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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland
+(2 of 6): England (4 of 12), by Raphael Holinshed
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (2 of 6): England (4 of 12)
+       Stephan Earle Of Bullongne
+
+Author: Raphael Holinshed
+
+Release Date: September 27, 2005 [EBook #16760]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Louise Pryor and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
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+
+
+
+STEPHAN EARLE OF BULLONGNE.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1135 An. Reg. 1.] Stephan earle of Bullongne, the sonne of
+Stephan erle of Blois, by his wife Adela, daughter to William
+Conquerour, came ouer with all speed after the death of his vncle, and
+tooke vpon him the gouernement of the realme of England, partlie through
+confidence which he had in the puissance and strength of his brother
+Theobald earle of Blois, and partlie by the aid of his brother Henrie
+bishop of Winchester and abbat of Glastenburie, although that he with
+other of the Nobles had sworne afore to be true vnto the empresse and
+hir issue as lawfull heires of king Henrie latelie deceased.
+
+[Sidenote: A tempest. _Matth. West._] The same daie that he arriued in
+England, there chanced a mightie great tempest of thunder, horrible to
+heare, and lightning dreadfull to behold. Now bicause this happened in
+the winter time, it séemed against nature, and therefore it was the more
+noted as a foreshewing of some trouble and calamitie to come.
+
+This Stephan began his reigne ouer the realme of England the second day
+of December, in the yere of our Lord 1135. in the eleuenth yeare of the
+emperour Lothair, the sixt of pope Innocentius the second, and about the
+xxvii. of Lewes the seuenth, surnamed Crassus king of France, Dauid the
+first of that name then reigning in Scotland, & entring into the twelfe
+of his regiment. [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ _Wil. Mal._ _Simon Dun._] He
+was crowned at Westminster vpon S. Stephans day, by William archbishop
+of Canturburie, the most part of the Nobles of the realme being present,
+and swearing fealtie vnto him, as to their true and lawfull souereigne.
+
+Howbeit, there were diuerse of the wiser sort of all estates, which
+regarding their former oth, could haue béene contented that the empresse
+should haue gouerned till hir sonne had come to lawfull age;
+notwithstanding they held their peace as yet, and consented vnto
+Stephan. [Sidenote: Periurie punished.] But this breach of their othes
+was worthilie punished afterward, insomuch that as well the bishops as
+the other Nobles either died an euill death, or were afflicted with
+diuerse kinds of calamities and mischances, and that euen here in this
+life, of which some of them as occasion serueth shall be remembred
+hereafter. [Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ The bishop of Salisburies
+protestation.] Yet there were of them (and namelie the bishop of
+Salisburie) which protested that they were frée from their oth of
+allegiance made to the said empresse, bicause that without the consent
+of the lords of the land she was maried out of the realme, whereas they
+tooke their oth to receiue hir for queene, vpon that condition, that
+without their assent she should not marrie with any person out of the
+realme.
+
+[Sidenote: The bishops think to please God in breaking their oth.]
+Moreouer (as some writers thinke) the bishops tooke it, that they should
+doo God good seruice in prouiding for the wealth of the realme, and the
+aduancement of the church by their periurie. For whereas the late
+deceassed king vsed himselfe not altogither for their purpose, they
+thought that if they might set vp and creat a king chéeflie by their
+especiall meanes and authoritie, he would follow their counsell better,
+and reforme such things as they iudged to be amisse. But a great cause
+that mooued manie of the lords vnto the violating thus of their oth,
+[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ Hugh Bigot.] was (as some authors rehearse)
+for that Hugh Bigot, sometime steward to king Henrie the first,
+immediatlie after the decease of king Henrie, came into England, and as
+well before the archbishop of Canturburie, as diuers other lords of the
+land, tooke a voluntarie oth (although most men thinke that he was hired
+so to doo bicause of great promotion) declaring vpon the same that he
+was present a little before king Henries death, when the same king
+adopted and chose his nepheue Stephan to be his heire and successour,
+bicause his daughter, the empresse had gréeuouslie displeased him. But
+vnto this mans oth the archbishop and the other lords were so hastie in
+giuing of credit. Now the said Hugh for his periurie, by the iust
+iudgment of God, came shortlie after to a miserable end.
+
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] [Sidenote: 1136.] [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Simon
+Dun._ _Matth. Paris._] But to our purpose. King Stephan (by what title
+soeuer he obteined the crowne) immediatlie after his coronation, went
+first to Reading to the buriall of the bodie of his vncle Henrie, the
+same being now brought ouer from Normandie, from whence after the
+buriall he repaired to Oxenford, and there calling a councell of the
+lords & other estates of his realme; [Sidenote: The faire promises of
+king Stephan.] amongst other things he promised before the whole
+assemblie (to win the harts of the people) that he would put downe and
+quite abolish that tribute which oftentimes was accustomed to be
+gathered after the rate of their acres of hides or land, commonlie
+called Danegilt, which was two shillings of euerie hide of land. Also,
+that he would so prouide, that no bishop sees nor other benefices should
+remaine void, but immediatlie after vpon their first vacation, they
+should be againe bestowed vpon some conuenient person meet to supplie
+the roome. Further he promised not to seize vpon any mans woods as
+forfeit, though any priuate man had hunted and killed his déere in the
+same woods, as the maner of his predecessour was. ¶ For a kind of
+forfeiture was deuised by king Henrie, that those should lose their
+right inheritance in their woods, that chanced to kill any of the kings
+déere within the same.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Ran. Higd._ Licence to build castels.] Moreouer,
+he granted licence to all men, to build either castell, tower, or other
+hold for defense of themselues vpon their owne grounds. Al this did he
+chieflie in hope that the same might be a safegard for him in time to
+come, if the empresse should inuade the land, as he doubted she shortlie
+would. Moreouer he aduanced manie yoong & lustie gentlemen to great
+liuings. [Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ In nouella historia.] For such as were
+of any noble familie, and thereto through a certeine stoutnesse of
+stomach sought preferment, easilie obteined of him the possession of
+castels and great lordships, diuerse of whom he honored with titles of
+dignitie, creating some of them earles and some lords. Now, such was
+their importunate sute in demanding, that when he had little more to
+bestow amongst them, hauing[1] alreadie giuen sundrie portions that
+belonged to the crowne, they ceassed not to be in hand with him for
+more, and being denied with reasonable excuses on his behalfe, they
+thought themselues ill dealt withall, and so turning from him, fortified
+their castels and holds, making open warre against him: as hereafter
+shall appeare.
+
+[Sidenote: The resort of strangers to serue king Stephan.] There came
+ouer vnto him also a great number of Flemings and Britons to serue him
+as souldiers, whom he reteined, to be the stronger and better able to
+defend himselfe against the malice of the empresse, by whom he looked to
+be molested he wist not how soone. Wherefore he shewed himselfe verie
+liberall, courteous, and gentle towards all maner of persons at the
+first, and (to saie truth) more liberall, familiar, and free harted than
+stood with the maiestie of a king: which was afterward a cause that he
+grew into contempt. ¶ But to such meanes are princes driuen, that
+atteine to their estates more through fauour and support of others, than
+by any good right or title which they may pretend of themselues. Thus
+the gouernement of this prince at the beginning was nothing bitter or
+heauie to his subiects, but full of gentlenesse, lenitie, courtesie, and
+mildnes.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._] Howbeit whilest these things were a dooing,
+certeine of the English Nobilitie, abhorring both the king and the
+present state of his gouernment, went priuilie out of the realme into
+Scotland to king Dauid, declaring vnto him what a detestable act was
+committed by the lords of England, in that (contrarie to their oth made
+vnto the empresse Maud, and hir issue) they had now crowned Stephan.
+Wherefore they besought the said king to take in hand to reuenge such a
+vile iniurie practised against hir, and to restore the kingdome vnto the
+said empresse, which if he did, it should be a thing most acceptable
+both to God and man.
+
+[Sidenote: The king of Scots inuadeth the English marshes. _Sim. Dunel._
+_Matt. Paris._ _Polydor._] King Dauid hauing heard and well weied the
+effect of their request, foorthwith was so mooued at their words, that
+in all possible hast he assembled an armie, and entring into England,
+first tooke the citie and castell of Carleil: afterward comming into
+Northumberland, he tooke Newcastell and manie other places vpon the
+borders there. Whereof king Stephan being aduertised, streightwaies
+assembled a power, and foorthwith hasted into Cumberland, meaning to
+recouer that againe by force of armes, which the enimie had stolen from
+him by craft and subtiltie. [Sidenote: K. Stephan encamped néere to his
+enimie the K. of Scots.] At his approch néere to Carleil, he pitched
+downe his field in the euening, thinking there to staie till the
+morning, that he might vnderstand of what power the enimie was, whome he
+knew to be at hand.
+
+King Dauid also was of a fierce courage, and redie inough to haue giuen
+him battell, but yet when he beheld the English standards in the field,
+and diligentlie viewed their order and behauiour, [Sidenote: An accord
+made betwixt the two kings Stephan and Dauid.] he was at the last
+contented to giue care to such as intreated for peace on both sides.
+Wherevpon comming to king Stephan, he entred a fréendlie peace with him,
+wherein he made a surrender of Newcastell, with condition that he should
+reteine Cumberland by the frée grant of king Stephan, who hoped thereby
+to find king Dauid the more faithfull vnto him in time of need: but yet
+he was deceiued, as afterwards manifestlie appéered. For when king
+Stephan required of him an oth of allegiance, he answered that he was
+once sworne alreadie vnto Maud the empresse. Howbeit to[2] gratifie him,
+he commanded his son Henrie to receiue that oth, for the which the king
+gaue him the earledome of Huntington to hold of him for euer.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hec. Boetius._] ¶ The Scotish chronicles set out the matter
+in other order, but yet all agrée that Henrie sweare fealtie to king
+Stephan, as in the said historie of Scotland you may sée more at large.
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ _Matth. Paris._ _Simon Dun._ King Stephan
+sicke.] Now after that king Stephan had concluded a peace with king
+Dauid, he returned to London, and there kept his Easter with great ioy
+and triumphes: who whilest he was yet in the middest of all his pastime,
+about Rogation wéeke, he chanced to fall sicke of a litargie, by reason
+whereof a rumor was spred ouer all the realme that he was dead. Which
+though it was but a vaine tale, and of no importance at the first, yet
+was it after the occasion of much euill. [Sidenote: False rumors what
+hurt they oftentimes doo.] For vpon that report great sedition was
+raised by the kings enimies amongst the people, the minds of his fréends
+were alienated from him, & manie of the Normans (which were well
+practised in periuries & treasons) thought they might boldlie attempt
+all mischéefes that came to hand, and hervpon some of them vndertooke to
+defend one place, and some another. [Sidenote: Hugh Bigot. Baldwin
+Reduers. Robert Quisquere.] Hugh Bigot erle of Norfolke a valiant
+chieftein entered into Norwhich, Baldwin Reduers tooke Excester, &
+Robert Quisquere got certeine castels also into his hands.
+
+King Stephan hearing what his enimies had doone, though he was somewhat
+mooued with this alteration of things, yet as one nothing afraid of the
+matter, he said merilie to those that stood about him: "We are aliue yet
+God be thanked, and that shall be knowne to our enimies yer it be long."
+Neither doubted he any thing but some secret practise of treason, and
+therefore vsing all diligence, he made the more hast to go against his
+enimies, whose attempts though streightwaies for the more part he
+repressed, yet could he not recouer the places (without much adoo) that,
+they had gotten, as Excester, and others: which when he had obteined, he
+contented himselfe for a time and followed not the victorie any further
+in pursuing of his enemies. Wherevpon they became more bold afterward
+than before; in somuch that soone after they practised diuerse things
+against him, whereof (God willing) some in places conuenient shall
+appeare: howbeit they permitted him to remaine in quiet for a time.
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._] But whilest he studied to take order in things at
+home (perceiuing how no small number of his subiects did dailie shew
+themselues to beare him no hartie good will) he began by little and
+little to take awaie those liberties from the people, which in the
+beginning of his reigne he had granted vnto them, and to denie those
+promises which he had made, according to the saieng, "That which I haue
+giuen, I would I had not giuen, and that which remaineth I will kéepe
+still." This sudden alteration and new kind of rough dealing purchased
+him great enuie amongst all men in the end. [Sidenote: Geffrey earle of
+Aniou.] About the same time, great commotions were raised in Normandie
+by meanes of the lord Geffrey earle of Aniou, husband to Maud the
+empresse, setting the whole countrie in trouble: but yer any newes
+thereof came into England, king Stephan went against Baldwin Reduers,
+who being latelie (though not without great and long siege expelled out
+of Excester) got him into the Isle of Wight, [Sidenote: _Simon Dunel._
+_Wil. Paruus._ _Polydor._] and there began to deuise a new conspiracie.
+Howbeit the king comming suddenlie into the Isle, tooke it at the first
+assault, and exiled Baldwin out of the realme.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 2. 1137] [Sidenote: K. Stephan passeth into
+Normandie.] Having thus with good successe finished this enterprise, and
+being now aduertised of the businesse in Normandie, he sailed thither
+with a great armie: and being come within two daies iournie of his
+enimie the earle of Aniou, he sent foorth his whole power of horssemen,
+diuided into three parts, which were not gone past a daies iournie
+forward, but they encountred the earle, finding him with no great force
+about him. [Sidenote: The earle of Aniou put to flight.] Wherevpon
+giuing the charge vpon him, they put him to flight, and slue manie of
+his people. Which enterprise in this maner valientlie atchiued, euen
+according to the mind of king Stephan, [Sidenote: Lewes king of France.
+Eustace son to king Stephan.] he ioined in freendship with Lewes the
+seuenth king of France: and hauing latelie created his sonne Eustace
+duke of Normandie, he presentlie appointed him to doo his homage vnto
+the said Lewes for the same.
+
+[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ Theobald erle of Blois.] Now whereas his
+elder brother Theobald earle of Blois at that time in Normandie, found
+himselfe greeued, that Stephan the yoonger brother had vsurped the lands
+that belonged to their vncle king Henrie, rather than himselfe, Stephan
+to stop this iust complaint of his brother, [Sidenote: K. Stephan
+agréeth with the earle of Aniou.] and to allaie his mood, agréed with
+him, couenanting to paie him yearelie two thousand marks of such current
+monie as was then in vse. Furthermore, wheras Geffrey the earle of Aniou
+demanded in right of his wife the empresse, the whole kingdome of
+England, to be at an end with him, king Stephan was contented to
+satisfie him with a yearelie pension of fiue thousand marks, which
+composition he willinglie receiued.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._] Thus when he had prouided for the suertie of
+Normandie, he returned againe into England, where he was no sooner
+arriued, but aduertisement was giuen him of a warre newlie begon with
+the Scots, whose king vnder a colour of obseruing the oth to the
+empresse, [Sidenote: The Scots inuade the English borders.] made dailie
+insurrections and inuasions into England, to the great disturbance of
+king Stephan and the annoiance of his people. Wherwith being somewhat
+mooued, he went streightwaies toward the north parts, and determined
+first to besiege Bedford by the waie, which apperteined to the earledome
+of Huntington, by gift made vnto Henrie the sonne of king Dauid, and
+therevpon at that present kept with a garison of Scotish men.
+
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._.] This place did the king besiege by the space
+of 30. daies togither, giuing thereto euerie daie an assault or alarme,
+in somuch that cōming thither on Christmasse daie, he spared not on the
+morow to assaile them, and so at length wan the towne from them by méere
+force and strength. [Sidenote: An. Reg. 3. 1138.] [Sidenote: King Dauid
+inuaded Northumberland. _Matth. West._ _Polydor._ _Matt. Paris._ _Simon
+Dun._] King Dauid hearing those newes, and being alreadie in armour in
+the field, entered into Northumberland, and licensed his men of warre to
+spoile and rob the countrie thereabout at their pleasure. Herevpon
+followed such crueltie, that their rage stretched vnto old and yoong,
+vnto preest and clearke, yea women with child escaped not their hands,
+they hanged, headed, and slue all that came in their waie: houses were
+burnt, cattell driuen awaie, and all put to fire and sword that serued
+to any vse for reléefe, either of man or beast.
+
+¶ Here we see what a band of calamities doo accompanie and waite vpon
+warre, wherein also we haue to consider what a traine of felicities doo
+attend vpon peace, by an equall comparing of which twaine togither, we
+may easilie perceiue in how heauenlie an estate those people be that
+liue vnder the scepter of tranquillitie, and contrariwise what a hellish
+course of life they lead that haue sworne their seruice to the sword. We
+may consider also the inordinat outrages of princes, & their frantike
+fiersenes, who esteeme not the losse of their subiects liues, the
+effusion of innocent bloud, the population of countries, the ruinating
+of ample regions, &c.: so their will may be satisfied, there desire
+serued. [Sidenote: M. Pal. in suo Capric.] And therefore it was aptlie
+spoken by a late poet, not beside this purpose:
+    Reges atque duces dira impelluntur in arma,
+    Imperiúmque sibi miserorum cæde lucrantur.
+    O cæci, ô miseri, quid? bellum pace putatis
+    Dignius aut melius? nempe hôc nil terpius, & nil
+    Quod magis humanâ procul à ratione recedat.
