man who had +been a fellow-citizen and friend of his from childhood, who had been +living in Syracuse for a long time engaged in the shipping business, and +he learned from him what he wanted; for this man showed him a domestic +who had three days before that very day come from Carthage, and he said +that they need not suspect that there would be any ambush set for the +fleet by the Vandals. For from no one in the world had they learned that +an army was coming against them at that time, but all the active men +among the Vandals had actually a little before gone on an expedition +against Godas. And for this reason Gelimer, with no thought of an enemy +in his mind and regardless of Carthage and all the other places on the +sea, was staying in Hermione, which is in Byzacium, four days' journey +distant from the coast; so that it was possible for them to sail without +fearing any difficulty and to anchor wherever the wind should call them. +When Procopius heard this, he took the hand of the domestic and walked +to the harbour of Arethousa where his boat lay at anchor, making many +enquiries of the man and searching out every detail. And going on board +the ship with him, he gave orders to raise the sails and to make all +speed for Caucana. And since the master of the domestic stood on the +shore wondering that he did not give him back the man, Procopius shouted +out, when the ship was already under way, begging him not to be angry +with him; for it was necessary that the domestic should meet the +general, and, after leading the army to Libya, would return after no +long time to Syracuse with much money in his pocket. + +But upon coming to Caucana they found all in deep grief. For Dorotheus, +the general of the troops of Armenia, had died there, leaving to the +whole army a great sense of loss. But Belisarius, when the domestic had +come before him and related his whole story, became exceedingly glad, +and after bestowing many praises upon Procopius, he issued orders to +give the signal for departure with the trumpets. And setting sail +quickly they touched at the islands of Gaulus and Melita,[47] which mark +the boundary between the Adriatic and Tuscan Seas. There a strong east +wind arose for them, and on the following day it carried the ships to +the point of Libya, at the place which the Romans call in their own +tongue "Shoal's Head." For its name is "Caputvada," and it is five days' +journey from Carthage for an unencumbered traveller. + + +XV + +And when they came near the shore, the general bade them furl the sails, +throw out anchors from the ships, and make a halt; and calling together +all the commanders to his own ship, he opened a discussion with regard +to the disembarkation. Thereupon many speeches were made inclining to +either side, and Archelaus came forward and spoke as follows: + +"I admire, indeed, the virtue of our general, who, while surpassing all +by far in judgment and possessing the greatest wealth of experience, and +at the same time holding the power alone, has proposed an open +discussion and bids each one of us speak, so that we shall be able to +choose whichever course seems best, though it is possible for him to +decide alone on what is needful and at his leisure to put it into +execution as he wishes. But as for you, my fellow officers--I do not +know how I am to say it easily--one might wonder that each one did not +hasten to be the first to oppose the disembarkation. And yet I +understand that the making of suggestions to those who are entering upon +a perilous course brings no personal advantage to him who offers the +advice, but as a general thing results in bringing blame upon him. For +when things go well for men, they attribute their success to their own +judgment or to fortune, but when they fail, they blame only the one who +has advised them. Nevertheless I shall speak out. For it is not right +for those who deliberate about safety to shrink from blame. You are +purposing to disembark on the enemy's land, fellow-officers; but in what +harbour are you planning to place the ships in safety? Or in what city's +wall will you find security for yourselves? Have you not then heard that +this promontory--I mean from Carthage to Iouce--extends, they say, for a +journey of nine days, altogether without harbours and lying open to the +wind from whatever quarter it may blow? And not a single walled town is +left in all Libya except Carthage, thanks to the decision of +Gizeric.[48] And one might add that in this place, they say, water is +entirely lacking. Come now, if you wish, let us suppose that some +adversity befall us, and with this in view make the decision. For that +those who enter into contests of arms should expect no difficulty is not +in keeping with human experience nor with the nature of things. If, +then, after we have disembarked upon the mainland, a storm should fall +upon us, will it not be necessary that one of two things befall the +ships, either that they flee away as far as possible, or perish upon +this promontory? Secondly, what means will there be of supplying us with +necessities? Let no one look to me as the officer charged with the +maintenance of the army. For every official, when deprived of the means +of administering his office, is of necessity reduced to the name and +character of a private person. And where shall we deposit our +superfluous arms or any other part of our necessaries when we are +compelled to receive the attack of the barbarians? Nay, as for this, it +is not well even to say how it will turn out. But I think that we ought +to make straight for Carthage. For they say that there is a harbour +called Stagnum not more than forty stades distant from that city, which +is entirely unguarded and large enough for the whole fleet. And if we +make this the base of our operations, we shall carry on the war without +difficulty. And I, for my part, think it likely that we shall win +Carthage by a sudden attack, especially since the enemy are far away +from it, and that after we have won it we shall have no further trouble. +For it is a way with all men's undertakings that when the chief point +has been captured, they collapse after no long time. It behoves us, +therefore, to bear in mind all these things and to choose the best +course." So spoke Archelaus. + +And Belisarius spoke as follows: "Let no one of you, fellow-officers, +think that my words are those of censure, nor that they are spoken in +the last place to the end that it may become necessary for all to follow +them, of whatever sort they may be. For I have heard what seems best to +each one of you, and it is becoming that I too should lay before you +what I think, and then with you should choose the better course. But it +is right to remind you of this fact, that the soldiers said openly a +little earlier that they feared the dangers by sea and would turn to +flight if a hostile ship should attack them, and we prayed God to shew +us the land of Libya and allow us a peaceful disembarkation upon it. And +since this is so, I think it the part of foolish men first to pray to +receive from God the more favourable fortune, then when this is given +them, to reject it and go in the contrary direction. And if we do sail +straight for Carthage and a hostile fleet encounters us, the soldiers +will remain without blame, if they flee with all their might--for a +delinquency announced beforehand carries with it its own defence--but +for us, even if we come through safely, there will be no forgiveness. +Now while there are many difficulties if we remain in the ships, it will +be sufficient, I think, to mention only one thing,--that by which +especially they wish to frighten us when they hold over our heads the +danger of a storm. For if any storm should fall upon us, one of two +things, they say, must necessarily befall the ships, either that they +flee far from Libya or be destroyed upon this headland. What then under +the present circumstances will be more to our advantage to choose? to +have the ships alone destroyed, or to have lost everything, men and all? +But apart from this, at the present time we shall fall upon the enemy +unprepared, and in all probability shall fare as we desire; for in +warfare it is the unexpected which is accustomed to govern the course of +events. But a little later, when the enemy have already made their +preparation, the struggle we shall have will be one of strength evenly +matched. And one might add that it will be necessary perhaps to fight +even for the disembarkation, and to seek for that which now we have +within our grasp but over which we are deliberating as a thing not +necessary. And if at the very time, when we are engaged in conflict, a +storm also comes upon us, as often happens on the sea, then while +struggling both against the waves and against the Vandals, we shall come +to regret our prudence. As for me, then, I say that we must disembark +upon the land with all possible speed, landing horses and arms and +whatever else we consider necessary for our use, and that we must dig a +trench quickly and throw a stockade around us of a kind which can +contribute to our safety no less than any walled town one might mention, +and with that as our base must carry on the war from there if anyone +should attack us. And if we shew ourselves brave men, we shall lack +nothing in the way of provisions. For those who hold the mastery over +their enemy are lords also of the enemy's possessions; and it is the way +of victory, first to invest herself with all the wealth, and then to set +it down again on that side to which she inclines. Therefore, for you +both the chance of safety and of having an abundance of good things lies +in your own hands." + +When Belisarius had said this, the whole assembly agreed and adopted his +proposal, and separating from one another, they made the disembarkation +as quickly as possible, about three months later than their departure +from Byzantium. And indicating a certain spot on the shore the general +bade both soldiers and sailors dig the trench and place the stockade +about it. And they did as directed. And since a great throng was working +and fear was stimulating their enthusiasm and the general was urging +them on, not only was the trench dug on the same day, but the stockade +was also completed and the pointed stakes were fixed in place all +around. Then, indeed, while they were digging the trench, something +happened which was altogether amazing. A great abundance of water sprang +forth from the earth, a thing which had not happened before in Byzacium, +and besides this the place where they were was altogether waterless. Now +this water sufficed for all uses of both men and animals. And in +congratulating the general, Procopius said that he rejoiced at the +abundance of water, not so much because of its usefulness, as because it +seemed to him a symbol of an easy victory, and that Heaven was +foretelling a victory to them. This, at any rate, actually came to pass. +So for that night all the soldiers bivouacked in the camp, setting +guards and doing everything else as was customary, except, indeed, that +Belisarius commanded five bowmen to remain in each ship for the purpose +of a guard, and that the ships-of-war should anchor in a circle about +them, taking care that no one should come against them to do them harm. + + +XVI + +But on the following day, when some of the soldiers went out into the +fields and laid hands on the fruit, the general inflicted corporal +punishment of no casual sort upon them, and he called all the army +together and spoke as follows: "This using of violence and the eating of +that which belongs to others seems at other times a wicked thing only on +this account, that injustice is in the deed itself, as the saying is; +but in the present instance so great an element of detriment is added to +the wrongdoing that--if it is not too harsh to say so--we must consider +the question of justice of less account and calculate the magnitude of +the danger that may arise from your act. For I have disembarked you upon +this land basing my confidence on this alone, that the Libyans, being +Romans from of old, are unfaithful and hostile to the Vandals, and for +this reason I thought that no necessaries would fail us and, besides, +that the enemy would not do us any injury by a sudden attack. But now +this your lack of self-control has changed it all and made the opposite +true. For you have doubtless reconciled the Libyans to the Vandals, +bringing their hostility round upon your own selves. For by nature those +who are wronged feel enmity toward those who have done them violence, +and it has come round to this that you have exchanged your own safety +and a bountiful supply of good things for some few pieces of silver, +when it was possible for you, by purchasing provisions from willing +owners, not to appear unjust and at the same time to enjoy their +friendship to the utmost. Now, therefore, the war will be between you +and both Vandals and Libyans, and I, at least, say further that it will +be against God himself, whose aid no one who does wrong can invoke. But +do you cease trespassing wantonly upon the possessions of others, and +reject a gain which is full of dangers. For this is that time in which +above all others moderation is able to save, but lawlessness leads to +death. For if you give heed to these things, you will find God +propitious, the Libyan people well-disposed, and the race of the Vandals +open to your attack." + +With these words Belisarius dismissed the assembly. And at that time he +heard that the city of Syllectus was distant one day's journey from the +camp, lying close to the sea on the road leading to Carthage, and that +the wall of this city had been torn down for a long time, but the +inhabitants of the place had made a barrier on all sides by means of the +walls of their houses, on account of the attacks of the Moors, and +guarded a kind of fortified enclosure; he, accordingly, sent one of his +spearmen, Boriades, together with some of the guards, commanding them to +make an attempt oh the city, and, if they captured it, to do no harm in +it, but to promise a thousand good things and to say that they had come +for the sake of the people's freedom, that so the army might be able to +enter into it. And they came near the city about dusk and passed the +night hidden in a ravine. But at early dawn, meeting country folk going +into the city with waggons, they entered quietly with them and with no +trouble took possession of the city. And when day came, no one having +begun any disturbance, they called together the priest and all the other +notables and announced the commands of the general, and receiving the +keys of the entrances from willing hands, they sent them to the general. + +On the same day the overseer of the public post deserted, handing over +all the government horses. And they captured also one of those who are +occasionally sent to bear the royal responses, whom they call +"veredarii"[49]; and the general did him no harm but presented him with +much gold and, receiving pledges from him, put into his hand the letter +which the Emperor Justinian had written to the Vandals, that he might +give it to the magistrates of the Vandals. And the writing was as +follows: "Neither have we decided to make war upon the Vandals, nor are +we breaking the treaty of Gizeric, but we are attempting to dethrone +your tyrant, who, making light of the testament of Gizeric, has +imprisoned your king and is keeping him in custody, and those of his +relatives whom he hated exceedingly he put to death at the first, and +the rest, after robbing them of their sight, he keeps under guard, not +allowing them to terminate their misfortunes by death. Do you, +therefore, join forces with us and help us in freeing yourselves from so +wicked a tyranny, in order that you may be able to enjoy both peace and +freedom. For we give you pledges in the name of God that these things +will come to you by our hand." Such was the message of the emperor's +letter. But the man who received this from Belisarius did not dare to +publish it openly, and though he shewed it secretly to his friends, he +accomplished nothing whatever of consequence. + + +XVII + +And Belisarius, having arrayed his army as for battle in the following +manner, began the march to Carthage. He chose out three hundred of his +guards, men who were able warriors, and handed them over to John, who +was in charge of the expenditures of the general's household; such a +person the Romans call "optio."[50] And he was an Armenian by birth, a +man gifted with discretion and courage in the highest degree. This John, +then, he commanded to go ahead of the army, at a distance of not less +than twenty stades, and if he should see anything of the enemy, to +report it with all speed, so that they might not be compelled to enter +into battle unprepared. And the allied Massagetae he commanded to travel +constantly on the left of the army, keeping as many stades away or more; +and he himself marched in the rear with the best troops. For he +suspected that it would not be long before Gelimer, following them from +Hermione, would make an attack upon them. And these precautions were +sufficient, for on the right side there was no fear, since they were +travelling not far from the coast. And he commanded the sailors to +follow along with them always and not to separate themselves far from +the army, but when the wind was favouring to lower the great sails, and +follow with the small sails, which they call "dolones,"[51] and when the +wind dropped altogether to keep the ships under way as well as they +could by rowing. + +And when Belisarius reached Syllectus, the soldiers behaved with +moderation, and they neither began any unjust brawls nor did anything +out of the way, and he himself, by displaying great gentleness and +kindness, won the Libyans to his side so completely that thereafter he +made the journey as if in his own land; for neither did the inhabitants +of the land withdraw nor did they wish to conceal anything, but they +both furnished a market and served the soldiers in whatever else they +wished. And accomplishing eighty stades each day, we completed the whole +journey to Carthage, passing the night either in a city, should it so +happen, or in a camp made as thoroughly secure as the circumstances +permitted. Thus we passed through the city of Leptis and Hadrumetum and +reached the place called Grasse, three hundred and fifty stades distant +from Carthage. In that place was a palace of the ruler of the Vandals +and a park the most beautiful of all we know. For it is excellently +watered by springs and has a great wealth of woods. And all the trees +are full of fruit; so that each one of the soldiers pitched his tent +among fruit-trees, and though all of them ate their fill of the fruit, +which was then ripe, there was practically no diminution to be seen in +the fruit. + +But Gelimer, as soon as he heard in Hermione that the enemy were at +hand, wrote to his brother Ammatas in Carthage to kill Ilderic and all +the others, connected with him either by birth or otherwise, whom he was +keeping under guard, and commanded him to make ready the Vandals and all +others in the city serviceable for war, in order that, when the enemy +got inside the narrow passage at the suburb of the city which they call +Decimum,[52] they might come together from both sides and surround them +and, catching them as in a net, destroy them. And Ammatas carried this +out, and killed Ilderic, who was a relative of his, and Euagees, and all +the Libyans who were intimate with them. For Hoamer had already departed +from the world.[53] And arming the Vandals, he made them ready, +intending to make his attack at the opportune moment. But Gelimer was +following behind, without letting it be known to us, except, indeed, +that, on that night when we bivouacked in Grasse, scouts coming from +both armies met each other, and after an exchange of blows they each +retired to their own camp, and in this way it became evident to us that +the enemy were not far away. As we proceeded from there it was +impossible to discern the ships. For high rocks extending well into the +sea cause mariners to make a great circuit, and there is a projecting +headland,[54] inside of which lies the town of Hermes. Belisarius +therefore commanded Archelaus, the prefect, and Calonymus, the admiral, +not to put in at Carthage, but to remain about two hundred stades away +until he himself should summon them. And departing from Grasse we came +on the fourth day to Decimum, seventy stades distant from Carthage. + + +XVIII + +And on that day Gelimer commanded his nephew Gibamundus with two +thousand of the Vandals to go ahead of the rest of the army on the left +side, in order that Ammatas coming from Carthage, Gelimer himself from +the rear, and Gibamundus from the country to the left, might unite and +accomplish the task of encircling the enemy with less difficulty and +exertion. But as for me, during this struggle I was moved to wonder at +the ways of Heaven and of men, noting how God, who sees from afar what +will come to pass, traces out the manner in which it seems best to him +that things should come to pass, while men, whether they are deceived or +counsel aright, know not that they have failed, should that be the +issue, or that they have succeeded, God's purpose being that a path +shall be made for Fortune, who presses on inevitably toward that which +has been foreordained. For if Belisarius had not thus arranged his +forces, commanding the men under John to take the lead, and the +Massagetae to march on the left of the army, we should never have been +able to escape the Vandals. And even with this planned so by Belisarius, +if Ammatas had observed the opportune time, and had not anticipated this +by about the fourth part of a day, never would the cause of the Vandals +have fallen as it did; but as it was, Ammatas came to Decimum about +midday, in advance of the time, while both we and the Vandal army were +far away, erring not only in that he did not arrive at the fitting time, +but also in leaving at Carthage the host of the Vandals, commanding them +to come to Decimum as quickly as possible, while he with a few men and +not even the pick of the army came into conflict with John's men. And he +killed twelve of the best men who were fighting in the front rank, and +he himself fell, having shewn himself a brave man in this engagement. +And the rout, after Ammatas fell, became complete, and the Vandals, +fleeing at top speed, swept back all those who were coming from Carthage +to Decimum. For they were advancing in no order and not drawn up as for +battle, but in companies, and small ones at that; for they were coming +in bands of twenty or thirty. And seeing the Vandals under Ammatas +fleeing, and thinking their pursuers were a great multitude, they turned +and joined in the flight. And John and his men, killing all whom they +came upon, advanced as far as the gates of Carthage. And there was so +great a slaughter of Vandals in the course of the seventy stades that +those who beheld it would have supposed that it was the work of an enemy +twenty thousand strong. + +At the same time Gibamundus and his two thousand came to Pedion Halon, +which is forty stades distant from Decimum on the left as one goes to +Carthage, and is destitute of human habitation or trees or anything +else, since the salt in the water permits nothing except salt to be +produced there; in that place they encountered the Huns and were all +destroyed. Now there was a certain man among the Massagetae, well gifted +with courage and strength of body, the leader of a few men; this man had +the privilege handed down from his fathers and ancestors to be the first +in all the Hunnic armies to attack the enemy. For it was not lawful for +a man of the Massagetae to strike first in battle and capture one of the +enemy until, indeed, someone from this house began the struggle with the +enemy. So when the two armies had come not far from each other, this man +rode out and stopped alone close to the army of the Vandals. And the +Vandals, either because they were dumbfounded at the courageous spirit +of the man or perhaps because they suspected that the enemy were +contriving something against them, decided neither to move nor to shoot +at the man. And I think that, since they had never had experience of +battle with the Massagetae, but heard that the nation was very warlike, +they were for this reason terrified at the danger. And the man, +returning to his compatriots, said that God had sent them these +strangers as a ready feast. Then at length they made their onset and the +Vandals did not withstand them, but breaking their ranks and never +thinking of resistance, they were all disgracefully destroyed. + + +XIX + +But we, having learned nothing at all of what had happened, were going +on to Decimum. And Belisarius, seeing a place well adapted for a camp, +thirty-five stades distant from Decimum, surrounded it with a stockade +which was very well made, and placing all the infantry there and calling +together the whole army, he spoke as follows: "Fellow-soldiers, the +decisive moment of the struggle is already at hand; for I perceive that +the enemy are advancing upon us; and the ships have been taken far away +from us by the nature of the place; and it has come round to this that +our hope of safety lies in the strength of our hands. For there is not a +friendly city, no, nor any other stronghold, in which we may put our +trust and have confidence concerning ourselves. But if we should show +ourselves brave men, it is probable that we shall still overcome the +enemy in the war; but if we should weaken at all, it will remain for us +to fall under the hand of the Vandals and to be destroyed disgracefully. +And yet there are many advantages on our side to help us on toward +victory; for we have with us both justice, with which we have come +against our enemy (for we are here in order to recover what is our own), +and the hatred of the Vandals toward their own tyrant. For the alliance +of God follows naturally those who put justice forward, and a soldier +who is ill-disposed toward his ruler knows not how to play the part of a +brave man. And apart from this, we have been engaged with Persians and +Scythians all the time, but the Vandals, since the time they conquered +Libya, have seen not a single enemy except naked Moors. And who does not +know that in every work practice leads to skill, while idleness leads to +inefficiency? Now the stockade, from which we shall have to carry on the +war, has been made by us in the best possible manner. And we are able to +deposit here our weapons and everything else which we are not able to +carry when we go forth; and when we return here again, no kind of +provisions can fail us. And I pray that each one of you, calling to mind +his own valour and those whom he has left at home, may so march with +contempt against the enemy." + +After speaking these words and uttering a prayer after them, Belisarius +left his wife and the barricaded camp to the infantry, and himself set +forth with all the horsemen. For it did not seem to him advantageous for +the present to risk an engagement with the whole army, but it seemed +wise to skirmish first with the horsemen and make trial of the enemy's +strength, and finally to fight a decisive battle with the whole army. +Sending forward, therefore, the commanders of the foederati,[55] he +himself followed with the rest of the force and his own spearmen and +guards. And when the foederati and their leaders reached Decimum, they +saw the corpses of the fallen--twelve comrades from the forces of John +and near them Ammatas and some of the Vandals. And hearing from the +inhabitants of the place the whole story of the fight, they were vexed, +being at a loss as to where they ought to go. But while they were still +at a loss and from the hills were looking around over the whole country +thereabouts, a dust appeared from the south and a little later a very +large force of Vandal horsemen. And they sent to Belisarius urging him +to come as quickly as possible, since the enemy were bearing down upon +them. And the opinions of the commanders were divided. For some thought +that they ought to close with their assailants, but the others said that +their force was not sufficient for this. And while they were debating +thus among themselves, the barbarians drew near under the leadership of +Gelimer, who was following a road between the one which Belisarius was +travelling and the one by which the Massagetae who had encountered +Gibamundus had come. But since the land was hilly on both sides, it did +not allow him to see either the disaster of Gibamundus or Belisarius' +stockade, nor even the road along which Belisarius' men were advancing. +But when they came near each other, a contest arose between the two +armies as to which should capture the highest of all the hills there. +For it seemed a suitable one to encamp upon, and both sides preferred to +engage with the enemy from there. And the Vandals, coming first, took +possession of the hill by crowding off their assailants and routed the +enemy, having already become an object of terror to them. And the Romans +in flight came to a place seven stades distant from Decimum, where, as +it happened, Uliaris, the personal guard of Belisarius, was, with eight +hundred guardsmen. And all supposed that Uliaris would receive them and +hold his position, and together with them would go against the Vandals; +but when they came together, these troops all unexpectedly fled at top +speed and went on the run to Belisarius. + +From then on I am unable to say what happened to Gelimer that, having +the victory in his hands, he willingly gave it up to the enemy, unless +one ought to refer foolish actions also to God, who, whenever He +purposes that some adversity shall befall a man, touches first his +reason and does not permit that which will be to his advantage to come +to his consideration. For if, on the one hand, he had made the pursuit +immediately, I do not think that even Belisarius would have withstood +him, but our cause would have been utterly and completely lost, so +numerous appeared the force of the Vandals and so great the fear they +inspired in the Romans; or if, on the other hand, he had even ridden +straight for Carthage, he would easily have killed all John's men, who, +heedless of everything else, were wandering about the plain one by one +or by twos and stripping the dead. And he would have preserved the city +with its treasures, and captured our ships, which had come rather near, +and he would have withdrawn from us all hope both of sailing away and of +victory. But in fact he did neither of these things. Instead he +descended from the hill at a walk, and when he reached the level ground +and saw the corpse of his brother, he turned to lamentations, and, in +caring for his burial, he blunted the edge of his opportunity--an +opportunity which he was not able to grasp again. Meantime Belisarius, +meeting the fugitives, bade them stop, and arrayed them all in order and +rebuked them at length; then, after hearing of the death of Ammatas and +the pursuit of John, and learning what he wished concerning the place +and the enemy, he proceeded at full speed against Gelimer and the +Vandals. But the barbarians, having already fallen into disorder and +being now unprepared, did not withstand the onset of the Romans, but +fled with all their might, losing many there, and the battle ended at +night. Now the Vandals were in flight, not to Carthage nor to Byzacium, +whence they had come, but to the plain of Boulla and the road leading +into Numidia. So the men with John and the Massagetae returned to us +about dusk, and after learning all that had happened and reporting what +they had done, they passed the night with us in Decimum. + + +XX + +But on the following day the infantry with the wife of Belisarius came +up and we all proceeded together on the road toward Carthage, which we +reached in the late evening; and we passed the night in the open, +although no one hindered us from marching into the city at once. For the +Carthaginians opened the gates and burned lights everywhere and the city +was brilliant with the illumination that whole night, and those of the +Vandals who had been left behind were sitting as suppliants in the +sanctuaries. But Belisarius prevented the entrance in order to guard +against any ambuscade being set for his men by the enemy, and also to +prevent the soldiers from having freedom to turn to plundering, as they +might under the concealment of night. On that day, since an east wind +arose for them, the ships reached the headland, and the Carthaginians, +for they already sighted them, removed the iron chains of the harbour +which they call Mandracium, and made it possible for the fleet to enter. +Now there is in the king's palace a room filled with darkness, which the +Carthaginians call Ancon, where all were cast with whom the tyrant was +angry. In that place, as it happened, many of the eastern merchants had +been confined up to that time. For Gelimer was angry with these men, +charging them with having urged the emperor on to the war, and they were +about to be destroyed, all of them, this having been decided upon by +Gelimer on that day on which Ammatas was killed in Decimum; to such an +extremity of danger did they come. The guard of this prison, upon +hearing what had taken place in Decimum and seeing the fleet inside the +point, entered the room and enquired of the men, who had not yet learned +the good news, but were sitting in the darkness and expecting death, +what among their possessions they would be willing to give up and be +saved. And when they said they desired to give everything he might wish, +he demanded nothing of all their treasures, but required them all to +swear that, if they escaped, they would assist him also with all their +power when he came into danger. And they did this. Then he told them +them the whole story, and tearing off a plank from the side toward the +sea, he pointed out the fleet approaching, and releasing all from the +prison went out with them. + +But the men on the ships, having as yet heard nothing of what the army +had done on the land, were completely at a loss, and slackening their +sails they sent to the town of Mercurium; there they learned what had +taken place at Decimum, and becoming exceedingly joyful sailed on. And +when, with a favouring wind blowing, they came to within one hundred and +fifty stades of Carthage, Archelaus and the soldiers bade them anchor +there, fearing the warning of the general, but the sailors would not +obey. For they said that the promontory at that point was without a +harbour and also that the indications were that a well-known storm, +which the natives call Cypriana, would arise immediately. And they +predicted that, if it came upon them in that place, they would not be +able to save even one of the ships. And it was as they said. So they +slackened their sails for a short time and deliberated; and they did not +think they ought to try for Mandracium (for they shrank from violating +the commands of Belisarius, and at the same time they suspected that the +entrance to Mandracium was closed by the chains, and besides they feared +that this harbour was not sufficient for the whole fleet) but Stagnum +seemed to them well situated (for it is forty stades distant from +Carthage), and there was nothing in it to hinder them, and also it was +large enough for the whole fleet. There they arrived about dusk and all +anchored, except, indeed, that Calonymus with some of the sailors, +disregarding the general and all the others, went off secretly to +Mandracium, no one daring to hinder him, and plundered the property of +the merchants dwelling on the sea, both foreigners and Carthaginians. + +On the following day Belisarius commanded those on the ships to +disembark, and after marshalling the whole army and drawing it up in +battle formation, he marched into Carthage; for he feared lest he should +encounter some snare set by the enemy. There he reminded the soldiers at +length of how much good fortune had come to them because they had +displayed moderation toward the Libyans, and he exhorted them earnestly +to preserve good order with the greatest care in Carthage. For all the +Libyans had been Romans in earlier times and had come under the Vandals +by no will of their own and had suffered many outrages at the hands of +these barbarians. For this very reason the emperor had entered into war +with the Vandals, and it was not holy that any harm should come from +them to the people whose freedom they had made the ground for taking the +field against the Vandals. [Sept. 15, 533 A.D.] After such words of +exhortation he entered Carthage, and, since no enemy was seen by them, +he went up to the palace and seated himself on Gelimer's throne. There a +crowd of merchants and other Carthaginians came before Belisarius with +much shouting, persons whose homes were on the sea, and they made the +charge that there had been a robbery of their property on the preceding +night by the sailors. And Belisarius bound Calonymus by oaths to bring +without fail all his thefts to the light. And Calonymus, taking the oath +and disregarding what he had sworn, for the moment made the money his +plunder, but not long afterwards he paid his just penalty in Byzantium. +For being taken with the disease called apoplexy, he became insane and +bit off his own tongue and then died. But this happened at a later time. + + +XXI + +But then, since the hour was appropriate, Belisarius commanded that +lunch be prepared for them, in the very place where Gelimer was +accustomed to entertain the leaders of the Vandals. This place the +Romans call "Delphix," not in their own tongue, but using the Greek word +according to the ancient custom. For in the palace at Rome, where the +dining couches of the emperor were placed, a tripod had stood from olden +times, on which the emperor's cupbearers used to place the cups. Now the +Romans call a tripod "Delphix," since they were first made at Delphi, +and from this both in Byzantium and wherever there is a king's dining +couch they call the room "Delphix"; for the Romans follow the Greek also +in calling the emperor's residence "Palatium." For a Greek named Pallas +lived in this place before the capture of Troy and built a noteworthy +house there, and they called this dwelling "Palatium"; and when Augustus +received the imperial power, he decided to take up his first residence +in that house, and from this they call the place wherever the emperor +resides "Palatium." So Belisarius dined in the Delphix and with him all +the notables of the army. And it happened that the lunch made for +Gelimer on the preceding day was in readiness. And we feasted on that +very food and the domestics of Gelimer served it and poured the wine and +waited upon us in every way. And it was possible to see Fortune in her +glory and making a display of the fact that all things are hers and that +nothing is the private possession of any man. And it fell to the lot of +Belisarius on that day to win such fame as no one of the men of his time +ever won nor indeed any of the men of olden times. For though the Roman +soldiers were not accustomed to enter a subject city without confusion, +even if they numbered only five hundred, and especially if they made the +entry unexpectedly, all the soldiers under the command of this general +showed themselves so orderly that there was not a single act of +insolence nor a threat, and indeed nothing happened to hinder the +business of the city; but in a captured city, one which had changed its +government and shifted its allegiance, it came about that no man's +household was excluded from the privileges of the marketplace; on the +contrary, the clerks drew up their lists of the men and conducted the +soldiers to their lodgings, just as usual,[56] and the soldiers +themselves, getting their lunch by purchase from the market, rested as +each one wished. + +Afterwards Belisarius gave pledges to those Vandals who had fled into +the sanctuaries, and began to take thought for the fortifications. For +the circuit-wall of Carthage had been so neglected that in many places +it had become accessible to anyone who wished and easy to attack. For no +small part of it had fallen down, and it was for this reason, the +Carthaginians said, that Gelimer had not made his stand in the city. For +he thought that it would be impossible in a short time to restore such a +circuit-wall to a safe condition. And they said that an old oracle had +been uttered by the children in earlier times in Carthage, to the effect +that "gamma shall pursue beta, and again beta itself shall pursue +gamma." And at that time it had been spoken by the children in play and +had been left as an unexplained riddle, but now it was perfectly clear +to all. For formerly Gizeric had driven out Boniface and now Belisarius +was doing the same to Gelimer. This, then, whether it was a rumour or an +oracle, came out as I have stated. + +At that time a dream also came to light, which had been seen often +before this by many persons, but without being clear as to how it would +turn out. And the dream was as follows. Cyprian,[57] a holy man, is +reverenced above all others by the Carthaginians. And they have founded +a very noteworthy temple in his honour before the city on the sea-shore, +in which they conduct all other customary services, and also celebrate +there a festival which they call the "Cypriana"; and the sailors are +accustomed to name after Cyprian the storm, which I mentioned +lately,[58] giving it the same name as the festival, since it is wont to +come on at the time at which the Libyans have always been accustomed to +celebrate the festival. This temple the Vandals took from the Christians +by violence in the reign of Honoric. And they straightway drove out +their priests from the temple in great dishonour, and themselves +thereafter attended to the sacred festival which, they said, now +belonged to the Arians. And the Libyans, indeed, were angry on this +account and altogether at a loss, but Cyprian, they say, often sent them +a dream saying that there was not the least need for the Christians to +be concerned about him; for he himself as time went on would be his own +avenger. And when the report of this was passed around and came to all +the Libyans, they were expecting that some vengeance would come upon the +Vandals at some time because of this sacred festival, but were unable to +conjecture how in the world the vision would be realized for them. Now, +therefore, when the emperor's expedition had come to Libya, since the +time had already come round and would bring the celebration of the +festival on the succeeding day, the priests of the Arians, in spite of +the fact that Ammatas had led the Vandals to Decimum, cleansed the whole +sanctuary and were engaged in hanging up the most beautiful of the +votive offerings there, and making ready the lamps and bringing out the +treasures from the store-houses and preparing all things with exactness, +arranging everything according to its appropriate use. But the events in +Decimum turned out in the manner already described. And the priests of +the Arians were off in flight, while the Christians who conform to the +orthodox faith came to the temple of Cyprian, and they burned all the +lamps and attended to the sacred festival just as is customary for them +to perform this service, and thus it was known to all what the vision of +the dream was foretelling. This, then, came about in this way. + + +XXII + +And the Vandals, recalling an ancient saying, marvelled, understanding +clearly thereafter that for a man, at least, no hope could be impossible +nor any possession secure. And what this saying was and in what manner +it was spoken I shall explain. When the Vandals originally, pressed by +hunger, were about to remove from their ancestral abodes, a certain part +of them was left behind who were reluctant to go and not desirous of +following Godigisclus. And as time went on it seemed to those who had +remained that they were well off as regards abundance of provisions, and +Gizeric with his followers gained possession of Libya. And when this was +heard by those who had not followed Godigisclus, they rejoiced, since +thenceforth the country was altogether sufficient for them to live upon. +But fearing lest at some time much later either the very ones who had +conquered Libya, or their descendants, should in some way or other be +driven out of Libya and return to their ancestral homes (for they never +supposed that the Romans would let Libya be held for ever), they sent +ambassadors to them. And these men, upon coming before Gizeric, said +that they rejoiced with their compatriots who had met with such success, +but that they were no longer able to guard the land of which he and his +men had thought so little that they had settled in Libya. They prayed +therefore that, if they laid no claim to their fatherland, they would +bestow it as an unprofitable possession upon themselves, so that their +title to the land might be made as secure as possible, and if anyone +should come to do it harm, they might by no means disdain to die in +behalf of it. Gizeric, accordingly, and all the other Vandals thought +that they spoke fairly and justly, and they were in the act of granting +everything which the envoys desired of them. But a certain old man who +was esteemed among them and had a great reputation for discretion said +that he would by no means permit such a thing. "For in human affairs," +he said, "not one thing stands secure; nay, nothing which now exists is +stable for all time for men, while as regards that which does not yet +exist, there is nothing which may not come to pass." When Gizeric heard +this, he expressed approval and decided to send the envoys away with +nothing accomplished. Now at that time both he himself and the man who +had given the advice were judged worthy of ridicule by all the Vandals, +as foreseeing the impossible. But when these things which have been told +took place, the Vandals learned to take a different view of the nature +of human affairs and realized that the saying was that of a wise man. + +Now as for those Vandals who remained in their native land, neither +remembrance nor any name of them has been preserved to my time.