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diff --git a/16738-8.txt b/16738-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b750fdc --- /dev/null +++ b/16738-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3234 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland +(2 of 6): England (1 of 12), by Raphael Holinshed + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (2 of 6): England (1 of 12) + William the Conqueror + +Author: Raphael Holinshed + +Release Date: September 24, 2005 [EBook #16738] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF ENGLAND *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Louise Pryor and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + +HOLINSHED'S CHRONICLES + +OF + +_ENGLAND_, _SCOTLAND_, AND _IRELAND_. + +IN SIX VOLUMES. + + +VOL. II. +ENGLAND. + + +_LONDON_: +PRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON; F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON; T. PAYNE; +WILKIE AND ROBINSON; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, AND ORME; +CADELL AND DAVIES; AND J. MAWMAN. + + +1807. +AMS PRESS INC. +NEW YORK +1965 + +AMS PRESS INC. +NEW YORK, N.Y. 10003 +1965 + +MANUFACTURED in the U.S.A. + + + + +[_Original Title_.] + +THE THIRD VOLUME OF CHRONICLES, +BEGINNING AT +DUKE WILLIAM THE NORMAN, COMMONLIE CALLED THE CONQUEROR; + +AND _DESCENDING BY DEGREES OF YEERES_ +TO ALL THE KINGS AND QUEENES OF ENGLAND +IN THEIR ORDERLIE SUCCESSIONS: + +FIRST COMPILED BY +RAPHAELL HOLINSHED, +AND BY HIM EXTENDED TO THE +YEARE 1577. + +NOW NEWLIE RECOGNISED, AUGMENTED, AND CONTINUED +(WITH OCCURRENCES AND ACCIDENTS OF FRESH MEMORIE) +TO THE YEARE 1586. + +WHEREIN ALSO ARE CONTEINED MANIE MATTERS OF SINGULAR DISCOURSE +AND RARE OBSERUATION, +_FRUITFULL TO SUCH AS BE STUDIOUS IN ANTIQUITIES_, +OR TAKE PLEASURE IN THE GROUNDS OF ANCIENT HISTORIES. + +_With a third table (peculiarlie seruing this third volume) both of +names and matters memorable_. + + * * * * * + +HISTORIÆ PLACEANT NOSTRATES AC PEREGRINÆ + + + + +TO THE +RIGHT HONORABLE AND HIS SINGULAR GOOD LORD, +_SIR WILLIAM CECILL_, + +BARON OF BURGHLEYGH, KNIGHT OF THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER, LORD +HIGH TREASURER OF ENGLAND, MAISTER OF THE COURTS OF WARDS AND LIUERIES, +AND ONE OF THE QUEENES MAIESTIES PRIUIE COUNCELL. + + * * * * * + +Considering with my selfe, right Honorable and my singular good Lord, +how redie (no doubt) manie will be to accuse me of vaine presumption, +for enterprising to deale in this so weightie a worke, and so far aboue +my reach to accomplish: I haue thought good to aduertise your Honour, by +what occasion I was first induced to vndertake the same, although the +cause that moued me thereto hath (in part) yer this beene signified vnto +your good Lordship. + +Whereas therefore, that worthie Citizen Reginald Wolfe late Printer to +the Queenes Maiestie, a man well knowne and beholden to your Honour, +meant in his life time to publish an vniuersall Cosmographie of the +whole world, and therewith also certaine particular histories of euery +knowne nation, amongst other whom he purposed to vse for performance of +his intent in that behalfe, he procured me to take in hand the +collection of those histories, and hauing proceeded so far in the same, +as little wanted to the accomplishment of that long promised worke, it +pleased God to call him to his mercie, after fiue and twentie yeares +trauell spent therein; so that by his vntimelie deceasse, no hope +remained to see that performed, which we had so long trauelled about. +Neuerthelesse those whom he put in trust to dispose his things after +his departure hence, wishing to the benefit of others, that some fruit +might follow of that whereabout he had imployed so long time, willed me +to continue mine indeuour for their furtherance in the same. Which +although I was redie to doo, so far as mine abilitie would reach, and +the rather to answere that trust which the deceassed reposed in me, to +see it brought to some perfection: yet when the volume grew so great as +they that were to defraie the charges for the impression, were not +willing to go through the whole, they resolued first to publish the +histories of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with their descriptions; +which descriptions, bicause they were not in such readinesse, as those +of forren countries, they were inforced to vse the helpe of other better +able to doo it than my selfe. + +Moreouer, the Charts, wherein Maister Wolfe spent a great part of his +time, were not found so complet as we wished: and againe, vnderstanding +of the great charges and notable enterprise of that worthie Gentleman +maister Thomas Sackford, in procuring the Charts of the seuerall +prouinces of this realme to be set foorth, we are in hope that in time +he will delineate this whole land so perfectlie, as shall be comparable +or beyond anie delineation heretofore made of anie other region; and +therefore leaue that to his well deserued praise. If any well willer +will imitate him in so praiseworthie a worke for the two other regions, +we will be glad to further his endeuour with all the helpes we may. + +The histories I haue gathered according to my skill, and conferred the +greatest part with Maister Wolfe in his life time, to his liking, who +procured me so manie helpes to the furtherance thereof, that I was loth +to omit anie thing that might increase the readers knowledge, which +causeth the booke to grow so great. But receiuing them by parts, and at +seuerall times (as I might get them) it may be, that hauing had more +regard to the matter than the apt penning, I haue not so orderlie +disposed them, as otherwise I ought; choosing rather to want order, than +to defraud the reader of that which for his further vnderstanding might +seeme to satisfie his expectation. + +I therefore most humblie beseech your Honour to accept these Chronicles +of England vnder your protection, and according to your wisedome and +accustomed benignitie to beare with my faults; the rather, bicause you +were euer so especiall good Lord to Maister Wolfe, to whom I was +singularlie beholden; and in whose name I humblie present this rude +worke vnto you; beseeching God, that as he hath made you an instrument +to aduance his truth, so it may please him to increase his good gifts in +you, to his glorie, the furtherance of the Queenes Maiesties seruice, +and the comfort of all hir faithfull and louing subiects. + +Your Honours most humble to be commanded, + +RAPHAEL HOLINSHED + + + + +THE + +PREFACE TO THE READER. + + * * * * * + +It is dangerous (gentle reader) to range in so large a field as I haue +here vndertaken, while so manie sundrie men in diuers things may be able +to controll me, and manie excellent wits of our countrie (as well or +better occupied I hope) are able herein to surpasse me; but seeing the +best able doo seeme to neglect it, let me (though least able) craue +pardon to put them in mind not to forget their natiue countries praise +(which is their dutie) the incouragement of their woorthie countriemen, +by elders aduancements; and the daunting of the vicious, by foure penall +examples, to which end (as I take it) chronicles and histories ought +cheefelie to be written. My labour may shew mine vttermost good will, of +the more learned I require their further enlargement, and of +fault-finders dispensation till they be more fullie informed. It is too +common that the least able are readiest to find fault in matters of +least weight, and therefore I esteeme the lesse of their carping, but +humblie beseech the skilfull to supplie my want, and to haue care of +their dutie; and either to amend that wherein I haue failed, or be +content with this mine endeuour. For it may please them to consider, +that no one can be eie-witnesse to all that is written within our time; +much lesse to those things which happened in former times, and therefore +must be content with reports of others. Therein I haue beene so +carefull, that I haue spared no paines or helpe of freends to search out +either written or printed ancient authors, or to inquire of moderne +eie-witnesses for the true setting downe of that which I haue here +deliuered: but I find such want in writers for the necessarie knowledge +of things doone in times past, and lacke of meanes to obteine sufficient +instructions by reporters of the time present; and herewith the worthie +exploits of our countriemen so manie, that it greeueth me I could not +leaue the same to posteritie (as I wished) to their well deserued +praise. But I haue here imparted what I could learne, and craue that it +may be taken in good part. My speech is plaine, without any rhetoricall +shew of eloquence, hauing rather a regard to simple truth, than to +decking words. I wish I had beene furnished with so perfect +instructions, and so many good gifts, that I might haue pleased all +kinds of men, but that same being so rare a thing in any one of the +best, I beseech thee (gentle reader) not to looke for it in me the +meanest. + +But now for thy further instruction, to vnderstand the course of these +my labours. First concerning the historie of England, as I haue +collected the same out of manie and sundrie authors, in whome what +contrarietie, negligence, and rashnesse sometime is found in their +reports; I leaue to the discretion of those that haue perused their +works: for my part, I haue in things doubtfull rather chosen to shew the +diuersitie of their writings, than by ouer-ruling them, and vsing a +peremptorie censure, to frame them to agree to my liking: leauing it +neuerthelesse to each mans iudgement, to controll them as he seeth +cause. If some-where I shew my fansie what I thinke, and that the same +dislike them; I craue pardon, speciallie if by probable reasons or +plainer matter to be produced, they can shew mine errour; vpon +knowledge whereof I shall be readie to reforme it accordinglie. Where I +doo begin the historic from the first inhabitation of this Ile, I looke +not to content ech mans opinion concerning the originall of them that +first peopled it, and no maruell: for in matters so vncerteine, if I +cannot sufficientlie content my selfe (as in deed I cannot) I know not +how I should satisfie others. That which seemeth to me most likelie, I +haue noted, beseeching the learned (as I trust they will) in such points +of doubtfull antiquities to beare with my skill: sith for ought I know, +the matter is not yet decided among the learned, but still they are in +controuersie about it, and as yet Sub iudice lis est. Well, howsoeuer it +came first to be inhabited, likelie it is, that at the first the whole +Ile was vnder one prince and gouernour, though afterwards (and long +peraduenture before the Romans set any foot within it) the monarchie +thereof was broken, euen when the multitude of the inhabitants grew to +be great, and ambition entred amongst them: which hath brought so manie +good policies and states to ruine and decaie. + +The Romans hauing once got possession of the continent that faceth this +Ile, could not rest (as it appeareth) till they had brought the same +also vnder their subiection: and the sooner doubtlesse, by reason of the +factions amongst the princes of the land, which the Romans (through +their accustomed skill) could turne verie well to their most aduantage. +They possessed it almost fiue hundreth yeares, and longer might haue +doone, if either their insufferable tyrannie had not taken awaie from +them the loue of the people as well here as else-where; either that +their ciuill discord about the chopping and changing of their emperours +had not so weakened the forces of their empire, that they were not able +to defend the same against the irruption of barbarous nations. But as we +may coniecture by that which is found in histories, about that time, in +which the Romane empire began to decline, this land stood in verie weake +state: being spoiled of the most part of all hir able men, which were +led[1] awaie into forren regions, to supplie the Romane armies; and +likewise (perhaps) of all necessarie armour, weapon, and treasure: which +being perceiued of the Saxons, after they were receiued into the Ile, to +aid the Britons against the Scots and Picts then inuading the same, +ministred to them occasion to attempt the second conquest, which at +length they brought to passe, to the ouerthrow not onelie of the British +dominion, but also to the subuersion of the Christian religion here in +this land: which chanced (às appeareth by Gildas) for the wicked sins +and vnthankefulnesse of the inhabitants towards God, the cheefe +occasions and causes of the transmutations of kingdoms, Nam propter +peccata, regna transmatantur à gente in gentem. + +The Saxons obteining possession of the land, gouerned the same, being +diuided into sundrie kingdoms, and hauing once subdued the Britons, or +at the least-wise remooued them out of the most part of the Ile into od +corners and mountaines; fell at diuision among themselues, and +oftentimes with warre pursued ech other, so as no perfect order of +gouernement could be framed, nor the kings grow to any great puissance, +either to mooue warres abroad, or sufficientlie to defend themselues +against forren forces at home: as manifestlie was perceiued; when the +Danes and other the Northeasterne people, being then of great puissance +by sea, began misserablie to afflict this land: at the first inuading as +it were but onelie the coasts and countries lieng neere to the sea, but +afterwards with manie armies they entred into the midle parts of the +land. And although the English people at length came vnder one king, and +by that meanes were the better able to resist the enimies; yet at length +those Danes subdued the whole, and had possession thereof for a time +although not long, but that the crowne returned againe to those of the +Saxon line: till shortlie after, by the insolent dealings of the +gouernours, a diuision was made betwixt the king and his people, through +iust punishment decreed by the prouidence of the Almightie, determining +for their sinnes and contempt of his lawes, to deliuer them into the +hands of a stranger; and therevpon when spite and enuie had brought the +title in doubt, to whom the right in succession apperteined, the +Conquerour entred, and they remained a prey to him and his: who plucked +all the heads and cheefe in authoritie so cleerelie vp by the roots, as +few or none of them in the end was left to stand vp against him. And +herewith altering the whole state, he planted such lawes and ordinances +as stood most for his auaile and securitie, which being after qualified +with more milde and gentle lawes, tooke such effect, that the state hath +euer sithens continued whole and vnbroken by wise and politike +gouernement, although disquieted sometime by ciuill dissention, to the +ruine commonlie of the first moouers, as by the sequele of the historie +you may see. + +For the historie of Scotland, I haue for the more part followed Hector +Boece, Iohannes Maior, and Iouan Ferreri Piemontese, so far as they haue +continued it, interlaced somtimes with