+    [Sidenote: _Ouid._]
+      Candida pax homines, trux decet ira feras.
+
+[Sidenote: K. Stephan maketh hast to rescue the north parts.] But to our
+storie. King Stephan hearing of this pitifull spoile, hasted forward
+with great iournies to the rescue of the countrie. [Sidenote: The Scots
+retire.] The Scots put in feare of spéedie comming to encounter them,
+drew backe into Scotland: [Sidenote: K. Stephan burnt the south parts of
+Scotland.] but he pursued them, and entring into their countrie burned
+and destroied the south parts of that realme in most miserable maner.
+Whilest king Stephan was thus about to beat backe the forren enimies,
+and reuenge himselfe on them, he was assailed by other at home, & not
+without the iust vengeance of almightie God, who meant to punish him for
+his periurie committed in taking vpon him the crowne, contrarie to his
+oth made vnto the empresse and hir children. [Sidenote: Robert earle of
+Glocester.] For Robert erle of Glocester, base brother vnto the
+empresse, and of hir priuie councell, sought by all meanes how to bring
+king Stephan into hatred, both of the Nobles and commons, that by their
+helpe he might be expelled the realme, and the gouernment restored to
+the empresse and hir sonne.
+
+Such earnest trauell was made by this earle of Glocester, that manie of
+his freends which fauoured his cause, now that king Stephan was occupied
+in the north parts, ioined with him in conspiracie against their
+souereigne. [Sidenote: Bristow taken.] First the said earle himselfe
+tooke Bristowe; and after this diuerse other townes and castels there in
+that countrie were taken by him and others, with full purpose to kéepe
+the same to the behoofe of the empresse and hir sonne. [Sidenote: _Sim.
+Dun._ Talbot.] Amongst other William Talbot tooke vpon him to defend
+Hereford in Wales: [Sidenote: _Matt. Paris._ Louell. Painell. Fitz-John.
+Fitz-Alain.] William Louell held the castell of Gary: Paganell or
+Painell kept the castell of Ludlow: William de Moun the castell of
+Dunestor: Robert de Nicholl, the castle of Warram: Eustace Fitz-John,
+the castle of Walton; and William Fitz-Alain, the castle of
+Shrewesburie.
+
+When word hereof came to king Stephan, he was maruellouslie vexed: for
+being determined to haue pursued the Scots euen to the vttermost limits
+of their countrie, he was now driuen to change his mind, and thought it
+good at the first to stop the proceedings of his enimies at home, least
+in giuing them space to increase their force, they might in processe of
+time growe so strong, that it would be an hard matter to resist them at
+the last. [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ _Matth. Paris._ The castle of Douer
+deliuered to the quéene. _Polydor._] Herevpon therefore he returned
+southward, and comming vpon his enimies, recouered out of their hands
+diuers of those places which they held, as Hereford, and the castle of
+Shrewesburie. About the same time one Walkeline yéelded the castle of
+Douer vnto the quéene, who had besieged him within the same.
+
+Now king Stephan knowing that the Scots were not like long to continue
+in quiet, returned northwards againe; [Sidenote: Thurstan archbishop of
+Yorke made lieutenant of the north ports.] and comming to Thurstan the
+archbishop of Yorke, he committed the kéeping of the countrie vnto his
+charge, commanding him to be in a redinesse to defend the borders vpon
+any sudden inuasion. Which thing the couragious archbishop willinglie
+vndertooke. By this meanes king Stephan being eased of a great part of
+his care, fell in hand to besiege the residue of those places which the
+rebels kept: but they fearing to abide the danger of an assault, fled
+away, some into one part, and some into another; whom the kings power of
+horssemen still pursuing and ouertaking by the way, slue, and tooke no
+small number of them prisoners in the chase. Thus was the victorie in
+maner wholie atchiued, and all those places recouered, which the enimies
+had fortified.
+
+[Sidenote: The Scots eftsoones inuade Northumberland.] In like maner
+when king Dauid heard that the king was thus vexed with ciuill warre at
+home, he entred England againe in most forceable wise: and sending his
+horssemen abroad into the countrie, commanded them to waste and spoile
+the same after their accustomed maner. But in the meane time he purposed
+with himselfe to besiege Yorke: which citie if he might haue woone, he
+determined to haue made it the frontier hold against king Stephan, and
+the rest that tooke part with him. Herevpon calling in his horssemen
+from straieng further abroad, he marched thitherwards, and comming neere
+to the citie, pitched downe his tents.
+
+[Sidenote: Archbishop Thurstan raiseth a power to fight with the Scots.]
+In this meane while the archbishop Thurstan, to whom the charge of
+defending the countrie cheefelie in the kings absence apperteined,
+called togither the Nobles and gentlemen of the shire and parties
+adioining, whom with so pithie and effectuall words he exhorted to
+resist the attempts of the Scots (whose cruell dooings could kéepe no
+measure) that incontinentlie all the power of the northparts was raised,
+[Sidenote: _Sim. Dunel._ Capteines of the armie.] and (vnder the leading
+of William earle of Albermarle, Walter Espeke, William Peuerell of
+Nottingham, and two of the Lacies, Walter and Gilbert) offered euen with
+perill of life and limme to trie the matter against the Scots in a pight
+field, and either to driue them out of the countrie, or else to loose
+their liues in the quarel of their prince.
+
+It chanced at this time, that archbishop Thurstan was sicke, and
+therefore could not come into the field himselfe, [Sidenote: Rafe bish.
+of Durham supplieth the roome of the archbishop.] but yet he sent Rafe
+bishop of Durham to supplie his roome, who though he saw and perceiued
+that euerie man was readie enough to encounter with their enimies; yet
+he thought good to vse some exhortation vnto them the better to
+encourage them, in maner as here ensueth.
+
+[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ _Sim. Dun._] "Most noble Englishmen, and ye
+right valient Normans, of whose courage the Frenchman is afraid, by you
+England is kept vnder, by you Apulia dooth flourish, and vnto you
+Jerusalem and Antioch haue yéelded their subjection. We haue at this
+present the rebellious nation of Scotland (which of right ought to be
+subiect to the crowne of England) come into the field against vs,
+thinking for euermore to rid themselues of their submission, and to
+bring both vs and our countrie into their bondage and thraldome. Now
+albeit I see in you courage sufficient, to beat them backe from any
+further attempt; yet least when you shall come to the triall, by any
+manner of chance, you should loose any péece thereof, I lamenting the
+state of my countrie (whose gréeuances I wish you should redresse) doo
+meane to vse a few words vnto you, not for that I would exhort you to
+doo any man wrong, but rather to beat them backe which offer to doo you
+iniurie. Consider therefore that you shall here fight with that enimie,
+whom you haue oftentimes vanquished, and oftentimes offending in
+periurie, haue oftentimes most worthilie punished: whome also (to be
+bréefe) raging after the maner of cruell robbers, wickedlie spoiling
+churches, and taking awaie our goods, you did latelie constreine to
+lurke in desert places and corners out of sight. Against this enimie (I
+say) therefore worthie of reuengement for his so manifold outrages, shew
+yourselues valiant, and with manlie stomaches driue him out of our
+confines. For as far as I can perceiue, the victorie is yours, God
+surelie will aid you, who cannot longer abide the sinnes of this people.
+Wherefore he that looseth his life in so iust a quarell (according to
+the saieng of our sauiour) shall find it. Let not their rash and
+presumptuous boldnesse make you afraid, sith so manie tokens of your
+approoued valiancie cannot cause them to stand in doubt of you. You are
+clad in armour, and so appointed with helmet, curase, greiues, and
+target, that the enimie knoweth not were to strike and hurt you. Then
+sith you shall haue to doo with naked men, and such as vse not to weare
+any armour at all, but more méet for brablers and ale-house quarrellers
+than men of warre vsed to the field: what should you stand in doubt of?
+Their huge number is not able to stand against your skilfull order and
+practised knowledge in all warlike feats and martiall discipline. A rude
+multitude is but a let, rather than a furtherance to atchiue the
+victorie. A small number of your worthie elders haue oftentimes
+vanquished great multitudes of enimies." As the bishop was thus speaking
+to the English armie, and before he grew to an end of his exhortation,
+the Scots approched with their battels, & first certeine of their bands
+of horssemen were sent afore, to take the higher ground: [Sidenote: The
+Englishmen set vpon the Scots.] which when the Englishmen perceiued,
+they staied not till the enimies should begin the battell, but
+straightwaies caused their trumpets to sound, and so giue the onset.
+
+The Scots were as readie to encounter with them, so that the battell
+began to be verie hot, and euen at the first out flew the arrows, and
+then the footmen ioined, who fought most fiercelie on both sides.
+[Sidenote: The Scots of Lodian disorder the Englishmen. _Simon Dun._
+_Matth. Paris._] Herewith a wing of them of Lodian, which were in the
+Scotish vauntgard, brake in vpon the vauntgard of the English: but yet
+closing togither againe, they kept out the enimies, and casting about
+with a wing, compassed the Scotish horssemen round about, and panching
+their horsses, they slue a great number, and constreined the residue to
+retire. Which thing when their felowes in the other wing saw, their
+hearts began to faint, and by and by betooke them to their heeles.
+
+The rumor of this flight being notified to the maine battell of the
+Scotish men, where king Dauid himselfe was fighting with his enimies,
+discomfited them also, in such wise, [Sidenote: The Scots put to
+flight.] that they in like began to shrinke backe: first by parts, and
+after by heapes togither. The king did what he could to staie them: but
+the English pressed so vpon them, that there was no recouerie. Wherefore
+he himselfe was glad in the end to beare his men companie, in séeking to
+saue himselfe by flight, and make such shift as he could amongst the
+residue.
+
+[Sidenote: Henrie earle of Huntington his valiancie.] His sonne Henrie
+the earle of Huntington more regarding his honour, than the danger of
+life, neither mooued with the flight of his father, nor the ouerthrow of
+the other, came in amongst his men, being readie to turne their backes,
+and with bold countenance spake these or the like words vnto them, as
+the shortnesse of the time would permit. "Whither go you good fellowes?
+Here shall you find armour and force, neither shall you, whilest life
+remaineth in your capteine (whom ye ought to follow) depart without the
+victorie. Therefore choose whether yee had rather trie the matter with
+the enimies by battell, or to be put to a shamefull death at home after
+your returns thither." The Scots mooued with these vehement words of
+their valiant capteine, recoiled vpon their enimies, and began to make
+hauocke of them: but being no great number, and beset with the English
+footmen before, and the horssemen behind, they were shortlie brought to
+distresse, and for the more part either taken or slaine.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Hen. Hunt._ The number. _Simon Dun._ _Matth.
+Paris._ _Wil. Paru._ _Polydor._] At length earle Henrie perceiuing how
+the matter went, and that there was no hope left of recouerie, fled also
+with those that could escape, bitterlie cursing the frowardnesse of
+fortune, and mishap of that daies chance. The number of them that were
+killed at this battell was aboue ten thousand. In which number there
+were not manie of the English: but yet among other, Walter Lacie the
+brother of Gilbert Lacie, one of their cheefe capteines is remembered to
+be one. This battell was fought in the moneth of August, in the fourth
+of king Stephan, who hearing of this victorie, greatlie reioised, and
+gaue infinite commendations to his subiects (the Englishmen and the
+Normans) but principallie praised archbishop Thurstan and the bishop of
+Durham for their faithfull and diligent seruice shewed in this behalfe.
+
+On the other side he himselfe vsing the like good successe amongst the
+rebels at home, ouercame them, and chased them out of the land.
+[Sidenote: _Ran. Higd._ Castels recouered by king Stephan.] For in this
+meane time he had taken the castels of Hereford, Glocester, Webbeley,
+Bristowe, Dudley, and Shrewesburie. Likewise Robert earle of Glocester
+not being able to resist the king thus preuailing against his
+aduersaries on ech hand, fled into France vnto his sister the empresse.
+[Sidenote: _N. Triuet._ _Simon Dun._ _Matth. Paris._] After this, about
+Aduent, the popes legat one Alberike bishop of Hostia, held a synod at
+London, within Paules church, where by the kings consent, [Sidenote:
+Theobald archbishop of Canturburie.] Theobald abbat of Bechellouin was
+consecrated archbishop of Canturburie, being the 37. archbishop which
+had ruled that see, after Augustine the moonke.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 5. 1140.] The king hauing now accomplished his
+purpose, taken the castell of Leides, and brought the state of the
+realme to a meetlie good staie, thought it expedient after the late
+ouerthrow giuen to the Scots, to pursue the victorie, and vtterlie to
+subdue them with all expedition. [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Matth. Paris._
+K. Stephan inuadeth Scotland.] He brought his armie therefore into
+Scotland, first wasting and spoiling the countrie, and afterward
+preparing to fight with such Scots as came foorth to defend their goods
+and houses. K. Dauid perceiuing himselfe to be too weake, made sute to
+the king for peace, which with much difficultie he obteined at length,
+[Sidenote: A peace concluded betwéene the two kings of England and
+Scotland.] by deliuering his sonne Henrie vnto king Stephan in pledge
+for the sure performance of couenants concluded vpon betwixt them.
+Herevpon king Stephan hauing thus ended his businesse in Scotland,
+returned into England: and after directing his iornie towards Wales, he
+came to Ludlow: [Sidenote: Ludlow wun.] which towne (being held by his
+aduersaries) he wan yer long out of their hands.
+
+After this he went to Oxenford, where whilest he remained, a great brute
+was spred abroad, that the empresse was comming with hir brother, the
+earle of Glocester: which caused him to put the lesse trust in his
+people from thenceforth, in so much that he began to repent himselfe
+(although too late) for that he, had granted licence to so manie of his
+subiects to build castels within their owne grounds. [Sidenote: Roger
+bishop of Salisburie. Alexander B. of Lincolne. _Wil. Malm._] For he had
+them all in suspicion: and amongst other, he vehementlie suspected Roger
+bishop of Salisburie (who had doone verie much for him) and Alexander
+bishop of Lincolne nephue to the said bishop of Salisburie, or (as some
+thought) more néere to him in kindred than his nephue, I meane, his
+sonne. [Sidenote: Castels built by the bishop of Salisburie.] For the
+said Roger had builded diuerse castels, as at Shierborne, at the Uies,
+and at Malmesburie. The said Alexander likewise following his vncles
+example, bestowed his monie that way verie fréelie, hauing builded one
+castell at Newarke, and another at Sléeford.
+
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ Newarke castel built by the bishop of Lincolne.]
+The king therefore hauing committed both these bishops to prison,
+[Sidenote: The B. of Elie banished.] and furthermore sent Nigell or
+Neill the bishop of Elie into exile (which Nigell was nephue also to the
+foresaid bishop of Salisburie) he threatened to keepe them without
+either meate or drinke, if they would not cause these castels to be
+deliuered into his hands, whereby he obteined them, and moreouer found
+in the bishop of Salisburies cofers 40. thousand marks, which he tooke
+to his owne vse, by way of confiscation for his disloiall demeanor.
+[Sidenote: The bishop of Salisburie dieth of thought. _Wil. Malm._ In
+nouella historia.] This ingratitude of the king wounded the bishops
+hart, insomuch that taking thought for the losse of his houses and
+monie, he pined awaie, and died within a while after.
+
+The quarrell which was first picked at these bishops, rose by occasion
+of a fraie betwixt the bishops men and the seruants of Alaine duke of
+Britaine, about the taking vp of Innes at their comming to Oxenford. In
+which fraie one of the dukes men was killed, his nephue almost slaine,
+and the residue of his folkes sore beaten and chased. Herevpon were the
+bishops first committed to ward, and afterward handled at the kings
+pleasure, as partlie ye haue heard.
+
+[Sidenote: Fortunes inconstancie. _Wil. Paru._] ¶ Héere by the way, good
+reader, thou hast one example worthie to be marked of fickle fortunes
+inconstancie, whereof the poet speaketh verie excellentlie;
+    [Sidenote: M. Pal. in suo scor.]
+    ---- variat semper fortuna tenorem,
+    Diuerso gaudens mortalia voluere casu,
+    Nam qui scire velit, cur hunc fortuna vel illum
+    Aut premat aut sursum tollat, nimis ardua quærit:
+    Terrarum sequidem est illi concessa potestas
+    Maxima, & huic illam præfecit Iuppiter orbi.
+
+For this Roger bishop of Salisburie, was in the daies of William Rufus a
+poore préest, seruing a cure in a village néere the citie of Caen in
+Normandie. Now it chanced, that the lord Henrie the kings brother came
+thither on a time, and called for a préest to say masse before him.
+Whervpon this Roger comming to the altar, was by and by readie and
+quicke at it, and therewithall had so speedilie made an end thereof,
+that the men of warre then attendant on the said lord Henrie, affirmed
+that this préest aboue all other, was a chapleine meet to say masse
+before men of warre, bicause he had made an end when manie thought he
+had but newlie begun. Herevpon the kings brother commanded the preest to
+follow him, insomuch that when oportunitie serued, for his diligent
+seruice, and readie dispatch of matters, when Henrie had atteined the
+crowne, he was by him aduanced to great promotions: [Sidenote: The
+bishop of Salisburie made lord chancelour.] as first to be Chancelour of
+England, & after bishop of Salisburie, growing still into such
+estimation, that he might doo more with the king than any other of the
+councell.