[59] For +since, I suppose, they were a small number, they were either overpowered +by the neighbouring barbarians or they were mingled with them not at all +unwillingly and their name gave way to that of their conquerors. Indeed, +when the Vandals were conquered at that time by Belisarius, no thought +occurred to them to go from there to their ancestral homes. For they +were not able to convey themselves suddenly from Libya to Europe, +especially as they had no ships at hand, but paid the penalty[60] there +for all the wrongs they had done the Romans and especially the +Zacynthians. For at one time Gizeric, falling suddenly upon the towns in +the Peloponnesus, undertook to assault Taenarum. And being repulsed from +there and losing many of his followers he retired in complete disorder. +And while he was still filled with anger on account of this, he touched +at Zacynthus, and having killed many of those he met and enslaved five +hundred of the notables, he sailed away soon afterwards. And when he +reached the middle of the Adriatic Sea, as it is called, he cut into +small pieces the bodies of the five hundred and threw them all about the +sea without the least concern. But this happened in earlier times. + + +XXIII + +But at that time Gelimer, by distributing much money to the farmers +among the Libyans and shewing great friendliness toward them, succeeded +in winning many to his side. These he commanded to kill the Romans who +went out into the country, proclaiming a fixed sum of gold for each man +killed, to be paid to him who did the deed. And they killed many from +the Roman army, not soldiers, however, but slaves and servants, who +because of a desire for money went up into the villages stealthily and +were caught. And the farmers brought their heads before Gelimer and +departed receiving their pay, while he supposed that they had slain +soldiers of the enemy. + +At that time Diogenes, the aide of Belisarius, made a display of +valorous deeds. For having been sent, together with twenty-two of the +body-guards, to spy upon their opponents, he came to a place two days' +journey distant from Carthage. And the farmers of the place, being +unable to kill these men, reported to Gelimer that they were there. And +he chose out and sent against them three hundred horsemen of the +Vandals, enjoining upon them to bring all the men alive before him. For +it seemed to him a most remarkable achievement to make captive a +personal aide of Belisarius with twenty-two body-guards. Now Diogenes +and his party had entered a certain house and were sleeping in the upper +storey, having no thought of the enemy in mind, since, indeed, they had +learned that their opponents were far away. But the Vandals, coming +there at early dawn, thought it would not be to their advantage to +destroy the doors of the house or to enter it in the dark, fearing lest, +being involved in a night encounter, they might themselves destroy one +another, and at the same time, if that should happen, provide a way of +escape for a large number of the enemy in the darkness. But they did +this because cowardice had paralyzed their minds, though it would have +been possible for them with no trouble, by carrying torches or even +without these, to catch their enemies in their beds not only without +weapons, but absolutely naked besides. But as it was, they made a +phalanx in a circle about the whole house and especially at the doors, +and all took their stand there. But in the meantime it so happened that +one of the Roman soldiers was roused from sleep, and he, noticing the +noise which the Vandals made as they talked stealthily among themselves +and moved with their weapons, was able to comprehend what was being +done, and rousing each one of his comrades silently, he told them what +was going on. And they, following the opinion of Diogenes, all put on +their clothes quietly and taking up their weapons went below. There they +put the bridles on their horses and leaped upon them unperceived by +anyone. And after standing for a time by the court-yard entrance, they +suddenly opened the door there, and straightway all came out. And then +the Vandals immediately closed with them, but they accomplished nothing. +For the Romans rode hard, covering themselves with their shields and +warding off their assailants with their spears. And in this way Diogenes +escaped the enemy, losing two of his followers, but saving the rest. He +himself, however, received three blows in this encounter on the neck and +the face, from which indeed he came within a little of dying, and one +blow also on the left hand, as a result of which he was thereafter +unable to move his little finger. This, then, took place in this way. + +And Belisarius offered great sums of money to the artisans engaged in +the building trade and to the general throng of workmen, and by this +means he dug a trench deserving of great admiration about the +circuit-wall, and setting stakes close together along it he made an +excellent stockade about the fortifications. And not only this, but he +built up in a short time the portions of the wall which had suffered, a +thing which seemed worthy of wonder not only to the Carthaginians, but +also to Gelimer himself at a later time. For when he came as a captive +to Carthage, he marvelled when he saw the wall and said that his own +negligence had proved the cause of all his present troubles. This, then, +was accomplished by Belisarius while in Carthage. + + +XXIV + +But Tzazon, the brother of Gelimer, reached Sardinia with the expedition +which has been mentioned above[61] and disembarked at the harbour of +Caranalis[62]; and at the first onset he captured the city and killed +the tyrant Godas and all the fighting men about him. And when he heard +that the emperor's expedition was in the land of Libya, having as yet +learned nothing of what had been done there, he wrote to Gelimer as +follows: "Know, O King of the Vandals and Alani, that the tyrant Godas +has perished, having fallen into our hands, and that the island is again +under thy kingdom, and celebrate the festival of triumph. And as for the +enemy who have had the daring to march against our land, expect that +their attempt will come to the same fate as that experienced by those +who in former times marched against our ancestors." And those who took +this letter sailed into the harbour of Carthage with no thought of the +enemy in mind. And being brought by the guards before the general, they +put the letter into his hands and gave him information on the matters +about which he enquired, being thunderstruck at what they beheld and +awed at the suddenness of the change; however, they suffered nothing +unpleasant at the hand of Belisarius. + +At this same time another event also occurred as follows. A short time +before the emperor's expedition reached Libya, Gelimer had sent envoys +into Spain, among whom were Gothaeus and Fuscias, in order to persuade +Theudis, the ruler of the Visigoths,[63] to establish an alliance with +the Vandals. And these envoys, upon disembarking on the mainland after +crossing the strait at Gadira, found Theudis in a place situated far +from the sea. And when they had come up to the place where he was, +Theudis received them with friendliness and entertained them heartily, +and during the feast he pretended to enquire how matters stood with +Gelimer and the Vandals. Now since these envoys had travelled to him +rather slowly, it happened that he had heard from others everything +which had befallen the Vandals. For one merchant ship sailing for trade +had put out from Carthage on the very same day as the army marched into +the city, and finding a favouring wind, had come to Spain. From those on +this ship Theudis learned all that had happened in Libya, but he forbade +the merchants to reveal it to anyone, in order that this might not +become generally known. And when Gothaeus and his followers replied that +everything was as well as possible for them, he asked them for what +purpose, then, they had come. And when they proposed the alliance, +Theudis bade them go to the sea-coast; "For from there," he said, "you +will learn of the affairs at home with certainty." And the envoys, +supposing that the man was in his cups and his words were not sane, +remained silent. But when on the following day they met him and made +mention of the alliance, and Theudis used the same words a second time, +then at length they understood that some change of fortune had befallen +them in Libya, but never once thinking of Carthage they sailed for the +city. And upon coming to land close by it and happening upon Roman +soldiers, they put themselves in their hands to do with them as they +wished. And from there they were led away to the general, and reporting +the whole story, they suffered no harm at his hand. These things, then, +happened thus. And Cyril,[64] upon coming near to Sardinia and learning +what had happened to Godas, sailed to Carthage, and there, finding the +Roman army and Belisarius victorious, he remained at rest; and +Solomon[65] was sent to the emperor in order to announce what had been +accomplished. + + +XXV + +But Gelimer, upon reaching the plain of Boulla, which is distant from +Carthage a journey of four days for an unencumbered traveller, not far +from the boundaries of Numidia, began to gather there all the Vandals +and as many of the Moors as happened to be friendly to him. Few Moors, +however, joined his alliance, and these were altogether insubordinate. +For all those who ruled over the Moors in Mauretania and Numidia and +Byzacium sent envoys to Belisarius saying that they were slaves of the +emperor and promised to fight with him. There were some also who even +furnished their children as hostages and requested that the symbols of +office be sent them from him according to the ancient custom. For it was +a law among the Moors that no one should be a ruler over them, even if +he was hostile to the Romans, until the emperor of the Romans should +give him the tokens of the office. And though they had already received +them from the Vandals, they did not consider that the Vandals held the +office securely. Now these symbols are a staff of silver covered with +gold, and a silver cap,--not covering the whole head, but like a crown +and held in place on all sides by bands of silver,--a kind of white +cloak gathered by a golden brooch on the right shoulder in the form of a +Thessalian cape, and a white tunic with embroidery, and a gilded boot. +And Belisarius sent these things to them, and presented each one of them +with much money. However, they did not come to fight along with him, +nor, on the other hand, did they dare give their support to the Vandals, +but standing out of the way of both contestants, they waited to see what +would be the outcome of the war. Thus, then, matters stood with the +Romans. + +But Gelimer sent one of the Vandals to Sardinia with a letter to his +brother Tzazon. And he went quickly to the coast, and finding by chance +a merchant-ship putting out to sea, he sailed into the harbour of +Caranalis and put the letter into the hands of Tzazon. Now the message +of the letter was as follows: + +"It was not, I venture to think, Godas who caused the island to revolt +from us, but some curse of madness sent from Heaven which fell upon the +Vandals. For by depriving us of you and the notables of the Vandals, it +has seized and carried off from the house of Gizeric absolutely all the +blessings which we enjoyed. For it was not to recover the island for us +that you sailed from here, but in order that Justinian might be master +of Libya. For that which Fortune had decided upon previously it is now +possible to know from the outcome. Belisarius, then, has come against us +with a small army, but valour straightway departed and fled from the +Vandals, taking good fortune with her. For Ammatas and Gibamundus have +fallen, because the Vandals lost their courage, and the horses and +shipyards and all Libya and, not least of all, Carthage itself, are held +already by the enemy. And the Vandals are sitting here, having paid with +their children and wives and all their possessions for their failure to +play the part of brave men in battle, and to us is left only the plain +of Boulla, where our hope in you has set us down and still keeps us. But +do you have done with such matters as rebel tyrants and Sardinia and the +cares concerning these things, and come to us with your whole force as +quickly as possible. For when men find the very heart and centre of all +in danger, it is not advisable for them to consider minutely other +matters. And struggling hereafter in common against the enemy, we shall +either recover our previous fortune, or gain the advantage of not +bearing apart from each other the hard fate sent by Heaven." + +When this letter had been brought to Tzazon, and he had disclosed its +contents to the Vandals, they turned to wailing and lamentation, not +openly, however, but concealing their feelings as much as possible and +avoiding the notice of the islanders, silently among themselves they +bewailed the fate which was upon them. And straightway setting in order +matters in hand just as chance directed, they manned the ships. And +sailing from there with the whole fleet, on the third day they came to +land at the point of Libya which marks the boundary between the +Numidians and Mauretanians. And they reached the plain of Boulla +travelling on foot, and there joined with the rest of the army. And in +that place there were many most pitiable scenes among the Vandals, which +I, at least, could never relate as they deserve. For I think that even +if one of the enemy themselves had happened to be a spectator at that +time, he would probably have felt pity, in spite of himself, for the +Vandals and for human fortune. For Gelimer and Tzazon threw their arms +about each other's necks, and could not let go, but they spoke not a +word to each other, but kept wringing their hands and weeping, and each +one of the Vandals with Gelimer embraced one of those who had come from +Sardinia, and did the same thing. And they stood for a long time as if +grown together and found such comfort as they could in this, and neither +did the men of Gelimer think fit to ask about Godas (for their present +fortune had prostrated them and caused them to reckon such things as had +previously seemed to them most important with those which were now +utterly negligible), nor could those who came from Sardinia bring +themselves to ask about what had happened in Libya. For the place was +sufficient to permit them to judge of what had come to pass. And indeed +they did not make any mention even of their own wives and children, +knowing well that whoever of theirs was not there had either died or +fallen into the hands of the enemy. Thus, then, did these things happen. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] + +Cadiz. + +[2] + +Sea of Azov. + +[3] + +Abila. + +[4] + +Or Septem Fratres. + +[5] + +Most ancient geographers divided the inhabited world into three +continents, but some made two divisions. It was a debated question with +these latter whether Africa belonged to Asia or to Europe; of. Sallust, +_Jugurtha_, 17. + +[6] + +Kadi Keui. + +[7] + +More correctly Hydrous, Lat. Hydruntum (Otranto). + +[8] + +At Aulon (Avlona). + +[9] + +Adding these four days to the other items (285, 22, 40), the total is +351 days. + +[10] + +Calpe (Gibraltar). + +[11] + +_i.e._, instead of stopping at Otranto, one might also reckon in the +coast-line around the Adriatic to Dyrrachium. + +[12] + +About twenty-four English miles. + +[13] + +Iviza. + +[14] + +"Black-cloaks." + +[15] + +Belgrade. + +[16] + +Mitrovitz. + +[17] + +In Illyricum. + +[18] + +He ascended the throne at the age of seven. + +[19] + +That is, the actual occupant could enter a demurrer to the former +owner's action for recovery, citing his own occupancy for thirty years +or more. The new law extended the period during which the ousted +proprietor could recover possession, by admitting no demurrer from the +occupant so far as the years were concerned during which the Vandals +should be in possession of the country. + +[20] + +This is an error; he really ruled only eighteen months. + +[21] + +Geiseric, Gaiseric, less properly Genseric. + +[22] + +Now corrupted to Bona. + +[23] + +Emperor in Gaul, Britain and Spain 383-388. Aspiring to be Emperor of +the West, he invaded Italy, was defeated by Theodosius, and put to +death. + +[24] + +This is an error, for Attila died before Aetius. + +[25] + +Including the famous treasure which Titus had brought from Jerusalem, +cf. IV. ix. 5. + +[26] + +Domitian had spent 12,000 talents (L2,400,000) on the gilding alone; +Plutarch, _Publ._ 15. + +[27] + +_i.e._ "leaders of a thousand." + +[28] + +130,000 Roman pounds; cf. Book I. xxii. 4. The modern equivalent is +unknown. + +[29] + +Placidia's sister, Eudocia, was wife of Honoric, Gizeric's son. + +[30] + +See chap. iv. 27. + +[31] + +_i.e._ "wisdom." + +[32] + +Jebel Auress. + +[33] + +_i.e._ to what sect or religion they belonged. + +[34] + +Cf. Book IV. xi. 17 ff. + +[35] + +Book I. xxii. 16. + +[36] + +The "imperial" taxes were for the emperor's privy purse, the fiscus. + +[37] + +These foederati were private bands of troops under the leadership of +condottiere; these had the title of "count" and received from the state +an allowance for the support of their bands. + +[38] + +The medimnus equalled about one and a half bushels. + +[39] + +_i.e._ "runners." + +[40] + +Eregli, on the Sea of Marmora. + +[41] + +Cape Matapan. + +[42] + +Book I. xxiv. 12-15; xxv. 8-10. + +[43] + +The ration of this twice-baked bread represented for the same weight +one-fourth more wheat than when issued in the once-baked bread. He was +evidently paid on the basis of so much per ration, in weight, of the +once-baked bread, but on account of the length of the voyage the other +kind was requisitioned. + +[44] + +Instead of by weight. + +[45] + +Now Porto Lombardo. + +[46] + +Or Athalaric. + +[47] + +Now Gozzo and Malta. + +[48] + +Cf. III. v. 8 ff. + +[49] + +_i.e._ couriers, from _veredus_, "post-horse." + +[50] + +An adjutant, the general's own "choice." + +[51] + +Topsails. + +[52] + +_i.e._ _Decimum miliarium_, tenth milestone from Carthage. + +[53] + +Before 533 A.D. + +[54] + +Hermaeum, Lat. Mercurii promontorium (Cape Bon). + +[55] + +"Auxiliaries"; see chap. xi. 3, 4. + +[56] + +The troops were billeted as at a peaceful occupation. + +[57] + +St. Cyprian (_circa_ 200-257 A.D.), Bishop of Carthage. + +[58] + +Chap. xx. 13. + +[59] + +Compare the remarks of Gibbon, iv. p. 295. + +[60] + +In _Arcana_, 18, 5 ff., Procopius estimates the number of the Vandals in +Africa, at the time of Belisarius, at 80,000 males, and intimates that +practically all perished. + +[61] + +Chap. xi. 23. + +[62] + +Cagliari. + +[63] + +On this Theudis and his accession to the throne of the Visigoths in +Spain see V. xii. 50 ff. + +[64] + +The leader of a band of _foederati_. Cf. III. xi. 1, 6, xxiv. 19. + +[65] + +Also a _dux foederatorum_, and _domesticus_ of Belisarius. Cf. III. xi. +5 ff. + + * * * * * + + + + + HISTORY OF THE WARS: + + + + * * * * * + + + + +BOOK IV + +THE VANDALIC WAR (_Continued_) + + +I + +Gelimer, seeing all the Vandals gathered together, led his army against +Carthage. And when they came close to it, they tore down a portion of +the aqueduct,--a structure well worth seeing--which conducted water into +the city, and after encamping for a time they withdrew, since no one of +the enemy came out against them. And going about the country there they +kept the roads under guard and thought that in this way they were +besieging Carthage; however, they did not gather any booty, nor plunder +the land, but took possession of it as their own. And at the same time +they kept hoping that there would be some treason on the part of the +Carthaginians themselves and such of the Roman soldiers as followed the +doctrine of Arius. They also sent to the leaders of the Huns, and +promising that they would have many good things from the Vandals, +entreated them to become their friends and allies. Now the Huns even +before this had not been well-disposed toward the cause of the Romans, +since they had not indeed come to them willingly as allies (for they +asserted that the Roman general Peter had given an oath and then, +disregarding what had been sworn, had thus brought them to Byzantium), +and accordingly they received the words of the Vandals, and promised +that when they should come to real fighting they would turn with them +against the Roman army. But Belisarius had a suspicion of all this (for +he had heard it from the deserters), and also the circuit-wall had not +as yet been completed entirely, and for these reasons he did not think +it possible for his men to go out against the enemy for the present, but +he was making his preparations within as well as possible. And one of +the Carthaginians, Laurus by name, having been condemned on a charge of +treason and proved guilty by his own secretary, was impaled by +Belisarius on a hill before the city, and as a result of this the others +came to feel a sort of irresistible fear and refrained from attempts at +treason. And he courted the Massagetae with gifts and banquets and every +other manner of flattering attention every day, and thus persuaded them +to disclose to him what Gelimer had promised them on condition of their +turning traitors in the battle. And these barbarians said that they had +no enthusiasm for fighting, for they feared that, if the Vandals were +vanquished, the Romans would not send them back to their native land, +but they would be compelled to grow old and die right there in Libya; +and besides they were also concerned, they said, about the booty, lest +they be robbed of it. Then indeed Belisarius gave them pledges that, if +the Vandals should be conquered decisively, they would be sent without +the least delay to their homes with all their booty, and thus he bound +them by oaths in very truth to assist the Romans with all zeal in +carrying through the war. + +And when all things had been prepared by him in the best way possible, +and the circuit-wall had been already completed, he called together the +whole army and spoke as follows: "As for exhortation, fellow Romans, I +do not know that it is necessary to make any to you,--men who have +recently conquered the enemy so completely that Carthage here and the +whole of Libya is a possession of your valour, and for this reason you +will have no need of admonition that prompts to daring. For the spirits +of those who have conquered are by no means wont to be overcome. But I +think it not untimely to remind you of this one thing, that, if you on +the present occasion but prove equal to your own selves in valour, +straightway there will be an end for the Vandals of their hopes, and for +you of the battle. Hence there is every reason why you should enter into +this engagement with the greatest eagerness. For ever sweet to men is +toil coming to an end and reaching its close. Now as for the host of the +Vandals, let no one of you consider them. For not by numbers of men nor +by measure of body, but by valour of soul, is war wont to be decided. +And let the strongest motive which actuates men come to your minds, +namely, pride in past achievement. For it is a shame, for those at least +who have reason, to fall short of one's own self and to be found +inferior to one's own standard of valour. For I know well that terror +and the memory of misfortunes have laid hold upon the enemy and compel +them to become less brave, for the one fills them with fear because of +what has already happened, and the other brushes aside their hope of +success. For Fortune, once seen to be bad, straightway enslaves the +spirit of those who have fallen in her way. And I shall explain how the +struggle involves for you at the present time a greater stake than +formerly. For in the former battle the danger was, if things did not go +well for us, that we should not take the land of others; but now, if we +do not win the struggle, we shall lose the land which is our own. In +proportion, then, as it is easier to possess nothing than to be deprived +of what one has, just so now our fear touches our most vital concerns +more than before. And yet formerly we had the fortune to win the victory +with the infantry absent, but now, entering the battle with God +propitious and with our whole army, I have hopes of capturing the camp +of the enemy, men and all. Thus, then, having the end of the war ready +at hand, do not by reason of any negligence put it off to another time, +lest you be compelled to seek for the opportune moment after it has run +past us. For when the fortune of war is postponed, its nature is not to +proceed in the same manner as before, especially if the war be prolonged +by the will of those who are carrying it on. For Heaven is accustomed to +bring retribution always upon those who abandon the good fortune which +is present. But if anyone considers that the enemy, seeing their +children and wives and most precious possessions in our hands, will be +daring beyond reason and will incur risks beyond the strength which they +have, he does not think rightly. For an overpowering passion springing +up in the heart in behalf of what is most precious is wont to diminish +men's actual strength and does not allow them to make full use of their +present opportunities. Considering, then, all these things, it behooves +you to go with great contempt against the enemy." + + +II + +After such words of exhortation, Belisarius sent out all the horsemen on +the same day, except five hundred, and also the guardsmen and the +standard, which the Romans call "bandum,"[1] entrusting them to John the +Armenian, and directing him to skirmish only, if opportunity should +arise. And he himself on the following day followed with the infantry +forces and the five hundred horsemen. And the Massagetae, deliberating +among themselves, decided, in order to seem in friendly agreement with +both Gelimer and Belisarius, neither to begin fighting for the Romans +nor to go over to the Vandals before the encounter, but whenever the +situation of one or the other army should be bad, then to join the +victors in their pursuit of the vanquished. Thus, then, had this matter +been decided upon by the barbarians. And the Roman army came upon the +Vandals encamped in Tricamarum, one hundred and fifty stades distant +from Carthage. So they both bivouacked there at a considerable distance +from one another. And when it was well on in the night, a prodigy came +to pass in the Roman camp as follows. The tips of their spears were +lighted with a bright fire and the points of them seemed to be burning +most vigorously. This was not seen by many, but it filled with +consternation the few who did see it, not knowing how it would come out. +And this happened to the Romans in Italy again at a much later time. And +at that time, since they knew by experience, they believed it to be a +sign of victory. But now, as I have said, since this was the first time +it had happened, they were filled with consternation and passed the +night in great fear. + +And on the following day Gelimer commanded the Vandals to place the +women and children and all their possessions in the middle of the +stockade, although it had not the character of a fort, and calling all +together, he spoke as follows: "It is not to gain glory, or to retrieve +the loss of empire alone, O fellow Vandals, that we are about to fight, +so that even if we wilfully played the coward and sacrificed these our +belongings we might possibly live, sitting at home and keeping our own +possessions; but you see, surely, that our fortunes have come round to +such a pass that, if we do not gain the mastery over the enemy, we +shall, if we perish, leave them as masters of these our children and our +wives and our land and all our possessions, while if we survive, there +will be added our own enslavement and to behold all these enslaved; but +if, indeed, we overcome our foes in the war, we shall, if we live, pass +our lives among all good things, or, after the glorious ending of our +lives, there will be left to our wives and children the blessings of +prosperity, while the name of the Vandals will survive and their empire +be preserved. For if it has ever happened to any men to be engaged in a +struggle for their all, we now more than all others realize that we are +entering the battle-line with our hopes for all we have resting wholly +upon ourselves. Not for our bodies, then, is our fear, nor in death is +our danger, but in being defeated by the enemy. For if we lose the +victory, death will be to our advantage. Since, therefore, the case +stands so, let no one of the Vandals weaken, but let him proudly expose +his body, and from shame at the evils that follow defeat let him court +the end of life. For when a man is ashamed of that which is shameful, +there is always present with him a dauntless courage in the face of +danger. And let no recollection of the earlier battle come into your +minds. For it was not by cowardice on our part that we were defeated, +but we tripped upon obstacles interposed by fortune and were overthrown. +Now it is not the way of the tide of fortune to flow always in the same +direction, but every day, as a rule, it is wont to change about. In +manliness it is our boast that we surpass the enemy, and that in numbers +we are much superior; for we believe that we surpass them no less than +tenfold. And why shall I add that many and great are the incentives +which, now especially, urge us on to valour, naming the glory of our +ancestors and the empire which has been handed down to us by them? For +in our case that glory is obscured by our unlikeness to our kindred, +while the empire is bent upon fleeing from us as unworthy. And I pass +over in silence the wails of these poor women and the tears of our +children, by which, as you see, I am now so deeply moved that I am +unable to prolong my discourse. But having said this one thing, I shall +stop,--that there will be for us no returning to these most precious +possessions if we do not gain the mastery over the enemy. Remembering +these things, shew yourselves brave men and do not bring shame upon the +fame of Gizeric." + +After speaking such words, Gelimer commanded his brother Tzazon to +deliver an exhortation separately to the Vandals who had come with him +from Sardinia. And he gathered them together a little apart from the +camp and spoke as follows: "For all the Vandals, fellow soldiers, the +struggle is in behalf of those things which you have just heard the king +recount, but for you, in addition to all the other considerations, it so +happens that you are vying with yourselves. For you have recently been +victorious in a struggle for the maintenance of our rule, and you have +recovered the island for the empire of the Vandals; there is every +reason, therefore, for you to make still greater display of your valour. +For those whose hazard involves the greatest things must needs display +the greatest zeal for warfare also. Indeed, when men who struggle for +the maintenance of their rule are defeated, should it so happen, they +have not failed in the most vital part; but when men are engaged in +battle for their all, surely their very lives are influenced by the +outcome of the struggle. And for the rest, if you shew yourselves brave +men at the present time, you will thereby prove with certainty that the +destruction[2] of the tyrant Godas was an achievement of valour on your +part; but if you weaken now, you will be deprived of even the renown of +those deeds, as of something which does not belong to you at all. And +yet, even apart from this, it is reasonable to think that you will have +an advantage over the rest of the Vandals in this battle. For those who +have failed are dismayed by their previous fortune, while those who have +encountered no reverse enter the struggle with their courage unimpaired. +And this too, I think, will not be spoken out of season, that if we +conquer the enemy, it will be you who will win the credit for the +greatest part of the victory, and all will call you saviours of the +nation of the Vandals. For men who achieve renown in company with those +who have previously met with misfortune naturally claim the better +fortune as their own. Considering all these things, therefore, I say +that you should bid the women and children who are lamenting their fate +to take courage even now, should summon God to fight with us, should go +with enthusiasm against the enemy, and lead the way for our compatriots +into this battle." + + +III + +After both Gelimer and Tzazon had spoken such exhortations, they led out +the Vandals, and at about the time of lunch, when the Romans were not +expecting them, but were preparing their meal, they were at hand and +arrayed themselves for battle along the bank of the stream. Now the +stream at that place is an ever-flowing one, to be sure, but its volume +is so small that it is not even given a special name by the inhabitants +of the place, but it is designated simply as a brook. So the Romans came +to the other bank of this river, after preparing themselves as well as +they could under the circumstances, and arrayed themselves as follows. +The left wing was held by Martinus and Valerian, John, Cyprian, Althias, +and Marcellus, and as many others as were commanders of the +foederati[3]; and the right was held by Pappas, Barbatus, and Aigan, and +the others who commanded the forces of cavalry. And in the centre John +took his position, leading the guards and spearmen of Belisarius and +carrying the general's standard. And Belisarius also came there at the +opportune moment with his five hundred horsemen, leaving the infantry +behind advancing at a walk. For all the Huns had been arrayed in another +place, it being customary for them even before this not to mingle with +the Roman army if they could avoid so doing, and at that time +especially, since they had in mind the purpose which has previously been +explained,[4] it was not their wish to be arrayed with the rest of the +army. Such, then, was the formation of the Romans. And on the side of +the Vandals, either wing was held by the chiliarchs, and each one led +the division under him, while in the centre was Tzazon, the brother of +Gelimer, and behind him were arrayed the Moors. But Gelimer himself was +going about everywhere exhorting them and urging them on to daring. And +the command had been previously given to all the Vandals to use neither +spear nor any other weapon in this engagement except their swords. + +After a considerable time had passed and no one began the battle, John +chose out a few of those under him by the advice of Belisarius and +crossing the river made an attack on the centre, where Tzazon crowded +them back and gave chase. And the Romans in flight came into their own +camp, while the Vandals in pursuit came as far as the stream, but did +not cross it. And once more John, leading out more of the guardsmen of +Belisarius, made a dash against the forces of Tzazon, and again being +repulsed from there, withdrew to the Roman camp. And a third time with +almost all the guards and spearmen of Belisarius he took the general's +standard and made his attack with much shouting and a great noise. But +since the barbarians manfully withstood them and used only their swords, +the battle became fierce, and many of the noblest of the Vandals fell, +and among them Tzazon himself, the brother of Gelimer. Then at last the +whole Roman army was set in motion, and crossing the river they advanced +upon the enemy, and the rout, beginning at the centre, became complete; +for each of the Roman divisions turned to flight those before them with +no trouble. And the Massagetae, seeing this, according to their +agreement among themselves[5] joined the Roman army in making the +pursuit, but this pursuit was not continued for a great distance. For +the Vandals entered their own camp quickly and remained quiet, while the +Romans, thinking that they would not be able to fight it out with them +inside the stockade, stripped such of the corpses as had gold upon them +and retired to their own camp. And there perished in this battle, of the +Romans less than fifty, but of the Vandals about eight hundred. + +But Belisarius, when the infantry came up in the late afternoon, moved +as quickly as he could with the whole army and went against the camp of +the Vandals. And Gelimer, realising that Belisarius with his infantry +and the rest of his army was coming against him straightway, without +saying a word or giving a command leaped upon his horse and was off in +flight on the road leading to Numidia. And his kinsmen and some few of +his domestics followed him in utter consternation and guarding with +silence what was taking place. And for some time it escaped the notice +of the Vandals that Gelimer had run away, but when they all perceived +that he had fled, and the enemy were already plainly seen, then indeed +the men began to shout and the children cried out and the women wailed. +And they neither took with them the money they had nor did they heed the +laments of those dearest to them, but every man fled in complete +disorder just as he could. And the Romans, coming up, captured the camp, +money and all, with not a man in it; and they pursued the fugitives +throughout the whole night, killing all the men upon whom they happened, +and making slaves of the women and children. And they found in this camp +a quantity of wealth such as has never before been found, at least in +one place. For the Vandals had plundered the Roman domain for a long +time and had transferred great amounts of money to Libya, and since +their land was an especially good one, nourishing abundantly with the +most useful crops, it came about that the revenue collected from the +commodities produced there was not paid out to any other country in the +purchase of a food supply, but those who possessed the land always kept +for themselves the income from it for the ninety-five years during which +the Vandals ruled Libya. And from this it resulted that their wealth, +amounting to an extraordinary sum, returned once more on that day into +the hands of the Romans. So this battle and the pursuit and the capture +of the Vandals' camp happened three months after the Roman army came to +Carthage, at about the middle of the last month, which the Romans call +"December." [533 A.D.] + + +IV + +Then Belisarius, seeing the Roman army rushing about in confusion and +great disorder, was disturbed, being fearful throughout the whole night +lest the enemy, uniting by mutual agreement against him, should do him +irreparable harm. And if this thing had happened at that time in any way +at all, I believe that, not one of the Romans would have escaped and +enjoyed this booty. For the soldiers, being extremely poor men, upon +becoming all of a sudden masters of very great wealth and of women both +young and extremely comely, were no longer able to restrain their minds +or to find any satiety in the things they had, but were so intoxicated, +drenched as they were by their present good fortunes, that each one +wished to take everything with him back to Carthage. And they were going +about, not in companies but alone or by twos, wherever hope led them, +searching out everything roundabout among the valleys and the rough +country and wherever there chanced to be a cave or anything such as +might bring them into danger or ambush. For neither did fear of the +enemy nor their respect for Belisarius occur to them, nor indeed +anything else at all except the desire for spoils, and being +overmastered by this they came to think lightly of everything else. And +Belisarius, taking note of all this, was at a loss as to how he should +handle the situation. But at daybreak he took his stand upon a certain +hill near the road, appealing to the discipline which no longer existed +and heaping reproaches upon all, soldiers and officers alike. Then +indeed, those who chanced to be near, and especially those who were of +the household of Belisarius, sent the money and slaves which they had to +Carthage with their tentmates and messmates, and themselves came up +beside the general and gave heed to the orders given them. + +And he commanded John, the Armenian, with two hundred men to follow +Gelimer, and without slackening their speed either night or day to +pursue him, until they should take him living or dead. And he sent word +to his associates in Carthage to lead into the city all the Vandals who +were sitting as suppliants in sanctuaries in the places about the city, +giving them pledges and taking away their weapons, that they might not +begin an uprising, and to keep them there until he himself should come. +And with those who were left he went about everywhere and gathered the +soldiers hastily, and to all the Vandals he came upon he gave pledges +for their safety. For it was no longer possible to catch anyone of the +Vandals except as a suppliant in the sanctuaries. And from these he took +away their weapons and sent them, with soldiers to guard them, to +Carthage, not giving them time to unite against the Romans. And when +everything was as well settled as possible, he himself with the greater +part of the army moved against Gelimer with all speed. But John, after +continuing the pursuit five days and nights, had already come not far +from Gelimer, and in fact he was about to engage with him on the +following day. But since it was not fated that Gelimer should be +captured by John, the following obstacle was contrived by fortune. Among +those pursuing with John it happened that there was Uliaris, the aide of +Belisarius. Now this man was a passionate fellow and well favoured in +strength of heart and body, but not a very serious man, but one who +generally took delight in wine and buffoonery. This Uliaris on the sixth +day of the pursuit, being drunk, saw a bird sitting in a tree at about +sunrise, and he quickly stretched his bow and despatched a missile at +the bird. And he missed the bird, but John, who was behind it, he hit in +the neck by no will of his own. And since the wound was mortal, John +passed away a short time afterwards, leaving great sorrow at his loss to +the Emperor Justinian and Belisarius, the general, and to all the Romans +and Carthaginians. For in manliness and every sort of virtue he was well +endowed, and he shewed himself, to those who associated with him, gentle +and equitable to a degree quite unsurpassed. Thus, then, John fulfilled +his destiny. As for Uliaris, when he came to himself, he fled to a +certain village which was near by and sat as a suppliant in the +sanctuary there. And the soldiers no longer pressed the pursuit of +Gelimer, but they cared for John as long as he survived, and when he had +died they carried out all the customary rites in his burial, and +reporting the whole matter to Belisarius they remained where they were. +And as soon as he heard of it, he came to John's burial, and bewailed +his fate. And after weeping over him and grieving bitterly at the whole +occurrence, he honoured the tomb of John with many gifts and especially +by providing for it a regular income. However, he did nothing severe to +Uliaris, since the soldiers said that John had enjoined upon them by the +most dread oaths that no vengeance should come to him, since he had not +performed the unholy deed with deliberate intent. + +Thus, then, Gelimer escaped falling into the hands of the enemy on that +day. And from that time on Belisarius pursued him, but upon reaching a +strong city of Numidia situated on the sea, ten days distant from +Carthage, which they call Hippo Regius,[6] he learned that Gelimer had +ascended the mountain Papua and could no longer be captured by the +Romans. Now this mountain is situated at the extremity of Numidia and is +exceedingly precipitous and climbed only with the greatest difficulty +(for lofty cliffs rise up toward it from every side), and on it dwell +barbarian Moors, who were friends and allies to Gelimer, and an ancient +city named Medeus lies on the outskirts of the mountain. There Gelimer +rested with his followers. But as for Belisarius, he was not able to +make any attempt at all on the mountain, much less in the winter season, +and since his affairs were still in an uncertain state, he did not think +it advisable to be away from Carthage; and so he chose out soldiers, +with Pharas as their leader, and set them to maintain the siege of the +mountain. Now this Pharas was energetic and thoroughly serious and +upright in every way, although he was an Erulian by birth. And for an +Erulian not to give himself over to treachery and drunkenness, but to +strive after uprightness, is no easy matter and merits abundant +praise.