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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Pratt's Practical Pointers on the Care of Livestock and Poultry + +Author: Pratt Food Co. + +Release Date: September 25, 2005 [EBook #16744] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRATT'S PRACTICAL POINTERS *** + + + + +Produced by Bruce Albrecht, K.D. Thornton, Janet Blenkinship +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h1>PROFITABLE LIVESTOCK<br /><br /></h1> + +<p><a name="Page_0" id="Page_0"></a></p> +<div class="figleft" style="margin-top:0em;"><img src="images/00.gif" alt="Illuminated letter T" title="Illuminated letter T" /></div> +<p>HE PRATT FOOD COMPANY OF CANADA, Limited, maintains its established +position of leadership, after nearly half a century of business service, +because of the sustained good will of those whom it serves.</p> + +<p>Better products than anyone else could produce, plus expert, personal, +whole-hearted service, built that good will. And retained it through all +these years.</p> + +<p>It was the constant aim and effort of those who founded this business, +and of those who have carried out the founders' work to the present, to +anticipate the needs of the industry, to co-operate with the individuals +in it, to show their vital interest in the success of their customers.</p> + +<p>These principles of business practice won the good will that established +this company as the authority in its important field.</p> + +<p>Our future success depends upon the continuance of that good will. Our +appreciation of that fact is your best assurance that in the future the +services of this company, as well as the superiority of its products, +will justify the confidence and good will of the thousands to whom the +name of <i>Pratt</i> is but another name for <i>Quality</i> and <i>Service</i>.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/front.gif" alt="frontis" title="frontis" /></div> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="TABLE OF CONTENTS"> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#HORSES">HORSES</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SHEEP">SHEEP</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#CATTLE"><b>CATTLE</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#SWINE">SWINE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><a href="#POULTRY">POULTRY</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a></p> + +<h2>PROFITABLE LIVESTOCK</h2> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/01.gif" alt="PROFITABLE LIVESTOCK" title="PROFITABLE LIVESTOCK" /></div> + +<h3><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h3> + + +<p>Animal husbandry is the sure foundation of profitable, permanent +agriculture. Where many animals are kept and their manure properly cared +for and returned to the land, the soil becomes richer and +crop-production steadily increases. And the farmer grows rich with his +land.</p> + +<p>Further, the keeping of live stock distributes the farm labor and the +farm income over the entire year. This is true whether meat, milk or +eggs are the money crops. And certainly both factors are worthy of +consideration from a straight business standpoint. With labor as +valuable as it is at present, lost time cuts into the profits. And when +the income is regular, not concentrated in a short period or dependent +upon the success of a single crop, the matter of farm finance is much +simplified.</p> + +<p>Consider the richest and most desirable agricultural sections of our +great land. With very few exceptions, the best and most valuable farms +are those which are heavily stocked with domestic animals. Here, too, +are found the finest farm homes, the most prosperous and contented farm +families. And this fact, which is so well established that it requires +no argument, plainly shows that <i>animal husbandry pays</i>.</p> + +<p>In the following pages you will find much valuable information<a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a> +regarding the proper care—in health and sickness—of horses, cattle, +swine, sheep and poultry.</p> + +<p>We trust, and believe that you will find it most helpful in connection +with your work. That it will enable you to be more successful, earn +bigger profits.</p> + +<p>Right at the start we wish to emphasize two facts which are really +fundamental and which are recognized by the most successful stock +keepers. The first is this: It does not pay to keep scrub stock, animals +which cannot under any conditions give the big returns. The second: No +animal, regardless of breeding, can do its best work unless it is kept +in perfect physical condition.</p> + +<p>The selection of your animals is up to you. Get good ones. Than <i>keep +them good</i> and <i>make them better</i>. The Pratt line of stock and poultry +preparations, regulators, tonics, disinfectants and remedies, will help +you greatly. Made for nearly fifty years by America's pioneer concern in +this line, each article is the best of its kind, each is backed by this +square-deal guarantee—"Your Money Back If You Are Not Satisfied."</p> + + +<h3>PRATT FOOD COMPANY</h3> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Philadelphia</span><span style="margin-left: 8em;">Chicago</span><span style="margin-left: 13.5em;">Toronto</span> +</p> + +<div class='bd1'><div class="blockquot"> +<h3>THE PRATT GUARANTEE</h3> + +<h3>"Your Money Back If YOU Are Not Satisfied"</h3> + +<p>The Pratt Food Company believes in fair play. We desire that our +millions of customers <i>shall receive full value</i> for every cent they +spend in purchasing our goods. And to that end we spare no expense in +making each article in the Pratt Line just as good, just as efficient, +as is humanly possible.</p> + +<p>More than that, we wish each customer to be <i>completely satisfied</i>. If +for any reason any article bearing the Pratt trade-mark fails to give +such satisfaction, the full purchase price will be refunded on demand by +the dealer who made the sale.</p> + +<p>You can buy and use Pratts Stock and Poultry Preparations with fullest +confidence because you are protected by</p> + +<h4>The Guarantee That Has Stood For Nearly Fifty Years</h4></div></div> + +<p class='center'>Copyright, 1919, by Pratt Food Co.<br /><br /><br /></p> + +<p><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/ppp1.gif" alt="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" title="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" /></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><a name="HORSES" id="HORSES"></a></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/03a.gif" alt="HORSE HEADER" title="HORSE HEADER" /></div> + + +<p>While the automobile and the tractor are now doing much of the work +formerly done by horses, the "horseless era" is still far off. A good +horse will always be worth good money, will always be a desirable and +profitable member of the farm family. But the undersized no-breed +specimen will be even less valuable in the future than in the past.</p> + +<p>The great demand for horses for army use and the high prices paid by the +Government, tempted horse breeders and farmers to dispose of the fine +specimens which alone met the exacting requirements of army buyers. It +will take years to make good this tremendous wastage of horse flesh. But +this is a big opportunity for breeders of good horses and we may expect +them to make the most of it.</p> + +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/03b.gif" + alt="PERCHERON HORSE" /><br /> + PERCHERON HORSE + </div> + +<p>Prices of really desirable horses are now high. If you have a good one, +take good care of him. Protect his health, lengthen his life. If you +must buy, be sure that you get a sound animal which will serve you long +and faithfully.</p> + +<p>See the horse in his stall. If he has a spavin he will hop on one leg +when made to "get over," or jerk it up as he backs out if he is affected +with chorea (St. Vitus' dance). In the latter disease the tail is +suddenly raised and quivers when the animal backs out of stall. Watch to +see if the horse "cribs" and "sucks wind": also that he is not vicious +in the stall. Stand him at rest on a level floor before exercise. If he +is lame he will rest the sore foot.</p> + +<p>Examine both sides of the horse. The dealer may stand the "bad side" +next to a wall. Pick up each foot in turn. Suspect something wrong if he +wears bar shoes, special shape shoes, leather soles or rubber pads. +Remove all such things and examine carefully before buying.</p> + + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Englewood, Colo.</i></p> + +<p><i>I have had many dealings with rundown horses, both in the draft and hot +blood classes, and Pratts goods have always brought them out on top</i>.</p> + +<p class='author'><i>JAS. S. KINSLEY, JR</i>.</p></div></div> + +<p>Reject for contracted feet, steep heels, shrunken frogs and bars, +dropped soles, corns, quarter cracks and signs of founder. See that hoof +dress<a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a>ing does not cover evidences of un-soundness. Following bad +attacks of founder the hoof grows out long at the toes, shows marked +grooves and ridges, is convex at the points of the frogs, and the horse +tends to thrust his forefeet out in front when standing and walks and +trots on his heels. Ringbones are indicated by hard bony enlargements on +the pastern; side-bones, by similar enlargements at the quarters just +above juncture of horn and hair. Examine front of knees for scars +indicating results of stumbling and falling. Similar scars on the inside +of knees and fetlocks indicate objectionable cutting and interfering. +Shoulders and hips should be smooth, well covered, and free from tumors +or sores. No sores should be seen on back or top of neck under collar.</p> + +<p>Examine teeth for age and soundness. See that eyes are of like color, +are sound, and the eyelids whole.</p> + +<p>The horse should allow one to examine his ears, and should neither hold +them absolutely still nor keep them constantly moving. Still ears may +indicate deafness; restless ones, poor eyesight or nervousness.</p> + +<p>See that the horse goes sound and does not "roar" when galloped. Give +him all the water he will drink before testing for "wind." It will bring +out the characteristic symptoms of "heaves" if he has been "doped." +Heaves is indicated by labored bellows-like action of the abdominal +muscles when breathing. Examine the nostrils, as sponges or squeezed +lemons may have been inserted to hide roaring.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Madison, Wis.</i></p> + +<p><i>I think every man that owns horses should have Pratts Animal Regulator +on hand. I am a teamster and find it of great benefit to my horses, +whether run down or not.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>HARRY E. BURMEISTER</i></p></div></div> + + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/04.gif" + alt="CLYDESDALE HORSE" /><br /> + CLYDESDALE HORSE + </div> + +<p>A spavined horse starts out lame for a few steps or rods and then goes +sound. A lame shoulder causes dragging of the toe and rolling when in +motion. A ring-bone causes an extra long step and lameness increases +with exercise. Stifle lameness causes walking on the heels of shoe and +consequent wearing of the iron. Hip lameness causes outward rolling of +the leg in trotting, and wasting of the muscles of stifle and hip leads +to a characteristic drop. See that the horse's tail is sound, has not +been joined on and is free from sores, tumors or evidences of recent +docking. Always remember to back the horse up as well as drive or ride +him and see that he is not only sound and gentle but suitable for the +special work he will be required to do.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cohorse.gif" alt="CARE OF THE HORSE" title="CARE OF THE HORSE" /></div> +<p><b>Care of the Horse</b></p> + +<p>A grown work horse requires daily about one pound of grain (concentrate) +for each hundred pounds of live weight. Of hay he will need a <a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a>slightly +larger amount or about fourteen to eighteen pounds a day, according to +size, weight, and character of work done. The idle horse will do well on +less grain and more roughage.</p> + +<p>For a farm horse, 10 pounds of oats, 5 pounds of corn, and 3 pounds of +bran, divided into three equal feeds, will make a suitable ration for +one day.</p> + +<p>The corn may be fed at noon to give variety. For the evening meal +crushed oats, bran, and a few handfuls of cut hay, wetted and salted, +will be relished. The bulk of the hay should be fed at night, and but +two or three pounds of it at noon, during hot weather. Avoid dusty hay. +Clover hay is apt to be moldy. It is suitable food for work horses, or +idle drafters, if sound and not too liberally fed. Increase the corn in +cold weather. Omit it in hot weather entirely. Alfalfa is of high +feeding value, but if moldy, or fed as a well-nigh exclusive ration, is +apt to affect the kidneys injuriously. It is deemed unsafe food for +stallions, as it is said to induce impotence or sterility.</p> + +<p>Horses should drink <i>before</i> they eat, unless they have ready access to +fresh water. It is best to allow drinking water often in small +quantities, even if the horse is hot. So used it will not hurt him. The +horse's stomach holds three and one-half gallons. Water flows through +the stomach along seventy or more feet of small intestine, into the +"waterbag." Hay is not digested to any extent in the stomach. That organ +cares for the concentrated food. Theoretically, a horse should drink +first, then eat hay, then grain. Practically no great amount of water +should be taken just after a meal as it tends to flush undigested food +out of the stomach; nor should it be given soon after a meal.</p> + +<p>All stables, pens, out houses, poultry houses and yards should be +regularly disinfected every week; nothing better can be used than Pratts +Dip and Disinfectant.</p> + +<p>This preparation is entirely free from all dangerous substances, +arsenic, mercury, etc., but full of medicinal qualities and properties +which make it most effective without the dangerous results which are +experienced with many other preparations, such as carbolic acid, etc. It +kills disease germs and prevents contagious diseases from spreading.</p> + +<p>Farm horses do not need blanketing in the stable under ordinary +circumstances. A thin sheet in the stable keeps off flies and dust and +is necessary. Pratts Fly Chaser is a proved and safe fly repellant. It +does not gum the hair. Its efficiency is unequalled.</p> + +<p>If a horse sweats under the blanket, uncover his rear parts. Always tuck +the blanket about a horse's chest when standing on the street in +inclement weather or when cooling off. Rubber loin covers, used on +carriage horses in wet weather, should be perforated. In the spring, the +amount of Pratts Animal Regulator given should be somewhat increased. +This will put the horse into condition in much less time, and be of +great assistance in helping to shed readily.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Winthrop, N.Y.</i></p> + +<p><i>I have used Pratts Animal Regulator for the past three years and have +found it very successful with both horses and hogs.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>THOS. J. O'DONNELL.</i></p></div></div> +<p><br /><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/ppp2.gif" alt="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" title="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" /><br /><br /></div> + + +<div class='bd1'><div class="blockquot"> +<h3>Insure Live Stock Health and Vigor</h3> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/06.gif" alt="PRATTS ANIMAL REGULATOR" title="PRATTS ANIMAL REGULATOR" /></div> +<p>Don't permit your hard-working, heavy-producing or fast-growing animals +to become run-down and out of condition. It's much easier and less +expensive to <i>keep</i> them right than to restore them to perfect health.</p> + +<p>The regular use of Pratts Animal Regulator absolutely insures health and +vigor in live stock of all kinds. It keeps healthy animals in the pink +of condition; it quickly puts half-sick, unprofitable stock in the +money-making class.</p> + +<p>Pratts Animal Regulator, America's original guaranteed Stock Tonic and +Conditioner, is not a food. It is a combination of roots, herbs, spices +and medicines which sharpen appetite and improves digestion, regulates +the bowels, makes rich, red blood, and <i>naturally</i> invigorates the +organs of production. It promotes growth, improves health and strength, +increases production. And all at very little cost.</p> + +<p>Packed in handy cartons, pails and boxes. The larger sizes are more +economical.</p> + +<h4>If Disease Appears, Cure It Quick</h4> + +<p>Early treatment is most necessary. Do not let the disorder become firmly +seated before you attack it. Keep these Pratts Remedies on hand and use +them <i>at once</i> if needed. Delay may mean the loss of a valuable animal.</p> + + +<p><b>PRATTS COLIC REMEDY</b></p> + +<p>A quick certain cure for colic and acute indigestion in horses. Has a +record of 998 cures out of 1,000 cases.</p> + +<p>Keep a bottle in each wagon and in your stable.</p> + + +<p><b>PRATTS DISTEMPER and PINK EYE REMEDY</b></p> + +<p>It goes direct to the cause of the disease, purifies the blood, prevents +weakening of the internal organs caused by impure blood or poisoned by +absorbing the impure matter from the abscesses.</p> + + +<p><b>PRATTS HEALING OINTMENT</b></p> + +<p>A splendid antiseptic ointment for man or beast. Keep a box on hand for +cuts, burns, sores, scratches, eczema, galls, etc.</p> + + +<p><b>PRATTS WORM POWDER</b></p> + +<p>is a special preparation for the destruction of all kinds of worms in +horses, cows, hogs and sheep. It is purely vegetable and is +unquestionably the quickest, surest and most thorough worm destroyer +procurable.</p> + + +<p><b>PRATTS LINIMENT</b></p> + +<p>For man or beast. The best thing in the world for lameness, sprains, +bruises, thrush, kicks, shoe boils, etc. A bottle should be kept in +every medicine chest.</p> + + +<p><b>PRATTS HEAVE REMEDY</b></p> + +<p>A positive guaranteed remedy for heaves, coughs and colds. It cures +coughs and colds by strengthening the digestive and respiratory organs, +and counteracts the inflammation and irritation.</p> + +<p>Try a box on your "heavy" horse.</p> + + +<p><b>PRATTS HEALING POWDER</b></p> + +<p>A guaranteed remedy for harness galls, sores, grease heel, bleeding +ulcers, etc. It will arrest hemorrhage and check blood flow. Dirt and +dust cannot get into wounds, as the Powder forms a coating over them.</p> + + +<p><b>PRATTS FLY CHASER</b></p> + +<p>Gives comfort to Horses and Cows. Insures more milk and prevents +annoyance at milking time to both the milker and the cow. Guaranteed to +satisfy.</p> + + +<p>Sold by 60,000 Pratts dealers. There is one near you.</p> + +<h4>"Your Money Back If YOU Are Not Satisfied"</h4> +</div></div> + +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/ppp1.gif" alt="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" title="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" /></div> + + +<p>Always go to a horseshoer who thor<a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a>oughly understands the anatomy of +the horse's foot.</p> + +<p>The hoof is not an insensitive mass of horn, to be cut, rasped, burned, +nail-pierced, and hammered without causing pain or injury. It is a thin +mass of horn overlying and intimately attached to a sensitive, blood and +nerve-endowed tissue called the "quick" which is capable of suffering +excruciating agony.</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/07.gif" + alt="MORGAN HORSE" /><br /> + MORGAN HORSE + </div> + + +<p>The slices should be made to fit the hoof and need to be reset once a +month.</p> + +<p>The permanent teeth are forty—twenty-four grinders, twelve front teeth +and four tusks, except in mares, which seldom have tusks. The age of a +horse can be told more or less accurately by the teeth.</p> + +<p>The teeth are liable to disease and should be closely watched.</p> + +<p>Bad teeth are often an unsuspected cause of indigestion, loss of +condition, bad coat, slobbering and other troubles which puzzle the +owner. Horses very often have decayed teeth, and suffer with toothache. +These teeth should be removed.</p> + + +<p><b>Horse Diseases</b></p> + +<p>If horses and cattle were left free to roam as Nature intended, many of +their present-day ailments would be unknown. Man has taken these animals +from Nature's broad garden, and confined them to the narrow limits of +stable and stall. No longer can they seek out and instinctively find +just those roots, herbs, seeds, and barks which their systems demand.</p> + +<p>This explains why Pratts Animal Regulator has been used by successful +horsemen for nearly a half century, as it is largely composed of these +same vegetable ingredients from Nature's garden.</p> + +<p>Merit and quality count, and while hosts of imitators have sprung up, +none have ever come near equalling our product. Pratts Animal Regulator +restores to the animals their natural constitutions and functions, +supplying just that which they formerly had, but now lack. While not a +cure for every disease, it is a positive preventive of the most common +disorders.</p> + +<p>It aids digestion and insures the animal receiving full benefit of its +food; purifies the blood and keeps the bowels free and regular. After +you have accomplished these three things, you need not fear disease in +the shape of colic, bloat, heaves, hide-bound, distemper, constipation, +worms, and the like.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Altoona, Pa.</i></p> + +<p><i>I shall be pleased to recommend Pratts Animal Regulator always, as my +horse has gained in strength and weight and is looking fine, always +having a glossy coat. He works hard every day in the dray business.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>H.G. AMERINE.</i></p></div></div> + +<p><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a><b>Barb-Wire Cuts</b></p> + +<p>Clean with soap and water, and apply Pratts Healing Ointment or Pratts +Healing Powder. These remedies heal naturally and leave no dangerous +scar.</p> + + +<p><b>Colds</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—A dull appearance of the horse, rough coat; the body will +be hot in parts and cold in others; running of the eyes and a discharge +from the nose.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Keep the horse warm and free from draughts; use nose bag +and give Pratts Heave, Cough and Cold Remedy according to directions. It +never fails. Give nourishing feed and bran mashes and Pratts Animal +Regulator daily.</p> + + +<p><b>Colic</b></p> + +<p>Common causes of colic are sudden changes of food; feeding too much or +too seldom; feeding when the horse is hot and tired; watering or working +too soon after a meal; feeding new oats, or new hay, or grass; or, in +short, anything that is apt to derange digestion. There are various +forms of colic. In cramp (spasmodic) colic, pains come and go and the +horse rolls violently and fearlessly. In wind (flatulent) colic there is +bloating of the right flank and the horse lies down, rolls without +violence, breathes with difficulty, paws, looks around at his sides and +finds no relief. In bloat of the stomach, gas and fluid gush back and +forth from the stomach to the throat; flanks may not show bloat; pain is +steady but not violent; horse sweats; nostrils flap; pulse is fast and +weak; countenance is haggard and anxious. In enteritis (inflammation of +the bowels) pain is constant and severe; the horse makes frequent +attempts to lie down but is afraid to do so; pulse and temperature run +high; membranes of eyelids, nostrils, and mouth are red; bowels and +bladder do not act; horse may walk persistently in a circle. In +impaction of the bowels, pains are comparatively mild or fugitive; horse +is restless, paws often, strains and passes no manure, or only a few +balls covered with slime and streaks of white mucus. In gut-tie, hernia, +and other absolute stoppage of the bowels, symptoms of enteritis are +common and the horse may, when down, strain and then sit on his +haunches. The latter condition, and enteritis, usually prove fatal. Wind +colic may need prompt use of the trocar and cannula to puncture high up +in the right flank for liberation of gas. In impaction, raw linseed oil +should be freely given in repeated doses of one pint, and rectal +injections of soapy warm water and glycerine will help. No irritants +should be inserted in the vagina or sheath in any form of colic. +Stoppage of urine is a result of pain, not the cause of colic. The urine +will come when the pain subsides. A good all-around colic remedy will be +found in Pratts Veterinary Colic Remedy. It is compounded from the +prescription of a qualified veterinarian and has a record of curing 998 +cases out of 1,000 treated.</p> + + +<p><b>Constipation</b></p> + +<p>All horses should be given a warm bran mash weekly and Pratts Animal +Regulator daily, and constipation will be unknown. Constipation is often +the cause of hide bound, rough coat and loss of flesh. Give a good +physic of linseed oil, aloes or cantor oil, and use the Regulator +mentioned above.</p> + + +<p><b>Coughs</b></p> + +<p><i>Cause.</i>—Chronic coughs are the result of distemper, sore throat, a +neg<a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a>lected cold, catarrh or dusty hay, and frequently turn into heaves, +bronchitis, etc.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Give only the best and most nourishing foods, dampened. +Keep horse warm, and blanketed in a well ventilated stable.</p> + +<p>If there is a swelling of the throat it should be blistered with Pratts +Liniment, or Pratts Spavin Paste—A Blister. Use Pratts Heave, Cough and +Cold Remedy according to directions.</p> + + +<p><b>Diarrhoea</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—At first it resembles colic, and will be followed by +violent diarrhoea; the discharge soon becomes merely discolored water +and smells bad; the horse is very thirsty, the pulse thick and feeble, +the heart skips its beats, the position of the horse is something like +colic, and he sweats freely.