other authours, as Houeden, +Fourdon, and such like; although not often, bicause I meant rather to +deliuer what I found in their owne histories extant, than to correct +them by others, leauing that enterprise to their owne countrimen: so +that whatsoeuer ye read in the same, consider that a Scotishman writ it, +and an Englishman hath but onelie translated it into our language, +referring the reader to the English historie, in all matters betwixt vs +and them, to be confronted therewith as he seeth cause. For the +continuation thereof I vsed the like order, in such copies and notes as +Maister Wolfe in his life time procured me; sauing that in these last +yeares I haue inserted some such notes as concerned matters of warre +betwixt vs and the Scots, bicause I got them not till that part of the +English historie was past the presse. + +For Ireland, I haue shewed in mine epistle dedicatorie in what sort, and +by what helps I haue proceeded therein; onelie this I forgot to +signifie, that I had not Giraldus Cambrensis, and Flatsburie, vntill +that part of the booke was vnder the presse, and so being constreined to +make post hast, I could not exemplifie what I would out of them all, +neither yet dispose it so orderlie as had beene conuenient, nor pen it +with so apt words as might satisfie either myselfe, or those to whose +view it is now like to come. And by reason of the like haste made in the +impression, where I was determined to haue transposed the most part of +that which in the English historie I had noted, concerning the conquest +of Ireland by Hen. the second, out of Houeden & others, I had not time +thereto; and so haue left it there remaining where I first noted it, +before I determined to make any particular collection of the Irish +histories, bicause the same commeth there well inough in place, as to +those that shall vouchsafe to turne the booke it may appeare. + +For the computation of the yeares of the world, I had by Maister Wolfes +aduise followed Functius; but after his deceasse, M. W. H. made me +partaker of a Chronologie, which he had gathered and compiled with most +exquisit diligence, following Gerardus Mercator, and other late +Chronologers, and his owne obseruations, according to the which I haue +reformed the same. As for the yeares of our Lord, and the kings, I haue +set them downe according to such authors as seeme to be of best credit +in that behalfe, as I doubt not but the learned and skilfull in +histories it shall appeare. Moreouer, this the reader hath to consider, +that I doo begin the yeare at the natiuitie of our Lord, which is the +surest order (in my fansie) that can be followed. + +For the names of persons, townes, and places, as I haue beene diligent +to reforme the errours of other (which are to be ascribed more to the +vnperfect copies than to the authors) so may it be that I haue +some-where committed the like faults, either by negligence or want of +skill to restore them to their full integritie as I wished. But what I +haue performed, aswell in that behalfe as others, the skilfull reader +shall easily perceiue, and withall consider (I trust) what trauell I +haue bestowed to his behoofe in this huge volume; crauing onelie, that +in recompense thereof he will iudge the best, and to make a freendlie +construction of my meaning, where ought may seeme to haue escaped my pen +or the printers presse, otherwise than we could haue wished for his +better satisfaction. Manie things being taken out as they lie in +authors, may be thought to giue offense in time present, which referred +to the time past when the author writ, are not onelie tollerable, but +also allowable. Thereforé (good reader) I beseech thee to weigh the +causes and circumstances of such faults and imperfections, and consider +that the like may creepe into a far lesse volume than this, and shew me +so much fauour as hath beene shewed to others in like causes. And +sithens I haue doone my good will, accept the same, as I with a free and +thankefull mind doo offer it thee; so shall I thinke my labour well +bestowed. For the other histories, which are alreadie collected, if it +please God to giue abilitie, shall in time come to light, with some such +breefe descriptions of the forren regions whereof they treat, as may the +better suffice to the readers contentation, and vnderstanding of the +matters conteined in the same histories, reduced into abridgements out +of their great volumes. And thus I ceasse further to trouble thy +patience, wishing to thee (gentle reader) so much profit, as by reading +may be had, and as great comfort as Gods holie spirit may endue thee +with. + +FINIS. + + + + + +THE +POLITIKE CONQUEST +OF +WILLIAM THE FIRST. + + * * * * * + +[Sidenote: Anno 1.] This William Duke of Normandie, base son of Robert +the sixt Duke of Normandie, and nephew vnto Edward king of England, +surnamed the Confessor, hauing vanquished the English power, and +slaine Harold in the field (as you may read at large towards the end +of the historie of England) began his reigne ouer England the xv. daie +of October being Sundaie, [Sidenote: 1066.] in the yeare after the +creation of the world 5033, (as W. Harison gathereth) and after the +birth of our Sauiour 1066, which was in the tenth yeare of the +emperour Henrie the fourth, in the sixt of pope Alexander the second, +in the sixt of Philip king of France, and about the tenth of Malcolme +the third, surnamed Camoir, king of Scotland. + +[Sidenote: _Sim. Dun._] Immediatlie after he had thus got the victorie +in a pight field (as before ye haue heard) he first returned to +Hastings, and after set forward towards London, wasted the countries +of Sussex, Kent, Hamshire, Southerie, Middlesex, and Herefordshire, +burning the townes, and sleaing the people, till he came to Beorcham. +[Sidenote: Edwin and Marchar. Quéene Aldgitha sent to Chester. _Wil. +Mal._ _Simon Dun._] In the meane time, immediatlie after the +discomfiture in Sussex, the two earles of Northumberland and Mercia, +Edwin and Marchar, who had withdrawne themselues from the battell +togither with their people, came to London, and with all speed sent +their sister quéene Aldgitha vnto the citie of Chester, and herewith +sought to persuade the Londoners to aduance one of them to the +kingdome: as Wil. Mal. writeth. But Simon of Durham saith, that Aldred +archbishop of Yorke, and the said earles with others would haue made +Edgar Etheling king. Howbeit, whilest manie of the Nobilitie and +others prepared to make themselues redie to giue a new battell to the +Normans (how or whatsoeuer was the cause) the said earles drew +homewards with their powers, to the great discomfort of their freends. +[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ The bishops blamed.] Wil. Malm. séemeth to put +blame in the bishops, for that the lords went not forward with their +purpose in aduancing Edgar Etheling to the crowne. For the bishops +(saith he) refused to ioine with the lords in that behalfe, and so +through enuie and spite which one part bare to another, when they +could not agrée vpon an Englishman, they receiued a stranger, +[Sidenote: The archbishop of Yorke & other submit themselues to king +William.] insomuch that vpon king William his comming vnto Beorcham, +Aldred archbishop of Yorke, Wolstane bishop of Worcester, and Walter +bishop of Hereford, Edgar Etheling, and the foresaid earles Edwin and +Marchar came and submitted themselues vnto him, whom he gentlie +receiued, and incontinentlie made an agréement with them, taking their +oth and hostages (as some write) and yet neuerthelesse he permitted +his people to spoile and burne the countrie. + +But now, when the feast of Christs natiuitie (commonlie called +Christmas) was at hand, he approched to the citie of London, and +comming thither, caused his vauntgard first to enter into the stréets, +where finding some resistance, he easilie subdued the citizens that +thus tooke vpon them to withstand him, [Sidenote: _Gemeticensis._] +though not without some bloudshed (as Gemeticen. writeth) but as by +others it should appéere, he was receiued into the citie without anie +resistance at all; and so being in possession thereof, he spake manie +fréendlie words to the citizens, and promised that he would vse them +in most liberall & courteous maner. [Sidenote: William Conquerour +crowned 1067, according to their account which begin the yeare on the +daie of Christ his natiuitie.] Not long after, when things were +brought in order (as was thought requisite) he was crowned king vpon +Christmas daie following, by Aldred archbishop of Yorke. For he would +not receiue the crowne at the hands of Stigand archbishop of +Canturburie, bicause he was hated, and furthermore iudged to be a +verie lewd person and a naughtie liuer. + +At his coronation he caused the bishops and barons of the realme to take +their oth, that they should be his true and loiall subiects (according +to the maner in that case accustomed.) And being required thereto by the +archbishop of Yorke, he tooke his personall oth before the altar of S. +Peter at Westmister, to defend the holie church, and rulers of the same, +to gouerne the people in iustice as became a king to doo, to ordeine +righteous lawes & kéepe the same, so that all maner of bribing, rapine, +and wrongful iudgements should for euer after be abolished. + +[Sidenote: _Polydor._] [Sidenote: 1067.] After this, he tooke order +how to keepe the realme in good and quiet gouernment, fortifieng the +necessarie places, and furnishing them with garisons. He also +appointed officers and councellers, such as he thought to be wise and +discréet men, and appointed ships to be in the hauens by the coast for +the defense of the land, as he thought moste expedient. [Sidenote: +_Iohn Stow._] After his coronation, or rather before (as by some +authours it should seeme) euen presentlie vpon obteining of the citie +of London, [Sidenote: _Thos. Spot._] he tooke his iourney towards the +castell of Douer, to subdue that and the rest of Kent also: which when +the archbishop Stigand and Egelsin the abbat of S. Augustines (being +as it were the chiefest lords and gouernours of all Kent) did +perceiue, and considered that the whole realme was in an euill state; +& that whereas in this realme of England, before the comming in of the +forsaid duke William, there were no bondmen: [Sidenote: Seruitude & +bondage of the Nobilitie and Commonaltie to the Normans.] now all, as +well the Nobilitie as the Commonaltie were without respect made +subiect to the intollerable bondage of the Normans, taking an occasion +by the perill and danger that their neighbours were in, to prouide for +the safegard of themselues and their countrie. They caused all the +people of the countie of Kent to assemble at Canturburie, and declared +to them the perils and dangers imminent, the miserie that their +neighbours were come into, the pride and insolencie of the Normans, +and the hardnesse and griefe of bondage and seruile estate. Whereupon +all the people rather choosing to end their vnfortunate life, than to +submit themselues to an vnaccustomed yoke of seruitude and bondage, +with a common consent determined to méet duke William, and to fight +with him for the lawes of their countrie. Also, the foresaid Stigand +the archbishop, and the abbat Egelsin, choosing rather to die in +battell, than to see their nation in so euill an estate, being +encouraged by the examples of the holie Machabées, became capteins of +the armie. And at a daie appointed, all the people met at Swanescombe, +and being hidden in the woods, laie priuilie in wait for the comming +of the foresaid duke William. + +Now, bicause it cannot hurt to take great héed, and to be verie warie in +such cases, they agréed before hand, that when the duke was come, and +the passages on euerie side stopped, to the end he should no waie be +able to escape, euerie one of them, as well horssemen as footmen should +beare boughes in their hands. The next daie after, when the duke was +come into the fields and territories néere vnto Swanescombe, and saw all +the countrie set and placed about him, as it had beene a stirring and +moouing wood, and that with a meane pace they approched and drew neare +vnto him, with great discomfort of mind he woondered at that sight. And +assoone as the capteins of the Kentishmen sawe that duke William was +inclosed in the middest of their armie, they caused their trumpets to be +sounded, their banners to be displaied, and threw downe their boughes, & +with their bowes bent, their swords drawne, and their speares and other +kind of weapons stretched foorth, they shewed themselues readie to +fight. Duke William and they that were with him stood (as no maruell it +was) sore astonied, and amazed: so that he which thought he had +alreadie all England fast in his fist, did now despaire of his owne +life. Therefore on the behalfe of the Kentishmen, were sent vnto duke +William the archbishop Stigand, and Egelsin abbat of S. Augustines, who +told him their message in this sort. + + "My lord duke, behold the people of Kent come forth to méet you, + and to receiue you as their liege lord, requiring at your hands + the things which perteine to peace, and that vnder this + condition; that all the people of Kent enioy for euer their + ancient liberties, and may for euermore vse the lawes and + customes of the countrie: otherwise they are readie presentlie to + bid battell to you, and them that be with you, and are minded + rather to die here altogither, than to depart from the lawes and + customes of their countrie, and to submit themselues to bondage, + whereof as yet they neuer had experience." + +The duke séeing himselfe to be driuen to such an exigent & narrow +pinch, consulted a while with them that came with him, prudentlie +considering, that if he should take anie repulse or displeasure at the +hands of this people, which be the key of England, all that he had +done before should be disanulled and made of none effect, and all his +hope and safetie should stand in danger and ieopardie: not so +willinglie as wiselie he granted the people of Kent their request. Now +when the couenant was established, and pledges giuen on both sides: +the Kentishmen being ioyfull, conducted the Normans (who also were +glad) vnto Rochester, and yéelded vp to the duke the earledome of +Kent, and the noble castell of Douer. [Sidenote: The ancient liberties +and lawes of England remaine in Kent onlie.] Thus the ancient +liberties of England, and the lawes and customes of the countrie, +which before the comming of duke William out of Normandie, were +equallie kept throughout all England, doo (through this industrie and +earnest trauell of the archbishop Stigand and Egelsin abbat of S. +Augustines) remaine inuiolablie obserued vntill this daie within that +countie of Kent. [Sidenote: _Wil. Thorne._] ¶ Thus far Thomas Spot, +and after him William Thorne writeth the same. Of the which the former +(that is Spot) liued in the daies of king Edward the first, and +William Thorne in the daies of king Richard the second. + +But now, before we procéed anie further in recitall of the