[7] But not only was it Pharas who maintained orderly conduct, +but also all the Erulians who followed him. This Pharas, then, +Belisarius commanded to establish himself at the foot of the mountain +during the winter season and to keep close guard, so that it would +neither be possible for Gelimer to leave the mountain nor for any +supplies to be brought in to him. And Pharas acted accordingly. Then +Belisarius turned to the Vandals who were sitting as suppliants in the +sanctuaries in Hippo Regius,--and there were many of them and of the +nobility--and he caused them all to accept pledges and arise, and then +he sent them to Carthage with a guard. And there it came about that the +following event happened to him. + +In the house of Gelimer there was a certain scribe named Boniface, a +Libyan, and a native of Byzacium, a man exceedingly faithful to Gelimer. +At the beginning of this war Gelimer had put this Boniface on a very +swift-sailing ship, and placing all the royal treasure in it commanded +him to anchor in the harbour of Hippo Regius, and if he should see that +the situation was not favourable to their side, he was to sail with all +speed to Spain with the money, and go to Theudis, the leader of the +Visigoths, where he was expecting to find safety for himself also, +should the fortune of war prove adverse for the Vandals. So Boniface, as +long as he felt hope for the cause of the Vandals, remained there; but +as soon as the battle in Tricamarum took place, with all the other +events which have been related, he spread his canvas and sailed away +just as Gelimer had directed him. But an opposing wind brought him back, +much against his will, into the harbour of Hippo Regius. And since he +had already heard that the enemy were somewhere near, he entreated the +sailors with many promises to row with all their might for some other +continent or for an island. But they were unable to do so, since a very +severe storm had fallen upon them and the waves of the sea were rising +to a great height, seeing that it was the Tuscan sea,[8] and then it +occurred to them and to Boniface that, after all, God wished to give the +money to the Romans and so was not allowing the ship to put out. +However, though they had got outside the harbour, they encountered great +danger in bringing their ship back to anchorage. And when Belisarius +arrived at Hippo Regius, Boniface sent some men to him. These he +commanded to sit in a sanctuary, and they were to say that they had been +sent by Boniface, who had the money of Gelimer, but to conceal the place +where he was, until they should receive the pledges of Belisarius that +upon giving Gelimer's money he himself should escape free from harm, +having all that was his own. These men, then, acted according to these +instructions, and Belisarius was pleased at the good news and did not +decline to take an oath. And sending some of his associates he took the +treasure of Gelimer and released Boniface in possession of his own money +and also with an enormous sum which he plundered from Gelimer's +treasure. + + + +V + +And when he returned to Carthage, he put all the Vandals in readiness, +so that at the opening of spring he might send them to Byzantium; and he +sent out an army to recover for the Romans everything which the Vandals +ruled. And first he sent Cyril to Sardinia with a great force, having +the head of Tzazon, since these islanders were not at all willing to +yield to the Romans, fearing the Vandals and thinking that what had been +told them as having happened in Tricamarum could not be true. And he +ordered this Cyril to send a portion of the army to Corsica, and to +recover for the Roman empire the island, which had been previously +subject to the Vandals; this island was called Cyrnus in early times, +and is not far from Sardinia. So he came to Sardinia and displayed the +head of Tzazon to the inhabitants of the place, and he won back both the +islands and made them tributary to the Roman domain. And to Caesarea[9] +in Mauretania Belisarius sent John with an infantry company which he +usually commanded himself; this place is distant from Carthage a journey +of thirty days for an unencumbered traveller, as one goes towards Gadira +and the west; and it is situated upon the sea, having been a great and +populous city from ancient times. Another John, one of his own +guardsmen, he sent to Gadira on the strait and by one of the Pillars of +Heracles, to take possession of the fort there which they call +"Septem."[10] And to the islands which are near the strait where the +ocean flows in, called Ebusa and Majorica and Minorica[11] by the +natives, he sent Apollinarius, who was a native of Italy, but had come +while still a lad to Libya. And he had been rewarded with great sums of +money by Ilderic, who was then leader of the Vandals, and after Ilderic +had been removed from the office and was in confinement, as has been +told in the previous narrative,[12] he came to the Emperor Justinian +with the other Libyans who were working in the interest of Ilderic, in +order to entreat his favour as a suppliant. And he joined the Roman +expedition against Gelimer and the Vandals, and proved himself a brave +man in this war and most of all at Tricamarum. And as a result of his +deeds there Belisarius entrusted to him these islands. And later +Belisarius sent an army also into Tripolis to Pudentius and +Tattimuth,[13] who were being pressed by the Moors there, and thus +strengthened the Roman power in that quarter. + +He also sent some men to Sicily in order to take the fortress in +Lilybaeum, as belonging to the Vandals' kingdom,[14] but he was repulsed +from there, since the Goths by no means saw fit to yield any part of +Sicily, on the ground that this fortress did not belong to the Vandals +at all. And when Belisarius heard this, he wrote to the commanders who +were there as follows: "You are depriving us of Lilybaeum, the fortress +of the Vandals who are the slaves of the emperor, and are not acting +justly nor in a way to benefit yourselves, and you wish to bring upon +your ruler, though he does not so will it and is far distant from the +scene of these actions, the hostility of the great emperor, whose +good-will he has, having won it with great labour. And yet how could you +but seem to be acting contrary to the ways of men, it you recently +allowed Gelimer to hold the fortress, but have decided to wrest from the +emperor, Gelimer's master, the possessions of the slave? You, at least, +should not act thus, most excellent sirs. But reflect that, while it is +the nature of friendship to cover over many faults, hostility does not +brook even the smallest misdeeds, but searches the past for every +offence, and allows not its enemy to grow rich on what does not in the +least belong to them.[15] Moreover, the enemy fights to avenge the +wrongs which it says have been done to its ancestors; and whereas, if +friendship thus turned to hostility fails in the struggle, it suffers no +loss of its own possessions, yet if it succeeds, it teaches the +vanquished to take a new view of the indulgence which has been shewn +them in the past. See to it, then, that you neither do us further harm +nor suffer harm yourselves, and do not make the great emperor an enemy +to the Gothic nation, when it is your prayer that he be propitious +toward you. For be well assured that, if you lay claim to this fortress, +war will confront you immediately, and not for Lilybaeum alone, but for +all the possessions you claim as yours, though not one of them belongs +to you." + +Such was the message of the letter. And the Goths reported these things +to the mother[16] of Antalaric, and at her direction made the following +reply: "The letter which you have written, most excellent Belisarius, +carries sound admonition, but pertinent to some other men, not to us the +Goths. For there is nothing of the Emperor Justinian's which we have +taken and hold; may we never be so mad as to do such a thing! The whole +of Sicily we claim because it is our own, and the fortress of Lilybaeum +is one of its promontories. And if Theoderic gave his sister, who was +the consort of the king of the Vandals, one of the trading-ports of +Sicily for her use, this is nothing. For this fact could not afford a +basis for any claim on your part. But you, O General, would be acting +justly toward us, if you should be willing to make the settlement of the +matters in dispute between us, not as an enemy, but as a friend. And +there is this difference, that friends are accustomed to settle their +disagreements by arbitration, but enemies by battle. We, therefore, +shall commit this matter to the Emperor Justinian, to arbitrate[17] in +whatever manner seems to him lawful and just. And we desire that the +decisions you make shall be as wise as possible, rather than as hasty as +possible, and that you, therefore, await the decision of your emperor." +Such was the message of the letter of the Goths. And Belisarius, +reporting all to the emperor, remained quiet until the emperor should +send him word what his wish was. + + +VI + +But Pharas, having by this time become weary of the siege for many +reasons, and especially because of the winter season, and at the same +time thinking that the Moors there would not be able to stand in his +way, undertook the ascent of Papua with great zeal. Accordingly he armed +all his followers very carefully and began the ascent. But the Moors +rushed to the defence, and since they were on ground which was steep and +very hard to traverse, their efforts to hinder those making the ascent +were easily accomplished. But Pharas fought hard to force the ascent, +and one hundred and ten of his men perished in this struggle, and he +himself with the remainder was beaten back and retired; and as a result +of this he did not dare to attempt the ascent again, since the situation +was against him, but he established as careful a guard as possible, in +order that those on Papua, being pressed by hunger, might surrender +themselves; and he neither permitted them to run away nor anything to be +brought in to them from outside. Then, indeed, it came about that +Gelimer and those about him, who were nephews and cousins of his and +other persons of high birth, experienced a misery which no one could +describe, however eloquent he might be, in a way which would equal the +facts. For of all the nations which we know that of the Vandals is the +most luxurious, and that of the Moors the most hardy. For the Vandals, +since the time when they gained possession of Libya, used to indulge in +baths, all of them, every day, and enjoyed a table abounding in all +things, the sweetest and best that the earth and sea produce. And they +wore gold very generally, and clothed themselves in the Medic garments, +which now they call "seric,"[18] and passed their time, thus dressed, in +theatres and hippodromes and in other pleasureable pursuits, and above +all else in hunting. And they had dancers and mimes and all other things +to hear and see which are of a musical nature or otherwise merit +attention among men. And the most of them dwelt in parks, which were +well supplied with water and trees; and they had great numbers of +banquets, and all manner of sexual pleasures were in great vogue among +them. But the Moors live in stuffy huts[19] both in winter and in summer +and at every other time, never removing from them either because of snow +or the heat of the sun or any other discomfort whatever due to nature. +And they sleep on the ground, the prosperous among them, if it should so +happen, spreading a fleece under themselves. Moreover, it is not +customary among them to change their clothing with the seasons, but they +wear a thick cloak and a rough shirt at all times. And they have neither +bread nor wine nor any other good thing, but they take grain, either +wheat or barley, and, without boiling it or grinding it to flour or +barley-meal, they eat it in a manner not a whit different from that of +animals. Since the Moors, then, were of a such a sort, the followers of +Gelimer, after living with them for a long time and changing their +accustomed manner of life to such a miserable existence, when at last +even the necessities of life had failed, held out no longer, but death +was thought by them most sweet and slavery by no means disgraceful. + +Now when this was learned by Pharas, he wrote to Gelimer as follows: "I +too am a barbarian and not accustomed to writing and speaking, nor am I +skilful in these matters. But that which I am forced as a man to know, +having learned from the nature of things, this I am writing you. What in +the world has happened to you, my dear Gelimer, that you have cast, not +yourself alone, but your whole family besides, into this pit? Is it, +forsooth, that you may avoid becoming a slave? But this is assuredly +nothing but youthful folly, and making of 'liberty' a mere shibboleth, +as though liberty were worth possessing at the price of all this misery! +And, after all, do you not consider that you are, even now, a slave to +the most wretched of the Moors, since your only hope of being saved, if +the best happens, is in them? And yet why would it not be better in +every way to be a slave among the Romans and beggared, than to be +monarch on Mount Papua with Moors as your subjects? But of course it +seems to you the very height of disgrace even to be a fellow slave with +Belisarius! Away with the thought, most excellent Gelimer. Are not +we,[20] who also are born of noble families, proud that we are now in +the service of an emperor? And indeed they say that it is the wish of +the Emperor Justinian to have you enrolled in the senate, thus sharing +in the highest honour and being a patrician, as we term that rank, and +to present you with lands both spacious and good and with great sums of +money, and that Belisarius is willing to make himself responsible for +your having all these things, and to give you pledges. Now as for all +the miseries which fortune has brought you, you are able to bear with +fortitude whatever comes from her, knowing that you are but a man and +that these things are inevitable; but if fortune has purposed to temper +these adversities with some admixture of good, would you of yourself +refuse to accept this gladly? Or should we consider that the good gifts +of fortune are not just as inevitable as are her undesirable gifts? Yet +such is not the opinion of even the utterly senseless; but you, it would +seem, have now lost your good judgment, steeped as you are in +misfortunes. Indeed, discouragement is wont to confound the mind and to +be transformed to folly. If, however, you can bear your own thoughts and +refrain from rebelling against fortune when she changes, it will be +possible at this very moment for you to choose that which will be wholly +to your advantage, and to escape from the evils which hang over you." + +When Gelimer had read this letter and wept bitterly over it, he wrote in +reply as follows: "I am both deeply grateful to you for the advice which +you have given me and I also think it unbearable to be a slave to an +enemy who wrongs me, from whom I should pray God to exact justice, if He +should be propitious to me,--an enemy who, though he had never +experienced any harm from me either in deeds which he suffered or in +words which he heard, provided a pretext for a war which was unprovoked, +and reduced me to this state of misfortune, bringing Belisarius against +me from I know not where. And yet it is not at all unlikely that he +also, since he is but a man, though he be emperor too, may have +something befall him which he would not choose. But as for me, I am not +able to write further. For my present misfortune has robbed me of my +thoughts. Farewell, then, dear Pharas, and send me a lyre and one loaf +of bread and a sponge, I pray you." When this reply was read by Pharas, +he was at a loss for some time, being unable to understand the final +words of the letter, until he who had brought the letter explained that +Gelimer desired one loaf because he was eager to enjoy the sight of it +and to eat it, since from the time when he went up upon Papua he had not +seen a single baked loaf. A sponge also was necessary for him; for one +of his eyes, becoming irritated by lack of washing, was greatly swollen. +And being a skilful harpist he had composed an ode relating to his +present misfortune, which he was eager to chant to the accompaniment of +a lyre while he wept out his soul. When Pharas heard this, he was deeply +moved, and lamenting the fortune of men, he did as was written and sent +all the things which Gelimer desired of him. However he relaxed the +siege not a whit, but kept watch more closely than before. + + +VII + +And already a space of three months had been spent in this siege and the +winter was coming to an end. And Gelimer was afraid, suspecting that his +besiegers would come up against him after no great time; and the bodies +of most of the children who were related to him[21] were discharging +worms in this time of misery. And though in everything he was deeply +distressed, and looked upon everything,--except, indeed, death,--with +dissatisfaction, he nevertheless endured the suffering beyond all +expectation, until it happened that he beheld a sight such as the +following. A certain Moorish woman had managed somehow to crush a little +corn, and making of it a very tiny cake, threw it into the hot ashes on +the hearth. For thus it is the custom among the Moors to bake their +loaves. And beside this hearth two children were sitting, in exceedingly +great distress by reason of their hunger, the one being the son of the +very woman who had thrown in the cake, and the other a nephew of +Gelimer; and they were eager to seize the cake as soon as it should seem +to them to be cooked. And of the two children the Vandal got ahead of +the other and snatched the cake first, and, though it was still +exceedingly hot and covered with ashes, hunger overpowered him, and he +threw it into his mouth and was eating it, when the other seized him by +the hair of the head and struck him over the temple and beat him again +and thus compelled him with great violence to cast out the cake which +was already in his throat. This sad experience Gelimer could not endure +(for he had followed all from the beginning), and his spirit was +weakened and he wrote as quickly as possible to Pharas as follows: "If +it has ever happened to any man, after manfully enduring terrible +misfortunes, to take a course contrary to that which he had previously +determined upon, consider me to be such a one, O most excellent Pharas. +For there has come to my mind your advice, which I am far from wishing +to disregard. For I cannot resist fortune further nor rebel against +fate, but I shall follow straightway wherever it seems to her best to +lead; but let me receive the pledges, that Belisarius guarantees that +the emperor will do everything which you recently promised me. For I, +indeed, as soon as you give the pledges, shall put both myself into your +hands and these kinsmen of mine and the Vandals, as many as are here +with us." + +Such were the words written by Gelimer in this letter. And Pharas, +having signified this to Belisarius, as well as what they had previously +written to each other, begged him to declare as quickly as possible what +his wish was. And Belisarius (since he was greatly desirous of leading +Gelimer alive to the emperor), as soon as he had read the letter, became +overjoyed and commanded Cyprian, a leader of foederati,[22] to go to +Papua with certain others, and directed them to give an oath concerning +the safety of Gelimer and of those with him, and to swear that he would +be honoured before the emperor and would lack nothing. And when these +men had come to Pharas, they went with him to a certain place by the +foot of the mountain, where Gelimer came at their summons, and after +receiving the pledges just as he wished he came with them to Carthage. +And it happened that Belisarius was staying for a time in the suburb of +the city which they call Aclas. Accordingly Gelimer came before him in +that place, laughing with such laughter as was neither moderate nor the +kind one could conceal, and some of those who were looking at him +suspected that by reason of the extremity of his affliction he had +changed entirely from his natural state and that, already beside +himself, he was laughing for no reason. But his friends would have it +that the man was in his sound mind, and that because he had been born in +a royal family, and had ascended the throne, and had been clothed with +great power and immense wealth from childhood even to old age, and then +being driven to flight and plunged into great fear had undergone the +sufferings on Papua, and now had come as a captive, having in this way +had experience of all the gifts of fortune, both good and evil, for this +reason, they believed, he thought that man's lot was worthy of nothing +else than much laughter. Now concerning this laughter of Gelimer's, let +each one speak according to his judgment, both enemy and friend. But +Belisarius, reporting to the emperor that Gelimer was a captive in +Carthage, asked permission to bring him to Byzantium with him. At the +same time he guarded both him and all the Vandals in no dishonour and +proceeded to put the fleet in readiness. + +Now many other things too great to be hoped for have before now been +experienced in the long course of time, and they will continue as long +as the fortunes of men are the same as they now are; for those things +which seem to reason impossible are actually accomplished, and many +times those things which previously appeared impossible, when they have +befallen, have seemed to be worthy of wonder; but whether such events as +these ever took place before I am not able to say, wherein the fourth +descendant of Gizeric, and his kingdom at the height of its wealth and +military strength, were completely undone in so short a time by five +thousand men coming in as invaders and having not a place to cast +anchor. For such was the number of the horsemen who followed Belisarius, +and carried through the whole war against the Vandals. For whether this +happened by chance or because of some kind of valour, one would justly +marvel at it. But I shall return to the point from which I have strayed. + + +VIII + +So the Vandalic war ended thus. But envy, as is wont to happen in cases +of great good fortune, was already swelling against Belisarius, although +he provided no pretext for it. For some of the officers slandered him to +the emperor, charging him, without any grounds whatever, with seeking to +set up a kingdom for himself,[23] a statement for which there was no +basis whatever. But the emperor did not disclose these things to the +world, either because he paid no heed to the slander, or because this +course seemed better to him. But he sent Solomon and gave Belisarius the +opportunity to choose whichever of two things he desired, either to come +to Byzantium with Gelimer and the Vandals, or to remain there and send +them. And Belisarius, since it did not escape him that the officers were +bringing against him the charge of seeking supreme power, was eager to +get to Byzantium, in order that he might clear himself of the charge and +be able to proceed against his slanderers. Now as to the manner in which +he learned of the attempt of his accusers, I shall explain. When those +who denounced him wished to present this slander, fearing lest the man +who was to carry their letter to the emperor should be lost at sea and +thus put a stop to their proceedings, they wrote the aforesaid +accusation on two tablets, purposing to send two messengers to the +emperor in two ships. And one of these two sailed away without being +detected, but the second, on account of some suspicion or other, was +captured in Mandracium, and putting the writing into the hands of his +captors, he made known what was being done. So Belisarius, having +learned in this way, was eager to come before the emperor, as has been +said. Such, then, was the course of these events at Carthage. + +But the Moors who dwelt in Byzacium and in Numidia turned to revolt for +no good reason, and they decided to break the treaty and to rise +suddenly against the Romans. And this was not out of keeping with their +peculiar character. For there is among the Moors neither fear of God nor +respect for men. For they care not either for oaths or for hostages, +even though the hostages chance to be the children or brothers of their +leaders. Nor is peace maintained among the Moors by any other means than +by fear of the enemies opposing them. Now I shall set forth in what +manner the treaty was made by them with Belisarius and how it was +broken. When it came to be expected that the emperor's expedition would +arrive in Libya, the Moors, fearing lest they should receive some harm +from it, consulted the oracles of their women. For it is not lawful in +this nation for a man to utter oracles, but the women among them as a +result of some sacred rites become possessed and foretell the future, no +less than any of the ancient oracles. So on that occasion, when they +made enquiry, as has been said, the women gave the response: "There +shall be a host from the waters, the overthrow of the Vandals, +destruction and defeat of the Moors, when the general of the Romans +shall come unbearded." When the Moors heard this, since they saw that +the emperor's army had come from the sea, they began to be in great fear +and were quite unwilling to fight in alliance with the Vandals, but they +sent to Belisarius and established peace, as has been stated +previously,[24] and then remained quiet and waited for the future, to +see how it would fall out. And when the power of the Vandals had now +come to an end, they sent to the Roman army, investigating whether there +was anyone unbearded among them holding an office. And when they saw all +wearing full beards, they thought that the oracle did not indicate the +present time to them, but one many generations later, interpreting the +saying in that way which they themselves wished. Immediately, therefore, +they were eager to break the treaty, but their fear of Belisarius +prevented them. For they had no hope that they would ever overcome the +Romans in war, at least with him present. But when they heard that he +was making his departure together with his guards and spearmen, and that +the ships were already being filled with them and the Vandals, they +suddenly rose in arms and displayed every manner of outrage upon the +Libyans. For the soldiers were both few in each place on the frontier +and still unprepared, so that they would not have been able to stand +against the barbarians as they made inroads at every point, nor to +prevent their incursions, which took place frequently and not in an open +manner. But men were being killed indiscriminately and women with their +children were being made slaves, and the wealth was being plundered from +every part of the frontier and the whole country was being filled with +fugitives. These things were reported to Belisarius when he was just +about setting sail. And since it was now too late for him to return +himself, he entrusted Solomon with the administration of Libya and he +also chose out the greatest part of his own guards and spearmen, +instructing them to follow Solomon and as quickly as possible to punish +with all zeal those of the Moors who had risen in revolt and to exact +vengeance for the injury done the Romans. And the emperor sent another +army also to Solomon with Theodoras, the Cappadocian, and Ildiger, who +was the son-in-law of Antonina, the wife of Belisarius. And since it was +no longer possible to find the revenues of the districts of Libya set +down in order in documents, as the Romans had recorded them in former +times,[25] inasmuch as Gizeric had upset and destroyed everything in the +beginning, Tryphon and Eustratius were sent by the emperor, in order to +assess the taxes for the Libyans each according to his proportion. But +these men seemed to the Libyans neither moderate nor endurable. + + +IX + +Belisarius, upon reaching Byzantium with Gelimer and the Vandals, was +counted worthy to receive such honours, as in former times were assigned +to those generals of the Romans who had won the greatest and most +noteworthy victories. And a period of about six hundred years had now +passed since anyone had attained these honours,[26] except, indeed, +Titus and Trajan, and such other emperors as had led armies against some +barbarian nation and had been victorious. For he displayed the spoils +and slaves from the war in the midst of the city and led a procession +which the Romans call a "triumph," not, however, in the ancient manner, +but going on foot from his own house to the hippodrome and then again +from the barriers until he reached the place where the imperial throne +is.[27] And there was booty,--first of all, whatever articles are wont +to be set apart for the royal service,--thrones of gold and carriages in +which it is customary for a king's consort to ride, and much jewelry +made of precious stones, and golden drinking cups, and all the other +things which are useful for the royal table. And there was also silver +weighing many thousands of talents and all the royal treasure amounting +to an exceedingly great sum (for Gizeric had despoiled the Palatium in +Rome, as has been said in the preceding narrative),[28] and among these +were the treasures of the Jews, which Titus, the son of Vespasian, +together with certain others, had brought to Rome after the capture of +Jerusalem. And one of the Jews, seeing these things, approached one of +those known to the emperor and said: "These treasures I think it +inexpedient to carry into the palace in Byzantium. Indeed, it is not +possible for them to be elsewhere than in the place where Solomon, the +king of the Jews, formerly placed them. For it is because of these that +Gizeric captured the palace of the Romans, and that now the Roman army +has captured that the Vandals." When this had been brought to the ears +of the Emperor, he became afraid and quickly sent everything to the +sanctuaries of the Christians in Jerusalem. And there were slaves in the +triumph, among whom was Gelimer himself, wearing some sort of a purple +garment upon his shoulders, and all his family, and as many of the +Vandals as were very tall and fair of body. And when Gelimer reached the +hippodrome and saw the emperor sitting upon a lofty seat and the people +standing on either side and realized as he looked about in what an evil +plight he was, he neither wept nor cried out, but ceased not saying over +in the words of the Hebrew scripture:[29] "Vanity of vanities, all is +vanity." And when he came before the emperor's seat, they stripped off +the purple garment, and compelled him to fall prone on the ground and do +obeisance to the Emperor Justinian. This also Belisarius did, as being a +suppliant of the emperor along with him. And the Emperor Justinian and +the Empress Theodora presented the children of Ilderic and his offspring +and all those of the family of the Emperor Valentinian with sufficient +sums of money, and to Gelimer they gave lands not to be despised in +Galatia and permitted him to live there together with his family. +However, Gelimer was by no means enrolled among the patricians, since he +was unwilling to change from the faith of Arius. + +[Jan. 1, 535 A.D.] A little later the triumph[30] was celebrated by, +Belisarius in the ancient manner also. For he had the fortune to be +advanced to the office of consul, and therefore was borne aloft by the +captives, and as he was thus carried in his curule chair, he threw to +the populace those very spoils of the Vandalic war. For the people +carried off the silver plate and golden girdles and a vast amount of the +Vandals' wealth of other sorts as a result of Belisarius' consulship, +and it seemed that after a long interval of disuse an old custom was +being revived.[31] These things, then, took place in Byzantium in the +manner described. + + +X + +And Solomon took over the army in Libya; but in view of the fact that +the Moors had risen against him, as has been told previously, and that +everything was in suspense, he was at a loss how to treat the situation. +For it was reported that the barbarians had destroyed the soldiers in +Byzacium and Numidia and that they were pillaging and plundering +everything there. But what disturbed most of all both him and all +Carthage was the fate which befell Aigan, the Massagete, and Rufinus, +the Thracian, in Byzacium. For both were men of great repute both in the +household of Belisarius and in the Roman army, one of them, Aigan, being +among the spearmen of Belisarius, while the other, as the most +courageous of all, was accustomed to carry the standard of the general +in battle; such an officer the Romans call "bandifer."[32] Now at the +time referred to these two men were commanding detatchments of cavalry +in Byzacium, and when they saw the Moors plundering everything before +them and making all the Libyans captives, they watched in a narrow pass +with their followers for those who were escorting the booty, and killed +them and took away all the captives. And when a report of this came to +the commanders of the barbarians, Coutzinas and Esdilasas and +Iourphouthes and Medisinissas, who were not far away from this pass, +they moved against them with their whole army in the late afternoon. And +the Romans, being a very few men and shut off in a narrow place in the +midst of many thousands, were not able to ward off their assailants. For +wherever they might turn, they were always shot at from the rear. Then, +indeed, Rufinus and Aigan with some few men ran to the top of a rock +which was near by and from there defended themselves against the +barbarians. Now as long as they were using their bows, the enemy did not +dare come directly to a hand-to-hand struggle with them, but they kept +hurling their javelins among them; but when all the arrows of the Romans +were now exhausted, the Moors closed with them, and they defended +themselves with their swords as well as the circumstances permitted. But +since they were overpowered by the multitude of the barbarians, Aigan +fell there with his whole body hacked to pieces, and Rufinus was seized +by the enemy and led away. But straightway one of the commanders, +Medisinissas, fearing lest he should escape and again make trouble for +them, cut off his head and taking it to his home shewed it to his wives, +for it was a remarkable sight on account of the extraordinary size of +the head and the abundance of hair. And now, since the narration of the +history has brought me to this point, it is necessary to tell from the +beginning whence the nations of the Moors came to Libya and how they +settled there. + +When the Hebrews had withdrawn from Egypt and had come near the +boundaries of Palestine, Moses, a wise man, who was their leader on the +journey, died, and the leadership was passed on to Joshua, the son of +Nun, who led this people into Palestine, and, by displaying a valour in +war greater than that natural to a man, gained possession of the land. +And after overthrowing all the nations he easily won the cities, and he +seemed to be altogether invincible. Now at that time the whole country +along the sea from Sidon as far as the boundaries of Egypt was called +Phoenicia. And one king in ancient times held sway over it, as is agreed +by all who have written the earliest accounts of the Phoenicians. In +that country there dwelt very populous tribes, the Gergesites and the +Jebusites and some others with other names by which they are called in +the history of the Hebrews.[33] Now when these nations saw that the +invading general was an irresistible prodigy, they emigrated from their +ancestral homes and made their way to Egypt, which adjoined their +country. And finding there no place sufficient for them to dwell in, +since there has been a great population in Aegypt from ancient times, +they proceeded to Libya. And they established numerous cities and took +possession of the whole of Libya as far as the Pillars of Heracles, and +there they have lived even up to my time, using the Phoenician tongue. +They also built a fortress in Numidia, where now is the city called +Tigisis. In that place are two columns made of white stone near by the +great spring, having Phoenician letters cut in them which say in the +Phoenician tongue: "We are they who fled from before the face of Joshua, +the robber, the son of Nun." There were also other nations settled in +Libya before the Moors, who on account of having been established there +from of old were said to be children of the soil. And because of this +they said that Antaeus, their king, who wrestled with Heracles in +Clipea,[34] was a son of the earth. And in later times those who removed +from Phoenicia with Dido came to the inhabitants of Libya as to kinsmen. +And they willingly allowed them to found and hold Carthage. But as time +went on Carthage became a powerful and populous city. And a battle took +place between them and their neighbours, who, as has been said, had come +from Palestine before them and are called Moors at the present time, and +the Carthaginians defeated them and compelled them to live a very great +distance away from Carthage. Later on the Romans gained the supremacy +over all of them in war, and settled the Moors at the extremity of the +inhabited land of Libya, and made the Carthaginians and the other +Libyans subject and tributary to themselves. And after this the Moors +won many victories over the Vandals and gained possession of the land +now called Mauretania, extending from Gadira as far as the boundaries of +Caesarea,[35] as well as the most of Libya which remained. Such, then, +is the story of the settlement of the Moors in Libya. + + +XI + +Now when Solomon heard what had befallen Rufinus and Aigan, he made +ready for war and wrote as follows to the commanders of the Moors: +"Other men than you have even before this had the ill fortune to lose +their senses and to be destroyed, men who had no means of judging +beforehand how their folly would turn out. But as for you, who have the +example near at hand in your neighbours, the Vandals, what in the world +has happened to you that you have decided to raise your hands against +the great emperor and throw away your own security, and that too when +you have given the most dread oaths in writing and have handed over your +children as pledges to the agreement? Is it that you have determined to +make a kind of display of the fact that you have no consideration either +for God or for good faith or for kinship itself or for safety or for any +other thing at all? And yet, if such is your practice in matters which +concern the divine, in what ally do you put your trust in marching +against the emperor of the Romans? And if you are taking the field to +the destruction of your children, what in the world is it in behalf of +which you have decided to endanger yourselves? But if any repentance has +by now entered your hearts for what has already taken place, write to +us, that we may satisfactorily arrange with you touching what has +already been done; but if your madness has not yet abated, expect a +Roman war, which will come upon you together with the oaths which you +have violated and the wrong which you are doing to your own children." + +Such was the letter which Solomon wrote. And the Moors replied as +follows: "Belisarius deluded us with great promises and by this means +persuaded us to become subjects of the Emperor Justinian; but the +Romans, while giving us no share in any good thing, expected to have us, +though pinched with hunger, as their friends and allies. Therefore it is +more fitting that you should be called faithless than that the Moors +should be. For the men who break treaties are not those who, when +manifestly wronged, bring accusation against their neighbours and turn +away from them, but those who expect to keep others in faithful alliance +with them and then do them violence. And men make God their enemy, not +when they march against others in order to recover their own +possessions, but when they get themselves into danger of war by +encroaching upon the possessions of others. And as for children, that +will be your concern, who are not permitted to marry more than one wife; +but with us, who have, it may be, fifty wives living with each of us, +offspring of children can never fail." + +When Solomon had read this letter, he decided to lead his whole army +against the Moors. So after arranging matters in Carthage, he proceeded +with all his troops to Byzacium. And when he reached the place which is +called Mammes,[36] where the four Moorish commanders, whom I have +mentioned a little before,[37] were encamped, he made a stockade for +himself. Now there are lofty mountains there, and a level space near the +foothills of the mountains, where the barbarians had made preparations +for the battle and arranged their fighting order as follows. They formed +a circle of their camels, just as, in the previous narrative,[38] I have +said Cabaon did, making the front about twelve deep. And they placed the +women with the children within the circle; (for among the Moors it is +customary to take also a few women, with their children, to battle, and +these make the stockades and huts for them and tend the horses +skilfully, and have charge of the camels and the food; they also sharpen +the iron weapons and take upon themselves many of the tasks in +connection with the preparation for battle); and the men themselves took +their stand on foot in between the legs of the camels, having shields +and swords and small spears which they are accustomed to hurl like +javelins. And some of them with their horses remained quietly among the +mountains. But Solomon disregarded one half of the circle of the Moors, +which was towards the mountain, placing no one there. For he feared lest +the enemy on the mountain should come down and those in the circle +should turn about and thus make the men drawn up there exposed to attack +on both sides in the battle. But against the remainder of the circle he +drew up his whole army, and since he saw the most of them frightened and +without courage, on account of what had befallen Aigan and Rufinus, and +wishing to admonish them to be of good cheer, he spoke as follows: "Men +who have campaigned with Belisarius, let no fear of these men enter your +minds, and, if Moors gathered to the number of fifty thousand have +already defeated five hundred Romans, let not this stand for you as an +example. But call to mind your own valour, and consider that while the +Vandals defeated the Moors, you have become masters of the Vandals in +war without any effort, and that it is not right that those who have +conquered the greater should be terrified before those who are inferior. +And indeed of all men the Moorish nation seems to be the most poorly +equipped for war's struggle. For the most of them have no armour at all, +and those who have shields to hold before themselves have only small +ones which are not well made and are not able to turn aside what strikes +against them. And after they have thrown those two small spears, if they +do not accomplish anything, they turn of their own accord to flight. So +that it is possible for you, after guarding against the first attack of +the barbarians, to win the victory with no trouble at all. But as to +your equipment of arms, you see, of course, how great is the difference +between it and that of your opponents. And apart from this, both valour +of heart and strength of body and experience in war and confidence +because you have already conquered all your enemies,--all these +advantages you have; but the Moors, being deprived of all these things, +put their trust only in their own great throng. And it is easier for a +few who are most excellently prepared to conquer a multitude of men not +good at warfare than it is for the multitude to defeat them. For while +the good soldier has his confidence in himself, the cowardly man +generally finds that the very number of those arrayed with him produces +a want of room that is full of peril. Furthermore, you are warranted in +despising these camels, which cannot fight for the enemy, and when +struck by our missiles will, in all probability, become the cause of +considerable confusion and disorder among them. And the eagerness for +battle which the enemy have acquired on account of their former success +will be your ally in the fight. For daring, when it is kept commensurate +with one's power, will perhaps be of some benefit even to those who make +use of it, but when it exceeds one's power it lends into danger. Bearing +these things in mind and despising the enemy, observe silence and order; +for by taking thought for these things we shall win the victory over the +disorder of the barbarians more easily and with less labour." Thus spoke +Solomon. + +And the commanders of the Moors also, seeing the barbarians terrified at +the orderly array of the Romans, and wishing to recall their host to +confidence again, exhorted them in this wise: "That the Romans have +human bodies, the kind that yield when struck with iron, we have been +taught, O fellow-soldiers, by those of them whom we have recently met, +the best of them all, some of whom we have overwhelmed with our spears +and killed, and the others we have seized and made our prisoners of war. +And not only is this so, but it is now possible to see also that we +boast great superiority over them in numbers. And, furthermore, the +struggle for us involves the very greatest things, either to be masters +of all Libya or to be slaves to these braggarts. It is therefore +necessary for us to be in the highest degree brave men at the present +time. For it is not expedient that those whose all is at stake should be +other than exceedingly courageous. And it behoves us to despise the +equipment of arms which the enemy have. For if they come on foot against +us, they will not be able to move rapidly, but will be worsted by the +agility of the Moors, and their cavalry will be terrified both by the +sight of the camels, and by the noise they make, which, rising above the +general tumult of battle, will, in all likelihood, throw them into +disorder. And if anyone by taking into consideration the victory of the +Romans over the Vandals thinks them not to be withstood, he is mistaken +in his judgment. For the scales of war are, in the nature of the case, +turned by the valour of the commander or by fortune; and Belisarius, who +was responsible for their gaining the mastery over the Vandals, has now, +thanks to Heaven, been removed out of our way. And, besides, we too have +many times conquered the Vandals and stripped them of their power, and +have thus made the victory over them a more feasible and an easier task +for the Romans. And now we have reason to hope to conquer this enemy +also if you shew yourselves brave men in the struggle." + +After the officers of the Moors had delivered this exhortation, they +began the engagement. And at first there arose great disorder in the +Roman army. For their horses were offended by the noise made by the +camels and by the sight of them, and reared up and threw off their +riders and the most of them fled in complete disorder. And in the +meantime the Moors were making sallies and hurling all the small spears +which they had in their hands, thus causing the Roman army to be filled +with tumult, and they were hitting them with their missiles while they +were unable either to defend themselves or to remain in position. But +after this, Solomon, observing what was happening, leaped down from his +horse himself first and caused all the others to do the same. And when +they had dismounted, he commanded the others to stand still, and, +holding their shields before them and receiving the missiles sent by the +enemy, to remain in their position; but he himself, leading forward not +less than five hundred men, made an attack upon the other portion of the +circle.