+
+But to returne to king Stephan, who after he had thus imprisoned the
+aforesaid bishops, manned those castles which he tooke from them with
+his owne soldiers, in like maner as he had doone all the rest which he
+had taken from the rebels, that he might the better withstand the
+empresse and hir sonne, whose comming he euer feared. He began also to
+shew himselfe cruell towards all men, and namelie against those that had
+chieflie furthered his title to the obteining of the crowne. ¶ This (as
+manie tooke it) came to passe by the prouidence of almightie God, that
+those should suffer for their periuries, which contrarie to law and
+right had consented to crowne him king.
+
+[Sidenote: K. Stephan doubts whom to trust.] In déed he wist not well
+whom he might trust, for he stood in doubt of all men, bicause he was
+aduertised by credible report, that the empresse sought for aid on all
+sides, meaning verie shortlie to come into England. For this cause also
+he thought good to procure the fréendship of Lewes king of France, which
+he brought to passe, [Sidenote: He cōtracteth affinitie with the French
+king.] by concluding a mariage betwéene his sonne Eustace and the ladie
+Constance sister to the said Lewes. But within a few yeares after, this
+Eustace died, and then was Constance maried to Raimond earle of
+Tholouse.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Polydor._ _Matth. Paris._ Alberike de Uéer
+pleadeth the kings cause.] In the meane time, namelie on the first daie
+of September, a councell was holden at Winchester, wherein earle
+Alberike de Ueer pleaded with great eloquence the kings case, in excuse
+of his fault for imprisoning the bishops, which was sore laid to his
+charge by his owne brother the bishop of Winchester, being also the
+popes legat: who (togither with the archbishop of Canturburie and other
+bishops) had called this councell for that purpose. Howbeit they got
+nothing of the king but faire words, and promises of amendment in that
+which had béene doone otherwise than equitie required which promises
+were vtterlie vnperformed, and so the councell brake vp.
+
+[Sidenote: The empresse landed here in England.] In the moneth of Iulie
+the empresse Maud landed here in England at Portesmouth, & went strait
+to Arundell, which towne (togither with the countie of Sussex) hir
+mother in law Adelicia king Henries second wife, wedded to William de
+Albenay, held in right of assignation for hir dower. There came in with
+the empresse hir brother Robert and Hugh Bigot, of whom ye haue heard
+before.
+
+[Sidenote: What power she brought with hir.] Some write that the
+empresse brought with hir a great armie, to the intent that ioining with
+Ranulph earle of Chester (who tooke part with Robert erle of Glocester,
+bicause the same Rob. had maried his daughter) she might fight with king
+Stephan, and trie the battell with him. [Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._
+_Polydor._] Other declare that she came to England now at the first, but
+with a small power (as seuen score horssemen or men of armes as we may
+call them) in hope of Gods assurance (who seldome faileth those that
+fight in a rightfull cause) and againe vpon trust of aid of freends, who
+for the benefits receiued at hir fathers hands, would be readie to go
+against king Stephan. Wherevpon hir brother earle Robert leauing his
+sister in the castle of Arundell, rode with all spéed vnto Glocester
+thorough his enimies countrie, not taking with him past 12. men of
+armes, and as manie archers on horssebacke, that vpon his cōming thither
+he might leuie an armie with so much speed as was possible. [Sidenote:
+Earle Robert commeth to Glocester.] Now when he came to Glocester,
+though the citie was kept with a garison of soldiours placed there by
+king Stephan, yet the townesmen, after they heard that their earle was
+approched to the gates, they droue out the garison, & receiued him into
+the towne, where he remained a time, partlie to assemble an armie, and
+partlie to practise with other townes and castels thereabouts, to reuolt
+vnto his sister. [Sidenote: _Matt. Paris._ Brian the earle of Glocesters
+sonne. Miles earle of Hereford.] Amongst all other, the earles sonne
+Brian, and Miles of Glocester were right ioifull of the news of the
+empresses arriuall, and gladlie prepared themselues to fight in defense
+of hir cause.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._ The empresse besieged in Arundell castel.] In the
+meane time king Stephan, hauing knowledge of the landing of the
+empresse, and other his enimies, came strait to Arundell, where he
+besieged hir in the castle, and spent his labour certeine daies in vaine
+about the winning of it. Howbeit at that present he did not preuaile,
+for there were certeine with him, who in fauour of the empresse bare him
+in hand, that it was not possible to win that fortresse, and therefore
+aduised him to raise his siege, and suffer the empresse to be at
+libertie to go to some other place, where he might with more ease and
+lesse damage get hir into his hands. [Sidenote: The king raiseth his
+siege.] The king not perceiuing the drift of those secret practisers,
+followed their counsell. Wherevpon the empresse being now at libertie,
+went from place to place to trie and solicit hir fréends: and as a riuer
+increaseth in the passage, so the further the ladie went, the more hir
+power increased. About the midst of the next night after the siege was
+raised, she departed out of the castle, [Sidenote: The empresse goeth to
+Bristow.] and with great iournies sped hir towards Bristow; which was
+alreadie reuolted to hir side.
+
+These things being thus bruted abroad, the Peeres of the realme resorted
+to hir, as they that well remembred how in time past by oth of
+allegiance they were suerlie bound to hir and hir issue. [Sidenote: K.
+Stephen besiegeth Wallingford.] The king in the meantime besieged the
+castle of Wallingford, but after he vnderstood that the empresse was
+gotten to Bristow, repenting himselfe for his light credit giuen to
+euill counsell, he left off the siege of Wallingford, and drew towards
+Bristow, that he might (if it were possible) inclose his aduersaries
+within that walled citie. But the empresse, being aduertised of his
+determination (by such of hir fréends as were resident about him) first
+went to Glocester, and after to Lincolne, where she prouided vittailes
+and all other things necessarie for hir armie and defense: purposing to
+remaine in that citie, till the matter were either tried by chance of
+warre betwixt hir and king Stephen, or that by the peoples helpe
+reuolting to hir side, he might be driuen out of the realme, and she
+restored to the whole gouernement. [Sidenote: An. Reg. 6. 1141.] The
+king followed hir verie earnestlie, and comming vnto Lincolne besieged
+it, assaieng on euerie side which waie he might best find meanes to win
+it, & enter into the same. [Sidenote: K. Stephen winneth Lincolne, _Ran.
+Higd._ _Simon Dun._ _Polydor._ _N. Triuet._] At length the empresse
+found shift to escape from thence, and within a little while the king
+got possession of the citie. But shortlie after, Robert earle of
+Glocester, and Ranulph earle of Chester, Hugh Bigot, and Robert of
+Morley assembling their power, aswell of Welshmen as others, to come to
+the succour of those that were thus besieged, came to Lincolne, &
+pitching downe their tents néere to the enimies, they rested the first
+night without making any great attempt.
+
+[Sidenote: The ordering of the kings armie readie to giue battell.
+_Simon Dun._ _Matt. Paris._] In the morning being the second daie of
+Februarie, so soone as it was daie, they set their men in order of
+battell, and brought them foorth in sight of the king and his host: who
+were on the other side, not meaning to refuse the conflict, ordered his
+men readie to encounter them, whome he diuided into 3. seuerall battels.
+The chiefest part of his armed men he appointed to remaine on foot,
+amongst whom he placed himselfe, with certeine noble men, as earle
+Baldwin, and others. The residue being horssemen, he disposed into two
+seuerall wings, [Sidenote: The earles of Norfolke, Hampton, Mellent, &
+Waren.] in one of which were Alaine duke of Britaine, Hugh Bigot earle
+of Norfolke, Simon earle of Hampton, and two other earles, Mellent and
+Waren: Howbeit they were not furnished with such number of men as had
+béene requisit; for as it fell out, they brought no great retinues with
+them. [Sidenote: The earle of Albermarle, William de Ypres.] The other
+wing was gouerned by the earle of Albemarle, and William de Ypres.
+
+[Sidenote: The ordering of the battels on the kings aduersaries part.]
+Now on the aduersaries side, the earle of Chester led the fore ward, and
+those whome king Stephan had disherited, were placed in the middle ward.
+In the rere ward the earle of Glocester with his companie had the rule.
+And besides those thrée battels, the Welshmen were set as a wing at one
+of the sides.
+
+Here the earle of Chester (to vtter the good will which he had to fight)
+appointed in faire armour as he was, [Sidenote: The oration of the earle
+of Chester. _Ran. Higd._] spake these words in effect as followeth,
+directing the same to the earle of Glocester, and other the capteines,
+saieng: "I giue you hartie thanks, most inuincible chiefteine, and you
+my fellow soldiers, which declare your hartie good wils towards me, euen
+to the ieoparding of your liues at this my request and instance. Sith
+then I am the occasion of your perill, it is conuenient that I make the
+first entrance, and giue the onset of the battell vpon that most
+disloiall king, who granting a truce, hath broken the peace; and
+swearing to be a subiect, is now prooued a most wicked vsurper: I
+therefore trusting both vpon reuenge of the vniust dealings of this
+king, and also vpon mine owne force and courage, shall straitwaies
+breake in sunder the arraie of his armie, and make waie through the
+middest of the enimies with sword in hand. It shall be your parts then
+to follow me, who will lead you the waie: for euen now my mind giueth
+me, that I shall passe thorough the battels, tread the capteines vnder
+foot, and run the king through with this my sharpe sword."
+
+[Sidenote: The earle of Glocesters answer to the earle of Chesters
+oration.] When he had thus ended, the earle of Glocester answered in
+this wise: "It is not against reason that you should require the honor
+of the first onset, both for the nobilitie of your house, and also in
+respect of the prowesse wherein you excell: but yet if you stand vpon
+nobilitie, for my part, being the sonne and nephue of a king, ought not
+I to be preferred? If vpon valiance, here are manie verie worthie men,
+afore whom there is not one aliue that may chalenge any prerogatiue. But
+another reason moueth me most chieflie to be the formost. The king, who
+contrarie to his oth made to my sister, hath cruellie vsurped the
+kingdoms, and setting all in trouble, hath beene the cause of manie
+thousand mens deaths, and distributed lands and liuings to such as haue
+no right to the same, which he hath violentlie taken from the rightfull
+owners, who are quite disherited. This king (I saie) is first to be
+assailed with the assistance of the righteous iudge, who prepareth
+punishment for wicked dooers. For almightie God, who iudgeth his people
+with equitie, will looke downe from his heauenlie habitation, and will
+not leaue vs comfortlesse in this so great a necessitie. One thing there
+is, most valiant capteines, and all you right hardie souldiers, which I
+would haue you to consider, that through the fennes, which much adoo you
+haue passed, there is no waie to escape by flight. [Sidenote: The
+necessitie to fight valientlie.] Here must we either vanquish the
+enimies, or else die in the field: for no hope of safegard remaineth in
+fléeing awaie. This onelie resteth (I saie) that you make waie for you
+to enter the citie with force of your weapons. If I be not deceiued in
+that which my mind giueth me to coniecture, the lacke of meanes to
+escape, otherwise than by shewing your selues valiant men, by Gods helpe
+will bring vs the victorie. For he must néeds plaie the man, who hath
+not other succor to auoid the danger of destruction The citizens of
+Lincolne, who shall fight so néere their houses as you shall sée, will
+not staie long to get them thither for their refuge. And herewith
+consider and weie (I beseech you) against whom you shall match in this
+battell. [Sidenote: Alaine duke of Brittanie.] There is Alane duke of
+Britaine, who commeth armed against you, yea rather against God, a
+wicked person, and spotted with all kind of filthinesse; who in malice
+hath no péere, as one that neuer wanted desire to doo mischéefe and who
+to be comparable in crueltie, would iudge it a great reproch. [Sidenote:
+The earle of Mellent.] There commeth also the earle of Mellent, a man
+full of all guile and deceit, in whose hart iniquitie is rooted, and
+nothing sounding in his mouth but vnthankfulnesse; besides this, he is
+slothfull in déeds, presumptuous in words, not hastie to fight, but
+swift to run awaie. [Sidenote: Earle Hugh.] Then commeth earle Hugh, who
+hath not thought it sufficient to breake his oth to my sister the
+empresse, but he must commit periurie the second time, in aduouching
+(vpon a new oth) that king Henrie granted the kingdome to Stephan, and
+disabled his daughter. After him marcheth the earle of Albemarle, a man
+of singular constancie in euill, verie readie to attempt and loth to
+giue ouer a mischeefe: [Sidenote: The earle of Albermerles wife.] whose
+wife, through irkesomnes of his filthie behauiour is gone from him; & he
+that keepeth hir, cōmeth with him also against vs, an open adulterer, &
+one well esteemed of Bacchus, but nothing acquainted with Mars.
+[Sidenote: Simon earle of Hampton.] Then setteth foorth Simon earle of
+Hampton, whose déeds consist in words, & whose gifts rest in promises.
+For when he hath said, he hath doone; & when he hath promised, ye get no
+more. Finallie there come togither a knot of Péeres & Noble men, [Like
+maister, like seruants.] like to their king and maister, accustomed to
+robberies, enriched with rapines, embrued with manslaughters, & defamed
+with periurie. You therefore (most valiant capteins & hardie souldiers)
+whom king Henrie hath aduanced, and this man hath brought vnder foot;
+whom he made wealthie, and this man hath impouerished; vpon trust of
+your worthy valiancie, yea rather vpon trust of Gods iustice seeke your
+reuenge thus offered by God vpon these wicked wretches, & with manlie
+stomachs vow to go forward, & forswere stepping back." When the earle
+had made an end, all the armie (lifting vp their hands to Gods) abiured
+all intention to flée, and so made themselues readie to set forward.
+
+King Stephan hauing no pleasant voice of himselfe, appointed earle
+Baldwin to giue an exhortation to his armie, wherevpon getting himselfe
+to an high place where he might be seene & heard of them, he thus began.
+[Sidenote: Earle Baldwin his oration on the behalfe of king Stephan.]
+"All such as shall giue battell, ought to foresée thrée things:
+[Sidenote: Thrée things to be foreséene by them that shall giue
+battell.] first, that their cause be righteous: secondlie, the number of
+their men to be equall at the least: and thirdlie, the goodnesse and
+sufficiencie of them. The righteousnes of their cause ought to be
+regarded, least men runne in danger of the soule; the number of men is
+to be respected, least they should be oppressed with multitude of
+enimies; and the goodnesse of the soldiers is to be considered, least
+trusting in the multitude, they should presume vpon the aid of feeble
+persons, & such as are of small valure. In all these points we see our
+selues sufficientlie furnished. The iustice of our cause is this: that
+obseruing the thing which we vowed to our king before God, we stand to
+the same against those that haue falsified their faith, euen to the
+perill of death. Our number is not much lesse in horssemen, and in
+footmen we excéed them. As for the goodnesse or sufficiencie of our men,
+who is able to expresse the noble prowesse of so manie earles, of so
+manie lords and soldiers, trained vp euer in warres: The passing
+valiancie of our king may stand in place of innumerable souldiers. Sith
+then he being the lords annointed, is here amongst you, vnto whom ye
+haue vowed allegiance, performe your vow. For the more earnestly and
+faithfully ye serue your prince in this battell, which you are readie to
+fight against periured persons, the more shall your reward be at the
+hands of God and him. Therfore be of good comfort, & haue in remembrance
+against whom you doo darraine the battell. [Sidenote: Erle Robert.] The
+force of erle Robert is well knowne, his maner is to threaten much, & to
+worke little, furious in words, eloquent of speach, but cold or rather
+dead harted in déeds. [Sidenote: The earle of Chester.] The earle of
+Chester what is he? A man of vnreasonable boldnesse, bent to
+conspiracie, inconstant to performe that which he rashlie taketh in
+hand, readie to run into batell, vncircumspect in danger, practising
+things of great importance, séeking after things vnpossible, bringing
+with him few good soldiers, but gathering a vagrant rout of rascals.
+There is nothing in him that we ought to be afraid of, for looke
+whatsoeuer he attempteth manfullie, the same he giueth ouer womanlie, in
+all his dooings vnfortunate, in all encounters either he is ouercome and
+fléeth awaie, or if he get the vpper hand (which seldome times chanceth)
+he susteineth greater losse than they whom he dooth vanquish.
+
+"The Welshmen, whom he bringeth with him are little estéemed of vs, who
+pretend a naked rashnesse without any vse of armor, so that as men
+without any knowledge of martiall policie, they fall as brute beasts
+vpon the hunters iaueline. The other, as well the nobles as the common
+souldiers are but runnagates and vagabounds; of whom I would wish the
+number greater than it is: for the more they be, the woorse in effect
+their seruice shall prooue in time of need. You therefore (most worthie
+cheefetaines) you men of honor, it standeth you vpon to haue in regard
+your vertue and dignities. This day aduance your renowme, and follow the
+foresteps of your famous ancestors, leaue to your sonnes an euerlasting
+commendation. [Sidenote: Continuall good successe a prouocation of
+boldnesse.] The continuall successe of victorie ought to be a
+prouocation vnto you to doo manfullie: the continuance of euil speed may
+be to yonder side an occasion to run away. For euen alreadie (I dare
+say) they repent them of their comming hither, and could be contented to
+be gone, if the nature of the place would suffer them to depart. Then
+sith it is not possible for them either to fight or to flée, what other
+thing can they doo, but (as appointed by Gods ordinance) offer
+themselues and all they haue about them presentlie vnto vs. Yée sée then
+their horsses, their armour, and their bodies readie here at your
+pleasure, lift vp your hearts therefore, and reach your hands to take
+that with great chearefulnesse of mind, which the Lord hath thus offered
+and freelie presented vnto you."