Conquerours +dooings, we haue here in a table noted all the noble capteins and +gentlemen of name, aswell Normans as other strangers, which assisted +duke William in the conquest of this land: and first, as we find them +written in the chronicles of Normandie by one William Tailleur. + + * * * * * + + THE + CATALOG OF SUCH NOBLEMEN, LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN OF NAME, + AS CAME INTO THIS LAND WITH + WILLIAM THE CONQUEROUR. + + +Odo bishop of Bayeulx. +Robert erle of Mortaing. +Roger erle of Beaumont surnamed _A la Barbe_. +Guillaume Mallet seigneur de Montfort. +Henrie seig. de Ferrers. +Guillaume d'Aubelle-mare seign. de Fougieres. +Guillaume de Roumare seig. de Lithare. +Le seig. de Touque. +Le seig. de la Mare. +Neel le Viconte. +Guillaume de Vepont. +Le seig. de Magneuille. +Le seig. de Grosmenil. +Le seig. de S. Martin. +Le seig. de Puis. +Guillaume Crespin. +Guillaume de Movenne. +Guillaume Desmoulins. +Guillaume Desgarennes. +Hue de Gourney, _aliàs_ Genevay. +Le seig. de Bray. +Le seig. de Gouy. +Le seig. de Laigle. +Le seig. de Touarts. +Le seig. de Aurenchin. +Le seig. de Vitrey. +Le seig. de Trassy, _aliàs_ Tracy. +Le seig. de Picquigny. +Le seig. d'Espinay. +Osmond seig. du Pont. +Le seig. de Estouteuile. +Le seig. de Torchy. +Le seig. de Barnabost. +Le seig. de Breual. +Le seig. de Seeulme. +Le seig. de Houme. +Le seig. de Souchoy. +Le seig. de Cally. +Le seig. de la Riuere. +Euldes de Beanieu. +Le seig. de Roumilly. +Le seig. de Glotz. +Le seig. du Sap. +Le seig. de Vanuille. +Le seig. Branchou. +Le seig. Balleul. +Le seig. de Beausault. +Le seig. de Telleres. +Le seig. de Senlys. +Le seig. de Bacqueuille. +Le seig. de Preaulx. +Le seig. de Iouy. +Le seig. de Longueuille. +Le seig. de Aquigny. +Le seig. de Passy. +Le seig. de Tournay. +Le seig. de Colombieres. +Le seig. de Bolleber. +Le seig. de Garensieres. +Le seig. de Longueile. +Le seig. de Houdetot. +Le seig. de Malletot. +Le seig. de la Haie Malerbe. +Le seig. de Porch Pinche. +Le seig. de Iuetot. +The erle of Tanqueruile. +The erle d'Eu. +The erle d'Arques. +The erle of Aniou. +The erle of Neuers. +Le seig. de Rouuile. +Le prince de Alemaigne. +Le seig. de Pauilly. +Le seig. de S. Cler. +Le seig. d'Espinay. +Le seig. de Bremetot. +Alain Fergant erle of Britaigne. +Le seig. de la Ferte. +Robert fils Heruays duc de Orleans. +Le seig. de la Lande. +Le seig. de Mortimer. +Le seig. de Clare. +Le seig. de Magny. +Le seig. de Fontnay. +Roger de Montgomery. +Amaury de Touars. +Le seig. de Hacqueuile. +Le seig. de Neanshou. +Le seig. de Perou. +Robert de Beaufou. +Le seig. Meauuon. +Le seig. de Soteuile. +Eustace de Hambleuile. +Geoffray Bournom. +Le seig. de Blainuile. +Le seig. de Mauneuile. +Geoffrey de Moienne. +Auffray and Mauger de Carteny. +Le seig. de Freanuile. +Le seig. de Moubray. +Le seig. de Iafitay. +Guillaume Patais seig. de la Lande. +Eulde de Mortimer. +Hue erle of Gournay. +Egremont de Laigle. +Richard d'Aurinchin. +Le seig. de Bearts. +Le seig. de Soulligny. +Bouteclier d'Aubigny. +Le seig. de Marcey. +Le seig. de Lachy. +Le seig. de Valdere. +Eulde de Montfort. +Henoyn de Cahieu. +Le seig. de Vimers. +Guillaume de Mouion. +Raoul Tesson de Tignolles. +Anguerand erle of Hercourt. +Roger Marmion. +Raoul de Gaiel. +Auenel de Viers. +Pauuel du Montier Hubert. +Robert Bertraule Tort. +Le seig. de Seulle. +Le seig. Doriual. +Le seig. de la Hay. +Le seig. de S. Iohn. +Le seig. de Saussy. +Le seig. de Brye. +Richard Dollebec. +Le seig. du Monfiquet. +Le seig. de Bresey. +Le seig. de Semilly. +Le seig. de Tilly. +Le seig. de Preaux. +Le seig. de S. Denis. +Le seig. de Meuley. +Le seig. de Monceaux. +The archers of Bretuile. +The archers of Vaudreuile. +Le seig. de S. Sain. +Le seig. de Breansou. +Le seig. de Sassy. +Le seig. de Nassy. +Le vidam de Chartres. +Le seig. de Ieanuile. +Le vidam du Passais. +Pierre du Bailleul seig. de Fescampe. +Le seneschal de Torchy. +Le seig. de Grissey. +Le seig. de Bassey. +Le seig. de Tourneur. +Guillaume de Colombieres. +Le seig. de Bonnebault. +Le seig. de Ennebault. +Le seig. de Danuillers. +Le seig. de Beruile. +Le seig. de Creueceur. +Le seig. de Breate. +Le seig. de Coutray. +The erle of Eureux. +Le seig. de seint Valery. +Thomas erle d'Aumale. +The erle de Hiesmes. + +With other lords and men of account in great numbers, whose names the +author of the chronicles of Normandie could not come by (as he himselfe +confesseth.) In consideration whereof, and bicause diuers of these are +set foorth onlie by their titles of estate, and not by their surnames; +we haue thought it conuenient to make you partakers of the roll which +sometime belonged to Battell abbeie, conteining also (as the title +thereof importeth) the names of such Nobles and Gentlemen of Marque, as +came at this time with the Conqueror, whereof diuerse maie be the same +persons which in the catalog aboue written are conteined, bearing the +names of the places whereof they were possessors and owners, as by the +same catalog maie appeare. + + * * * * * + + THE ROLL OF BATTELL ABBEIE. + + +A + +Avmarle +Aincourt +Audeley +Adgillam +Argentoune +Arundell +Auenant +Abell +Auuerne +Aunwers +Angers +Angenoun +Archere +Anuay +Asperu +Albeuile +Andeuile +Amouerduile +Arcy and Akeny +Albeny +Aybeuare +Amay +Aspermound +Amerenges + + +B + +Bertram +Buttecourt +Brebus and Byseg +Bardolfe +Basset and Bigot +Bohun +Bailif +Bondeuile +Brabason +Baskeruile +Bures +Bounilaine +Bois +Botelere +Bourcher +Brabaion +Berners +Braibuf +Brande and Bronce +Burgh +Bushy +Banet +Blondell +Breton +Bluat and Baious +Browne +Beke +Bickard +Banastre +Baloun +Beauchampe +Bray and Bandy +Bracy +Boundes +Bascoun +Broilem +Broleuy +Burnell +Bellet +Baudewin +Beaumont +Burdon +Berteuilay +Barre +Busseuile +Blunt +Beaupere +Beuill +Barduedor +Brette +Barrett +Bonret +Bainard +Barniuale +Bonett +Barry +Bryan +Bodin +Beteruile +Bertin +Bereneuile +Bellewe +Beuery +Busshell +Boranuile +Browe +Beleuers +Buffard +Botelere +Bonueier +Boteuile +Bellire +Bastard +Bainard +Brasard +Beelhelme +Braine +Brent +Braunch +Belesuz +Blundell +Burdet +Bagot +Beauuise +Belemis +Beisin +Bernon +Boels +Belefroun +Brutz +Barchampe + + +C + +Camois +Camuile +Chawent +Chauncy +Conderay +Coluile +Chamberlaine +Chamburnoun +Comin +Columber +Cribett +Creuquere +Corbine +Corbett +Chaundos +Chaworth +Cleremaus +Clarell +Chopis +Chaunduit +Chantelow +Chamberay +Cressy +Curtenay +Conestable +Cholmeley +Champney +Chawnos +Comiuile +Champaine +Careuile +Carbonelle +Charles +Chereberge +Chawnes +Chaumont +Caperoun +Cheine +Curson +Couille +Chaiters +Cheines +Cateray +Cherecourt +Cammile +Clerenay +Curly +Cuily +Clinels +Chaundos +Courteney +Clifford + + +D + +Denauille +Dercy +Diue +Dispencere +Daubeny +Daniell +Denise and Druell +Deuans +Dauers +Dodingsels +Darell +Delaber +Delapole +Delalinde +Delahill +Delaware +Delauache +Dakeny +Dauntre +Desny +Dabernoune +Damry +Daueros +Dauonge +Duilby +Dalauere +Delahoid +Durange +Delee +Delaund +Delaward +Delaplanch +Damnot +Danway +Dehense +Deuile +Disard +Doiuille +Durant +Drury +Dabitot +Dunsteruile +Dunchampe +Dambelton + + +E + +Estrange +Estuteuile +Engaine +Estriels +Esturney + + +F + +Ferrerers +Foluille +Fitz Water +Fitz Marmaduke +Fleuez +Filberd +Fitz Roger +Fauecourt +Ferrers +Fitz Philip +Filiot +Furniueus +Furniuaus +Fitz Otes +Fitz William +Fitz Roand +Fitz Pain +Fitz Auger +Fitz Aleyn +Fitz Rauff +Fitz Browne +Fouke +Freuil +Front de Boef +Facunberge +Fort +Frisell +Fitz Simon +Fitz Fouk +Filioll +Fitz Thomas +Fitz Morice +Fitz Hugh +Fitz Henrie +Fitz Waren +Fitz Rainold +Flamuile +Formay +Fitz Eustach +Fitz Laurence +Formibaud +Frisound +Finere and Fitz Robert +Furniuale +Fitz Geffrey +Fitz Herbert +Fitz Peres +Fichet +Fitz Rewes +Fitz Fitz +Fitz John +Fleschampe + + +G + +Gvrnay +Gressy +Graunson +Gracy +Georges +Gower +Gaugy +Goband +Gray +Gaunson +Golofre +Gobion +Grensy +Graunt +Greile +Greuet +Gurry +Gurley +Grammori +Gernoun +Grendon +Gurdon +Gines +Griuil +Greneuile +Glateuile +Gurney +Giffard +Gouerges +Gamages + + +H + +Haunteney +Haunsard +Hastings +Hanlay +Haurell +Husee +Hercy +Herioun +Herne +Harecourt +Henoure +Houell +Hamelin +Harewell +Hardell +Haket +Hamound +Harcord + + +I + +Iarden +Iay +Ieniels +Ierconuise +Ianuile +Iasperuile + + +K + +Kaunt +Karre +Karrowe +Koine +Kimaronne +Kiriell +Kancey +Kenelre + + +L + +Loueny +Lacy +Linneby +Latomer +Loueday +Louell +Lemare +Leuetot +Lucy +Luny +Logeuile +Longespes +Louerace +Longechampe +Lascales +Lacy +Louan +Leded +Luse +Loterell +Lornge +Longevule +Loy +Lorancourt +Loions +Limers +Longepay +Laumale +Lane +Louetot + + +M + +Mohant +Mowne +Maundeuile +Marmilon +Moribray +Moruile +Miriell +Manlay +Malebraunch +Malemame +Mortimere +Mortimaine +Muse +Marteine +Mountbother +Mountsoler +Maleuile +Malet +Mounteney +Monfichet +Maleherbe +Mare +Musegros +Musard +Moine +Montrauers +Merke +Murres +Mortiuale +Monchenesy +Mallory +Marny +Mountagu +Mountford +Maule +Monhermon +Musett +Meneuile +Manteuenant and Manfe +Meapincoy +Maine +Mainard +Morell +Mainell +Maleluse +Memorous +Morreis +Morleian Maine +Maleuere +Mandut +Mountmarten +Mamelet +Miners +Mauclerke +Maunchenell +Mouet +Meintenore +Meletak +Manuile +Mangisere +Maumasin +Mountlouel +Mawreward +Monhaut +Meller +Mountgomerie +Manlay +Maulard +Mainard +Menere +Martinast +Mare +Mainwaring +Matelay +Malemis +Maleheire +Moren +Melun +Marceans +Maiell +Morton + + +N + +Noers +Neuile +Newmarch +Norbet +Norice +Newborough +Neiremet +Neile +Normauile +Neofmarch +Nermitz +Nembrutz + +O + +Oteuell +Olibef +Olifant +Osenel +Oisell +Olifard +Orinall +Orioll + + +P + +Pigot +Pery +Perepount +Pershale +Power +Painell +Perche and Pauey +Peurell +Perot +Picard +Pinkenie +Pomeray +Pounce +Pauely +Paifrere +Plukenet +Phuars +Punchardoun +Pinchard +Placy +Pugoy +Patefine +Place +Pampilioun +Percelay +Perere and Pekeny +Poterell +Peukeny +Peccell +Pinell +Putrill +Petiuoll +Preaus +Pantolf +Peito +Penecord +Preudirlegast +Perciuale + + +Q + +Qvinci +Quintiny + + +R + +Ros +Ridell +Riuers +Riuell +Rous +Rushell +Raband +Ronde +Rie +Rokell +Risers +Randuile +Roselin +Rastoke +Rinuill +Rougere +Rait +Ripere +Rigny +Richemound +Rochford +Raimond + + +S + +Souch +Sheuile +Seucheus +Senclere +Sent Quintin +Sent Omere +Sent Amond +Sent Legere +Someruile +Siward +Saunsovere +Sanford +Sanctes +Sauay +Saulay +Sules +Sorell +Somerey +Sent Iohn +Sent George +Sent Les +Sesse +Saluin +Say +Solers +Saulay +Sent Albin +Sent Martin +Sourdemale +Seguin +Sent Barbe +Sent Vile +Souremount +Soreglise +Sanduile +Sauncey +Sirewast +Sent Cheueroll +Sent More +Sent Scudemore + + +T + +Toget +Tercy +Tuchet +Tracy +Trousbut +Trainell +Taket +Trussel and Trison +Talbot +Touny +Traies +Tollemach +Tolous +Tanny +Touke +Tibtote +Turbeuile +Turuile +Tomy and Taverner +Trencheuile +Trenchelion +Tankeruile +Tirell +Triuet +Tolet +Trauers +Tardeuile +Turburuile +Tineuile +Torell +Tortechappell +Trusbote +Treuerell +Tenwis +Totelles + + +V + +Vere +Vernoun +Vescy +Verdoune +Valence +Verdeire +Vauasour +Vendore +Verlay +Valenger +Venables +Venoure +Vilan +Verland +Valers +Veirny +Vauurvile +Veniels +Verrere +Vschere +Veffay +Vanay +Vian +Verneys +Vrnall +Vnket +Vrnafull +Vasderoll +Vaberon +Valingford +Venicorde +Valiue +Viuille +Vancorde and Valenges + + +W + +Wardebois +Ward +Wafre +Wake +Wareine +Wate +Watelin +Wateuil +Wely +Werdonell +Wespaile +Wiuell + +[Sidenote: _Sim. Dunel._] When king William had set all things in +order through the most part of the realme, he deliuered the guiding +thereof vnto his brother Odo, the bishop of Bayeux, and his coosine +William Fits Osborne, whom he had made erle of Hereford. [Sidenote: +King William goeth ouer into Normandy. _Hen. Hunt._ _Polychron._ _Sim. +Dun._] In Lent following he sailed into Normandie, leading with him +the pledges, and other of the chéefest lords of the English nation: +among whom, the two earles Edwine and Marchar, Stigand the archbishop, +Edgar Etheling, Walteoff sonne to Siward sometime duke of +Northumberland, and Agelnothus the abbat of Glastenburie were the most +famous. [Sidenote: Edricke Syluaticus.] Soone after his departing, +Edricke surnamed Syluaticus, sonne to Alfricke that was brother to +Edricke de Streona, refusing to submit himselfe vnto the king, +rebelled and rose against such as he had left in his absence to +gouerne the land. [Sidenote: Richard Fits Scroope.] Wherevpon those +that laie in the castell of Hereford, as Richard Fitz Scroope and +others, did oftentimes inuade his lands, and wasted the goods of his +farmers and tenants: but yet so often as they attempted to inuade him, +they lost manie of their owne souldiers and men of war. Moreouer, the +said Edricke calling to his aid the kings of the Welshmen, Bleothgent +and Rithwall, about the feast of the assumption of our Ladie, wasted +the countrie of Hereford, [Sidenote: The riuer of Wye.] euen to +the bridge of the riuer of Wye, and obteined out of those quarters a +maruellous great spoile. [Sidenote: King William returneth into +England.] In the winter also following, and after king William had +disposed his busines in Normandie, he returned into England, and euen +then began to handle the Englishmen somewhat sharpelie, supposing +thereby to kéepe them the more easilie vnder his obedience. He also +took awaie from diuerse of the Nobilitie, and others of the better +sort, all their liuings, and gaue the same to his Normans. [Sidenote: +_H. Hunt._] Moreouer, he raised great taxes and subsidies through the +realme: nor any thing regarded th' English Nobilitie, so that they who +before thought themselues to be made for euer by bringing a stranger +into the realme, doo now see themselues troden vnder foot, to be +despised, and to be mocked on all sides, [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._] +insomuch that many of them were constreined (as it were for a further +testimonie of seruitude and bondage) to shaue their beards, to round +their heare, and to frame themselues as well in apparell as in seruice +and diet at their tables after the Norman manner, verie strange and +farre differing from the ancient customes and old vsages of their +countrie. [Sidenote: Englishmen withdraw them to the woods as out +lawes.] Others vtterlie refusing to susteine such an intolerable yoke +of thraldome as was dailie laid vpon them by the Normans, chose rather +to leaue all both goods & lands, & after the maner of outlawes got +them to the woods, with their wiues, children, and seruants, meaning +from thencefoorth wholie to liue vpon the spoile of the countries +adioining, and to take whatsoeuer came next to hand: wherevpon it came +to passe within a while that noe man might trauell in safetie from his +owne house or towne to his next neighbors, and euery quiet and honest +mans house became as it were an hold and fortresse furnished for +defense with bowes and arrowes, bills, polaxes, swords, clubs, and +staues, and other weapons, the doores kept locked and stronglie +boulted in the night season, for feare to be surprised as it had beene +in time of open warr and amongst publike enimies. Praiers were said +also by the maister of the house, as though they had