[39] These men he commanded to draw their swords and kill the +camels which stood at that point. Then the Moors who were stationed +there beat a hasty retreat, and the men under Solomon killed about two +hundred camels, and straightway, when the camels fell, the circle became +accessible to the Romans. And they advanced on the run into the middle +of the circle where the women of the Moors were sitting; meanwhile the +barbarians in consternation withdrew to the mountain which was close by, +and as they fled in complete disorder the Romans followed behind and +killed them. And it is said that ten thousand of the Moors perished in +this encounter, while all the women together with the children were made +slaves. And the soldiers secured as booty all the camels which they had +not killed. Thus the Romans with all their plunder went to Carthage to +celebrate the festival of triumph. + + +XII + +But the barbarians, being moved with anger, once more took the field in +a body against the Romans, leaving behind not one of their number, and +they began to overrun the country in Byzacium, sparing none of any age +of those who fell in their way. And when Solomon had just marched into +Carthage it was reported that the barbarians with a great host had come +into Byzacium and were plundering everything there. He therefore +departed quickly with his whole army and marched against them. And when +he reached Bourgaon, where the enemy were encamped, he remained some +days in camp over against them, in order that, as soon as the Moors +should get on level ground, he might begin the battle. But since they +remained on the mountain, he marshalled his army and arrayed it for +battle; the Moors, however, had no intention of ever again engaging in +battle with the Romans in level country (for already an irresistible +fear had come over them), but on the mountain they hoped to overcome +them more easily. Now Mt. Bourgaon is for the most part precipitous and +on the side toward the east extremely difficult to ascend, but on the +west it is easily accessible and rises in an even slope. And there are +two lofty peaks which rise up, forming between them a sort of vale, very +narrow, but of incredible depth. Now the barbarians left the peak of the +mountain unoccupied, thinking that on this side no hostile movement +would be made against them; and they left equally unprotected the space +about the foot of the mountain where Bourgaon was easy of access. But at +the middle of the ascent they made their camp and remained there, in +order that, if the enemy should ascend and begin battle with them, they +might at the outset, being on higher ground, shoot down upon their +heads. They also had on the mountain many horses, prepared either for +flight or for the pursuit, if they should win the battle. + +Now when Solomon saw that the Moors were unwilling to fight another +battle on the level ground, and also that the Roman army was opposed to +making a siege in a desert place, he was eager to come to an encounter +with the enemy on Bourgaon. But inasmuch as he saw that the soldiers +were stricken with terror because of the multitude of their opponents, +which was many times greater than it had been in the previous battle, he +called together the army and spoke as follows: "The fear which the enemy +feel toward you needs no other arraignment, but voluntarily pleads +guilty, bringing forward, as it does, the testimony of its own +witnesses. For you see, surely, our opponents gathered in so many tens +and tens of thousands, but not daring to come down to the plain and +engage with us, unable to feel confidence even in their own selves, but +taking refuge in the difficulty of this place. It is therefore not even +necessary to address any exhortation to you, at the present time at +least. For those to whom both the circumstances and the weakness of the +enemy give courage, need not, I think, the additional assistance of +words. But of this one thing it will be needful to remind you, that if +we fight out this engagement also with brave hearts, it will remain for +us, having defeated the Vandals and reduced the Moors to the same +fortune, to enjoy all the good things of Libya, having no thought +whatever of an enemy in our minds. But as to preventing the enemy from +shooting down upon our heads, and providing that no harm come to us from +the nature of the place, I myself shall make provision." + +After making this exhortation Solomon commanded Theodorus, who led the +"excubitores[40]" (for thus the Romans call their guards), to take with +him a thousand infantrymen toward the end of the afternoon and with some +of the standards to go up secretly on the east side of Bourgaon, where +the mountain is most difficult of ascent and, one might say, +impracticable, commanding him that, when they arrived near the crest of +the mountain, they should remain quietly there and pass the rest of the +night, and that at sunrise they should appear above the enemy and +displaying the standards commence to shoot. And Theodoras did as +directed. And when it was well on in the night, they climbed up the +precipitous slope and reached a point near the peak without being +noticed either by the Moors or even by any of the Romans; for they were +being sent out, it was said, as an advance guard, to prevent anyone from +coming to the camp from the outside to do mischief. And at early dawn +Solomon with the whole army went up against the enemy to the outskirts +of Bourgaon. And when morning had come and the enemy were seen near at +hand, the soldiers were completely at a loss, seeing the summit of the +mountain no longer unoccupied, as formerly, but covered with men who +were displaying Roman standards; for already some daylight was beginning +to shew. But when those on the peak began their attack, the Romans +perceived that the army was their own and the barbarians that they had +been placed between their enemy's forces, and being shot at from both +sides and having no opportunity to ward off the enemy, they thought no +more of resistance but turned, all of them, to a hasty flight. And since +they could neither run up to the top of Bourgaon, which was held by the +enemy, nor go to the plain anywhere over the lower slopes of the +mountain, since their opponents were pressing upon them from that side, +they went with a great rush to the vale and the unoccupied peak, some +even with their horses, others on foot. But since they were a numerous +throng fleeing in great fear and confusion, they kept killing each +other, and as they rushed into the vale, which was exceedingly deep, +those who were first were being killed constantly, but their plight +could not be perceived by those who were coming up behind. And when the +vale became full of dead horses and men, and the bodies made a passage +from Bourgaon to the other mountain, then the remainder were saved by +making the crossing over the bodies. And there perished in this +struggle, among the Moors fifty thousand, as was declared by those of +them who survived, but among the Romans no one at all, nor indeed did +anyone receive even a wound, either at the hand of the enemy or by any +accident happening to him, but they all enjoyed this victory unscathed. +All of the leaders of the barbarians also made their escape, except +Esdilasas, who received pledges and surrendered himself to the Romans. +So great, however, was the multitude of women and children whom the +Romans seized as booty, that they would sell a Moorish boy for the price +of a sheep to any who wished to buy. And then the remainder of the Moors +recalled the saying of their women, to the effect that their nation +would be destroyed by a beardless man.[41] + +So the Roman army, together with its booty and with Esdilasas, marched +into Carthage; and those of the barbarians who had not perished decided +that it was impossible to settle in Byzacium, lest they, being few, +should be treated with violence by the Libyans who were their +neighbours, and with their leaders they went into Numidia and made +themselves suppliants of Iaudas, who ruled the Moors in Aurasium.[42] +And the only Moors who remained in Byzacium were those led by Antalas, +who during this time had kept faith with the Romans and together with +his subjects had remained unharmed. + + +XIII + +But during the time when these things were happening in Byzacium, +Iaudas, who ruled the Moors in Aurasium, bringing more than thirty +thousand fighting men, was plundering the country of Numidia and +enslaving many of the Libyans. Now it so happened that Althias[43] in +Centuriae was keeping guard over the forts there; and he, being eager to +take from the enemy some of their captives, went outside the fort with +the Huns who were under his command, to the number of about seventy. And +reasoning that he was not able to cope with such a great multitude of +Moors with only seventy men, he wished to occupy some narrow pass, so +that, while the enemy were marching through it, he might be able to +snatch up some of the captives. And since there are no such roads there, +because flat plains extend in every direction, he devised the following +plan. + +There is a city not far distant, named Tigisis, then an unwalled place, +but having a great spring at a place which was very closely shut in. +Althias therefore decided to take possession of this spring, reasoning +that the enemy, compelled by thirst, would surely come there; for there +is no other water at all close by. Now it seemed to all upon considering +the disparity of the armies that his plan was insane. But the Moors came +up feeling very much wearied and greatly oppressed by the heat in the +summer weather, and naturally almost overcome by an intense thirst, and +they made for the spring with a great rush, having no thought of meeting +any obstacle. But when they found the water held by the enemy, they all +halted, at a loss what to do, the greatest part of their strength having +been already expended because of their desire for water. Iaudas +therefore had a parley with Althias and agreed to give him the third +part of the booty, on condition that the Moors should all drink. But +Althias was by no means willing to accept the proposal, but demanded +that he fight with him in single combat for the booty. And this +challenge being accepted by Iaudas, it was agreed that if it so fell out +that Althias was overcame, the Moors should drink. And the whole Moorish +army was rejoiced, being in good hope, since Althias was lean and not +tall of body, while Iaudas was the finest and most warlike of all the +Moors. Now both of them were, as it happened, mounted. And Iaudas hurled +his spear first, but as it was coming toward him Althias succeeded with +amazing skill in catching it with his right hand, thus filling Iaudas +and the enemy with consternation. And with his left hand he drew his bow +instantly, for he was ambidextrous, and hit and killed the horse of +Iaudas. And as he fell, the Moors brought another horse for their +commander, upon which Iaudas leaped and straightway fled; and the +Moorish army followed him in complete disorder. And Althias, by thus +taking from them the captives and the whole of the booty, won a great +name in consequence of this deed throughout all Libya. Such, then, was +the course of these events. + +And Solomon, after delaying a short time in Carthage, led his army +toward Mt. Aurasium and Iaudas, alleging against him that, while the +Roman army was occupied in Byzacium, he had plundered many of the places +in Numidia. And this was true. Solomon was also urged on against Iaudas +by the other commanders of the Moors, Massonas and Ortaias, because of +their personal enmity; Massonas, because his father Mephanias, who was +the father-in-law of Iaudas, had been treacherously slain by him, and +Ortaias, because Iaudas, together with Mastinas, who ruled over the +barbarians in Mauretania, had purposed to drive him and all the Moors +whom he ruled from the land where they had dwelt from of old. So the +Roman army, under the leadership of Solomon, and those of the Moors who +came into alliance with them, made their camp on the river Abigas, which +flows along by Aurasium and waters the land there. But to Iaudas it +seemed inexpedient to array himself against the enemy in the plain, but +he made his preparations on Aurasium in such a way as seemed to him +would offer most difficulty to his assailants. This mountain is about +thirteen days' journey distant from Carthage, and the largest of all +known to us. For its circuit is a three days' journey for an +unencumbered traveller. And for one wishing to go upon it the mountain +is difficult of access and extremely wild, but as one ascends and +reaches the level ground, plains are seen and many springs which form +rivers and a great number of altogether wonderful parks. And the grain +which grows here, and every kind of fruit, is double the size of that +produced in all the rest of Libya. And there are fortresses also on this +mountain, which are neglected, by reason of the fact that they do not +seem necessary to the inhabitants. For since the time when the Moors +wrested Aurasium from the Vandals,[44] not a single enemy had until now +ever come there or so much as caused the barbarians to be afraid that +they would come, but even the populous city of Tamougadis, situated +against the mountain on the east at the beginning of the plain, was +emptied of its population by the Moors and razed to the ground, in order +that the enemy should not only not be able to encamp there, but should +not even have the city as an excuse for coming near the mountain. And +the Moors of that place held also the land to the west of Aurasium, a +tract both extensive and fertile. And beyond these dwelt other nations +of the Moors, who were ruled by Ortaias, who had come, as was stated +above, as an ally to Solomon and the Romans. And I have heard this man +say that beyond the country which he ruled there was no habitation of +men, but desert land extending to a great distance, and that beyond that +there are men, not black-skinned like the Moors, but very white in body +and fair-haired. So much, then, for these things. + +And Solomon, after bribing the Moorish allies with great sums of money +and earnestly exhorting them, began the ascent of Mt. Aurasium with the +whole army arrayed as for battle, thinking that on that day he would do +battle with the enemy and just as he was have the matter out with them +according as fortune should wish. Accordingly the soldiers did not even +take with them any food, except a little, for themselves and their +horses. And after proceeding over very rough ground for about fifty +stades, they made a bivouac. And covering a similar distance each day +they came on the seventh day to a place where there was an ancient +fortress and an ever-flowing stream. The place is called "Shield +Mountain" by the Romans in their own tongue.[45] Now it was reported to +them that the enemy were encamped there, and when they reached this +place and encountered no enemy, they made camp and, preparing themselves +for battle, remained there; and three days' time was spent by them in +that place. And since the enemy kept altogether out of their way, and +their provisions had failed, the thought came to Solomon and to the +whole army that there had been some plot against them on the part of the +Moors who were their allies; for these Moors were not unacquainted with +the conditions of travel on Aurasium, and understood, probably, what had +been decided upon by the enemy; they were stealthily going out to meet +them each day, it was said, and had also frequently been sent to their +country by the Romans to reconnoitre, and had decided to make nothing +but false reports, in order, no doubt, that the Romans, with no prior +knowledge of conditions, might make the ascent of Mt. Aurasium without +supplies for a longer time or without preparing themselves otherwise in +the way which would be best. And, all things considered, the Romans were +suspicious that an ambush had been set for them by men who were their +allies and began to be afraid, reasoning that the Moors are said to be +by nature untrustworthy at all times and especially whenever they march +as allies with the Romans or any others against Moors. So, remembering +these things, and at the same time being pinched by hunger, they +withdrew from there with all speed without accomplishing anything, and, +upon reaching the plain, constructed a stockade. + +After this Solomon established a part of the army in Numidia to serve as +a guard and with the remainder went to Carthage, since it was already +winter. There he arranged and set everything in order, so that at the +beginning of spring he might again march against Aurasium with a larger +equipment and, if possible, without Moors as allies. At the same time he +prepared generals and another army and a fleet of ships for an +expedition against the Moors who dwell in the island of Sardinia; for +this island is a large one and flourishing besides, being about two +thirds as large as Sicily (for the perimeter of the island makes a +journey of twenty days for an unencumbered traveller); and lying, as it +does, between Rome and Carthage, it was oppressed by the Moors who dwelt +there. For the Vandals in ancient times, being enraged against these +barbarians, sent some few of them with their wives to Sardinia and +confined them there. But as time went on they seized the mountains which +are near Caranalis, at first making plundering expeditions secretly upon +those who dwelt round about, but when they became no less than three +thousand, they even made their raids openly, and with no desire for +concealment plundered all the country there, being called +Barbaricini[46] by the natives. It was against these barbarians, +therefore, that Solomon was preparing the fleet during that winter. +Such, then, was the course of events in Libya. + + +XIV + +And in Italy during these same times the following events took place. +Belisarius was sent against Theodatus and the Gothic nation by the +Emperor Justinian, and sailing to Sicily he secured this island with no +trouble. And the manner in which this was done will be told in the +following pages, when the history leads me to the narration of the +events in Italy. For it has not seemed to me out of order first to +record all the events which happened in Libya and after that to turn to +the portion of the history touching Italy and the Goths. + +During this winter Belisarius remained in Syracuse and Solomon in +Carthage. And it came about during this year that a most dread portent +took place. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness, like +the moon, during this whole year, and it seemed exceedingly like the sun +in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear nor such as it is +accustomed to shed. And from the time when this thing happened men were +free neither from war nor pestilence nor any other thing leading to +death. And it was the time when Justinian was in the tenth year of his +reign. [536-537 A.D.] + +[536 A.D.] At the opening of spring, when the Christians were +celebrating the feast which they call Easter, there arose a mutiny among +the soldiers in Libya. I shall now tell how it arose and to what end it +came. + +After the Vandals had been defeated in the battle, as I have told +previously,[47] the Roman soldiers took their daughters and wives and +made them their own by lawful marriage. And each one of these women kept +urging her husband to lay claim to the possession of the lands which she +had owned previously, saying that it was not right or fitting if, while +living with the Vandals, they had enjoyed these lands, but after +entering into marriage with the conquerors of the Vandals they were then +to be deprived of their possessions. And having these things in mind, +the soldiers did not think that they were bound to yield the lands of +the Vandals to Solomon, who wished to register them as belonging to the +commonwealth and to the emperor's house and said that while it was not +unreasonable that the slaves and all other things of value should go as +booty to the soldiers, the land itself belonged to the emperor and the +empire of the Romans, which had nourished them and caused them to be +called soldiers and to be such, not in order to win for themselves such +land as they should wrest from the barbarians who were trespassing on +the Roman empire, but that this land might come to the commonwealth, +from which both they and all others secured their maintenance. This was +one cause of the mutiny. And there was a second, concurrent, cause also, +which was no less, perhaps even more, effective in throwing all Libya +into confusion. It was as follows: In the Roman army there were, as it +happened, not less than one thousand soldiers of the Arian faith; and +the most of these were barbarians, some of these being of the +Erulian[48] nation. Now these men were urged on to the mutiny by the +priests of the Vandals with the greatest zeal. For it was not possible +for them to worship God in their accustomed way, but they were excluded +both from all sacraments and from all sacred rites. For the Emperor +Justinian did not allow any Christian who did not espouse the orthodox +faith to receive baptism or any other sacrament. But most of all they +were agitated by the feast of Easter, during which they found themselves +unable to baptize[49] their own children with the sacred water, or do +anything else pertaining to this feast. And as if these things were not +sufficient for Heaven, in its eagerness to ruin the fortunes of the +Romans, it so fell out that still another thing provided an occasion for +those who were planning the mutiny. For the Vandals whom Belisarius took +to Byzantium were placed by the emperor in five cavalry squadrons, in +order that they might be settled permanently in the cities of the East; +he also called them the "Vandals of Justinian," and ordered them to +betake themselves in ships to the East. Now the majority of these Vandal +soldiers reached the East, and, filling up the squadrons to which they +had been assigned, they have been fighting against the Persians up to +the present time; but the remainder, about four hundred in number, after +reaching Lesbos, waiting until the sails were bellied with the wind, +forced the sailors to submission and sailed on till they reached the +Peloponnesus. And setting sail from there, they came to land in Libya at +a desert place, where they abandoned the ships, and, after equipping +themselves, went up to Mt. Aurasium and Mauretania. Elated by their +accession, the soldiers who were planning the mutiny formed a still +closer conspiracy among themselves. And there was much talk about this +in the camp and oaths were already being taken. And when the rest were +about to celebrate the Easter festival, the Arians, being vexed by their +exclusion from the sacred rites, purposed to attack them vigorously. + +And it seemed best to their leading men to kill Solomon in the sanctuary +on the first day of the feast, which they call the great day. [March 23, +536 A.D.] And they were fortunate enough not to be found out, since no +one disclosed this plan. For though there were many who shared in the +horrible plot, no word of it was divulged to any hostile person as the +orders were passed around, and thus they succeeded completely in +escaping detection, for even the spearmen and guards of Solomon for the +most part and the majority of his domestics had become associated with +this mutiny because of their desire for the lands. And when the +appointed day had now come, Solomon was sitting in the sanctuary, +utterly ignorant of his own misfortune. And those who had decided to +kill the man went in, and, urging one another with nods, they put their +hands to their swords, but they did nothing nevertheless, either because +they were filled with awe of the rites then being performed in the +sanctuary, or because the fame of the general caused them to be ashamed, +or perhaps also some divine power prevented them. + +And when the rites on that day had been completely performed and all +were betaking themselves homeward, the conspirators began to blame one +another with having turned soft-hearted at no fitting time, and they +postponed the plot for a second attempt on the following day. And on the +next day they acted in the same manner and departed from the sanctuary +without doing anything, and entering the market place, they reviled each +other openly, and every single man of them called the next one +soft-hearted and a demoralizer of the band, not hesitating to censure +strongly the respect felt for Solomon. For this reason, indeed, they +thought that they could no longer without danger remain in Carthage, +inasmuch as they had disclosed their plot to the whole city. The most of +them, accordingly, went out of the city quickly and began to plunder the +lands and to treat as enemies all the Libyans whom they met; but the +rest remained in the city, giving no indication of what their own +intentions were but pretending ignorance of the plot which had been +formed. + +But Solomon, upon hearing what was being done by the soldiers in the +country, became greatly disturbed, and ceased not exhorting those in the +city and urging them to loyalty toward the emperor. And they at first +seemed to receive his words with favour, but on the fifth day, when they +heard that those who had gone out were secure in their power, they +gathered in the hippodrome and insulted Solomon and the other commanders +without restraint. And Theodorus, the Cappadocian, being sent there by +Solomon, attempted to dissuade them and win them by kind words, but they +listened to nothing of what was said. Now this Theodorus had a certain +hostility against Solomon and was suspected of plotting against him. For +this reason the mutineers straightway elected him general over them by +acclamation, and with him they went with all speed to the palace +carrying weapons and raising a great tumult. There they killed another +Theodorus, who was commander of the guards, a man of the greatest +excellence in every respect and an especially capable warrior. And when +they had tasted this blood, they began immediately to kill everyone they +met, whether Libyan or Roman, if he were known to Solomon or had money +in his hands; and then they turned to plundering, going up into the +houses which had no soldiers to defend them and seizing all the most +valuable things, until the coming of night, and drunkenness following +their toil, made them cease. + +And Solomon succeeded in escaping unnoticed into the great sanctuary +which is in the palace, and Martinus joined him there in the late +afternoon. And when all the mutineers were sleeping, they went out from +the sanctuary and entered the house of Theodorus, the Cappadocian, who +compelled them to dine although they had no desire to do so, and +conveyed them to the harbour and put them on the skiff of a certain +ship, which happened to have been made ready there by Martinus. And +Procopius also, who wrote this history, was with them, and about five +men of the house of Solomon. And after accomplishing three hundred +stades they reached Misuas, the ship-yard of Carthage, and, since they +had reached safety, Solomon straightway commanded Martinus to go into +Numidia to Valerian and the others who shared his command, and endeavour +to bring it about that each one of them, if it were in any way possible, +should appeal to some of the soldiers known to him, either with money or +by other means, and bring them back to loyalty toward the emperor. And +he sent a letter to Theodorus, charging him to take care of Carthage and +to handle the other matters as should seem possible to him, and he +himself with Procopius went to Belisarius at Syracuse. And after +reporting everything to him which had taken place in Libya, he begged +him to come with all speed to Carthage and defend the emperor, who was +suffering unholy treatment at the hands of his own soldiers, Solomon, +then, was thus engaged. + + +XV + +But the mutineers, after plundering everything in Carthage, gathered in +the plain of Boulla, and chose Stotzas,[50] one of the guards of +Martinus, and a passionate and energetic man, as tyrant over them, with +the purpose of driving the emperor's commanders out of all Libya and +thus gaining control over it. And he armed the whole force, amounting to +about eight thousand men, and led them on to Carthage, thinking to win +over the city instantly with no trouble. He sent also to the Vandals who +had run away from Byzantium with the ships and those who had not gone +there with Belisarius in the beginning, either because they had escaped +notice, or because those who were taking off the Vandals at that time +took no account of them. Now they were not fewer than a thousand, and +after no great time they joined Stotzas and the army with enthusiasm. +And a great throng of slaves also came to him. And when they drew near +Carthage, Stotzas sent orders that the people should surrender the city +to him as quickly as possible, on condition of their remaining free from +harm. But those in Carthage and Theodorus, in reply to this, refused +flatly to obey, and announced that they were guarding Carthage for the +emperor. And they sent to Stotzas Joseph, the secretary of the emperor's +guards, a man of no humble birth and one of the household of Belisarius, +who had recently been sent to Carthage on some mission to them, and they +demanded that Stotzas should go no further in his violence. But Stotzas, +upon hearing this, straightway killed Joseph and commenced a siege. And +those in the city, becoming terrified at the danger, were purposing to +surrender themselves and Carthage to Stotzas under an agreement. Such +was the course of events in the army in Libya. + +But Belisarius selected one hundred men from his own spearmen and +guards, and taking Solomon with him, sailed into Carthage with one ship +at about dusk, at the time when the besiegers were expecting that the +city would be surrendered to them on the following day. And since they +were expecting this, they bivouacked that night. But when day had come +and they learned that Belisarius was present, they broke up camp as +quickly as possible and disgracefully and in complete disorder beat a +hasty retreat And Belisarius gathered about two thousand of the army +and, after urging them with words to be loyal to the emperor and +encouraging them with large gifts of money, he began the pursuit of the +fugitives. And he overtook them at the city of Membresa, three hundred +and fifty stades distant from Carthage. There both armies made camp and +prepared themselves for battle, the forces of Belisarius making their +entrenchment at the River Bagradas, and the others in a high and +difficult position. For neither of them saw fit to enter the city, since +it was without walls. And on the day following they joined battle, the +mutineers trusting in their numbers, and the troops of Belisarius +despising their enemy as both without sense and without generals. And +Belisarius, wishing that these thoughts should be firmly lodged in the +minds of his soldiers, called them all together and spoke as follows:-- + +"The situation, fellow-soldiers, both for the emperor and for the +Romans, falls far short of our hopes and of our prayers. For we have now +come to a combat in which even the winning of the victory will not be +without tears for us, since we are fighting against kinsmen and men who +have been reared with us. But we have this comfort in our misfortune, +that we are not ourselves beginning the battle, but have been brought +into the conflict in our own defence. For he who has framed the plot +against his dearest friends and by his own act has dissolved the ties of +kinship, dies not, if he perishes, by the hands of his friends, but +having become an enemy is but making atonement to those who have +suffered wrong. And that our opponents are public enemies and barbarians +and whatever worse name one might call them, is shewn not alone by +Libya, which has become plunder under their hands, nor by the +inhabitants of this land, who have been wrongfully slain, but also by +the multitude of Roman soldiers whom these enemies have dared to kill, +though they have had but one fault to charge them with--loyalty to their +government. And it is to avenge these their victims that we have now +come against them, having with good reason become enemies to those who +were once most dear. For nature has made no men in the world either +friends or opponents to one another, but it is the actions of men in +every case which, either by the similarity of the motives which actuate +them unite them in alliance, or by the difference set them in hostility +to each other, making them friends or enemies as the case may be. That, +therefore, we are fighting against men who are outlaws and enemies of +the state, you must now be convinced; and now I shall make it plain that +they deserve to be despised by us. For a throng of men united by no law, +but brought together by motives of injustice, is utterly unable by +nature to play the part of brave men, since valour is unable to dwell +with lawlessness, but always shuns those who are unholy. Nor, indeed, +will they preserve discipline or give heed to the commands given by +Stotzas. For when a tyranny is newly organized and has not yet won that +authority which self-confidence gives, it is, of necessity, looked upon +by its subjects with contempt. Nor is it honoured through any sentiment +of loyalty, for a tyranny is, in the nature of the case, hated; nor does +it lead its subjects by fear, for timidity deprives it of the power to +speak out openly. And when the enemy is handicapped in point of valour +and of discipline, their defeat is ready at hand. With great contempt, +therefore, as I said, we should go against this enemy of ours. For it is +not by the numbers of the combatants, but by their orderly array and +their bravery, that prowess in war is wont to be measured." + +So spoke Belisarius. And Stotzas exhorted his troops as follows: "Men +who with me have escaped our servitude to the Romans, let no one of you +count it unworthy to die on behalf of the freedom which you have won by +your courage and your other qualities. For it is not so terrible a thing +to grow old and die in the midst of ills, as to return again to it after +having gained freedom from oppressive conditions. For the interval which +has given one a taste of deliverance makes the misfortune, naturally +enough, harder to bear. And this being so, it is necessary for you to +call to mind that after conquering the Vandals and the Moors you +yourselves have enjoyed the labours of war, while others have become +masters of all the spoils. And consider that, as soldiers, you will be +compelled all your lives to be acquainted with the dangers of war, +either in behalf of the emperor's cause, if, indeed, you are again his +slaves, or in behalf of your own selves, if you preserve this present +liberty. And whichever of the two is preferable, this it is in your +power to choose, either by becoming faint-hearted at this time, or by +preferring to play the part of brave men. Furthermore, this thought also +should come to your minds,--that if, having taken up arms against the +Romans, you come under their power, you will have experience of no +moderate or indulgent masters, but you will suffer the extreme of +punishment, and, what is more, your death will not have been unmerited. +To whomsoever of you, therefore, death comes in this battle, it is plain +that it will be a glorious death; and life, if you conquer the enemy, +will be independent and in all other respects happy; but if you are +defeated,--I need mention no other bitterness than this, that all your +hope will depend upon the mercy of those men yonder. And the conflict +will not be evenly matched in regard to strength. For not only are the +enemy greatly surpassed by us in numbers, but they will come against us +without the least enthusiasm, for I think that they are praying for a +share of this our freedom." Such was the speech of Stotzas. + +As the armies entered the combat, a wind both violent and exceedingly +troublesome began to blow in the faces of the mutineers of Stotzas. For +this reason they thought it disadvantageous for them to fight the battle +where they were, fearing lest the wind by its overpowering force should +carry the missiles of the enemy against them, while the impetus of their +own missiles would be very seriously checked. They therefore left their +position and moved toward the flank, reasoning that if the enemy also +should change front, as they probably would, in order that they might +not be assailed from the rear, the wind would then be in their faces. +But Belisarius, upon seeing that they had left their position and in +complete disorder were moving to his flank, gave orders immediately to +open the attack. And the troops of Stotzas were thrown into confusion by +the unexpected move, and in great disorder, as each one could, they fled +precipitately, and only when they reached Numidia did they collect +themselves again. Few of them, however, perished in this action, and +most of them were Vandals. For Belisarius did not pursue them at all, +for the reason that it seemed to him sufficient, since his army was very +small, if the enemy, having been defeated for the present, should get +out of his way. And he gave the soldiers the enemy's stockade to +plunder, and they took it with not a man inside. But much money was +found there and many women, the very women because of whom this war took +place.