+
+Now yer he had all made an end of his words, the batels were readie to
+ioine, they met with great noise of trumpets and other instruments, and
+the fight began with a verie sore and cruell slaughter. [Sidenote:
+_Matth. Paris._ _Hen. Hunt._] Hard it was in the beginning to gesse who
+should haue the better. The wing of the disherited men ouerthrew and
+bare downe their aduersaries, which were led by the duke of Britain, and
+the forenamed earles. On the contrarie part, the earle of Albemarle and
+William de Ypres put the Welshmen to flight, but by the earle of Chester
+and his retinue, the same earle and William de Ypres were fiercelie
+assailed afresh, and put out of order. [Sidenote: _W. Paru._ _Hen.
+Hunt._] Thus was the kings side put to the worse, namelie his horssemen,
+who being placed in the forefront, and there ouermatched, fell to
+galoping. Which thing when the king beheld, he was not yet any whit
+therewith abashed, but like an hardie captein (as he was no lesse
+indéed) comforted his footmen whom he had about him, and rushing vpon
+his enimies, [Sidenote: _Polydor._] bare them down, and ouerthrew so
+manie as stood before him, so that with the point of his weapon he made
+himselfe waie. His footmen, who were but a few in number to the
+multitude of his enimies, counteruailed in all points the prowes and
+manlike dooings of their king and capteine, insomuch that few battels
+had beene better fought, nor with greater slaughter on both sides, if
+the kings fore ward (which in maner at the first shranke backe and was
+disordered, not without some supicion of treason) had staied the brunt
+of the enimies a while, as it had béene requisite. At length the king
+encountring with the earle of Chester, being ouercharged with multitude,
+was taken prisoner by one William de Cahames.
+
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ _Hen. Hunt._] Earle Baldwine, who had made the
+oration in the kings behalfe, was also taken, after he had fought
+valiantlie and receiued manie sore wounds: likewise Richard Fitzvrse,
+who on that daie had shewed good proofe of his manhood, [Sidenote:
+_Matth. Paris._] and had giuen and received manie a sore stripe. To
+conclude, all those that abode with the king, [Sidenote: _W. Paru._] and
+namelie all the footmen were taken prisoners, those which were slaine in
+the place excepted. This battell was fought in the sixt yeare of king
+Stephans reigne, vpon Candlemas daie, being sundaie, as Niger saith.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._ The king led to Bristow.] The king being
+apprehended and brought to the empresse lieng at Glocester, was
+commanded by hir to be conueied in safetie vnto Bristow, where he was
+kept as prisoner from that time of his taking, vntill the feast of All
+saints next ensuing. [Sidenote: _W. Paru._] Not long after this field
+fought, as ye haue heard, Geffrey earle of Aniou husband to the
+empresse, receiuing aduertisement of this victorie atchiued in England,
+foorthwith inuaded Normandie, inducing all the Nobles of the countrie to
+incline vnto him: for by publishing the captiuitie of king Stephan, it
+was easie for him to come by the possession of the same.
+
+[Sidenote: The king of Scots taketh Northumberland into his possession.
+_Polydor._ The empresse foloweth the victorie.] Moreouer, Dauid king of
+Scotland entred into Northumberland, and by commandement of the empresse
+tooke the countrie into his hands, whilest she (like a woman of great
+wisedome, as she was no lesse indéed) iudging that it stood hir vpon to
+vse the victorie which fell to hir lot, slept not hir businesse, but
+went forward, and setting from Glocester, she came to Winchester, where
+she was honorablie receiued of bishop Henrie, though he was king
+Stephans brother, and inwardlie lamented the misfortune of the king.
+Then came she backe againe to Wilton, and so to Oxenford, from thence to
+Reading, and then to S. Albons, into all which cities and townes she was
+receiued with great triumph and honour.
+
+[Sidenote: Shée cōmeth to London.] Hauing thus passed through all the
+south parts of the realme on that side, she finallie came to London,
+where the citizens welcomed hir in most ioifull and hartie maner. Now
+being come to London, and consulting with those of hir councell for the
+quieting of the whole state of the realme, [Sidenote: The quéene sueth
+to the empresse for the deliuerie of hir husband.] queene Maud wife to
+king Stephan (for so she was also called) made humble suit vnto hir to
+haue hir husband set at libertie, promising that he should resigne his
+whole claime and title into hir hands, and content himselfe with a
+priuate life. But hir suit was so farre off from being granted, that she
+was reiected and cast off with reprochfull words. Wherevpon she
+conceiued a most high displeasure, and vnderstood well inough; that
+peace was to be purchased by force of armes onelie, and not by any other
+meanes: insomuch that with all diligence she sent to hir sonne Eustace
+(then being in Kent) & willed him to prepare an armie, which he did most
+spéedilie.
+
+It chanced at the same time that the citizens of London made great and
+laborious suit vnto the said empresse, that they might haue the lawes of
+king Edward the Confessour restored, and the straight lawes of hir
+father king Henrie abolished. But for so much as they could get no grant
+of their petition, and perceiued the empresse to be displeased with them
+about that importunat request, wherein onelie she ouershot hir selfe,
+[Sidenote: The Londoners conspire to take the empresse.] they deuised
+how and by what meanes they might take hir prisoner, knowing that all
+the Kentishmen would helpe to strengthen[3] them in their enterprise.
+But reckoning with hir selfe that
+    Nil poterit propera tutius esse fuga,
+[Sidenote: Shée fled in the night time out of the citie.] And being
+warned thereof, she fled by night out of the citie, and went to
+Oxenford, determining to be reuenged vpon hir aduersaries when time
+should serue hir turne. Herewith she began to wax more displeased both
+against those Nobles whom she kept in prison, & other also whom she
+troubled, but namelie king Stephan, whom she commanded to be loden with
+yrons, and serued with verie slender diet.
+
+[Sidenote: _N. Triuet._] Now when she had thus fled out of London, which
+was about the feast of the natiuitie of S. John Baptist, the tower of
+London was besieged, [Sidenote: Geffrey de Mandeuile.] which Geffrey de
+Mandeuile held, and valiantlie defended. The same Geffrey rushing out on
+a time, came to Fulham, [Sidenote: The bishop of Londō taken.] where he
+tooke the bishop of London then lodging in his manor place, being one of
+the contrarie faction.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._] Henrie bishop of Winchester perceiuing the wrath
+of the empresse more and more to increase dailie against hir people,
+thinking it wisedome to serue the time, manned all the castels which he
+had builded within his dioces; [Sidenote: Castells fortified by the
+bishop of Winchester.] as at Waltham, Farnham, and other places and
+withdrew himselfe into the castell of Winchester, there to remaine, till
+he might sée to what end the furie of the woman would grow. This being
+knowne, the empresse tooke vnto hir Dauid king of Scotland that was hir
+vncle, who immediatlie ioining their armies togither, went to Winchester
+and besieged the castell. In the meane time the quéene and hir sonne
+Eustace, with the helpe of their freends, as the Kentishmen, the
+Londoners and other had assembled a great armie, [Sidenote: William de
+Ypresse. _Ia. Meir._] and appointed the gouernement and generall conduct
+thereof vnto one William of Ypres a Fleming, who for his valiancie was
+by king Stephan created earle of Kent: he was sonne to Philip of
+Flanders, begotten of a concubine, his father also was sonne to Robert
+earle of Flanders, surnamed Frisius. This William was banished out of
+his countrie by Theodorike Elsas earle of Flanders, bicause he attempted
+to bereaue him of his earledome.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ In nouella historia. _N. Triuet._ _Sim. Dun._
+_Polydor._ The empresse armie put to flight. _Wil. Malm._ Robert earle
+of Glocester taken prisoner. _Matth. Paris._] The quéenes armie thus
+committed to his guiding, came néere vnto Winchester, and kept the
+empresse and hir people in maner besieged: at length perceiuing the
+aduantage after the comming of a great supplie of Londoners to their
+aid, they set vpon hir armie as the same was departing, with such
+violence, that straightwaies hir host was put to flight and discomfited.
+The empresse was glad to faine hir selfe dead, and so to be conueied in
+a coch as a dead corps vnto Glocester. Hir brother Robert with manie
+other of the Nobles that staied behind, till she and other might get out
+of danger, were taken prisoners. And bicause the king was kept at
+Bristow vnder the custodie of the said Robert, the queene caused him to
+be hardlie handled, that he might prooue the words of the gospell true:
+"With what measure yée meat vnto other, with the same by other shall it
+be remeasured vnto you." He had deserued verie euill of the king
+heretofore, and therefore it was now remembred. He was taken (in maner
+abouesaid) on the feast day of the exaltation of the crosse.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Paruus._ _N. Triuet._ Dauid king of Scots retired home.
+_Simon Dun._ _R. Houe._ Alberike de Uéer slaine. _Wil. Malm._
+_Polydor._] Dauid king of Scotland was not at the battell himselfe, but
+hearing of the discomfiture, got him out of the countrie, and by helpe
+of trustie guides returned into Scotland, whilest Alberike de Uéer was
+slaine at London in a seditious tumult raised by the citizens. The
+kingdome being thus diuided into two seueral factions, was by all
+similitudes like to come to vtter ruine: for the people kindled in
+hatred one against another, sought nothing else but reuenge on both
+sides, and still the land was spoiled and wasted by the men of warre
+which lodged within the castels and fortresses, and would often issue
+out to harrie and spoile the countries. But now that the two cheefest
+heads were prisoners, there was good hope conceiued that God had so
+wrought it, whereby might grow some ouerture of talke, to quiet such
+troubles by fréendlie peace and agreement.
+
+Herevpon those lords that wished well to the common-wealth, began to
+intreate betwixt them, and articles were propounded for a concord to be
+had, and an exchange of prisoners on both sides. But the empresse and
+hir brother would not hearken to any agréement, except that the realme
+might wholie remaine to the said empresse. [Sidenote: _Geruasius
+Dorober._ The king and the earle of Glocester deliuered by exchange.]
+Whereby the enimies were rather increased than decreased by his treatie,
+so that at length the king and the earle (weried with tedious
+yrksomnesse of yrons and hard imprisonment, and putting all their hope
+in the chance of war) about the feast of All saints made by deliuering
+of the one for the other, without making mention of any peace at all:
+and so kindled with new displeasures, they renewed the warre.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 7. 1142.] King Stephan being deliuered in such wise
+as you haue heard, comming to London, and there being accompanied with
+his brother Henrie bishop of Winchester (then the popes legat) Theobald
+archbishop of Canturburie, and others, [Sidenote: _Geruasius
+Dorobernensis._ A parlement called.] he called a parlement, wherein the
+king declared the present state, how the enimie was brought to this
+point, that if it would please the Nobles of the realme to mainteine him
+with men & monie, he trusted now so to worke, as they should not need to
+feare submission to the yoke of a womans gouernment: which at the first
+they seemed much to mislike, and now sithens (to their great gréefe) had
+prooued to be intollerable. The summe of his talke tended to this end,
+that those which were able of themselues to aid him with their owne
+persons, should prepare them out of hand so to doo; and the residue that
+were not meet (as bishops, and such like maner of men) should be
+contributors to aid him with hired souldiers, armour, and monie.
+
+This was gladlie agréed vpon, with the generall consent of all the
+assemblie. And bicause the bishops shewed themselues verie liberall
+towards the aduancing of the kings purpose, [Sidenote: A statute
+established in fauour of préests.] there was a statute made at the same
+parlement, that who so euer did laie any violent hands on a sacred
+person, or else tooke vpon him to apprehend any of them, for what fault
+soeuer, without the bishops licence, he should be accursed, and not be
+assoiled of any maner of person, except of the pope, as by a canon it
+was alreadie decréed but not obeied among the Englishmen till that daie.
+¶ The cause of making this statute was chéeflie, for that preests during
+the time of the ciuill wars, were dailie either slaine, or taken
+prisoners, and so put to their ransoms, or charged with great penalties
+and gréeuous fines.
+
+The bishop of Winchester at this councell also began an other brall
+among the cleargie, for being brother to king Stephan, & armed with the
+popes authoritie as his legat in England, by reason of exercising his
+authoritie, fell at variance with the bishop of Canturburie, who tooke
+himselfe for his superior, bicause he was his primat. This quarell grew
+so far in question, that they went both to Rome to haue the controuersie
+decided, and so bringing their sutes thither, contented well the eares
+of them that had the hearing of the same: for the more weightie the
+cause seemed, the better it liked them.
+
+[Sidenote: Paul. Lang. in Chron. citizen. pag. 760.] ¶ A late writer,
+noting in clergiemen of his age & countrie not onelie the aspiring vice
+of ambition, but other disorders also, and monstrous outrages, after a
+complaint made that gold (by which title he calleth those of the
+ecclesiasticall order) is turned into drosse, and swéet wine become tart
+vineger, concludeth with the illation of the cause hereof comprised in
+this metricall accouplement, saieng:
+    Dum factor rerum priuaret flamine clerum,
+    Ad satanæ volum successit turba nepotum.
+
+Which he inferred vpon occasion against the preposterous elections of
+vnmeet men into episcopall sées, for that they were not so qualified as
+the dignitie of the place required; otherwise peraduenture enabled with
+competent knowledge and learning. And suerlie, we may note these
+inordinate affections from the beginning of this our chronicle in the
+best (I meane in respect of their estates) of this liuerie, and may
+iustlie impute it to the defection of Gods spirit in them, whose nature
+is to plant peace and méekenesse in the harts of his tenants, not
+discord, not ambition, not the works of darknesse, which beséeme not the
+children of light. But to the purpose.
+
+[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ Earle Robert passeth ouer into Normandie.] As
+the king began (after his libertie obteined) to prouide for warres, so
+earle Robert (after he was discharged) sailed ouer into Normandie,
+taking with him the sonnes of diuerse Noble men who fauored the
+empresse, whome he deliuered to hir husband the earle of Aniou to be
+kept as pledges, & earnestlie besought him to passe ouer into England
+with an armie to aid the empresse. [Sidenote: Normandie woone by the
+earle of Aniou.] Howbeit bicause he was newlie intred into the conquest
+of Normandie, and had alreadie won the most part thereof, he thought
+good to make first an end of his warres there, hauing somewhat to doo
+against certeine rebels of his owne countie of Aniou, which did not a
+little molest him. But he recouered (whilest the earle of Glocester was
+there with him) Alney, Mortaigne, Tenerchbray, and diuerse other places
+perteining chieflie to the earle of Mortaigne: about the same time also
+they of Constances submitted themselues vnto him. Thus the earle of
+Aniou being occupied in those parties, could not well come into England.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ Earle of Glocester returneth.] Wherevpon the
+earle of Glocester came backe againe himselfe, and bringing with him
+somewhat lesse than foure hundred men of armes (imbarked in 52. ships)
+landed with the same at Warrham, and besieged the castell there,
+[Sidenote: _Ger. Dor._] which his enimies had won out of his hands
+whilest he was absent in Normandie. In the end they that were within it
+(vnder the gouernment of Herebert de Lucy) fell to agreement by
+composition, [Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._] that if they were not succoured by
+a certeine time, they should deliuer the castell vnto the earle. King
+Stephan himselfe the same time held a siege before Oxford, within the
+which he had inclosed the empresse, as hereafter shall be shewed: so
+that they within the castell of Warrham had no succour sent vnto them,
+and therefore (according to the articles of their composition) they
+yeelded vp the hold, after erle Robert had lien three wéekes before it.
+
+[Sidenote: The ile of Portland. Circester.] This castell being thus
+woone, earle Robert subdued also such as kept the ile of Portland, and
+had fensed it after the maner of a fortresse: afterwards he came to
+Circester, and there assembled all those that fauoured the part of the
+empresse, meaning with all conuenient spéed to go to Oxford, & there to
+giue battell to king Stephan, if he would abide it. Who after his
+deliuerance from captiuitie, had assembled a great host of men,
+[Sidenote: The empresse besieged in Oxford.] and comming to Oxford,
+where the empresse then laie, suddenlie besieged hir, before she looked
+for him. And to the end also that he might compell the townsmen to
+yeeld, or else kéepe them from entring which would come to their
+succors, he ranged abroad into the countrie with part of his armie,
+wasting all afore him by fire & sword. This siege continued almost two
+moneths, in maner from his deliuerie in the beginning of Nouember,
+vntill Christmasse immediatlie following: in somuch that through lacke
+of vittels they within the towne began to raise mutinies. The empresse
+therefore doubting the sequele, and séeing hir prouision to decaie,
+deuised a shift how to escape that present danger, which by force she
+was vnlikelie to performe.
+
+[Sidenote: _N. Triuet._ _Simon Dun._ _Wil. Paru._ _Ran. Higd._ _Matth.