</p> + +<p><i>Cause.</i>—From diseased condition of teeth, eating rich, juicy food, +drinking impure water or from overdose of physic.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—If the diarrhoea is severe, call a veterinarian. During +and after recovery pay attention to the food. Avoid bran mashes. Much +depends on the care at this time, and the constant using of Pratts +Animal Regulator, with all feed, during his recovery. Feed lightly for +first two or three days.</p> + + +<p><b>Distemper</b></p> + +<p>Distemper and Pink Eye are closely related and one is often mistaken for +the other.</p> + +<p>It usually affects colts between the ages of three and five years. If a +horse is once afflicted it is immune from a second attack. The feature +of distemper is the swelling under the jaw, the size indicating the +severity of the case. The animal is dull; the head has a "poked-out" +appearance; coughs; no appetite; feet are cold; saliva runs from its +mouth; has catarrhal symptoms and difficulty in swallowing; the name +"strangles" is often applied to it. When this swelling forms on the +lungs, liver, etc., the case is aggravated and difficult to cure.</p> + +<p>Distemper is contagious. It may occur at any time, but is most prevalent +from September to April.</p> + +<p>Pratts Distemper and Pink Eye Remedy will positively relieve the disease +at once. Blanket the horse and keep in a well-ventilated stable, free +from draughts. Give cold water frequently in small quantities and feed +with whatever he will eat. When an abscess forms on the outside and +becomes soft, it should be opened and the soft parts surrounding it +poulticed so that there will be no "bunch" left after it heals. +Disinfect stable with Pratts Dip and Disinfectant.</p> + + +<p><b>Founder or Laminitis</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—An inflammation of the entire foot which causes such +intense pain that the animal cannot stand. The pulse is strong, thick +and throbbing, and the horse lies down with legs stretched out.</p> + +<p><i>Cause.</i>—Over-exertion, or after-effects from chilling, inflammation of +the lungs, bowels or mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, etc.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Frankford, Pa.</i></p> + +<p><i>I doctored a very lame horse with Pratts Liniment after trying other +treatment for months. In a couple of days the lameness left and we used +him every day till he died of old age.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>ARTHUR C. SHIMEL</i></p></div></div> + +<p><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a><i>Treatment.</i>—Remove the shoe, and soak the feet in warm water for six +or eight hours and repeat in two or three days. Also apply Pratts +Peerless Hoof Ointment at night all over the bottom of the foot and to +all parts of the frog and at top of hoof joining the hair, and cover the +entire wall of the foot. The horse should stand on a deep, soft bed. +Cover with blankets. Feed bran mashes, vegetables and hay; no grain. Use +wide-webbed shoes two weeks after recovery.</p> + + +<p><b>Heaves</b></p> + +<p>The symptoms of this disease are chronic, spasmodic cough and +simultaneous passage of gas from the rectum; double bellowslike action +of the abdominal muscles in breathing; harsh staring coat; hide-bound +skin; weakness, and ill-health in general. Over-burdening of the stomach +with coarse, bulky, dusty, or woody hay or other roughage, and working +the horse immediately after such a meal induces heaves. The horse that +has inherited a gluttonous appetite is especially subject to the +disease. Probably the most effective remedy for this disease is Pratts +Heave Remedy. In addition to using the Remedy as directed, we would +suggest wetting all food with lime water, feeding wet oat straw in +winter and grass in summer in preference to hay; allowing double the +customary rest period after meals and keeping the bowels freely open by +feeding bran mashes containing raw linseed oil or flaxseed meal.</p> + + +<p><b>Itch</b></p> + +<p>This is the name given to mange, eczema and other skin diseases. It is +usually prevalent in summer and from a small beginning on an animal, +will rapidly spread all over the body.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Wash the parts thoroughly with a solution of one part of +Pratts Disinfectant to 20 parts water. Let it dry and then apply Pratts +Healing Ointment or Healing Powder two or three times a day.</p> + + +<p><b>Lice</b></p> + +<p>Sprinkle Pratts Disinfectant on an old blanket and tie it around the +animal for two or three hours. This will quickly kill all vermin. Spray +lightly upon the legs and such places that the blanket will not cover. +Then spray thoroughly the stable and all poultry houses near with the +Disinfectant, according to directions. Give Pratts Animal Regulator to +build up the animals that have been affected.</p> + + +<p><b>Puncture and Wounds in the Foot</b></p> + +<p>In all cases, the opening or puncture in the hoof must be made larger, +so as to give free vent for the matter which is sure to form. If this is +not done, quittor will follow. Then dress with Pratts Peerless Hoof +Ointment.</p> + +<p>While working the horse, a pledget of tow, covered with Pratts Peerless +Hoof Ointment, may be placed in and over the puncture and confined; but +it must not be allowed to remain after the horse returns to the stable. +Soak the feet for eight or ten hours a day for two or three days in a 5% +solution of Pratts Disinfectant and apply the Ointment. Horse will not +have proud flesh when this remedy is used.</p> + + +<p><b>Quarter Cracks</b></p> + +<p>Cut top of hoof above the crack deep enough to draw blood. Soak foot in +hot water, apply Pratts Peerless Hoof Ointment and cover with oakum. +Pare out sole and open heel—blacksmith must use care in expanding. +Apply Pratts Peerless Hoof Ointment daily to the coronet and frogs—this +is very important. Use bar shoe.</p> + +<p><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a><b>Thin Flesh</b></p> + +<p>Animal needs a good tonic. Use Pratts Animal Regulator daily with the +feed according to directions. This is a regulator, tonic and digestive +and so works upon the blood, liver, bowels and digestive organs that the +animal is quickly built up, and is given strength, health and flesh.</p> + + +<p><b>Thrush</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—Shown by a foul discharge issuing from the cleft of the +foot, and usually attended with decay of the horn and a vile odor. The +foot is hot and hard.</p> + +<p><i>Cause.</i>—In the fore feet, it is generally the result of navicular +disease or contraction of the feet. In the hind feet it is entirely +caused by filthy stables, allowing the feet to stand in decaying manure.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Have absolute cleanliness in the stable and stalls, +disinfecting with Pratts Disinfectant. Wash the foot thoroughly with +soap and water, and cut away all diseased and ragged parts as well as +the white, powdery decayed horn and substance, even if the flesh is +exposed and the frog much reduced. Then pour Pratts Liniment over the +affected parts. Dress daily until cured. Another excellent remedy is to +wash out diseased portion of hoof with one part Pratts Disinfectant and +20 parts of water three times a day.</p> + + +<p><b>Worms</b></p> + +<p>Horses take in worm eggs on pasture, in hay, and in drinking water from +contaminated troughs or ponds. Marsh or swale hay is particularly liable +to infest with worms. Avoid sources of worms. Cleanliness is imperative.</p> + +<p>Cut down feed one-half, mix bran with feed and dampen it. Give one dose +of Pratts Specially Prepared Worm Powder with the feed twice a day for +four days. After fourth day give large, soft, well-scalded bran mash to +loosen bowels freely. Repeat the bran mashes if necessary, as the bowels +must be moved freely. Should the horse refuse to eat the bran mash, it +will be necessary to give him a dose of Glauber's salts, or some other +purge to loosen the bowels.</p> + +<p><i>Pin Worms.</i>—Sometimes pin worms remain just inside the rectum, and are +very hard and stubborn to cure. In cases of this kind, if the desired +result is not obtained by feeding Pratts Worm Powder, dissolve one of +the powders in a quart of water and inject in the rectum. Repeat this +once a day in the evening, and continue for four or five days. Do not +fail in this case, as in all other cases of worms, to feed bran mashes +until the bowels are freely moved, and should the horse refuse the bran +mash or should it fail to move the bowels, give the horse a dose of +Glauber's salts.</p> + +<p>Pratts Worm Powder is a special preparation for the destruction of all +kinds of worms in horses, hogs, and sheep. It is purely vegetable, has a +strong tonic effect that builds up and helps the animal to regain +strength, and is the quickest and most thorough worm destroyer on the +market.</p> + +<div class='bd1'><div class="blockquot"> +<h4>Every PRATT PREPARATION is sold with a positive and absolute +GUARANTEE—"Your Money Back If You Are Not Satisfied."</h4></div></div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/ppp2.gif" alt="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" title="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" /></div> + +<h2><a name="CATTLE" id="CATTLE"></a></h2> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/12.gif" alt="CATTLE HEADER" title="CATTLE HEADER" /></div> + +<p>Cows will bring large or small profits in proportion to the care they +receive. If properly housed, properly fed, properly bred, and properly +protected against disease they will fully repay the little extra +attention required. Strive intelligently to secure the greatest possible +regular production. Keep a sharp lookout for unfavorable symptoms and be +prompt in finding a cause for poor condition and remedying it. Cows kept +in perfect health are the least expense, least trouble, and the greatest +profit-earners.</p> + +<p>You do not need to be a veterinarian to know that the health of a cow +depends on a good healthy appetite with complete digestion and perfect +assimilation of the daily ration.</p> + +<p>That is just plain common sense. No cow which is not a big eater can be +profitable. But appetite is not of itself sufficient to make a cow a +money maker. There must be sound digestion.</p> + +<p>Once establish and maintain good digestion, food performs its natural +functions. Bodily waste is repaired. Strength and growth are noticed and +the cow gives the utmost possible amount of milk. See then, that your +cows have hearty, healthy appetites and good digestion. Good digestion +does not always follow a large appetite. A cow giving only a few quarts +of milk a day will often eat as much as one giving gallons. She requires +the same amount of care and attention.</p> + +<p>The trouble is that she does not have good digestion to convert food +into milk. Of course there are cows which will always be small milkers, +but there are many many more cows which can be made to give substantial, +paying increase of milk production if proper attention is given them. +Perhaps there are such cows in your herd. Without your even realizing +it, they are out of condition. A little help and they would give enough +more milk to pay you a satisfactory profit.</p> + +<p>This "help" can easily be given. Your own dealer has it. We mean Pratts +Cow Remedy, for cows only.</p> + +<p>We all know how, when we are well, the sight or smell of pleasant +tasting food, "makes the mouth water." This is literally true because +the digestive glands of the mouth and stomach pour out their secretions +and are ready to begin digesting the food.</p> + +<p>When, however, the nerves fail to send their messages to the glands or +the glands fail to respond, we have a diseased condition and we take +medicine to assist in recovery.</p> + +<p>Thus the sensation known as appetite is really at the basis of sound +health. Without it, it is doubtful if animals would eat enough to supply +their bodily needs.</p> + +<p>The mere forcing of food into the stomach would avail little. There must +be desire for food, and restoring the appetite is the first step in +bringing the health back. In other words an appetizer is often required +to induce us to eat. Then thorough digestion builds up bodily strength.</p> + +<p>Pratts Cow Remedy does all this for the cow, assisting Nature in +bringing up the appetite, stimulating digestion, restoring and +maintaining health.</p> + +<p>Cattle is generally divided into dairy, beef and dual purpose breeds.<a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a> +The names signify the advantages claimed for them. In the dairy breeds, +the Holstein, Jersey, Guernseys, French Canadian and Ayrshire are +leaders.</p> + +<p>Shorthorns, Herefords, Polled Durhams are the best-known beef breeds.</p> + +<p>While among the dual purpose breeds, Milking Shorthorns, Red Polls, +Brown Swiss and Devons have many admirers.</p> + +<p>The indications when selecting dairy females, and important in the order +given, are: (1) Much length or depth in the barrel or coupling, +indicating a large possible consumption and utilization of food. (2) +Refinement of form, as evidenced more particularly in the head, neck, +withers, thighs, and limbs. (3) Good development of udder and milk +veins. (4) Constitution, as indicated by a capacious chest, much width +through the heart, a broad loin, a full, clear eye, and an active +carriage. (5) Downward and yet outward spring and open-spaced ribs, +covered with a soft, pliable and elastic skin.</p> + +<p>The essential indications of correct form in beef cattle are: (1) A +compact form wide and deep throughout, and but moderately long in the +coupling. (2) A good back, wide from neck to tail, well fleshed, and +straight. (3) A good front quarter, wide, deep, and full. (4) A good +hind quarter, long, wide, and deep. (5) Good handling qualities, as +indicated in elastic flesh and pliant skin.</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/13.gif" + alt="GUERNSEY COW" /><br /> + GUERNSEY COW + </div> + +<p>The important indications of good form in dual females are: (1) Medium +to large size for the breed or grade. (2) Good length and depth in the +coupling. (3) Good development of udder and milk veins. (4) Good +constitution, as indicated by good width through the heart. (5) Head and +neck inclining to long and fine. (6) Ribs of medium spring, open spaced, +and covered with a good handling skin. The dual types have an absence of +extreme development in the direction of either the dairy or the beef +form.</p> + +<p>In males selected for breeding, the evidences of masculinity should be +markedly present. These include increased strength as shown in the head, +neck, breast, shoulders, back and limbs.</p> + +<p>The advantage of having pure blood stock over "scrubs" is apparent. For +those, however, who want something better than scrubstock and cannot pay +the high price which pure blood commands, the ownership of grade cattle +offers a satisfactory solution of the problem.</p> + +<p>Grading consists in mating thoroughbred sires with common females and +with the female progeny for a number of generations. Where the work is +wisely done by the use of good sires, accompanied by the rejection of +all inferior animals for future breeding, the progeny of beef sires may +be brought up to the level of the pure breed for beef making from which +the sires have been selected in four generations. To bring milking +qualities up to the level may call for one or two more generations of +such breeding. Not only do these grade animals answer almost equally +well, with pure breeds, but they may be bought for much less.</p> + +<p><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a></p> + +<p>If cows are to produce a maximum return in milk, they must be kept in +comfort. In winter they are usually tied in the stall. The light should +be ample and the ventilation thorough. Lack of proper ventilation causes +the spread of tuberculosis in cattle.</p> + +<p>Cows must be allowed exercise, even in winter.</p> + +<p>They should be allowed to go out daily for an hour or more into a +sheltered yard, save on days when the weather is extreme; or, better +still, be given the liberty of a closed and well-ventilated shed during +a portion of the day. It should be supplied with a fodder rack.</p> + +<p>In summer, cows in milk must be protected from storms, from excessive +sunshine, and from flies, as far as this may be practicable. Pratts Fly +Chaser is unequalled as a fly repellant. It is perfectly safe to use, +does not injure or gum the hair, and is economical. A light spray is +both lasting and effective.</p> + +<p>Cows in milk should be driven gently. The pasture should not be too +distant from the stable, and driving during the heat of the day should +be avoided.</p> + +<p>The quality of milk is easily injured by coming in direct contact with +foreign substances or by imbibing odors. The milk must be drawn from +clean udders, with clean hands, into clean pails, and amid clean +surroundings. The stables must have attention. The udder and teats +should be wiped off by using a damp cloth. Milking should be done with +dry hands into metal pails, kept clean by scalding. Milking before +feeding prevents dust particles from getting into the milk. Noxious +odors are kept down by the prompt removal of droppings and by strewing +sand, plaster, rock phosphate, or dry earth in the manure gutters.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Elderton, Pa.</i></p> + +<p><i>"I have used Pratts Cow Remedy with best results. I fully believe it +cannot be surpassed for increasing the flow of milk."</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>JAS. YOUNG.</i></p></div></div> + +<p>Unless milking is done at stated times, and by the same person, there +will be a loss in the production. When milking is delayed, a decreased +flow is noticeable the following morning. When a change of milkers is +made, some cows resent it by withholding a part of the milk.</p> + +<p>It is not easy to dry some dairy cows prior to the birth of the next +calf, and yet, as a rule, it ought to be done. When they are to be dried +the process should begin by milking them once a day and putting them on +dry food. The food may also be reduced somewhat in quantity. Later the +milk is taken out at intervals which constantly increase in length until +the cow is dry. The udder should be carefully watched during the later +stages of the drying process.</p> + +<p>Where suitable pasture may be obtained, it is usually a cheaper source +of food for cows than soiling food or cured fodders, as the element of +labor in giving the food is largely eliminated. The best pastures, +viewed from the standpoint of production, are those grown on lands that +may be irrigated during the season of growth. These consist of clover +and certain grasses. Permanent pastures which are grown on moist land, +and which contain a number of grasses, are usually satisfactory, but the +nature of the pasture must, of course, be largely de<a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a>termined by the +attendant conditions. Blue grass pastures are excellent while succulent +and abundant, but in midsummer they lose their succulence for weeks in +succession. Brouer grass is a favorite pasture in northwestern areas, +and Bermuda grass in the South. In the Eastern and Central States, the +most suitable pastures are made up of blue grass, timothy, and orchard +grass, and of the common red, white and alsike clovers.</p> + +<p>There is more or less of hazard to cows when grazing on +alfalfa—liability to bloating, which may result fatally. Likewise +second growth sorghum or the second growth of the non-saccharine +sorghums is full of hazard, especially in dry seasons when it has become +stunted in growth. Nor should rape and rye be grazed, save for a short +time after the cows have been milked, lest they give a taint to the +milk.</p> + +<p>The change from winter rations to grazing should never be suddenly made, +or purging caused by the fresh grass will lead to loss in weight and +loss of milk, though at first there will probably be an advance in the +same. The change may be made in outline as follows:</p> + +<p>(1) The cows will not be turned out until after the food given in the +morning has been sufficiently consumed.</p> + +<p>(2) They will be kept out an hour, or two the first day, and the time +increased.</p> + +<p>(3) The time called for to effect the change should never be less than +one week or more than three.</p> + +<p>(4) As soon as the change begins, the reduction in succulent food, +ensilage, and field roots should also begin.</p> + +<p>(5) The dry fodder should be continued morning and evening as long as +the cows will take it.</p> + +<p>(6) There should be some reduction and it may be modification in the +grain for a short time.</p> + +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/15.gif" + alt="AYRSHIRE COW" /><br /> + AYRSHIRE COW + </div> + +<p>After turning out a full supply may be necessary. Should the pasture be +composed mainly of grasses, food rich in protein, as wheat bran, should +be fed, but if it is composed mainly of clover, then more carbonaceous +grain, as corn, should be fed.</p> + +<p>When pasture is succulent and abundant, it is a disputed point as to +whether it will pay to feed meal of any kind in addition. The following +conclusion in regard to this question would seem safe:</p> + +<p>When cows are fed grain on pastures succulent and abundant, the tendency +is to increase the yield in the milk and also to increase flesh.</p> + +<p>The quality of the milk is not materially influenced.</p> + +<p>Some saving is effected in the grazing, and the resultant fertilizer +from the grain fed has a tangible value. It is certain, therefore, that +full value will be obtained for a small grain ration thus fed.<br /><br /></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Millsboro, Del.</i></p> + +<p><i>Pratts Cow Remedy was fed to the cow from the receipt of Remedy until +the calf was eight weeks old and the calf weighed 234 pounds and was +acknowledged unanimously to be the nicest calf that was ever shipped +from this depot.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>W.R. ATKINS.</i></p></div></div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cocows.gif" alt="CARE OF COWS" title="CARE OF COWS" /></div> + +<p><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a></p> + + +<div class='bd1'><div class="blockquot"> +<h3>Get More Milk Money</h3> + + +<p>Help your cows, every one, to give the largest possible amount of milk +and to produce big, strong, husky calves each season. The <i>extra</i> pounds +of milk, the <i>extra</i> value of the calves are all clear profit.</p> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/16.gif" alt="PRATTS COW REMEDY" title="PRATTS COW REMEDY" /></div> + +<p>It costs as much to house and care for and nearly as much to feed a poor +producer as a good one. The first may be kept at a loss. The latter is a +sure profit-payer. The difference is generally merely a matter of +physical condition. And this <i>you</i> can control.</p> + +<p>Pratts Cow Remedy makes cows healthy and productive. It is not a +food—it is <i>all medicine</i>, preventive and curative. It is absolutely +safe to use because free from arsenic, antimony and other dangerous +ingredients.</p> + +<h3>Pratts Cow Remedy</h3> + +<p>is nature's able assistant. It not only improves appetite and assists +digestion, increases milk yield and percentage of butter fat, but in +large measure prevents and overcomes such disorders as barrenness and +abortion, garget, milk fever, scours, indigestion, liver and kidney +troubles.</p> + +<p>The reason is plain when you know the ingredients. Here they +are—gentian root, Epsom salts, capsicum, oxide of iron, fenugreek, nux +vomica, ginger root, charcoal, soda, salt. All of superior quality and +properly proportioned and combined.</p> + +<p>You may <i>think</i> your cows are doing their best when they are not. <i>Now +find out</i>. Secure a supply of the original and genuine Pratts Cow +Remedy. Use it and watch results. You will be astonished and delighted. +But if for any reason you are not—</p> + +<h4>"Your Money Back If YOU are Not Satisfied"</h4></div></div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/ppp1.gif" alt="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" title="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" /></div> + +<p>As soon as the supply of pasture becomes insufficient in quantity or +lacking in succulence, it should be supplemented with food cut and fed +in the green form, as winter rye, oats and peas, and oats and vetches +grown <a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a>together, millet in several varieties, grasses, perennial and +Italian rye, especially the latter, alfalfa, the medium red, the +mammoth, alsike and crimson clovers, corn of many varieties, and the +sorghums. Alfalfa, where it can be freely grown, is king among soiling +foods. Peas and oats grown together are excellent, the bulk being peas. +Corn is more commonly used, and in some sections sweet sorghum is given +an important place. The aim should be to grow soiling foods that will be +ready for feeding in that succession that will provide food through all +the summer and autumn. Soiling furnished by grains, grasses, and clovers +are usually fed in the stables or feed yards, and corn and sorghum are +usually strewn over the pastures, as much as is needed from day to day.</p> + +<p>Where much soiling food is wanted from year to year, it would seem safe +to say that it can be most cheaply supplied in the form of silage. Even +when grass is abundant, cows will eat with avidity more or less of +ensilage well made. They should not be fed in winter more than 25 pounds +per animal per day, but the quantity needed is determined largely by the +condition of the pastures. Because of the less quantity of the silage +called for in summer, the silo that contains the silage should be of +less diameter than the silo that holds food for winter use, otherwise +the exposed silage will dry out too much between the times of feeding +it.