[51] After accomplishing this, Belisarius marched back to +Carthage. And someone coming from Sicily reported to him that a mutiny +had broken out in the army and was about to throw everything into +confusion, unless he himself should return to them with all speed and +take measures to prevent it. He there therefore arranged matters in +Libya as well as he could and, entrusting Carthage to Ildiger and +Theodorus, went to Sicily. + +And the Roman commanders in Numidia, hearing that the troops of Stotzas +had come and were gathering there, prepared for battle. Now the +commanders were as follows: of foederati,[52] Marcellus and Cyril, of +the cavalry forces, Barbatus, and of infantry Terentius and Sarapis. +All, however, took their commands from Marcellus, as holding the +authority in Numidia. He, therefore, upon hearing that Stotzas with some +few men was in a place called Gazophyla,[53] about two days' journey +distant from Constantina,[54] wished to anticipate the gathering of all +the mutineers, and led his army swiftly against them. And when the two +armies were near together and the battle was about to commence, Stotzas +came alone into the midst of his opponents and spoke as follows: + +"Fellow-soldiers, you are not acting justly in taking the field against +kinsmen and those who have been reared with you, and in raising arms +against men who in vexation at your misfortunes and the wrongs you have +suffered have decided to make war upon the emperor and the Romans. Or do +you not remember that you have been deprived of the pay which has been +owing you for a long time back, and that you have been robbed of the +enemy's spoil, which the law of war has set as prizes for the dangers of +battle? And that the others have claimed the right to live sumptuously +all their lives upon the good things of victory, while you have followed +as if their servants? If, now, you are angry with me, it is within your +power to vent your wrath upon this body, and to escape the pollution of +killing the others; but if you have no charge to bring against me, it is +time for you to take up your weapons in your own behalf." So spoke +Stotzas; and the soldiers listened to his words and greeted him with +great favour. And when the commanders saw what was happening, they +withdrew in silence and took refuge in a sanctuary which was in +Gazophyla. And Stotzas combined both armies into one and then went to +the commanders. And finding them in the sanctuary, he gave pledges and +then killed them all. + + +XVI + +When the emperor learned this, he sent his nephew Germanus, a man of +patrician rank, with some few men to Libya. And Symmachus also and +Domnicus, men of the senate, followed him, the former to be prefect and +charged with the maintenance of the army, while Domnicus was to command +the infantry forces. For John,[55] who had held the office of prefect, +had already died of disease. And when they had sailed into Carthage, +Germanus counted the soldiers whom they had, and upon looking over the +books of the scribes where the names of all the soldiers were +registered, he found that the third part of the army was in Carthage and +the other cities, while all the rest were arrayed with the tyrant +against the Romans. He did not, therefore, begin any fighting, but +bestowed the greatest care upon his army. And considering that those +left in Carthage were the kinsmen or tentmates of the enemy, he kept +addressing many winning words to all, and in particular said that he had +himself been sent by the emperor to Libya in order to defend the +soldiers who had been wronged and to punish those who had unprovoked +done them any injury. And when this was found out by the mutineers, they +began to come over to him a few at a time. And Germanus both received +them into the city in a friendly manner and, giving pledges, held them +in honour, and he gave them their pay for the time during which they had +been in arms against the Romans. And when the report of these acts was +circulated and came to all, they began now to detach themselves in large +numbers from the tyrant and to march to Carthage. Then at last Germanus, +hoping that in the battle he would be evenly matched in strength with +his opponents, began to make preparations for the conflict. + +But in the meantime Stotzas, already perceiving the trouble, and fearing +lest by the defection of still others of his soldiers the army should be +reduced still more, was pressing for a decisive encounter immediately +and trying to take hold of the war with more vigour. And since he had +some hope regarding the soldiers in Carthage, that they would come over +to him, and thought that they would readily desert if he came near them, +he held out the hope to all his men; and after encouraging them +exceedingly in this way, he advanced swiftly with his whole army against +Carthage. And when he had come within thirty-five stades of the city, he +made camp not far from the sea, and Germanus, after arming his whole +army and arraying them for battle, marched forth. And when they were all +outside the city, since he had heard what Stotzas was hoping for, he +called together the whole army and spoke as follows: + +"That there is nothing, fellow-soldiers, with which you can justly +reproach the emperor, and no fault which you can find with what he has +done to you, this, I think, no one of you all could deny; for it was he +who took you as you came from the fields with your wallets and one small +frock apiece and brought you together in Byzantium, and has caused you +to be so powerful that the Roman state now depends upon you. And that he +has not only been treated with wanton insult, but has also suffered the +most dreadful of all things at your hands, you yourselves, doubtless, +know full well. And desiring that you should preserve the memory of +these things for ever, he has dismissed the accusations brought against +you for your crimes, asking that this debt alone be due to him from +you--shame for what you have done. It is reasonable, therefore, that +you, being thus regarded by him, should learn anew the lesson of good +faith and correct your former folly. For when repentance comes at the +fitting time upon those who have done wrong, it is accustomed to make +those who have been injured indulgent; and service which comes in season +is wont to bring another name to those who have been called ungrateful. + +"And it will be needful for you to know well this also, that if at the +present time you shew yourselves completely loyal to the emperor, no +remembrance will remain of what has gone before. For in the nature of +things every course of action is characterized by men in accordance with +its final outcome; and while a wrong which has once been committed can +never be undone in all time, still, when it has been corrected by better +deeds on the part of those who committed it, it receives the fitting +reward of silence and generally comes to be forgotten. Moreover, if you +act with any disregard of duty toward these accursed rascals at the +present time, even though afterwards you fight through many wars in +behalf of the Romans and often win the victory over the enemy, you will +never again be regarded as having requited the emperor as you can +requite him to-day. For those who win applause in the very matter of +their former wrong-doing always gain for themselves a fairer apology. As +regards the emperor, then, let each one of you reason in some such way. +But as for me, I have not voluntarily done you any injustice, and I have +displayed my good-will to you by all possible means, and now, facing +this danger, I have decided to ask this much of you all: let no man +advance with us against the enemy contrary to his judgement. But if +anyone of you is already desirous of arraying himself with them, without +delay let him go with his weapons to the enemy's camp, granting us this +one favour, that it be not stealthily, but openly, that he has decided +to do us wrong. Indeed, it is for this reason that I am making my +speech, not in Carthage, but after coming on the battle-field, in order +that I might not be an obstacle to anyone who desires to desert to our +opponents, since it is possible for all without danger to shew their +disposition toward the state." Thus spoke Germanus. And a great uproar +ensued in the Roman army, for each one demanded the right to be the +first to display to the general his loyalty to the emperor and to swear +the most dread oaths in confirmation. + + +XVII + +Now for some time the two armies remained in position opposite each +other. But when the mutineers saw that nothing of what Stotzas had +foretold was coming to pass, they began to be afraid as having been +unexpectedly cheated of their hope, and they broke their ranks and +withdrew, and marched off to Numidia, where were their women and the +money from their booty. And Germanus too came there with the whole army +not long afterwards, having made all preparations in the best way +possible and also bringing along many wagons for the army. And +overtaking his opponents in a place which the Romans call Scalae +Veteres, he made his preparations for battle in the following manner. +Placing the wagons in line facing the front, he arrayed all the infantry +along them under the leadership of Domnicus, so that by reason of having +their rear in security they might fight with the greater courage. And +the best of the horsemen and those who had come with him from Byzantium +he himself had on the left of the infantry, while all the others he +placed on the right wing, not marshalled in one body but in three +divisions. And Ildiger led one of them, Theodoras the Cappadocian +another, while the remaining one, which was larger, was commanded by +John, the brother of Pappus, with three others. Thus did the Romans +array themselves. + +And the mutineers took their stand opposite them, not in order, however, +but scattered, more in the manner of barbarians. And at no great +distance many thousands of Moors followed them, who were commanded by a +number of leaders, and especially by Iaudas and Ortaias. But not all of +them, as it happened, were faithful to Stotzas and his men, for many had +sent previously to Germanus and agreed that, when they came into the +fight, they would array themselves with the emperor's army against the +enemy. However, Germanus could not trust them altogether, for the +Moorish nation is by nature faithless to all men. It was for this reason +also that they did not array themselves with the mutineers, but remained +behind, waiting for what would come to pass, in order that with those +who should be victorious they might join in the pursuit of the +vanquished. Such was the purpose, then, of the Moors, in following +behind and not mingling with the mutineers. + +And when Stotzas came close to the enemy and saw the standard of +Germanus, he exhorted his men and began to charge against him. But the +mutinous Eruli who were arrayed about him did not follow and even tried +with all their might to prevent him, saying that they did not know the +character of the forces of Germanus, but that they did know that those +arrayed on the enemy's right would by no means withstand them. If, +therefore, they should advance against these, they would not only give +way themselves and turn to flight, but would also, in all probability, +throw the rest of the Roman army into confusion; but if they should +attack Germanus and be driven back and put to rout, their whole cause +would be ruined on the spot. And Stotzas was persuaded by these words, +and permitted the others to fight with the men of Germanus, while he +himself with the best men went against John and those arrayed with him. +And they failed to withstand the attack and hastened to flee in complete +disorder. And the mutineers took all their standards immediately, and +pursued them as they fled at top speed, while some too charged upon the +infantry, who had already begun to abandon their ranks. But at this +juncture Germanus himself, drawing his sword and urging the whole of +that part of the army to do the same, with great difficulty routed the +mutineers opposed to him and advanced on the run against Stotzas. And +then, since he was joined in this effort by the men of Ildiger and +Theodorus, the two armies mingled with each other in such a way that, +while the mutineers were pursuing some of their enemy, they were being +overtaken and killed by others. And as the confusion became greater and +greater, the troops of Germanus, who were in the rear, pressed on still +more, and the mutineers, falling into great fear, thought no longer of +resistance. But neither side could be distinguished either by their own +comrades or by their opponents. For all used one language and the same +equipment of arms, and they differed neither in figure nor in dress nor +in any other thing whatever. For this reason the soldiers of the emperor +by the advice of Germanus, whenever they captured anyone, asked who he +was; and then, if he said that he was a soldier of Germanus, they bade +him give the watchword of Germanus, and if he was not at all able to +give this, they killed him instantly. In this struggle one of the enemy +got by unnoticed and killed the horse of Germanus, and Germanus himself +fell to the ground and came into danger, and would have been lost had +not his guards quickly saved him by forming an enclosure around him and +mounting him on another horse. + +As for Stotzas, he succeeded in this tumult in escaping with a few men. +But Germanus, urging on his men, went straight for the enemy's camp. +There he was encountered by those of the mutineers who had been +stationed to guard the stockade. A stubborn fight took place around its +entrance, and the mutineers came within a little of forcing back their +opponents, but Germanus sent some of his followers and bade them make +trial of the camp at another point. These men, since no one was +defending the camp at this place, got inside the stockade with little +trouble. And the mutineers, upon seeing them, rushed off in flight, and +Germanus with all the rest of the army dashed into the enemy's camp. +There the soldiers, finding it easy to plunder the goods of the camp, +neither took any account of the enemy nor paid any further heed to the +exhortations of their general, since booty was at hand. For this reason +Germanus, fearing lest the enemy should get together and come upon them, +himself with some few men took his stand at the entrance of the +stockade, uttering many laments and urging his unheeding men to return +to good order. And many of the Moors, when the rout had taken place in +this way, were now pursuing the mutineers, and, arraying themselves with +the emperor's troops, were plundering the camp of the vanquished. But +Stotzas, at first having confidence in the Moorish army, rode to them in +order to renew the battle. But perceiving what was being done, he fled +with a hundred men, and succeeded with difficulty in making his escape. +And once more many gathered about him and attempted to engage with the +enemy, but being repulsed no less decisively than before, if not even +more so, they all came over to Germanus. And Stotzas alone with some few +Vandals withdrew to Mauretania, and taking to wife the daughter of one +of the rulers, remained there. And this was the conclusion of that +mutiny. + + +XVIII + +Now there was among the body-guards of Theodorus, the Cappadocian, a +certain Maximinus, an exceedingly base man. This Maximinus had first got +a very large number of the soldiers to join with him in a conspiracy +against the government, and was now purposing to attempt a tyranny. And +being eager to associate with himself still more men, he explained the +project to others and especially to Asclepiades, a native of Palestine, +who was a man of good birth and the first of the personal friends of +Theodorus. Now Asclepiades, after conversing with Theodorus, straightway +reported the whole matter to Germanus. And he, not wishing as yet, while +affairs were still unsettled, to begin any other disturbance, decided to +get the best of the man by cajoling and flattering him rather than by +punishment, and to bind him by oaths to loyalty toward the government. +Accordingly, since it was an old custom among all Romans that no one +should become a body-guard of one of the commanders, unless he had +previously taken the most dread oaths and given pledges of his loyalty +both toward his own commander and toward the Roman emperor, he summoned +Maximinus, and praising him for his daring, directed him to be one of +his body-guards from that time forth. And he, being overjoyed at the +extraordinary honour, and conjecturing that his project would in this +way get on more easily, took the oath, and though from that time forth +he was counted among the body-guards of Germanus, he did not hesitate to +disregard his oaths immediately and to strengthen much more than ever +his plans to achieve the tyranny. + +Now the whole city was celebrating some general festival, and many of +the conspirators of Maximinus at about the time of lunch came according +to their agreement to the palace, where Germanus was entertaining his +friends at a feast, and Maximinus took his stand beside the couches with +the other body-guards. And as the drinking proceeded, someone entered +and announced to Germanus that many soldiers were standing in great +disorder before the door of the court, putting forward the charge that +the government owed them their pay for a long period. And he commanded +the most trusty of the guards secretly to keep close watch over +Maximinus, allowing him in no way to perceive what was being done. Then +the conspirators with threats and tumult proceeded on the run to the +hippodrome, and those who shared their plan with them gathered gradually +from the houses and were assembling there. And if it had so chanced that +all of them had come together, no one, I think, would have been able +easily to destroy their power; but, as it was, Germanus anticipated +this, and, before the greater part had yet arrived, he straightway sent +against them all who were well-disposed to himself and to the emperor. +And they attacked the conspirators before they expected them. And then, +since Maximinus, for whom they were waiting to begin the battle for +them, was not with them, and they did not see the crowd gathered to help +them, as they had thought it would be, but instead even beheld their +fellow-soldiers unexpectedly fighting against them, they consequently +lost heart and were easily overcome in the struggle and rushed off in +flight and in complete disorder. And their opponents slew many of them, +and they also captured many alive and brought them to Germanus. Those, +however, who had not already come to the hippodrome gave no indication +of their sentiment toward Maximinus. And Germanus did not see fit to go +on and seek them out, but he enquired whether Maximinus, since he had +sworn the oath, had taken part in the plot. And since it was proved +that, though numbered among his own body-guards he had carried on his +designs still more than before, Germanus impaled him close by the +fortifications of Carthage, and in this way succeeded completely in +putting down the sedition. As for Maximinus, then, such was the end of +his plot. + + +XI + +[539-540 A.D.] And the emperor summoned Germanus together with Symmachus +and Domnicus and again entrusted all Libya to Solomon, in the thirteenth +year of his reign; and he provided him with an army and officers, among +whom were Rufinus and Leontius, the sons of Zaunas the son of +Pharesmanas, and John, the son of Sisiniolus. For Martinus and +Valerianus had already before this gone under summons to Byzantium. And +Solomon sailed to Carthage, and having rid himself of the sedition of +Stotzas, he ruled with moderation and guarded Libya securely, setting +the army in order, and sending to Byzantium and to Belisarius whatever +suspicious elements he found in it, and enrolling new soldiers to equal +their number, and removing those of the Vandals who were left and +especially all their women from the whole of Libya. And he surrounded +each city with a wall, and guarding the laws with great strictness, he +restored the government completely. And Libya became under his rule +powerful as to its revenues and prosperous in other respects. + +And when everything had been arranged by him in the best way possible, +he again made an expedition against Iaudas and the Moors on Aurasium. +And first he sent forward Gontharis, one of his own body-guards and an +able warrior, with an army. Now Gontharis came to the Abigas River and +made camp near Bagais, a deserted city. And there he engaged with the +enemy, but was defeated in battle, and retiring to his stockade was +already being hard pressed by the siege of the Moors. But afterwards +Solomon himself arrived with his whole army, and when he was sixty +stades away from the camp which Gontharis was commanding, he made a +stockade and remained there; and hearing all that had befallen the force +of Gontharis, he sent them a part of his army and bade them keep up the +fight against the enemy with courage. But the Moors, having gained the +upper hand in the engagement, as I have said, did as follows. The Abigas +River flows from Aurasium, and descending into a plain, waters the land +just as the men there desire. For the natives conduct this stream to +whatever place they think it will best serve them at the moment, for in +this plain there are many channels, into which the Abigas is divided, +and entering all of them, it passes underground, and reappears again +above the ground and gathers its stream together. This takes place over +the greatest part of the plain and makes it possible for the inhabitants +of the region, by stopping up the waterways with earth, or by again +opening them, to make use of the waters of this river as they wish. So +at that time the Moors shut off all the channels there and thus allowed +the whole stream to flow about the camp of the Romans. As a result of +this, a deep, muddy marsh formed there through which it was impossible +to go; this terrified them exceedingly and reduced them to a state of +helplessness. When this was heard by Solomon, he came quickly. But the +barbarians, becoming afraid, withdrew to the foot of Aurasium. And in a +place which they call Babosis they made camp and remained there. So +Solomon moved with his whole army and came to that place. And upon +engaging with the enemy, he defeated them decisively and turned them to +flight. Now after this the Moors did not think it advisable for them to +fight a pitched battle with the Romans; for they did not hope to +overcome them in this kind of contest; but they did have hope, based on +the difficult character of the country around Aurasium, that the Romans +would in a short time give up by reason of the sufferings they would +have to endure and would withdraw from there, just as they formerly had +done. The most of them, therefore, went off to Mauretania and the +barbarians to the south of Aurasium, but Iaudas with twenty thousand of +the Moors remained there. And it happened that he had built a fortress +on Aurasium, Zerboule by name. Into this he entered with all the Moors +and remained quiet. But Solomon was by no means willing that time should +be wasted in the siege, and learning that the plains about the city of +Tamougade were full of grain just becoming ripe, he led his army into +them, and settling himself there, began to plunder the land. Then, after +firing everything, he returned again to the fortress of Zerboule. + +But during this time, while the Romans were plundering the land, Iaudas, +leaving behind some of the Moors, about as many as he thought would be +sufficient for the defence of the fortress, himself ascended to the +summit of Aurasium with the rest of the army, not wishing to stand siege +in the fort and have provisions fail his forces. And finding a high +place with cliff's on all sides of it and concealed by perpendicular +rocks, Toumar by name, he remained quietly there. And the Romans +besieged the fortress of Zerboule for three days. And using their bows, +since the wall was not high, they hit many of the barbarians upon the +parapets. And by some chance it happened that all the leaders of the +Moors were hit by these missiles and died. And when the three days' time +had passed and night came on, the Romans, having learned nothing of the +death of the leaders among the Moors, were planning to break up the +siege. For it seemed better to Solomon to go against Iaudas and the +multitude of the Moors, thinking that, if he should be able to capture +that force by siege, the barbarians in Zerboule would with less trouble +and difficulty yield to the Romans. But the barbarians, thinking that +they could no longer hold out against the siege, since all their leaders +had now been destroyed, decided to flee with all speed and abandon the +fortress. Accordingly they fled immediately in silence and without +allowing the enemy in any way to perceive it, and the Romans also at +daybreak began to prepare for departure. And since no one appeared on +the wall, although the besieging army was withdrawing, they began to +wonder and fell into the greatest perplexity among themselves. And in +this state of uncertainty they went around the fortress and found the +gate open from which the Moors had departed in flight. And entering the +fortress they treated everything as plunder, but they had no thought of +pursuing the enemy, for they had set out with light equipment and were +familiar with the country round about. And when they had plundered +everything, they set guards over the fortress, and all moved forward on +foot. + + +XX + +And coming to the place Toumar, where the enemy had shut themselves in +and were remaining quiet, they encamped near by in a bad position, where +there would be no supply of water, except a little, nor any other +necessary thing. And after much time had been spent and the barbarians +did not come out against them at all, they themselves, no less than the +enemy, if not even more, were hard pressed by the siege and began to be +impatient. And more than anything else, they were distressed by the lack +of water; this Solomon himself guarded, giving each day no more than a +single cupful to each man. And since he saw that they were openly +discontented and no longer able to bear their present hardships, he +planned to make trial of the place, although it was difficult of access, +and called all together and exhorted them as follows: "Since God has +granted to the Romans to besiege the Moors on Aurasium, a thing which +hitherto has been beyond hope and now, to such as do not see what is +actually being done, is altogether incredible, it is necessary that we +too should lend our aid to the help that has come from above, and not +prove false to this favour, but undergoing the danger with enthusiasm, +should reach after the good fortune which is to come from success. For +in every case the turning of the scales of human affairs depends upon +the moment of opportunity; but if a man, by wilful cowardice, is traitor +to his fortune, he cannot justly blame it, having by his own action +brought the guilt upon himself. Now as for the Moors, you see their +weakness surely and the place in which they have shut themselves up and +are keeping guard, deprived of all the necessities of life. And as for +you, one of two things is necessary, either without feeling any vexation +at the siege to await the surrender of the enemy, or, if you shrink from +this, to accept the victory which goes with the danger. And fighting +against these barbarians will be the more free from danger for us, +inasmuch as they are already fighting with hunger and I think they will +never even come to an engagement with us. Having these things in mind at +the present time, it behooves you to execute all your orders with +eagerness." + +After Solomon had made this exhortation, he looked about to see from +what point it would be best for his men to make an attempt on the place, +and for a long time he seemed to be in perplexity. For the difficult +nature of the ground seemed to him quite too much to contend with. But +while Solomon was considering this, chance provided a way for the +enterprise as follows. There was a certain Gezon in the army, a +foot-soldier, "optio"[56] of the detachment to which Solomon belonged; +for thus the Romans call the paymaster. This Gezon, either in play or in +anger, or perhaps even moved by some divine impulse, began to make the +ascent alone, apparently going against the enemy, and not far from him +went some of his fellow-soldiers, marvelling greatly at what he was +doing. And three of the Moors, who had been stationed to guard the +approach, suspecting that the man was coming against them, went on the +run to confront him. But since they were in a narrow way, they did not +proceed in orderly array, but each one went separately. And Gezon struck +the first one who came upon him and killed him, and in this way he +despatched each of the others. And when those in the rear perceived +this, they advanced with much shouting and tumult against the enemy. And +when the whole Roman army both heard and saw what was being done, +without waiting either for the general to lead the way for them or for +the trumpets to give the signal for battle, as was customary, nor indeed +even keeping their order, but making a great uproar and urging one +another on, they ran against the enemy's camp. There Rufinus and +Leontius, the sons of Zaunas the son of Pharesmanes, made a splendid +display of valorous deeds against the enemy. And by this the Moors were +terror-stricken, and when they learned that their guards also had been +destroyed, they straightway turned to flight where each one could, and +the most of them were overtaken in the difficult ground and killed. And +Iaudas himself, though struck by a javelin in the thigh, still made his +escape and withdrew to Mauretania. But the Romans, after plundering the +enemy's camp, decided not to abandon Aurasium again, but to guard +fortresses which Solomon was to build there, so that this mountain might +not be again accessible to the Moors. + +Now there is on Aurasium a perpendicular rock which rises in the midst +of precipices; the natives call it the Rock of Geminianus; there the men +of ancient times had built a tower, making it very small as a place of +refuge, strong and unassailable, since the nature of the position +assisted them. Here, as it happened, Iaudas had a few days previously +deposited his money and his women, setting one old Moor in charge as +guardian of the money. For he could never have suspected that the enemy +would either reach this place, or that they could in all time capture +the tower by force. But the Romans at that time, searching through the +rough country of Aurasium, came there, and one of them, with a laugh, +attempted to climb up to the tower; but the women began to taunt him, +ridiculing him as attempting the impossible; and the old man, peering +out from the tower, did the same thing. But when the Roman soldier, +climbing with both hands and feet, had come near them, he drew his sword +quietly and leaped forward as quickly as he could, and struck the old +man a fair blow on the neck, and succeeded in cutting it through. And +the head fell down to the ground, and the soldiers, now emboldened and +holding to one another, ascended to the tower, and took out from there +both the women and the money, of which there was an exceedingly great +quantity. And by means of it Solomon surrounded many of the cities in +Libya with walls. + +And after the Moors had retired from Numidia, defeated in the manner +described, the land of Zabe, which is beyond Mt. Aurasium and is called +"First Mauretania," whose metropolis is Sitiphis,[57] was added to the +Roman empire by Solomon as a tributary province; for of the other +Mauretania Caesarea is the first city, where was settled Mastigas[58] +with his Moors, having the whole country there subject and tributary to +him, except, indeed, the city of Caesarea. For this city Belisarius had +previously recovered for the Romans, as has been set forth in the +previous narrative[59]; and the Romans always journey to this city in +ships, but they are not able to go by land, since Moors dwell in that +country. And as a result of this all the Libyans who were subjects of +the Romans, coming to enjoy secure peace and finding the rule of Solomon +wise and very moderate, and having no longer any thought of hostility in +their minds, seemed the most fortunate of all men. + + +XXI + +But in the fourth year after this it came about that all their blessings +were turned to the opposite. [543-544 A.D.] For in the seventeenth year +of the reign of the Emperor Justinian, Cyrus and Sergius, the sons of +Bacchus, Solomon's brother, were assigned by the emperor to rule over +the cities in Libya, Cyrus, the elder, to have Pentapolis,[60] and +Sergius Tripolis. And the Moors who are called Leuathae came to Sergius +with a great army at the city of Leptimagna,[61] spreading the report +that the reason they had come was this, that Sergius might give them the +gifts and insignia of office which were customary[62] and so make the +peace secure. But Sergius, persuaded by Pudentius, a man of Tripolis, of +whom I made mention in the preceding narrative[63] as having served the +Emperor Justinian against the Vandals at the beginning of the Vandalic +War, received eighty of the barbarians, their most notable men, into the +city, promising to fulfil all their demands; but he commanded the rest +to remain in the suburb. Then after giving these eighty men pledges +concerning the peace, he invited them to a banquet. But they say that +these barbarians had come into the city with treacherous intent, that +they might lay a trap for Sergius and kill him. And when they came into +conference with him, they called up many charges against the Romans, and +in particular said that their crops had been plundered wrongfully. And +Sergius, paying no heed to these things, rose from the seat on which he +was sitting, with intent to go away. And one of the barbarians, laying +hold upon his shoulder, attempted to prevent him from going. Then the +others began to shout in confusion, and were already rushing together +about him. But one of the body-guards of Sergius, drawing his sword, +despatched that Moor. And as a result of this a great tumult, as was +natural, arose in the room, and the guards of Sergius killed all the +barbarians. But one of them, upon seeing the others being slain, rushed +out of the house where these things were taking place, unnoticed by +anyone, and coming to his tribemates, revealed what had befallen their +fellows. And when they heard this, they betook themselves on the run to +their own camp and together with all the others arrayed themselves in +arms against the Romans. Now when they came near the city of Leptimagna, +Sergius and Pudentius confronted them with their whole army. And the +battle becoming a hand-to-hand fight, at first the Romans were +victorious and slew many of the enemy, and, plundering their camp, +secured their goods and enslaved an exceedingly great number of women +and children. But afterwards Pudentius, being possessed by a spirit of +reckless daring, was killed; and Sergius with the Roman army, since it +was already growing dark, marched into Leptimagna. + +At a later time the barbarians took the field against the Romans with a +greater array. And Sergius went to join his uncle Solomon, in order that +he too might go to meet the enemy with a larger army; and he found there +his brother Cyrus also. And the barbarians, coming into Byzacium, made +raids and plundered a great part of the country there; and Antalas (whom +I mentioned in the preceding narrative[64] as having remained faithful +to the Romans and as being for this reason sole ruler of the Moors in +Byzacium) had by now, as it happened, become hostile to Solomon, because +Solomon had deprived him of the maintenance with which the emperor had +honoured him and had killed his brother, charging him with +responsibility for an uprising against the people of Byzacium. So at +that time Antalas was pleased to see these barbarians, and making an +offensive and defensive alliance with them, led them against Solomon and +Carthage. + +And Solomon, as soon as he heard about this, put his whole army in +motion and marched against them, and coming upon them at the city of +Tebesta, distant six days' journey from Carthage, he established his +camp in company with the sons of his brother Bacchus, Cyrus and Sergius +and Solomon the younger. And fearing the multitude of the barbarians, he +sent to the leaders of the Leuathae, reproaching them because, while at +peace with the Romans, they had taken up arms and come against them, and +demanding that they should confirm the peace existing between the two +peoples, and he promised to swear the most dread oaths, that he would +hold no remembrance of what they had done. But the barbarians, mocking +his words, said that he would of course swear by the sacred writings of +the Christians, which they are accustomed to call Gospels. Now since +Sergius had once taken these oaths and then had slain those who trusted +in them,[65] it was their desire to go into battle and make a test of +these same sacred writings, to see what sort of power they had against +the perjurers, in order that they might first have absolute confidence +in them before they finally entered into the agreement. When Solomon +heard this, he made his preparations for the combat. + +And on the following day he engaged with a portion of the enemy as they +were bringing in a very large booty, conquered them in battle, seized +all their booty and kept it under guard. And when the soldiers were +dissatisfied and counted it an outrage that he did not give them the +plunder, he said that he was awaiting the outcome of the war, in order +that they might distribute everything then, according to the share that +should seem to suit the merit of each. But when the barbarians advanced +a second time, with their whole army, to give battle, this time some of +the Romans stayed behind and the others entered the encounter with no +enthusiasm. At first, then, the battle was evenly contested, but later, +since the Moors were vastly superior by reason of their great numbers, +the most of the Romans fled, and though Solomon and a few men about him +held out for a time against the missiles of the barbarians, afterwards +they were overpowered by the enemy, and fleeing in haste, reached a +ravine made by a brook which flowed in that region. And there Solomon's +horse stumbled and threw him to the ground, and his body-guards lifted +him quickly in their arms and set him upon his horse. But overcome by +great pain and unable to hold the reins longer, he was overtaken and +killed by the barbarians, and many of his guards besides. Such was the +end of Solomon's life. + + +XXII + +After the death of Solomon, Sergius, who, as has been said, was his +nephew, took over the government of Libya by gift of the emperor. And +this man became the chief cause of great ruin to the people of Libya, +and all were dissatisfied with his rule--the officers because, being +exceedingly stupid and young both in character and in years, he proved +to be the greatest braggart of all men, and he insulted them for no just +cause and disregarded them, always using the power of his wealth and the +authority of his office to this end; and the soldiers disliked him +because he was altogether unmanly and weak; and the Libyans, not only +for these reasons, but also because he had shown himself strangely fond +of the wives and the possessions of others. But most of all John, the +son of Sisiniolus, was hostile to the power of Sergius; for, though he +was an able warrior and was a man of unusually fair repute, he found +Sergius absolutely ungrateful. For this reason neither he nor anyone +else at all was willing to take up arms against the enemy. But almost +all the Moors were following Antalas, and Stotzas came at his summons +from Mauretania. And since not one of the enemy came out against them, +they began to sack the country, making plunder of everything without +fear. At that time Antalas sent to the Emperor Justinian a letter, which +set forth the following: + +"That I am a slave of thy empire not even I myself would deny, but the +Moors, having suffered unholy treatment at the hands of Solomon in time +of peace, have taken up arms under the most severe constraint, not +lifting them against thee, but warding off our personal enemy; and this +is especially true of me. For he not only decided to deprive me of the +maintenance, which Belisarius long before specified and thou didst +grant, but he also killed my own brother, although he had no wrongdoing +to charge against him. We have therefore taken vengeance upon him who +wronged us. And if it is thy will that the Moors be in subjection to thy +empire and serve it in all things as they are accustomed to do, command +Sergius, the nephew of Solomon, to depart from here and return to thee, +and send another general to Libya. For thou wilt not be lacking in men +of discretion and more worthy than Sergius in every way; for as long as +this man commands thy army, it is impossible for peace to be established +between the Romans and the Moors." + +Such was the letter written by Antalas. But the emperor, even after +reading these things and learning the common enmity of all toward +Sergius, was still unwilling to remove him from his office, out of +respect for the virtues of Solomon and especially the manner of his +death. Such, then, was the course of these events. + +But Solomon, the brother of Sergius, who was supposed to have +disappeared from the world together with his uncle Solomon, was +forgotten by his brother and by the rest as well; for no one had learned +that he was alive. But the Moors, as it happened, had taken him alive, +since he was very young; and they enquired of him who he was. And he +said that he was a Vandal by birth, and a slave of Solomon. He said, +moreover, that he had a friend, a physician, Pegasius by name, in the +city of Laribus near by, who would purchase him by giving ransom. So the +Moors came up close to the fortifications of the city and called +Pegasius and displayed Solomon to him, and asked whether it was his +pleasure to purchase the man. And since he agreed to purchase him, they +sold Solomon to him for fifty pieces of gold. But upon getting inside +the fortifications, Solomon taunted the Moors as having been deceived by +him, a mere lad; for he said that he was no other than Solomon, the son +of Bacchus and nephew of Solomon. And the Moors, being deeply stung by +what had happened, and counting it a terrible thing that, while having a +strong security for the conduct of Sergius and the Romans, they had +relinquished it so carelessly, came to Laribus and laid siege to the +place, in order to capture Solomon with the city. And the besieged, in +terror at being shut in by the barbarians, for they had not even carried +in provisions, as it happened, opened negotiations with the Moors, +proposing that upon receiving a great sum of money they should +straightway abandon the siege. Whereupon the barbarians, thinking that +they could never take the city by force--for the Moors are not at all +practised in the storming of walls--and at the same time not knowing +that provisions were scarce for the besieged, welcomed their words, and +when they had received three thousand pieces of gold, they abandoned the +siege, and all the Leuathae retired homeward. + + +XXIII + +But Antalas and the army of the Moors were gathering again in Byzacium +and Stotzas was with them, having some few soldiers and Vandals. And +John, the son of Sisiniolus, being earnestly entreated by the Libyans, +gathered an army and marched against them. Now Himerius, the Thracian, +was commander of the troops in Byzacium, and at that time he was ordered +by John to bring with him all the troops there, together with the +commanders of each detachment, and come to a place called Menephesse, +which is in Byzacium, and join his force there. But later, upon hearing +that the enemy were encamped there, John wrote to Himerius telling what +had happened and directing him to unite with his forces at another +place, that they might not go separately, but all together, to encounter +the enemy. But by some chance those who had this letter, making use of +another road, were quite unable to find Himerius, and he together with +his army, coming upon the camp of the enemy, fell into their hands. Now +there was in this Roman army a certain youth, Severianus, son of +Asiaticus, a Phoenician and a native of Emesa, commanding a detachment +of horse. This man alone, together with the soldiers under him, fifty in +number, engaged with the enemy. And for some time they held out, but +later, being overpowered by the great multitude, they ran to the top of +a hill in the neighbourhood on which there was also a fort, but one +which offered no security. For this reason they surrendered themselves +to their opponents when they ascended the hill to attack them. And the +Moors killed neither him nor any of the soldiers, but they made +prisoners of the whole force; and Himerius they kept under guard, and +handed over his soldiers to Stotzas, since they agreed with great +readiness to march with the rebels against the Romans; Himerius, +however, they threatened with death, if he should not carry out their +commands. And they commanded him to put into their hands by some device +the city of Hadrumetum on the sea. And since he declared that he was +willing, they went with him against Hadrumetum. And upon coming near the +city, they sent Himerius a little in advance with some of the soldiers +of Stotzas, dragging along, as it seemed, some Moors in chains, and they +themselves followed behind. And they directed Himerius to say to those +in command of the gates of the city that the emperor's army had won a +decisive victory, and that John would come very soon, bringing an +innumerable multitude of Moorish captives; and when in this manner the +gates had been opened to them, he was to get inside the fortifications +together with those who went with him. And he carried out these +instructions. And the citizens of Hadrumetum, being deceived in this way +(for they could not distrust the commander of all the troops in +Byzacium), opened wide the gates and received the enemy. Then, indeed, +those who had entered with Himerius drew their swords and would not +allow the guards there to shut the gates again, but straightway received +the whole army of the Moors into the city. And the barbarians, after +plundering it and establishing there some few guards, departed. And of +the Romans who had been captured some few escaped and came to Carthage, +among whom were Severianus and Himerius. For it was not difficult for +those who wished it to make their escape from Moors. And many also, not +at all unwillingly, remained with Stotzas. + +Not long after this one of the priests, Paulus by name, who had been +appointed to take charge of the sick, in conferring with some of the +nobles, said: "I myself shall journey to Carthage and I am hopeful that +I shall return quickly with an army, and it will be your care to receive +the emperor's forces into the city." So they attached some ropes to him +and let him down by night from the fortifications, and he, coming to the +sea-shore and happening upon a fishing-vessel which was thereabouts, won +over the masters of this boat by great sums of money and sailed off to +Carthage. And when he had landed there and come into the presence of +Sergius, he told the whole story and asked him to give him a +considerable army in order to recover Hadrumetum. And since this by no +means pleased Sergius, inasmuch as the army in Carthage was not great, +the priest begged him to give him some few soldiers, and receiving not +more than eighty men, he formed the following plan. He collected a large +number of boats and skiffs and embarked on them many sailors and Libyans +also, clad in the garments which the Roman soldiers are accustomed to +wear. And setting off with the whole fleet, he sailed at full speed +straight for Hadrumetum. And when he had come close to it, he sent some +men stealthily and declared to the notables of the city that Germanus, +the emperor's nephew, had recently come to Carthage, and had sent a very +considerable army to the citizens of Hadrumetum. And he bade them take +courage at this and open for them one small gate that night. And they +carried out his orders. Thus Paulus with his followers got inside the +fortifications, and he slew all the enemy and recovered Hadrumetum for +the emperor; and the rumour about Germanus, beginning there, went even +to Carthage. And the Moors, as well as Stotzas and his followers, upon +hearing this, at first became terrified and went off in flight to the +extremities of Libya, but later, upon learning the truth, they counted +it a terrible thing that they, after sparing all the citizens of +Hadrumetum, had suffered such things at their hands. For this reason +they made raids everywhere and wrought unholy deeds upon the Libyans, +sparing no one whatever his age, and the land became at that time for +the most part depopulated. For of the Libyans who had been left some +fled into the cities and some to Sicily and the other islands. But +almost all the notables came to Byzantium, among whom was Paulus also, +who had recovered Hadrumetum for the emperor. And the Moors with still +less fear, since no one came out against them, were plundering +everything, and with them Stotzas, who was now powerful. For many Roman +soldiers were following him, some who had come as deserters, and others +who had been in the beginning captives but now remained with him of +their own free will. And John, who was indeed a man of some reputation +among the Moors, was remaining quiet because of the extreme hostility he +had conceived against Sergius. + + +XXIV + +At this time the emperor sent to Libya, with some few soldiers, another +general, Areobindus, a man of the senate and of good birth, but not at +all skilled in matters of warfare. And he sent with him Athanasius, a +prefect, who had come recently from Italy, and some few Armenians led by +Artabanes and John, sons of John, of the line of the Arsacidae,[66] who +had recently left the Persian army and as deserters had come back to the +Romans, together with the other Armenians. And with Areobindus was his +sister and Prejecta, his wife, who was the daughter of Vigilantia, the +sister of the Emperor Justinian. The emperor, however, did not recall +Sergius, but commanded both him and Areobindus to be generals of Libya, +dividing the country and the detachments of soldiers between them. And +he enjoined upon Sergius to carry on the war against the barbarians in +Numidia, and upon Areobindus to direct his operations constantly against +the Moors in Byzacium. And when this expedition lauded at Carthage, +Sergius departed forthwith for Numidia with his own army, and +Areobindus, upon learning that Antalas and Stotzas were encamped near +the city of Siccaveneria, which is three days' journey distant from +Carthage, commanded John, the son of Sisiniolus, to go against them, +choosing out whatever was best of the army; and he wrote to Sergius to +unite with the forces of John, in order that they might all with one +common force engage with the enemy. Now Sergius decided to pay no heed +to the message and have nothing to do with this affair, and John with a +small army was compelled to engage with an innumerable host of the +enemy. And there had always been great enmity between him and Stotzas, +and each one used to pray that he might become the slayer of the other +before departing from the world. At that time, accordingly, as soon as +the fighting was about to come to close quarters, both rode out from +their armies and came against each other. And John drew his bow, and, as +Stotzas was still advancing, made a successful shot and hit him in the +right groin, and Stotzas, mortally wounded, fell there, not yet dead, +but destined to survive this wound only a little time. And all came up +immediately, both the Moorish army and those who followed Stotzas, and +placing Stotzas with little life in him against a tree, they advanced +upon their enemy with great fury; and since they were far superior in +numbers, they routed John and all the Romans with no difficulty. Then, +indeed, they say, John remarked that death had now a certain sweetness +for him, since his prayer regarding Stotzas had reached fulfilment. And +there was a steep place near by, where his horse stumbled and threw him +off. And as he was trying to leap upon the horse again, the enemy caught +and killed him, a man who had shown himself great both in reputation and +in valour. And Stotzas learned this and then died, remarking only that +now it was most sweet to die. In this battle John, the Armenian, brother +of Artabanes, also died, after making a display of valorous deeds +against the enemy. And the emperor, upon hearing this, was very deeply +grieved because of the valour of John; and thinking it inexpedient for +the two generals to administer the province, he immediately recalled +Sergius and sent him to Italy with an army, and gave over the whole +power of Libya to Areobindus. + + +XXV + +And two months after Sergius had departed from there, Gontharis essayed +to set up a tyranny in the following manner. He himself, as it happened, +was commanding the troops in Numidia and spending his time there for +that reason, but he was secretly treating with the Moors that they might +march against Carthage. Forthwith, therefore, an army of the enemy, +having been gathered into one place from Numidia and Byzacium, went with +great zeal against Carthage. And the Numidians were commanded by +Coutzinas and Iaudas, and the men of Byzacium by Antalas. And with him +was also John, the tyrant, and his followers; for the mutineers, after +the death of Stotzas, had set him up as ruler over themselves. And when +Areobindus learned of their attack, he summoned to Carthage a number of +the officers with their men, and among them Gontharis. And he was joined +also by Artabanes and the Armenians. Areobindus, accordingly, bade +Gontharis lead the whole army against the enemy. And Gontharis, though +he had promised to serve him zealously in the war, proceeded to act as +follows. One of his servants, a Moor by birth and a cook by trade, he +commanded to go to the enemy's camp, and to make it appear to all others +that he had run away from his master, but to tell Antalas secretly that +Gontharis wished to share with him the rule of Libya. So the cook +carried out these directions, and Antalas heard the word gladly, but +made no further reply than to say that worthy enterprises are not +properly brought to pass among men by cooks. When this was heard by +Gontharis, he immediately sent to Antalas one of his body-guards, +Ulitheus by name, whom he had found especially trustworthy in his +service, inviting him to come as close as possible to Carthage. For, if +this were done, he promised him to put Areobindus out of the way. So +Ulitheus without the knowledge of the rest of the barbarians made an +agreement with Antalas that he, Antalas, should rule Byzacium, having +half the possessions of Areobindus and taking with him fifteen hundred +Roman soldiers, while Gontharis should assume the dignity of king, +holding the power over Carthage and the rest of Libya. And after +settling these matters he returned to the Roman camp, which they had +made entirely in front of the circuit-wall, distributing among +themselves the guarding of each gate. And the barbarians not long +afterwards proceeded straight for Carthage in great haste, and they made +camp and remained in the place called Decimum.