beene in the +middest of the seas in some stormie tempest, and when the windowes or +doores should be shut in and closed, they vsed to saie _Benedicite_, +and others to answer, _Dominus_, in like sort as the preest and his +penitent were woont to doo at confession in the church. + +Notwithstanding all this, K. William sought to tame & vanquish those +of the English Nobilitie, who would not be at his becke. They againe +on the other side made themselues strong, the better to resist him, +choosing for their chéefe capteines and leaders, the earles Edwine & +Edgar Etheling, who valiantlie resisted the Normans, and slue many of +them with great rage and crueltie. And as they thus procéeded in their +matters, king William being a politike prince, forward and painefull +in his businesse, suffered them not altogither to escape cléere awaie, +but did sore annoy and put them oft to remediles losses, though he +abode in the meane time many laborious iournies, slaughters of his +people, and damages of his person. [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Anno Reg. +2._ _Matth. Paris._ _Matth. West._ Diuers of the English Nobilitie +forsake their natiue countrie.] Herevpon the English Nobilitie euer +after, yea in time of peace, were hated of the king and his Normans, +and at length were kept so short, that being mooued partlie with +disdaine, and partlie with dread, they got them out of the realme, +some into Scotland, some into Denmarke, others into Norway; and among +these, the two earles Edwine and Marchar, with certeine bishops & +others of the cleargie, besides manie also of the temporaltie, escaped +into Scotland. Marleswine & Gospatricke, with a great number of other +the Nobles of Northumberland, Edgar Ethling with his mother Agatha, +and his sisters Christine and Margaret, chanced also to be driuen into +Scotland by tempest, as they sailed towards the coasts of Germanie, +purposing to haue returned into Hungarie, where the said Edgar was +borne: howbeit being arriued in Scotland, he found so friendlie +entertainment there, that finallie Malcolme the third then king of +that realme, tooke his sister Margaret to wife, and Christine became a +nunne, as in the Scotish chronicles more plainelie dooth appéere. +[Sidenote: _Polydor._] King William héereby perceiuing daily how +vnwilling the Englishmen were to be vnder his obeisance, was in feare +of rebellious commotions; [Sidenote: Two at York, wherein he left fiue +hundred men in garrison.] and therefore to subdue them the better, he +builded foure castels, one at Notingham, another at Lincolne, the +third at Yorke, and the fourth néere vnto Hastings, where he landed at +his first comming into England. + +[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ The Conquerour taketh fro the Englishmen their +armour.] Moreouer, to reduce the English people the sooner vnto +obedience and awe, he tooke from them all their armour and weapons. He +ordeined also that the maister of euerie houshold about eight of the +clocke in the euening, should cause his fire to be raked vp ashes, his +lights to be put out, and then go to bed. [Sidenote: Couer few first +instituted.] Besides this, to the end that euerie man might haue +knowledge of the houre to go to rest, he gaue order, that in all +cities, townes, and villages, where anie church was, there should a +bell be roong at the said houre, which custome is still vsed euen vnto +this daie, and commonly called by the French word, _Couer few_, that +is, _Rake vp the fier_. + +[Sidenote: 1068.] [Sidenote: _Matth. West._] This yeare, on +Whitsunday, Maud the wife of king William was crowned Queene by +Aeldred archbishop of Yorke. The same yeare also was Henrie his sonn +borne here in England: for his other two sonns, Robert and William, +were borne in Normandie before he had conquered this land. [Sidenote: +Edmond the Great.] About the same time alsoe Goodwine and Edmund +surnamed the great, the sonns of K. Harold, came from Ireland and +landing in Somersetshire, fought with Adnothus that had beene maister +of their fathers horsses whom they slue with a great number of others, +and soe haueing got this victorie, returned into Ireland, from whence +they came with a great bootie which they tooke in their returne out of +Cornewall, Deuonshire, and other places thereabouts. [Sidenote: _Wil. +Malm._ _Simon Dunelm._] In like manner, Excester did as then rebell, +and likewise the countrie of Northumberland, wherevpon the king +appointed one of his capteines named Robert Cumin, a right noble +personage (but more valiant than circumspect) to go against the +northerne people with a part of his armie, whilest he himselfe and the +other part went to subdue them of Excester: where, at his comming before +the citie, the citizens prepared themselues to defend their gates and +wals: but after he began to make his approch to assaile them, part of +the citizens repenting their foolish attempts, opened the gates, and +suffered him to enter. Thus having subdued them of Excester, he +greeuouslie punished the chéefe offendors. But the countesse Gita, the +sister of Sweine K. of Denmarke, and sometime wife to earle Goodwine, +and mother to the last K. Harold, with diuers other that were got into +that citie, found meanes to flie, and so escaped ouer into Flanders. +King William hauing passed his businesse in such wise in Deuonshire, +hasted backe towards Yorke, being aduertised in the waie, that the +Northumbers hauing knowledge by their spials, that Robert generall of +the Normans being come to Durham, did not so diligentlie cause watch +and ward to be kept about the towne in the night season as was +requisite, [Sidenote: This chaunced the 28. of Januarie on a +Wednesday. _Polydor._] did set vpon him about midnight, & slue the +same Robert with all his companie, so that of seauen hundred which he +brought with him, there was but one that escaped to bring tidings to +the king their souereigne. + +He heard also, how Edgar Etheling at the same time, being in the +countrie, riding abroad with a troope of horsemen, and hearing of the +discomfiture of those Normans, pursued them egerlie, [Sidenote: +_Polydor._] and slue great numbers of them, as they were about to saue +themselues by flight, with which newes being in no small furie, he +made speed forward, and comming at the last into Northumberland, he +easilie vanquished the foresaid rebels, and putting the cheefe authors +of this mutinie to death, he reserued some of the rest as captiues, +and of other some he caused the hands to be chopped off in token of +their inconstancie and rebellious dealing. After this he came to +Yorke, and there in like sort punished those that had aided Edgar, +which doone, he returned to London. + +[Sidenote: 1069.] [Sidenote: Sweine and Osborne hath. _Matth. Paris._] +In the meane time, those Englishmen that were fled (as you haue heard) +into Denmarke, by continuall sute made to Sueine then king of that +realme, to procure him to make a iournie into England for recouerie of +the right descended to him from his ancestors, at length obteined +their purpose, in so much that king Sueine sent his sonnes Harold and +Canutus toward England, [Sidenote: Thrée hundred sailes saith _M. W._ +but _Sim. Dun._ hath 240.] who with a nauie of two hundred saile, in +the companie of Osborne their vncle, arriued in the mouth of Humber +betwéene the two later ladie daies, and there landing their people +with the English outlawes, whom they had brought with them, they +straightwaies marched towards Yorke, wasting and spoiling the countrie +with great crueltie as they passed. Soone after also came Edgar, and +such other English exiles as had before fled into Scotland, and ioined +their forces with them. When the newes of these things were brought to +Yorke, the people there were striken with a maruellous feare, insomuch +that Aeldred the archbishop (through verie greefe and anguish of mind) +departed this life. The Normans also which laie there in garrison, +after they vnderstood by their spies that the enimies were come within +two daies iournie of them, began not a little to mistrust the faith of +the citizens, and bicause the suburbes should not be any aid vnto +them, they set fire on the same, which by the hugenesse of the wind +that suddenlie arose, the flame became so big, and mounted such a +height, [Sidenote: Yorke burnt.] that it caught the citie also, and +consumed a great part therof to ashes, togither with the minster of S. +Peter, and a famous librarie belonging to the same. Herevpon the +Normans and citizens in like maner were constreined to issue foorth at +the same time, and being vpon the enimies before they had any +knowledge of their approch, were forced to trie the matter by +disordered battell: whose number though it was far inferiour vnto +theirs, yet they valiantlie defended themselues for a time, till being +oppressed with multitudes, they were ouercome and slaine, [Sidenote: +Normans slaine.] so that there perished in this conflict, to the +number of three thousand of them. Manie of the Englishmen also that +came with them to the field, were saued by the enimies, to the end +they might gaine somewhat by their ransomes, [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] +as William Mallet shirife of the shire, with his wife, and two of +their children, Gilbert de Gaunt, and diuers other. This slaughter +chanced on a saturdaie, being the nineteenth day of September; a +dismall daie to the Normans. + +The two brethren hauing thus obteined this victorie, went on further +into the countrie of Northumberland, and brought the same wholie to +their subiection, insomuch that all the north parts were at their +comandement. Upon this they meant to haue gone towards London with the +like attempt in the south parts, [Sidenote: A sharpe winter, an enimie +to warlike enterprises.] if the extreame and hard winter which chanced +that yeare, had not staied their enterprise, as it did king William +from assailing them; who hearing of all their dooings in the north +countrie, would else full gladlie haue set vpon them. [Sidenote: The +Danes where they wintered. _Hen. Hunt._ _Polydor._] In the meane time, +the Danes wintered in Yorkeshire, betwixt the two riuers Ouse and +Trent; but so soone as the snow began to melt, and the yce to thaw and +waste away, king William sped him with great hast toward his enimies +into Yorkeshire, and comming to the riuer of Trent, where it falleth +into Humber, he pitched his tents there, to refresh his people, for +his enimies were at hand. The daie following he brought his armie into +the field to fight with the Danish princes, who likewise in battell +araie met them. Then began a right sore and terrible battell, +continuing a long space in equall balance, till at length in one of +the Danish wings the Norman horsemen had put their enimies to flight. +Which when the residue of the Danes perceiued, and therewith put in a +sudden feare, they likewise fled. Harold and Canutus with a band of +hardie souldiers that tarried about them, retired backe (though with +much a doo and great danger) vnto their ships. Edgar also, by helpe of +good horses, escaped into Scotland with a few in his companie. +[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._] Earle Walteof, who had fought most +manfullie in that battell, [Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._ _Wil. Malm._] & +slaine manie Normans with his owne hands, was reconciled into the +kings fauour: but the residue were for the most part taken prisoners, +and killed. William of Malmesburie writeth, that king William comming +at that time into the north parts, besieged the citie of Yorke, and +putting to flight a great armie of his enimies that came to the +succour of them within, not without great losse of his owne souldiers, +at length the citie was deliuered into his hands; the citizens and +other that kept it, as Scots, Danes, and Englishmen, being constreined +thereto through lacke of vittels. [Sidenote: _Sim. Dunel._] Other +write, how the Danes, being loden with riches and spoiles gotten in +the countrie, departed to their ships before the comming of king +William. Here is not to be forgotten, that (as Iohn Leland hath noted) +whilest the Conquerour held siege before Yorke, at the earnest request +of his wife Quéene Maud, he aduanced his nephew Alane earle of +Britaine, with the gift of all those lands that sometime belonged vnto +earle Edwine, the tenor of which gift insueth: + + [Sidenote: Earle Edwines lands giuen vnto Alane earle of + Britaine.] + "Ego Gulihelmus cognomine Bastardus, do & concedo tibi nepoti + meo Alano Britanniæ comiti, & hæredibus tuis in perpetuum, omnes + illas villas & terras, quæ nuper fuerunt comitis Eadwini in + Eborashira, cum feodis militum & alijs libertatibus & + consuetudinibus, ita liberè & honorificè sicut idem Eadwinus ea + tenuit. Dat. in obsidione coram ciuitate Eboraci:" that is, "I + William surnamed Bastard, doo giue and grant to thee my nephue + Alane earle of Britaine, and to thine heires for euer, all those + townes and lands that latelie were earle Eadwines in Yorkeshire, + with the knights fees and other liberties and customes, so + freelie and honourablie as the said Eadwine held the same. Giuen + in our seege before the citie of Yorke." + +The earle of Britaine, being a man of a stout stomach, and meaning to +defend that which was thus giuen to him, [Sidenote: Castell of +Richmont.] built a strong castell neere to his manor of Gillingham, +and named it Richmont. The first originall line of the earles of +Richmont [2]that bare their title of honor of this castell and towne +of Richmont (as Leland hath set downe the same) is this: Eudo earle of +Britaine, the sonne of Geffrey, begat three sonnes, Alane le Rous, +otherwise Fregaunte, Alane the blacke, and Stephan. [Sidenote: Earle +of Britaine.] These three brethren after their fathers decease, +succéeded one another in the earledome of Britaine; the two elder, +Alane the red and Alane the blacke died without issue. Stephan begat a +sonne named Alane, who left a sonne, which was his heire named Conan, +which Conan married Margaret the daughter of William king of Scotland, +who bare him a daughter named Constantia, which Constantia was coupled +in marriage with Geffrey sonne to king Henrie the second, who had by +hir Arthur, whom his vncle King John, for fear to be depriued by him +of the crowne, caused to be made awaie; as some have written. But now +to returne where we left touching the Danes. [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] +Simon Dunel. affirmeth, that Harold and Canute or Cnute the sonnes of +Sweine king of Denmarke, [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris_ maketh mention but +of Sweine and Osborne whom he calleth brethren.] with their vncle +earle Osborne, and one Christianus a bishop of the Danes, and earle +Turketillus were guiders of this Danish armie, & that afterwards, when +king William came into Northumberland, he sent vnto earle Osborne, +promising him that he would permit him to take vp vittels for his +armie about the sea coastes; and further, to giue him a portion of +monie, so that he should depart and returne home as soone as the +winter was passed. But howsoeuer the matter went with the Danes, +certain it is by the whole consent of writers, that king William +hauing thus subdued his enimies in the north, he tooke so great +displeasure with the inhabitants of the countrie of Yorkeshire and +Northumberland, that he wasted all the land betwixt Yorke and Durham, +[Sidenote: _Wil. Malms._] so that for the space of threescore miles, +there was left in maner no habitation for the people, by reason +whereof it laie wast and desert for the space of nine or ten yeares. ¶ +The goodlie cities with their towers and steeples set vp on a statelie +height, and reaching as it were into the aire: the beautifull fields +and pastures, watered with the course of sweet and pleasant riuers, if +a stranger should then haue beheld, and also knowne before they were +thus defaced, he would surely haue lamented: or if any old inhabitant +had béene long absent, & newly returned thither, had séene this +pitifull face of the countrie, he would not haue knowne it, such +destruction was made through out all those quarters, whereof Yorke it +selfe felt not the smallest portion. [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] The +bishop of Durham Egelwinus with his cleargie fled into holy Iland with +S. Cuthberts bodie, and other iewels of the church of Durham, where +they tarried three moneths and od daies, before they returned to +Durham againe. The kings armie comming into the countrie that lieth +betwixt the riuers Theise and Tine, found nothing but void feelds and +bare walles; the people with their goods and cattell being fled and +withdrawne into the woods and mountaines, if any thing were forgotten +behind, these new gests were diligent inough to find it out. + +[Sidenote: _Anno Reg._ 4. 