</p> + +<p>In autumn soiling foods may be fed with profit that are possessed of +less succulence than would suffice at an earlier period, as in the +autumn the pastures are usually more succulent than in the summer. Corn +may be fed at such a time with much advantage from the shock, and +sorghum that has been harvested may likewise be fed from the shock or +from the cocks. Pumpkins may be thrown into the pasture and broken when +fed.</p> + +<p>Viewed from the standpoint of milk production, the legumes (clover, cow +peas, soy beans, etc.) must be assigned first rank. After these come +grain fodders, corn and sorghum fodders, and fodders from grasses, +suitable in the order named. Lowest of all is straw furnished by the +small cereals. Fodders when fed are not restricted in quantity as +concentrates are.</p> + +<p>Among legumes, hay furnished by alfalfa, any of the clovers, cow peas, +soy beans and vetches, is excellent for producing milk when these are +cut at the proper stage and properly cured. Alfalfa should be cut for +such feeding when only a small per cent. of blooms have been formed, +clovers when in full bloom, and cow peas, soy beans, and vetches when +the first forward pods are filling. Proper curing means by the aid of +wind stirring through the mass rather than sun bleaching it.</p> + +<p>When good leguminous fodders are fed, from 33 to 50 per cent. less grain +will suffice than would be called for when non-leguminous fodders only +are fed.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Leavenworth, Kansas.</i></p> + +<p><i>When two veterinarians had given up a cow to die, I gave her Pratts +Animal Regulator with the result that she was on her feed in about a +week. I am a constant user of Pratt Products</i>.</p> + +<p class='author'><i>J.D. WATSON.</i></p></div></div> + +<p>Fodder may usually be cheaply furnished from corn and sorghum, when +grown so that the stalks are fine and leafy, and if cut when nearing +completed maturity and well cured. Such food is excellent for milk +production <a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a>when fed with suitable adjuncts, even though the fodder is +grown so thickly that nubbins do not form. The aim should be to feed the +sorghums in the autumn and early winter and the corn so that it may be +supplemented by other hay when the winter is past, as later than the +time specified these foods deteriorate.</p> + +<p>Rye and wheat straw are of little use in making milk, oat straw is +better, and good bright pea straw is still more valuable. When fodder is +scarce, these may be fed to advantage if run through a cutting box and +mixed with cut hay.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Thomaston, Ga</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Since I started feeding her Pratts Cow Remedy, my cow has shown an +increase in her daily flow of milk of over one gallon and is now in +better condition than she has ever been. I give all the credit for this +remarkable improvement to Pratts Cow remedy</i>.</p> + +<p class='author'><i>O.W. JONES.</i></p></div></div> + +<p>The necessity for feeding succulent food in some form where maximum milk +yields are to be attained has come to be recognized by all dairy-men. +The plants that furnish succulence in winter are corn in all its +varieties, field roots of certain kinds, and the sorghums. Corn and +sorghum to furnish the necessary succulence must be ensiled. Corn +ensilage is without a rival in providing winter succulence for cows. +Field roots furnish succulence that, pound for pound, is more valuable +than corn, because of the more favorable influence which it exerts on +the digestion. But roots cost more to grow than corn. Rutabagas and +turnips will give the milk an offensive taint if fed freely at any other +time than just after the milk has been withdrawn, but that is not true +of mangel wurtzel, sugar beets, or carrots.</p> + +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/18.gif" + alt="JERSEY COW" /><br /> + JERSEY COW + </div> + +<p>The necessity for giving grain feed containing high percentage of +digestible matter (known as concentrates) to dairy cows is based on the +inability of the cow to consume and digest enough coarse fodders to +result in maximum production, even though the fodders should be in +balance as to their constituents.</p> + +<p>Concentrates are purchased or home grown. It matters not from which +source they are obtained, but the values of those purchased are becoming +so high as to force upon dairy-men the necessity of growing them at home +as far as this may be practicable, and of insuring sound digestion by +giving some such tonic and appetizer as Pratts Cow Remedy. This splendid +prescription should be kept on hand the year round, and should be given +with every feeding, especially in winter. Its value in keeping up milk +production and for maintaining health is unequalled.</p> + +<p>The method of furnishing concentrates by growing certain of the small +grains in combination is growing in favor. These combinations may +include wheat, barley, outs, peas, and flax. Frequently but two +varieties are grown together. They are grown thus, in the first place, +to secure better yields, and, in the second, to furnish concentrates in +approximate balance. Such a food, for instance, is <a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a>obtained from +growing wheat and oats together, and if some flax is grown in the +mixture it will be further improved.</p> + +<p>When choosing concentrates for feeding cows, the aim should be to select +them so that when fed along with the roughage on hand, they will be in +approximate balance, that is, the elements in them will best meet the +needs of the cows.</p> + +<p>If a flesh and milk-making food, like clover, is the source of the +fodder, then a fat and heat-producing food, like corn, should furnish a +large proportion of the grain fed. But it is not more profitable in all +instances to feed foods in exact balance. Some of the factors may be so +high priced and others so cheap that it will pay better to feed them +more or less out of balance.</p> + +<p>When good clover hay or alfalfa is being fed to cows in milk, any one of +the following grain supplements will give satisfactory results.</p> + +<p>(1) Corn meal and wheat bran, equal parts by weight.</p> + +<p>(2) Corn meal, wheat bran, and ground oats in the proportions of 2, 1, +and 1 parts.</p> + +<p>(3) Corn meal, wheat bran, and cottonseed meal in the proportion of 2, +1, and 1 parts. Whether corn meal or corn and cob meals is fed is not +very material. Barley meal may be fed instead of corn.</p> + +<p>Should corn ensilage be fed to the extent of, say, 40 pounds per day +along with clover or alfalfa, any one of the following grain supplements +should suffice:</p> + +<p>(1) Corn or barley meal, wheat bran, and ground oats, fed in equal parts +by weight.</p> + +<p>(2) Corn or barley meal and wheat bran, fed in the proportions of 1 and +2 parts.</p> + +<p>(3) Corn or barley meal, cottonseed meal, and wheat or rice bran, fed in +equal proportions.</p> + +<p>(4) Ground peas and oats, also fed in equal proportions. The succotash +mixture may be fed alone or in conjunction with other meal added to make +the food still more in balance.</p> + +<p>It is preferable to feed meal admixed with cut fodders. The mastication +that follows will then be more thorough and the digestion more complete. +When ensilage is fed, admixture will result sufficiently if the meal is +thrown over the ensilage where it has been put into the mangers.</p> + +<p>In order to insure the animal obtaining full benefit of all its feed, it +will be found highly profitable to include Pratts Cow Remedy with the +daily ration. It acts as a digestive and at the same time insures a +healthy and natural action of the bowels.</p> + + +<p>Bulls should be fed and managed with a view to secure good, large and +robust physical development and the retention of begetting powers +unimpaired to a good old age. The aim should be to avoid tying bulls in +the stall continuously for any prolonged period, but to give them +opportunity to take exercise in box stalls, paddocks, and pastures to +the greatest extent that may be practicable.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Jacksonville, Fla.</i></p> + +<p><i>Have used Pratts Cow Remedy with good success as a general tonic and for +increasing milk. Omitting it at intervals as a test showed a falling off +of about a pint for each cow, which was always made up when the remedy +was added.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>T.C. JOHNSTON.</i></p></div></div> + +<p>A ring should be inserted in the nose when not yet one year old. Rings +most <a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a>commonly used are two and one-half to three inches in diameter. +When inserting them the head of the animal should be drawn tightly up to +a post or other firm objects, so that the muzzle points upward at a +suitable angle. A hole is then made with a suitable implement through +the cartilage between the nasal passages, and forward rather than +backward in the cartilage. The ring is then inserted, the two parts are +brought together again, and they are held in place by a small screw. +When ringed, a strap or rope with a spring attached will suffice for a +time when leading them, but later they should be led with a lead, which +is a strong, tough circular piece of wood, four to five feet long, with +a snap attached to one end.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cocows.gif" alt="CARE OF COWS" title="CARE OF COWS" /></div> + +<div class='bd1'><div class="blockquot"> +<h3>Sell the Milk but Grow the Calves</h3> + +<p>Whole milk is too valuable to use as calf feed, even if calves—both +veals and those kept for dairy purposes—are selling at such high +prices. Sell the milk, get all the cash out of it, but grow the calves +just the same. Merely feed the perfect milk substitute—</p> + +<h4>Pratts Calf Meal<br /> +"Baby Food for Baby Calves"</h4> + + +<p>When prepared and fed in accordance with the simple directions, Pratts +Calf Meal will grow calves <i>equal to those grown on whole or skim-milk +and at less cost</i>.</p> + +<p>This truly wonderful calf feed has practically the same chemical +composition as the solids of whole milk. It is made of superior +materials, carefully selected and especially adapted to calf feeding. +These are milled separately and bolted to remove hulls and coarse +particles, which insures perfect digestion. Finally, the mixture is +thoroughly steam-cooked, in a sense pre-digested.</p> + +<p>Calves fed Pratts way thrive and grow rapidly and are not subject to +scours and other calf disorders. Just make a test. Feed some calves +<i>your</i> way and some <i>Pratts</i> way. Let your eye and the scales tell the +story. Learn how easy it is to grow the best of calves at less cost.</p> + +<p>"Your Money Back If YOU Are Not Satisfied"</p></div></div> +<p><br /></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/ppp1.gif" alt="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" title="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" /></div> + +<p>Avoid using in service bulls under one year. During the one-year form +they should not be allowed to serve more than a score of cows; after +they have reached the age of 24 to 30 months they may be used with much +freedom in service until the vital forces begin to weaken with age. When +properly managed, waning should not begin before the age of 7 or 8 +years. It has been found that the bull's service can be made more sure +by the use of Pratts Cow Remedy, because of its mild and safe tonic +properties. Bulls should he able to serve from 75 to 300 cows a year +without injury <a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a>when the times of service spread over much of the year.</p> + +<p>Calves reared to be made into meat at a later period are very frequently +allowed to nurse from their dams. This should never be done in the +dairy. Such a method of raising them is adverse to maximum milk giving, +as the calves when young cannot take all the milk the cows are capable +of giving; hence the stimulus is absent that would lead her to give +more.</p> + +<p>At no time in the life of a dairy cow should she be allowed to suckle +her calf longer than the third day of its existence.</p> + +<p>In certain parts of the country, especially where whole milk is sold for +consumption in the cities, dairy-men frequently kill calves at birth +because of lack of milk for feeding them. This practice is wrong and +unnecessary. All strong calves should be grown, either for milking +animals or veal. And this can now be done, easily and cheaply, by +feeding Pratts Calf Meal, the perfect milk substitute, the guaranteed +"baby food for baby calves." When this scientific food is used, calves +of really superior quality, big, sturdy, vigorous, are grown practically +without milk.</p> + +<p>Pratts Calf Meal must not be confused with coarse mixtures of mill +by-products sometimes sold as "calf meal" or "calf food." Pratts is as +carefully made as the baby foods which are so widely used for children. +It appeals to the calf's appetite, is easily and quickly digested, +produces rapid growth and even development. It does not cause scours and +other digestive troubles. And it is easy to prepare and feed.</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/21.gif" + alt="SHORT HORN COW" /><br /> + SHORT HORN COW + </div> + +<p>In chemical composition, Pratts Calf Meal is practically identical with +the solids of whole milk. It is made exclusively of materials especially +suited to calf feeding and these are always of the highest quality +obtainable. This is one secret of the great success of this truly +remarkable feed.</p> + +<p>The various materials are ground very fine, milled separately, and are +then bolted to remove any coarse particles. They are then combined in +exact proportions and thoroughly mixed.</p> + +<p>Finally, the mixture is steam-cooked, which makes the feed easy to +digest and assimilate. This expensive, but most necessary process, +prevents indigestion and bowel troubles which accompany the use of +unbolted, uncooked meals.</p> + +<p>Where milk is available for calf feeding the following plan may be used:</p> + +<p>The young calf should take milk from its dam for, say, three days. +During that period the milk is only fit for feeding purposes. It is very +important that the calf shall be started right, and in no way can this +be done so well as by Nature's method, that is, by allowing it to take +milk from the dam at will. At the end of that time it should be taught +to drink. This can usually be accomplished without difficulty by +allowing the calf to become hungry before its first lesson in drinking. +It should be given all whole milk, for say, two weeks. This given in +three feeds per day, and not more in quantity, as a rule, than two +quarts at a feed.</p> + +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/22.gif" + alt="HOLSTEIN COW" /><br /> + HOLSTEIN COW + </div> + + +<p>The change from whole to skim-milk should be made gradually. A <a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a>small +amount of skim-milk should be added to the whole milk the first day, and +a corresponding amount of whole milk withheld. The amount of skim-milk +increased from day to day, and the whole milk fed decreased +correspondingly. The time covered in making the change from all whole to +all skim-milk should be from one to two weeks. Any skim-milk that is +sweet will answer, but it should not be fed to young calves at a lower +temperature than about 98 degrees in winter. Milk obtained by cream +separators, soon after drawn from the cow, is particularly suitable.</p> + +<p>As soon as the change from whole to skim-milk is begun, some substitute +should be added to replace the fat withheld by reducing the amount of +whole milk fed. Ground flax or oil-meal is the best. It is generally fed +in the latter form. In some instances the oil-meal is put directly into +the milk beginning with a heaping teaspoonful and gradually increasing +the quantity. A too lax condition of the digestion would indicate that +an excessive amount was being fed. Later the meal may be more +conveniently fed when mixed with other meal.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Riverdale, Md.</i></p> + +<p><i>Very much pleased with results of Pratts Animal Regulator during the +present period of my cows breeding. An extraordinary strong calf and the +mother in fine condition.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>WM. C. GRAY.</i></p></div></div> + +<p>As soon as the calves will eat meal it should be given to them. No meal +is more suitable at the first than ground oats and wheat bran. A little +later whole oats will answer quite well. To calves grown for dairy uses +they may form the sole grain food. If the calves are to be grown for +beef, some more fattening food, as ground corn, or ground barley, should +be added to the meal. For such calves, equal parts of bran, oats whole +or ground, and ground corn, barley, rye, or speltz are excellent. Until +three months old they may be allowed to take all the grain that they +will eat. Later it may be necessary to restrict the quantity fed. Calves +for the dairy must be kept in a good growing condition, but without an +excess of fat. The meal should be kept in a box at all times accessible +to the calves and should be frequently renewed. Grain feeding may cease +when the calves are put upon pasture.</p> + +<p>As soon as the calves will eat fodder it should be given to them. Fodder +gives the necessary distention to the digestive organs, which makes the +animals capable of taking a sufficient quantity of food to result in +high production. Alfalfa, clover-hay, and pea and oat hay are excellent, +provided they are of fine growth and cut before they are too advanced in +growth. If field roots can be added to the fodder the result in +development and good digestion will be excellent. Any kind of field +roots are good, but mangels, sugar beets, and rutabagas are the most +suitable because of their good keeping qualities. They should be fed +sliced, preferably with a root slicer, and the calves may be given all +that they will eat without harm resulting.</p> + +<p><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a>The duration of the milk period more commonly covers three to four +months with calves that are hand fed, but it may be extended +indefinitely providing skim-milk may be spared for such a use. Such +feeding is costly. Calves reared on their dams are seldom allowed milk +for more than six or seven months, save when they are reared for show +purposes.</p> + +<p>(1) The amount should be determined by the observed capacity of the calf +to take milk and by the relative cost of the skim-milk and the adjuncts +fed along with it.</p> + +<p>(2) During the first weeks until it begins to eat other food freely, it +should be given all the milk that it will take without disturbing the +digestion.</p> + +<p>(3) Usually it would be safe to begin with six pounds of milk per day, +giving eight pounds at the end of the first week, and to add one pound +each week subsequently until the age of 10 to 12 weeks. Any excess of +milk given at one time usually disturbs the digestion and is followed by +too lax a condition of the bowels.</p> + +<p>When milk has been the chief food, and the weaning is sudden, usually +growth will be more or less arrested. When sustained largely on other +foods, the change may be made without any check to the growth, even in +the case of calves that suck their dams. When hand raised, the quantity +of milk is gradually reduced until none is given. In the case of sucking +calves they should be allowed to take milk once a day for a time before +being shut entirely away from the dams. The supplementary food should be +strengthened as the milk is withheld.</p> + +<p>Calves should have constant access to good water, even during the milk +period, and also to salt.</p> + +<p>Where many are fed simultaneously, the milk should be given in pails +kept scrupulously clean. The pails should be set in a manger, but not +until the calves have been secured by the neck in suitable stanchions. +As soon as they have taken the milk, a little meal should be thrown into +each pail. Eating the dry meal takes away the desire to suck one +another.</p> + +<p>Calves of the dairy, dual purpose, and beef breeds may be reared by hand +along the same lines, but with the following points of difference:</p> + +<p>(1) The dual types want to carry more flesh than the dairy types, and +the beef types more than either.</p> + +<p>(2) To secure this end, more and richer milk must be given to calves of +the beef type, especially during the first weeks of growth. Forcing +calves of the beef type would be against the highest development +attainable. Until the milking period is reached, the food and general +treatment for the three classes is the same. They should be in fair +flesh until they begin to furnish milk.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Coshocton, Ohio.</i></p> + +<p><i>With good care and Pratts Animal Regulator (which I have used for two +years) this Jersey calf grew like a weed. I can prove what it has done +for my cow and calves.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>MRS. ELLEN BUTZ.</i></p></div></div> + + +<p>When calves come in the autumn, the heifers enter the first winter +strong and vigorous. They should be so fed that growth will be +continuous right through the winter, but on cheap foods. It is different +with animals for the block, which should have grain every winter until +sold, when reared on the arable farm, unless roots are freely fed, when +they may be car<a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a>ried through the winter in fine form on straw and +cornstalks, feeding some hay toward spring. They may be fed in an open +or a closed shed, and without being tied when dehorned as they ought to +be when not purely bred. It is a good time to dehorn them when about one +year old, as they will be more peaceful subsequently than if the horns +had never been allowed to grow. The bedding should be plentiful and they +should have free access to water and salt.</p> + +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/24.gif" + alt="HEREFORD BULL" /><br /> + HEREFORD BULL + </div> + +<p>To carry growing animals through the winter so that they make no +increase and in some instances lose weight, to be made up the following +summer, is short-sighted policy and wasteful of food. If a stunted +condition is allowed at any time, increase is not only retarded, but the +capacity for future increase is also lessened.</p> + +<p>The pastures for heifers should be abundant, or supplemented by soiling +food where they are short. This is specially necessary because the +heifers will then be pregnant, and because of the burden thus put upon +them in addition to that of growth, certain evils will follow.</p> + +<p>In some instances calves are grown on whole milk and adjuncts, and are +sold at the age of 6 to 9 months. This is practicable when two or three +calves are reared on one cow. The meal adjuncts to accompany such +feeding may consist of ground corn, oats, bran, and oil meal, fed in the +proportions of, say 4, 2, 1, and 1 parts by weight. In some instances +they are kept two or three months longer, and when sold such calves well +fattened bring high prices.</p> + +<p>The growing of baby beef is coming into much favor. Baby beef means beef +put upon the market when it can no longer be called veal and when +considerably short of maturity, usually under the age of 24 months. To +grow such beef properly animals must be given a good healthy start, +growth must not be interrupted and must be reasonably rapid, and the +condition of flesh in which they are kept must be higher than for +breeding uses. The process is in a sense a forcing one through feeding +of relatively large amounts of grain. Though kept in good flesh all the +while, the highest condition of flesh should be sought during the latter +stages of feeding.</p> + +<p>When stall feeding begins, cattle are led up gradually during +preliminary feeding to full feeding. Full feeding means consumption of +all grain and other food the animal can take without injuring digestion. +A lean animal cannot be fattened quickly. Before rapid deposits of fat +can occur the lean animal must be brought into a well-nourished +condition. Preliminary feeding should cover a period of four to eight +weeks in ordinary fattening.</p> + +<p>When cattle are to be finished on grass, they are usually fed a moderate +amount of grain daily the previous winter. The amount will be influenced +by the character of the fodders and by the season when the cattle are to +be sold. Usually it is not less than three pounds per animal, daily, nor +more than six pounds. Steers will fatten in much shorter time when +Pratts Cow Remedy is used. It causes them to quickly put on solid flesh, +due to its action on the blood, bowels, and digestive organs.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cocows.gif" alt="CARE OF COWS" title="CARE OF COWS" /></div> + +<h4><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a>COMMON DISEASES OF CATTLE</h4> + +<p>The cow is generally healthy and if fed, stabled and cared for properly +she will seldom be ill.</p> + +<p>When a cow is sick, provide clean, comfortable quarters, with plenty of +bedding and let her lie down. If weather is cold, cover her with a +blanket. A healthy cow has a good appetite, the muzzle is moist, the eye +bright, coat is smooth, the horns are warm, breathing is regular, the +milk is given in good quantities and the process of rumination is +constant soon after eating. The sick cow has more or less fever, the +muzzle is dry and hot, the breathing is rapid, no appetite, an increase +in the pulse, dull eye, rough coat, a suspension of rumination, and the +cow will stand alone with head down. Usually all that is needed is +Pratts Cow Remedy with bran mashes and good digestible feed. Give pure, +clean water, and careful attention.