+Paris._ The empresse escapeth out of Oxford. _Polydor._ _Wil. Malm._
+_Simon Dun._ _Matth. Paris._ Brian sonne to the earle of Glocester.] It
+was a verie hard winter that yeare, the Thames and other riuers
+thereabouts were frosen, so that both man and horsse might safelie passe
+oner vpon the yce, the fields were also couered with a thicke and déepe
+snow. Herevpon taking occasion, she clad hir selfe and all hir companie
+in white apparell, that a far off they might not be discerned from the
+snow; and so by negligence of the watch that kept ward but slenderlie,
+by reason of the excéeding cold weather, she and hir partakers secretlie
+in the night issued out of the towne, and passing ouer the Thames, came
+to Walingford, where she was receiued into the castell by those that had
+the same in kéeping to hir vse: of whom Brian the sonne to the erle of
+Glocester was the chiefe.
+
+¶ Here we may see the subtiltie of the empresse, whereby she obteined
+frée and safe passage out of hir enimies hands, who otherwise had taken
+hir in their net. [Sidenote: _Aeneas Syluius._] So that it will be true,
+that hath neuer béene false, which Æneas Syluius (and before him many
+more driuing vpon the like argument) dooth saie in this distichon:
+    Non audet stygius Pluto tentare, quod audent
+      Effrænis monachus plenáque fraudis illa,
+
+Meaning Mulier, a woman. And therefore looke what they want in
+magnanimitie, in strength, in courage, the same is supplied by deceit,
+by circumuention, by craft, by fraud, by collusion; sometimes applied to
+a good intent, but most commonlie directed to an euil meaning and
+purpose, as the euents themselues doo manie times declare. But let vs
+sée what followed vpon this escape of the empresse.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Simon Dun._ _N. Triuet._] After hir departure
+from Oxford, the townesmen yeelded vnto the king, who hauing taken order
+for the kéeping of them in obedience, marched toward Walingford, minding
+to besiege the castell there: but being encountred in the way by his
+enimies, he was driuen backe, and so constreined to turne another waie.
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 8. 1143] Earle Robert hearing that his sister was
+escaped and gotten to Wallingford, hasted thither with all spéed to
+visit hir: [Sidenote: The empress hir sonne lord Henrie.] & (as some
+write) brought with him hir sonne the lord Henrie that was come with him
+from beyond the seas, to sée his mother: so that the empresse now
+beholding both hir sonne and brother, receiued them with all the ioy and
+honour that she could or might presentlie make them. Hir son remaining
+vnder the gouernement of earle Robert, was then appointed by him to
+abide within the citie of Bristow, & there continued for the space of 4.
+yéeres, being committed to one Matthew his schoolemaister, to be
+instructed in knowledge, and trained vp in ciuill behauiour.
+
+King Stephan (after the spoiling of sundrie churches, the robbing and
+burning of manie townes and villages by the hands of his hired
+souldiers, who for the more part were Flemings) came at length with his
+brother the bishop of Winchester stronglie armed vnto Wilton, [Sidenote:
+The king commeth to Wilton.] where he tooke in hand to fortifie the
+nunrie in steed of a castell, to resist the incursions and inrodes of
+them of Salisburie, who in the behalfe of the empresse had doone manie
+displeasures vnto his fréends: but earle Robert vnderstanding of his
+dooings, got a power togither with all speed, and the first daie of
+Julie about sunne setting came to Wilton, and suddenlie set the towne on
+fire.
+
+The king being lodged within the nunrie, and fearing no such matter,
+after he heard of the sudden assemblie of his enimies, was put in such
+feare, that he tooke himselfe dishonourablie to flight, leaning his men,
+his plate, and other riches altogither behind him. [Sidenote: _Wil.
+Par._ _Sim. Dun._ _M. Triuet._ _Matt. Paris._] The earles souldiers
+egerlie assailed the kings people, killed and spoiled them at their
+pleasure, rifled the kings treasurie without resistance, and satisfied
+themselues with greedines. In this broile was William Marcell or Martell
+taken prisoner by earle Roberts men, & led to the castell of
+Wallingford, where Brian the earle of Glocesters sonne hauing charge of
+that castell, kept him in close prison, and vsed him hardlie, who by
+reason of the opinion which men had conceiued of his valiancie, could
+not be deliuered, till he had paid 300. marks for his ransome, and
+deliuered the castell of Shirborne into the earles hands. [Sidenote:
+Miles earle of Hereford deceased.] Within a few daies after, Miles earle
+of Hereford departed this life, whose death was verie gréeuouslie taken
+of the empresse, for he was one of hir chéefe fréends and councellers.
+His eldest sonne Roger succéeded him, a gentleman though yoong in
+yeares, yet valiant and forward in feats of armes. [Sidenote: _Ger.
+Dor._ The earle of Essex taken.] William Mandeuile earle of Essex, an
+ancient capteine, & an expert warriour (who had serued the empresse, was
+taken also at S. Albons) but not without great slaughter of the kings
+souldiers: [Sidenote: The earle of Arundell.] in so much that among
+other, the erle of Arundell mounted on a couragious palfrie & a verie
+valiant man was ouerthrowen the middest of a water called Haliwell, by a
+knight named Walkeline de Orcaie, so that same earle was sore bruised in
+his bodie, and almost drowned. [Sidenote: _N. Triuet._ _Wil. Paru._] The
+king was present himselfe at the taking of the said Mandeuile, whom he
+spoiled of all his goods, and constreined by way of redemption of his
+libertie, to deliuer into the kings hands the Tower of London, the
+castell of Walden, and Pleshey. Here vpon the same earle being released
+was driuen through pouertie to seeke some recouerie of his losses by
+sundrie spoiles and roberies. [Sidenote: An. Reg. 9. 1144.] First of all
+therefore he spoiled the abbeie of S. Albons, and then the abbeie of
+Ramsey, which he fortified and defended as a fortresse, [Sidenote: _Hen.
+Hunt._] casting the moonks out of doores, and in euerie place where
+soeuer he came, he robbed the countrie before him, till at length in the
+midst of his reuenge and malicious dooings, he was shot thorough with
+an arrow amongst his men by a sillie footman, and so ended his life with
+confusion, receiuing worthie punishment for his vngodlie behauiour.
+[Sidenote: _Sim. Dunel._ _Iohn Pike._ _Matth. West._ _N. Triuet._] For
+he was a man of high stomach & loftie courage, but verie obstinate
+against God, of great industrie in worldlie businesse, but passing
+negligent towards his maker, as writers report of him.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Wil. Paru._] Likewise Robert Marmion, who had
+attempted the semblable robberie & spoile in the abbeie church of
+Couentrie, was slain before the same abbeie by a like mischance. For
+going foorth to encounter with the earle of Chester (his mortall enimie,
+and being approched as then towards the citie) he fell with his horsse
+into a ditch, which he caused to be couertlie made for the destruction
+of his enimies: and before he could be relieued, a souldier of the
+earles part stept to him, and stroke his head from his shoulders in
+sight of both armies. Ernulfus the sonne of earle Geffrey Mandeuile that
+kept the church of Ramsey as a fortresse, after his fathers death, was
+taken at length and banished.
+
+¶ Thus we see how Gods iudgement hunteth and pursueth the wicked, in
+somuch that they be ouertaken in their owne imaginations: according to
+that of the scripture, "The wicked and bloudthirstie man shall not liue
+halfe his daies." And true it is, that as men liue, so commonlie they
+die: for, as one saith verie well:
+[Sidenote: M. Pal. in suo scor.]
+                      ---- bona nulla scelestis
+    Et iustis mala nulla quidem contingere possunt.
+
+About the same time aduertisement was giuen, that the citie of Lincolne,
+which the earle of Chester had in keeping, was but slenderlie manned.
+Wherevpon the king conceiuing some hope to win the same, hasted forward:
+[Sidenote: Lincolne besieged.] and comming thither in the night, laid
+siege therevnto, and began to cast a trench to stop them within frō
+making any salies without.
+
+The earle at the first being somewhat amazed with the sudden approch of
+the enimie, yet beholding from the walles the maner of them without, he
+perceiued the rankes to be verie thin: and thereby gessing their number
+to be but small, suddenlie issued foorth at the gates to encounter with
+them. [Sidenote: The siege raised.] The king abode not the giuing of the
+charge, bicause he was but weake and therefore fled; neither could the
+earle follow the chace conuenientlie, for the like cause; [Sidenote: _N.
+Triuet._] but setting vpon those that were about to make the trench, he
+slue 80. of the workmen, and then retired into the castell.
+
+[Sidenote: A child crucified by the Jewes.] This yeare was an heinous
+act committed by the Jewes at Norwich, where they put a child to death,
+in crucifieng him vpon a crosse to the reproch of Christian religion.
+
+[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ _Simon Dun._] [Sidenote: An. Reg. 10. 1145.]
+[Sidenote: A castell built at Faringdon. _Hen. Hunt._ The king winneth
+it by force.] In the yeare following; namelie, in the 10. yeare of king
+Stephans reigne, Robert earle of Glocester and other capteins took in
+hand to build a castell at Faringdon. But King Stephan assembling an
+armie of Londoners and other, came thither, and besieged them within.
+Now whilest earle Robert and others of the empresses capteins remaining
+not far off, taried for a greater power to come to their aid, the king
+with sharpe assaults (but not without losse of his men) wan the
+fortresse: whereby his side began to wax the stronger, and to be more
+highlie aduanced. [Sidenote: An. Reg. 11. 1146.] After this he came with
+a mightie armie vnto Wallingford, and there builded a strong castell
+ouer against the other castell which his aduersaries held against him.
+
+[Sidenote: _Ran. Higd._ _Matth. Paris._ _N. Triuet._ _Simon Dun._]
+Thither also came the earle of Chester with a great traine of knights
+and gentlemen vnto the king, and so at length they were not vnfeignedlie
+accorded and made freends, but in apperance on the kings behalfe. For
+shortlie after, the earle was craftilie taken at a parlement holden at
+Northampton, by the practise of K. Stephan, and could not be deliuered
+till he had surrendred the citie and castell of Lincolne, with other
+fortresses perteining to the crowne into the kings hands. [Sidenote:
+_Ran. Higd._ The welshmen waste Cheshire. _Ger. Dor._] About that time
+did the Welshmen destroie the prouince of Chester, but at last they were
+distressed. This yeare also the loard Geffrey earle of Aniou sent thrée
+Noble men into England, accompanied with certeine men of warre, vnto
+earle Robert, requesting him to send ouer his sonne Henrie into France,
+that he might sée him, and if need required, he promised to send him
+backe againe with all conuenient speed. Earle Robert was contented to
+satisfie his request: and so with a good power of armed men brought the
+lord Henrie vnto Warham, where he tooke leaue of him, neuer after to sée
+him in this world. [Sidenote: The earle of Glocester departeth this
+life.] For when the child was transported, earle Robert returned
+spéedilie to the parties from whence he came, and there falling into an
+ague, departed this life about the beginning of Nouember, and was buried
+at Bristow. The lord Henrie comming to his father, was ioifully
+receiued, and remained in those parties for the space of two yeares and
+foure moneths.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 12. 1147.] In the meane season, the vniust
+procéedings of K. Stephan against the earle of Chester, purchased him
+new hatred of his old aduersaries, and like supicion of such as were his
+freends, for it sounded not a little to his dishonor. Euerie man
+therefore was in doubt of his dealing, and iudged that it stood them
+vpon to take héed to themselues. [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ K. Stephen
+entreth into Lincolne with his crowne on his head.] But he (as one that
+thought he had atchiued some high exploit) in triumphant wise shortlie
+after entred into Lincolne in his roiall robes, and his crowne on his
+head, whereas it had not béene heard that any king had doone the like
+manie yeares before.
+
+¶ It is reported by some writers, that he did this, to root out of mens
+minds a foolish superstitious conceit, which beléeued that no king with
+his crowne vpon his head might enter that citie, but some mischance
+should light vpon him: wherevpon he seemed by this meanes to mocke their
+superstitious imagination.
+
+About the same time manie of the Nobles of the realme (perceiuing the
+kings authoritie to represse violent wrongs committed by euill dooers to
+be defectiue) builded sundrie strong castels and fortresses vpon their
+owne grounds, either to defend themselues, or to make force vpon their
+enimies néere adioining. After the departing of the king from Lincolne,
+the earle of Chester came thither with an armie, to assaie if he might
+recouer that citie. [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] But his lieutenant that had
+the leading of his men, was slaine at the entring of the northgate, and
+so the erle was beaten backe with the losse of manie of his men: and the
+citizens hauing got the vpper hand, reioised not a little for the
+victorie.
+
+But here (to staie a litle with temporall affaires) it shall not be
+amisse to rehearse the effect of a contention, which fell about this
+time betwéene that king and the archbishop of Canturburie. [Sidenote:
+_Ger. Dor._] For so it happened (as Geruasius Dorobernensis writeth)
+that pope Eugenius came this yere into France, about the middest of
+Lent, and afterward held a synod or councell at Rhemes: wherevnto
+Theobald archbishop of Canturburie, with others of the English bishops
+were summoned. The archbishop therevpon asking licence of the king, &
+not obteining it, found meanes to steale awaie in a small bote, not
+without danger of his person.
+
+Now therefore the case of this Theobald stood verie hard: for Henrie
+bishop of Winchester the kings brother through enuie had so wrought,
+that if the archbishop passed ouer without licence, he should be
+confined of the king. Againe, he was sure, if he came not to the
+councell, that he should be suspended by the pope. Herevpon the
+archbishop meaning rather to offend the king than the pope, got ouer, as
+it were swimming, rather than sailing; the vessell wherein he passed
+ouer being starke naught: for all the ports were kept by the kings
+seruants, so that he was glad to take such a bote as came next to hand.
+In consideration whereof he was highlie commended by the pope.
+
+In this councell the prebendaries of Yorke, togither with Henrie Mordach
+then abbat of Fountney, presented themselues, exhibiting their complaint
+against William archbishop of Yorke, for that (as they alledged) he was
+neither canonicallie chosen, nor lawfullie consecrated, but intruded by
+the kings authoritie. At length archbishop William was conuicted and
+deposed, Albert bishop of Hostia pronouncing sentence in this wise: "We
+doo decrée by the apostolike authoritie, that William archbishop of
+Yorke is to be deposed from his sée, bicause Stephan king of England,
+before any canonicall election, named him."
+
+Then, for that pope Eugenius had thus deposed archbishop William,
+although not with the consent of the more part of the cardinals, the
+chapiter of the church of Yorke, by his commandement comming togither,
+part of them chose Hilarie bishop of Chichester, and the other part
+elected Henrie Mordach abbat of Fountney. Now pope Eugenius, when both
+elections were shewed him at Auxerre, confirmed the election of Henrie
+Mordach, and disanulled the other, and then consecrated the foresaid
+Henrie with his owne hands. The late nominated archbishop William being
+thus deposed, returned into England, and remained at Winchester with
+king Henrie till the death of pope Eugenius, following the counsell of
+the same bishop in all things.
+
+Now when the councell at Rhemes was ended, archbishop Theobald returned
+into England, and comming to Canturburie, was receiued with great honor,
+of the couent and citizens there. But the king remaining then at London,
+when he heard of it, was sore displeased, and came with great spéede
+vnto Canturburie, where much conference being had betwixt him and the
+archbishop (although to small purpose) for the bringing of them to an
+agréement, at length the king compelled the archbishop to depart the
+realme. Wherevpon, after a few daies respit, he went to Douer, where he
+tooke ship and sailed into France. But within a while he was called
+backe by the quéene and William of Ypres, vnto S. Omers, that they might
+the sooner aduertise him of the kings mind and pleasure. Here he
+consecrated Gilbert the elect bishop of Hereford, the fift daie of
+September, Theodoric bishop of Amiens, and Nicholas bishop of Cambre
+assisting him.
+
+After this, when by sending of messengers to and fro, as well bishops,
+abbats, and other, both spirituall persons and temporall, there could no
+agréement be made, he directed his letter to certeine churches here in
+England, pronouncing by a certeine day, namelie the twelfe day of
+September, a sentence of interdiction to be obserued through the relme.
+The monks of Canturburie sore offended herewith, before the prefixed day
+of this sentence to be put in vse, sent two moonkes of their owne house,
+Nigell and Absolon, vnto the pope: whose errand when the pope had
+vnderstood, he commanded them to returne home, and to obeie their
+archbishops sentence in all things.
+
+In the meane time, the archbishops men and tenants were sore oppressed,
+and his rents and reuenues seized to the kings vse, yea euen before the
+daies of paiment. Which maner of proceeding sore gréeued the archbishop:
+in so much that departing from S. Omers, he came to Graueling, and there
+taking the sea, crossed ouer to a towne called Goseford that belonged
+vnto Hugh Bigot erle of Northfolke: which earle receiued him with great
+honor, and sent him all necessarie prouision, so long as he remained in
+his countrie. At the terme appointed, he interdicted all the kings
+dominions, and would not reuoke the sentence, till Robert bishop, of
+London, Hilarie bishop of Chichester, and William bishop of Norwhich,
+with manie other Noblemen, came to him vnto Framelingham in Norfolke, a
+castell apperteining to the said earle, where at length an attonment was
+concluded betwixt him and the king: wherevpon he was brought home vnto
+Canturburie with great ioy and honor.