1070.] [Sidenote: _Polydor._] In the +beginning of the spring, king William returned to London, and now +after all these troubles, began to conceiue greater hatred against the +Englishmen than euer before; so as doubting that hee should neuer by +gentlenesse win their good willes, he now determined by a harder +measure to meete with them; insomuch that he banished a great number, +other some also (not a few) he spoiled of their goods, those +especiallie of whom he was in hope to gaine any great portion of +substance. + +Thus were the Englishmen generallie in danger to lose life, lands and +goods, without knowledge, or orderlie proceeding in iudgement, so that +no greater miserie in the earth could be imagined, than that whereinto +our nation was now fallen. [Sidenote: Priuileges and fréedoms +revoked.] He tooke from the townes and cities, from the bishops sées +and abbeies all their ancient priuileges and freedoms, to the end they +should not onely be cut short and made weaker, but also that they (for +the obteinment of their quietnesse) might redeeme the same of him for +such summes of monie as pleased him to exact. [Sidenote: _Matth. +Paris._] Among other things, he ordeined that in time of warre they +should aide him with armor, horsse and monie, according to that order +which he should then prescribe: all which he caused to be registred, +inrolled, and laid vp in his treasurie. But diuerse of the spirituall +persons would not obey this ordinance, whom he banished without +remorse. + +[Sidenote: Stigand. Alexander bishop of Lincolne. _Polydor._ The hard +deling of K. William against the Englishmen.] About this time the +archbishop Stigand, and Alexander bishop of Lincolne fled to Scotland, +where they kept themselues close for a season. But the king still +continued in his hard procéeding against the Englishmen, insomuch that +now protesting how he came to the gouernance of the realme only by +plaine conquest, he seized into his hands most part of euery mans +possessions, causing them to redeeme the same at his hands againe, and +yet reteined a propertie in the most part of them; so that those that +should afterwards enioy them, should acknowledge themselues to hold +them of him, in yéelding a yéerlie rent to him and his successors for +euer, with certeine other prouisions, whereby in cases of forfeiture +the same lands should returne to him, and his said successors againe. +The like order he appointed to be vsed by other possessors of lands, +in letting them forth to their tenants. [Sidenote: The institution of +the foure Termes.] He ordeined also, that the Termes should be kept +foure times in the yéere, in such places as he should nominate, and +that the iudges shuld sit in their seuerall places to iudge and decide +causes and matters in controuersie betwixt partie and partie, in +manner as is vsed vnto this day. He decréed moreouer, that there +should be shiriffes in euerie shire, and iustices of the peace to +keepe the countries in quiet, and to sée offendors punished. +[Sidenote: The Excheker.] Furthermore, he instituted the court of the +Excheker, and the officers belonging to the same, as the barons, the +clearks, and such other, [Sidenote: The Chancerie.] and also the high +court of Chancerie. + +After he had in this sort ordeined his magistrates and ministers of +the lawes, he lastlie tooke order what ordinances he would haue +obserued: wherevpon abrogating in maner all the ancient lawes vsed in +times past, and instituted by the former kings for the good order and +quietnes of the people, [Sidenote: New lawes.] he made new, nothing so +equall or easie to be kept; which neuerthelesse those that came after +(not without their great harme) were constreined to obserue: as though +it had beene an high offense against GOD to abolish those euill lawes, +which king William (a prince nothing friendly to the English nation) +had first ordeined, and to bring in other more easie and tollerable. +[Sidenote: The lawes were written in the Norman toong.] ¶ Here by the +waie I giue you to note a great absurditie; namelie, that those lawes +which touched all, and ought to be knowne of all, were notwithstanding +written in the Norman toong, which the Englishmen vnderstood not; so +that euen at the beginning you should haue great numbers, partlie by +the iniquitie of the lawes, and partlie by ignorance in misconstruing +the same, to be wrongfullie condemned: some to death, and some in the +forfeitures of their goods; others were so intangled in sutes and +causes, that by no means they knew how to get out, but continuallie +were tossed from post to piller; in such wise that in their minds they +curssed the time that euer these vnequall lawes were made. + +[Sidenote: Matters to be tried by a Iurie of 12. men.] The maner for +the triall of causes in controuersie, was deuised in such sort as is +yet vsed. Twelue ancient men (but most commonlie vnlearned in the +lawes) being of the same countie where the sute laie, were appointed +by the iudges to go togither into some close chamber, where they +should be shut vp, till vpon diligent examination of the matter they +should agrée vpon the condemnation or acquiting of the prisoner, if it +were in criminall causes; or vpon deciding in whom the right remained, +if it were vpon triall of things in controuersie. Now when they were +all agréed, they came in before the iudges, declaring to what +agréement they were growne: which doone, the iudges opened it to the +offendors or sutors, and withall gaue sentence as the qualitie of the +case did inforce and require. There may happilie be (as Polydor Virgil +saith) that will mainteine this maner of procéeding in the +administration of iustice by the voices of a iurie, to haue béene in +vse before the conquerors daies, but they are not able to prooue it by +any ancient records of writers, as he thinketh: albeit by some of our +histories they should séeme to be first ordeined by Ethelred or +Egelred. Howbeit this is most true, that the Norman kings themselues +would confesse, that the lawes deuised and made by the Conqueror were +not verie equall; insomuch that William Rufus and Henrie the sonnes of +the Conqueror would at all times, when they sought to purchase the +peoples fauor, promise to abolish the lawes ordeined by their father, +establish other more equall, and restore those which were vsed in S. +Edwards daies. The like kind of purchasing fauour was vsed by king +Stéephen, and other kings that followed him. [Sidenote: _Matth. +Paris._ _Matth. West._ _Wil. Mal._ _Wil. Thorne._ Abbeis searched.] +But now to the matter, king William hauing made these ordinances to +keepe the people in order, set his mind to inrich his cofers, and +therevpon caused first a tribvte to be leuied of the commons; then the +abbeies to be searched, and all such monie as any of the Englishmen +had laid vp in the same, to be kept. Besides all this, he seized into +his hands their charters of priuileges made to them by the Saxon kings +of the land, and spared not so much as the iewels and plate dedicated +to sacred vses. All this did he (as some write) by the counsell of the +earle of Hertford. + +[Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Simon Dun._ _Wil. Thorne._ _Polydor._ _Sim. +Dunel._ Stigand archbishop of Canturburie depriued.] Shortlie after +betwixt Easter and Whitsuntide, a great synod was holden at Winchester +by the bishops and cleargie, where Ermenfred the bishop of Sion or +Sitten, with two cardinals Iohn and Peter sent thither from pope +Alexander the second, did sit as chéefe commissioners. In this synod +was Stigand the archbishop of Canturburie depriued of his bishoprike, +for three speciall causes. + + 1 First, for that he had wrongfullie holden that bishoprike, + whilest the archbishop Robert was liuing. + + 2 Secondlie, for that he kept the see of Winchester in his hands, + after his inuestiture vnto Canturburie, which he ought not to + haue doone. + + 3 Thirdlie, for that he had receiued the pall at the hands of + pope Benedict the tenth, whom the cardinals, as one not lawfullie + elected, had deposed. + +Howbeit, manie writers burthen king William (who was present at this +synod) for the procuring of Stigand his depriuation, to the end he +might place a stranger in his roome. For as he had rooted out the +English Nobilitie, and giuen awaie their land and liuings to his +Normans; so meant he to turne out the English cleargie from bearing +any office of honor within the realme, which meaning of his did well +appeare at his councell, [Sidenote: Agelmarus bishop of Thetford was +one that was deposed. _Simon Dun._ _Matt. Paris._] wherin diuers +bishops, abbats, and priors were deposed, and Normans preferred to +their places. Stigand after his depriuation was kept in perpetuall +prison at Winchester, till he died, and yet (as some write) the same +Stigand was an helper vnder hand for king William to atteine the +crowne. + +[Sidenote: Thomas a canon of Bayeux made archbishop of Yorke.] In the +feast of Pentecost next insuing, the king being at Windsor, gaue the +archbishoprike of Yorke vnto one Thomas, a canon of Bayeux, and to +Walkelme one of his chaplins he gave the Bishoprike of Winchester. +[Sidenote: Lanfranke consecrated archbishop of Canturburie. _Matth. +Westm._ hath the eight Kal. of Maie, but _Wil. Mal._ and _Eadmerus_ +the fourth Kal. of September.] After this, calling one Lanfranke an +Italian from Caen where he was abbat, he made him archbishop of +Canturburie, who was consecrated there in the feast of S. John +Baptist, [Sidenote: 1071. An. Reg. 5.] [Sidenote: _Wil. Mal._ +_Eadmerus._] in the yeare folowing, which was after the birth of our +Sauiour 1071. The foresaid Thomas was the fiue and twentith bishop +that had gouerned in that see of Yorke, & Lanfranke the thrée & +thirtith in the see of Canturburie. But yer long, betwixt these two +archbishops there rose great contention for the primasie of their +churches, in so much that the archbishop of Yorke appealed to Rome, +where they both appeared personallie before pope Alexander, in whose +presence Lanfranks cause was so much fauoured, that not onelie the +foresaid Thomas, but also Remigius the bishop of Dorchester were for +reasonable causes depriued of their crosiers and rings: and Lanfranke +at their humble request was a meane to the pope for them in the end, +that they might be restored to their staues, which was accordinglie +obteined. For when the pope heard Lanfranke declare in their fauour, +how necessarie their seruice might be to the king, in the +establishment of his new gotten kingdome, he said to Lanfranke; "Well, +looke you then to the matter, you are the father of that countrie, and +therefore consider what is expedient to be done therein: their staues +which they haue surrendered, there they be, take them, and dispose +them as you shall thinke most profitable for the aduancement of the +christian religion in that countrie." Wherevpon, Lanfranke tooke the +staues, and deliuered them to the former possessours, and so were they +in the popes presence restored to their former dignities. One cause +why Thomas was depriued (as some writers saie) was, for that he had +holpen duke William towards his iournie into England when he came to +conquer it, for the which pleasure to him then shewed, the duke +promised him a bishoprike, if euer he obteined victorie ouer the +English: an other cause, for that he was a priests sonne. [Sidenote: +_Wil. Malm._] Now, when the pope vnderstood the full ground of their +contention to be for the primasie of the two sees, Canturburie and +Yorke, and had heard what could be alledged on both sides, he remitted +the determination thereof to the king and bishops of England, that by +the histories and records of the land, the matter might be tried, +iudged, and ordered. + +Wherefore, at their comming home, and after long debating and +discussing of the cause (as in William Marleburgh it appeareth more at +large) at a synod holden at Windsor, [Sidenote: Anno Reg. 6. 