</p> + + +<p><b>Preventing Milk Fever</b></p> + +<p>Many excellent cows have been lost through milk fever within a day or +two of the birth of the calf. The preventive measures include:</p> + +<p>(1) Reducing the quantity of the food fed.</p> + +<p>(2) Feeding food that is not unduly succulent, lest the milk flow should +be overstimulated.</p> + +<p>(3) Giving a mild purgative a day or two before the calf is born, or +within a few hours after its birth. The purgative most commonly used is +Epsom salts, and the dose is three-quarters of a pound to one pound.</p> + +<p>(4) Removing only a small portion of the milk at a time for the first +two or three days. Only moderate amounts of food are necessary until the +danger of milk fever is past. Where Pratts Cow Remedy has been given, +there is little, if any, danger of milk fever. The value of this +splendid prescription during the calving season has been tested time and +time again.</p> + + +<p><b>Abortion</b></p> + +<p>A germ disease highly contagious and one of the most injurious of those +which affect dairy cattle. The money-making value of a herd in which the +germs of contagious abortion are permitted to exist will be completely +destroyed.</p> + +<p>A cow which has once aborted will do so again unless carefully treated. +So contagious is the disease that the germs introduced into a perfectly +healthy cow will cause her to abort, and it is no uncommon thing for the +infection to spread through an entire herd in a single season. The herd +bull readily becomes a source of herd infection, and service from a +bull, where there are aborting cows should be refused.</p> + +<p><i>Cause.</i>—By infection, the herding together of a large number of cows, +high feeding, smutty corn and ergotty pastures. In a small number of +cows abortion may result from accidental injuries. Such cases are pure +accidents and are not to be considered along with contagious abortion.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Bradford, Ohio</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Abortion had got a hold on my herd and I was expecting to have to +dispose of them, when Pratts Cow Remedy came to my rescue. Calves are +all coming now at the right time.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>BENJ. LOXLEY, JR.</i></p></div></div> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—As in all contagious diseases, treatment should be given +the infected animals and sanitary measures with treatment should be +<a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a>adopted to prevent its spread to healthy cows. For increasing the +disease resistance of cows as well as for building up the vitality of +infected and suspected animals, Pratts Cow Remedy is most effective. It +is a true remedy and tonic, which restores to health and upbuilds the +cow's constitution. It is all medicine, free from harmful ingredients or +mineral poisons.</p> + +<p>Give one level tablespoonful of Pratts Cow Remedy three times a day to +each cow, either with the grain or separately.</p> + +<p>Pratts Cow Remedy should be given before and after service, and when +Contagious Abortion is only suspected, should be continued during the +period when the cow is in calf.</p> + +<p>An excellent preventive practice is to douche the vagina of all pregnant +cows and to wash the tails and hind quarters of the entire herd with one +part Pratts Dip and Disinfectant to 100 parts warm water.</p> + +<p>As a certain number of the cows will harbor the germ in the womb when +treatment is started, it is not to be expected that abortion will cease +at once, but by keeping up the treatment the trouble will probably +disappear the following year.</p> + +<p>When the small cost of Pratts Cow Remedy and Pratts Dip and Disinfectant +and their wonderful effectiveness in ridding the cow of the disease are +considered, there is no question but that it ought always to be given to +all cows to keep them well.</p> + +<p>To prevent the spread of Contagious Abortion, the entire premises should +be disinfected regularly with Pratts Dip and Disinfectant.</p> + + +<p><b>Retained After-Birth</b></p> + +<p><i>Causes.</i>—The cow, the most of all our domestic animals, is especially +subject to this accident. It is most likely to occur after abortion. +Again, in low conditions of health and an imperfect power of +contraction, we have causes for retention. The condition is common when +the cow is given food insufficient in quantity or in nutriment.</p> + +<div class='bd1'><div class="blockquot"> +<h3>Comfort for Cow and Milker</h3> + +<p>Milking is a twice-a-day job. And if the cow has a sore, feverish and +inflamed udder, cut, cracked or sore teats, milking time is most +uncomfortable for both the cow and the one who does the milking.</p> + +<p>Whenever a cow gives any indication of tenderness or soreness of udder +or teats, apply</p> + +<h4>Pratts Bag Ointment</h4> + +<p>and speedy improvement will follow. It quickly penetrates to the seat of +the trouble, softens and soothes the feverish parts, and heals up the +sores.</p> + +<p>Use it for caked bags, or garget, for cuts, cracks, scratches or sores +on udder or teats. It works wonders. Better keep a package on hand for +quick use.</p> + +<h4>"Your Money Back If YOU Are Not Satisfied"</h4></div></div> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Blanket the cow in a warm stable, and three times a day +give hot drinks and hot mashes of wheat bran to which two +tablespoon<a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a>fuls of Pratts Cow Remedy have been added. When the +after-birth comes away, continue treatment giving one tablespoonful of +Pratts Cow Remedy until full recovery. The vagina and womb should be +syringed with a solution of one ounce of Pratts Dip and Disinfectant to +a gallon of warm water. Repeat daily until all discharge has +disappeared.</p> + +<p><i>Prevention.</i>—If the cow has been given Pratts Cow Remedy during +pregnancy or from two to four weeks before calving, there will be very +few cases of this trouble.</p> + + +<p><b>Barrenness and Sterility</b></p> + +<p>When a cow persistently fails to breed and bear young, she is said to be +barren. That a barren cow cannot be a profit maker, goes without saying.</p> + +<p><i>Causes.</i>—Barrenness in many cases is due to malformation of the +generative organs, tumors or other diseased conditions. Very frequently +it is a result of Contagious Abortion, and this should always be +suspected. Cows bred at too early an age frequently produce calves which +prove to be barren, due to constitutional weakness.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—The true preventive of such conditions is to be found in +sound hygiene. Use Pratts Dip and Disinfectant freely about the +premises.</p> + +<p>The breeding animal should be of adult age neither overfed nor underfed, +but well fed and moderately exercised.</p> + +<p>In proof of the beneficial results of exercise, it is of record that a +cow pronounced barren, when driven to a new owner, living several miles +distant, became fertile and for years thereafter produced healthy +calves.</p> + +<p>Vigorous health must be sought, not only that a strong race may be +propagated but that the cow may breed with certainty.</p> + +<p>For toning up the generative organs, so that they can perform their +natural functions, Pratts Cow Remedy is safe and positive.</p> + +<p>The usual dose is a level tablespoonful twice a day in the feed.</p> + +<p>Thus for less than a cent a day, you can make sure of the cow enjoying +health and being productive.</p> + + +<p><b>Aphtha, Sores on the Lips and Tongue</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—Painful blisters which become sores on the lips and tongue. +Occurs often in sucking calves.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Wash the mouth twice a day with one ounce of borax and one +fluid ounce of myrrh mixed in one quart of water or a mild solution of +Pratts Dip and Disinfectant. Give Pratts Cow Remedy daily. If the mouth +is very sore give the remedies in gruel form. Feed animal on regular +gruel feed. If it occurs in calves, give Pratts Cow Remedy with milk and +use borax as mentioned above.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Pittsfield, Ill.</i></p> + +<p><i>Am using Pratts Bag Ointment on young heifer with a very sore bag and +she is doing fine.<br />I would not do without it.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>F.E. STORCK.</i></p></div></div> + + +<p><b>Bloat</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms</i>.—While eating, or shortly afterward, a swelling appears on +the left side, and as the swelling increases the animal appears to be in +great distress, pants, strikes belly with its hind feet, the belching of +gas is noticed <a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a>and the animal does not chew its cud. Later the +breathing becomes difficult, the animal moans, its back is arched, eyes +protrude, the tongue hangs out and saliva runs from the mouth.</p> + +<p><i>Cause.</i>—Eating damp grass, succulent grass of early spring and second +crop clover in autumn when wet with dew or rain. Also caused by a change +of food or over filling the paunch of animal with indigestible food.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—At this stage mix one ounce aromatic spirits of ammonia in +one pint of water and give the mixture as a drench. Repeat in twenty +minutes if necessary. In extreme cases a mechanical treatment can be +successfully employed by the use of Pratts Cattle Trocar.</p> + + +<p><b>Caked Udder, or Garget</b></p> + +<p>Apply Pratts Bag Ointment according to directions. It is very +penetrating, and has great softening and cooling properties. Use also +for chafing and inflammation.</p> + + +<p><b>Cold</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—Heated forehead, sneezing, coughing, may have diarrhoea or +be constipated, fever and loss of appetite. Urine deficient.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>McDonoghville, La.</i></p> + +<p><i>Pratts Animal Regulator can't be beat for sick calves—this is from +actual experience.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>E.M. HUBERT.</i></p></div></div> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Give large doses of Pratts Cow Remedy in gruel form and +gradually reduce quantity. Keep animal warm, bandage legs and rub throat +and lungs with Pratts Liniment.</p> + + +<p><b>Colic</b></p> + +<p>Animal will be uneasy, gets up and lies down, and suffers much pain.</p> + +<p>Walk the animal for a few minutes, then give one pint of Glauber Salts +dissolved in a pint of warm water, and inject a quart of warm water, +with two fluid ounces of laudanum, into the bowels. Give regularly +Pratts Cow Remedy mixed with warm water as gruel until animal is +relieved, then mix with the feed. In extreme cases give four drams of +carbonate of ammonia, two drams of belladonna, mixed with one pint of +water. Blankets wrung out of hot water and applied will help to relieve +the pain. Another remedy is one ounce of sulphuric ether and one ounce +tincture of opium in a pint of warm water. A pint of whiskey in a pint +of warm water is also good.</p> + + +<p><b>Constipation</b></p> + +<p><i>Cause.</i>—From eating dry, coarse food, lack of exercise and not enough +water.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Give Epsom salts or a pint of raw linseed oil and plenty +of green food, linseed meal, bran mashes, roots and Pratts Cow Remedy +daily. Exercise is necessary.</p> + + +<p><b>Cow Pox</b></p> + +<p>(Variola)</p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—Round inflamed spots appear upon the teats. They enlarge +and form large scabs. The milk yield is always diminished. It is very +contagious. This is the vaccine-virus used as a preventive for smallpox.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Separate the cows affected. Do not break the pox. Apply +Pratts Healing Ointment to the sores and give Pratts Cow Remedy to all +the cows, whether affected or not.</p> + +<p><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a><b>Closing of the Milk Duct</b></p> + +<p>Use Pratts Self-Retaining Milking Tube. Never use a solid probe or +needle.</p> + + +<p><b>Cut, Cracked, Injured or Sore Teats</b></p> + +<p>Apply Pratts Bag Ointment according to directions on box.</p> + + +<p><b>Diarrhoea</b></p> + +<p>(Scours)</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Give large doses of Pratts Cow Remedy at first, then +reduce to regular quantity. Give starch gruel or flour and water. +Another remedy is two fluid drams of tincture of kino three times daily.</p> + + +<p><b>Foot and Mouth Disease</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—Sore feet and blisters form in and about the mouth and on +udder. Animal shivers, has fever, becomes lame and teeth become loose. +It is very contagious.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Separate all sick animals and wash mouths with one part +Pratts Disinfectant to 100 parts water, or one-half teaspoonful of +tincture of aloes and myrrh. Stand animals in a trough containing one +part Pratts Dip and Disinfectant to 20 parts water. Repeat in five days. +Disinfect all stables, litter, etc. Give daily Pratts Cow Remedy with +the regular feed. Use Pratts Bag Ointment on teats and udder. When +recovered, sponge all over with one part Pratts Dip and Disinfectant to +20 parts water.</p> + + +<p><b>Foot Rot</b></p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Clean stalls and disinfect with one part Pratts Dip and +Disinfectant to 100 parts water. Pare away all ragged portions of the +foot and keep animal on clean floor until cured. Make a poultice of one +part Disinfectant to five parts water and stir in a little flour to the +proper constituency and apply to the foot.</p> + + +<p><b>Lice</b></p> + +<p>Lousy stock cannot grow fat for the nourishment given is absorbed by the +lice.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Clean stable thoroughly and spray Pratts Dip and +Disinfectant everywhere. Sprinkle a small quantity on an old blanket and +tie it around the animal for two or three hours. Spray the legs and such +places the blanket does not cover. Repeat if necessary.</p> + +<p>If Pratts Powdered Lice Killer is used, dust the animals thoroughly with +the powder, rubbing the hair the wrong way, then rub it thoroughly into +the skin.</p> + + +<p><b>Lump Jaw</b></p> + +<p><i>Cause.</i>—A vegetable parasite. It is contagious.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Remove the tumor by surgical means or paint daily with +tincture of iodine. Give daily two drams of iodide of potash. Give +nourishing feed with Pratts Cow Remedy daily. Disinfect stable with +Pratts Dip and Disinfectant.</p> + + +<p><b>Milk—Bloody or Stringy</b></p> + +<p><i>Cause.</i>—By rupture of minute vessels in the udder due to injury, +irritation or inflammation and derangement of the system.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>East Point, Ga.</i></p> + +<p><i>Please send me a box of Pratts Cow Remedy and some Pratts Bag Ointment. +I sure do need it. I found no other that will do the work. It brings in +calves easy.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>MRS. MATTIE BROWN.</i></p></div></div> + +<p><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a><i>Treatment.</i>—Change the food and pasture. Give large doses of Pratts +Cow Remedy at first, and gradually reduce to regular quantity. Give good +nutritious feed with bran mashes and clean fresh, water. Rub udder twice +daily with Pratts Bag Ointment. Four drams of hyposulphite of soda in +feed twice a day has produced good results.</p> + + +<p><b>Milk—Blue and Watery</b></p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Keep stable perfectly clean, disinfect thoroughly with +Pratts Disinfectant and treat same as for bloody milk. Sometimes blue +milk is the sign of tuberculosis. If so, have the cow killed and burned +or buried deep.</p> + + +<p><b>Milk Fever</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—There is a feverish condition and inflammation of the +brain; a complete stoppage of milk, weakness in hind quarters, animal +staggers and when down is unable to rise, throws head to one side and +goes into a state of stupor.</p> + +<p><i>Cause.</i>—By trouble peculiar to calving or running into rich pasture +during hot weather; by lack of exercise and from costiveness. Usually +attacks fat cows.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—(From Circular 45, Bureau of Animal Industry, U.S. +Department of Agriculture.) "Of all known methods of treating milk +fever, the injection of sterile atmospheric air into the udder is by far +the most simple and practicable as well as the most efficacious and +harmless one at our disposal." Pratts Milk Fever Outfit for air +treatment should always be kept on hand. The price is $3. This treatment +has cured 97 per cent. of cases treated.</p> + +<p><i>Prevention.</i>—Feed pregnant cows with nutritious and laxative feed, +give plenty of water and Pratts Cow Remedy daily. Keep stable clean, +well ventilated and disinfected with Pratts Dip and Disinfectant.</p> + + +<p><b>Milk—To Increase the Flow of</b></p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—To increase flow of milk give Pratts Cow Remedy daily with +a good nutritious ration and plenty of water. These supply just what a +cow needs to make her food appetizing, to regulate the blood, bowels and +digestive organs, to turn all the nutriment of the feed given into flesh +and milk without waste. Pratts Cow Remedy has been used for over 40 +years by successful and conservative feeders, and wherever used, +according to directions, has produced wonderful results.</p> + + +<p><b>Ophthalmia—Sore Eyes</b></p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Separate affected animals at once and put them in clean, +well ventilated but dark stalls as this is contagious. Disinfect entire +place with one part Pratts Dip and Disinfectant to 75 parts of water. +Give physic of a pound and a half of Epsom salts, dissolve in a pint of +warm water, to which add two ounces of powdered ginger. Give sloppy feed +with one dram of powdered nitrate of potassia added and Pratts Cow +Remedy daily.</p> + +<p>Fasten a cloth over the eyes and keep it wet with a lotion of chloride +of zinc, one dram; carbolic acid, two drams; water, one gallon. Apply to +the cheek below each eye, to the space of about two inches, a small +portion composed of Spanish fly, 2 drams; lard, two tablespoonfuls. +Apply in the morning and wash off with soap suds and a sponge, six hours +later. Apply lard. Keep separated from herd for a month after recovery.</p> + + +<p><b>Rheumatism</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—Hot, painful swellings at the joints, stiffness in walking +and difficulty in rising.</p> + +<p><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a><i>Cause.</i>—By exposure, badly ventilated and wet stables, damp, marshy +pasture and impure food.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Bathe joints with Pratts Liniment. Give a physic of a +pound of Epsom salts in warm water. Give two drams of salicylate of soda +every three hours for two days. Keep animal warm and dry. Give +nutritious feed of a laxative nature with Pratts Cow Remedy daily.</p> + + +<p><b>Sore Throat</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—Difficulty in swallowing, pain and difficult breathing.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Place in dry, clean, well ventilated stable. Use nose bag. +Rub throat with Pratts Liniment. Give physic of one pound of Epsom salts +in warm water. Give one-half ounce of tincture of belladonna every six +hours. Syringe throat three times a day with an ounce of following +solution: one and one-half drams nitrate of silver and one pint of +distilled water.</p> + + +<p><b>Sprains</b></p> + +<p>Use Pratts Liniment, nothing better.</p> + + +<p><b>Teats—Obstructed</b></p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Wash off with one part Pratts Dip and Disinfectant and 50 +parts of water. Use Pratts Teat Opener. Pratts Self-Retaining Milking +Tube can then be inserted until teat is better. Rub teats with Pratts +Bag Ointment.</p> + + +<p><b>Ticks</b></p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—All cattle infected with ticks should be sponged or dipped +at once with one part Pratts Dip and Disinfectant to 20 parts water. +Repeat in ten days. This will not only kill the ticks but cure mange, +soften the hair and make the skin healthy.</p> + + +<p><b>Tuberculosis—Consumption</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—Not well marked in early stages. Disease develops slowly. +There is a loss of flesh, a short dry cough, irregular appetite, rapid +breathing, weakness, bloating, diarrhoea, the milk is lessened and is +watery and blue in color. The coat is rough and back arched. Whenever an +animal is suspected of having tuberculosis, have a competent person give +the "Tuberculosis Test" at once.</p> + +<p><i>Cause.</i>—Poor feed and water, badly ventilated stables, dirty stables, +from over-feeding and inoculation. It is hereditary. May also follow +abortion and catarrhal trouble of the genital organs.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Disease is incurable. Kill and burn all animals affected +at once and disinfect thoroughly stables, yards, etc., with one part +Pratts Dip and Disinfectant to 50 parts of water. Disinfect every week +until every germ is destroyed. Use Pratts Dip and Disinfectant in all +whitewash and sponge or dip all the cattle in a solution of one part +Disinfectant to 100 parts water.</p> + + +<p><b>Wire Cuts, Wounds, Bites, Etc.</b></p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Wash with one part Pratts Dip and Disinfectant and 50 +parts water and apply Pratts Healing Ointment or Healing Powder three +times a day.</p> + + +<p><b>Worms</b></p> + +<p>Give Pratts Specially Prepared Worm Powder according to directions. It +is quick in its action and has a strong tonic effect.<br /><br /></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a></p> +<h2><a name="SHEEP" id="SHEEP"></a></h2> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cosheep.gif" alt="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" title="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" /></div> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/32.gif" alt="SHEEP HEADER" title="SHEEP HEADER" /></div> + + +<p>Many years ago the sheep industry of America flourished. Then came a +period of depression in this line accompanied by a steady decrease in +the number of sheep kept. But the tide turned again about 1914 and the +sheep are rapidly coming back to American farms and ranges.</p> + +<p>This change is doubtless due to the steadily increasing cost of grain +and labor accompanied by correspondingly high prices of lamb, mutton and +wool. Also to a general recognition of the economic value of sheep—both +of the mutton and wool breeds—as quick producers of income, no little +part of which should be profit. The latter point is due to the fact that +sheep are inexpensive to maintain as they thrive upon the roughest of +pastures and coarse feeds which will not sell to advantage, and their +care consumes but little time. Low production costs—feed and labor—and +high prices for the products make a most satisfactory combination.</p> + +<p>Methods of successful sheep management vary in different sections of the +country. The beginner may well consult the successful sheep-growers in +his section and adopt the methods which give good results under the +conditions existing in his locality. At the same time he should neglect +no opportunity to secure more information from all sources, in order to +know and use the most advanced methods and so make the maximum profits.</p> + +<p>Here are a few basic facts:</p> + +<p>Sheep raising requires careful attention, but does not demand a great +amount of heavy labor or expensive equipment.</p> + +<p>The best time to make a start is in the early fall when good breeding +stock may be selected.</p> + +<p>While pure-bred breeders are best, a pure-bred ram and ewes of good +grade will prove very satisfactory.</p> + +<p>A start may be made in a small way, but it is best to have at least +twenty to forty breeders for economy of time, labor and other expenses.</p> + +<p>As a rule it is most profitable to push the lambs for growth and market +them when they weigh 65 to 75 pounds.</p> + +<p>This weight can be secured in about four months.</p> + +<p>If a very large pasture is available the flock will thrive on this. +Otherwise fields must be fenced off and forage crops provided.</p> + +<p>Breeding ewes must be exercised in the winter to insure strong lambs. +But protect them from rain or wet snow as soaked fleeces cause colds and +pneumonia.</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/32b.gif" + alt="SHROPSHIRE SHEEP" /><br /> + SHROPSHIRE SHEEP + </div> + + +<p>Thrifty condition and vigorous health must be maintained at all costs. +Otherwise the lambs will be small and weak and fleeces of inferior +quality. The regular use of Pratts Animal Regulator will improve +condition, insure <a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a>health and vigor, increase number and quality of +lambs, promote growth of flesh and wool. And in large measure, it keeps +common diseases away because Pratt-fed sheep are in condition to +<i>resist</i> disease.</p> + +<p>Shearing should be done after lambing, usually in late spring or early +summer. If lambing time is late, the shearing may be done before the +lambs arrive. Tie up the fleeces separately, first sorting out dung +locks and tags.</p> + +<p>After lambing, the individual ewes should be carefully watched to see +that they have plenty of milk and are in good condition. They should be +kept in pens for about three days, when they may be permitted to run +with the flock. Feed lightly for two or three days, then heavily to +stimulate the milk flow so lambs will be well-nourished. They may +profitably receive one to two pounds of grain per day during the nursing +period.