+
+He accused the moonks of Canturburie, for disobeieng the interdiction,
+trusting that the pope would not heare those two moonkes whom they had
+sent, as he did not indéed. He excommunicated also all those that had
+receiued the sacraments amongst them, during the time of the
+interdiction. Now these moonkes being at their wits end, dispatched with
+all speed other two moonkes to the pope, to obteine an absolution,
+before the archbishop should vnderstand it: [Sidenote: _Geruasius._] but
+they were sent backe againe with checks and commanded to obeie their
+archbishop in all things, as the other were, which had béene there with
+him before.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 13. 1148.] The moonks of Canturburie that were sent
+to Rome, returning, came from thence to Bullongne, where they found
+those that were first sent thither: and so they all foure came to
+Canturburie. The pope also had sent a priuie commandement to the
+archbishop that he should duelie punish as well them as the other.
+Wherevpon the archbishop taking counsell with his fréends, deposed
+Syluester the prior, and suspended William the secretarie of the house
+from entring the quéere. It was decreed also, that the residue should
+cease so long a time from saieng seruice, as they had said it before
+vnlawfullie, against the archbishops commandement. For it was thought
+reason, that whilest other sang and were merrie, they should keepe
+silence, which wilfullie tooke vpon them to sing, whilest other held
+their peace and were still. They began therefore to cease from saieng
+diuine seruice, and from ringing their bels in the second wéeke of Lent
+& so kept silence from the twelfe day of March, vntill the first daie of
+August.
+
+The quéene wife to king Stephan in this meane while lay much at S.
+Augustines in Canturburie, bicause of hastening forward the building of
+Feuersham abbeie, which she and hir husband had begonne from the verie
+foundation. And bicause the moonkes of S. Augustine might not celebrate
+diuine seruice, she called thither commonlie the moonks of Christes
+church to say seruice before hir. Thus much for that purpose: and now to
+other matters.
+
+[Sidenote: The L. Henrie returneth into England.] [Sidenote: An. Reg.
+14. 1149.] The lord Henrie Fitzempresse after all these businesses
+returned into England, in the moneth of May, with a great companie of
+men of warre both horssemen and footmen: by reason whereof many reuolted
+from king Stephan to take part with him: whereas before they sat still,
+and would not attempt any exploit against him. But now incouraged with
+the presence of the lord Henrie, they declared themselues freends to
+him, and enimies to the king. Immediatlie after his arriuall, he tooke
+with him the earles of Chester and Hereford, Ranulfe and Roger, and
+diuers other Noble men and knights of great fame, beside those whom he
+had brought with him out of Normandie, and went vnto Carleil, where he
+found his coosin Dauid king of Scotland, of whome he was most ioifullie
+receiued; [Sidenote: He is made knight. _R. Houed._] and vpon Whitsunday
+with great solemnitie, being not past sixtéene yeares of age, was by the
+same king made knight, with diuerse other yoong gentlemen that were much
+about the same age.
+
+¶ Some write, that the king of Scots receiued an oth of him before he
+gaue him the honor of knighthood, that if he chanced to atteine vnto the
+possession of the realme of England, he should restore to the Scots the
+towne of Newcastle, with the countrie of Northumberland, from the riuer
+of Twéed, to the riuer of Tine. But whether it were so or not, I am not
+able to make warrantize.
+
+Now king Stephan hearing that the king of Scots, and his aduersarie the
+lord Henrie with the chéefest lords of the west parts of England lay
+thus in Carleil, [Sidenote: K. Stephan with an armie commeth to Yorke.]
+he raised an armie, and came to the citie of Yorke, where he remained
+for the most part of the moneth of August, fearing least his enimies
+should attempt the winning of that citie. But after the one part had
+remained a time in Carleil, and the other in Yorke, they departed from
+both those places without any further exploit for that season, sauing
+that Eustachius king Stephans sonne (hauing also latelie receiued the
+order of knighthood) did much hurt in the countries which belonged to
+those Noble men that were with the lord Henrie.
+
+[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._. Great raine.] The great raine that fell in
+the summer season this yeare did much hurt vnto corne standing on the
+ground, so that a great dearth followed. [Sidenote: A sore frost.] In
+the winter also after, about the tenth day of December, it began to
+fréese extreamelie, and so continued till the nineteenth of Februarie:
+whereby the riuer of Thames was so frosen, that men might passe ouer it
+both on foot and horssebacke.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 15. 1150.] In the meane while Henrie Duke of
+Normandie, after he had returned from the king of the Scots, sailed
+backe into Normandie, about the beginning of August, leauing England
+full of all those calamities, which ciuill warre is accustomed to bring
+with it, as burning of houses, killing, robbing, and spoiling of people,
+so that the land was in danger of vtter destruction, by reason of that
+pestilent discord.
+
+This yeare the 23. of Februarie, Galfridus Monumetensis, otherwise
+called Galfridus Arthurius, who turned the British historie into
+Latine, was consecrated bishop of S. Assaph, by Theobald archbishop of
+Canturburie, at Lambeth, William bishop of Norwhich and Walter bishop of
+Rochester assisting him.
+
+[Sidenote: _Ger. Dor._ The earle of Aniou father to Henry Fitzempress
+departeth his life.] Morouer, this yeare (as some writers haue recorded)
+Geffrey earle of Aniou, of husband to the empresse Maud, departed this
+life, on the seuenth day of September, leauing his sonne Henrie onelie
+heire and successor in the estates of the duchie of Normandie and
+countie of Aniou. The bodie of the said earle was buried at Mans, with a
+great funerall pompe: his three sonnes Henrie, Geffrey, and William
+being present.
+
+[Sidenote: Worcester assaulted.] But king Stephan assaulting the faire
+citie of Worcester with a great power of men tooke it, and consumed it
+with fire, but the castell he could not win. This citie belonged to
+earle Waleran de Mellent, at that season: for king Stephan to his owne
+hinderance had giuen it vnto him. Now after the men of warre had diuided
+the spoile amongst them, they came backe, and passing through the lands
+of their enimies, got great booties, which they also tooke away with
+them, finding none to resist them in their iournie.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 16. 1151.] [Sidenote: _Ger. Dorober._ A synod at
+London. ] In the yeare following Theobald archbishop of Canturburie, and
+legat to the sée apostolike, held a generall synod or councell at London
+in the Lent season, where king Stephan himselfe with his sonne
+Eustachius, and other the peers of the realme were present. This
+councell was full of appeales, contrarie to that had beene vsed in this
+land, till the time that Henrie bishop of Winchester vnto his owne harme
+(whilest he was likewise the Popes legat) had by vniust intrusion
+brought them in, and now at this councell he was himselfe thrise
+appealed to the hearing of the popes owne consistorie. After this king
+Stephan in the same yeare brake into the citie of Worcester, and whereas
+he could not the last time win the castell, he now endeauoured with all
+his force to take it. But when those within made valiant resistance, he
+raised two castels against it, and leauing in the same certeine of his
+Nobles to continue the siege, he himselfe returned home. ¶ Thus (as yee
+see) the kings propertie was to attempt manie things valiantlie, but he
+procéeded in them oftentimes verie slowlie: howbeit, now by the policie
+of the earle of Leicester, those two castels which the king had raised
+to besiege the other castell, were shortlie after destroied: and so the
+besieged were deliuered from danger. [Sidenote: The earle of Leicester
+brother to the erle of Mellent.] This earle of Leicester was brother to
+the earle of Mellent. Thus the kings purposed intention and painefull
+trauell on that behalfe came to none effect.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 17. 1152.] [Sidenote: The duke of Normandie
+Fitzempresse marieth the duchesse of Aquitaine.] In the meane while
+Henrie duke of Normandie maried Elianor duches of Guien or Aquitaine,
+latelie diuorsed from the French king, and so in right of hir he became
+duke of Aquitaine, and earle of Poictou; for she was the onelie daughter
+to William duke of Guien, and earle of Poictou, and by hir father
+created his sole and lawfull heire.
+
+[Sidenote: The French king maketh warre against the duke of Normandie.]
+The French king was nothing pleased with this mariage, in somuch that he
+made sore warre vpon duke Henrie, ioining himselfe in league with king
+Stephan, with his sonne Eustace, and with the lord Geffrey brother to
+duke Henrie, so that the said Henrie was constreined to defer his
+iournie into England, and applie his power to defend his countries and
+subiects on that side of the sea. For whereas he was readie at the mouth
+of the riuer of Barbe to passe ouer into England, not long after
+midsummer, the French king, with Eustace king Stephans sonne, Robert
+erle of Perch, Henrie erle of Champaigne, and Geffrey brother to duke
+Henrie, hauing assembled a mightie armie, came and besieged the castell
+of Newmarch, and sent foorth the lord Geffrey with a strong power to win
+the castell of Angers. Duke Henrie aduertised hereof departing from the
+place where he soiourned, hasted foorth to succour his people that were
+besieged, [Sidenote: The castell of Newmarch deliuered to the French
+king.] but the castell of Newmarch was deliuered to the French king
+through treason of those that had it in kéeping, before the duke could
+come to their rescue.
+
+Wherevpon the said duke hauing knowledge by the waie that he should come
+too late thither, he encamped first vpon the side of the riuer of
+Andell, [Sidenote: Ueulquesine or Ueuxin.] and wasted a great part of
+the countrie of Ueuxin or Ueulquesine, surnamed Le Normant, which lieth
+betwixt the riuer of Epte and Andell. This countrie belonged sometime to
+Normandie, but Geffrey earle of Aniou the dukes father had resigned it
+to the French king, to the end he should not aid king Stephan. The duke
+also burned the castels of Bascheruille, Chitrey, Stripiney, and the
+castell of Fort, that belonged to Hugh de Gourney, with diuerse other.
+About the end of August he left his townes in Normandie sufficientlie
+furnished with garisons of souldiers, and went into Aniou, where he
+besieged the castell de mount Sotelli, till he had taken it, and all
+those that were within it, amongst whome was the lord thereof named
+William. The French king on the other side entring into Normandie, burnt
+part of the borough of Rieule, [Sidenote: The towne castell of Uernon.
+_Simon Dun._] and either then or shortlie after that duke Henrie was
+gone ouer into England, he tooke the towne and castell of Uernon.
+
+Whilest these things were thus a dooing in France, K. Stephan would haue
+caused the archbishop of Canturburie & diuerse other bishops, whom for
+that purpose he had assembled, to crowne, annoint, and confirme his
+sonne Eustace king ouer the realme of England. [Sidenote: The Pope is
+against it.] But the archbishops and bishops refused so to doo, bicause
+the pope by his letters sent to the archbishop, had commanded to the
+contrarie; namelie, that he should in no wise crowne the kings sonne,
+bicause his father king Stephan had got the possession of the land
+against his oth receiued in behalfe of the empresse. [Sidenote: The
+bishops are threatened.] The father and sonne being not a litle offended
+herewith, committed most of his bishops to ward séeking by threats and
+menacings to bring them to his purpose. The bishops also were in no
+small perplexitie: for according to the truth, the king neuer seemed
+greatlie to fauor churchmen, bicause of their strength (as in former
+times by his rigor vsed against the bishops of Salisburie and Lincolne
+it plainelie appeared) and yet would not these men yéeld to his
+pleasure: wherevpon although they were set at libertie, they were
+neuerthelesse depriued of their temporall possessions, which
+notwithstanding afterwards vpon the kings owne motion were restored vnto
+them.
+
+[Sidenote: _Ger. Dor._] Howbeit the archbishop of Canturburie persisting
+still in his oppinion, was forsaken of diuerse of the bishops, who
+throgh feare durst not stand against their princes pleasure. [Sidenote:
+The Archbishop of Canturburie flieth out of the realme.] But the
+archbishop, when he perceiued how the matter went, & that all the blame
+was like to light and rest on his shoulders, he got himselfe by a
+maruellous hap ouer the Thames, and with, spéed riding to Douer, passed
+the sea, to auoid both the fathers and sonnes reuengefull displeasure.
+Herevpon the king seized into his hands all the lands & possessions that
+belonged to the archbishop.
+
+[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ _Ger. Dor._] This yeare queene Maud wife to
+king Stephan departed this life at Hangey castell, that belonged to
+earle Alberike de Uéer, about the third daie of Maie, and was buried in
+the abbeie of Feuersham, which she with hir husband king Stephan had
+latelie founded.
+
+This yeare through great and immoderate raine that fell in the summer,
+the growing of corne was so hindred, that a great death of people
+insued[4].
+
+[Sidenote: The battell of Monadmore _Matth. Paris._ The second & also
+the first bishops of Man.] This yeare also was the battell of Monadmore
+fought in Ireland, where the flower and chiefest personages of Mounster
+and Leynister were slaine. Moreouer one John a moonke of Sagium, was
+made the second bishop of the Isle of Man: the first bishop that was
+there instituted hight Wimond a moonke of Sauinie, who for his
+importunate misdemenour in some respects, had his eies put out, and was
+displaced.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Marle._] John Papirio a cardinall, being sent from the
+pope as legat into Ireland, ordeined foure archbishops there, one at
+Dublin, an other at Ardmach, the third at Cassels, and the fourth at
+Connach. [Sidenote: The bishop of Dublin made archbishop.] The sée of
+Dublin he changed into an archbishops sée, one Gregorie at that time
+possessing the same: to whom he gaue the first and chiefe pall, and
+appointed the church of the blessed Trinitie to be church metropolitane.
+As this cardinall passed through England, he receiued an oth of fealtie
+vnto king Stephan.
+
+[Sidenote: The castell of Newburie won.] The same yeare also king
+Stephan by siege and force of assault did win the castell of Newberie
+not far from Winchester. This doone he went to Wallingford, and
+besieging the castell, he builded at the entring of the bridge a
+fortresse to stop them within from issuing out, and likewise from
+receiuing any reliefe or succour by their fréends abroad. The defendants
+perceiuing themselues so hardlie laid at, sent to the duke of Normandie
+(in whose name they kept that castell) desiring him either to succour
+them, or else giue them licence to yéeld vp the castell to the king.
+Herevpon duke Henrie hauing dispatched his businesse on the further side
+of the sea, began to be kindled with a feruent desire once againe to
+attempt his fortune here in England for recouerie of that kingdome, and
+so with three thousand footmen, & 7 score horssemen, [Sidenote: Duke
+Henrie Fitzempresse returneth into England. _Ger. Dor._] with all spéede
+possible sailed ouer into England, where he landed about the 12. daie in
+Christmasse. He was no sooner arriued, but a great number of such as
+tooke part with his mother came flocking in vnto him: [Sidenote: He
+besiegeth the castell of Malmesburie. _Matth. Paris._ _Polydor._]
+wherevpon being now furnished with a great and puissant armie, he
+marched foorth to Malmesburie, where in the castell was a great garison
+of soldiers placed by king Stephan. Duke Henrie planted his siege about
+this castell the thirtéenth daie of Januarie, and enforced himselfe to
+the vttermost of his power to win it.
+
+Now king Stephan hearing of his enimies arriuall, with all hast possible
+got his armie on foot, and comming suddenlie towards the place where is
+enimies were pitched, [Sidenote: K. Stephan constreineth him to raise
+his siege.] he caused duke Henrie to raise his siege, and following
+after, offered him battell. But duke Henrie, knowing that his enimies
+were far more in number than he was at that present, and also conceiuing
+with himselfe that by prolonging of time his owne power would increase,
+absteined from fighting, and kept him within the closure of his campe.
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Paru._] ¶ Thus haue some written, but other authors
+write, that Henrie kept himselfe indeed within his campe, and refused to
+giue battell, but yet remoued not his siege, till the king departed from
+thence, after he saw he could not haue his purpose, and then did duke
+Henrie win the castell of Malmesburie, or rather the maister tower or
+chéefe dungeon of that castell. [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ _Ger. Dor._] For
+as (Simon of Durham writeth) he had won by assault the other parts and
+lims of the castell before king Stephan came to remoue him.
+
+This tower that thus held out, was in the keeping of one capteine
+Jordan, who escaping foorth came to the king, informing him in what
+state he had left his men within the tower: wherevpon the king (making
+all the power that he was able) set forward, and comming to Circiter,
+lodged there one night, and in the morning purposing to raise the siege,
+or to fight with his enimies (if they would abide battell) marched
+foorth towards Malmesburie. [Sidenote: A sore storm.] But vpon his
+approch to the dukes campe, the daie following his comming thither,
+there rose such a hideous tempest of wind and raine, beating full in the
+faces of king Stephans people, that God seemed to fight for the duke,
+who in respect of the number of people was thought too weake to deale
+with the strong and puissant armie of the king: howbeit the storme being
+on his backe, and beating extremelie in king Stephans mens faces, they
+were not able to hold their weapons in their hands, in somuch that he
+perceiued he could not passe the riuer that ran betwixt the armies:
+wherevpon constreined in that sort through the violent rage of that cold
+and wet weather, he returned to London full euill appaied, in that he
+could not satisfie his expectation at that present.