1072.] in +the yeare 1072, sentence was giuen on Lanfranks side, [Sidenote: +_Matth. West._ The subiection of the archbishoprike of Yorke, to the +archbishoprike of Canturburie.] so that in all things concerning +religion and the faith of holie church, the archbishop of Yorke should +be euer subiect to the archbishop of Canturburie, and come with all +the bishops of his prouince to what place soeuer the archbishop of +Canturburie should summon any councell within the realme of England. +Moreouer, when anie elected bishop of Canturburie was to be +consecrated, the archbishop of Yorke (for the time being) should come +to Canturburie, and consecrate him there. And if the archbishop of +Yorke was to be installed and consecrated, then should he come to +Canturburie, or to what place it should please the archbishop of +Canturburie to assigne, and there to be confirmed of him, taking an +oth with profession of due obedience vnto the higher see. [Sidenote: +_Polydor._ The archbishop of Yorke, acknowledged primate of all +Scotland.] Now, as the said Thomas of Yorke did yéeld obedience to +Lanfranke of Canturburie, so likewise the elect bishop of Glascow in +Scotland named Michaell, was soone after consecrated of the foresaid +Thomas archbishop of Yorke, and made an oth of obedience vnto the said +archbishop, as to the primate of all Scotland: and after him Tothade the +bishop of S. Andrewes did the like, by commandement of Malcolme the +third of that name king of Scotland, and Margaret his wife, who thought +good by this recognisance of obedience and dutie, so to prouide against +further inconuenience to come, that hereafter, one of the bishops of +their realme should not take vpon them to consecrate an other: or doo +any thing contrarie to the ancient decrées of the old fathers, that +might be preiudiciall to the authoritie of the archbishop of Yorke, at +whose appointment those and the like things were accustomed to be doone. +[Sidenote: _Ranulph Cestren._ lib. 1. cap. 57. & lib. 7. cap. 2.] +In this controuersie (or the like) it is left written, that in a court +held at Rome (the time is not mentioned) the pope perceiuing the strife +betwéene these two prelats to be but for the highest place or primasie +in the church; he solemnlie gaue sentence, that the sée of Yorke should +haue in title Primas Angliæ, & Canturburie Primas totius Angliæ, which +titles doo yet remain to them both. + +But to leaue this, and to speake of other things which chanced in the +meane time that this controuersie depended betwixt the two +archbishops, I find that Edwin and Marchar earles of Mertia and +Northumberland, hauing of late obteined pardon for their former +misdemeanor, & reconciled to the king, began now so much to mislike +the state of the world againe, as euer they did before. For perceiuing +how the Englishmen were still oppressed with thraldome & miserie on +ech hand, they conspired, & began a new rebellion, but with verie ill +successe, as shall herafter appeare. [Sidenote: _Matt. Paris._] The +king vnderstanding of their dealings, and being not onelie armed +throughlie with temporall force, but also endued with the spirituall +power of his archbishop Lanfranke (who aided him in all that he might, +for the suppressing of those rebels) wasted the countries +excéedinglie, where he vnderstood that they had gotten any releefe, +minding vtterlie to vanquish them with sword, fire and hunger, or by +extreame penurie to bring them vnder. They on the other part make as +stout resistance; and perceiuing that it stood them vpon, either to +vanquish or to fall into vtter ruine, they raise a mightie strong +host, and make Edgar Etheling their capteine, a comelie gentleman and +a valiant, in whome also the whole hope of the English nation was +reposed, as appeareth by this his accustomed by-word, Edgar Etheling +Englands dearling. Amongst other noble men that were chiefe dooers in +the assembling of this armie, Frederike abbat of S. Albons, a prelate +of great wealth and no lesse puissance, was a principall. + +The king perceiuing his estate to be now in no small danger, is in a +great perplexitie what to doo, in the end, he counselleth with the said +Lanfranke archbishop of Canturburie, how he might remedie the matter; +who told him that in such a desperate case, the best waie for him should +be to séeke by faire words and friendly offers to pacifie the English +Nobilitie, which by all meanes possible would neuer ceasse to molest him +in the recouerie of their liberties. Wherevpon he made meanes to come to +some agréement with them, and so well the matter procéeded on his side, +that the Englishmen being deceiued through his faire promises, were +contented to common of peace, for which purpose they came also vnder the +conduct of the abbat Frederike vnto Berkamsted, where (after much +reasoning and debating of the matter for the conclusion of amitie +betwixt them) king William in the presence of the archbishop Lanfranke +and other of his lords, tooke a personall oth vpon all the relikes of +the church of S. Albons, and the holie euangelists (the abbat Frederike +ministring the same vnto him) that he would from thencefoorth obserue +and keepe the good and ancient approoued lawes of the realme, which the +noble kings of England his predecessors had made and ordeined +heretofore; but namelie those of S. Edward, which were supposed to be +most equall and indifferent. + +The peace being thus concluded, and the Englishmen growne thereby to +some hope of further quietnesse, they began to forsake their alies, and +returned each one, either to his owne possessions, or to giue attendance +vpon the king. But he warilie cloking his inward purpose, +notwithstanding the vnitie latelie made, determineth particularlie to +assaile his enimies (whose power without doubt so long as it was vnited, +could not possiblie be ouercome, as he thought) and being now by reason +of this peace disseuered and dispersed, he thought it high time to put +his secret purposes in execution: wherevpon taking them at vnwares and +thinking of nothing lesse than warres and sudden inuasion, he +imprisoneth manie, killeth diuers, and pursueth the residue with fire +and sword, taking awaie their goods, possessions, lands, and +inheritances, and banishing them out of the realme. In the meane time, +those of the English Nobilitie, which could escape this his outragious +tyrannie, got awaie, and amongst other, Edgar Etheling fled againe +into Scotland: but Edwin was slaine of his owne souldiers, as he rode +toward Scotland. [Sidenote: _Ran. Higa._ _H. Hunt._ _Matth. Paris._] +Earle Marchar, and one Hereward, with the bishop of Durham named +Egelwinus, got into the Ile of Elie, in purpose there to defend +themselues from the iniurie of the Normans, for they tooke the place +(by reason of the situation) to be of no small strength. Howbeit king +William endeuouring to cut them short, raised a power, and stopped all +the passages on the east side, and on the west part he made a causie +through the fennes, of two miles in length, whereby he got vnto them, +and constreined them to yeeld. [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Hen. Hunt._ +_Matth. Paris._] But Marchar, or (as others haue) Hereward, foreséeing +the imminent danger likelie to take effect, made shift to get owt of +the Ile by bote, and so by spéedie flight escaped into Scotland. +[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] The bishop of Durham being taken, was sent to +the abbey of Abingdon, to be kept as prisoner, where he was so +sparinglie fed, that within a short space he died for hunger. +[Sidenote: Some write that he was so stubborne-harted, that after he +knew he should remaine in perpetuall prison, he refused his meate, and +so pined himselfe to death.] + +In this meane time, and whilest king William was thus occupied in +rooting out the English, Malcolme king of Scotland had wasted the +countries of Theisedale, Cleueland, and the lands of S. Cuthbert, with +sundrie other places in the north parts. Wherevpon Gospatrike being +latelie reconciled to the king & made earle of Northumberland, was +sent against him, who sacked and destroied that part of Cumberland +which the said Malcolme by violence had brought vnder his subiection. +At the same time Malcolme was at Weremouth, beholding the fire which +his people had kindled in the church of Saint Peter to burne vp the +same, and there hearing what Gospatrike had doone, he tooke such +displeasure thereat, that he commanded his men they should leaue none +of the English nation aliue, [Sidenote: A bloudie comandment executed +vpon the English by the Scots.] but put them all to the sword without +pity or compassion, so oft as they came to hand. The bloudie slaughter +which was made at this time by the Scots, through that cruell +commandement of Malcolme, was pitifull to consider, for women, +children, old and yong, went all one way: howbeit, manie of those that +were strong and able to serue for drudges and slaues, were reserued, +and carried into Scotland as prisoners, where they remained manie +yeares after; in so much that there were few houses in that realme, +but had one or mo English slaues and captiues, whom they gat at this +vnhappie voiage. Miserable was the state of the English at that time, +one being consumed of another so vnnaturallie, manie of them destroied +by the Scots so cruellie, and the residue kept vnder by the king so +tyrannicallie. + +But to returne to the purpose in hand, king William hearing of all +these things, was not a little mooued at the same, but chéefelie with +Malcolme king of Scots, for that his countrie was the onelie place +wherein all the mal-contents of his realme had their refuge. Wherfore, +thinking to reuenge the losse of his subiects, and to bring that +realme also vnto his subiection, he went thither with an huge armie, +about the middle of August, where he first inuaded the bounds of +Galloway, bicause he heard how the English were latelie fled thither. +[Sidenote: _Polydor_] But after he had wearied his souldiers in vaine +pursuit of them (who kept themselues in the mountaines and marres +grounds) he gaue ouer the enterprise, and drew towards Lothiam, where +king Malcolme laie with all his power, & sundrie English fugitiues, +with whome he determined by battell either to end his trouble, or else +to loose his life. [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._] Now as both the kings +with their armies were readie to encounter, Malcolme began to doubt +somewhat of the fiersenesse of the battell, bicause he saw the great +puissance and readie willes of the English and Normans to fight, +[Sidenote: _H. Hunt._] wherevpon he sent an harrold to king William to +treat of peace, wherewith he was content at the last (though with much +adoo) and so a vnitie insued betwixt them, vpon these conditions; +[Sidenote: The king of Scots did homage to king William for Scotland.] +namelie, that king Malcolme should doo homage to king William for the +realme of Scotland, and therevpon deliuer sufficient hostages: and +that on the other side, king William should pardon all the English +outlawes in Scotland which then rebelled against him. The place where +this peace was concluded, was called Abirnethi. [Sidenote: _Simon +Dun._] After this, king William returned into England, where he yer +long tooke the earledome of Northumberland from Gospatrike, [Sidenote: +The kings iustice.] and gave it to Waltheof the sonne of Siward; +bicause of right it séemed to descend vnto him from his father, but +cheefelie from his mother Alfreda, who was the daughter of Aldred +sometime earle of that countrie. + +At the same time also the king caused a castell to be built at Durham, +and returned to London, where he receiued aduertisement that his +subiects in Normandie toward the the parties[3] of Angiew had begun a +rebellion against him. Heerevpon with all spéed he leuied an armie, +whereof the most part consisted of English (whose seruice he liked +rather in a forren countrie than in their owne) and sailed ouer into +Normandie, where he easilie subdued his enemies by the valiancie of the +English, whom from thenceforth he began somewhat to fauour and better +thinke of than before. Yoong Edgár also grew in verie good credit with +him, for though he had twise broken his oth of allegiance, and run to +the Scots as a rebell, yet now of his owne motion, returning to the king +and crauing pardon, he was not onelie receiued, but also highlie +honoured and preferred in his court. + +The yeare 1074. thrée moonks of the prouince of Mercia, purposing to +restore religion after their maner within the prouince of +Northumberland, came into Yorke, and required of Hugh Fitz Baldricke +(then shirife of the shire) to haue safe conduct vnto Monkaster, +[Sidenote: Mountcaster now Newcastell.] which afterwards hight +Newcastell, and so is called to this day. These moonks, whose names +were Aldwin, Alswin, and Remfred, comming unto the foresaid place, +found no token or remanent of any religious persons, which sometime +had habitation there (for all was defaced and gone:) wherevpon, after +they had remained there a while, they remooued to Jarrowe, where +finding the ruines of old decaied buildings and churches, perteining +in times past to the moonks that there inhabited, they had such +assistance at the hands of Walkher bishop of Durham, that at length, +by the diligent trauell and sute of these moonks, three monasteries +were newlie founded and erected in the north parts, one at Durham, an +other at Yorke, and the third at Whitby. For you must consider, that +by the inuasion of the Danes, the churches and monasteries throughout +Northumberland were so wasted and ruinated, that a man could +scarselie find a church standing in all that countrie, as for those +that remained, they were couered with broome or thatch: but as for any +abbey or monasterie, not one was left in all the countrie, neither did +any man (for the space of two hundred yeares) take care for the +repairing or building vp of any thing in decaie, so that the people of +that countrie wist not what a moonke ment, and if they saw any, they +woondered at the strangenesse of the sight. + +[Sidenote: An. Reg. 9. 1075.] [Sidenote: Rafe Earle of Cambridge. +_Matth. West._ _Matth. Paris._ _Hen. Hunt._ _Simon Dun._ A rebellion +raised against K. William.] Whilest the king remained thus in +Normandie, Roger earle of Hereford (contrarie to the kings mind and +pleasure) married his sister vnto Rafe earle of Cambridge, or (as +other haue) Northfolke, and withall began a new conspiracie against +him. Amongst other also of the associats, earle Walteof the sonne of +earle Siward was one, who afterward mistrusting the successe of this +deuise, first vttered it to archbishop Lanfranke, and by his aduice +sailed ouer into Normandie, and there disclosed the whole matter to +king William: but in the meane time, the other two earles; namelie, +Hereford and Cambridge had so farre procéeded in the matter, that they +were vp in armour. Howbeit, Wolstan bishop of Worcester, and Egelwine +abbat of Euesham, with the shirife of Worcester & Walter Lacie, so +resisted the earle of Hereford, that he could not passe the Seuerne to +ioine with the earle of Cambridge. [Sidenote: _Iohn Pike._] On the +other side, Odo the bishop of Bayeux, and Geffrey the bishop of +Constances pursued the earle of Cambridge so narrowlie with an other +armie, which they had gathered of the English and Normans, that they +constreined him to flée into Britaine, whereby the rebellion was verie +much appeased. + +[Sidenote: An. Reg. 10. 