</p> + +<p>Inferior ewes should be marketed as rapidly as they are identified. Get +rid of the barren ones, producers of poor lambs, poor milkers, light +shearers.</p> + +<p>Sheep must be protected against blood-thirsty dogs and external and +internal parasites. In many sections sheep growers have united to fight +sheep-killing dogs and good results have been secured. United action +against a common enemy is best, as public sentiment may thus be aroused.</p> + +<p>Because of their thick fleeces and helplessness, sheep suffer greatly +from the attacks of ticks, lice and other parasites. Ticks are +particularly injurious. They annoy and weaken the adult animals, torture +the lambs and check their growth. The result is always a money loss to +the sheep owner.</p> + +<p>Fortunately it is a simple matter to exterminate the ticks and lice and +overcome the ordinary skin diseases of sheep. Merely dip the sheep in a +solution of Pratts Disinfectant. It is non-poisonous, inexpensive—does +the work!</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/33.gif" + alt="MERINO RAM" /><br /> + MERINO RAM + </div> + +<p>July and August is the popular time for dipping, but the work can be +done as soon after shearing as the shear cuts heal. Two dippings are +necessary, about twenty-four days apart. The first treatment may not +kill all the eggs, but the second will kill the young ticks, thus +completing the job. For successful results, it is necessary to use a +dipping tank or vat large enough to hold sufficient of the solution to +immerse and thoroughly saturate each animal.</p> + +<p>Intestinal parasites, of which the stomach worm is perhaps the most +dreaded, cause great loss to sheep owners. These worms live in the +fourth stomach. They are easily identified, being from one-half to one +and a quarter inches long, marked with a red stripe. Their eggs are +found in the droppings of the sheep, so infection is secured in the +pasture.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Augusta, Me.</i></p> + +<p><i>As a constant user of Pratts Animal Regulator, for sheep, I find that it +not only helps them to put on flesh but keeps their system in fine +condition. I take great pleasure in recommending it, knowing its benefit +to Cloverdale Shropshires.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>H.J. O'HEAR, Samoset Farm.</i></p></div></div> + + + +<p><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a><br /></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/ppp1.gif" alt="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" title="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" /></div> + +<p><a name="SWINE" id="SWINE"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/34.gif" alt="SWINE HEADER" title="SWINE HEADER" /></div> + +<p>No other class of animals kept upon the farm brings returns so quickly +as swine, with the exception of fowls. Swine are specially valuable for +utilizing food that would otherwise go to waste. They are an invaluable +adjunct to the dairy, particularly when the whole milk is separated on +the farm.</p> + +<p>You can grow big, healthy, profit-paying hogs, if you will merely meet +certain clearly defined hog requirements. If you do this, and it's easy, +you need never worry about profits. You are <i>sure</i> to succeed.</p> + +<p>The world needs and will pay you well for all the hogs you can produce. +Aside from the pork products required for consumption in America, the +hog growers of the United States must for years export to Europe more +pork in various forms, and more lard, than ever before.</p> + +<p>The European herds of hogs have been sadly depleted. Dr. Vernon Kellogg, +of the United States Food Administration, has personally investigated +the situation. He reports decreases in hogs in leading countries as +follows: France, 49 per cent.; Great Britain, 25 per cent.; Italy, +12-1/2 per cent. And, of course, conditions are even worse in Germany, +Austria and the Balkan Nations, all of which are big producers in normal +times.</p> + +<p>Properly handled, kept healthy and vigorous, the American hog is a +money-maker. Many farmers know this from experience: others fail to +realize how useful and profitable the hog really is.</p> + +<p>The experts connected with the United States Department of Agriculture +make the following assertions in Farmers' Bulletin 874:</p> + +<p>"No branch of live-stock farming gives better results than the raising +of well-bred swine when conducted with a reasonable amount of +intelligence. The hog is one of the most important animals to raise on +the farm, either for meat or for profit, and no farm is complete unless +some hogs are kept to aid in the modern method of farming. The farmers +of the South and West, awakening to the merits of the hog, are rapidly +increasing their output of pork and their bank accounts. The hog +requires less labor, less equipment, less capital, and makes greater +gains per hundred pounds of concentrates than any other farm animal, and +reproduces himself faster and in greater numbers; and returns the money +invested more quickly than any other farm animal except poultry."</p> + +<p>The University of Minnesota, in Extension Bulletin 7, sums up the matter +as follows:</p> + +<p>"From a business point of view, the hog is described as a great national +resource, a farm mortgage lifter and debt-payer, and the most generally +profitable domesticated animal in American agriculture."</p> + +<p>And this summarizes the general opinion of progressive hog growers and +the experts connected with the United States Department of Agriculture +and the various State Agricultural Experiment Stations and Colleges.</p> + +<p>Breeds of hogs are divided into two general classes—bacon type and lard +type. Where milk is plentiful, and especially where such foods as barley +<a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a>and peas are grown, the bacon type will be the most profitable, as they +furnish the largest litters and also make pork that brings the best +price in the market. The lard type of swine are usually kept where corn +is the cereal that is most grown.</p> + +<p>The large Yorkshire and Tamworth are the leading bacon breeds. The +Poland China, the Duroc Jersey, and the Chester White are leading lard +types. The Berkshires, Cheshires, and Hampshires are intermediate +between the bacon and lard types. When bacon sires are crossed upon sows +of any of the other breeds, the progeny are excellent for pork.</p> + +<p>The farmer who is about to adopt a breed should be sure to select one of +the standard and common breeds of his own neighborhood. Many men make +the mistake of introducing a breed new to the section, and when the time +comes that a new boar must be secured much difficulty and expense are +incurred before a satisfactory one can be found.</p> + +<p>The bulletin quoted above further says: "To the production of pork, +then, in <i>the largest amount</i>, in <i>the shortest time</i>, and with <i>the +minimum of money and labor</i>, all the details of the hog-raising industry +are directed." Here is the whole secret—pork in largest amount, in +shortest time, at lowest production costs. And the very foundation is +perfect health and vigorous condition of the hogs, both breeding animals +and market stock.</p> + +<p>Health and vigor are necessary in the breeding animals if they are to +produce big litters of sturdy pigs—in the market animals if they are to +consume large amounts of food and economically and quickly convert it +into fat and muscle. Weak, sickly, run-down hogs are a constant source +of trouble and are never profitable under any conditions. Disease is one +of the greatest drawbacks in the hog industry.</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/35.gif" + alt="POLAND CHINA PIG" /><br /> + POLAND CHINA PIG + </div> + +<p>When selecting brood sows of any breed, the preference should be given +to those which have reasonably long sides and limbs of medium length. +When selecting boars make sure that vigor is present in a marked degree +and also strong limbs. Any weakness in the back of male or female is to +be carefully shunned.</p> + +<p>During pregnancy two facts must be borne in mind. The first is that the +sow is doing double duty. She is keeping up her own bodily functions, as +well as developing her fetal litter. Therefore, feeding should be +liberal. The mistakes in feeding breeding animals are more frequently +those which keep such stock thin. The importance of ample feeding at +this time is a demonstrated fact, as well as one which appeals to common +sense.</p> + +<p>In the second place the sow is building new tissue. Hence the kind of +feed is important. Bran, peas, oats and barley and such forage plants as +clover, alfalfa, vetches and the like. Ordinary pasture grasses are of +much value.</p> + +<p>All breeders lay great emphasis on the condition of the bowels during +pregnancy, and particularly at farrowing. The special danger to be +avoided is constipation. It is right here that Pratts Hog Tonic shows +its great worth to hog raiser. It puts the digestion organs into healthy +<a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a>condition and the result is safe farrowing and a healthy litter which +is not apt to suffer from scours or thumps.</p> + +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/36.gif" + alt="DUROC-JERSEY BOAR" /><br /> + DUROC-JERSEY BOAR + </div> + +<p>Good health is inherited from vigorous, healthy ancestors. It is +intensified and preserved by proper management. "The time to begin +fitting pigs for market is before they are farrowed. For this reason it +is advisable to pay particular attention to the feed and care of the +brood sow from breeding to farrowing time." And "It must be understood +that it is much easier to continue an animal (hog) in a thrifty, hardy +condition than to bring the animal back to his normal appetite and rate +of growth, once he is out of order." (Circular 90, New Jersey Agr. Exp. +Station.)</p> + +<p>These common-sense statements must appeal to the reason of every +thinking hog producer. And they make plain the wisdom of regularly +supplying Pratts Hog Tonic to the entire herd, to breeding stock, +growing pigs, fattening hogs.</p> + +<p>This remarkable natural tonic and conditioners <i>is not</i> a specific for +any single disease. It is a health-builder and health-preserver. In this +connection we wish to particularly mention that most dreaded and +destructive of all hog diseases—hog cholera. We do not claim that +Pratts Hog Tonic will entirely prevent or cure this scourge. But it will +put and keep your herd in such fine condition that the individuals will +be more resistant and will not as readily contract cholera or other germ +diseases. It will prevent and control such troubles as indigestion, +diarrhoea, constipation and the like, which are such a source of trouble +in the average herd.</p> + +<p>You may not appreciate the value of using such a conditioner, but the +Kentucky Agr. Exp. Station, in Bulletin 181, contains the following +statement which deserves the careful consideration of every thoughtful +hog raiser: <i>"General conditioners have been found to be advantageous in +the maintenance of healthy conditions in hogs</i>."</p> + +<p>Brood sows should not produce their first litter under twelve months. +Whether they should produce one or two litters a year will depend +largely upon the conditions, especially of climate. Sows should be kept +for breeding as long as they will produce good, even litters. +Well-chosen sows should rear an average of eight to the litter.</p> + +<p>Brood sows should have ample exercise. They get it in good form when +they are allowed to turn over litter in the barnyard on which a little +grain, as corn, has previously been sprinkled. Two-thirds of the winter +rations may consist of mangels or alfalfa hay—the other third being +grain or swill. Alfalfa for hogs should be cut before blossoming.</p> + +<p>When sows farrow they should be fed lightly for the first three days. +Later give all they will eat of milk-making foods. A combination of +ground oats, wheat shorts, and some corn is excellent. And Pratts Hog +Tonic will be found especially valuable during the nursing period. Meal +is fed ground and soaked. As soon as young pigs will take skim-milk they +should get it in a trough apart from the sow. They are weaned at seven +or eight weeks where two lit<a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a>ters are grown in a year, and at twelve +weeks where but one is grown.</p> + +<p>When pigs are weaned, and previously, there is nothing better than +shorts and skim milk. They should be grown subsequently to weaning on +pasture, with one to two pounds of grain added daily. In season, winter +or spring rye, clover, alfalfa, barley, and rape all make excellent +pasture.</p> + +<p>The fattening period with swine covers from six to eight weeks. Unground +corn and water will fatten swine in good form. The same is true of +barley and rye, ground and soaked. They may be fattened nicely while +grazing on field peas. They may also be similarly fattened by hogging +off corn or gathering it from the excrement of cattle that are being +fattened on it. Swine well grown should make an average gain of a pound +a day. Bacon swine may be best sold at 175 to 200 pounds in weight. Lard +types are usually grown to greater weights.</p> + +<p>Swine breeders have long recognized the value of Pratts Hog Tonic as a +disease preventive and fattener. Progressive breeders now consider it a +necessity in profitable hog raising.</p> + +<p>If a second litter is wanted during a year the sows should be put to the +boar during the first heat after weaning. Many breeders do not like to +pass periods of heat for fear that the sows may become "shy," and there +is little reason why a sow should not have two litters a year. In any +case, the sows should be carried on comparatively light feed until time +to breed again, gaining a little in weight; and their treatment after +breeding should be as already detailed for pregnant sows.</p> + +<p>When the boar arrives at the farm he should be dipped in a solution of +Pratts Dip and Disinfectant, as a matter of ordinary precaution against +the introduction of vermin. As an additional precaution, a quarantine +pen should be ready for him, especially if epizootics are prevalent. His +feed before change of owners should be known, and either adhered to or +changed gradually to suit the new conditions. If he has come from a long +distance it will be well to feed lightly until he is well acclimated.</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/37.gif" + alt="TAMWORTH PIG" /><br /> + TAMWORTH PIG + </div> + +<p>Breeders generally advocate the practice of keeping a boar to himself +during the entire year—out of sight and hearing of the sows. However, a +boar is often allowed to run with the sows after they are safe in pig; +but during the breeding season it is by far the best policy to keep him +by himself, admitting a sow to his yard for mating, and allowing but one +service. The litters will generally be larger and the pigs stronger.</p> + +<p>The boar should not serve more than two sows daily, preferably one in +the morning and one in the afternoon, and can serve 50 to 60 in a season +without difficulty.</p> + +<p>In order to keep the boar in vigorous physical condition, he should be +given Pratts Hog Tonic regularly. The beneficial results will be seen in +the way of larger litters and stronger pigs.</p> + +<p>The greatest drawback to the hog industry which breeders in this country +have to contend against is found in the losses which may be experienced +through the infestation of the animals, especially young pigs, by +parasites, through outbreaks of hog chol<a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a>era or swine plague, or through +the contraction of tuberculosis.</p> + +<p>In dealing with the diseases of hogs, preventive measures must be most +relied upon. The animals must be given dry and well-ventilated quarters, +which must be kept clean. Contrary to common belief, hogs have some +habits which raise them above other domestic animals from the +standpoint of cleanliness. For example, unless compelled to do so, a +hog will not sleep in its own filth. If part of the floor of the pen is +raised and kept well bedded with straw, while the rest is not, all +excrement will be left on the unbedded portion of the floor, and the bed +itself will be always clean.</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/38.gif" + alt="CHESTER WHITE BOAR" /><br /> + CHESTER WHITE BOAR + </div> + +<p>In addition to cleanliness, close attention should be given to the feed +which is supplied, that nothing may be fed which will convey the germs +of disease, especially tuberculosis, to the herd. If the hogs are fed +milk in any form obtained from cows kept upon the same farm, the cows +should be subjected to the tuberculin test, as by this means all +tuberculous milk may be kept from the hogs. If they run with the cattle +of the farm a tuberculin test of all the cattle is none the less +desirable. Animals dead from any disease should not be fed to the hogs +until the meat has been made safe by cooking. Skim milk or refuse from a +public creamery should not be fed to hogs until it has been thoroughly +sterilized.</p> + +<p>Feeding and drinking places should be clean and the water supply pure. +Unless the origin is known to be uncontaminated and there has been no +possibility of infection during its course, hogs should not be allowed +access to any stream. Wallows should be drained out or kept filled up as +much as possible. At least once a month the quarters should be +disinfected with a solution of Pratts Dip and Disinfectant. These +precautions will be found valuable aids in the destruction of the +various animal parasites, as well as a protection from some more serious +troubles.</p> + +<p>The methods of feeding and management outlined above have been +successfully followed by hog growers for many years. They are +conservative and safe. But during recent years a new method of feeding +has been developed and is being generally adopted, especially by +specialists who make hog growing a real business. This is known as the +"self-fed" plan, under which system feed is kept before the hogs at all +times and they are permitted to eat at will. In poultry feeding this is +called "the dry mash system."</p> + +<p>Just who deserves credit for originating or developing this plan cannot +be stated. That it is a good one is evidenced by the fact that it has +received the endorsement of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States +Department of Agriculture; of many Agricultural Experiment Stations; of +the specialty swine journals; of practical hog breeders in all sections +of the country.</p> + +<p>For this self-feed plan it is claimed that both feed and labor are +saved, thus reducing production costs. That a 250-pound hog can be grown +in thirty days less time than is possible where slop-feeding is +practiced, thus getting the hogs to market earlier and <a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a>avoiding danger +of loss during this time. That it produces pork of highest quality, the +meat being fine in flavor, firm, and with lean and fat well distributed.</p> + +<p>Advocates of the self-feeding plan make the following comparison with +the old-time slop-feeding method:</p> + +<p>When dry food is supplied in automatic feeders, the attendant may fill +the feeders at any convenient time of day and that at intervals of +several days. In slop feeding, the meals must be prepared and fed twice +daily, usually when other duties are pressing and time especially +valuable.</p> + +<p>When dry, ground grains are kept before the hogs at all times, they eat +when they feel the need of food and are not liable to overeat at any +time. Because of the dry character of the feed, they eat slowly, +masticating the food thoroughly and mixing it with saliva. This means +more thorough digestion and an absence of indigestion and bowel +troubles. And, of course, quicker growth.</p> + +<p>Slop-fed hogs, on the other hand, get very hungry between meals. At +feeding time they pile up around the troughs, the stronger rushing and +pushing away the weaker ones, those that really need the feed the most. +Then they bolt the food without chewing it, taking all they can hold and +leaving little for those that cannot find a place at the "first table."</p> + +<p>The quality of the dry-fed pork has been mentioned. Equally important, +from the standpoint of the butcher, is the loss in dressing of hogs. +Tests have shown that slop-fed stock loses six to eight pounds more per +hundredweight than does the dry-fed.</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/39.gif" + alt="BERKSHIRE BOAR" /><br /> + BERKSHIRE BOAR + </div> + +<p>Another big advantage of dry-feeding lies in the fact that large numbers +of swine, including those of various ages and sizes, can be safely kept +in one herd. The writer has seen over two hundred head of swine, ranging +in size from pigs just weaned to 250-pound porkers ready for market, +living in peace and contentment in one building, eating and sleeping and +sharing the forage pastures together. Of course this means a big saving +in buildings and fencing and a great reduction in the amount of +necessary labor.</p> + +<p>The self-feeder may be used all through the life of the hog, beginning +when the pigs are still nursing and continuing until they reach market +weight. During all this time the ration should contain Pratts Hog Tonic, +the guaranteed hog conditioner, in order that at all times the herd may +be maintained in vigorous condition, be kept free from disease, may +avoid wasting feed through imperfect or sluggish digestion, may earn for +the farmer the maximum amount of profit. We suggest that you make a test +of this results-insuring, profit-producing tonic. Watch results. If +<i>you</i> are not satisfied the dealer from whom you purchased the goods +will refund the full amount you paid for them.</p> + +<p>The self-feeding plan of growing hogs gives best results when the +animals are given access to growing forage crops. The feeders may be +placed under cover out in the fields or kept in the hog house if the +latter is reasonably near the pasture lots. An unlimited supply of fresh +water must <a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a>be available at all times because dry-fed stock drinks many +times the amount of water that slop-fed hogs do. The reason is plain.</p> + +<p>There are many different systems of handling hogs under this plan, +varying according to local conditions. We will give in detail the method +used most successfully for many years on a Pennsylvania farm which each +season markets several hundred hogs of a quality which commands a +premium above current quotations.</p> + +<p>On this farm, particular attention is paid to keeping the hog houses +clean and sanitary, light, sunny and dry. Dampness is always a fertile +source of loss. Further, the houses are never crowded. Each animal is +given plenty of room.</p> + +<p>The brood sows are placed in separate pens at farrowing time and watched +carefully when giving birth to the pigs. They are fed a rich slop, a +small quantity at first, but in gradually increasing amount until they +are receiving enough to insure a big flow of milk.</p> + +<p>When the pigs are eight to ten days of age they are permitted to go at +will to the self-feeder containing a mixture of ground grains. As a +rule, several sows farrow at about the same time and the pens are so +arranged that the pigs from several litters may all use one feeder.</p> + +<div class='bd1'><div class="blockquot"> +<h3>More Pigs Per Hog</h3> +<h3><span style="margin-left: 12em;">—More Hog Per Pig</span></h3> + +<p>Big litters of strong-boned, growthy pigs, and rapid growth of pigs from +birth to maturity are the natural result of health and vigor of breeding +stock and youngsters. Weak, run-down boars and sows produce inferior +pigs and usually small litters. And such pigs are not money-makers.</p> + +<h3>Pratts Hog Tonic</h3> + +<p>the guaranteed conditioner for swine, overcomes most hog diseases, makes +the breeders healthy and vigorous, insures big litters of big pigs, +makes the youngsters grow steadily and rapidly from birth to maturity +and fatten quickly and economically.</p> + +<p>Many of the most successful hog-growers will tell you that one secret of +their success is the regular use of Pratts Hog Tonic. You should at +least test it. No risk on your part because</p> + +<h4>"Your Money Back If YOU Are Not Satisfied"</h4></div></div> + +<p><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/coswine.gif" alt="CARE OF SWINE" title="CARE OF SWINE" /></div> + +<p>This arrangement results in the pigs taking more exercise, eating more +food and making more rapid growth. It reduces the danger of thumps and +gives the youngsters a wonderfully strong start in life.</p> + +<p>The feed mixture used at this time varies somewhat according to +available supplies and current prices. A sample pig ration is made up as +follows:</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Ration for Young Pigs</span></h4> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Rations for Young Pigs"> +<tr><td align='left'>Winter wheat middlings</td><td align='left'>40</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hominy meal</td><td align='left'>40</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oil meal</td><td align='left'> 3</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Whole oats (heavy)</td><td align='left'> 5</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>60 per cent. Digester tankage</td><td align='left'>12</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fine salt</td><td align='left'>1/2</td><td align='left'>lb.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Mix thoroughly.</p> + +<p>When the pigs are weaned they are placed with the herd, a safe practice +because of the general contentment and quietness and the entire absence +of meal-time stampedes. They quickly adjust themselves to their new +surroundings, and, because accustomed to the use of self-feeders, at +once begin eating the regular hog ration with the rest of the herd.