[67] And departing from +there on the following day, they were moving forward. But some of the +Roman army encountered them, and engaging with them unexpectedly, slew a +small number of the Moors. But these were straightway called back by +Gontharis, who rebuked them for acting with reckless daring and for +being willing to give the Romans foreknowledge of the danger into which +they were thrown. + +But in the meantime Areobindus sent to Coutzinas secretly and began to +treat with him with regard to turning traitor. And Coutzinas promised +him that, as soon as they should begin the action, he would turn against +Antalas and the Moors of Byzacium. For the Moors keep faith neither with +any other men nor with each other. This Areobindus reported to +Gontharis. And he, wishing to frustrate the enterprise by having it +postponed, advised Areobindus by no means to have faith in Coutzinas, +unless he should receive from him his children as hostages. So +Areobindus and Coutzinas, constantly sending secret messages to each +other, were busying themselves with the plot against Antalas. And +Gontharis sent Ulitheus once more and made known to Antalas what was +being done. And he decided not to make any charges against Coutzinas nor +did he allow him to know that he had discovered the plot, nor indeed did +he disclose anything of what had been agreed upon by himself and +Gontharis. But though enemies and hostile at heart to one another, they +were arrayed together with treacherous intent, and each of them was +marching with the other against his own particular friend. With such +purposes Coutzinas and Antalas were leading the Moorish army against +Carthage. And Gontharis was intending to kill Areobindus, but, in order +to avoid the appearance of aiming at sole power, he wished to do this +secretly in battle, in order that it might seem that the plot had been +made by others against the general, and that he had been compelled by +the Roman army to assume command over Libya. Accordingly he circumvented +Areobindus by deceit, and persuaded him to go out against the enemy and +engage with them, now that they had already come close to Carthage. He +decided, therefore, that on the following day he would lead the whole +army against the enemy at sunrise. But Areobindus, being very +inexperienced in this matter and reluctant besides, kept holding back +for no good reason. For while considering how he should put on his +equipment of arms and armour, and making the other preparations for the +sally, he wasted the greatest part of the day. He accordingly put off +the engagement to the following day and remained quiet. But Gontharis, +suspecting that he had hesitated purposely, as being aware of what was +being done, decided openly to accomplish the murder of the general and +make his attempt at the tyranny. + + +XXVI + +And on the succeeding day he proceeded to act as follows. Opening wide +the gates where he himself kept guard, he placed huge rocks under them, +that no one might be able easily to shut them, and he placed armoured +men with bows in their hands about the parapet in great numbers, and he +himself, having put on his breastplate, took his stand between the +gates. And his purpose in doing this was not that he might receive the +Moors into the city; for the Moors, being altogether fickle, are +suspicious of all men. And it is not unnatural that they are so; for +whoever is by nature treacherous toward his neighbours is himself unable +to trust anyone at all, but he is compelled to be suspicious of all men, +since he estimates the character of his neighbour by his own mind. For +this reason, then, Gontharis did not hope that even the Moors would +trust him and come inside the circuit-wall, but he made this move in +order that Areobindus, falling into great fear, might straightway rush +off in flight, and, abandoning Carthage as quickly as he could, might +betake himself to Byzantium. And he would have been right in his +expectation had not winter come on just then and frustrated his plan. +[544-545 A.D.] And Areobindus, learning what was being done, summoned +Athanasius and some of the notables. And Artabanes also came to him from +the camp with two others and he urged Areobindus neither to lose heart +nor to give way to the daring of Gontharis, but to go against him +instantly with all his men and engage him in battle, before any further +trouble arose. At first, then, Areobindus sent to Gontharis one of his +friends, Phredas by name, and commanded him to test the other's purpose. +And when Phredas returned and reported that Gontharis by no means denied +his intention of seizing the supreme power, he purposed immediately to +go against him arrayed for battle. + +But in the meantime Gontharis slandered Areobindus to the soldiers, +saying that he was a coward and not only possessed with fear of the +enemy, but at the same time quite unwilling to give them, his soldiers, +their pay, and that he was planning to run away with Anastasius and that +they were about to sail very soon from Mandracium[68], in order that the +soldiers, fighting both with hunger and with the Moors, might be +destroyed; and he enquired whether it was their wish to arrest both and +keep them under guard. For thus he hoped either that Areobindus, +perceiving the tumult, would turn to flight, or that he would be +captured by the soldiers and ruthlessly put to death. Moreover he +promised that he himself would advance to the soldiers money of his own, +as much as the government owed them. And they were approving his words +and were possessed with great wrath against Areobindus, but while this +was going on Areobindus together with Artabanes and his followers came +there. And a battle took place on the parapet and below about the gate +where Gontharis had taken his stand, and neither side was worsted. And +all were about to gather from the camps, as many as were well disposed +to the emperor, and capture the mutineers by force. For Gontharis had +not as yet deceived all, but the majority remained still uncorrupted in +mind. But Areobindus, seeing then for the first time the killing of men +(for he had not yet, as it happened, become acquainted with this sight), +was terror-stricken and, turning coward, fled, unable to endure what he +saw. + +Now there is a temple inside the fortifications of Carthage hard by the +sea-shore, the abode of men who are very exact in their practice of +religion, whom we have always been accustomed to call "monks"; this +temple had been built by Solomon not long before, and he had surrounded +it with a wall and rendered it a very strong fortress. And Areobindus, +fleeing for refuge, rushed into the monastery, where he had already sent +his wife and sister. Then Artabanes too ran away, and all the rest +withdrew from Carthage as each one could. And Gontharis, having taken +the city by assault, with the mutineers took possession of the palace, +and was already guarding both the gates and the harbour most carefully. +First, then, he summoned Athanasius, who came to him without delay, and +by using much flattery Athanasius made it appear that what had been done +pleased him exceedingly. And after this Gontharis sent the priest of the +city and commanded Areobindus, after receiving pledges, to come to the +palace, threatening that he would besiege him if he disobeyed and would +not again give him pledges of safety, but would use every means to +capture and put him to death. So the priest, Reparatus, stoutly declared +to Areobindus that in accordance with the decision of Gontharis he would +swear that no harm would come to him from Gontharis, telling also what +he had threatened in case he did not obey. But Areobindus became afraid +and agreed that he would follow the priest immediately, if the priest, +after performing the rite of the sacred bath[69] in the usual manner, +should swear to him by that rite and then give him pledges for his +safety. So the priest did according to this. And Areobindus without +delay followed him, clad in a garment which was suitable neither for a +general nor for any one else in military service, but altogether +appropriate to a slave or one of private station; this garment the +Romans call "casula"[70] in the Latin tongue. And when they came near +the palace, he took in his hands the holy scriptures from the priest, +and so went before Gontharis. And falling prone he lay there a long +time, holding out to him the suppliant olive-branch and the holy +scriptures, and with him was the child which had been counted worthy of +the sacred bath by which the priest had given him the pledge, as has +been told. And when, with difficulty, Gontharis had raised him to his +feet, he enquired of Gontharis in the name of all things holy whether +his safety was secure. And Gontharis now bade him most positively to be +of good cheer, for he would suffer no harm at his hands, but on the +following day would be gone from Carthage with his wife and his +possessions. Then he dismissed the priest Reparatus, and bade Areobindus +and Athanasius dine with him in the palace. And during the dinner he +honoured Areobindus, inviting him to take his place first on the couch; +but after the dinner he did not let him go, but compelled him to sleep +in a chamber alone; and he sent there Ulitheus with certain others to +assail him. And while he was wailing and crying aloud again and again +and speaking many entreating words to them to move them to pity, they +slew him. Athanasius, however, they spared, passing him by, I suppose, +on account of his advanced age. + + +XXVII + +And on the following day Gontharis sent the head of Areobindus to +Antalas, but decided to deprive him of the money and of the soldiers. +Antalas, therefore, was outraged, because he was not carrying out +anything of what had been agreed with him, and at the same time, upon +considering what Gontharis had sworn and what he had done to Areobindus, +he was incensed. For it did not seem to him that one who had disregarded +such oaths would ever be faithful either to him or to anyone else at +all. So after considering the matter long with himself, he was desirous +of submitting to the Emperor Justinian; for this reason, then, he +marched back. And learning that Marcentius, who commanded the troops in +Byzacium, had fled to one of the islands which lie off the coast, he +sent to him, and telling him the whole story and giving pledges, +persuaded him by kind words to come to him. And Marcentius remained with +Antalas in the camp, while the soldiers who were on duty in Byzacium, +being well disposed to the emperor, were guarding the city of +Hadrumetum. But the soldiers of Stotzas, being not less than a thousand, +perceiving what was being done, went in great haste, with John leading +them, to Gontharis; and he gladly received them into the city. Now there +were five hundred Romans and about eighty Huns, while all the rest were +Vandals. And Artabanes, upon receiving pledges, went up to the palace +with his Armenians, and promised to serve the tyrant according to his +orders. But secretly he was purposing to destroy Gontharis, having +previously communicated this purpose to Gregorius, his nephew, and to +Artasires, his body-guard. And Gregorius, urging him on to the +undertaking, spoke as follows: + +"Artabanes, the opportunity is now at hand for you, and you alone, to +win the glory of Belisarius--nay more, even to surpass that glory by +far. For he came here, having received from the emperor a most +formidable army and great sums of money, having officers accompanying +him and advisers in great numbers, and a fleet of ships whose like we +have never before heard tell of, and numerous cavalry, and arms, and +everything else, to put it in a word, prepared for him in a manner +worthy of the Roman empire. And thus equipped he won back Libya for the +Romans with much toil. But all these achievements have so completely +come to naught, that they are, at this moment, as if they had never +been--except indeed, that there is at present left to the Romans from +the victory of Belisarius the losses they have suffered in lives and in +money, and, in addition, that they are no longer able even to guard the +good things they won. But the winning back of all these things for the +emperor now depends upon the courage and judgment and right hand of you +alone. Therefore consider that you are of the house of the Arsacidae by +ancient descent, and remember that it is seemly for men of noble birth +to play the part of brave men always and in all places. Now many +remarkable deeds have been performed by you in behalf of freedom. For +when you were still young, you slew Acacius,[71] the ruler of the +Armenians, and Sittas,[72] the general of the Romans, and as a result of +this becoming known to the king Chosroes, you campaigned with him +against the Romans. And since you have reached so great a station that +it devolves upon you not to allow the Roman power to lie subject to a +drunken dog, show at this time that it was by reason of noble birth and +a valorous heart that at the former time, good sir, you performed those +deeds; and I as well as Artasires here will assist you in everything, so +far as we have the power, in accordance with your commands." + +So spoke Gregorius; and he excited the mind of Artabanes still more +against the tyrant. But Gontharis, bringing out the wife and the sister +of Areobindus from the fortress, compelled them to remain at a certain +house, showing them no insult by any word or deed whatsoever, nor did +they have provisions in any less measure than they needed, nor were they +compelled to say or to do anything except, indeed, that Prejecta was +forced to write to her uncle[73] that Gontharis was honouring them +exceedingly and that he was altogether guiltless of the murder of her +husband, and that the base deed had been done by Ulitheus, Gontharis by +no means approving. And Gontharis was persuaded to do this by +Pasiphilus, a man who had been foremost among the mutineers in Byzacium, +and had assisted Gontharis very greatly in his effort to establish the +tyranny. For Pasiphilus maintained that, if he should do this, the +emperor would marry the young woman to him, and in view of his kinship +with her would give also a, dowry of a large sum of money. And Gontharis +commanded Artabanes to lead the army against Antalas and the Moors in +Byzacium. For Coutzinas, having quarrelled with Antalas, had separated +from him openly and allied himself with Gontharis; and he gave Gontharis +his son and his mother as hostages. So the army, under the leadership of +Artabanes, proceeded immediately against Antalas. And with Artabanes was +John also, the commander of the mutineers of Stotzas, and Ulitheus, the +body-guard of Gontharis; and there were Moors also following him, led by +Coutzinas. And after passing by the city of Hadrumetum, they came upon +their opponents somewhere near there, and making a camp a little apart +from the enemy, they passed the night. And on the day after that John +and Ulitheus, with a detachment of the army, remained there, while +Artabanes and Coutzinas led their army against their opponents. And the +Moors under Antalas did not withstand their attack and rushed off in +flight. But Artabanes of a sudden wilfully played the coward, and +turning his standard about marched off towards the rear. For this reason +Ulitheus was purposing to kill him when he came into the camp. But +Artabanes, by way of excusing himself, said he feared lest Marcentius, +coming to assist the enemy from the city of Hadrumetum, where he then +happened to be, would do his forces irreparable harm; but Gontharis, he +said, ought to march against the enemy with the whole army. And at first +he considered going to Hadrumetum with his followers and uniting with +the emperor's forces. But after long deliberation it seemed to him +better to put Gontharis out of the world and thus free both the emperor +and Libya from a difficult situation. Returning, accordingly, to +Carthage, he reported to the tyrant that he would need a larger army to +meet the enemy. And Gontharis, after conferring with Pasiphilus, +consented, indeed, to equip his whole army, but purposed to place a +guard in Carthage, and in person to lead the army against the enemy. +Each day, therefore, he was destroying many men toward whom he felt any +suspicion, even though groundless. And he gave orders to Pasiphilus, +whom he was intending to appoint in charge of the garrison of Carthage, +to kill all the Greeks[74] without any consideration. + + +XXVIII + +And after arranging everything else in the very best way, as it seemed +to him, Gontharis decided to entertain his friends at a banquet, with +the intention of making his departure on the following day. And in a +room where there were in readiness three couches which had been there +from ancient times, he made the banquet. So he himself reclined, as was +natural, upon the first couch, where were also Athanasius and Artabanes, +and some of those known to Gontharis, and Peter, a Thracian by birth, +who had previously been a body-guard of Solomon. And on both the other +couches were the first and noblest of the Vandals. John, however, who +commanded the mutineers of Stotzas; was entertained by Pasiphilus in his +own house, and each of the other leaders wherever it suited the several +friends of Gontharis to entertain them. Artabanes, accordingly, when he +was bidden to this banquet, thinking that this occasion furnished him a +suitable opportunity for the murder of the tyrant, was planning to carry +out his purpose. He therefore disclosed the matter to Gregorius and to +Artasires and three other body-guards, bidding the body-guards get +inside the hall with their swords (for when commanders are entertained +at a banquet it is customary for their body-guards to stand behind +them), and after getting inside to make an attack suddenly, at whatever +moment should seem to them most suitable; and Artasires was to strike +the first blow. At the same time he directed Gregorius to pick out a +large number of the most daring of the Armenians and bring them to the +palace, carrying only their swords in their hands (for it is not lawful +for the escort of officers in a city to be armed with anything else), +and leaving these men in the vestibule, to come inside with the +body-guards; and he was to tell the plan to no one of them, but to make +only this explanation, that he was suspicious of Gontharis, fearing that +he had called Artabanes to this banquet to do him harm, and therefore +wished that they should stand beside the soldiers of Gontharis who had +been stationed there on guard, and giving the appearance of indulging in +some play, they were to take hold of the shields which these guards +carried, and waving them about and otherwise moving them keep constantly +turning them up and down; and if any tumult or shouting took place +within, they were to take up these very shields and come to the rescue +on the run. Such were the orders which Artabanes gave, and Gregorius +proceeded to put them into execution. And Artasires devised the +following plan: he cut some arrows into two parts and placed them on the +wrist of his left arm, the sections reaching to his elbow. And after +binding them very carefully with straps, he laid over them the sleeve of +his tunic. And he did this in order that, if anyone should raise his +sword over him and attempt to strike him, he might avoid the chance of +suffering serious injury; for he had only to thrust his left arm in +front of him, and the steel would break off as it crashed upon the wood, +and thus his body could not be reached at any point. + +With such purpose, then, Artasires did as I have said. And to Artabanes +he spoke as follows: "As for me, I have hopes that I shall prove equal +to the undertaking and shall not hesitate, and also that I shall touch +the body of Gontharis with this sword; but as for what will follow, I am +unable to say whether God in His anger against the tyrant will +co-operate with me in this daring deed, or whether, avenging some sin of +mine, He will stand against me there and be an obstacle in my way. If, +therefore, you see that the tyrant is not wounded in a vital spot, do +you kill me with my sword without the least hesitation, so that I may +not be tortured by him into saying that it was by your will that I +rushed into the undertaking, and thus not only perish myself most +shamefully, but also be compelled against my will to destroy you as +well." And after Artasires had spoken such words he too, together with +Gregorius and one of the body-guards, entered the room where the couches +were and took his stand behind Artabanes. And the rest, remaining by the +guards, did as they had been commanded. + +So Artasires, when the banquet had only just begun, was purposing to set +to work, and he was already touching the hilt of his sword. But +Gregorius prevented him by saying in the Armenian tongue that Gontharis +was still wholly himself, not having as yet drunk any great quantity of +wine. Then Artasires groaned and said: "My good fellow, how fine a heart +I have for the deed, and now you have for the moment wrongfully hindered +me!" And as the drinking went on, Gontharis, who by now was thoroughly +saturated with wine, began to give portions of the food to the +body-guards, yielding to a generous mood. And they, upon receiving these +portions, went outside the building immediately and were about to eat +them, leaving beside Gontharis only three body-guards, one of whom +happened to be Ulitheus. And Artasires also started to go out in order +to taste the morsels with the rest. But just then a kind of fear came +over him lest, when he should wish to draw his sword, something might +prevent him. Accordingly, as soon as he got outside, he secretly threw +away the sheath of the sword, and taking it naked under his arm, hidden +by his cloak, he rushed in to Gontharis, as if to say something without +the knowledge of the others. And Artabanes, seeing this, was in a fever +of excitement, and became exceedingly anxious by reason of the +surpassing magnitude of the issue at stake; he began to move his head, +the colour of his countenance changed repeatedly, and he seemed to have +become altogether like one inspired, on account of the greatness of the +undertaking. And Peter, upon seeing this, understood what was being +done, but he did not disclose it to any of the others, because, being +well disposed to the emperor, he was exceedingly pleased by what was +going on. And Artasires, having come close to the tyrant, was pushed by +one of the servants, and as he retreated a little to the rear, the +servant observed that his sword was bared and cried out saying: "What is +this, my excellent fellow?" And Gontharis, putting his hand to his right +ear, and turning his face, looked at him. And Artasires struck him with +his sword as he did so, and cut off a piece of his scalp together with +his fingers. And Peter cried out and exhorted Artasires to kill the most +unholy of all men. And Artabanes, seeing Gontharis leaping to his feet +(for he reclined close to him), drew a two-edged dagger which hung by +his thigh--a rather large one--and thrusting it into the tyrant's left +side clean up to the hilt, left it there. And the tyrant none the less +tried to leap up, but having received a mortal wound, he fell where he +was. Ulitheus then brought his sword down upon Artasires as if to strike +him over the head; but he held his left arm above his head, and thus +profited by his own idea in the moment of greatest need. For since +Ulitheus' sword had its edge turned when it struck the sections of +arrows on his arm, he himself was unscathed, and he killed Ulitheus with +no difficulty. And Peter and Artabanes, the one seizing the sword of +Gontharis and the other that of Ulitheus who had fallen, killed on the +spot those of the body-guards who remained. Thus there arose, as was +natural, an exceedingly great tumult and confusion. And when this was +perceived by those of the Armenians who were standing by the tyrant's +guards, they immediately picked up the shields according to the plan +which had been arranged with them, and went on the run to the +banquet-room. And they slew all the Vandals and the friends of +Gontharis, no one resisting. + +Then Artabanes enjoined upon Athanasius to take charge of the money in +the palace: for all that had been left by Areobindus was there. And when +the guards learned of the death of Gontharis, straightway many arrayed +themselves with the Armenians; for the most of them were of the +household of Areobindus. With one accord, therefore, they proclaimed the +Emperor Justinian triumphant. And the cry, coming forth from a multitude +of men, and being, therefore, an exceedingly mighty sound, was strong +enough to reach the greater part of the city. Wherefore those who were +well-disposed to the emperor leaped into the houses of the mutineers and +straightway killed them, some while enjoying sleep, others while taking +food, and still others while they were awe-struck with fear and in +terrible perplexity. And among these was Pasiphilus, but not John, for +he with some of the Vandals fled to the sanctuary. To these Artabanes +gave pledges, and making them rise from there, sent them to Byzantium, +and having thus recovered the city for the emperor, he continued to +guard it. And the murder of the tyrant took place on the thirty-sixth +day of the tyranny, in the nineteenth year of the reign of the Emperor +Justinian. [545-546 A.D.] + +And Artabanes won great fame for himself from this deed among all men. +And straightway Prejecta, the wife of Areobindus, rewarded him with +great sums of money, and the emperor appointed him general of all Libya. +But not long after this Artabanes entreated the emperor to summon him to +Byzantium, and the emperor fulfilled his request. And having summoned +Artabanes, he appointed John, the brother of Pappus, sole general of +Libya. And this John, immediately upon arriving in Libya, had an +engagement with Antalas and the Moors in Byzacium, and conquering them +in battle, slew many; and he wrested from these barbarians all the +standards of Solomon, and sent them to the emperor--standards which they +had previously secured as plunder, when Solomon had been taken from the +world.[75] And the rest of the Moors he drove as far as possible from +the Roman territory. But at a later time the Leuathae came again with a +great army from the country about Tripolis to Byzacium, and united with +the forces of Antalas. And when John went to meet this army, he was +defeated in the engagement, and losing many of his men, fled to Laribus. +And then indeed the enemy, overrunning the whole country there as far as +Carthage, treated in a terrible manner those Libyans who fell in their +way. But not long afterward John collected those of the soldiers who had +survived, and drawing into alliance with him many Moors and especially +those under Coutzinas, came to battle with the enemy and unexpectedly +routed them. And the Romans, following them up as they fled in complete +disorder, slew a great part of them, while the rest escaped to the +confines of Libya. Thus it came to pass that those of the Libyans who +survived, few as they were in number and exceedingly poor, at last and +after great toil found some peace. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] + +The _vexillum praetorium_ carried by the cavalry of the imperial guard, +IV. x. 4 below; cf. Lat. _pannum_. + +[2] + +See III. xxiv. 1. + +[3] + +"Auxiliaries"; see Book III. xi. 3 and note. + +[4] + +Chap. i. 3. + +[5] + +Chap. i. 3. + +[6] + +Now Bona; it was the home and burial-place of St. Augustine. + +[7] + +The Eruli, or Heruli, were one of the wildest and most corrupt of the +barbarian tribes. They came from beyond the Danube. On their origin, +practices, and character, see VI. xiv. + +[8] + +The Greek implies that the Tuscan Sea was stormy, like the Adriatic. The +Syrtes farther east had a bad reputation. + +[9] + +About twelve miles west of Algiers, originally Iol, now Cherchel; named +after Augustus. + +[10] + +See III. i. 6 and note. + +[11] + +See III. i. 18. + +[12] + +Book III. ix. 9. + +[13] + +See III. x. 23 + +[14] + +Lilybaeum had been ceded to the Vandals by Theoderic as dower of his +sister Amalafrida on her marriage to Thrasamund, the African king (III. +viii. 13). + +[15] + +"Friendship" and "hostility" refer to the present relations between +Justinian and the Goths and what they may become. + +[16] + +Amalasountha. + +[17] + +The correspondence between Queen Amalasountha and Justinian is given in +V. iii. 17. + +[18] + +In Latin _serica_, "silk," as coming from the Chinese (Seres). + +[19] + +Cf. Thucydides' description of the huts in which the Athenians lived +during the great plague. + +[20] + +Pharas and the other Eruli. + +[21] + +Cf. ch. vi. 4. + +[22] + +"Auxiliaries"; see Book III. xi. 3. + +[23] + +_i.e._ there in Africa, as successor to the throne of the Vandal kings. + +[24] + +Book III. xxv. 2-4. + +[25] + +Examples of the Roman system have come to light in Egyptian papyri: cf. +the declarations of personal property, [Greek: apographai], _Pap. +Lond._, I., p. 79; _Flinders Petrie Pap._, III., p. 200, ed. Mahaffy and +Smyly. + +[26] + +Since a triumph was granted only to an _imperator_, after the +establishment of the principate by Augustus all triumphs were celebrated +in the name of the emperor himself, the victorious general receiving +only the _insignia triumphalia_. The first general to refuse a triumph +was Agrippa, after his campaign in Spain, about 550 years before +Belisarius' triumph in Constantinople. + +[27] + +The barriers (_carceres_), or starting-point for the racers, were at the +open end of the hippodrome, the imperial box at the middle of the course +at the right as one entered. + +[28] + +Cf. Book III. v. 3; that was in A.D. 455. The spoliation of Jerusalem by +Titus had taken place in A.D. 70. + +[29] + +Ecclesiastes, i. 2. + +[30] + +Not an actual "triumph," but a triumphal celebration of his inauguration +as consul. + +[31] + +The reference is to the old custom of distributing to the populace +largesses (_congiaria_) of money or valuables on the occasion of events +of interest to the imperial house, such as the emperor's assumption of +the consular office, birthdays, etc. The first largess of this kind was +made by Julius Caesar. + +[32] + +Cf. Book IV. ii. 1. + +[33] + +The Canaanites of the Old Testament. + +[34] + +_i.e._, Clypea, or Aspis, now Kalibia, on the Carthaginian coast. + +[35] + +_i.e._, from Tangier, opposite Cadiz, to Algiers. On Caesarea see IV. v. +5 and note. + +[36] + +"On the borders of Mauretania" according to Procopius, _De aedificiis_, +vi. 6. 18. + +[37] + +Chap. x. 6. + +[38] + +Book III. viii. 25, 26. + +[39] + +The side toward the mountains; cf. sec. 20. + +[40] + +In the late Empire the _excubitores_, 300 in number, constituted the +select guard of the palace. Their commander, _comes excubitorum_, held +high rank at court; cf. VIII. xxi. 1, where we are told that Belisarius +held this position, and _Arcana_ 6. 10, where Justin, afterwards +emperor, is mentioned. + +[41] + +Cf. chap. viii. 14. Procopius has explained in III. xi. 6 that Solomon +was a eunuch. + +[42] + +See III. viii. 5. + +[43] + +A _comes foedtratorum_, mentioned in III. xi. 6. + +[44] + +Book III. viii. 5. + +[45] + +_i.e._ Clypea. Not the place mentioned in IV. x. 24. + +[46] + +The region in the interior of Sardinia called Barbargia or Barbagia +still preserves this name. But Procopius' explanation of the origin of +the barbarian settlers there has not been generally accepted. + +[47] + +Book III. xviii. 7 ff. + +[48] + +IV. iv. 30 and note. + +[49] + +Baptism was administered only during the fifty days between Easter and +Pentecost. Justinian had forbidden the baptism of Arians. + +[50] + +Cf. III. xi. 30. + +[51] + +Cf. chap. xiv. 8. + +[52] + +"Auxiliaries"; see Book III. xi. 3. + +[53] + +More correctly Gadiaufala, now Ksar-Sbehi. + +[54] + +Cirta, later named Constantina, now Constantine (Ksantina). + +[55] + +John the Cappadocian, cf. I. xxiv. 11 ff. + +[56] + +See Book III. xvii. 1 and note. + +[57] + +Now Setif. + +[58] + +Called Mastinas in IV. xiii. 19. + +[59] + +Book IV. v. 5. + +[60] + +Cyrenaica. + +[61] + +Now Lebida. + +[62] + +Cf. III. xxv. 4 ff. + +[63] + +Book III. x. 22 ff. + +[64] + +Book IV. xii. 30. + +[65] + +A reference to his slaughter of the eighty notables, IV. xxi. 7, where, +however, nothing is said of an oath sworn on the Gospels. + +[66] + +Cf. Book II. iii. 32. + +[67] + +Cf. Book III. xvii. 11, xxi. 23. + +[68] + +The port of Carthage; see III. xx. 3. + +[69] + +_i.e._ baptism. + +[70] + +A garment with a cowl, like the _cucullus_. + +[71] + +Cf. Book II. iii. 25. + +[72] + +Cf. Book II. iii. 15. + +[73] + +Justinian. + +[74] + +A contemptuous term for "subjects of the emperor." + +[75] + +See Book IV. xxi. 27. + + * * * * * + + + + +INDEX + +Abigas River, in Numidia, flowing down from Mt. Aurasium, IV. + xix. 7, 11, xiii. 20; + its many channels, IV. xix. 11-13; + turned upon the Roman camp, IV. x. 14 + +Abydus, city on the Hellespont, III. i. 8; + the Roman fleet delayed there, III. xii. 7-xiii. 5 + +Acacius, ruler of Armenians; + slain by Artabanes, IV. xxvii. 17 + +Acacius, priest of Byzantium, delivers over Basiliscus, III. vii. 22 + +Achilles, Bath of, in Byzantium, III. xiii. 16 + +Achilles, The, of the Vandals, name applied to Hoamer, III. ix. 2 + +Aclas, suburb of Carthage, IV. vii. 13 + +Adaulphus, king of the Visigoths, III. ii. 37 + +Adriatic Sea, divided from the Tuscan Sea by the islands Gaulus + and Melite, III. xiv. 16; + crossed by the Roman fleet, III. xiii. 21; + the scene of one of Gizeric's atrocities, III. xxii. 18 + +Aetius, Roman general; his splendid qualities, III. iii. 14, 15; + rival of Boniface, III. iii. 15; + whom he slanders to Placidia, III. iii. 17; + writes a deceitful letter to Boniface, III. iii. 18, 28; + spared by Placidia by reason of his great power, III. iii. 29; + defeats Attila, III. iv. 24; + Maximus plans to destroy him, III. iv. 24, 25; + slandered to the emperor, III. iv. 26; + his death, III. iv. 27, vi. 7; + a great loss to the emperor, III. iv. 28 + +Aetna, mountain in Sicily, III. xiii. 22 + +Aigan, a Massagete, bodyguard of Belisarius, III, xi. 7, 9, IV. x. 4; + commander of cavalry, III. xi. 7; + on the right wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + makes a successful attack upon the Moors in Byzacium, IV. x. 5; + his force in turn annihilated by the Moors, IV. x. 6 ff.; + his death, IV. x. 10, xi. 22 + +Alani, a Gothic people, allies of the Vandals in their migration, + III. iii. 1; + with the Vandals in Africa, III. v. 18, 19, xxiv. 3; + lose their individuality as a people, III. v. 21 + +Alaric, king of the Visigoths, invades Europe, III, ii, 7; + captures Rome by a trick, III. ii. 14-23; + plunders the city, III. ii. 24; + declares Attalus emperor of the Romans, III. ii. 28; + marches with Attalus against Ravenna, III. ii. 29; + opposes sending of commanders to Libya by Attalus, III. ii. 30; + quarrels with Attalus, and reduces him from the kingship, III. ii. 36; + dies of disease, III. ii. 37 + +Alexandria, the home of Calonymus, III. xi. 14 + +Althias, commander of Roman auxiliaries, III. xi. 6; + on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + commander of Huns in Numidia, IV. xiii. 2; + his encounter with Iaudas, IV. xiii. 3-16; + his fame from the deed, IV. xiii. 17 + +Amalasountha, mother of Antalaric; + makes an agreement with Justinian, III. xiv. 5; + courts his friendship to secure protection, III. xiv. 6; + appealed to by the Goths in regard to Lilybaeum, IV. v. 18 + +Amalafrida, sister of Theoderic; + sought and given in marriage to Trasamundus, III. viii. 11, 12; + presented with Lilybaeum, III. viii. 13; + put under guard by the Vandals, III. ix. 4 + +Ammatas, brother of Gelimer; + instructed to prepare to meet the Romans near Carthage, + III. xvii. 11, xviii. 1; + kills his kinsmen in prison, III. xvii. 12; + his inopportune arrival at Decimum, III. xviii. 4, 5; + on the day before Easter, III. xxi. 23; + engages with John there and is defeated, III. xviii. 5, 6; + his death, III. xviii. 6; xix. 30, xx. 6, xxv. 15; + his body found by the Romans, III. xix. 14 + +Anastasius, emperor of the East, keeps peace with the Vandals, + III. vii. 26, viii. 14 + +Ancon, a dungeon in the royal residence in Carthage, III. xx. 4; + unexpected release of Roman merchants confined there, III. xx. 5-9 + +Antaeus, the mythical wrestler, king in Libya, IV. x. 24 + +Antalas, ruler of the Moors in Byzacium, III. ix. 3, IV. xxv. 2; + remains faithful to the Romans, IV. xii. 30; + becomes hostile to Solomon, IV. xxi. 17; + joins forces with the Leuathae, IV. xxi. 18; + gathers almost all the Moors under him, IV. xxii. 5; + writes a letter to Justinian, IV. xxii. 6-10; + gathers his army again, IV. xxiii. 1; + Areobindus sends an army against him, IV. xxiv. 6; + makes an agreement with Gontharis for the destruction of + Areobindus, IV. xxv. 6-10; + Coutzinas agrees to turn against him, IV. 25, 15, 18; + hears of the plot of Coutzinas and keeps his knowledge secret, + IV. xxv. 19-21; + resents the sending of the head of Areobindus to him by + Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 1, 2; + decides to side with Justinian, IV. xxvii. 4; + persuades Marcentius to come to him, IV. xxvii. 5, 6; + Artabanes sent against him, IV. xxvii. 23; + his quarrel with Coutzinas, IV. xxvii. 24; + Artabanes marches against him, IV. xxvii. 25; + his army spared by Artabanes, IV. xxvii. 28, 29; + defeated by John, IV. xxviii. 46, 47 + +Anthemius, a wealthy senator, appointed emperor of the West by Leon, + III. vi. 5; + killed by his son-in-law, Rhecimer, III. vii. 1 + +Antonina, wife of Belisarius, mother-in-law of Ildiger, IV. viii. 24; + sets sail with Belisarius for Africa, III. xii. 2; + preserves drinking water for Belisarius and his attendants, + III. xiii. 23, 24; + with the army at Decimum, III, xix. 11, xx. 1 + +Apollinaris, a native of Italy; + comes to Justinian to seek support for Ilderic, IV. v. 7, 8; + his good services to the Romans, IV. v. 9; + sent to the islands of Ebusa, Majorica, and Minorica, with an army, + IV. v. 7 + +Aquileia, city in Italy, III. iii. 9; + its size and importance, III. iv. 30; + besieged and captured by Attila, III. iv. 30 ff. + +Arcadius, elder son of Theodosius I; + receives the eastern empire, III. i. 2; + brother of Honorius and Placidia, III. iii. 4; + his alliance with the Visigoths, III. ii. 7; + succeeded by his son Theodosius II, III. ii. 33 + +Archelaus, a patrician; + manager of expenditures of the African expedition, III. xi. 17; + advises against disembarking on the African coast, III. xv. 2-17; + ordered by Belisarius not to take the fleet into Carthage, + III. xvii. 16; + commands the fleet to anchor off Carthage, III. xx. 11 + +Ardaburius, son of Aspar, Roman general; sent against the tyrant John, + III. iii. 8; + destroyed by Leon, III. vi. 27 + +Areobindus, a senator; sent as general to Libya, IV. xxiv. 1; + his inexperience in warfare, IV. xxiv. 1, xxv. 25, xxvi. 16; + accompanied by his sister and wife, IV. xxiv. 3; + shares the rule of Libya with Sergius, IV. xxiv. 4, 5; + sends John against Antalas and Stotzas, IV. xxiv. 6; + writes to Sergius to unite with John, IV. xxiv. 7; + made sole commander of Libya, IV. xxiv. 16; + sends Gontharis against the Moors, IV. xxv. 4, 5; + arranges with Coutzinas to turn against the other Moors, IV. xxv. 15; + tells Gontharis of his dealings with Coutzinas, IV. xxv. 16; + persuaded by G. to postpone the engagement, IV. xxv. 17, 18; + his death planned and finally accomplished by Gontharis, + IV. xxv. 22-xxvi. 33; + treasure left by him in the palace, IV. xxviii. 