+
+The tower that duke Henrie had hardlie besieged immediatlie herewith was
+surrendred vnto him, & then making prouision for vittels and other
+things, [Sidenote: The castell of Wallingford.] to the reliefe of them
+that kept the castell of Wallingford, he hasted thither, and finding no
+resistance by the way, easily accomplished his enterprise. There were
+diuerse castels thereabouts in the countrie furnished with garisons of
+the kings souldiers, but they kept themselues close, and durst not come
+abroad to stop his passage. [Sidenote: The castell of Cranemers. ]
+Shortlie after he besieged the castell of Cranemers, and cast a trench
+about it, so as his people within Wallingford castell might haue free
+libertie to come foorth at their pleasure: but as for those within the
+castell of Cranemers, they were so hardlie holden in, that there was no
+waie for them to start out.
+
+The king aduertised hereof, got all his host togither, and marched
+forward verie terriblie toward duke Henries campe. But shewing no token
+of feare, he caused the trench wherewith he had inclosed his campe
+foorthwith to be cast downe, and leauing the siege, came into the fields
+with his armie set in order of battell, meaning to trie the matter by
+dint of sword, although he had not the like number of men as the king
+had: whose armie perceiuing their enimies to come in the face of them,
+were stricken with a sudden feare: neuerthelesse, he himselfe being of a
+good courage, commanded his people to march forward. But herewith
+certeine Noble men, that loued not the aduancement of either part, vnder
+a colour of good meaning sought to treat an agréement betwixt them, so
+that an intermission or cesing from war was granted, and by composition
+the castell which the king had built, and the duke besieged, was razed
+to the ground. The king and the duke also came to an interuiew and
+communication togither, a riuer running betwixt them. [Sidenote: _Matth.
+Paris._ _Ger. Dor._ Eustace king Stephans sonne.] Some write that they
+fell to agreement, king Stephan vndertaking to raze the castell of
+Cranemers himselfe, and so laieng armour aside for that time, they
+parted asunder.
+
+But Eustace K. Stephans son was sore offended herewith, and reprouing
+his father for concluding such an agréement, in a great rage departed
+from the court, & taking his waie toward Cambridgeshire (which countrie
+he meant to ouerrun) he came to the abbeie of Burie, and vpon S.
+Laurence daie caused all the corne in the countrie about and namelie
+that which belonged to the said abbeie, to be spoiled and brought into a
+castell which he had in keeping not far from thence. [Sidenote: Eustace
+king Stephans son and Simon earl of Northāpton depart this life both in
+one wéeke.] But as he sat downe to meat the same daie vpon receiuing the
+first morsell he fell mad (as writers haue reported) and miserablie
+ended his life. The same weeke Simon earle of Northampton departed this
+world of a like disease, and so two of the cheefest aduersaries which
+duke Henrie had, were rid out of the waie. Eustace was buried at
+Feuersham in Kent, and earle Simon at Northampton.
+
+[Sidenote: The earle of Chester deceasseth.] About the same time also
+that noble and valiant earle of Chester called Ranulfe departed this
+life, a man of such stoutnesse of stomach, that death could scarselie
+make him to yeeld, or shew any token of feare: he was poisoned (as was
+thought) by William Peuerell. After him succeeded his sonne Hugh, a man
+likewise of passing strength and vertue. Now although earle Ranulfe
+fauoured the part of duke Henrie, yet in these later yeares he did but
+little for him: wherefore it was thought that the death of this earle
+was not so great a losse to the duke, as the deaths of Eustace, earle
+Simon, and other the kings fréends deceasing about the same time seemed
+to further him: so that his part became dailie stronger, and the kings
+weaker.
+
+About the same time the castels of Reading and Béertwell were deliuered
+to duke Henrie, [Sidenote: _Matth. Par._ _Rob. Mont._] and the ladie
+Gundreda countesse of Warwike draue out the souldiers that held it for
+king Stephan, and deliuered the towne to duke Henrie. In this yeare
+duches Elenor, wife to Henrie Fitzempresse, was brought to bed of hir
+first borne son, whom they named William, after the maner of the ancient
+dukes of Aquitaine.
+
+Thus came things to passe in sundrie places with so good successe as
+duke Henrie could wish, wherevpon meaning to follow the steps of
+prosperous fortune, he marched foorth to Stamford, [Sidenote: Stamford
+was taken. _Simon Dun._ _Ger. Dor._ Gipswich or Ipswich besieged.] and
+taking the towne at his first comming laid siege to the castell. Now
+they that had it in keeping sent messengers to king Stephan, requiring
+rescue, but the same time he had laid siege to the castell of Gipswich,
+which Hugh Bigot kept against him: and bicause he wold not depart from
+that siege till he had the castell giuen vp into his hands (which came
+at last to passe) in the meane time the castell of Stamford was yéelded
+vp to duke Henrie, [Sidenote: _N. Triuet._] who immediatelie therevpon
+departed from Stamford eastward, meaning to come to the succour of his
+fréends besieged at Gipswich or Ipswich (as it is commonlie called) not
+vnderstanding as yet that they had surrendred the hold: but hauing
+knowledge by the way what was happened, [Sidenote: Notinghàm.] he
+returned and marched streight to Notingham, and got the towne easilie;
+for they within the castell had set it on fire, therefore he besieged
+the castell standing vpon the point of a stéepe craggie rocke, and was
+furnished with a strong garison of men, and all things necessarie for
+defense, so that it could not easilie be woone.
+
+[Sidenote: Duke Henrie raiseth his siege from Notingham. _Polydor._]
+When duke Henrie had assaied all the waies how to take it, and saw that
+he could not preuaile, he minded to loose no more time: but raising his
+siege from thence, he ranged abroad to get other places into his
+possession, and finallie came to his mother, and laie at Wallingford. K.
+Stephan in the meane time being strong in the field, sought time and
+place to haue Henrie at some aduantage, who in his yoong yeares (as yet
+not hauing tasted any misfortune) he thought would rashlie attempt some
+vnaduised enterprise. [Sidenote: The miserie of this land in time of the
+ciuill warre.] ¶ But whereas the realme of England had béene now manie
+yeares miserablie turmoiled with ciuill warre (which the verie heathen
+haue so detested, that they haue exclaimed against it with a kind of
+irksomnesse; as:
+    [Sidenote: _Hor. lib. car. 1. ode. 35._]
+    Eheu cicatricum & sceleris pudet,
+    Fratrúmque: quid nos dura refugimus
+        Aetas? quid intactum nefasti
+        Linquimus? vnde manus iuuentus
+    [Sidenote: _Idem. lib. car. 2. ode. 1._]
+    Metu deorum continuit? quibus
+    Pepercit aris? iam litui strepunt,
+        Iam fulgor armorum fugaces
+        Terret equos equitúmque vultus)
+Wherein (besides millians of extremities) honest matrones and mens wiues
+were violated, maids and virgins rauished, churches spoiled, townes and
+villages robbed, whole flocks and heards of shéepe and beasts destroied
+(wherein the substance of the realme cheeflie consisted) and men without
+number slaine and murthered, it pleased the goodnesse of almightie God
+at length to deliuer the land of these miseries, which were notified to
+all countries round about that sore lamented the same.
+
+Now whereas king Stephan was the cause of all the troubles, in hauing
+vsurped an other mans rightfull inheritance, it pleased God to mooue his
+hart at length to desire peace which he had euer before abhorred. The
+cause that mooued him chéefelie to change his former purpose, was for
+that his sonne Eustace by speedie death was taken out of this world (as
+before ye haue heard) which losse séemed great not onelie to the father,
+but also to all those lords and others which had alwaies taken his part,
+bicause he was a yoong man so well liked of all men, that he was iudged
+to be borne to much honour. [Sidenote: The ladie Constance wife to
+Eustace sent home.] But his wife Constance tooke his death verie
+sorowfullie, and the more indeed for that she had no issue by him,
+wherevpon shortlie after she was sent honourablie home to hir father
+king Lewes with hir dower, and other rich and princelie gifts.
+
+King Stephan séeing himselfe thus depriued of his onelie sonne, vnto
+whome he minded to leaue the kingdome which he so earnestlie sought to
+confirme and assure vnto him by warlike endeuor, and that againe the
+French kings aid would not be so readie as heretofore it had béene
+(wherevpon he much staied, now that the bonds of affinitie were
+abolished) he began at length (though not immediatlie vpon his sonnes
+deceasse) to withdraw his mind from war, [Sidenote: K. Stephan began to
+incline his mind to peace. _Matth. Paris._] and bequeathed it wholie to
+peace. Which alteration being perceiued, those Nobles that were glad to
+sée the state of their countrie quieted, did their best to further it; &
+chéeflie Theobald archbishop of Canturburie trauelled earnestlie to
+bring the princes to some agréement, now talking with the king, now
+sending to the duke, [Sidenote: _Ger. Dor._] and vsing all meanes
+possible to set them at vnitie. The bishop of Winchester also, who had
+caused all the trouble, vpon consideration of the great calamities
+wherewith the land was most miserablie afflicted, began to wish an end
+thereof. Wherevpon the lords spirituall and temporall were called
+togither at Winchester about the latter end of Nouember, that they with
+their consents also might confirme whatsoeuer the king and the duke
+should conclude vpon.
+
+[Sidenote: An assemblie of lords at Winchester. A peace concluded
+betwixt the king and the duke.] Thus was a publike assemblie made in the
+citie of Winchester, whither also duke Henrie came who being ioifullie
+receiued of the king in the bishops palace, they were made fréends, the
+king admitting the duke for his sonne, and the duke the king for his
+father, insomuch that the agreement, which (through the carefull sute of
+the archbishop of Canturburie) had beene laboured with such diligence to
+good effect, was now confirmed: the cheefe articles whereof were these.
+
+     [Sidenote: Some writers haue recorded that duke Henrie should
+     presentlie by this agréement enioy halfe the realme of England.]
+     1 That king Stephan, during his naturall life, should remaine king
+     of England, and Henrie the empresses sonne should enioy the
+     dukedome of Normandie, and be proclaimed heire apparant to succéed
+     in and haue the regiment of England, after the deceasse of Stephan.
+
+     2 That such noble men, and other, which had held either with the
+     one partie or the other, during the time of the ciuill warres,
+     should be in no danger for the same but enioy their lands,
+     possessions and liuings, according to their ancient rights and
+     titles.
+
+     3 That the king should resume and take into his hands againe, all
+     such portions and parcels of inheritance belonging to the crowne,
+     as he had giuen away, or were otherwise vsurped by any maner of
+     person, and that all those possessions which by any intrusion had
+     béene violentlie taken from the right owners, since the daies of
+     king Henrie, should be restored to them that were rightlie
+     possessed in the same by the daies of the said king.
+
+     [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ Castels to be razed in number. 1115.]
+     4 That all those castels, which contrarie to all reason and good
+     order had béene made and builded by any maner of person in the
+     daies of king Stephan, should be ouerthrowne and cast downe, which
+     were found to be eleuen hundred and fifteene.
+
+     5 That the king should reforme all such disorders as warre had
+     brought in; to restore farmers to their holdings, to repaire
+     decaied buildings, to restore pastures and leassues with cattell,
+     hils with sheepe, &c.
+
+     6 That by his meanes the cleargie might enioy their due
+     quietnesse, and not be oppressed with any vniust exactions.
+
+     7 That he should place shirifes where they had béene accustomed
+     to beare rule, with instructions giuen them to deale vprightlie
+     in causes, so as offenders might not escape through bribes, or
+     any other respect of freendship; but that euerie man might
+     receiue according to right and equitie.
+
+     8 That soldiours should conuert their swords (as Esaie saith)
+     into culters & plough shares, their speares into mattocks, and so
+     returne from the campe to the plough: and that such as were woont
+     to keepe watch in the night season, might now sléepe and take
+     their rest without any danger.
+
+     9 That the husbandman might be set frée from all trouble and
+     vexation, by meanes wherof he might follow his tilth, and plie
+     his culture.
+
+     10 That merchant men and occupiers might enioy their trades and
+     occupations to their aduancement.
+
+     11 That one kind and manner of siluer coine should run through
+     the land, &c.
+
+     12 There was also consideration had of a sonne which king Stephan
+     had, named William, who though he were verie yoong, was yet
+     appointed to sweare fealtie vnto duke Henrie as lawfull heire to
+     the crowne. The same William had the citie of Norwhich, and
+     diuerse other lands assigned him for the maintenance of his
+     estate, and that by the consent and agréement of duke Henrie his
+     adopted brother.
+
+These things being thus concluded at Winchester, and the warre that had
+continued, for the space of 17 yeares now ended and fullie pacified: the
+king tooke the duke with him to London, dooing to him all the honour he
+could deuise. The newes whereof being spred abrode, euerie good man
+reioised thereat. Thus through the great mercie of God, peace was
+restored vnto the decaied state of this relme of England. Which things
+being thus accomplished with great ioy and tokens of loue, king Stephan
+and his new adopted sonne duke Henrie tooke leaue either of other,
+appointing shortlie after to méet againe at Oxenford, there to perfect
+euerie article of their agréement, which was thus accorded a little
+before Christmas.
+
+¶ But by the way, for the better vnderstanding of the said agreement, I
+haue thought good to set downe the verie tenor of the charter made by
+king Stephan, as I haue copied it out, and translated it into English
+out of an autentike booke conteining the old lawes of the Saxon and
+Danish kings, in the end whereof the same charter is exemplified, which
+booke is remaining with the right worshipfull William Fléetwood esquire,
+now recorder of London, and sargeant at law.
+
+     The charter of king Stephan, of the pacification of the troubles
+     betwixt him and Henrie duke of Normandie.
+
+     Stephan king of England, to all archbishops, bishops, abbats,
+     earles, iusticers, sherifes, barons and all his faithfull
+     subiects of England sendeth greeting. Know yee that I king
+     Stephan, haue ordeined Henrie duke of Normandie after me by right
+     of inheritance to be my successour, and heire of the kingdome of
+     England, and so haue I giuen and granted to him and his heires
+     the kingdome of England. For the which honour, gift, and
+     confirmation to him by me made, he hath doone homage to me, and
+     with a corporall oth hath assured me, that he shall be faithfull
+     and loiall to me, and shall to his power preserue my life and
+     honour: and I on the other side shall maineteine and preserue him
+     as my sonne and heire in all things to my power, and so far as by
+     any waies or meanes I may.
+
+     [Sidenote: William sonne to king Stephan.] And William my sonne
+     hath doone his lawfull homage, and assured his fealtie vnto the
+     said duke of Normandie, and the duke hath granted to him to hold of
+     him all those tenements and holdings which I held before I atteined
+     to the possession of the realme of England, wheresoeuer the same be
+     in England, Normandie, or elsewhere, [Sidenote: Earle Warren.] and
+     whatsoeuer he receiued with the daughter of earle Warren, either in
+     England or Normandie, & likewise whatsoeuer apperteineth to those
+     honoures. And the duke shall put my sonne William and his men that
+     are of that honour in full possession and seizine of all the lands,
+     boroughs and rents, which the duke thereof now hath in his demaine,
+     and namelie of those that belong to the honour of the earle Warren,
+     [Sidenote: The castels of Bellencumber and Mortimer.] and namelie
+     of the castels of Bellencumber and Mortimer, so that Reginald de
+     Warren shall haue the kéeping of the same castels of Bellencumber,
+     and of Mortimer, if he will; and therevpon shall giue pledges to
+     the duke: and if he will not haue the keeping of those castels,
+     then other liege of men of the said erle Warren, whom it shall
+     please the duke to appoint, shall be sure pledges and good suertie
+     keepe the said castels.
+
+     Moreouer, the duke shall deliuer vnto him according to my will and
+     pleasure the other castels, [Sidenote: The erledome of Mortaigne.]
+     which belong vnto the earledome of Mortaigne by safe custodie and
+     pledges, so soone as he conuenientlie may, so as all the pledges
+     are to be restored vnto my sonne free, so soone as the duke shall
+     haue the realme of England in possession. The augmentation also
+     which I haue giuen vnto my sonne William, he hath likewise granted
+     the same to him; [Sidenote: Norwich. ] to wit, the castell and
+     towne of Norwich, with seauen hundred pounds in lands, so as the
+     rents of Norwich be accounted as parcell of the same seauen hundred
+     pounds in lands, and all the countie of Norfolke; the profits and
+     rents which belong to churches, bishops, abbats & earles excepted;
+     [Sidenote: Hugh Bigot] and the third pennie whereof Hugh Bigot is
+     earle, also excepted: sauing also and reseruing the kings roiall
+     iurisdiction for administration of iustice. Also the more to
+     strengthen my fauour and loue to himwards, [Sidenote: Richer de
+     Egle.] the duke hath giuen and granted vnto my said sonne
+     whatsoeuer Richer de Aquila hath of the honour of Peuensey. And
+     moreouer the castell and towne of Peuensey, and the seruice of
+     Faremouth, beside the castell and towne of Douer, and whatsoeuer
+     apperteineth to the honour of Douer.