</p> + +<p>In the hog house, enough self-feeders are provided to permit all animals +to eat at will without being crowded. One feeder to each twenty-five +hogs is the rule.</p> + +<p>The hog ration, like the pig ration, varies according to conditions. But +at all times it is palatable and contains feeds which build bone, muscle +and fat. A favorite formula is this:</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Ration for Growing Hogs</span></h4> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Ration for Growing Hogs"> +<tr><td align='left'>Winter wheat middlings</td><td align='left'>50</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wheat bran</td><td align='left'>50</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Corn chop</td><td align='left'>50</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Whole oats</td><td align='left'>10</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>50 per cent. Digester tankage</td><td align='left'>20</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Soft coal and salt are kept before the herd at all times. The hogs eat +these at will.</p> + +<p>The grazing system is used on this farm. Many different forage crops are +planted, in order to insure a regular succession of succulent feeds. As +each field reaches proper condition for grazing, a hog fence is thrown +around it and the herd admitted. The hogs do all the work of harvesting, +thus securing valuable exercise and at the same time saving man labor. +Under this system the fields have steadily improved in fertility, due to +the turning under of the uneaten green stuff and the direct application +of the valuable hog manure.</p> + +<p>Forage crops vary in different sections of the country. On the farm in +question the earliest forage is rye, followed in rotation by the various +clovers and mixtures of oats, Canada field peas, vetch, soy beans, etc. +Dwarf Essex rape is a favorite crop and one that furnishes a tremendous +amount of forage per acre.</p> + +<p>When the corn crop matures, the larger individuals are given the liberty +of the corn fields and the crop is "hogged down." This again saves a +great amount of hand labor, a big item under existing conditions.</p> + +<p>In the winter, when grazing is out of the question, the herd receives +once daily a liberal feed of second crop alfalfa or clover hay.</p> + +<p>Understand, the feeders containing the dry mixture of ground grains, are +available to the hogs <i>at all times</i>. They help themselves at will, day +and night.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>La Fontaine, Ind.</i></p> + +<p><i>We have been trying to produce the largest hog in the world and we have +done it! We have a Big Type Poland China hog, that has been fed 123 +days, making a gain of 450 pounds and at this time weighs over 1200 +pounds. We fed him on Pratts Animal Regulator.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>H.E. HENRY.</i></p></div></div> + +<p>When keeping hogs in large herds like this, it is of primary importance +<a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a>that the most careful attention be paid to sanitation. Pratts Dip and +Disinfectant should be used regularly and thoroughly to protect against +disease germs and vermin. And Pratts Hog Tonic used to keep the hogs in +perfect condition <i>inside</i>.</p> + +<p>If sickness appears in the herd the unaffected hogs should at once be +removed to clean, disinfected quarters, preferably without much range, +for by running over pastures they may come in contact with contagion. +Their feed should be carefully regulated, and, if they have previously +been on pasture, should include some green feed, roots, or an abundance +of skim milk.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/coswine.gif" alt="CARE OF SWINE" title="CARE OF SWINE" /></div> + +<div class='bd1'><div class="blockquot"> +<h3>Banish Hog Vermin and Diseases</h3> + +<p>To make a success of hog raising, dipping is almost as essential as +feeding. At least it is second only to proper feeding.</p> + +<p>Lice and vermin, the comfort-destroyers and profit-reducers, and the +germs which cause cholera and tuberculosis, are exterminated by the +regular use of</p> + +<h3>Pratts Dip and Disinfectant</h3> + +<div class="figleft"><img src="images/42.gif" alt="PRATTS DIP AND DISINFECTANT" title="PRATTS DIP AND DISINFECTANT" /></div> + +<p>Put the hogs and pigs through the dipping vat and spray the quarters and +feed receptacles occasionally with a strong solution of the original +Pratts Dip and Disinfectant. Result—comfortable, vermin-free and +disease-free hogs, less loss, more pork, more money.</p> + +<p>There are other dips that look like the original Pratts, but they are +not the same in efficiency. Refuse the substitutes. Use Pratts, the dip +you can depend upon. It costs no more but it's worth more! You be the +judge—</p> + +<h4>"Your Money Back If YOU Are Not Satisfied"</h4></div></div> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/ppp1.gif" alt="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" title="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" /></div> + +<p>The quarters in which the sickness first appeared should be thoroughly +cleaned, all bedding and rubbish burned, and loose boards and old +partitions torn out and burned. If the pen is old, knock it to pieces +and burn it. Disinfect pens and sleeping places using Pratts Dip and +Disinfectant on the floors, walls and ceilings. Whitewash everything. If +a hog dies from any cause, the carcass should never be exposed where it +may be devoured by the other hogs or by passing birds or beasts, but +should be burned at once or buried deeply and the pens thoroughly +disinfected immediately. If possible, do not move the carcass from the +place where it falls; but if this cannot be done the ground over which +it is dragged should be disinfected. Hog-cholera bacilli can live in the +ground for at least three months. Care must be taken to maintain an +absolute quarantine between <a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a>the sick and well hogs. The same attendant +should not care for both lots unless he disinfects himself thoroughly +after each visit to the infected hogs. Dogs should be confined until the +disease is stamped out.</p> + +<p>Treatment of hogs suffering from cholera or swine plague is not always +satisfactory. The disease runs its course so rapidly that curative +measures are more or less ineffectual, and prevention of an outbreak +should be relied upon rather than the cure of sick animals. Pratts Hog +Tonic has been successful in less virulent outbreaks when administered +as soon as signs of sickness are shown.</p> + +<p>Pratts Hog Tonic should be thoroughly mixed with the feed, which should +be soft, made of bran and middlings, corn meal and middlings, corn meal +and ground and sifted oats, or crushed wheat, mixed with hot water. If +the hogs are too sick to come to the feed, the tonic should be given as +a drench. Pull the cheek away from the teeth and pour the mixture in +slowly. Care should be exercised, as hogs are easily suffocated by +drenching. Do not turn a hog on its back to drench it.</p> + +<p>Hogs often suffer very much from vermin. Lice are introduced from +neighboring herds, and the losses in feeding are often severe, +especially among young pigs, when death is sometimes a secondary if not +an immediate result. When very numerous, lice are a very serious drain +on vitality, fattening is prevented, and in case of exposure to disease +the lousy hogs are much more liable to contract and succumb to it.</p> + +<p>Newly purchased hogs should be carefully examined for vermin, and they +should not be turned out with the herd until they are known to be free +from these pests.</p> + +<p>When the herd is found to be badly infested with lice all bedding should +be burned and loose boards and partitions torn out. Old boards and +rubbish should be burned. The quarters should then be thoroughly +disinfected by spraying with Pratts Dip and Disinfectant.</p> + +<p>Vermin are most common around the ears, inside the legs, and in the +folds of the skin on the jowl sides and flanks. In light and isolated +cases they may be destroyed by washing the hogs with Pratts Dip and +Disinfectant, properly diluted, applied with a broom.</p> + +<p>In severe cases, however, especially where the whole herd is affected, +thorough spraying or dipping should be resorted to. In this case a +dipping tank will be a great convenience.</p> + +<p>Whenever any animals are brought to the farm, or when animals are +brought home from shows or from neighboring farms, they should be kept +apart from the rest of the herd for at least three weeks. If they have +been exposed to hog cholera or swine plague the diseases will be +manifested within this time, and the sick animals can be treated or +killed and disposed of at once.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Galway, N.Y.</i></p> + +<p><i>I bought two spring pigs the 15th of April and began feeding them Pratts +Animal Regulator until the 15th of December when I butchered them. One +weighed 415 pounds, the other 420 pounds. I know this Regulator does +what you claim it to do.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>BALDWIN O'BREY.</i></p></div></div> + +<p>If cholera breaks out in the neighborhood the farmer should maintain a +strict quarantine against the infected herds. He should refrain from +<a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a>visits to farms where they are located, and should insist on requiring +that his neighbors stay out of his hog lots. Visiting of all kinds at +this time should be carefully restricted. Dogs, cats, crows, and +buzzards are very active carriers of infection from farm to farm, and +should be guarded against as far as possible.</p> + + +<h3>COMMON DISEASES OF SWINE</h3> + +<p class='center'>(Symptoms and Treatment)</p> + + + +<p><b>Diarrhoea or Scours</b></p> + +<p><i>Cause.</i>—By milk of the dam being affected by feeding of food tainted +with the elements of decay; by making a sudden change in the food; by +some disordered condition in the health of the sow, and by excess of +milk furnished by the dam.</p> + +<p>Usually occurs before the weaning stage, as a rule in swine not yet ten +days old.</p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—Very soft condition of the voidings which are sometimes +almost watery.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Being highly contagious, spray the floor thoroughly with +Pratts Disinfectant. Keep the young swine comfortable and remove the +voidings carefully two or three times a day. Correct the food given the +dam, mixing Pratts Hog Tonic with her feed. Also give a small +tablespoonful of sulphur daily to the sow.</p> + + +<p><b>Hog Cholera and Swine Plague</b></p> + +<p>Hog Cholera and Swine Plague are very much alike. Both are characterized +by inflammation of stomach and intestines, enlarged and inflamed +lymphatic glands and sloughing of portions of the skin. The treatment +and preventive measures are alike in many respects.</p> + +<p>They are germ diseases, contracted in purchasing swine which may +contract the germs when in transit on cars; by exhibiting at fairs; +through persons who have visited infected herds; through the feet of +dogs and birds to which the germs may have adhered; through the water of +an infected pond or stream.</p> + +<p>The most dangerous source of infection by far is coming in touch with +diseased animals.</p> + +<p>Reduced stamina and filthy quarters favor the spread of these diseases.</p> + + +<p><b>Hog Cholera</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—Dullness, loss of appetite or depraved appetite and a +disposition to lie down; constipation or diarrhoea; stiff gait; red +spots or blotches discernible about the ears and under the neck and +belly; in some instances there is difficulty in breathing.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Authorities agree that there is no known cure for real hog +cholera. Preventive measures, therefore, are of vital importance. Pratts +Disinfectant should be used frequently and to build up the general +health of the hog, giving it full disease-resisting power, Pratts Hog +Tonic should be added to the ration. Besides, it is a valuable tonic and +fattener.</p> + + +<p><b>Swine Plague</b></p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—Extensive inflammation of the lungs, by which it can be +distinguished from hog cholera. There is coughing and labored, painful +and oppressed breathing.</p> + +<p>It frequently comes as a pneumonia or an inflammation of the lungs and +pleural membrane. The animal is in a sleepy and even comatose condition +much of the time. If it walks it staggers. The skin reddens in a marked +degree and the bowels become constipated. This disease, though not +nearly so common as hog cholera is usually very fatal. Preventive +measures, as indicated for hog cholera, are <a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a>all important. Use Pratts +Hog Tonic as directed and disinfect with Pratts Disinfectant.</p> + + +<p><b>Thumps</b></p> + +<p><i>Cause.</i>—Too liberal feeding and lack of exercise, resulting in poor +digestion. The diaphragm contracts suddenly at irregular intervals, thus +giving the name to the disease. The pig becomes unthrifty and stunted. +If the sow is a liberal milker, nursing pigs may be affected. Treatment +is usually preventive, consisting of exercise and careful feeding, +Pratts Hog Tonic being added to the feed.</p> + + +<p><b>Tuberculosis in Swine</b></p> + +<p>The losses from this disease are beginning to assume enormous +proportions. It results largely from swine drinking the milk of +tuberculous cattle.</p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—Digestive disorders, such as diarrhoea and vomiting; a +stunted condition and a staring coat and breathing more or less labored.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—There is no positive cure for this severe disease, but +good sanitation is the best preventive. Use Pratts Disinfectant freely +and maintain health and vigor by regularly using Pratts Hog Tonic.</p> + +<p>The importance of testing heads of cattle that may be affected with +tuberculosis is thus further emphasized.</p> + + +<p><b>Worms</b></p> + +<p>There is perhaps no other animal troubled to so great an extent or with +so many varieties of worms, as the hog. Indeed it is almost a rule with +some growers when a hog is sick and it cannot be told exactly what is +the matter that they doctor for worms.</p> + +<p>There are four species of worms that live in the intestines of swine, +resulting in more or less harm. The Common Round Worm, Pin Worm and Whip +Worm develop from eggs taken in in food and water. The Thornheaded Worm +develops from a white grub which swine eat. To a great extent these are +kept in check by Pratts Hog Tonic.</p> + +<p>As preventive measures, drain stagnant pools and wet places where these +eggs may be found; plough up yards and pastures; do not feed on floors +not properly cleaned, or on ground that may have been much used for such +feeding; do not give water from a deep well, do not allow the swine to +wallow in the drinking trough.</p> + +<p><i>Symptoms.</i>—Frequently a gluttonous appetite without corresponding +improvement in flesh. Again a much impaired appetite is found; diarrhoea +or constipation; excessive itching, causing the animal to rub, +especially the hind parts. These symptoms will only exist when worms are +present in large numbers.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment.</i>—Give each adult hog one heaping tablespoonful of Pratts +Worm Powder with the feed once a day for four days. After the last dose +give a bran mash to loosen bowels.</p> + +<p>Repeat this treatment two weeks after the first to insure killing any +worms which may have hatched in the meantime.</p> + +<p>Even if you are not sure that your hogs have worms—as they <i>probably</i> +have—you should use Pratts Worm Powder as above as a matter of +precaution.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Woodsboro, Md.</i></p> + +<p><i>I bought four pigs, four months' old, weighing about 16 pounds each, +and, in bad condition. Began to feed Pratts Animal Regulator and at 5 +months' old they averaged a gain of one pound a day per pig.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>CHARLES W. HOLBRUNER.</i></p></div></div> +<p><br /></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/copoultry.gif" alt="CARE OF POULTRY" title="CARE OF POULTRY" /></div> + +<p><a name="POULTRY" id="POULTRY"></a></p> +<p><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/46a.gif" alt="POULTRY HEADER" title="POULTRY HEADER" /></div> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/46b.gif" + alt="BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS" /><br /> + BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS + </div> + +<p>"One hundred hens on every farm" was the small number set by the United +States Department of Agriculture in its great war drive for increased +production of foods. And certainly this number of fowls, and many more, +can be easily and profitably maintained on the average farm. Easily, +because under free range conditions, which are possible on the farm they +require but little attention. Profitably, because under these +conditions, where they pick up much of their living, the cost of +production is comparatively low, while eggs and flesh sell at good +prices. Further, these delicious and nutritious foods add variety to the +farm table.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>South Easton, Mass.</i></p> + +<p><i>I have used Pratts Poultry Regulator regularly.</i></p> + +<p><i>The egg record for 900 fowls for five months the past winter was as +follows: Dec., 50%; Jan., 43%; Feb., 55%; March, 69%; April, 69%. The +lower record of January was caused by some pullets moulting.</i></p> + +<p><i>Would say that fertility of eggs averaged 87% in December to over 90% +later in the spring.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>J.H. RANKIN.</i></p></div></div> + +<p>Many a farmer's wife finds her poultry flock a never-failing source of +pin money. Many a farm girl and boy have secured their education from +faithfully saving the "egg-money." And the opportunities for profit in +this line are now greater than ever before.</p> + + +<p><b>Helps for Poultrymen</b></p> + +<p>In a short chapter in a general publication of this kind it is +impossible to go into the finer details of modern methods of poultry +husbandry. For those who desire more information on this subject we have +a big 160-page book, pages 6x9 inches in size, fully illustrated with +150 photos and drawings. The title is "The Poultryman's Complete +Handbook." It's worth a dollar, but we will send you a copy, prepaid, +for only ten cents in stamps or silver. Address your request to Pratt +Food Co., Philadelphia.</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/46c.gif" + alt="WHITE WYANDOTTES" /><br /> + WHITE WYANDOTTES + </div> + +<p>Pratts Poultry Service Department is maintained to give expert +informa<a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a>tion and advice on poultry topics. There is no charge for this +service. Whenever you get puzzled, write Pratts experts. They will send +you a prompt personal reply containing the information you desire. No +charge, no obligation. Address such letters to Poultry Service +Department, Pratt Food Co., Philadelphia.</p> + +<p><b>Breeds of Poultry</b></p> + +<p>Regardless of breeding and appearance, a heavy layer is a good hen to +own. And laying ability is not confined to any one breed or class of +fowls. There are exceptional layers, dependable profit-payers, in +practically every fair-sized flock, whether made up of standard-bred +stock or mongrels.</p> + +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/47.gif" + alt="S.C. WHITE LEGHORNS" /><br /> + S.C. WHITE LEGHORNS + </div> + +<p>As a general rule, however, standard-bred birds are best. By that term +we mean those which have been bred to meet the typical breed and variety +descriptions as appearing in the official Standard of Perfection which +is published by the American Poultry Association. Such a flock is bound +to be uniform in size, appearance and general characteristics, is easier +to manage properly because of its uniformity, and its products, both +eggs and table poultry, will also be uniform. Further the income from +such a flock may be increased through the sale of eggs for hatching and +of breeding stock at prices many times greater than those of table eggs +and poultry.</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/47b.gif" + alt="RHODE ISLAND REDS" /><br /> + RHODE ISLAND REDS + </div> + +<p>No matter what breed you select, the most important matter, the very +foundation of success, is the securing of <i>individual birds which are +strong, sturdy, vigorous and healthy</i>. Only stock of high vitality can +be depended upon to give continuously good results. It is time and money +wasted to keep fowls which are weak, sickly or "run-down," the result +of improper breeding or management.</p> + +<p>As a rule, it is best to select that breed which is most popular +locally, because such popularity indicates that the breed in question +thrives under local conditions and meets the requirements of the local +markets. Further, one has greater opportunities of securing good birds +and a larger market for hatching eggs and stock.</p> + + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> + +<p class='author'><i>Clemson College, S.C.</i></p> + +<p><i>We have been using Pratts Baby Chick Food and are very well pleased with +it. I think that it is the best baby chick mash on the market today.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>FRANK C. HARE, Prof. of Poultry Husbandry.</i></p></div></div> + +<p>Among the farmers whose markets demand white-shelled eggs, the S.C.<a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a> +White Leghorn is the most popular fowl. The Black Minorca is another +favorite. It produces the largest white eggs.</p> + +<p>Where brown-shelled eggs are wanted, the Plymouth Rock, Wyandotte, Rhode +Island Red and Orpington lead. And for the production of the largest +table carcasses the Light Brahma, either pure or crossed with a more +active breed, is a favorite. The live weights of adult birds of these +breeds are as follows:<br /></p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" summary="Live weight of adult birds"> +<tr><td align='left'><b>Breed.</b></td><td align='right'><b>Cock.</b></td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'><b>Hen.</b></td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td colspan='5'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leghorns</td><td align='center'> 5-1/2</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>4</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Black Minorcas</td><td align='center'>9</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>7-1/2</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Plymouth Rocks</td><td align='center'> 9-1/2</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>7-1/2</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wyandottes</td><td align='center'> 8-1/2</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>6-1/2</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rhode Island Reds</td><td align='center'> 8-1/2</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>6-1/2</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Orpingtons</td><td align='left'> 10</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>8</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Light Brahmas</td><td align='left'> 12</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>9-1/2</td><td align='left'>lbs.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Most of these breeds have varieties, determined by color of plumage or +shape of comb. Select that one which best pleases you.</p> + + +<p><b>Poultry Houses</b></p> + + +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/48a.gif" + alt="TOLMAN TYPE HOUSE" /><br /> + TOLMAN TYPE HOUSE + </div> +<p>When locating the poultry house remember that it is a great advantage to +have soil which is light and naturally well drained, since such soil +dries off quickly after a rain and is "much warmer," as poultrymen +express it. Heavy soil, even stiff clay, may be made to serve the +purpose admirably if provision is made to drain off all surface water. +But avoid a site on which water settles in pools, as the surface soon +becomes filthy and is a menace to the health of the flock.</p> + +<p>The birds should have the benefit of several hours of sunshine each day. +So locate the poultry house where the sun can strike it freely. The +shelter of tall buildings on the north, or even on the east or west, is +frequently an advantage during the winter months, <a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a>but the south side +should be open if conditions permit. Shade trees and large shrubs about +the house are a source of comfort to the fowls during hot weather and +may be used to screen or partially hide the poultry plant.</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/48b.gif" + alt="UNEVEN SPAN HOUSE" /><br /> + UNEVEN SPAN HOUSE + </div> + +<p>The poultry house must be dry, well-ventilated, free from draughts, +light, sunny and cheerful. And if it is planned with reference to the +convenience of the poultryman, so much the better. The most simple and +inexpensive form of construction should be used. In all sections of the +country, excepting the extreme north, a single wall of matched boards on +a light frame is perfectly satisfactory. Unmatched boards with battens +nailed over the cracks or a layer of lightweight roofing paper over all +are equally good. In fact, in case of necessity, one may use the +roughest of lumber, and by covering the entire structure with roofing +paper make a building which is tight and comfortable and acceptable in +appearance.