35; + sister of, IV. xxiv. 3; + placed in a fortress for her safety, IV. xxvi. 18; + removed from the fortress by Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 20 + +Arethusa, harbour of Syracuse, III. xiv. 11 + +Ariadne, daughter of Leon, wife of Zenon, and mother of Leon the + younger, III. vii. 2; + flees to Isauria with Zenon, III. vii. 18 + +Arian faith, disqualified one for the office of emperor, III. vi. 3; + followed by all Goths, III. ii, 5; + by the Vandals, III. viii. 4, xxi. 20; + by some among the Roman soldiers, IV. i, 4, xiv. 12, 21; + adhered to steadfastly by Gelimer, IV. ix. 14; + Arian priests of the Vandals, III. xxi. 23, 25 + +Armenia, III. xi. 5; + Armenians, sent with Areobindus to Libya, IV. xxiv. 2; + follow Artabanes in entering the service of Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 9; + support Artabanes in his plot against Gontharis, IV. xxviii. 8, 34, 36 + +Arsacidae, the ancient royal family of Armenia, IV. xxiv. 2, xxvii. 16 + +Artabanes, son of John, of the Arsacidae; + sent to Libya in command of Armenians, IV. xxiv. 2; + known to Chosroes for his brave deeds, IV. xxvii. 17; + brother of John, IV. xxiv. 15; + uncle of Gregorius, IV. xxvii. 10; + joins Areobindus, IV. xxv. 4; + supports him against Gontharis, IV. xxvi. 7, 13, 19; + enters the service of Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 9; + his plot to kill the tyrant, IV. xxvii. 10; + urged on by Gregorius, IV. xxvii. 11-19; + sent against Antalas, IV. xxvii. 23, 25; + joins battle, but allows the enemy to escape, IV. xxvii. 27-29; + threatened by Ulitheus, IV. xxvii. 30; + his excuses, IV. xxvii. 31, 32; + after deliberation returns to Carthage, IV. xxvii. 33, 35; + entertained by Gontharis at a banquet, IV. xxviii. 3; + arranges to carry out his plot against Gontharis, IV. xxviii. 6-9; + Artasires makes a request of him, IV. xxviii. 12, 13; + he succeeds in destroying Gontharis with his own hand, + IV. xxviii. 15-30; + assisted by Peter, cuts down the body-guards who remain, IV. xxviii. 33; + directs Athanasius to look after the treasure of Areobindus, + IV. xxviii. 35; + sends John and others to Byzantium, IV. xxviii. 40; + wins great fame, IV, xxviii. 42; + rewarded with money by Prejecta, IV. xxviii. 43; + made general of all Libya, IV. xxviii. 43; + summoned to Byzantium, IV. xxviii. 44. + +Artasires, body-guard of Artabanes; + shares knowledge of his plot against Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 10, 18; + renders good service in the execution of the plot, IV. xxviii. 7-32; + his ingenious protection for his arm, IV. xxviii. 10, 11, 31 + +Asclepiades, a native of Palestine and friend of Theodorus, IV. xviii. 3; + reveals the plot of Maximinus to Theodorus and Germanus, IV. xviii. 4 + +Asia, the continent to the right of the Mediterranean as one sails into it, + III. i. 5; + distance from Europe at different points, III. i. 7, 8; + distance along the Asiatic side of the Euxine, III. i. 11 + +Asiaticus, father of Severianus, IV. xxiii. 6 + +Aspar, Roman general; father of Ardaburius, III. iii. 8; + of the Arian faith, III. vi. 3; + his great power in Byzantium, III. iv. 8; + sent against the tyrant John, III. iii. 8; + defeated by the Vandals in Libya, III. iii. 35; + returns home, III. iii. 36; + makes Leon emperor of the East, III. v. 7; + his friendship sought by Basiliscus, III. vi. 2; + quarrels with Leon, III. vi. 3; + urges Basiliscus to spare the Vandals, III. vi. 4, 16; + destroyed by Leon, III. vi. 27; + the emperor Marcian had been his adviser, III. iv. 7 + +Atalaric, son of Amalasuntha; + ruler of the Goths, III. xiv. 5; + succeeded his grandfather Theoderic, III. xiv. 6 + +Athanasius, sent with Areobindus to Libya, IV. xxiv. 2; + summoned by Areobindus, IV. xxvi. 6; + being summoned by Gontharis, pretends to be pleased, IV. xxvi. 21, 22; + with Areobindus entertained by Gontharis, IV. xxvi. 31; + spared by the assassins of Gontharis, IV. xxvi. 33; + entertained by Gontharis at a second banquet, IV. xxviii. 3; + directed by Artabanes to look after the treasure of + Areobindus, IV. xxviii. 35 + +Athens, its distance from Megara a measure of one day's journey, III. i. 17 + +Attalus, made king of the Visigoths and declared emperor of the + Romans by Alaric, III. ii. 28; + of noble family, _ibid._; his lack of discretion, III. ii. 29; + marches with Alaric against Ravenna, _ibid._; + sends commanders alone to Libya against the advice of + Alaric, III. ii. 30, 32; + failure of his attempt upon Libya, _ibid._; + quarrels with Alaric, and is reduced from the kingship, III. ii. 36 + +Attila, leader of the Huns, defeated by Aetius, III. iv. 24; + overruns Europe, III. iv. 29; + besieges and captures Aquileia; III. iv. 30 ff. + +Augustus, emperor of the West, III. vii. 15 + +Aurasium, a mountain in Numidia; + distance from Carthage, III. viii. 5, IV. xiii. 22; + its great size, fruitful plateaus, and defences, IV. xiii. 23-25; + source of the Abigas River there, IV. xiii. 20, xix. 11; + adjoins First Mauretania, IV. xx. 30; + taken by the Moors from the Vandals, III. viii. 5, IV. xiii. 26; + its west side also held by the Moors, IV. xiii. 27; + Moors of, ruled by Iaudas, IV. xii. 29, xiii. 1; + Solomon marches thither, IV. xiii. 18; + Iaudas establishes himself there, IV. xiii. 21; + ascended by Solomon, IV. xiii. 30 ff.; + the Romans eluded by the Moors on the mountain, IV. xiii. 35, 36; + Solomon prepares more carefully for a second attempt, IV. xiii. 40; + in which he succeeds completely in dislodging the Moors from there, + IV. xix. 5-xx. 20; + fortified and held by the Romans, IV. xx. 22; + capture of Iaudas' treasure there, IV. xx. 23-29; + fugitive Vandals return thither, IV. xiv. 19 + + +Babosis, place in Numidia, IV. xix. 16 + +Bacchus, brother of Solomon, and father of Cyrus and Sergius, + IV. xxi. 1, 19; + father of Solomon the younger, IV. xxi. 19, xxii. 17 + +Bagais, a deserted city near the Abigas River, IV. xix. 7 + +Bagradas River, in Libya, IV. xv. 13 + +Balas, leader of the Massagetae, III. xi. 12 + +Bandifer, "standard-bearer" (Latin), cf. Bandum, IV. x. 4 + +Bandum, the Latin term for "standard" in Procopius' time, IV. ii. 1 + +Barbaricini, name applied to the Moors in Sardinia, IV. xiii. 44 + +Barbatus, commander of Roman cavalry, III. xi. 7, IV. xv. 50; + on the Roman right wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + his death, IV. xv. 59 + +Basiliscus, brother of Berine; commander of an expedition against the + Vandals, III. vi. 2; + his aspirations to the throne, _ibid._; + urged by Aspar to spare the Vandals, III. vi. 4; + landing in Africa, makes a complete failure of the + expedition, III. vi. 10-24, x. 2; + returning to Byzantium, becomes a suppliant, III. vi. 26; + saved by Berine, _ibid._; + makes himself tyrant in Byzantium, III. vii. 18; + his misrule, III. vii. 19; + sends an army under Harmatus to meet Zenon, III. vii. 20; + becomes a suppliant, III. vii. 22; + exiled to Cappadocia and dies, III. vii. 24, 25 + +Basiliscus, son of Harmatus, III. vii. 21; + made Caesar and then removed by Zenon, III. vii. 23 + +Belisarius, Roman general; a native of "Germany," III. xi. 21; + summoned from the East, III. ix. 25; + ordered to be in readiness to lead the African expedition, III. x. 21; + made commander-in-chief of the African expedition with unlimited power, + III. xi. 18, 20; + sets sail for Africa, III. xii. 2; + punished two Massagetae for murder, III. xii. 9; + addresses the army at Abydus, III. xii. 10-21; + provides for the safe navigation of the fleet, III. xiii. 1-4; + disembarks the army at Methone, III. xiii. 9 ff.; + provides a supply of bread for the army, III. xiii. 20; + his wife preserves the drinking water, III. xiii. 23, 24; + sends Procopius to Syracuse to get information, III. xiv. 3 ff.; + his anxiety regarding the Vandals and the attitude of his own soldiers, + III. xiv. 1, 2; + starts from Sicily toward Africa, III. xiv. 15; + holds a consultation regarding disembarking on the African coast, + III. xv. 1 ff.; + disembarks the army and fortifies a camp, III. xv. 31-33; + orders the fleet not to put in at Carthage, III. xvii. 10; + commands five men to remain on each ship, III. xv. 36; + punishes some of the soldiers for stealing and addresses the army, + III. xvi. 1-8; + advances with the army to Decimum, where he defeats the Vandals in + an engagement, III. xvi. 9-xix. 33, xxi. 16. xxii. 14; + captures with ease the unwalled cities of Libya, III. v. 9; + prevents the army from entering Carthage on the evening of their arrival, + III. xx. 2; + his commands respected by the greater part of the fleet, III. xx. 15; + enters Carthage with his army, III. xx. 17; + exhorts the soldiers to moderation, III. xx. 18-20; + sits upon the throne of Gelimer, III. xx. 21; + hears and answers complaints of Carthaginian citizens, III. xx. 22, 23; + lunches in Gelimer's palace, III. xxi. 1, 5; + enjoys great renown by reason of the peaceful entry into Carthage, + III. xxi. 8; + his treaties with the Moors, III. xxv. 2-9, IV. viii. 11 ff., xi. 9; + considers the repair of the fortifications of Carthage, III. xxi. 11; + presses on the work of repairing them, III. xxiii. 19, 20; + spares the messengers of Tzazon, III. xxiv. 6; + and the envoys of Gelimer, III. xxiv. 17; + takes measures to prevent desertions to the Vandals, IV, i. 7-11; + addresses the army, IV. i. 12-25; + defeats the Moors in the battle of Tricamarum, IV. ii. 1-iii. 18; + attacks the Vandal camp, IV. iii. 19; + takes measures to stop the disorder in the Roman army, IV. iv. 6-8; + sends John the Armenian to pursue Gelimer, IV. iv. 9; + himself follows Gelimer, IV. iv. 13; + mourns the death of John the Armenian, IV. iv. 24; + spares Uliaris, IV. iv, 25; + continues the pursuit of Gelimer, IV. iv. 26; + leaves Pharas to besiege Gelimer, IV. iv. 28; + sends suppliant Vandals to Carthage, IV. iv. 32; + captures Boniface with the treasures of Gelimer, IV. iv. 33-41; + returns to Carthage, IV. v. 1; + sends out armies to recover many lost provinces, V. v. 1-10; + makes an unsuccessful expedition to Sicily, IV. v. 11; + writes a letter to the Goths, IV. v. 12-17; + their reply, IV. v. 8-24; + reports to Justinian, IV. v. 25; + receives the report of Pharas regarding Gelimer, IV. vii. 10; + sends Cyprian with instructions, IV. vii. 11; + receives Gelimer at Aclas, IV. vii. 13, 14; + reports the capture of Gelimer, IV. vii. 17; + the victim of unjust slander, IV. viii. 1, 2; + given choice of going to Byzantium or remaining in Carthage, IV. viii. 4; + chooses the former IV. viii. 5; + learns of the accusation of treason to be brought against + him, IV. viii. 6, 7; + hears the report of the uprising of the Moors, IV. viii. 22; + leaves Solomon in charge of Libya, IV. viii. 23; + returning to Byzantium, receives great honours, IV, ix. 1 ff.; + brings Vandals with him, IV. ix. 1, xiv. 17; + pays homage to Justinian in the hippodrome, IV. ix. 12; + later celebrates a "triumph" in the old manner, IV. ix. 15; + becomes a consul, _ibid._; + distributes much wealth of the Vandals to the people, IV. ix. 16; + subjugates Sicily, IV. xiv. 1; + passes the winter in Syracuse, IV. xiv. 4, 41; + Solomon begs him to come to Carthage from Syracuse to put down the + mutiny, IV. xiv. 41, 42; + arrives at Carthage in time to prevent its surrender, IV. xv. 9-10; + pursues and overtakes the fugitives, IV. xv. 11, 12; + encamps at the Bagradas River and prepares for battle, IV. xv. 13-15; + addresses the army, IV. xv. 16-29; + defeats Stotzas' army, IV. xv. 40 ff.; + forbids pursuit of the enemy, but allows their camp to be plundered, + IV. xv. 46, 47; + returns to Carthage, IV. xv. 47; upon receipt of unfavourable news, + sets sail for Sicily, IV. xv. 48, 49; + Solomon sends suspected soldiers to him, IV. xix. 3; + counted the chief cause of the defeat of the Vandals, IV. xi. 44. + +Berine, wife of the Emperor Leon, and sister of Basiliscus, III. vi. 2; + gains clemency for Basiliscus, III. vi. 26 + +Boniface, Roman general; his splendid qualities, III. iii. 14, 15; + rival of Aetius, III. iii. 15; + made general of all Libya, III. iii. 16; + slandered by Aetius, III. iii. 17; + summoned to Rome by Placidia, III. iii. 18; + refuses to come, III. iii. 20; + makes an alliance with the Vandals, III. iii. 22, 25; + the true cause of his conduct discovered by his friends, + III. iii. 27, 28; + urged by Placidia to return to Rome, III. iii. 29; + unable to persuade the Vandals to withdraw, meets them in battle + and is twice defeated, III. iii. 30-35, xxi. 16; + returns to Rome, III. iii. 36 + +Boniface, the Libyan, a native of Byzacium; entrusted by + Gelimer with his wealth, IV. iv. 33, 34; + falls into the hands of Belisarius, IV. iv. 35-41 + +Boriades, body-guard of Belisarius; + sent to capture Syllectus, III. xvi. 9 + +Boulla, Plain of, distance from Carthage, III. xxv. 1; + near the boundary of Numidia, _ibid._; + the Vandals gather there, III. xix. 32, xxv. 1; + the only territory left to the Vandals, III. xxv. 16; + Gelimer and Tzazon meet there, III. xxv. 22; + mutineers gather there, IV. xv. 1 + +Bourgaon, mountain in Byzacium; + battle there with the Moors, IV. xii. 3 ff. + +Britain, counted in the Western empire, III. i. 18; + revolts from the Romans, III. ii. 31; + not recovered by the Romans, but held by tyrants, III. ii. 38 + +Byzacium, a Moorish province in Libya, III. xix. 32; + a dry region, III. xv. 34; + the town Hermione there, III. xiv. 10; + Moors of, defeat the Vandals, III. ix. 3; + Moors, of, seek alliance with the Romans, III. xxv. 3; + the home of Boniface, the Libyan, IV. iv. 33; + Moors of, revolt, IV. viii. 9, x. 2, xii. 1, 2; + Roman force annihilated there, IV. x. 3 ff.; + Solomon marches thither to confront the Moors, IV. xi. 14; + Moors of, suffer a crushing defeat, IV. xii. 21-25; + abandoned by the Moors, IV. xii. 29; + except those under Antalas, IV. xii. 30; + plundered by the Leuathae, IV. xxi. 17; + Moors gather there once more, IV. xxiii. 1; + Himerius of Thrace commander there, IV. xxiii. 3, 14; + Moors march, thence against Carthage, IV. xxv. 2; + defeated by John, IV. xxviii. 46; + subsequent battles, IV. xxviii. 47 ff. + +Byzantium, distance from the mouth of the Danube, III. i. 10; + from Carthage, III. x. 14; + its chief priest Epiphanius, III. xii. 2; + natives of, as rowers in the Roman fleet, III. xi. 16 + + +Cabaon, a Moorish ruler, prepares to meet the Vandals, III. viii. 15-16; + sends spies to Carthage, III. viii. 17 ff.; + receives the report of his spies, III. viii. 24; + prepares for the conflict, III. viii. 25, 26, IV. xi. 17; + defeats the enemy, III. viii. 28 + +Caenopolis, name of Taenarum in Procopius' time, III. xiii. 8 + +Caesar, a title given to one next below the emperor in + station, III. vii. 21, 23 + +Caesarea, first city of "Second Mauretania," IV. xx. 31; + situated at its eastern extremity, IV. x. 29; + distance from Carthage, IV. v. 5; + recovered for the Romans by Belisarius, _ibid._, IV. xx. 32 + +Calonymus, of Alexandria, admiral of the Roman fleet, III. xi. 14; + ordered by Belisarius not to take the fleet into Carthage, + III. xvii. 16; + enters the harbour Mandracium with a few ships, and plunders + the houses along the sea, III. xx. 16; + bound by oath to return his plunder, III. xx. 23; + disregards his oath, but later dies of apoplexy in Byzantium, + III. xx. 24, 25 + +Capitolinus, see Jupiter. + +Cappadocia, Basiliscus exiled thither, III. vii. 24 + +Caputvada, a place on the African coast; distance from Carthage, + III. xiv. 17; + the Roman army lands there, _ibid._ + +Caranalis, town in Sardinia, captured by Tzazon, + III. xxiv. 1, xxv. 10, IV. xiii. 44 + +Carthage, city in Africa, founded by Dido, IV. x. 25; + grows to be the metropolis of Libya, IV. x. 26, 27; + captured by the Romans, IV. x. 28; + after the Vandal occupation, its wall preserved by Gizeric, III. v. 6; + the only city with walls in Libya, III. xv. 9; + its defences neglected by the Vandals, III. xxi. 11, 12; + entered by the Roman army under Belisarius, III. xx. 17, 21; + its fortifications restored by Belisarius, III. xxiii. 19, 20; + besieged by Gelimer, IV. i. 3; + by Stotzas, IV. xv. 8; + its surrender prevented by Belisarius, IV. xv. 9, 10; + the harbours, Stagnum, III. xv. 15, xx. 15, + and Mandracium, III. xx. 3, 14, IV. xxvi. 10; + the ship-yard Misuas, IV. xiv. 40; + its suburb Aclas, IV. vii. 13; + and Decimum, III. xvii. 11; + its aqueduct, IV. i. 2; + its hippodrome, IV. xiv. 31, xviii. 11; + its palace, III. xx, 21, IV. xiv. 34, xviii. 8, xxvi. 20; + the priest of the city, Reparatus, IV. xxvi. 24, 31; + monastery built and fortified there by Solomon, IV. xxvi. 17; + an ancient saying among the children there, III. xxi. 14-16; + church of St. Cyprian, and a special annual festival in his honour, + III. xxi. 17, 18; + distance from Aurasium, III, viii. 5, IV. xiii. 22; + from the Plain of Boulla, III. xxv. 1; + from Byzantium, III. x. 14; + from Caesarea, IV. v. 5; + from Caputvada, III. xiv. 17; + from Decimum, III. xvii. 17; + from Grasse, III. xvii. 8; + from Hippo Regius, IV. iv. 26; + from Iouce, III, xv. 8; + from Membresa, IV. xv. 12; + from Mercurium, III. vi. 10; + from Siccaveneria, IV. xxiv. 6; + from Stagnum, III. xv. 15, xx. 15; + from Tebesta, IV. xxi. 19; + from Tricamarum, IV. ii. 4 + +Casula (Latin), garment befitting one of humble station, IV. xxvi. 26 + +Caucana, place in Sicily, III. xiv. 4, 11, 14; + distance from Syracuse, III. xiv. 4 + +Centenarium, a sum of money, so called because it "weighs one + hundred pounds" (I. xxii. 4), III. vi. 2 + +Centuriae, place in Numidia, IV. xiii. 2 + +Chalcedon, city opposite Byzantium, III. i. 8, 9; + distance from the Phasis River, III. i. 11 + +Chiliarch, III. v. 18, IV. iii. 8 + +Chosroes, Persian king; Artabanes known to him, IV. xxvii. 17 + +Christ, His temple in Byzantium, III. vi. 26 + +Christians, persecuted by Honoric, III. viii. 3, 4, xxi. 19; + by Gundamundus, III. viii. 7; + courted by Trasamundus, III. viii. 9, 10; + not troubled by Ilderic, III. ix. 1; + Justinian reproached for not protecting them, III. x. 19; + the church of St. Cyprian taken from them by the Vandals, III. xxi. 19; + consoled in a dream sent by St. Cyprian, III. xxi. 21; + recover the church of St. Cyprian, III. xxi. 25; + in Jerusalem, receive the treasures of the temple, IV. ix. 9; + reverence their churches and their worship, III. viii. 17, 18, 20, 24; + their rite of baptism, III. xii. 2, IV. xxvi. 25, 28; + their feast of Easter, IV. xiv. 7; + if not of the orthodox faith, excluded from the church, IV. xiv. 14; + Christian scriptures, IV. xxi. 21, xxvi. 28; + Christian teaching, offended against by Basiliscus, III. vii. 22 + +Cilicians, as sailors in the African expedition, III. xi. 14 + +Clipea, city in Africa, IV. x. 24 + +Clypea, see Shield Mountain + +Colchis, at the end of the Black Sea, III. i. 11 + +Constantina, city in Africa; distance from Gazophyla, IV. xv. 52 + +Constantine the Great; division of the Roman empire dating + from his time, III. i. 3; + his enlargement of Byzantium and giving of his name to the city, _ibid._ + +Constantinus, chosen king by the soldiers in Britain, III. ii. 31; + his invasion of Spain and Gaul, _ibid._; defeated and killed + in battle, III. ii. 37 + +Constantius, husband of Placidia, partner in the royal power with Honorius; + his brief reign and death, III. iii. 4; + father of Valentinian, III. iii. 5 + +Corsica, called Cyrnus in ancient times, IV. v. 3; + Cyril sent thither with an army, _ibid._; + recovered for the Roman empire, IV. v. 4 + +Coutzinas, a Moorish ruler, joins in an attack upon a Roman force, + IV. x. 6; + agrees to turn against the other Moors, IV. xxv. 2, 15; + his further dealings with Areobindus, IV. xxv. 17, 18; + ignorant of Antalas' knowledge of his plot, IV. xxv. 20, 21; + separates from Antalas, and sides with Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 24; + marches with Artabanes against Antalas, IV. xxvii. 25, 27; + in alliance with John, IV. xxviii. 50 + +Cteanus, name applied to Theodorus, III. xi. 7 + +Cyanean Rocks, or "Dark Blue Rocks" at the mouth of the Bosphorus, + III. i. 8 + +Cyprian, commander of Roman auxiliaries, III. xi. 6; + on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + sent by Belisarius to bring Gelimer from Papua, IV. vii. 11 + +Cyprian, a saint, especially reverenced at Carthage, III. xxi. 17; + a church to him there and a festival celebrated in his honour, + III. xxi. 18, 23, 25; + sends a dream to devout Christians, III. xxi. 21 + +Cypriana, a periodic storm on the African coast, III. xx. 12 + +Cypriana, a festival celebrated at Carthage, in honour of Cyprian, + from which the storm was named, III. xxi. 18 + +Cyrene, city in Africa, marking the division between the eastern + and western empires, III. i. 16 + +Cyril, sent as commander of an army to Sardinia, III. xi. 1, 6; + avoids Sardinia and sails to Carthage, III. xxiv. 19; + sent to Sardinia and Corsica with an army, IV. v. 2, 3; + wins them back for the empire, IV. v. 4; + commander of auxiliaries in Numidia, IV. xv. 50; + his death, IV. xv. 59 + +Cyrnus, ancient name of Corsica, IV. v. 3 + +Cyrus, son of Bacchus and brother of Sergius; + becomes ruler of Pentapolis in Libya, IV. xxi. 1, 16; + brother of Solomon the younger, IV. xxi. 19; + marches with Solomon against the Moors, ibid. + + +Dalmatia, held by Marcellianus as tyrant, III. vi. 7 + +Danube River, called also the Ister, III. i. 10 + +Daras, city on the eastern frontier of the empire; + home of Solomon, III. xi. 9 + +December, IV. in. 28 + +Decimum, suburb of Carthage, III. xvii. 11, 17, xviii. 5, + xix. 1, 14, 23, 33, xx. 6, 7, 10, xxi. 23, 24, IV. xxv. 12; + the Vandals routed there, III. xviii. 7-11, xix. 31; + distance from Carthage, III. xvii. 17; + from Pedion Halon, III. xviii. 12 + +Delphi, tripods first made there, III. xxi. 3 + +Delphix, a word used by the Romans to designate a royal banquet room, + III. xxi. 2, 3; + in the palace of Gelimer, III. xxi. 5 + +Dido, her emigration from Phoenicia, IV. x. 25 + +Diogenes, guardsman of Belisarius; + his notable exploit on a scouting expedition, III. xxiii. 5-18 + +Dolones, the large sails on ships, III. xvii. 5 + +Domesticus, a title designating a kind of confidential adviser, + III. iv. 7, xi. 5 + +Domnicus, senator, accompanies Germanus to Libya, IV. xvi. 2; + at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. xvii. 4; + summoned to Byzantium, IV. xix. 1 + +Dorotheus, general of Armenia; + commander of auxiliaries, III. xi. 5; + his death; III. xiv. 14 + +Dromon, a swift ship of war, III. xi. 15, 16, xv. 36 + +Dryous, city on the east + coast of Italy, III. i. 9, 12 + +Dyrrachium, the name of Epidamnus in Procopius' time, III. i. 16, xi. 8 + + +Easter, a feast of the Christians, IV. xiv. 7; + Arians annoyed by exclusion from it, IV. xiv, 15 + +Ebusa, island in the western Mediterranean, + so-called by the natives, III. i. 18; + Apollinarius sent thither with an army, IV. v. 7 + +Egypt, formerly marked the limit of Phoenicia, IV. x. 15; + densely populated from ancient times, IV. x. 19; + the migration of the Hebrews from there, IV. x. 13; + the Phoenicians pass through it on their way to Libya, IV. x. 18 + +Egyptians, as sailors in the African expedition, III. xi. 14 + +Emesa, city in Syria; + home of Severianus, IV. xxiii. 6 + +Epidamnus (Dyrrachium), city on the Ionian Sea, III. i. 16; + home of John, III. xi. 8 + +Epiphanius, chief priest of Byzantium; + blesses the fleet, III. xii. 2 + +Eruli, Roman auxiliaries in the African expedition, III. xi. 11; + their untrustworthy character, IV. iv. 30; + of the Arian faith, IV. xiv. 12; + dissuade Stotzas from attacking Germanus, IV. xvii. 14, 15 + +Esdilasas, a Moorish ruler; + joins in an attack upon a Roman force, IV. x. 6 ff.; + surrenders himself to the Romans, IV. xii. 26; + brought to Carthage, IV. xii. 29 + +Euagees, brother of Hoamer; + imprisoned by Gelimer, III. ix. 9. 14; + killed in prison by Ammatas, III. xvii. 12 + +Eudocia, daughter of Eudoxia; + taken captive by Gizeric, III. v. 3; + married to Honoric, III. v. 6 + +Eudoxia, daughter of Theodosius and wife of Valentinian, III. iv. 15, 20; + mother of Eudocia and Placidia, III. v. 3; + forced to be the mistress of Maximus, III. iv. 86; + invites Gizeric to avenge her, III. iv. 37-39; + taken captive by Gizeric, III. v. 3; + sent to Byzantium, III. v. 6 + +Eulogius, Roman envoy to Godas, III. x. 32, 33; + returns with his reply, III. x. 34 + +Europe, the continent opposite Asia, III. i. 7, xxii. 15; + distance from Asia at different points, III. i. 7, 8; + distance along the European side of the Euxine, III. i. 10; + extent of the western empire in, III. i. 14; + invaded by Alaric, III. ii. 7; + all its wealth plundered by the Visigoths, III. ii. 13; + overrun by Attila, III. iv. 29 + +Eustratius, sent to Libya to assess the taxes, IV. viii. 25 + +Eutyches, heresy of, III. vii. 22 + +Euxine Sea, distance around it, III. i. 10, 11; + receives the waters of the Phasis, III. i. 11 + +Excubitori, a Latin name for "guard," IV. xii. 17 + + +Foederati, auxiliary troops, III. xi. 2, 3, 5, xix. 13, 14, + IV. iii. 4, vii. 11, xv. 50 + +Foedus (Latin) "treaty," III. xi. 4 + +Franks, name used for all the Germans in Procopius' time, III. iii. 1 + +Fuscias, sent as envoy to Spain by Gelimer, III. xxiv. 7 ff. + + +Gadira, the strait of Gibraltar at the western extremity of the + Mediterranean, III. i. 4, 5, xxiv. 8, IV. v. 5, 6; + width of the strait, III. i. 7; + distance from Tripolis, III. i. 14; + and from the Ionian Sea, III. i. 15; + marking the limit of Mauretania, IV. x. 29; + the Vandals cross there, III. iii. 26; + _see_ Heracles, Pillars of + +Galatia, lands there given to Gelimer, IV. ix. 13 + +Gaulus, island between + the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas, III. xiv. 16 + +Gaul, the Visigoths retire thither, III. ii. 13, 37; + invaded by Constantius, III. ii. 31 + +Gazophyla, place in Numidia, IV. xv. 62; + distance from Constantina, _ibid._; + Roman commanders take sanctuary there, IV. xv. 59 + +Geilaris, son of Genzon and father of Gelimer, III. ix. 6 + +Gelimer, king of the Vandals; + son of Geilaris, III. ix. 6; + brother of Tzazon, III. xi. 23, xxiv. 1; + and of Ammatas, III. xvii. 11; + uncle of Gibamundus, III. xviii. 1; + his character, III. ix. 7; + encroaches upon the authority of Ilderic, III. ix. 8; + secures the royal power, _ibid._; + allowed by the Goths to hold Lilybaeum, IV. v. 13; + imprisons Ilderic, Hoamer, and Euagees, III. ix. 9; + defies Justinian, and shews further cruelty to the imprisoned princes, + III. ix. 14; + replies to Justinian, III. ix. 20-23; + Justinian prepares an expedition against him, III. x. 1 ff.; + sends envoys to Spain, III. xxiv. 7; + his slave Godas becomes tyrant of Sardinia, III. x. 25-27; + sends an expedition to Sardinia, III. xi. 22, 23; + his ignorance of the approaching Roman expedition, III. xiv. 10; + entrusts his wealth to Boniface, IV. iv. 34; + confines Roman merchants in a dungeon in the palace, III. xx. 5, 6; + expected by Belisarius to make an attack, III. xvii. 4; + writes to his brother in Carthage, III. xvii. 11; + follows the Roman army, III. xvii. 14; + plans his attack upon the Roman army, III. xviii. 1; + comes upon the Romans with a large force of cavalry, III. xix. 18; + anticipates them in seizing a point of advantage, III. xix. 20-22; + by a great blunder loses the chance of defeating the Roman armies, + III. xix. 25-29; + attacked and routed by Belisarius, III. xix. 30, 31, xxi. 16; + flees to the Plain of Boulla, III. xix. 32; + Belisarius sits upon his throne, III. xx. 21; + his banquet-hall, servants, and even food, used by the Romans, + III. xxi. 1-6; + reason for his not staying in Carthage, III. xxi. 12; + encourages Libyan farmers to kill Roman soldiers, III. xxiii. 1-4; + eluded by a party of Roman scouts, III. xxiii. 6-16; + Tzazon writes to him from Sardinia, III. xxiv. 2-4; + collects the Vandals in the Plain of Boulla, III. xxv. 1; + sends a letter to Tzazon in Sardinia, III. xxv. 10-18; + leads the Vandals against Carthage, IV. i. 1; + cuts the aqueduct and tries to besiege the city, IV. i. 2, 3; + prepares the Vandals for battle at Tricamarum, and addresses the army, + IV. ii. 8-22; + at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 9; + flees from the Vandals' camp, IV. iii. 20; + pursued by John the Armenian, IV. iv. 9, 14; + and by Belisarius, IV. iv. 13, 26; + escapes his pursuers, and takes refuge on Mt. Papua, IV. iv. 26, 28; + Moors there friendly to him, IV. iv. 27; + Pharas set to guard him, IV. iv. 28, 31; + suffers great misery on Mt. Papua, IV. vi. 4, 14; + receives a letter from Pharas, IV. vi. 15-26; + replies with a letter, IV. vi. 27-30; + the meaning of his strange request, IV. vi. 31-33; + after enduring extreme suffering, is induced by a piteous + sight to surrender, IV. vii. 1-6; + writes a second time to Pharas, IV. vii. 6-9; + Cyprian comes to Papua to take him prisoner, IV. vii. 11; + surrenders himself, IV. vii. 12; + meets Belisarius at Aclas, IV. vii. 14; + his unexpected laughter, IV. vii. 14-16; + marvels at the restoration of the fortifications of Carthage by + Belisarius, III. xxiii. 20, 21; + his capture reported by Belisarius, IV. vii. 17; + reaches Byzantium with Belisarius, IV, ix. 1; + a slave in Belisarius' triumph, IV. ix. 10; + before Justinian in the hippodrome, IV. ix. 11, 12; + given lands in Galatia, but not made a patrician, IV. ix. 13, 14; + nephew of, IV. vii. 4 + +Geminianus, Rock of, on Mt Aurasium, IV. xx. 23 + +Genzon, son of Gizeric; + receives Libyan slaves, III. v. 11; + tries to save John, III. vi. 24; + father of Gundamundus and Trasamundus, III. viii. 6, 8; + and of Geilaris, III. ix. 6; + his death, III. viii. 1 + +Gergesites, ancient people of Phoenicia, IV. x. 17; + emigrate to Egypt and then to Libya, IV. x. 18, 19 + +Gepaides, one division of the Gothic peoples, III. ii. 2; + their location, III. ii. 6 + +Getic, a name sometime applied to the Gothic peoples, III. ii. 2 + +Gezon, a Roman infantryman, paymaster of his company, IV. xx. 12; + scales the fortress of Toumar and leads the army to its + capture, IV. xx. 13-16 + +Germania, the home of Belisarius, III. xi. 21 + +Germans, called Franks in Procopius' time, III. iii. 1; + according to one account killed Gontharis, III. iii. 33 + +Germanus, Roman general, nephew of Justinian; + sent to Libya, IV. xvi. 1; + makes a count of the loyal part of the army, IV. xvi. 3; + wins over many mutineers by persuasion, IV. xvi. 4-6; + prepares to meet Stotzas in battle, IV. xvi. 7; + arrays his army for battle, IV. xvi. 10; + addresses his troops, IV. xvi. 11-24; + follows the mutineers into Numidia, IV. xvii. 2; + overtaking the enemy at Scalae Veteres, prepares for battle, + IV. xvii. 3-6; + receives offers of desertion from the Moors with Stotzas, IV. xvii. 9; + not able to trust them, IV. xvii. 10; + Stotzas proposes to attack his division, IV. xvii. 13; + rallies the Romans, IV. xvii. 18; + routs the mutineers, IV. xvii. 19, 20; + his horse killed under him, IV. xvii. 23; + orders his men to distinguish their comrades by the countersign, + IV. xvii. 22; + captures and plunders the enemy's camp, IV. xvii. 24-29; + tries to restore order in the army, IV. xvii. 30; + defeats Stotzas in a second battle, IV. xvii. 34; + learns the plot of Maximinus from Asclepiades; IV. xviii. 4; + invites Max. to join his body-guards, IV. xviii. 5, 6; + frustrates the attempt of Maximinus, IV. xviii. 8-15; + examines Max. and impales him, IV. xviii. 17, 18; + summoned to Byzantium, IV. xix. 1; + false report of his coming to Carthage, IV. xxiii. 23, 25 + +Gibamundus, nephew of Gelimer, III. xviii. 1; + sent to attack the Roman army on the left, _ibid._; + his force destroyed at Pedion Halon, III. xviii. 12, 19, xix. 18, 19, + xxv. 15 + +Gizeric, king of the Vandals; + son of Godigisclus and brother of Gontharis, III. iii. 23; + father of Honoric, Genzon, and Theodorus, III. v. 6, 11, vi. 24; + becomes ruler of the Vandals with his brother, III. iii. 23; + according to one account destroyed his brother Gontharis, III. iii. 33; + his great ability, III. iii. 24; + invited by Boniface to share Libya, III. iii. 25; + leads the Vandals into Libya, III. iii. 33; + besieges Hippo Regius, III. iii. 32, 34; + discovers Marcian among Roman captives, III. iv. 3-8; + spares his life and makes him swear friendship to + the Vandals, III. iv. 9, 10; + secures possession of Libya, III. xxi. 16, xxii. 4; + secures his power by making a compact with Valentinian and + giving his son as a hostage, III. iv. 12-14, xvi. 13; + receives his son back, III. iv. 14; + receives ambassadors from the Vandals who had not emigrated, + III. xxii. 7; + at first hears them with favour, but later refuses their petition, + III. xxii. 9-11; + makes an attempt on Taenarum, III. xxii. 16; + attacks Zacynthus and brutally massacres many of the inhabitants, + III. xxii. 17, 18; + invited by Eudoxia to punish Maximus, III. iv. 38, 39; + despoils the city of Rome, III. v. 1 ff. IV. ix. 5, 8; + takes captive Eudoxia and her daughters, III. v. 3; + removes the walls of Libyan cities, III. v. 8, xv. 9; + wins ridicule thereby in later times, III. v. 9; + destroyed all the tax records of Libya, IV. viii. 25; + enslaves notable Libyans and takes property from others, III. v. 11, 12; + exempts confiscated lands from taxation, III. v. 14; + with the Moors, makes many inroads into Roman provinces III. v. 22-25; + Aspar urges Basiliscus to spare him, III. vi. 4; + desires the appointment of Olyvrius as emperor of the West, III. vi. 6; + his fear of Leon, III. vi. 11; + persuades Basiliscus to delay, III. vi. 12-16; + destroys the Roman fleet, III. vi. 17-21; + receives Majorinus disguised as an envoy, III. vii. 6, 7, 9, 10; + prepares to meet the army of Majorinus, III. vii. 12; + forms a compact with Zenon, III. vii. 26, ix. 23; + his death and his will, III. vii. 29, 30. ix. 10, xvi. 13; + the "law of Gizeric," III. ix. 12 + +Glycerius, emperor of the West, dies after a very short reign, III. vii. 15 + +Godas, a Goth, slave of Gelimer; + sets up a tyranny in Sardinia, III. x. 25-27. xi. 22, xxv. 11; + invites Justinian to support him, III. x. 28-31; + receives the envoy Eulogius, III. x. 33; + sends him back with a letter, III. x. 34; + the Vandals send an expedition against him, III. xi. 23, xiv. 9; + killed by Tzazon, xi, xxiv. 1, 3, IV. ii. 27 + +Godigisclus, leader of the Vandals in their migration, + III. iii. 2, xxii. 3, 5; + settles in Spain by agreement with Honorius, III. iii. 2; + dies in Spain, III. ii. 23; + father of Gontharis and Gizeric, III. ii. 23 + +Gontharis, son of Godigisclus and brother of Gizeric; + becomes ruler of the Vandals with his brother, III. ii. 23; + his mild character, III. ii. 21; + invited by Boniface to share Libya, III. ii. 25; + his death, III. iii. 32, 33. + +Gontharis, body-guard of Solomon; + sent forward against the Moors, IV. xix. 6; + camps near the Abigas River, IV. xix. 7; + defeated by the Moors and besieged in his camp, IV. xix. 8; + receives support from Solomon, IV. xix. 9; + attempts to set up a tyranny, IV. xxv. 1 ff.; + summoned to Carthage and sent against the Moors, IV. xxv. 4, 5; + makes an agreement with Antalas to betray the Romans, IV. xxv. 6-10; + recalls Roman skirmishers, IV. xxv. 14; + hears of the treasonable plan of Coutzinas, IV. xxv. 16; + persuades Areobindus to postpone the engagement, IV. xxv. 17, 18; + reveals the plot to Antalas, IV. xxv. 19; + plans to kill Areobindus, IV. xxv. 22; + persuades him to join battle with the Moors, IV. xxv. 23 ff.; + openly sets about establishing his tyranny, IV. xxv. 28 ff.; + summons Athanasius, IV. xxvi. 21; + and Areobindus, IV. xxvi. 23; + his reception of Areobindus, IV. xxvi. 27-32; + has him assassinated, IV. xxvi. 32, 33; + offends Antalas by sending him the head of Areobindus, IV. xxvii. 1, 2; + receives the mutineers under John, IV. xxvii. 7, 8; + removes the wife and sister of Areobindus from the fortress, + IV. xxvii. 20; + compels Prejecta to write a false report in a letter to Justinian + for his own advantage, IV. xxvii. 20-22; + sends Artabanes against Antalas, IV. xxvii. 23; + Coutzinas sides with him, IV. xxvii. 21; + Artabanes determines to kill him, IV. xxvii. 34; + prepares a larger army against Antalas, IV. xxvii. 36; + destroys many in the city, IV. xxvii. 37, 38; + entertains Artabanes and others at a banquet, IV. xxviii. 1 ff.; + his murder planned by Artabanes, IV. xxviii. 6 ff; + his death, IV. xxviii. 27-30 + +Gospels, the sacred writings of the Christians; + oaths taken upon them, IV. xxi. 21. + +Gothaeus, sent as envoy to Spain by Gelimer, III. xxiv. 7 ff. + +Goths, general description of the Gothic peoples, III. ii. 2 ff.; + their migrations, III. ii. 6 ff.; + their common religion and language, III. ii. 5; + enter Pannonia and then settle in Thrace for a time, III. ii. 39; + subdue the western empire, III. ii. 40; + in Italy, Belisarius sent against them, IV. xiv. 1; + furnish the Roman fleet a market in Sicily, III. xiv. 5; + refuse to give up Lilybaeum, IV. v. 11; + receive a letter of remonstrance from Belisarius, IV. v. 12-17; + their reply, IV. v. 18-24 + +Grasse, a place in Libya, III. xvii. 8, 14, 17; + its pleasant park, III. xvii. 9, 10; + distance from Carthage, III. xvii. 8 + +Greece, plundered by Gizeric, III. v. 23 + +Greeks, contemptuous term for the subjects of the emperor, + IV. xxvii. 38 + +Gregorius, nephew of Artabanes; + with him plans the murder of Gontharis, IV. xxviii. 7-9; + urges Artabanes to carry out the plot, IV. xxvii. 10-19; + takes his stand in the banquet-hall, IV. xxviii. 14; + restrains Artasires, IV. xxviii. 16 + +Gundamundus, son of Gezon; + becomes king of the Vandals, III. viii. 6; + his reign and death, III. viii. 7; + brother of Trasamundus, III. viii. 8 + + +Hadrumetum, city in Libya, III. xvii. 8, IV. xxvii. 26, 31, 33; + taken by the Moors, IV. xxiii. 11-15; + recovered by Paulus, a priest, IV. xxiii. 18-25, 29; + guarded for the emperor, IV. xxvii. 6 + +Harmatus, Roman General; + marches against Zenon, III. vii. 20; + surrenders to him, III. vii. 21; + killed by Zenon, III. vii. 23 + +Hebrews, their migration from Egypt to Palestine, IV. x. 13; + history of the, IV. x. 17 + +Hebrew Scripture, quoted by Gelimer, IV. ix. 11 + +Hellespont, strait between Sestus and Abydus, III. i. 7 + +Heracleia, the name of Perinthus in Procopius' time, III. xii. 6 + +Heracles, wrestled with Antaeus in Clipea, IV. x. 24 + +Heracles, Pillars of, Gibraltar, III. i. 5, 9, + 15, 18. vii. 11, IV. x. 20 + +Heraclius, defeats the Vandals in Tripolis, III. vi. 9; + returns to Byzantium, III. vi. 25 + +Hermes, called Mercury by the Romans, III. vi. 10; + town of Hermes or Mercurium, on the coast of Libya, + III. vi. 10, xvii. 15, xx. 10 + +Hermione, town in Byzacium; + distance from the coast, III. xiv. 10, xvii. 4, 11 + +Hieron, near the mouth of the Bosphorus, III. i. 8 + +Himerius of Thrace, commander in Byzacium; fails to unite with John, + and falls into the hands of the Moors, IV. xxiii. 3-5; + guarded by the Moors, IV. xxiii. 10; + puts Hadrumetum into their hands, IV. xxiii. 10-15; + escapes to Carthage, IV. xxiii. 17 + +Hippo Regius, a strong city of Numidia, III. iii. 31, IV. iv. 32; + besieged by the Vandals, III. iii. 32, 34; + distance from Carthage, IV. iv. 26; + Boniface the Libyan captured there, IV. iv. 34, 36, 39 + +Hoamer, nephew of Ilderic; + acts as his general, III. ix. 2; + imprisoned by Gelimer, III. ix. 9; + blinded by Gelimer, III. ix. 14, 17; + his death, III. xvii. 12 + +Honoric, son of Gizeric; + given as a hostage to Valentinian, III. iv. 13; + returned, III, iv. 14; + marries Eudocia, III. v. 6; + receives Libyan slaves, III. v. 11; + succeeds to the throne of the Vandals, III. viii. 1, xxi. 19; + makes war on the Moors, III. viii. 1, 2; + persecutes the Christians, III. viii. 3, 4; + his death, III. viii. 5; + father of Ilderic, III. ix. 1; + in his reign the church of St. Cyprian taken by the Arians, III. xxi. 19 + +Honorius, younger son of Theodosius; + receives the western empire, III. i. 2, ii. 1; + brother of Arcadius and Placidia, III. iii. 4; + the western empire overrun by barbarians during his reign, III. ii. 1; + retires from Rome to Ravenna, III. ii. 8, 9; + accused of bringing in the Visigoths, III. ii. 10; + his stupid remark upon hearing of the fall of Rome, III. ii. 25, 26; + displaced from the throne of the western empire by Attalus, III. ii. 28; + prepares for flight either to Libya or to Byzantium, III. ii. 32; + his good fortune in extreme peril, III. ii. 34-37; + allows the Vandals to settle in Spain, III. iii. 2; + provides that they shall not acquire possession of the land, III. iii. 3; + shares royal power with Constantius, III. iii. 4; + his death, III. iii. 4 + +Huns, see Massagetae. + + +Iaudas, ruler of the Moors in Aurasium, IV. xii. 29, xxv. 2; + the best warrior among the Moors, IV. xiii. 13; + plunders Numidia, IV. xiii. 1; + his combat with Althias at Tigisis, IV. xiii. 10-16; + Solomon marches against him, IV. xiii. 18; + accused before Solomon by other Moorish rulers, IV. xiii. 19; + slays his father-in-law Mephanius, _ibid._; + establishes himself on Mt, Aurasium, IV. xiii. 21; + with the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. xvii. 8; + Solomon marches against him, IV. xix. 5; + remains on Mt. Aurasium, IV. xix. 19; + goes up to the top of Mt. Aurasium, IV. xix. 21; + escapes wounded from Toumar, IV. xx. 21; + deposited his treasures in a tower at the Rock of Geminianus, IV. xx. 24 + +Ilderic, son of Honoric, + becomes king of the Vandals, III. ix. 1; + an unwarlike ruler, _ibid._; + uncle of Hoamer, III. ix. 2; + suspected plot of the Goths against him, III. ix. 4; + on terms of special friendship with Justinian, III. ix. 5; + makes large gifts to Apollinarius, IV. v. 8; + allows Gelimer to encroach upon his authority, III. ix. 8; + dethroned and imprisoned, III. ix. 8, 9, 14, 17; + killed in prison by Ammatas, III. xvii. 11, 12; + his sons and other offspring receive rewards from Justinian + and Theodora, IV. ix. 13 + +Ildiger, son-in-law of Antonina, IV. viii. 24; + sent to Libya with an army, _ibid._; + made joint commander of Carthage with Theodoras, IV. xv. 49; + at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. xvii. 6, 19 + +Illyricum, III. xi. 17, 21; + plundered by Gizeric, III. v. 23 + +Ionian Sea, III. i. 9, 12, 15, ii. 9, 11 + +Ionians, as sailors in the African expedition, III. xi. 14 + +Iouce, distance from Carthage, III. xv. 8 + +Iourpouthes, a Moorish ruler, joins in an attack upon a Roman force, + IV. x. 6 ff. + +Ister, called also the Danube, III. i. 10, ii. 6; + crossed by the Goths, III. ii. 39 + +Italy the brutal destruction of its cities and people by the Visigoths, + III. ii. 11, 12; + invaded by Gizeric, III. v. 1 ff., 22, 23 + + +Jebusites, ancient people of Phoenicia, IV. x. 17; + emigrate to Egypt and then to Libya, IV. x. 18, 19 + +Jerusalem, captured by Titus, IV. ix. 5; + Christians there receive back the treasures of the temple, IV. ix. 9 + +Jews, their treasures brought to Byzantium by Belisarius, IV. ix. 5; + sent back to Jerusalem by Justinian, IV. ix. 9; + one of them warns the Romans not to keep the treasures of the + temple in Jerusalem, IV. ix. 6-8 + +John the Armenian; + financial manager of Belisarius, III. xvii. 1, 2; + commanded to precede the Roman army, III. xvii, 2, xviii. 3; + engages with Ammatas at Decimum and defeats his force, III. xviii. 5, 6; + pursues the fugitives to Carthage, III. xviii. 10, xix. 30; + rejoins Belisarius, III. xix. 33; + entrusted with the command of a skirmishing force, IV. ii. 1; + in the centre at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 5; + begins the fighting, IV. iii. 10, 12, 13; + pursues Gelimer, IV, iv. 9, 14; + killed accidentally by Uliaris, IV. iv. 18, 19; + his character, IV, iv. 20; + cared for and buried by his soldiers, IV. iv. 22; + mourned by Belisarius, IV. iv. 24 + +John, father of Artabanes and John, of the Arsacidae, IV. xxiv. 2 + +John, commander of auxiliaries, III. xi. 6; + on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. in. 4; + sent with an army to Caesarea, IV. v. 5 + +John, a general under Basiliscus; + his excellent fighting against the Vandals, III. vi. 22-24 + +John the Cappadocian, urges Justinian not to make war on the Vandals, + III. x. 7-17; + praetorian perfect; + supplies the army with bad bread, III. xiii. 12 ff. + +John, guardsman of Belisarius; + sent to the Pillars of Heracles with an army, IV. v. 6 + +John, a Roman soldier, chosen emperor, III. iii. 5; + his virtues as a ruler, III. iii. 6, 7; + reduced from power by Theodosius, III. iii. 8; + captured, brutally abused, and killed by Valentinian, III. iii. 9 + +John of Epidamnus, + commander-in-chief of infantry, III. xi. 8, IV. xvi. 2 + +John, son of John, of the Arsacidae; + sent to Libya in command of Armenians, IV. xxiv. 2; + brother of Artabanes, IV. xxiv. 15; + his death, _ibid._ + +John the mutineer, succeeds Stotzas as general of the mutineers, + IV. xxv. 3; + leads the mutineers to join Gontharis, IV. xxvii. 7; + marches with Artabanes against Antalas, IV. xxvii. 25; + does not take part in the battle, IV, xxvii. 27; + entertained by Pamphilus at a banquet, IV. xxviii. 5; + taken from sanctuary, and sent to Byzantium, IV. xxviii. 39, 40 + +John, brother of Pappus; + at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. xvii. 6, 16; + made general of Libya, IV. xxviii. 45; + his varying fortunes in fighting with the Moors, IV. xxviii. 46-51 + +John, son of Sisiniolus; + sent as commander to Libya, IV. xix. 1; + especially hostile to Sergius, IV. xxii. 3, 4; + marches against the Moors, IV. xxiii. 2; + fails to meet Himerius, IV. xxiii. 3-5; + quarrels with Sergius, IV. xxiii. 