1076.] In the meane time, the king +vnderstanding by earle Walteof how the matter went in England, came +ouer with all speed out of Normandie, & within a short space brought +the residue of the conspirators into such a feare, that they were +scattered and put to flight, without attempting anie further exploit +or conspiracie against him. Manie of them also were apprehended and +put to death, among whom Roger and Walteof were most famous. +[Sidenote: _H. Hunt._ Earle Walteof beheaded.] And though Walteof (as +yée haue heard before) disclosed the treason, yet to the end he should +offend no more hereafter, he was beheaded at Winchester by the kings +commandement, and his bodie hauing béene first buried in the same +place where he suffered, was afterward conueied vnto Crowland, and +there more honorablie interred. + +This earle Walteof or Waldeue was sonne (as ye haue heard) to Siward +the noble earle of Northumberland, of whose valure in the time of K. +Edward the confessor ye haue heard. His son the foresaid Walteof in +strength of bodie and hardinesse did, not degenerate from his father, +for he was tall of personage, in sinews and musculs verie strong and +mighty. In the slaughter of the Normans at Yorke, he shewed proofe of +his prowesse, in striking off the heads of manie of them with his owne +hands, as they came foorth of the gates singlie one by one: yet +afterwards, when the king had pardoned him of all former offenses, and +receiued him into fauour hée gaue to him in mariage his néece Judith +the daughter of Lambert earle of Lens, sister to Stephen erle of +Albermare, and with hir he had of the kings gift, [Sidenote: Earledome +of Huntingdon.] all the lands and liberties belonging to the honor of +Huntingdon; in consideration whereof, he assigned to hir in name of +hir dower, all the lands that he held from Trent southward. Shée bare +by him two daughters, Maud and Alice: [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._] We +find, that he was not onlie earle of Northumberland, but also of +Northampton and Huntingdon. + +The countesse of Cambridge or Northfolke (as other haue) wife of earle +Rafe, being, fled into the citie of Norwich, was besieged in the same +by the kings power, which pressed the citie so sore, as it was forced +for verie famine to yéeld; but yet by composition; namelie, that such +as were besieged within, should depart the realme, as persons abiured +and banished the land for euer. [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Hen. Hunt._ +_Simon Dun._ _Matth. Paris._] This was the end of the foresaid +conspiracie. At this verie time the Danes being confederate with these +rebels, and by them solicited, set forth towards England vnder the +leading of Cnuto, sonne to Sueno, and earle Haco, and (vnlooked for) +arriue here in England with two hundred sailes. But hearing that the +ciuill tumult was ended, and seeing no man readie either to +countenance or encourage them in their enterprise, they sailed first +into Flanders, which they spoiled, and after into their owne +countrie, with little desire or will to come againe into England. King +William also vnderstanding that they were thus departed, passed ouer +into Britaine, and there besieged the castell of Doll that belonged to +Rafe earle of Cambridge or Northfolke: but by the comming of Philip +the French king, king William being vnprouided of sufficient vittels +for his armie, was constreined to raise his siege, although with great +losse both of men and horsses. + +[Sidenote: An. Reg. 11. 1077.] [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ An +earthquake, a long frost, a comet.] On the 27. daie of March was a +generall earthquake in England, and in the winter following a frost +that continued from the first of Nouember vntill the middle of Aprill. +A blasing starre appeered on palme sundaie, beeing the sixteenth daie +of Aprill, about six of the clocke, when the aire was faire and +cleere. + +[Sidenote: Married préests.] About the same season, pope Gregorie +perceiuing that married préests did choose rather to run into the +danger of his cursse, than to forsake their wiues, meaning to bridle +them by an other prouiso, gaue commandment by his bull published +abroad, that none should heare the masse of a married préest. + +[Sidenote: An. Reg. 12. 1078.] [Sidenote: _Polydor._ A synod holden at +London. Bishops sées remoued.] King William after his comming from the +siege of Doll, remained a certeine time in quiet, during which season, +Lanfranke the archbishop called a synod or counsell of the cleargie at +London, wherein amongst other things it was ordeined, that certeine +bishops sées should be remoued from small townes to cities of more +fame, whereby it came to passe that Chichester, Exceter, Bath, +Salisburie, Lincolne & Chester were honored with sees and palaces of +bishops, whereas before they kept their residence at Sellewey, Kirton, +Welles, Shireborne, Dorchester, and Lichfield. + +[Sidenote: _Woolstan._] At this synod also Woolstan bishop of +Worcester was present, whom Lanfranke would haue deposed for his +insufficiencie of learning; as he colourablie pretended, but indeed to +pleasure the king, who faine would have placed a Norman in his roome: +but (as they saie) by a miracle which he presentlie wrought, in causing +his crosier staffe to sticke fast in the toome of saint Edward (to +whom he protested and said he would resigne it, for that he obteined +the same by his gift) he did put the king and the archbishop into such +feare, that they suffered him still to enioy his bishoprike without +any further vexation. These things with other (touching a reformation +in the church and cleargie) being handled in this councell, it was +soone after dissolued. + +[Sidenote: An. Reg. 13. 1079.] In the yeare following, king William +led a mightie armie into Wales, and subdued it; receiuing of the +rulers and princes there their homages and hostages. [Sidenote: +_Matth. Paris._ _Matth. West._] About the same time, Robert the kings +eldest sonne, a right worthie personage, but yet as one of nature +somewhat vnstable, entered into Normandie as a rebell to his father, +and by force tooke diuers places into his hands. Which he did by the +practise of Philip the French king, who now began to doubt of the +great puissance of king William, as foreseeing how much it might +preiudice him, and the whole realme of France in time to come. +[Sidenote: The French king setteth the sonne against the father.] +Wherefore to stop the course of his prosperous successe, he deuised a +meane to set the sonne against the father. True it is that king +William had promised long afore to resigne the gouernment of Normandie +vnto the said Robert his sonne. Wherevpon the yoong man, being of an +ambitious nature, and now pricked forward by the sinister counsell of +his adherents, seeketh to obteine that by violence, which he thought +would be verie long yer he should atteine by curtesie. [Sidenote: +_Simon Dun._ _Matth. Paris._] King William hereof aduertised, was not +a little mooued against his disobedient sonne, and curssed both him +and the time that euer he begat him. Finallie, raising an armie, he +marched towards him, so that they met in the field. Assoone as the one +came in sight of the other, they encountred at a place called +Archenbraie, and whilest the battell was at the hottest, and the +footmen most busied in fight, Robert appointed a power of horssemen to +breake in upon the réereward of his enemies; & he himselfe following +after with all his might, chanced among other to haue a conflict with +his owne father, so that thrusting him through the arme with his +lance, he bare him beside his horsse, [Sidenote: The sonne +ouerthroweth the father.] and ouerthrew him to the ground. The king +being falne, called to his men to remount him. Robert perceiuing by +his voice that it was his father, whom he had vnhorssed, spéedilie +alighted, and tooke him vp, asking him forgiuenesse for that fact, and +setting him vp on his owne horsse, brought him out of the prease, and +suffered him to depart in safetie. King William being thus escaped out +of that present danger, and séeing himselfe not able to resist the +puissance of his enimies, [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] left the field to +his son, hauing lost many of his men which were slaine in battell and +chace, besides a great number that were hurt and wounded, among whom +his second sonne William surnamed Rufus or Red, was one; [Sidenote: +_Matth. Paris._] and therefore (as some write) he bitterlie curssed +his son Robert, by whom he had susteined such iniurie, losse, and +dishonor. [Sidenote: The father and the sonne made friends.] Howbeit, +other write, that for the courtesie which his sonne shewed, in +releeuing and helping him out of danger, when he was cast off his +horsse, he was mooued with such a fatherlie affection, that presentlie +after they were made friends, the father pardoned his sonne all his +former offenses, and therevpon found him euer after more tractable and +obedient than before. + +[Sidenote: An. Reg. 14. 1080.] After this battell, king William being +thus accorded with his sonne, [Sidenote: _Simon Dunel._] returned with +him into England, and immediatlie sent him against Malcolme king of +Scotland, who hauing broken the truce in time of the trouble betwixt +king William and his sonne, had doone much hurt by forraies vpon the +English borders, wasting all Northumberland euen to the riuer of Tine. +Howbeit, when he heard that Robert approched with his armie towards +him, he retired into Scotland. [Sidenote: The foundation of New +castell upon Tine, which before that season was called Moncaster.] +Robert Curthuze then lodged with his armie vpon the banks of the riuer +of Tine, where he began the foundation of a castell, whereof the towne +Newcastell did after take both beginning and name, for before this +season it was called Moncaster. + +About the same time, Odo the bishop of Bayeux was sent to +Northumberland, to reuenge the death of Walkher bishop of Durham, whom +not long before the people of Northumberland had slaine in a tumult. +[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] The occasion of his death grew by the death +of one Liulfus, a noble man of those quarters, and déerelie beloued of +the people, bicause he was descended of honorable parentage, and had +married the ladie Algitha daughter vnto earle Alered, and sister to +Alfleda the mother of earle Walteof. + +This Liulfus, a man of great possessions through England, now that the +Normans ruled in all places, quietlie withdrew himselfe vnto Durham, and +grew into such familiaritie and credit with the bishop, that touching +the order of temporall matters, he would doo nothing without his aduice. +Whereat Leofwin the bishops chapline conceiued such enuie (for that he +was not so often called to counsell as before) that in the end he +procured by his malicious meanes one Gilbert (to whom the bishop had +committed the rule of the earledome) to murther the said Liulfus by +night in his manor place not farre from Durham. Whereof the bishop +hauing vnderstanding, and knowing that the matter would be gréeuouslie +taken of the people, sent out letters and messengers into the countrie, +offering to purge himselfe of the slaughter of this man, according to +the order of the canon lawes: howbeit he did nothing lesse. Among other +things concerning his purgation, he said that he had banished Gilbert +and others, (who had committed the murther) out of Northumberland. +Hervpon the malice of the people was kindled against him. For when it +was knowne that he had receiued the murtherers into his house, and +fauoured them as before, they stomached the matter highlie: insomuch +that when by the trauell of those that went to and fro betwixt the +bishop and the kinsfolks of Liulfus, a daie was appointed, on the which +the bishop should come to farther communication with them at Gateshead, +he repaired thither according to his promise, but refusing to talke with +them abroad, he kept himselfe still within the church, and sent foorth +such of his counsell as should commune with them. But when the people +that were there gathered in great numbers, had signified in plaine words +that he should either come foorth and shew himselfe amongst them, or +else that they should fire the place where he sat: he caused Gilbert to +go foorth vnto them first, whom they slue, and his partakers also that +issued out of the church with him for his defense. But when the peoples +furie was not so quenched, the bishop himselfe casting the skirts of his +gowne ouer his face, came likewise foorth, and was immediatlie slaine of +the people. After this, they set the church on fire, bicause Leofwine +the bishops chapline and others were yet within, and refused to come +foorth: howbeit in the end, being compelled by the rage of the fire to +come out, the said Leofwine was also slaine and hackt in péeces (as he +had well deserued) being the ringleader of all the mischéefe. + +[Sidenote: Note the sequele of the neglect of iustice in the former +storie.] ¶ Thus maie we sée what followed of the neglecting of iustice +in the bishop: for if he either banished Gilbert and other his +complices (accordinglie as he pretended to doo) or otherwise had séene +due punishment executed against them, the peoples rage had neuer +proceeded so far as it did: for they could not persuade themselues, +but that the bishop was guiltie and priuie to Liulfus death, sith he +had receiued the murtherers into his house, the verie same night in +which the fact was done, and kept them still about him, which his +bearing with them cost him his owne life. But now to the historie. + +When bishop Odo was come into those parties to reuenge the bishops +death with an armie (as we haue said) he sore afflicted the countrie, +by spoiling it on euerie side with great crueltie. [Sidenote: _Sim. +Dunel._] Here king William placed and displaced diuerse rulers ouer +the Northumbers: [Sidenote: Copsi.] for first he appointed one Copsi +to haue the rule of that countrie, in place of Marchar who before had +held the same. This Copsi expelled Osulfe the sonne of earle Edulfe +brother to earle Aldred, which Osulfe was substitute vnto the earles +Edwine and Marchar, who although he was driuen out of his gouernement +by Copsi, yet recouering his forces againe, he slue the same Copsi as +he entred into the church of Newburne. But within a few moneths after, +the same Osulfe (as he ran with his horsse against a theefe) was +thrust through the bodie with a speare, which the theefe held in his +hand, and so died. [Sidenote: Gospatrike.] Then Gospatrike was +assigned by king William to haue the gouernement there: whose mother +Aldgitha was daughter to Vthred sometime earle of Northumberland +begotten vpon Elfgiua the daughter of king Egelred. + +Some write, that Gospatrike purchased the earledome of king William, +and so held it, till the king tooke it from him againe, and then gaue +it vnto earle Walteof or Waldeue. Next after him Walkher the foresaid +bishop of Durham had the whole administration committed to him, but +(after he was slaine as yée haue heard) one Alberike ruled that +countrie, and lastlie, [Sidenote: Robert Mulbray earle of +Northumberland.] Robert Mulbray a right noble personage (for his +wisedome and valiancie highlie renowmed with all men) was created +earle of Northumberland, and gouerned the people of those parties in +such politike and wise order, that during his time, it is hard to +saie, whether his quietnesse or the obedience of the people was +greater. + +[Sidenote: The foundation of vniuersitie colledge in Oxford.] +[Sidenote: An. Reg. 15. 