+
+     [Sidenote: The church of Feuersham.] The duke hath also confirmed
+     the church of Feuersham with the appurtenances; and all other
+     things giuen or restored by me vnto other churches, he shall
+     confirme by the counsell and aduice of holie church and of me. The
+     earles and barons that belong to the duke, which were neuer my
+     leeges, for the honour which I haue done to their master, they haue
+     now doone homage and sworne fealtie to me, the couenants betwixt me
+     & the said duke alwaies saued. The other which had before doone
+     homage to me, haue sworne fealtie to me as to their souereigne
+     lord. And if the duke should breake and go from the premisses, then
+     are they altogither to ceasse from dooing him any seruice, till he
+     reforme his misdooings. And my sonne also is to constreine him
+     thereto, according to the aduice of holie church, if the duke shall
+     chance to go from the couenants afore mentioned. My earles and
+     barons also haue doone their leege and homage vnto the duke, sauing
+     their faith to me so long as I liue, and shall hold the kingdome
+     with like condition, that if I doo breake and go from the premitted
+     couenants, that then they may ceasse from dooing me any seruice,
+     till the time I haue reformed that which I haue doone amisse.
+
+     The citizens also of cities, and those persons that dwell in
+     castels, which I haue in my demaine, by my commandement haue doone
+     homage, and made assurance to the duke, sauing the fealtie which
+     they owe to me during my life time, and so long as I shall hold the
+     kingdome. [Sidenote: Wallingford castell.] They which keep the
+     castle of Wallingford haue doone their homage to me, and haue giuen
+     to me pledges for the observing of their fealtie. And I haue made
+     vnto the duke such assurance of the castels and strengths which I
+     hold by the counsell and aduice of holie church, that when I shall
+     depart this life, the duke thereby may not run into any losse or
+     impeachment, whereby to be debarred from the kingdome. [Sidenote:
+     The tower of London. Mota de Windsor.] The tower of London, and the
+     fortresse of Windsor, by the counsell and aduice of holie church
+     are deliuered vnto the lord Richard de Lucie, [Sidenote: Richard de
+     Lucie.] safelie to be kept, which Richard hath taken an oth, and
+     hath deliuered his sonne in pledge to remaine in the hands and
+     custodie of the archbishop of Canturburie, that after my decease he
+     shall deliuer the same castels vnto the duke. Likewise by the
+     counsell and aduise of holie church, [Sidenote: Mota de Oxford.]
+     Roger de Bussey keepeth the castell of Oxford, and Jordaine de
+     Bussey the castell of Lincolne, which Roger & Jordaine haue sworne,
+     and thereof haue deliuered pledges into the hands of the
+     archbishop, that if I shall chance to leaue this life, they shal
+     render the same castels to the duke without impeachment. [Sidenote:
+     The bishop of Winchester.] The bishop of Winchester hath also giuen
+     his faith in the hands of the archbishop of Canturburie, that if I
+     chance to depart this life, he shall render vp vnto the duke the
+     castels of Winchester, and the fortresse of Hampton.
+
+     And if any of them, vnto whom the custodie of these fortresses
+     shall be committed, fortune to die, or otherwise to depart from
+     his charge, an other shall be appointed to the keeping of the
+     same fortresse, before he shall depart foorth thereof, by the
+     counsell and aduice of holie church. And if any of those persons
+     that haue any castels or fortresses belonging to me in their
+     custodie shall be found disobedient and rebell, I and the duke
+     shall constreine him to satisfie our will & pleasure, not leauing
+     him in rest till he be so constreined. The archbishops and
+     bishops of the realme of England, and the abbats also, haue by my
+     commandement sworne fealtie vnto the duke; and the bishops and
+     abbats that hereafter shall be made and aduanced here within the
+     realme of England shall likewise sweare fealtie to him. The
+     archbishops also and bishops on either part, haue vndertaken,
+     that if either of vs shall go from the foresaid couenants, they
+     shall so long chastise the partie offending with the
+     ecclesiastical censures, till he reforme his fault, and returne
+     to fulfill and obserue the said couenants. The mother also of the
+     duke, and his wife, and his brethren, & subjects whom he may
+     procure, shall likewise assure the premisses.
+
+     In matters belonging to the state of the realme, I shall worke by
+     the dukes aduice. And through all the realme of England, as well
+     in that part which belongeth to the duke, as in that which
+     belongeth to me, I shall see that roiall iustice be executed.
+     These beeing witnesses, Theobald archbishop of Canturburie, Hen.
+     of Winchester, Robert of Excester, Rob. of Bath, Goceline of
+     Salisburie, Robert of Lincolne, Hilarie of Cicester, William of
+     Norwich, Richard of London, Migell of Elie, Gilbert of Hereford,
+     John of Worcester, Walter of Chester, Walter of Rochester,
+     Geffrey of S. Asaph, Bishops: Robert prior of Bermondsey, Othon
+     knight of the temple, William earle of Cicester, Robert earle of
+     Leicester, William earle of Glocester, Renold of Cornewall,
+     Baldwin de Toning, Roger de Hereford, Hugh Bigot, Patrike de
+     Salisburie, William de Albemarle, Earle Alberike, Roger Clare,
+     Richard erle of Pembroke, Richard de Lucie, William Martell,
+     Richard de Humer, Reginald de Warren, Mahaser Biset, John de
+     Port, Richard de Cameuille, Henrie de Essex. Geuen at
+     Westminster.
+
+[Sidenote: 1154. An. Reg. 19.] [Sidenote: _Ger. Dor._] Thus far the
+Charter: and now to proceed with the historie. Immediatlie after
+Christmasse, euen in the Octaues of the Epiphanie, the king and duke
+Henrie met againe Oxenford, where all the earls and barons of the land
+being assembled, sware fealtie vnto duke Henrie, their allegiance due
+vnto king Stephan, as to their souereigne lord and supreme gouernour so
+long as he liued, alwaies reserued. The forme of the peace was now also
+ingrossed and registered for a perpetuall witnesse of the thing, in this
+yeare 1154. after their account that begin the yeare at Christmasse, as
+about the feast of S. Hilarie in Januarie commonlie called the twentith
+daie. Thus was Henrie the sonne of the empresse made the adopted sonne
+of king Stephan, and therevpon the said Henrie saluted him as king, and
+named him father. After conclusion of this peace, by the power of
+almightie God, all debate ceassed in such wise, that the state of the
+realme of England did maruelouslie for a time flourish, concord being
+mainteined on ech hand. [Sidenote: _Polydor._] ¶ There be which affirme,
+that an other cause bound king Stephan to agrée to this attonement
+chiefelie, namelie for that the empresse (as they saie) was rather king
+Stephans paramour than his enimie: [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ Egelaw
+heath.] and therefore (when she saw the matter growne to this point,
+that they were readie to trie battell with their armies readie ranged on
+a plaine in the westerne parts called Egelaw heath) she came secretlie
+vnto king Stephan, & spake unto him on this wise: [Sidenote: The words
+of the empresse to K. Stephan.] "What a mischieuous and vnnaturall thing
+go ye about? Is it méet that the father should destroie the sonne? Is it
+lawfull for the sonne to kill the father? For the loue of God (man)
+refraine thy displeasure, and cast thy weapons out of thy hand, sith
+that (as thou thy selfe knowest full well) Henrie is thine owne
+sonne." [Sidenote: The empresse confesseth hir selfe to be naught of hir
+bodie.] With these and the like words she put him in mind, and couertlie
+told him, that he had to doo with hir a little before she was maried
+vnto earle Geffrey.
+
+The king by such tokens as the empresse gaue him, tooke hir words to be
+true, and therevpon all his malice was streightwaies quenched: so that
+calling foorth the archbishop of Canturburie, he vttered to him the
+whole matter, and tooke therewith such direction, in sending to his
+aduersaries for auoiding battell at that present, that immediatlie the
+armies on both sides wrapped vp their ensignes, and euery man was
+commanded to kéepe the peace, that a communication might be had about
+the conclusion of some pacification, which afterwards ensued in maner
+aboue mentioned.
+
+¶ But whether this or some other cause moued the king to this peace, it
+is to be thought that God was the worker of it. And surelie a man may
+thinke it good reason, that the report of such secret companie-keeping
+betwixt the king and the empresse, [Sidenote: Slanders deuised by
+malicious heads.] was but a tale made among the common people vpon no
+ground of truth, but vpon some slanderous deuice of a malicious head.
+And admit that king Stephan had to doo hir; yet is it like that both of
+them would doo for best to kéepe it secret, that no such reproch might
+be imputed either to Henrie, who was taken to be legitimate; or to his
+mother, whose honour thereby should not a little be stained.
+
+[Sidenote: Oxenford. _Ger. Dor._ The King and duke méet at Dunstable.]
+But now to the purpose. Shortlie after that the king and duke Henrie had
+béene togither at Oxenford, where they ended all things touching the
+peace & concord betwixt them concluded, they met againe at Dunstable,
+where some cloud of displeasure seemed to darken the bright sunshine of
+the late begun loue and amitie betwixt those two mightie princes the
+king and the duke. [Sidenote: Articles not performed.] For where it was
+accorded (among other articles) that all the castels which had béene
+built since the daies of the late king Henrie for euill intents and
+purposes, should be razed and throwne downe: contrarie therevnto
+(notwithstanding manie of them were ouerthrowne and destroied to the
+accomplishment of that article) diuers through the kings permission were
+suffered to stand. And when the duke complained to the king thereof, he
+could not get at that time any redresse, which somewhat troubled him:
+but yet bicause he would not giue occasion of any new trouble, nor
+offend the king, to whom (as to his reputed father) he would seeme to
+yeeld all honour and due reuerence, he passeth it ouer.
+
+[Sidenote: The king and duke come to Canturburie.] Within a while after,
+the king and he came to Canturburie, where they were solemnlie receiued
+of the couent of Christes church with procession. After this, in the
+Lent season they went to Douer, where they talked with Theodorike earle
+of Flanders, and with the countesse his wife who was aunt to duke
+Henrie. At their comming towards Canturburie (as it was bruted) the duke
+should haue béene murthered, [Sidenote: The enuie of the Flemings.]
+through treason of the Flemings that enuied both the dukes person, and
+also that peace which he had concluded with the king. But sée the hap.
+As this feat should haue béene wrought on Berhamdowne, William earle of
+Northfolke king Stephan his sonne, who was one of the chéefe
+conspirators, fell beside his horsse, and brake his leg, so that euerie
+man by that sudden chance was in a maze, & came woondering about him. ¶
+This no doubt came to passe by the prouidence of God, though such
+accidents are commonlie imputed to casualtie or chance medlie. For it is
+the worke of God either to preuent, or to intercept, or to recompense
+the vnnatural conspiracies of traitors and rebels with some notable
+plague: according to that of the poet;
+[Sidenote: _Hesiod in lib, cui tit. op. & di._]
+    [Greek: Hoi autô kaka teuchei anês allô kaka teuchôn,
+    Hê de kakê boulê tô bouleusanti kakistê],
+    Noxius ipse sibi est alij qui quærit obesse,
+    Consiliúmq; malum danti fert maxima damna.
+
+Duke Henrie herewith getting knowledge of the treason intended against
+him, or at the least suspecting somewhat, got him backe againe to
+Canturburie, and so auoided the danger. After this, taking his way to
+[Sidenote: Duke Henrie passeth ouer into Normandie.] Rochester, and so
+to London, he got him a shipboord, and sailed by long seas into
+Normandie, where he arriued in safetie.
+
+After his departure, king Stephan spent the summer season of this yeare,
+in going about the most part of the realme; shewing all the courtesie he
+could deuise to the people in all places where he came; [Sidenote: _Will
+Paru._ Philip de Coleuille. The castell of Drax.] except where he found
+any rebellious persons, as in Yorkshire, where Philip de Coleuille (in
+trust of his castell which he had stronglie fortified at a certeine
+place called Drax) shewed himselfe disobedient to the king, who
+assembling a power in the countrie, besieged that castell, and shortlie
+wanne it, without any great adoo.
+
+When duke Henrie was departed (as ye haue heard) and gone ouer into
+Normandie, now that he had concluded a peace with king Stephan,
+[Sidenote: The puissance of duke Hērie.] his puissance was thought to be
+such, that he was able to mainteine warres with the mightiest prince
+that then reigned. For in right of his wife, he had gotten possession of
+the duchie of Aquitaine, and the earledome of Poictou; and further by
+his mother, he enioied the duchie of Normandie, and looked to succéed in
+the kingdome of England: and in right of his father he was earle of
+Aniou, Thouraigne, and Maine. He also reuoked into his hands certeine
+parcels of his demeane lands, which his father had giuen away, and
+passing from thence into Aquitaine, mightilie subdued certeine lords and
+barons there, that had rebelled against him.
+
+[Sidenote: A peace concluded betwixt the French king and duke Henrie.
+_Matth. West._] About the same time a peace was concluded betwixt the
+French king, and this duke Henrie: the king restoring vnto the duke the
+townes of Newmarch and Uernon, which he had before taken from him, and
+the duke giuing to the king 20000. markes of siluer, for the harmes
+doone by him, within the realme of France.
+
+But now to returne vnto king Stephan. Yee shall vnderstand, that within
+a while after he had made his foresaid progresse almost about the whole
+realme, he returned vnto London, where he called a parlement as well to
+consult of matters touching the state of the commonwealth, as to furnish
+the see of Yorke with a sufficient archbishop. [Sidenote: _Wil. Paru._
+Roger Archdeacon of Canturburie made archbishop of Yorke.] Wherevpon one
+Roger that was before archdeacon of Canturburie, was chosen to that
+dignitie, and consecrated the tenth day of October, by archbishop
+Theobald, as legat to the pope, and not as archbishop of Canturburie.
+[Sidenote: Thomas Becket archdeacon of Canturburie.] Then also was
+Thomas Becket made archdeacon of Canturburie by the said Theobald. The
+new archbishop Roger first went to his see at Yorke, where after he had
+receiued his inthronization, and set his businesse there in order, he
+tooke his iournie towards Rome to fetch his pall in his owne person.
+
+[Sidenote: The earle of Flanders.] King Stephan also after the end of
+the parlement went to Douer, there to meet the earle of Flanders, who
+came thither to talke with him of certeine businesse. The earle was no
+sooner returned backe, but the king fell sicke, and was so gréeuouslie
+tormented with a paine in his bellie, and with an old disease also,
+wherewith (as should appear) he had beene often troubled, namelie, the
+emrods, [Sidenote: King Stephan departed this life.] that finallie he
+died in the abbey on the fiue and twentith day of October, in the nine
+and fortith yeare of his age, and after he had reigned eighteene yeares,
+ten moneths, and od daies, in the yeare after the birth of our Sauiour
+1154. [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ _N. Triuet._] [Sidenote: 1154.] His
+bodie was interred in the abbeie of Feuersham in Kent, which he had
+builded, where his wife also, and his sonne Eustace were buried before.
+¶ Thus farre of the acts and deeds of Stephan; now a little of other
+breefe remembrances, and first touching the prosopographie or
+description of his person.
+
+[Sidenote: His stature.] He was comelie of stature, of a verie good
+complexion and disposition, of great strength, in qualities of mind
+verie excellent, expert in warre, gentle, curteous, and verie liberall.
+For though he continued all his time in a maner in the maintenance of
+wars, yet he leuied but few tributs, or almost none at all. Indéed he
+put diuers bishops to greeuous fines, and that not without the iust
+Judgement of Almightie God, that they might so be punished duelie for
+their periurie committed in helping him to the crowne. Vices wherewith
+he should be noted I find none, but that vpon an ambitious desire to
+reigne, he brake his oth which he made vnto the empresse Maud.
+
+[Sidenote: Abbeies founded. Coggeshall he founded himselfe, and Fontneis
+in Lancashire, & Feuersham in Kent. _Wil. Paruus._] In his daies, the
+abbeies of Tiltey, Fontneis, Rieualle, Coggeshall in Essex, Newbourgh
+and Béeland, Meriuale in Warwikeshire, Garedon in Leicestershire,
+Kirkstéed in Yorkeshire, with diuers other in other parts of the realme,
+were founded, in so much that more abbeis were erected in his daies,
+than had béene within the space of an hundred yeares before, as William
+Paruus writeth.
+
+A great number of castels also were builded in his daies (as before ye
+haue heard) by the Nobles of the realme, either to defend the confines
+of their countries from inuasions of forrenners, and violence of
+homelings; or as fortifications to themselues when they ment or intended
+any inrode or breaking vpon their neighbours.
+
+Diuerse learned men namelie historiographers liued in these daies, as
+William Malmesburie, Henrie Huntington, Simon Dunelmensis, Galfridus
+Arturius, otherwise called Monumetensis, Caradoc Lancarnauensis,
+William Reuellensis, among whom Thurstan archbishop of Yorke is not to
+be forgotten, besides many more who in diuerse sciences were verie
+expert and skilfull, as by treatises of their setting fóorth to the
+world hath sufficientlie appeared.
+
+
+     Thus far Stephan of Bullongne.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's notes
+
+There are no footnotes in the original. The original spelling and
+punctuation have been retained, with the exception of obvious errors
+which have been corrected by reference to the 1587 edition of which
+the original is a transcription.
+
+[1] Original reads 'hauiug'; corrected to 'hauing'.
+
+[2] Original reads ' o'; corrected to 'to'.
+
+[3] Original reads 'strenghthen'; corrected to 'strengthen'.
+
+[4] Original reads 'insused'; corrected to 'insued'.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles of England, Scotland and
+Ireland (2 of 6): England (4 of 12), by Raphael Holinshed
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