32; + sent against Antalas and Stotzas, IV. xxiv. C; + meets the enemy at a great disadvantage, IV. xxiv. 8; + his enmity against Stotzas, IV, xxiv. 9; + gives him a mortal wound in the battle, IV. xxiv. 11; + his army routed by the Moors, IV. xxiv. 12; + his death, IV. xxiv. 13. 14; + Justinian's sorrow at his death, IV. xxiv. 16 + +Joseph, an imperial scribe, sent as envoy to Stotzas, IV. xv. 7; + killed by Stotzas, IV. xv. 8 + +Joshua ("Jesus"), son of ("Naues"), brings the Hebrews into Palestine, + IV. x. 13; + subjugates the country, IV. x. 14; + mentioned in a Phoenician inscription, IV. x. 22 + +Juppiter Capitolinus, temple of, in Rome, despoiled by Gizeric, III. v. 4 + +Justinian, succeeds his uncle Justinus as emperor, III. vii. 27; + on terms of especial friendship with Ilderic, III. ix. 5; + sends warning to Gelimer, III. ix. 10-13; + sends a second warning to Gelimer, III. ix. 15-19; + approached by Apollinarius and other Libyans seeking help for Ilderic, + IV. v. 8; + prepares to make war upon Gelimer, III. ix. 24, 25; + summons Belisarius from the East to command the African expedition, + III. ix. 25; + makes preparations for the expedition, III. x. 1 ff.; + discouraged by John the Cappadocian, III. x. 7 ff.; + urged by a priest to prosecute the war, III. x. 18-20; + continues preparations III. x. 21; + invited by Godas to support him in Sardinia, III. x. 28-31; + sends an envoy to him, III. x. 32; + and later an army, III. xi. 1; + sends Valerianus and Martinus in advance of the African expedition, + III. xi. 24; + despatches the expedition, III. xii. 1 ff.; + makes an agreement with Amalasountha for a market, III. xiv. 5; + their mutual friendship, III. xiv. 6; + his letter to the Vandals, III. xvi. 12-14; + never properly delivered, III. xvi. 15; + the Goths appeal to him as arbiter, IV. v. 24; + receives report of Belisarius regarding the dispute with the Goths, + IV. v. 25; + hears slander against Belisarius, IV. viii. 2; + sends Solomon to test him, IV. viii. 4; + sends the Jewish treasures back to Jerusalem, IV. ix. 9; + receives the homage of Gelimer and of Belisarius, IV. ix. 12; + distributes rewards to Gelimer and others, IV. ix. 13; + sends Belisarius against the Goths in Italy, IV. xiv. 1; + sends Germanus to Libya, IV. xvi. 1; + entrusts Solomon again with the command of Libya, IV. xix. 1; + receives a letter from Antalas, IV. xxii. 6-10; + refuses to recall Sergius, IV. xxii. 11; + sends Areobindus to Libya IV. xxiv. 1; + recalls Sergius and sends him to Italy, IV. xxiv. 16; + appoints Artabanes general of all Libya, IV. xxviii. 43; + summons him to Byzantium, IV. xxviii. 44; + uncle of Germanus, IV. xvi. 1; + and of Vigilantia, IV. xxiv. 3; + the Vandals of, IV. xiv. 17; + excluded all not of the orthodox faith from the church, IV. xiv. 14; + years of reign noted, III. xii. 1, IV. xiv. 6, xix. 1, xxi. 1, xxviii. 41 + +Justinus, Roman emperor, uncle of Justinian, III. vii. 27; + not a vigorous or skilful ruler, III. ix. 5; + Ilderic accused of betraying the Vandals to him, III. ix. 8 + + +Laribus or Laribous, city in Libya, IV. xxii. 14, xxviii. 48; + attacked by the Moors, IV. xxii. 18-20 + +Latin tongue, the, III. i. 6, IV. xiii. 33 + +Laurus, a Carthaginian; + impaled by Belisarius, IV. i. 8 + +Leon, emperor of the East, III. v. 7; + sends an expedition against the Vandals, III. vi. 1 ff., xx. 2; + quarrels with Aspar, III. vi. 3; + appoints Anthemius emperor of the West, III. vi. 5; + wins over the tyrant Marcellianus and sends him against the + Vandals in Sardinia, III. vi. 8; + dreaded by Gizeric, III. vi. 11; + his expedition destroyed by the Vandals, III. vi. 17 ff.; + destroys Aspar and Ardaburius, III. vi. 27; + his death, III. vii. 2; + husband of Berine, III. vi. 2; + father of Ariadne, III. vii. 2 + +Leon the younger, son of Zenon and Ariadne, III. vii. 2; + becomes emperor while an infant, III. vii. 2; + dies soon afterwards, III. vii. 3 + +Leontius, son of Zaunus, sent as commander to Libya, IV. xix. 1; + fights valorously at the capture of Toumar, IV. xx. 19; + brother of Rufinus, _ibid._ + +Leptes, city in Libya, III. xvii. 8 + +Leptimagna, city in Tripolis; + threatened by an army of Leuathae, IV. xxi. 2, 13, 15 + +Lesbos, passed by the fugitive Vandals, IV. xiv. 18 + +Leuathae, tribe of Moors; + present demands to Sergius, IV. xxi. 2; + their representatives received by Sergius and killed, IV. xxi. 4-10; + come in arms against Leptimagna, IV. xxi. 12; + routed by the Romans, IV. xxi. 14; + march against the Romans a second time, IV. xxi. 16; + scorn the overtures of Solomon, IV. xxi. 20-22; + capture Solomon, son of Bacchus, IV. xxii. 13; + release him, IV. xxii. 16; + besiege Laribus, IV. xxii. 18; + depart to their homes IV. xxii. 20; + join the Moors of Byzacium against the Romans, IV. xxviii. 47 + +Libya, included in "Asia," III. i. 5; + its aborigines, IV. x. 23; + the Phoenicians emigrate thither, IV. x. 19; + Phoenician tongue used there, IV. x. 20; + subjugated by the Romans, IV. x. 28; + failure of the Visigothic king Attalus to get a foothold there, + III. ii. 30, 32, 36; + lost by Valentinian, III. iii. 12; + occupied by the Vandals, III. iii. 26, xxii. 4; + who remove the walls of the cities, III. v. 8, xv. 9; + recovered for the Romans by Belisarius, III. xvi. 9 ff.; + prospers under the rule of Solomon, IV. xix. 3, xx. 33; + who restores the walls of the cities, IV. xix. 3, xx. 29; + overrun by the Moors, IV. xxiii. 26-31, xxviii. 49 + +Libyans, enslaved and impoverished by Gizeric, III. v. 11-13, 15-17; + cannot trust the Vandals, III. xvi. 3; + their sufferings at the hands of the Vandals, III. xx. 19; + oppressed by the Moors, IV. viii. 20, xxiii. 27; + enjoy peace at last, IV. xxviii. 52 + +Liguria, the army of Majorinus halts there, III. vii. 4, 11 + +Lilybaeum, a promontory of Sicily; + presented to Amalafrida, III. viii. 13; + Belisarius attempts unsuccessfully to take it, IV. v. 11; + he asserts his claim, IV. v. 12 ff.; + the claim denied by the Goths, IV. v. 19 ff. + + +Massagetae, called Huns in Procopius' time, III. xi. 9; + their love of wine, III. xii. 8; + their custom of allowing only members of a certain family to begin + a battle, III. xviii. 14; + in the army of Aetius, III. iv. 24; + in the African expedition of Belisarius, III. xi. 11, xii. 8-10, + xvii. 3, xviii. 3, 12, 17, xix. 18, 33, IV. xiii. 2; + their doubtful allegiance, IV. i. 5, 6, 9-11, ii. 3, iii. 7, 16; + with the mutineers under John, IV. xxvii. 8 + +Maeotic Lake, at the eastern extremity of the "Mediterranean," III. i. 4; + limit of the Euxine, III. i. 10; + home of the Vandals, III. iii. 1 + +Majorica, island in the western Mediterranean, III. i. 18; + Apollinarius sent thither with an army, IV. v. 7 + +Majorinus, emperor of the West; + makes an expedition against the Vandals, III. vii. 4-13; + disguised as an envoy and received by Gizeric, III. vii. 8-10; + his death, III. vii. 14 + +Malea, southern promontory of the Peloponnesus, III. xiii. 5 + +Mammes, a place in Byzacium; + Solomon encamps there, IV. xi. 15; + battle fought there, IV. xi. 47-54 + +Mandracium, the harbour of Carthage, III. xx. 14, 15, + IV. viii. 7, xxvi. 10; + opened to the Roman fleet, III. xx. 3; + entered by Calonymus with a few ships, III. xx. 16 + +Marcellianus, rules as independent tyrant over Dalmatia, III. vi. 7; + won over by Leon and sent to Sardinia against the Vandals, III. vi. 8; + destroyed by treachery, III. vi. 25 + +Marcellus, commander of auxiliaries, III. xi. 6; + on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + commander-in-chief of Roman forces in Numidia, IV. xv. 50, 51; + leads his army against Stotzas, IV. xv. 52; + his death, IV. xv. 59 + +Marcentius, commander in Byzacium; + persuaded by Antalas to join him, IV. xxvii. 5, 6, 31 + +Marcian, confidential adviser of Aspar, III. iv. 7; + taken prisoner by Gizeric, III. iv. 2; + his career foreshadowed by a sign, III. iv. 4-8; + spared by Gizeric, III. iv. 9, 10; + becomes emperor of the East, III. iv. 10, 39; + his successful reign, III. iv. 11; + his death, III. v. 7 + +Marcian, commander of infantry, III. xi. 7 + +Martinus, commander of auxiliaries, III. xi. 6, 29; + sent with Valerian in advance of the African expedition, III. xi. 24; + meets the Roman fleet at Methone, III. xiii. 9; + on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + escapes with Solomon from the mutiny in Carthage IV. xiv. 37-40; + sent back to Numidia, IV. xiv. 40; + summoned to Byzantium, IV. xix. 2 + +Massonas, son of Mephanias; + a Moorish ruler, accuses Iaudas to Solomon, IV. xiii. 19 + +Mastigas, Moorish ruler, IV. xx. 31 + +Mastinas, ruler of Moors in Mauretania, IV. xiii. 19 + +Mauritania, occupied by the Moors, IV. x. 29; + Moors of, seek alliance with the Romans, III. xxv. 3; + ruled by Mastinas IV. xiii. 19; + fugitive Vandals return thither, IV. xiv. 19; + Iaudas retires thither, IV. xx. 21; + "First Mauritania," called Zabe, subjugated by Solomon, IV. xx. 30; + Stotzas comes thence to joiZabetalas, IV. xxii. 5; + adjoins Numidia, III. xxv. 21; + city of Caesarea there, IV. v. 5 + +Maximinus, body-guard of Theodorus the Cappadocian; + tries to set up a tyranny, IV. xviii. 1-3; + upon invitation of Germanus, becomes a body-guard of + his, IV. xviii. 6, 7; + his attempt frustrated by Germanus, IV. xviii. 8-15; + examined by Germanus and impaled, IV. xviii. 17, 18 + +Maximus the elder, his tyranny, III. iv. 16; + the festival celebrating his defeat, _ibid._ + +Maximus, a Roman senator, III. iv. 16; + his wife outraged by Valentinian, III. iv. 17-22; + plans to murder Valentinian, III. iv. 24; + slanders and destroys Aetius, III. iv. 25-27; + kills Valentinian, and makes himself tyrant, III. iv. 36; + stoned to death, III. v. 2 + +Medeos, city at the foot of Mt. Papua in Numidia, IV. iv. 27 + +Medic garments, _i.e._ silk; + called "seric" in Procopius' time, as coming from the Chinese (Seres); + worn by the Vandals, IV. vi. 7 + +Medissinissas, a Moorish ruler; + joins in an attack upon a Roman force, IV. x. 6 ff.; + slays Rufinus, IV. x. 11 + +Megara, its distance from Athens the measure of a one day's journey, + III. i. 17 + +Melanchlaenae, an old name for the Goths, III. ii. 2 + +Melita, island between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas (Malta), + III. xiv. 16 + +Membresa, city in Libya, IV. xv. 12; + distance from Carthage, _ibid._ + +Menephesse, place in Byzacium, IV. xxiii. 3 + +Mephanias, a Moor, father of Massonas, and father-in-law of Iaudas, + IV. xiii. 10; + treacherously slain by Iaudas, _ibid._ + +Mercurium, a town near Carthage, III. vi. 10, xvii. 15, xx. 10 + +Mercurius, the Latin name for Hermes, III. vi. 10 + +Methone, a town in the Peloponnesus, III. xiii. 9; + the Roman fleet stops there, III. xiii. 9-21 + +Minorica, island in the western Mediterranean, III. i. 18; + Apollinarius sent thither with an army, IV. v. 7 + +Misuas, the ship-yard of Carthage, IV. xiv. 40 + +Monks, their monastery in Carthage, IV. xxvi. 17 + +Moors, a black race of Africa, IV. xiii. 29; + an account of their origin in Palestine, and migration westward, + IV. x. 13 ff.; + driven away from Carthage, IV. x. 27, 28; + possess themselves of much of Libya, IV. x. 29; + take Mt. Aurasium from the Vandals, IV. xiii. 26, 27; + those beyond Mt. Aurasium ruled by Ortaias, IV. xiii. 28; + on Aurasium, ruled by Iaudas, IV. xii. 29, xiii. 1; + of Mauritania, ruled by Mastinas, IV. xiii. 19; + inhabit Mt. Papua, IV. iv. 27, vi. 19, 20; + not merged with the Vandals, III. v. 21; + their alliance secured by Gizeric, III. v. 22; + make war on the Vandals, III. viii. 1, 2; + dwelling on Mt. Aurasium, establish their independence from the Vandals, + III. viii. 5; + their wars with Gundamundus, III. viii. 7; + inflict a great disaster upon the Vandals, III. viii. 15-28; + of Byzacium, defeat the Vandals, III. ix. 3; + most of them seek alliance with the Romans, III. xxv. 2-4, + IV. viii. 11 ff.; + their doubtful fidelity, III. xxv. 9; + stationed in the rear of the Vandals at the battle of Tricamarum, + IV. iii. 8; + threaten the Roman power in Tripolis, IV. v. 10; + on Mt. Papua, drive back Pharas and his men, IV. vi. 1-3; + of Byzacium and Numidia, rise and overrun the + country, IV. viii. 20-23, x. 1, 2; + caught by Aigan and Rufinus in an ambush, IV. x. 5; + in turn annihilate the Roman force, IV. x. 6 ff.; + receive a warning letter from Solomon, IV. xi. 1-8; + their reply, IV. xi. 9-13; + Solomon marches against them, IV. xi. 14; + prepare for battle at Mammes, IV. xi. 17, 18, 37-46; + defeated by the Romans, IV. xi. 47-54; + rise against the Romans a second time, IV. xii. 1; + establish themselves on Mt. Bourgaon, IV. xii. 3-9; + suffer a crushing defeat, IV. xii. 17 ff.; + finally understand their ancient prophecy, IV. xii. 28; + emigrate from Byzacium to Numidia, IV. xii, 29; + those under Antalas remain in Byzacium, IV. xii. 30; + of Aurasium, take up arms under Iaudas, IV. xiii. 1 ff.; + checked by Althias at the spring of Tigisis, IV. xiii. 8, 9; + in the army of Solomon, IV. xiii. 20; + elude Solomon on Mt. Aurasium, IV. xiii. 35, 36; + Solomon prepares another expedition against them, IV. xiii. 40; + with the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. xvii. 8; + their uncertain allegiance, IV. xvii. 9-12; + join in the pursuit of the mutineers, IV. xvii. 31; + on Aurasium; Solomon marches against them, IV. xix. 5; + defeat Gontharis, IV. xix. 8; + flood the Roman camp, IV. xix. 14; + retire to Mt. Aurasium, IV. xix. 16; + defeated by Solomon, retire to the heights of Aurasium, IV. xix. 17, 18; + abandon the fortress of Zerboule to the Romans, IV. xix. 23-32; + overwhelmingly defeated at Toumar, IV, xx. 1 ff.; + defeat the Romans under Solomon, IV. xxi. 25-28; + gather under Antalas, IV. xxii. 5; + tricked by Solomon the younger, IV. xxii. 12-17; + attack Laribus, IV. xxii. 18-20; + gathered a second time by Antalas, IV. xxiii. 1; + capture Himerius and take Hadrumetum, IV. xxiii. 10-15; + lose Hadrumetum, IV. xxiii. 25; + pillage all Libya unhindered, IV. xxiii. 26-32; + defeat the Roman army at Siccaveneria, IV. xxiv. 8-12; + at the invitation of Gontharis, march against Carthage, IV. xxv. 1, 2; + of Coutzinas, in the army of Artabanes, IV. xxvii. 25; + of Byzacium, defeated by John, IV. xxviii. 46; + with the Leuathae defeat John, IV. xxviii. 47, 48; + routed in a third battle, IV. xxviii. 50, 51; + of Coutzinas, in alliance with John, IV. xxviii. 50; + in Sardinia, Solomon prepares an expedition against them, + IV. xiii. 41, 45; + sent thither by the Vandals, IV. xiii. 43; + overrun the island, IV. xiii. 42, 44; + called Barbaricini, IV. xiii. 44; + their polygamy, IV. xi. 13; + untrustworthy by nature, IV. xiii. 37, xvii. 10, + even among themselves, IV. xxv. 16; + suspicious toward all, IV. xxvi. 2; + their hardiness as a nation, IV. vi. 5, 10-13; + their reckless character, IV. viii. 10; + their female oracles, IV. viii. 13; + their method of cooking bread, IV. vii. 3; + accustomed to take some women with their armies, IV. xi. 18, 19; + undesirable allies, IV. xiii. 40; + not practised in storming walls, IV. xxii. 20; + not diligent in guarding captives, IV. xxiii. 17; + the symbols of kingship among them received from the Roman + emperor, III. xxv. 5-7; + Moorish old man, guardian of Iaudas' treasures, IV. xx. 24; + slain by a Roman soldier, IV. xx. 27; + Moorish woman, IV. vii. 3 + +Moses, leader of the Hebrews, his death, IV. x. 13 + + +Nepos, emperor of the West, dies after a reign of a few days, III. vii. 15 + +Numidia, in Africa, adjoins Mauritania, III. xxv. 21; + its boundary near the plain of Boulla, III. xxv. 1; + Mt. Papua on its borders, IV. iv. 27; + includes Mt. Aurasium, III. viii. 5; + and the city of Hippo Regius, III. iii. 31, IV. iv. 26; + and the city of Tigisis, IV. x. 21; + Moors of, seek alliance with the Romans, III. xxv. 3; + plundered by the Moors, IV. viii. 9, x. 2; + plundered by Iaudas, IV. xiii. 1, 18; + a place of retreat for the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. xv. 44, 50, xvii. 1; + Romans retire from there, IV. xx. 30; + Gontharis commander there, IV. xxv. 1; + Moors of, march out against Carthage, IV. xxv. 2 + +Nun ("Naues"), father of Joshua ("Jesus"), IV. x. 13, 22 + + +Ocean, Procopius' conception of it as encircling the earth, III. 1. 4 + +Olyvrius, Roman senator, husband of Placidia, III. v. 6, vi. 6; + becomes emperor of the West; killed after a short reign, III. vii. 1 + +Optio (Latin), a kind of adjutant in the Roman army, + III. xvii. 1, IV. xx. 12 + +Ortaias, Moorish ruler beyond Mt. Aurasium, IV. xiii. 19, 28; + accuses Iaudas to Solomon, IV. xiii. 19; + with the mutineers of Stotzas, IV. xvii. 8; + his report of the country beyond his own, IV. xiii. 29 + + +Palatium, the imperial residence in Rome; said to be named from Pallas, + III. xxi. 4; + despoiled by Gizeric, III. v. 34, IV. ix. 5 + +Palestine, settlement of the Hebrews there, IV. x. 13; + Moors emigrated therefrom, IV. x. 27 + +Pallas, an "eponymous" hero, used to explain the word "Palatium," + III. xxi. 4 + +Pannonia, entered by the Goths, III. ii. 39 + +Pappus, brother of John, IV. xvii. 6, xxviii. 45; + commander of cavalry, III. xi. 7; + on the right wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4 + +Papua, mountain in Numidia, IV. iv. 27; + Gelimer takes refuge there, IV. 26, 28; + its ascent attempted by Pharas, IV. vi. 1; + closely besieged, IV. iv. 28, vi. 3; + Cyprian sent thither to receive Gelimer, IV. vii. 11 + +Pasiphilus, a mutineer in the Roman army; active supporter of Gontharis, + IV. xxvii. 21, 22, 36, 38; + entertains John at a banquet, IV. xxviii. 3; + his death, IV. xxviii. 39 + +Patrician rank, III. ii. 15, xi. 17, IV. vi. 22, xvi. 1; + Gelimer excluded from it because of Arianism, IV. ix. 14 + +Paulus, a priest of Hadrumetum; + rescues the city from the Moors, IV. xxiii. 18-25; + comes to Byzantium, IV. xxiii. 29 + +Pedion Halon, in Libya, distance from Decimum; + forces of Gibamundus destroyed there, III. xviii. 12 + +Pegasius, friend of Solomon the younger, IV. xxii. 14, 15 + +Peloponnesus, III. xi. 24, IV. xiv. 18; + plundered by Gizeric, III. v. 23, xxii. 16 + +Pentapolis, part of Libya; + its rule falls to Cyrus, IV. xxi. 1 + +Perinthus, called Heracleia in Procopius' time, III, xii. 6 + +Persians, III. xix. 7; + make peace with the Romans, III. i. 1, ix. 25, 26; + Vandals fight against them IV. xiv. 18 + +Peter, Roman general, accused by the Massagetae of unfair dealing, IV. i. 6 + +Peter, of Thrace, body-guard of Solomon; + at the banquet of Gontharis, IV. xxviii. 3; + looks with approval upon Artabanes' plot, IV. xxviii. 24, 28; + with Artabanes cuts down the body-guards who remain, IV. xxviii. 33 + +Pharas, leader of Eruli, in the African expedition, III. xi. 11; + left in charge of the siege of Gelimer on Mt. Papua, + IV. iv. 28, 31, vi. 1, 3; + his correspondence with Gelimer, IV. vi. 15-30, vii. 6-9; + learns the reasons for Gelimer's peculiar request, and fulfils it, + IV. vi. 31-34; + reports to Belisarius, IV. vii. 10; + his good qualities, IV. iv. 29, 31; + an uneducated man, IV. vi. 15 + +Pharesmanes, father of Zaunas, IV. xix. 1, xx. 19 + +Phasis River, in Colchis, III. i. 11; + distance from Chalcedon, _ibid._ + +Phoenicia, its extent, IV. x. 15; + ruled by one king in ancient times, IV. x. 16; + home of various peoples, IV. x. 17; + Dido's emigration therefrom, IV. x. 25; + Phoenician tongue, spoken in Libya, IV. x. 20; + Phoenician writing, on two stones in Numidia IV. x. 22 + +Phredas, friend of Areobindus, sent by him to Gontharis, IV. xxvi. 8, 9 + +Placidia, sister of Arcadius and Honorius and wife of + Constantius, III. iii. 4; + mother of Valentinian, brings him up in vicious ways, III. iii. 10; + as regent for her son, appoints Boniface general of all + Libya, III. iii. 16; + gives ear to Aetius' slander of Boniface, III. iii. 17, 18; + summons him to Rome, III. iii. 18; + sends men to Boniface at Carthage, III. iii. 27; + upon learning the truth tries to bring him back, III. iii. 28, 29; + finally receives him back, III. iii. 36; + her death, III. iv. 15 + +Placidia, daughter of Eudoxia and wife of Olyvrius; + taken captive by Gizeric, III. v. 3, vi. 6; + sent to Byzantium, III. v. 6 + +Pontus, see Euxine + +Praetor, III. x. 3 + +Praetorian, see Prefect + +Prefect, praetorian prefect (lit. "of the court"), + III. x. 3, 7, xi. 17, xiii. 12; + of the army, "financial manager," III. xi. 17. cf. + III. xv. 13, xvii, 16, IV. xvi. 2 + +Prejecta, daughter of Vigilantia and wife of Areobindus, accompanies + him to Libya, IV. xxiv. 3; + placed in a fortress for her safety, IV. xxvi. 18; + removed from the fortress by Gontharis and compelled to give a + false report in a letter to Justinian, IV. xxvii. 20; + presents a great sum of money to Artabanes, IV. xxviii. 43 + +Proba, a notable woman of Rome; + according to one account opened the gates of the city to Alaric, + III. ii. 27 + +Procopius, author of the History of the Wars; + sails with Belisarius for Africa, III. xii. 3; + his reassuring dream, III. xii. 3-5; + sent by Belisarius to Syracuse to get information, III. xiv. 3, 4, 7-13; + praised by Belisarius III. xiv. 15; + congratulates Belisarius upon a good omen, III. xv. 35; + escapes from Carthage with Solomon, IV. xiv. 39; + goes to Belisarius in Syracuse, IV. xiv. 41 + +Pudentius, of Tripolis; + recovers this country for the Roman empire, III. x. 22-24, xi. 22, + IV. xxi. 3; + receives support from Belisarius, IV. v. 10; + persuades Sergius to receive only representatives of the + Leuathae, IV. xxi. 3; + rights against the Leuathae, IV. xxi. 13, 14; + his death, IV. xxii. 15 + + +Ravenna, city in Italy; + the refuge of Honorius, III. ii. 9, 25; + attacked by Alaric and Attalus, III. ii. 29 + +Reparatus, priest of Carthage; + sent by Gontharis to summon Areobindus, IV. xxvi. 23; + with difficulty persuades him to come, IV. xxvi. 24-27; + dismissed by Gontharis, IV. xxvi. 31 + +Rhecimer, slays his father-in-law Anthemius, emperor of the West, + III. vii. 1 + +Rhine River, crossed by the Vandals, III. iii. 1 + +Romans, subjects of the Roman empire, both in the East and in the West; + mentioned constantly throughout; + celebrate a festival commemorating the overthrow of Maximus, + III. iv. 16; + accustomed to enter subject cities in disorder, III. xxi. 9; + require especial oaths of loyalty from body-guards of officers, + IV. xviii. 6; + subjugate the peoples of Libya, IV. x. 28; + lose Libya to Gizeric and the Vandals, III. iii. 31-35; + send an unsuccessful expedition under Basiliscus against the Vandals, + III. vi. 1-24; + make peace with the Persians, III. ix. 26; + send a second expedition under Belisarius, III. xi. 1 ff.; + defeat the Vandals at Decimum, III. xviii. 5-19, xix. 31-33; + at Tricamarum, IV. ii. 4 ff.; + defeat the Moors at the battle of Mammes, IV. xi. 47-54; + on Mt. Bourgaon, IV. xii. 19 ff.; + and on Mt. Aurasium, IV. xix. 5-xx. 22; + further conflicts with the Moors, IV. xi.-xxviii.; + poverty of the Roman soldiers, IV. iv. 3; + their marriages with the Vandal women, IV. xiv. 8; + and their desire for the Vandals estates, IV. xiv. 10; + they make a mutiny, IV. xiv. 7 ff. + +Rome, abandoned by Honorius, III. ii. 8, 9; + completely sacked by the Visigoths, III. ii. 13; + captured by Alaric, III. ii. 14-23; + sacked by Alaric, III. ii. 24; + according to one account, was delivered over to Alaric by Proba, + III. ii. 27; + the suffering of the city during the siege of Alaric, III. ii. 27; + despoiled by Gizeric, III. v. 1 ff., IV. ix. 5 + +Rome, name of a cock of the Emperor Honorius, III. ii. 26 + +Rufinus, of Thrace; + of the house of Belisarius and his standard-bearer, IV. x. 3, 4; + commander of cavalry, III. xi. 7; + makes a successful attack upon the Moors in Byzacium, IV. x. 5; + his force in turn annihilated by the Moors, IV. x. 6 ff; + captured and killed, IV. x. 10, 11, xi. 22 + +Rufinus, son of Zaunas and brother of Leontius; + sent as commander to Libya, IV. xix. 1; + fights valorously at the capture of Toumar, IV. xx. 19 + + +Salarian Gate, at Rome, III. ii. 17, 22 + +Sallust, Roman historian, the house of, burned by Alaric, III. ii. 24 + +Sarapis, commander of Roman infantry, III. xi. 7, IV. xv. 50; + his death, IV. xv. 59 + +Sardinia, its size compared with that of Sicily, IV. xiii. 42; + half way between Rome and Carthage, _ibid._; + recovered by the Romans from the Vandals, III. vi. 8, 11; + occupied by the tyrant Godas, III. x. 26, 27; + Gelimer sends an expedition to recover it, III. xi. 22, 23; + subdued by Tzazon, III, xxiv. 1, 3, IV. ii. 25; + avoided by Cyril, III. xxiv. 19; + Tzazon and his men summoned thence by Gelimer, III. xxv. 10, 17, 24, 25; + recovered for the Roman empire by Cyril, IV. v. 2, 4; + Solomon sends an expedition against the Moors who had overrun the island, + IV. xiii. 41-45 + +Sauromatae, an old name for the Goths, III. ii. 2 + +Scalae Veteres, place in Numidia, IV. xvii. 3 + +Scythians, a barbarian people, III. xix. 7; + in the army of Attila, III. iv. 24 + +Scriptures of the Christians; + Areobindus seeks to protect himself by them, IV. xxvi. 27; + see also Gospel, and Hebrew Scriptures + +Septem, fort at the Pillars of Heracles, III. i. 6; + John sent thither with an army, IV. v. 6 + +Sergius, son of Bacchus, and brother of Cyrus; + becomes ruler of Tripolis in Libya, IV. xxi. 1; + brother of Solomon the younger, IV. xxi. 19; + threatened by an army of Leuathae, IV. xxi, 2; + receives representative from them, IV. xxi. 3 ff.; + meets them in battle, IV. xxi. 13, 14; + retires into the city, IV. xxi. 15; + and receives help from Solomon, IV. xxi. 16, 19; + succeeds Solomon in the command of Libya, IV. xxii. 1; + his misrule, IV. xxii, 2; + his recall demanded by Antalas, IV. xxii. 9, 10; + Justinian refuses to recall him, IV. xxii. 11; + appealed to by Paulus to save Hadrumetum, but does nothing, + IV. xxiii. 20, 21; + quarrels with John, son of Sisiniolus, IV. xxii. 3; xxiii. 32; + shares the rule of Libya with Areobindus, IV. xxiv. 4, 5; + departs to Numidia, IV. xxiv. 6; + disregards Areobindus' instructions to unite with John, IV. xxiv. 7, 8; + recalled and sent to Italy, IV. xxiv. 16, XXV. 1 + +Seric, see Medic Garments, IV. vi. 7 + +Sestus, city on the Hellespont, III. i. 8 + +Severianus, son of Asiaticus, a Phoenician; + his daring encounter with the Moors, IV. xxiii. 6-9; + escapes to Carthage, IV. xxiii. 17 + +Shield Mountain (Clypea), ancient fort on Aurasium, IV. xiii. 33 + +Shoal's Head, see Caputvada, III. xiv. 17 + +Siccaveneria, city in Libya; + distance from Carthage, IV. xxiv. 6 + +Sicily, its size compared with that of Sardinia, IV. xiii. 42; + invaded by Gizeric, III. v. 22, 23; + concessions given the Vandals there, III. viii. 13, IV. v. 21; + reached by the Roman fleet, III. xiii. 22; + expedition sent thither by Belisarius, IV. v. 11; + claimed by the Goths, IV. v. 19; + subjugated by Belisarius, IV. xiv. 1; + a mutiny there causes Belisarius to return to it, IV. xv. 48, 49; + refuge of Libyans, IV. xxiii. 28 + +Sidon, city at the extremity of Phoenicia, IV. x. 15 + +Sigeum, promontory on the coast of the Troad, III. xiii. 5 + +Singidunum, town in the land of the Gepaides, modern Belgrade, III. ii. 6 + +Sinnion, leader of the Massagetae, III. xi. 12 + +Sirmium, town in the land of the Gepaides, III. ii. 6 + +Sisiniolus, father of John, IV. xix. 1, xxii. 3, xxiii. 2, xxiv. 6 + +Sitiphis, metropolis of "First Mauritania," IV. xx. 30 + +Sittas, Roman general; slain by Artabanes, IV. xxvii. 17 + +Sophia, name of the great church in Byzantium, III. vi. 26 + +Solomon, commander of auxiliaries, III. xi. 5; + a eunuch, III. xi. 6; + a native of the country about Daras, III. xi. 9; + uncle of Bacchus, IV. xxi. 1; + sent to report Belisarius' victory to the emperor, III. xxiv. 19; + returns to Libya, IV. viii. 4; + left by Belisarius in charge of Libya, IV. viii. 23; + receives reinforcements from Byzantium, IV. viii. 24; + disturbed by the news of uprisings in Libya, IV. x. 1 _ff._; + writes to the Moorish leaders, IV. xi. 1-8; + their reply, IV. xi. 9-13; + moves against the Moors with his whole army, IV. xi. 14; + addresses his troops, IV. xi. 23-36; + inflicts a crushing defeat upon the enemy at Mammes, IV. xi. 15 ff.; + receives word of the second Moorish uprising, and marches back, + IV. xii. 2; + wins a brilliant victory on Mt. Bourgaon, IV. xii. 3 ff.; + moves against Iaudas, IV. xiii. 18; + instigated against him by other Moorish leaders, IV. xiii. 19; + encamps on the Abigas River, IV. xiii. 20; + ascends Mt. Aurasium with few provisions, IV. xiii. 30-33; + eluded by the Moors, IV. xiii. 35, 36; + returns to Carthage, IV. xiii. 39; + prepares a second expedition against Mt. Aurasium, IV. xiii. 40; + and against Sardinia, IV. xiii. 41. 45; + passes the winter in Carthage, IV. xiv. 4; + opposed by the soldiers in regard to confiscated lands, IV. xiv. 10; + plan to assassinate him, IV. xiv. 22; + his guards implicated in the plot, IV. xiv. 23; + failure of the conspirators to act, IV. xiv. 24-27; + tries to win back the loyalty of his men, IV. xiv. 30; + insulted openly, IV. xiv. 31; + sends Theodorus to the mutineers, IV. xiv. 32; + his enmity toward Theodorus, IV. xiv. 33; + his acquaintances killed by the mutineers, IV. xiv. 36; + flees to a sanctuary in the palace, IV. xiv. 37; + joined by Martinus there, _ibid._; + they come out to the house of Theodorus, IV. xiv. 38; + escape in a boat to Misuas, whence he sends Martinus to + Numidia, IV. xiv. 40; + writes to Theodorus, and departs to Syracuse, IV. xiv. 41; + begs Belisarius to come to Carthage, IV. xiv. 42; + returns with him, IV. xv. 9; + entrusted again with the command of Libya, IV. xix. 1; + his prosperous rule, IV. xix. 3, 4, xx. 33; + marches against Iaudas once more, IV. xix. 5; + sends Gontharis ahead, IV. xix. 6; + hears of the defeat of Gontharis, IV. xix. 9; + advances to the camp of Gontharis, thence to Babosis, IV. xix. 16; + defeats the Moors in battle, IV. xix. 17; + plunders the plain and then returns to Zerboule, IV. xix. 20; + which he unexpectedly captures, IV. xix. 25-31; + his care of the water supply during the siege of Toumar, IV. xx. 3; + addresses the army, IV. xx. 4-9; + tries to find a point of attack, IV. xx. 10, 11; + fortifies Mt. Aurasium against the Moors, IV. xx, 22; + fortifies many Libyan cities with money captured from Iaudas, + IV. xix. 3, xx. 29; + subjugates Zabe, or "First Mauritania," IV. xx. 30; + appealed to by Sergius for help, IV. xxi. 16; + incurs the enmity of Antalas, IV. xxi. 17, xxii. 7, 8; + marches against the Moors, IV. xxi. 19; + his overtures scorned by the Leuathae, IV. xxi. 20-22; + captures some booty and refuses to distribute it to the + soldiers, IV. xxi. 23, 24; + defeated by the Moors and slain, IV. xxi. 25-28; + Justinian's regard for him, IV. xxii. 11; + builds and fortifies a monastery in Carthage, IV. xxvi. 17; + standards of, recovered from the Moors, IV. xxviii. 46 + +Solomon the younger, brother of Cyrus and Sergius; + marches with Solomon against the Moors, IV. xxi. 19; + his capture and release, IV. xxii. 12-17 + +Solomon, king of the Jews, IV. ix. 7 + +Sophia, temple of, in Byzantium; + appropriateness of its name, III. vi. 26 + +Spain, settled by the Vandals, III. iii. 2, 22; + invaded by Constantinus, III. ii. 31; + settled by the Visigoths, III. iii. 26. xxiv. 7, IV. iv. 34 + +Stagnum, a harbour near Carthage, III. xv. 15; + the Roman fleet anchors there, III. xx. 15, 16 + +Stotzas, a body-guard of Martinus, destined not to return to + Byzantium, III. xi. 30; + chosen tyrant by the mutineers, IV. xv. 1; + marches on Carthage, IV. xv. 2; + invites the Vandals to join his army, IV. xv. 3, 4; + demands the surrender of Carthage, IV. xv. 5; + kills the envoy Joseph, and besieges Carthage, IV. xv. 8; + addresses his troops, IV. xv. 30-39; + defeated by Belisarius, IV. xv. 40 ff.; + his forces gather in Numidia, IV. xv. 50; + the Romans march against him at Gazophyla, IV. xv. 52; + comes alone into the Roman army and addresses the soldiers, + IV. xv. 53-57; + received with favour, IV. xv. 58; + kills the Roman commanders in a sanctuary, IV. xv. 59; + eager to fight a battle with Germanus, IV. xvi. 8; + approaches Carthage, hoping for defection from there, IV. xvi. 9, 10; + his hopes falsified, IV. xvii. 1; + defeated by Germanus at Scalae Veteres, IV. xvii. 3 ff.; + escapes with a few men, IV. xvii. 24; + hopes to renew the battle with the help of the Moors, IV. xvii. 32; + makes his escape with difficulty, IV. xvii. 33; + suffers another defeat, IV. xvii. 34; + withdraws to Mauritania and marries the daughter of a Moorish + chief, IV. xvii. 35; + the end of his mutiny, _ibid._; IV. xix. 3; + joins Antalas, IV. xxii. 5, xxiii. 1; + receives Roman captives, IV. xxiii. 10, 17; + joins the Moors in plundering Libya, IV. xxiii. 26-31; + Areobindus sends an army against him, IV. xxiv. 6; + his enmity against John, IV, xxiv. 9; + mortally wounded by him in battle, IV. xxiv. 11; + carried out of the battle, IV. xxiv. 12; + his death, IV. xxiv. 14; + succeeded by John as tyrant of the mutineers, IV. xxv. 3 + +Syllectus, city in Libya, III. xvi. 9; + captured by Belisarius' men, III. xvi. 11; + entered by the Roman army, III. xvii. 6 + +Symmachus, a Roman senator; + accompanies Germanus to Libya, IV. xvi. 2; + summoned to Byzantium, IV. xix. 1 + +Syracuse, city in Sicily, III. xiv. 13; + its harbour Arethusa, III. xiv. 11; + Procopius sent thither, III. xiv. 3, 7; + Belisarius passes the winter there, IV. xiv. 4, 41; + distance from Caucana, III. xiv. 4 + + +Taenarum, called Caenopolis in Procopius' time; + promontory of the Peloponnesus, III. xiii. 8; + Gizeric repulsed from there, III. xxii. 16 + +Tamougadis, a city at the foot of Mt. Aurasium; + dismantled by the Moors, IV. xiii. 26, xix. 20 + +Tattimuth, sent in command of an army to Tripolis, III. x. 23; + receives support from Belisarius, IV. v. 10 + +Taulantii, a people of Illyricum, III. ii. 9 + +Tebesta, city in Libya; + distance from Carthage, IV. xxi. 19 + +Terentius, Roman commander of infantry, III. xi. 7, IV. xv. 50 + +Theoderic, king of the Goths; + gives his daughter in marriage to the king of the Vandals, and + makes certain concessions in Sicily, III. viii. 11-13, IV. v. 21; + becomes hostile to the Vandals, III. ix. 3; + refrains from attacking them III. ix. 5; + his death, III. xiv. 6; + grandfather of Antalaric, _ibid._; + brother of Amalafrida, III. viii. 11, 13 + +Theodora, wife of Justinian; + distributes rewards to Gelimer and others, IV. ix. 13 + +Theodorus, youngest son of Gizeric; + his death, III. v. 11 + +Theodorus, called Cteanus, commander of infantry, III. xi. 7 + +Theodorus, commander of guards; + sent to the top of Mt. Bourgaon by Solomon, IV. xii. 17; + killed by the mutineers, IV. xiv. 35; + his excellent qualities as a soldier, _ibid._ + +Theodorus, the Cappadocian; + sent to Libya with an army, IV. viii. 24; + sent by Solomon to quiet the mutineers, IV. xiv. 32; + his enmity against Solomon, IV. xiv. 33; + elected general by the mutineers, IV. xiv. 34; + gives Solomon and Martinus dinner and helps them to escape, IV. xiv. 38; + bidden by Solomon to take care of Carthage, IV. xiv. 41; + refuses to surrender Carthage to Stotzas, IV. xv. 6; + made joint ruler of Carthage with Ildiger, IV. xv. 49; + at the battle of Scalae Veteres, IV. xvii. 6, 19; + learns of the plot of Maximinus from Asclepiades, IV. xviii. 4 + +Theodosius I, Roman emperor, father of Arcadius and Honorius, III. i. 2; + overthrows the tyranny of Maximus, III. iv. 16 + +Theodosius II, son of Arcadius; + becomes emperor of the East, III. ii. 33, iii. 6; + Honorius considers the possibility of finding refuge with him, + III. ii. 32; + rears Valentinian, III. iii. 5; + makes him emperor of the West, III. iii. 8; + sends an army against the tyrant John, _ibid._; + his death, III. iv. 39; + succeeded by Marcian, III. iv. 2, 10; + father of Eudoxia, III. iv. 15 + +Thrace, starting point of Alaric's invasion, III. ii. 7; + the Goths settle there for a time, III. ii. 39; + home of several Roman commanders, III. xi. 10; + adjoins "Germania," III. xi. 21; + royal horse-pastures there, III. xii. 6; + home of Himerius, IV. xxiii. 3; + and of Peter, IV. xxviii. 3 + +Thessalian cape, or chlamys, III. xxv. 7 + +Theodatus, king of the Goths; + Belisarius sent against him, IV. xiv. 1 + +Theudis, king of the Visigoths, IV. iv. 34; + receives envoys from Gelimer, III. xxiv. 7-16 + +Tigisis, city in Numidia, IV. x. 21; + two Phoenician inscriptions there, IV. x. 22; + its great spring, IV. xiii. 5 + +Titus, Roman emperor, IV. ix. 2; + his capture of Jerusalem, IV. ix. 5; + son of Vespasian, _ibid._ + +Toumar, place on the summit of Mt. Aurasium, IV. xix. 22; + besieged by the Romans, IV. xx. 1 ff.; + scaled by Gezon and captured by Solomon, IV. xx. 1-20 + +Trajan, Roman emperor, IV. ix. 2 + +Trasamundus, brother of Gundamundus; + becomes king of the Vandals, III. viii. 8; + tries to win over the Christians, III. viii. 9, 10; + asks the hand of Amalafrida, III. viii. 11; + becomes a friend of Anastasius, III. viii. 14; + his death, III. viii. 29 + +Tricamarum, place in Libya; + distance from Carthage, IV. ii. 4; + Vandals defeated there, IV. iii. 1 ff., iv. 35, v. 2, 9 + +Tripolis, district in Libya; + distance from Gadira, III. i. 14; + the Vandals there defeated by Heraclius, III. vi. 9, 11; + Moors dwelling there, III. viii. 15; + lost again by the Vandals, III. x. 22-24; + Gelimer hopeless of recovering it, III. xi. 22; + Belisarius sends an army thither, IV. v. 10; + rule of, falls to Sergius, IV. xxi. 1; + Leuathae come from there with a large army, IV. xxviii. 47 + +Troy, III. xxi. 4 + +Tryphon, sent to Libya to assess the taxes, IV. viii. 25 + +Tuscan Sea, separated from the Adriatic by Gaulus and Melita, III. xiv. 16; + severity of its storms, IV. iv. 37 + +Tzazon, brother of Gelimer; + sent with an army to recover Sardinia, III. xi. 23; + overthrows and kills Godas in Sardinia, III. xxiv. 1; + writes to Gelimer, III. xxiv. 2-4; + receives a letter from him, III. xxv. 10-18; + thereupon departs for Libya, III. xxv. 19-21; + meets Gelimer in the Plain of Boulla, III. xxv. 24; + addresses his troops separately, IV. ii. 23-32; + commands the centre at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. in. 1, 8, 10, 12; + his death, IV. iii. 14; + his head taken to Sardinia by Cyril, IV. v. 2, 4 + + +Uliaris, body-guard of Belisarius, III. xix. 23; + his stupid action at Decimum, III. xix. 24; + kills John the Armenian accidentally, IV, iv. 15 ff.; + takes refuge in a sanctuary, IV. iv. 21; + spared by Belisarius, IV. iv. 25 + +Ulitheus, trusted body-guard of Gontharis, IV. xxv. 8; + bears messages to Antalas, IV. xxv. 8-11, 19; + at Gontharis' order assassinates Areobindus, IV. xxvi. 32, 33, xxvii. 20; + marches with Artabanes against Antalas, IV. xxvii. 25 ff.; + killed by Artasires at the banquet of Gontharis, IV. xxviii. 19 ff. + + +Valentinian, son of Constantius, reared by Theodosius, III. iii. 5; + made emperor of the West, III. iii. 8; + captures John and after brutal abuse kills him, III. iii. 9; + his viciousness resulting from early training, III. iii. 10, 11; + loses Libya to the empire, III. iii. 12; + receives tribute and a hostage from Gizeric, III. iv. 13; + returns the hostage, III. iv. 14; + slays Aetius, III. iv. 27; + outrages the wife of Maximus, III. iv. 16 ff.; + slain by him, III. iv. 15, 36; + son of Placidia, III. iii. 10; + father of Eudocia and Placidia, III. v. 3, vi. 6; + husband of Eudoxia, III. iv. 15; + members of his family receive rewards from Justinian and Theodora, + IV. ix. 13 + +Valerian, commander of auxiliaries, III. xi. 6; + sent with Martinus in advance of the African expedition, + III. xi. 24, 29; + meets the Roman fleet at Methone, III. xiii. 9; + on the left wing at the battle of Tricamarum, IV. iii. 4; + Martinus sent to him in Numidia, IV. xiv. 40; + summoned to Byzantium, IV. xix. 2 + +Vandals, a Gothic people, III. ii. 2; + whence they came into the Roman empire, III. i. 1, iii. 1 ff.; + a portion of them left behind and lost to memory, III. xxii. 3, 13; + settle in Spain, III. iii. 2; + their alliance sought by Boniface, III. iii. 22, 25; + cross from Spain into Libya, III. iii. 26; + defeat Boniface in battle, III. iii. 31; + besiege Hippo Regius, III. iii. 32, 34; + defeat a second Roman army, III. iii. 35; + secure possession of Libya, III. xxii. 4; + send Moors to Sardinia, IV. xiii. 43; + take the church of St. Cyprian at Carthage from the Christians, + III. xxi. 19; + invade Italy and sack Rome, III. v. 1 ff.; + their numbers together with the Alani, III. v. 18-20; + absorb all barbarian peoples associated with them except the Moors, + III. v. 21; + Leon sends an expedition against them, III. vi. 1 ff.; + driven out of Sardinia by Marcellianus; III. vi. 8; + defeated in Tripolis by Heraclius, III. vi. 9; + lost Mt. Aurasium to the Moors, IV. xiii. 26; + enter into an "endless peace" with the emperor Zeno, III. vii. 26; + make war on the Moors, III. viii. 1, 2; + suffer a great disaster at the hands of the Moors, III. viii. 15-28; + defeated by the Moors, and become enemies of the Goths, III. ix. 3; + defeated many times by the Moors, IV. x. 29; + Justinian prepares an expedition against them, III. x. 1 ff.; + lose Tripolis, III. x. 22-24; + and Sardinia, III. x. 25-27; + letter addressed to them by Justinian, III. xvi. 12-14; + recover Sardinia, III. xxiv. 1; + defeated by the Romans at Decimum, III. xviii. 1 ff.; + greatly feared by the Roman army III. xix. 27; + collected by Gelimer in the Plain of Boulla, III. xxv. 1 ff.; + besiege Carthage, IV. i. 3; + invite the Huns to join them, IV. i. 5; + defeated by the Romans at Tricamarum, IV. ii. 4 ff.; + taken to Byzantium by Belisarius, IV. xiv. 17; + some of them go to the East, while the others escape to Libya, + IV. xiv. 17-19; + together with their women, sent out of Libya, IV. xix. 3; + upon invitation of Stotzas, join the mutineers, IV. xv. 3, 4; + accumulate great wealth in Africa, IV. iii. 26; + not trusted by the Libyans, III. xvi. 3; + their effeminacy as a nation, IV. vi. 5-9; + their women, as wives of the Romans, incite them to mutiny, + IV. xiv. 8, 9; + priests of, incite Romans of Arian faith to mutiny, IV. xiv. 13; + Vandals' estates, established by Gizeric, III. v. 12; + Vandals of Justinian, IV. xiv. 17 + +Veredarii (Latin), royal messengers, III. xvi. 12 + +Vespasian, Roman emperor, father of Titus, IV. ix. 5 + +Vigilantia, mother of Prejecta, and sister of Justinian, IV. xxiv. 3 + +Visigoths, a Gothic people, III. ii. 2; + their alliance with Arcadius, III. ii. 7; + the destruction wrought by them in Italy, III. ii. 11-12; + settle in Spain, III. iii. 26; IV. iv. 34; + invited to form alliance with the Vandals, III. xxiv. 7 + +Zabe, called "First Mauritania"; + subjugated by Solomon, IV. xx. 30 + +Zacynthus, island off the coast of Greece, III. xiii. 21; + its inhabitants the victims of Gizeric's atrocity, III. xxii. 15, 17, 18 + +Zaidus, commander of Roman infantry, III. xi. 7 + +Zaunus, son of Paresmanes, and father of Leontius and Rufinus, + IV. xix. 1, xx. 19 + +Zeno, emperor of the East; + husband of Ariadne, and father of Leon the younger, III. vii. 2; + shares the empire with his infant son, III. vii. 3; + flees into Isauria, III. vii. 18; + gathers an army and marches against Basiliscus, III. vii. 20; + meets Harmatus and receives the army by surrender, III. vii. 21; + captures Basiliscus and banishes him, III. vii. 22, 24; + becomes emperor a second time, III. vii. 23; + kills Harmatus, _ibid._; + forms a compact with Gizeric, III. vii. 26 + +Zerboule, fortress on Mt. Aurasium, IV. xix. 19, 20; + besieged by the Romans, IV. xix. 23-27; + abandoned by the Moors, IV. xix. 28-32 + + + + * * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + Periods added in index to some instances of Roman numerals + to conform to rest of index. + + Index Errata: + + Under Adriatic Sea "Melite" should read "Melita" + + "Apollonaris" should read "Apollonarius" + + "Arethusa" should read "Arethousa" (also under Syracuse) + + Under Ariadne "Zenon" should read "Zeno" + Also under: Basiliscus, brother of Berine + Basiliscus, son of Harmatus + Gizeric + Harmatus + Leon the younger + + "Atalaric" should be "Antalaric" + + Under Atalaric "Amalasuntha" should be "Amalasountha" + + "Centenarium" should be "Centenaria" + + "Dromon" should be "Dromone" + + "Gepaides" should be "Gepaedes" + Also under: Singidunum + Sirmium + + Under Gizeric "Olyvrius" should be "Olybrius" + Also under: Olyvrius + Placidia + + "Heraclius" should be "Heracleius" also under: Tripolis Vandals + + Under Iaudas "Mephanius" should be "Mephanias" + + "Iourpouthes" should be "Iourphothes" + + Under John, the mutineer, "Pamphilus" should be "Pasiphilus" + + "Juppiter" should be "Jupiter" + + Under Leontius "Zaunus" should be "Zaunas" Also under: Zaunus + + "Leptes" should be "Leptis" + + "Medeos" should be "Medeus" + + "Medissinissas" should be "Medisinissas" + + Under Zaunus "Paresmanes" should be "Pharesmanes"] + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE WARS, BOOKS III AND +IV (OF 8)*** + + +******* This file should be named 16765.txt or 16765.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/7/6/16765 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: +https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + diff --git a/16765.zip b/16765.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6ca412 --- /dev/null +++ b/16765.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7295af7 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #16765 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16765) |