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/48c.gif" + alt="NEW JERSEY MULTIPLE UNIT HOUSE Two units combined to +house two hundred fowls" /><br /> + NEW JERSEY MULTIPLE UNIT HOUSE Two units combined to +house two hundred fowls + </div> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/49a.gif" + alt="SIMPLE 'A' SHAPED HOUSE" /><br /> + SIMPLE 'A' SHAPED HOUSE + </div> + +<p>The rear and end walls and roof must be <i>tight</i> to insure dryness and +prevent all draughts. Windows and doors may be placed in end walls, but +these should usually be located forward of the center of the building +and made to fit snugly. The rear part of the house, where the roosts are +located, must at all costs be protected against cross-currents of air.</p> + +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/49b.gif" + alt="ROOST" /><br /> + ROOST + </div> +<p>The south or front walls, on the other hand, should have ample openings +to admit air and sunshine. The open-front or fresh-air type of house is +much superior to the old tightly closed type. Plenty of fresh air means +comfort, health, vitality and increased production.<br /><br /><br /></p> + +<div class='bd1'><div class="blockquot"> +<h3>"Pratts Makes Hens Lay"</h3> + +<p><b>What is Pratts Poultry Regulator?</b> A positive tonic and conditioner for +poultry of all kinds and ages. <i>A health-builder and health-preserver.</i> +Not a food.</p> + +<p><b>What does it contain?</b> Roots, herbs, spices, mineral substances, etc. +Each ingredient performs a certain duty. The combination spells "health +insurance."</p> + +<p><b>What does it do?</b> Pratts Poultry Regulator makes and keeps poultry +healthy, vigorous and productive. It shortens the molt, sharpens the +appetite, improves digestion and circulation, hastens growth and +increases egg-production. <i>It saves feed</i> by preventing waste due to +poor digestion. <i>It prevents disease by</i> keeping the birds in condition +to resist the common ailments.</p> + +<p><b>Has it been fully tested?</b> Yes! In general use for nearly fifty years. +The <i>original</i> poultry conditioner. Imitated, but unequalled.</p> + +<p><b>Does it give general satisfaction?</b> Positively! <i>Satisfaction +guaranteed or money refunded.</i> Test it at our risk. Increased egg +production will prove that "Pratts makes hens lay."</p> + +<p><b>How is it best used?</b> Daily in small quantities. For adults, +tablespoonful daily for 10 birds. Younger stock in proportion. Mix with +dry or moist mash.</p> + +<p><b>What does it cost?</b> Nothing, because <i>it pays big profits</i>. About a +cent a month per hen is the investment required.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="margin-top:-0.5em;"><img src="images/50a.gif" alt="Illuminated letter O" title="Illuminated letter O" /></div> +<div class="figleft" style="margin-top:-0.5em;"><img src="images/50b.gif" alt="Illuminated letter O" title="Illuminated letter O" /></div> +<p><b>Where can I get it?</b> From 60,000 Pratt dealers. There is one near you. +Direct from the Pratt Food Co., prepaid, if your dealer can't supply +you.<br /><br /><br /></p> + +<h4>"Your Money Back If YOU Are Not Satisfied"</h4></div></div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/ppp2.gif" alt="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" title="PRATTS PRACTIVAL POINTERS" /><br /><br /></div> + + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Cincinnati, O.</i></p> + +<p><i>I have been using your poultry foods and remedies with the best of +satisfaction and<br />results for the last ten years.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>FRED O. FLAHERTY.</i></p></div></div> + +<p>From a quarter to a third of the front wall should be left open. Cover +the openings with one-inch mesh wire netting to keep the fowls in and +repel all enemies and food-seeking sparrows. Cloth-covered frames should +be provided to close these openings and keep out driving storms. The +cloth, should be open in texture, as coarse cotton or heavy cheese +cloth, not "boardy" and air-tight. Frames may be left loose to hook or +button on inside or outside, or hinged to the top of the openings and +swung up against the roof when not in use. In some cases, <a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a>as in the +Tolman house, these openings are never closed, day or night, summer or +winter.</p> + +<p>It is advisable to provide one or more glass windows in addition to the +openings referred to above in order to admit light when the +cloth-covered frames are closed. The windows may be placed in either the +front wall or the side walls. In the latter case the sun is admitted to +the building more hours each day, which is a big advantage during the +fall and winter months.</p> + +<p>Poultry house floors may be of cement, boards or earth. Cement is best +for large, permanent structures. Board floors are excellent in houses of +any size and are almost a necessity in small ones which may be moved +frequently. Earth floors seem to be favored by the fowls, but if used +the earth should be filled in to bring the floor level several inches +above the surrounding ground. This to insure dryness.</p> + +<p>The accompanying cuts show typical designs of satisfactory poultry +houses. When building, just bear the above principles in mind and the +results will be satisfactory.</p> + +<p>The Tolman type is a strictly "fresh air" or "open front" house. For a +flock of thirty to forty birds this house should be ten feet wide, +sixteen feet front to back, seven feet to peak of roof, front wall four +feet and rear wall five feet high. The highest point of roof is five +feet from the rear wall.</p> + +<p>The entire south side is a wire-covered opening, save for boards placed +as shown in the cut. A full-sized door is located in the east wall +opposite the window in the west side. Roosts are placed near the north +wall, level with or slightly above the front opening.</p> + +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/51a.gif" + alt="V SHAPED FEED TROUGH" /><br /> + V SHAPED FEED TROUGH + </div> + +<p><br /></p> + + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/51b.gif" + alt="NEST BOX" /><br /> + NEST BOX + </div> + + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/51c.gif" + alt="DRY MASH HOPPER" /><br /> + DRY MASH HOPPER + </div> + + +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/51d.gif" + alt="GRIT OR SHELL HOPPER" /><br /> + GRIT OR SHELL HOPPER + </div> + + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/51e.gif" + alt="WATER BUCKET" /><br /> + WATER BUCKET + </div> + +<p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> + + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Port Dover, Canada.</i></p> + +<p><i>After a long experience I find Pratts Poultry Regulator to be absolutely +the best tonic to keep a flock of poultry in condition. Just as soon as +I find a pen is not doing well, I use the Regulator in their mash. +Almost immediately I notice their appetites improve, their combs redden +and they lay better. I have also made trial of your other remedies and I +find them all absolutely reliable.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>JOHN S. MARTIN</i></p></div></div> + +<p>For a flock of one hundred or more <a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a>birds the New Jersey Multiple Unit +Laying House is to be recommended. Each unit is twenty feet square, +accommodating a hundred fowls. Similar units may be added for each +hundred additional birds. The drawing on page 48 shows two units.</p> + +<p>In this house the front studs are nine feet high, rear studs are four +and a half feet high.</p> + +<p>Simple, inexpensive furnishings are best. The cuts show home-made +equipment which will meet all practical requirements.</p> + + +<p><b>Getting the Eggs</b></p> + +<p>Early-hatched, well-matured pullets are the most dependable layers +during the fall and early winter months. Some few yearling hens may +continue to lay fairly well during their molting period, but, as a rule, +egg production drops with the feathers and does not begin until the new +coat of plumage is completed and the system readjusted. So yearlings, +taken as a whole, do little toward filling the egg-basket until January +or later.</p> + +<p>Get the early-hatched pullets into winter quarters by late September or +early October before they begin to lay. But be sure the house is fully +prepared in advance. Clean house! Disinfect thoroughly with a strong +solution of Pratts Poultry Disinfectant. Kill every germ. Avoid possible +loss.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Cherokee, Iowa.</i></p> + +<p><i>I have used Pratts Poultry Regulator for the last twenty years and +always had the best<br />of results. It is a great egg producer and the best +feed to keep little chicks strong and guard<br />off that terrible disease, +bowel complaint. In fact, I cannot do without it.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>GEO. WM. LYON.</i></p></div></div> + + +<p><b>Get Fall and Winter Eggs</b></p> + +<p>It is most desirable that the flock begin egg production before the +weather becomes severe. Get the laying habit established while the +season is favorable, and it is comparatively easy to maintain it. And, +as production will not commence until the layers are fully matured, the +pullets must be hatched early to give ample time for them to make the +needed growth.</p> + +<p>As a rule, it takes about seven months to mature pullets of the general +purpose breeds and six months for the egg breeds. Therefore, March and +April chicks of the former, and April and May chicks of the latter, are +most valuable. This is a general rule. Some poultrymen are experts in +this matter of growing chicks and can bring them to laying maturity in +less time.</p> + +<p>If disease appears take instant action to check it. Delay of a day or +two may permit an epidemic to get well started. In order to enable you +to give proper treatment without delay you may well keep a stock of +Pratts Poultry Remedies on hand.</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/52.gif" + alt="APPLYING LICE POWDER" /><br /> + APPLYING LICE POWDER + </div> + + +<p>Give every bird a thorough treatment for lice. Work Pratts Powdered Lice +Killer all through the plumage. This will fix the lice, but will not +kill <a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a>the eggs. In anticipation of the latter hatching, rub Pratts Lice +Salve in the small feathers about the vent and beneath the wings. That +means death to the young lice as they appear, but to make sure, apply +the salve at intervals of a few weeks.</p> + +<p>Don't overcrowd the house. Better have a hundred hens comfortable and +laying than double the number crowded and loafing.</p> + +<p>Leave all ventilating openings wide open. Keep them open until winter +storms make more protection necessary. During the summer months the +pullets have had plenty of fresh air. To bring them into a warm, tightly +closed house is to invite general debility and an epidemic of colds, +catarrh, roup and other allied diseases. (Pratts Roup Remedy dissolved +in the drinking water every few days, especially during changes of +weather, will help to prevent such troubles.)</p> + +<p>Keep the house clean. Remove the litter from the floor as soon as it +becomes damp or soiled and replace with new, fresh material. Clean the +droppings boards at frequent intervals. Wash with Pratts Poultry +Disinfectant or scald the food and water dishes. Disinfect the whole +house every few weeks, taking advantage of sunny weather so quick drying +will follow. Disease causes loss—disinfection prevents disease. +Therefore, DISINFECT whether you see need of it or not.</p> + + +<p><b>Poultry Feeding</b></p> + +<p>The more food the birds eat beyond bodily requirements the greater the +amount of the salable products they create. Any hen that is a natural +layer will turn the surplus food into eggs. If she is naturally a meat +producer she will build flesh or take on fat. And the sooner the fat +producers are identified and removed from the laying flock, the better +for all concerned. Your birds will not "get too fat to lay"—they will +get fat if they don't lay. And <i>the big problem is to induce the layers +to eat as much food as they can digest</i> in order that they may lay +heavily and steadily.</p> + +<p>To overcome all possible danger of overfeeding, Pratts Poultry Regulator +should be regularly added to the mash. This natural tonic and +conditioner contains appetizers, to stimulate the desire for +food—digestives, to insure complete digestion and assimilation of the +food consumed—laxatives, to regulate the bowels—internal antiseptics, +to keep the entire digestive tract in a condition of perfect +health—worm destroyers, to expel irritating and dangerous intestinal +parasites.</p> + +<p>Regularly used, Pratts Poultry Regulator insures freedom from the more +common poultry disorders, reduces feed bills by preventing feed waste +due to sluggish digestion, hastens growth, improves the egg-yield, +shortens the molt, makes the entire flock more efficient, swells the +profits.</p> + +<p>Pratts Poultry Regulator should be added to the mash at the rate of one +and three-quarters pound to each hundred pounds of mash. Mix thoroughly +so each layer will get her share. The ideal poultry ration is a varied +one. It contains mineral matter, green food, animal food and grains. The +absence of any one of these groups of foodstuffs means a reduced egg +yield.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p><i>I am both selling and feeding Pratts Poultry Regulator, and make a +specialty of high-bred Buff Orpingtons. Twelve cockerels, worth from $20 +to $75 each, were all placed in healthy condition by use of Pratts +Poultry Regulator and their quarters disinfected with Pratts +Disinfectant.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>W.H. TOPP, Westgate, Iowa.</i></p></div></div> +<p><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a></p> + +<p>The staple grain feeds are corn, oats, wheat, barley and buckwheat. The +grain by-products, bran, middlings and gluten feed, to which may be +added corn meal, ground oats and ground barley.</p> + +<p>Animal food of some kind is an essential to growth and egg-production. +Skim milk and butter milk, fish scrap made from oil-free fish, beef +scrap, fresh cut green bone and good grades of digester tankage are all +excellent. But use only feeds of this character which are of prime +quality. Oily fish, poor beef scrap and mouldy green bone will surely +cause trouble.</p> + +<p>Fowls on range during the growing season will pick up all needed green +food. In the winter one may feed cabbages, mangel wurtzels, beets, +carrots, etc. Or, if fresh stuff is not available, heavy oats may be +sprouted and fed when the sprouts are two or three inches long. Dried +beet pulp, a dairy food made at beet sugar factories, is a convenient +green food. It must be well soaked before feeding.</p> + +<p>One saves much time, and not infrequently some money, by buying +ready-mixed feeds, especially dry mash. In, making such purchases, be +guided by <i>quality</i> rather than price. Adopt some brand made by a +reputable concern and give it a fair trial. But do not hesitate to +change if a better brand becomes available. Just try Pratts Milk Egg +Mash.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Kingston, R.I.</i></p> + +<p><i>I have used your Baby Chick Food with the best success and would gladly +recommend it to anyone wanting such food. I do not only use it for baby +chicks, but for those<br />5-7 weeks' of age.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>C.E. BRETT, Rhode Island State College Dept.<br />of Poultry Service.</i></p> +</div></div> + +<p><b>Feeding Dry Mash</b></p> + +<p>The most simple and generally satisfactory feeding method is the dry +mash system. Feed a certain amount of the scratch mixture—whole and +cracked grains—each day and permit the fowls to complete the daily +ration by eating dry mash—ground grains—at will. Keep mash before them +in open hoppers and let them help themselves.</p> + +<p>The mash, because of its high protein content, is the real egg-maker. +And during recent years there has been a tendency toward restricting the +scratch feed and inducing the layers to eat more mash. Results seem to +indicate that this plan is best, increasing the yield and reducing feed +costs.</p> + +<p>The laying ration now recommended by the New Jersey Agricultural +Experiment Station is simple and efficient. This ration is made as +follows:</p> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="Laying ration for hens"> +<tr><td align='left'><b>Dry Mash</b></td><th>lbs.</th></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wheat bran</td><td>100</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wheat Middlings</td><td>100</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ground Oats (heavy)</td><td>100</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Corn Meal</td><td>100</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan='2'> </td></tr> +<tr><th>High Grade Fish Scrap<br />or Meat</th></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scrap</td><td>100</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan='2'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><b>Scratch Grain</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cracked Corn</td><td>200</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wheat</td><td>100</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oats (heavy)</td><td>100</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Barley</td><td>100</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>The same institution has perfected the following feeding table showing +what amount of scratch feed should be given the layers daily each month +in the year. This is a most valuable guide, especially to the +inexperienced poultryman. When the birds are fed scratch grain, as +indicated, they will naturally eat enough mash from the open hoppers to +meet their requirements.</p> + +<p><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a></p> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="4" summary="Feeding table for scratch grain"> +<tr><td align='left'><b>Months</b></td><td colspan='2'><b>Amount Per Day</b></td><td colspan='2'><b>Pounds for Each</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td colspan='2'><b>Per 100 Birds</b></td><td colspan='2'><b>Feeding</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>A.M.</td><td align='left'>P.M.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>November</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>12 lbs.</td><td align='left'>4 lbs.</td><td align='left'>8 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>December</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>12 lbs.</td><td align='left'>4 lbs.</td><td align='left'>8 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>January</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>12 lbs.</td><td align='left'>4 lbs.</td><td align='left'>8 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>February</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>12 lbs.</td><td align='left'>4 lbs.</td><td align='left'>8 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>March</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>12 lbs.</td><td align='left'>4 lbs.</td><td align='left'>8 lbs.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align='left'>April</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>12 lbs.</td><td align='left'>4 lbs.</td><td align='left'>8 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>May</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>10 lbs.</td><td align='left'>4 lbs.</td><td align='left'>6 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>June</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>10 lbs.</td><td align='left'>4 lbs.</td><td align='left'>6 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>July</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> 8 lbs.</td><td align='left'>3 lbs.</td><td align='left'>5 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>August</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> 6 lbs.</td><td align='left'>2 lbs.</td><td align='left'>4 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>September</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> 5 lbs.</td><td align='left'>2 lbs.</td><td align='left'>3 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>October</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> 5 lbs.</td><td align='left'>2 lbs.</td><td align='left'>3 lbs.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Study this question of mash and grain consumption, for if your birds are +not getting enough protein mash, they cannot lay eggs in larger numbers.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + + +<p><b>Hatching the Chicks</b></p> + +<p>For layers or broilers, hatch chicks early. For late markets and home +use, you may bring off hatches at intervals throughout the entire +summer.</p> + +<p>The incubator and brooder are big helps where many chicks are hatched. +Pratts Poultry Service Department will gladly advise you regarding makes +of such machines which are giving general satisfaction.</p> + +<p>Just a word of caution. Operate incubators and brooders in accordance +with the directions furnished by the maker. Go slow in making changes.</p> + +<p>Sitting hens are very satisfactory if properly handled. Use only quiet, +motherly sitters and place them where they will not be troubled by the +rest of the flock. Feed whole grain and a little green food and supply +plenty of water.</p> + +<p>Dust the sitting hens occasionally with Pratts Powdered Lice Killer so +they won't hatch a brood of lice with the chicks. And paint the nest +boxes with Pratts Red Mite Special to keep the blood-thirsty mites away.</p> + + +<p><b>Growing the Chicks</b></p> + +<p>Little chicks must be attended to no matter what else is done, because +lack of intelligent care in early life will be reflected in poor +performance when the chicks reach maturity. One can seldom, if ever, +offset the mistakes of brooding time by the best of attention later on.</p> + +<p>Protect your chicks against the weather, against their various enemies, +against diseases, against lice and mites. Keep them comfortable and +happy. Start them right, keep them growing steadily until they attain +their full size.</p> + +<p>Protection against unfavorable weather conditions—rain, cold winds, +blazing sun—is secured by providing well-built coops and natural or +artificial shade. Coops should be weather-proof, but well ventilated, +and so located that surface water from sudden showers cannot flood their +floors. They should also be sufficiently roomy to keep the flock happy +during long hours of confinement in periods of stormy weather.</p> + +<p>Chick enemies include those that do their work in the coops, usually at +<a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a>night, as rats, weasels and skunks, and those that prey upon the flock +when it is at liberty, as cats, dogs, crows and hawks.</p> + +<p>Protection against the former is found in proper construction of the +coops, which should have tight floors and fine wire netting over +openings left open at night. A good dog will discourage these night +prowlers and steel traps placed at strategic points will often put a +quick end to their activities.</p> + +<p>Protection against ordinary diseases lies in keeping the little birds +strong and vigorous through proper feeding, exercise, etc., and by close +attention to sanitation. Keep the quarters and food and water dishes +<i>clean</i>. Use Pratts Poultry Disinfectant at frequent intervals.</p> + +<div class="figright"> + <img src="images/56a.gif" + alt="A-SHAPED COOP" /><br /> + A-SHAPED COOP + </div> + + +<p>Aim to <i>prevent</i> rather than <i>cure</i> disease. Should there be any +evidence of bowel trouble, give Pratts White Diarrhoea Remedy in the +drinking water. Don't let the condition become chronic or general. In +"sour weather," when colds may be expected to appear, use Pratts Roup +Remedy in the drinking water.</p> + +<p>Lice and mites work practically unseen, but they are the source of heavy +loss, both directly and indirectly. In extreme cases they actually kill +many chicks.</p> + + +<div class='bd1'><div class="blockquot"> +<h3>"Baby Food <i>for</i> Baby Chicks"</h3> + +<p><b>Pratts</b> Buttermilk Baby Chick Food raises every good chick. It won't +prevent losses from accidents, but it does prevent death from digestive +troubles and the more common chick disorders which are so often due to +improper feeding.</p> + +<p>The original Baby Chick Food—PRATTS—contains all the food elements +required to build muscle, bone and feather, to nourish the whole body, +to give that strong start in life which assures rapid growth, even +development and profitable maturity.</p> + +<div class="figright"><img src="images/56b.gif" alt="PRATTS CHICK FOOD" title="PRATTS CHICK FOOD" /></div> + +<p>Feed the original Pratts for the first three weeks—the critical +period—at least; it may profitably be used much longer. Refuse +substitutes and imitations. These may be slightly less in <i>first cost</i>, +but in <i>results</i>, as measured by <i>number</i> and <i>quality</i> of chicks +<i>reared</i>, Pratts Buttermilk Baby Chick Food is</p> + +<p class='center'><b>The Cheapest Food on Earth</b></p> + +<h4>"Your Money Back If YOU Are Not Satisfied"</h4></div></div> +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/ppp2.gif" alt="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" title="PRATTS PRACTICAL POINTERS" /></div> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/copoultry.gif" alt="description " title="description " /></div> + +<p>Early in life, when two to four days old, all chicks should be treated +with Pratts Head Lice Ointment. Rub a little of the mild preparation on +top <a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a>of the head, under the throat and beneath the wings. At the same +time dust with Pratts Powdered Lice Killer. Treat the mother hens most +thoroughly, substituting Pratts Lice Salve for the ointment. When the +youngsters are ten days old, treat them again, this time using the +salve. And repeat the treatment at reasonably frequent intervals to +insure complete freedom from the trouble makers.</p> + +<p>The deadly blood-sucking mites do not live on the bodies of the birds, +but make their homes in cracks and crevices of walls and floors of the +coops. Attack them there. Clean coops carefully, then spray or wash +walls and floors with Pratts Red Mite Special. Repeat as necessary. That +will fix 'em. But you had best do the work on a bright, sunny day when +the flock can be kept outside until the coop dries.</p> + + +<p><b>Feeding the Chicks</b></p> + +<p>Do not feed chicks for forty-eight hours after hatching. In fact, you +may safely wait until they are seventy-two hours old before giving them +their first meal. Nature has provided for nourishment during this period +and it is best not to upset things.</p> + +<p>If possible, start the youngsters off on their life's journey with a +drink of <i>sour milk</i>. Let them have sour milk to drink exclusively for +the first ten days at least, and give it to them all through life, if +this excellent food drink is available.</p> + +<p>The principal feed for the first three weeks and profitably for a much +longer time should be Pratts Buttermilk Baby Chick Food, a real "baby +food for baby chicks," a mixture which is properly balanced in +composition and in the right mechanical condition to insure quick +digestion. As chicks eat so little during this period, as measured by +pounds, one is fully justified in paying a relatively high price per +pound for this special feed which will give them a strong, vigorous +start and put their digestive organs in proper condition to efficiently +use less expensive foods when food consumption becomes heavy.</p> + +<p>The ideal baby chick food, Pratts, is made of a variety of foodstuffs so +blended as to supply, in proper proportion, the nutrients required to +build flesh, bone and feather. It is ground exceedingly fine so it may +be consumed freely and yet not tax the digestive organs. Obviously such +a feed cannot satisfactorily be prepared at home, which explains the +rapidly growing demand which has arisen for Pratts Buttermilk Baby Chick +Food during recent years.</p> + +<p>For the first day or two, feed Pratts Buttermilk Baby Chick Food +exclusively at intervals of two to three hours. At first, spread it upon +a shingle or piece of board. Later place it in little troughs or shallow +dishes. Let the chicks eat a reasonable amount, what they will take in +twenty to thirty minutes, then remove it. Supply a bit of fine, bright +grit during this time.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Rohrerstown, Pa.</i></p> + +<p><i>I have used the Baby Chick Food this season and have had excellent +results. I find it to meet all requirements. It makes rapid growth and +at the same time maintains vigor.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>L.B. SPRECHER, Director, Penna.<br />State Poultry Association.</i></p></div> +</div> +<p>The second or third day after feeding has begun, cut out a meal or two +of the baby chick food and instead sprinkle a little regulation chick +feed (scratch feed) in the litter. There are many good brands of such +feed on the market. If preferred, one may be made as follows:</p> + +<p><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a></p> +<h4>Scratch Feed for Chicks</h4> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Scratch Feed for Chicks"> +<tr><td align='left'>Cracked Wheat</td><td align='left'>15 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fine Cracked Corn</td><td align='left'>15 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pinhead Oats</td><td align='left'>10 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Broken Rice</td><td align='left'> 3 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Charcoal</td><td align='left'> 2 lbs.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>At the beginning of the second week the scratch feed may be given three +times daily, just the quantity they will clean up and hunt for more, and +the baby chick food left in open hoppers or dishes to which the chicks +may run at will. By this time, too, grit may safely be left in open +hoppers before the flock. And if milk is not given freely it is well to +supply some additional animal food each day. Fine fish scrap or beef +scrap—always of high quality—may be fed sparingly in troughs or on +pieces of board. Do not feed too much of this material. If bowel trouble +develops, reduce the quantity of animal food. The amount given may be +increased progressively as the youngsters gain in size.</p> + +<p>While Pratts Baby Chick Food need not be fed longer than the first three +weeks, it is good practice to continue its use for two to three weeks +longer. But at any time after the critical twenty-one day period one may +safely begin to substitute a somewhat coarser and heavier developing or +growing mash for the baby chick food. We advise the use of Pratts +Buttermilk Growing Mash. Here is a good home-made mixture:</p> + +<h4>Growing or Developing Mash</h4> + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Pratts Buttermilk Growing Mash"> +<tr><td align='left'>Cornmeal</td><td align='left'>10 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wheat Bran</td><td align='left'>20 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Feeding Flour</td><td align='left'>10 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fine Ground Oats, Sifted</td><td align='left'>10 lbs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fine Fish or Beef Scrap</td><td align='left'>10 lbs.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><br /></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p><i>"The regular use of Pratts Poultry Regulator in the ration for +growing chicks prevents deaths from common disease, increases the +appetite and hastens growth. This means less loss, earlier laying or +market maturity, bigger profits."</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>P.G. PLATT, Sec. Delaware Co.<br />Poultry Assn., Wallingford, Pa.</i></p></div> +</div> +<p>At six to eight weeks of age, or as soon as the youngsters can +comfortably eat coarser grains, the fine scratch feed may be replaced by +a coarser mixture. Equal parts, by weight, of cracked corn and wheat, +form the basis of this, with barley, heavy oats, kafir corn and +buckwheat added for variety if available at reasonable prices. When the +flock is weaned and well feathered, the regular laying mash may be +substituted for the growing mash, though the latter may well be +continued for a much longer period.</p> + +<p>Above all things, see to it that nothing but feed of superior quality is +supplied. Moldy, chaffy, grains and weed seeds may be <i>cheaper to buy</i> +than sweet, sound materials, but the latter are <i>cheaper to feed</i>.</p> + +<p>Begin giving green food when the chicks are three or four days old, +cutting it up finely so they can eat it. And continue to feed greens +liberally at all times. It's good for the health and cuts feed bills, +too.</p> + + +<p><b>Care of the Growing Chicks</b></p> + +<p>As the chicks grow, provide larger quarters if the original coops are at +all crowded. And teach the youngsters to roost early, especially where +brooders are used, so they will not "pile up" in corners when the heat +is removed. When the brood is five to six weeks of age place low roosts, +lath tacked on six to eight-inch boards, in the coops. The sturdier +individuals will soon learn to use them and educate the rest of the +flock.</p> + +<p><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a>Pay special attention to the water supply. Have clean water available +at all times. And do not leave the water dishes in the sun, which will +quickly make the water so warm that it is unfit to drink.</p> + +<p>Give the growing pullets as much space, indoors and out, as you possibly +can. Feed them liberally. Keep them clean and comfortable. In every way +help them gain the health, strength and vigor which they must have in +order to do full duty in the laying and breeding pens.</p> + +<p>Finally, cull your flock without mercy, beginning at hatching time and +continuing to the end. If any baby chicks are crippled or weak, dispose +of them at once. As the flock grows, mark—by toe punching or +otherwise—all individuals which show evidence of being lacking in +vigor, which are stunted or do not make rapid growth, which fail to +feather properly, which are ever noticeably sick. Then rush them to +market as soon as they reach the proper weight. Thus you will save for +your own use only those which are physically right, which have the +health and stamina that will enable them to stand up under the strain of +continuous egg-production. And such a flock, after it has undergone the +further culling of a year in the laying pen, will give you breeding +birds capable of producing worthwhile chicks.</p> + + +<p><b>Poultry Diseases</b></p> + +<p>Prevention of disease is most essential. And the first step consists of +carefully selecting the birds which will he given a place in the flock, +retaining only those which are healthy and vigorous, and rejecting the +weaklings and physically unfit. The next step is to keep the birds in a +high state of vitality through proper management and keep contagious and +infectious diseases away by adopting the necessary sanitary measures.</p> + +<p>Fresh air, wholesome food and clean water are essential. Equally +necessary is the use of Pratts Poultry Regulator, which keeps the birds +in perfect condition internally and so prevents such self-developed +disorders as indigestion, constipation, and the like.</p> + +<p>Most of the serious diseases which take heavy toll of carelessly managed +flocks are due to germs of various kinds. These may be introduced in +many different ways, and when present in the flock they multiply and +spread with great rapidity. Cleanliness and sanitation will largely +overcome them, and as each fowl is worth so much money under present +conditions, it is really economical to prevent loss even at the expense +of some time and of germ-killing preparations.</p> + +<p>Pratts Poultry Disinfectant costs but a trifle. A gallon, diluted with +water, makes fifty gallons of a powerful disinfectant, one that is +highly efficient, but both safe and pleasant to use. Spray the house and +furnishings and wash feed and water containers at frequent intervals +with this economical germ-killer. Results will surely be seen in +healthier, more productive birds, less trouble and less loss from +disease.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Staunton, Va.</i></p> + +<p><i>I would not have tried to raise expensive poultry without Pratts +products in my house. While I was a boy at home we always had a supply +of Pratts on hand.</i></p> + +<p><i>I find that my success is due to the use of the Pratts products kept +constantly on the shelf.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>H.L. CAMPBELL.</i></p></div></div> + +<p>In this condensed book we can discuss only the more general disorders. +The subject is covered thoroughly in Chapter IX, The Poultryman's +Complete Handbook, including directions <a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a>for equipping a hospital, +administering medicine, symptom and treatment chart, diagrams of the +fowl's digestive system and skeleton, control of poultry vices, etc. +Send a dime, in silver or stamps, for a copy, to Pratt Food Co., +Philadelphia.</p> + +<p>If necessary, do not hesitate to consult the poultry experts connected +with Pratts Poultry Service Dept. They will give you personal help +without charge. In writing, give all symptoms and necessary facts. +Address such letters to our Philadelphia office.</p> + +<p>It is important that diseases of all kinds be recognized as early as +possible, and equally so that immediate treatment be given.</p> + +<p>Watch your birds! If any show signs of being out of condition, examine +them carefully to determine the trouble. Then give them the care which +is demanded in each case. Quick treatment will often effect a speedy +cure of a valuable bird that might be lost if the disease became firmly +established.</p> + +<p>Pratts Poultry Remedies include dependable preparations for most common +poultry diseases. They are guaranteed to give satisfaction and are +inexpensive. Keep a supply on hand. Use promptly as occasion demands. +The saving of a single good laying or breeding fowl by instant treatment +will more than pay the cost of a well-stocked poultry medicine shelf.</p> + + +<p><b>POULTRY LICE AND MITES</b></p> + +<p><b>Body Lice</b>—There are many different kinds of these parasites and all +are serious trouble makers. They cause endless annoyance, check growth +and egg production. Lice-free fowls are healthier and more comfortable, +therefore more productive and profitable.</p> + + +<div class='bd1'><div class="blockquot"> +<h3>GUARANTEED POULTRY REMEDIES</h3> + +<p><b>Pratts</b> line of Guaranteed Poultry Remedies is the result of fifty +years of experience. Each preparation is positively the best of its +kind. Keep a supply on hand for instant use.</p> + +<p><b>PRATTS ROUP REMEDY (Tablets or Powder)</b></p> + +<p>A sure preventive and cure for roup, colds, canker, catarrh and similar +diseases.</p> + +<p><b>PRATTS GAPE REMEDY</b></p> + +<p>Guaranteed to bring prompt relief. Use as a preventive the first four +weeks and your chicks will not be troubled with gape-worms.</p> + +<p><b>PRATTS SORE-HEAD CHICKEN-POX REMEDY</b></p> + +<p>A guaranteed cure for this highly contagious disease. Don't risk having +your entire flock ruined. Keep it on hand for quick use when the ailment +is first noticed.</p> + +<p><b>PRATTS BRONCHITIS REMEDY</b></p> + +<p>A quick and effective remedy. Fully guaranteed for a disease that is +generally fatal unless promptly checked.</p> + +<p><b>PRATTS WHITE DIARRHOEA REMEDY</b></p> + +<p>Will save the chicks and cure completely when used promptly. Valuable in +preventing the heavy chick losses usually experienced.</p> + +<p><b>PRATTS CHOLERA REMEDY</b></p> + +<p>A sure remedy for cholera, indigestion, sour crop, dysentery, and bowel +trouble. Guaranteed to satisfy or money refunded.</p> + +<p><b>PRATTS SCALY LEG REMEDY</b></p> + +<p>This disease impairs the vitality of the birds and ruins their +appearance. Pratts remedy will keep the legs clean and healthy.</p> + +<p><b>PRATTS CONDITION TABLETS</b></p> + +<p>An effective remedy for "run-down" birds. Keeps show birds in condition +and prevents colds, roup and liver trouble.</p> + +<h4>"Your Money Back If YOU Are Not Satisfied"</h4></div></div> + +<p><i>Treatment</i>—If all poultrymen would use Pratts Powdered Lice Killer on +<a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a>their poultry, lice would be unknown. It is different and better than +many like preparations, being stronger, non-poisonous, has great +disinfecting qualities, and positively kills all kinds of chicken lice. +If you want to make money from your poultry you can't afford to be +without it. Pratts Poultry Disinfectant, or the more powerful Pratts Red +Mite Special, should also be used in the poultry houses. Lice seek +crevices, cracks, openings, etc., that can only be reached by the +liquid. This should be sprayed or sprinkled on perches, nest boxes, drop +boards, floors and inside walls of all poultry houses. It not only kills +lice, but has great disinfecting value. Do not accept a substitute.</p> + +<p>Pratts Lice Salve is a sure-fire lice killer in another form. Apply to +the feathers beneath the wings and around the vent and quick results +will be noticed. A single application will be effective for a +considerable time.</p> + +<p><b>Head Lice</b>—The big grey lice commonly found on heads of little chicks, +causing great mortality.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment</i>—Keep on hand all the time a box of Pratts Head Lice +Ointment, and use it on your little chicks, and save their lives. Two or +three days before the brood should hatch, sprinkle the sitting hen +thoroughly with Pratts Powdered Lice Killer.</p> + +<p><b>Poultry Mites (Red Mites)</b>—These tiny parasites are poultry killers. +They do not live on the bodies of the birds, but in cracks and crevices +of the building, coming out for their food. They suck the blood from the +fowls, weakening and often killing them.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment</i>—Look around roosts and in cracks in warm weather and you +are apt to see hundreds of mites. Every week spray perches, dropping +boards, sides of houses, and roof near perches with Pratts Red Mite +Special; powder birds with Pratts Powdered Lice Killer, and also add +this to the dust bath.</p> + +<p><b>Depluming Mites</b>—Parasites that attack the roots or base of feathers +which break off leaving bare spots. Will quickly spread through an +entire flock. Usually found in spring and summer.</p> + +<p><i>Treatment</i>—Separate all affected birds from the rest of flock. Rub +Pratts Head Lice Ointment on and around the bare spots every few days, +until the mites have all been destroyed. Spray houses, roofs, runs, +etc., with Pratts Poultry Disinfectant. Persistent treatment is +necessary to get rid of these pests.</p> + + +<p><b>THE MORE COMMON POULTRY DISEASES</b></p> + +<p><b>Symptoms and Treatment</b></p> + +<p><b>Apoplexy</b>—<i>Cause:</i> Fowls too fat, general poor condition. <i>Symptoms:</i> +Paralysis, sudden death. Birds frequently found dead under roosts. +<i>Treatment:</i> Affected birds will not usually respond to treatment. +Flocks should be treated to prevent further loss. Reduce the amount of +feed, give less corn, supply Pratts Poultry Regulator to improve general +condition.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Reading, Pa.</i></p> + +<p><i>Have been using your poultry remedies for many years. Have used your +Baby Chick Food and had wonderful results. I think it is great. I also +use your Disinfectant, Lice Powder and Roup Remedy.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>WM. FAUST</i></p></div></div> + +<p><b>Aspergilosis</b>—<i>Cause:</i> Growth of mould in air passages. <i>Symptoms:</i> +Rapid breathing, rattling in throat, loss of weight, dragging wings, +weakness, exhaustion. In chicks, sleepiness, diarrhoea, yellowish growth +on <a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a>lungs. <i>Treatment:</i> Avoid mouldy grain and litter to keep flock free +from infection. Disinfect with Pratts Poultry Disinfectant. Put flock in +condition with Pratts Poultry Regulator.</p> + +<p><b>Bacillary White Diarrhoea</b>—<i>Cause:</i> Bacteria. The disease may be +inherited from hens having infected ovaries, or pass from chick to +chick. <i>Symptoms:</i> Chicks have diarrhoea, usually white or creamy. +Sleepy, chilly, thin, rough plumage, drooping wings. Heaviest mortality +under three weeks of age. <i>Treatment:</i> Badly infected chicks should be +killed. Prevent epidemics by disinfecting everything with Pratts Poultry +Disinfectant. Give Pratts White Diarrhoea Remedy in drinking water. Give +chicks strong start by feeding Pratts Baby Chick Food.</p> + +<p><b>Bronchitis</b>—<i>Cause:</i> Development of common cold, breathing in dust. +<i>Symptoms:</i> Cough, rapid breathing, whistling, rattling and bubbling in +throat. <i>Treatment:</i> Keep patient dry, give laxative, treat with Pratts +Bronchitis Remedy.</p> + +<p><b>Canker</b>—<i>Cause:</i> Development of pus germs following injury or +digestive troubles. <i>Symptoms:</i> Cheesy growths in mouth and throat. +<i>Treatment:</i> Scrape off canker and swab with full strength Pratts +Poultry Disinfectant. Improve general condition with Pratts Poultry +Regulator.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Summerville, S.C.</i></p> + +<p><i>I have used Pratts White Diarrhoea Remedy, and I wish to say that I have +had some chicks that started with the white diarrhoea and I have given +them the tablets in their drinking water, and have not had any trouble +since. They are growing fine.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>R.C. FOSTER</i>.</p></div></div> + +<p><b>Catarrh</b>—<i>Cause:</i> Draughts, dampness, exposure. <i>Symptoms:</i> Thin +discharge from eyes and nostrils, sneezing, difficult breathing, +dullness. <i>Treatment:</i> Pratts Condition Tablets to quickly tone up the +system and Pratts Roup Remedy to overcome the disease.</p> + +<p><b>Chicken Pox or Sore Head</b>—<i>Cause:</i> Bacteria. <i>Symptoms:</i> Eruption on +unfeathered areas of head. At first small and gray in color, increasing +until head is covered with scabs. Eyes frequently closed. <i>Treatment:</i> +Disinfect most thoroughly with Pratts Poultry Disinfectant. Treat with +Pratts Sore Head (Chicken Pox) Remedy.</p> + +<p><b>Cholera</b>—<i>Cause:</i> Bacteria. <i>Symptoms:</i> Weakness, thirst, head drawn +down, drooping wings, intense thirst, frequently full crops, yellow or +green diarrhoea. <i>Treatment:</i> Give Pratts Chicken Cholera Remedy to +whole flock as remedy and preventive. Improve general health with Pratts +Poultry Regulator. Disinfect most carefully and frequently. Burn all +dead birds and everything taken from poultry house. A most difficult +disease to control if it gets established.</p> + +<p><b>Gapes</b>—<i>Cause:</i> Small Y-shaped worm, about one-half inch long. May be +either pale or red in color. Attaches itself to interior walls of +windpipe, weakening the chick by sucking the blood, and also causing +strangulation. This apparently double-headed worm is really two worms, +one of each sex, joined together. <i>Symptoms:</i> Usually afflicts young +chicks. Frequent gasping; gaping; coughing; discharge of mucus and worms +from throat. <i>Treatment:</i> Use Pratts Gape Remedy. Disinfect floors of +coops and runs with Pratts Disinfectant. Move to new ground and keep +chicks off wet grass.</p> + +<p><b>Intestinal Parasites (Worms)</b>—<i>Symptoms:</i> Dullness, poor condition. +Worms found in droppings. <i>Treatment:</i> Fowls regularly receiving Pratts +Poultry Regulator are almost invari<a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a>ably free from this trouble. See +details of individual treatment in The Poultryman's Complete Handbook.</p> + +<p><b>Leg Weakness (Chicks)</b>—<i>Cause:</i> Feed lacking in bone and animal +matter; close confinement; lack of exercise; over-heating in brooders. +<i>Symptoms:</i> Chicks walk in a wobbly, weak-kneed fashion, often resting +or hobbling along on the joints. <i>Treatment:</i> Feed young chicks on +Pratts Baby Chick Food. Give fair amount of beef or fish scrap and bone +meal. Afford opportunity for exercise, especially on the ground. Avoid +bottom heat in brooders. Feed liberally on green food. Add small +quantity Pratts Poultry Regulator to the ration.</p> + +<p><b>Liver Disease</b>—<i>Cause:</i> Improper food, as overfeeding of corn or +animal food, lack of exercise, general inactivity of intestinal tract. +<i>Symptoms:</i> No prominent ones. If flock is not doing well and birds are +lazy and sluggish, kill one or more and examine the livers. If found +diseased, treat the flock. <i>Treatment:</i> Use Pratts Poultry Regulator to +improve general condition. Feed plenty of green food. Disinfect the +buildings, and admit a big volume of fresh air. Induce the birds to +exercise.</p> + +<p><b>Rheumatism</b>—<i>Cause:</i> Exposure to dampness, and cold. <i>Symptoms:</i> +Swelling of joints, stiffness, lameness. <i>Treatment:</i> Make house dry and +sunny. Use Pratts Poultry Regulator to improve general condition. Rub +affected parts with Pratts Liniment. (This fine liniment should be in +every household. It has a hundred uses.)</p> + +<p><b>Roup</b>—<i>Symptoms:</i> Bad-smelling discharge from the nostrils; sticky +discharge from the eyes; feathers under wings and on back smeared and +sticky, where bird has wiped its head; sometimes coughing and sneezing; +eyes stuck shut; eyes closed and swollen out; mouth forced open by +cheesy growth; patches of canker in mouth and throat. <i>Treatment:</i> The +disease is very contagious. Remove all birds showing symptoms. Clean up +and disinfect the quarters, using Pratts Disinfectant liberally. Give +sick and well birds Pratts Roup Remedy. Give the healthy flock Pratts +Poultry Regulator. Treat the sick with Pratts Condition Tablets in +addition to the Roup remedy. Burn all dead birds and all material +removed from the hospital.</p> + +<p><b>Scaly Leg</b>—<i>Cause:</i> A tiny mite which burrows under the scales and +into the tissues of the leg. <i>Symptoms:</i> Scaly, rough, crusty appearance +of feet and shanks. <i>Treatment:</i> Apply Pratts Scaly Leg Ointment.</p> + +<p><b>Tuberculosis</b>—<i>Cause:</i> A minute germ. <i>Symptoms:</i> Steady loss in +weight; paleness of comb, wattles and face; general weakness; lameness, +ruffling of feathers; frequently diarrhoea. Eye bright; ravenous +appetite. <i>Treatment:</i> The disease is contagious and will spread through +the flock unless proper precautions are taken. Remove affected birds. +Disinfect the poultry plant and surroundings with Pratts Disinfectant. +Kill birds in advanced stages. Give the whole flock a nourishing ration, +and include Pratts Poultry Regulator. Use lime freely. If disease +continues to spread, dispose of entire flock, disinfect with greatest +care, start anew with healthy stock.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class='bd'> +<p class='author'><i>Pleasant Valley, N.Y.</i></p> + +<p><i>I gave Pratts Roup Remedy a careful test on a flock of 50 growing white +Wyandotte chicks in October which were infected with bad colds, and +after treating one week with your roup remedy nearly every one was +well.</i></p> + +<p class='author'><i>EDGAR BRIGGS</i></p></div></div> + +<p><br /><br /></p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/endpiece.gif" alt="endpiece" title="endpiece" /></div> + + +<h3>GET YOUR PRATTS FROM LAING BROS. WINNIPEG MAN. FLOUR & FEED.</h3> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pratt's Practical Pointers on the Care +of Livestock and Poultry, by Pratt Food Co. + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRATT'S PRACTICAL POINTERS *** + +***** This file should be named 16744-h.htm or 16744-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/7/4/16744/ + +Produced by Bruce Albrecht, K.D. Thornton, Janet Blenkinship +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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