1081.] In like manner, after the foresaid +Walkher; one William was created bishop of Durham, who was the +originall founder of vniuersitie colledge in Oxford, and by whose +assistance, the moonkes gaping both for riches, ease, and possessions, +found the means to displace the secular priests of the colledge of +Durham, that they might get into their roomes, as they did indeed +soone after, to their great gaine and aduantage. But to returne againe +to the course of the historie. [Sidenote: An. Reg. 16. 1082] +[Sidenote: Odo suspected and banished.] Shortlie after the reuenge of +the death of Walkher bishop of Durham, the fornamed bishop Odo, the +kings brother was suspected of some vntruth and sinister dealing, +wherevpon he was sent as a banished man into Normandie, or rather (as +other write) committed to prison, where he remained, not as a clerke, +but as a baron of the realme; for he was both bishop and earle of +Kent. + +[Sidenote: An. Reg. 17. 1083.] The king hauing at length obteined some +rest from wars, practised by sundrie meanes to inrich his cofers, and +therefore raised a tribute through out the whole kingdome; for the +better leuieng whereof, he appointed all the subiects of his realme to +be numbred, all the cities, townes, villages, and hamlets to be +registred, all the abbies, monasteries, and priories to be recorded. +Moreouer, he caused a certificat to be taken of euerie mans substance, +and what he might dispend by the yeare; he also caused their names to +be written which held knights fees, and were bound thereby to serue +him in the wars. [Sidenote: Plow land.] Likewise he tooke a note of +euerie yoke of oxen, & what number of plow lands, and how manie +bondmen were within the realme. This certificat being made & brought +vnto him, gaue him full vnderstanding what wealth remained among the +English people. Herevpon he raised his tribute, taking six shillings +for euerie hide of land through out this realme, which amounted to a +great masse of monie when it was all brought togither into his +Excheker. [Sidenote: _Geruasius Tilberiensis_. The true definition of +a hide of land.] ¶ Here note by the waie, that an hide of land +conteineth an hundred acres, and an acre conteineth fortie perches in +length, and foure in bredth, the length of a perch is sixtéene foot +and an halfe: so that the common acre should make 240. perches; & +eight hides or 800. acres is a knights fée, after the best approued +writers and plaine demonstration. Those therefore are deceiued, that +take an hide of land to conteine twentie acres (as William Lambert +hath well noted in his De priscis Anglorum legibus) where he +expoundeth the meaning of the old Saxon termes perteining to the +lawes. + +But to procéed & come, a little after the temporals dealing, to some +of the spirituall affaires. [Sidenote: An. Reg. 18. 1084.] [Sidenote: +_Wil. Malm._ _Simon Dun._ Thurston abbat of Glastenburie.] It hapned +about the same time, that when king William had finished the rating of +his subiects, that there rose a strife betwixt Thurstane abbat of +Glastenburie a Norman, and the moonkes of that house. [Sidenote: +William of Fescampe.] One cause thereof was, for that the abbat would +haue compelled them to haue left the plaine song or note for the +seruice which pope Gregorie had set foorth, and to haue vsed an other +kind of tune deuised by one William of Fescampe: beside this, the said +abbat spent and wasted the goods that belonged to the house, in riot, +leacherie, and by such other insolent meanes (withdrawing also from +the moonkes their old accustomed allowance of diet) for the which they +first fell at altercation in words, and afterwards to fighting. +[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._ _Wil. Malm._ have two slaine and xiiij hurt.] +The abbat got armed men about him, and falling vpon the moonkes, slue +thrée of them at the high altar, and wounded xviij. Howbeit the +moonkes for their parts plaied the pretie men with formes and +candelsticks, [Sidenote: _Matt. Westm._] defending themselues as well +as they might, so that they hurt diuers of the abbats adherents, and +droue them out of the quier. + +In the end, complaint hereof was brought to the king, by whose iudgement +the matter was so ordered, that Thurstane lost his roome, and returned +vnto Caen in Normandie from whence he came, and the moonkes were spred +abroad into diuerse houses of religion through the realme, Glastenburie +being replenished with more quiet persons, and such as were supposed +readier to praie than to quarell, as the other did: yet is it said, that +in the time of William Rufus this Thurstane obteined the rule of that +abbeie againe for fiue hundred pounds. + +[Sidenote: _Sim. Dunel._ _Hen. Marle._ _Matth. Paris._] There be which +write, that the numbring of men and of places, the valuation of goods +and substance, [Sidenote: _Hen. Marle._] as well in cattell as readie +monie, was not taken till about the xix. yéere of this kings reigne +(although the subsidie afore mentioned was gathered about two yeares +before of euerie hide of land as yée haue heard) and that the +certificat hereof being inrolled, was put into the kings treasurie at +Winchester, [Sidenote: An. Reg. 19.] in the xix. yeare of his reigne, +and not in the xvj. [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] But in what yeare soeuer +it was, and howsoeuer the writers agrée or disagree herein; certaine +it is, that the same was exacted, to the great gréefe and +impouerishment of the people, who sore lamented the miserable estate +whereinto they were brought, [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Matth. Paris._] +and hated the Normans in their harts to the verie death. Howbeit, the +more they grudged at such tolles, tallages, customes, and other +impositions wherewith they were pressed; the more they were charged +and ouerpressed. [Sidenote: The Conquerour séeketh to kéepe the +English men low.] The Normans on the other side with their king +perceiuing the hatred which the English bare them, were sore offended, +and therefore sought by all meanes to kéepe them vnder. [Sidenote: +_Polydor._] Such as were called to be iustices, were enimies to all +iustice; wherevpon greater burdens were laid upon the English, +insomuch that after they had béene robbed and spoiled of their goods, +they were also debarred of their accustomed games and pastimes. +[Sidenote: The forrests seized into the kings hands. _Matth. Paris._] +For where naturallie (as they doo vnto this daie) they tooke great +pleasure in hunting of déere, both red and fallow, in the woods and +forrests about without restraint, king William seizing the most part +of the same forests into his owne hands, appointed a punishment to be +executed vpon all such offendors; namelie, to haue their eies put out. +And to bring the greater number of men in danger of those his penall +lawes (a pestilent policie of a spitefull mind, and sauoring +altogither of his French slauerie) he deuised meanes how to bréed, +nourish, and increase the multitude of déere, and also to make roome +for them in that part of the realme which lieth betwixt Salisburie and +the sea southward: [Sidenote: New forrest.] he pulled downe townes, +villages, churches, and other buildings for the space of 30. miles, to +make thereof a forrest, which at this daie is called New forrest. The +people as then sore bewailed their distres, & greatlie lamented that +they must thus leaue house & home to the vse of sauage beasts. +[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ An earthquake. _Polydor._] Which crueltie, +not onelie mortall men liuing here on earth, but also the earth it +selfe might seeme to detest, as by a woonderfull signification it +séemed to declare, by the shaking and roaring of the same, which +chanced about the 14. yeare of his reigne (as writers haue recorded.) +There be that suppose how the king made that part of the realme waste +and barren vpon a policie, to the intent that if his chance were to be +expelled by ciuill wars, and he compelled to leaue the land, there +should be no inhabitants in that part of the Ile to resist his +arriuall vpon his new returne. + +[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] [Sidenote: 1085.] [Sidenote: A rumor spred of +the coming of the Danes.] But to go foorth with our purpose. About the +same time, a rumor was spred in England that Sueine king of Denmarke +meant to inuade England with a puissant armie, hauing the assistance +of the earle of Flanders whose daughter he had maried. Whervpon king +William being then in Normandie, reteined a great power of French +soldiers, both archers and footmen which togither with his Normans he +brought ouer into England in haruest season, and meaning to disburthen +himselfe of the charge of their keeping, he caused their finding and +wages to be borne by the lords and peeres of the realme, by the +shirifs of shires, and other officers. [Sidenote: Anno 20.] Howbeit, +when he vnderstood that the Danes changed their purpose, and would not +hold on their iourneie, he dismissed part of his power, and sent them +home againe, keeping the residue all the winter with him in England, +readie for his defense, if anie rebellion or other necessitie should +befall. + +[Sidenote: 1086.] The same yeare, he kept his Christmasse at +Glocester, and made his sonne Henrie knight at Westminster in +Whitsunwéeke insuing. [Sidenote: _Matth. West._] [Sidenote: 1087.] +[Sidenote: An oth taken to be true to the king.] Shortlie after, +calling togither aswell lords spirituall as temporall he caused them, +all to sweare fealtie to him and his heires after him in the +possession of this kingdome. + +[Sidenote: Great sickenes reigning. Murren of cattell. _Matth. West._ +Paules church burned. _Simon Dun._ _Ran. Higd._ _Simon Dun._] About +this season, the people in all places were pitifullie plaged with +burning feuers, which brought manie to their end: a murren also came +to their cattell, whereof a woonderfull number died. At the same time +(which is more maruellous) tame foules, as hens, géese, & peacocks, +forsaking their owners houses, fled to the woods and became wild. +Great hurt was doone in manie places of the realme by fire, and +speciallie in London, where vpon the 7. daie of Julie a sudden flame +began, which burnt Paules church, and a great part or the citie downe +to the verie ground. + +Now when K. William had taken the oth of fealtie and loialtie of all +his lords, Edgar Etheling, who was reconciled vnto his fauour (as you +haue heard) obteining licence of him to depart the realme for a +season, sailed into Puglia with two hundred souldiers: of whose acts +there and returne into England I spare to speake, bicause I find +little or nothing of moment recorded. [Sidenote: An. Reg. 21.] And now +king William, who hauing brought the Englishmen so lowe and bare, that +little more was to be got out of their hands, went once againe ouer +into Normandie with an huge masse of mony, where soone after he fell +sicke, so that he was constrained to keepe his bed longer than he had +beene accustomed to doo, whereat Philip the French king in iesting +manner said, that king William his cousine laie now in childbed +(alluding belike to his big bellie, for he was verie corpulent) and +withall added; [Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Matth. Paris._] "Oh what a +number of candels must I prouide to offer vp at his going to church! +certeinelie I thinke that 100000. will not suffice," &c. [Sidenote: +_Wil. Malm._ _Ran. Higd._] This frumping spéech so moued the king, +that he made this answere: "Well, I trust when I shall be churched, +that our cousine shall be at no such cost, but I will helpe to find +him a thousand candels myselfe, and light them too, to some of their +paines, if God grant me life." Which promise he bound with an oth, and +in déed performed. [Sidenote: He inuadeth France. _Gemeticensis_. The +citie of Maunt burnt by K. William. _Matth. West._ _Matth. Paris._] +For in Julie next insuing, when their corne, fruit, and grapes were +most florishing, and readie for the sickle, he entered France with a +great armie, set fire on manie of their cities and townes in the west +side of that countrie, and came at last to the citie of Maunt, which +he burnt with the church of our ladie, and an ankresse inclosed in the +wall thereof as an holie closet, for the force of the fire was such as +all went to wrecke. In this heat king William tooke such a sicknesse +(which was likewise aggrauated by the fall of an horsse as he rode to +and fro, bicause he was not able to trauell on foot about his palace +by reason of his disease) that cost him his life; [Sidenote: King +William departed this life. _Simon Dun._ _Matth. West._ The lix. of +his age hath _Wil. Malm._] so that when he had ordeined his last will, +and taken order for the staie of things after his decease, he departed +this life on the 9. day of September, in the yeare after the birth of +our Saviour 1087. and 74. (as Polydor saith) of his age, hauing +gouerned Normandie about 51. yeres, and reigned ouer England 20. +yeares, ten moneths, and 28. daies (as all writers doo report.) + +[Sidenote: He set all prisoners at libertie saith _Wil. Malm._ +_Polydor._] Not long before his death, he released his brother Odo +bishop of Bayeux out of prison, Marchar earle of Northumberland, and +Wilnotus the sonne of king Harold, or (as some say) his brother. +Moreouer he repented him (as some say) when he lay on his death bed, +of his cruell dealing with the English, considering that by them he +had atteined to such honour and dignitie, as to weare the crown and +scepter of a kingdome: but whether he did so or not, or that some +moonke deuised the excuse in fauour of the prince: surely he was a +puissant prince, and though his time was troublesome, yet he was right +fortunate in all his attempts. Againe, if a man shall consider that in +a strange realme he could make such a conquest, and so exactlie and +readilie assure the same to his heires, with new lawes, orders and +constitutions (which are like for euer to endure) he would thinke it a +thing altogither void of credit. Yet so it was, and so honourable were +his dooings in the sight of the world, that those kings, which +succeeded sithens his death, begin their account at him, as from one +that had by his prudence renewed the state of the realme, and +instituted an other forme of regiment, in atchiuing whereof he did not +so much pretend a rightfull challenge by the grant of his coosine king +Edward the Confessor, as by the law of armes and plaine conquest, than +the which (as he supposed) there could be no better title. + +Herevpon also those that haue sithens succeeded him, vse the same +armes as peculiar to the crowne of England, which he vsed in his time; +[Sidenote: He bare but two lions or rather leopards as some thinke.] +namelie, three lions passant gold in a field gewels (as Polydor +writeth) the three floure delices were since that time annexed thereto +by Edward the third, by reason of his claime to the crowne of France, +whereof hereafter ye shall heare. Among other greeuances which the +English susteined by the hard deling of the Conquerour, this is to be +remembered, that he brought Jewes into this land from Rouen, and +appointed them a place to inhabit and occupie. + +[Sidenote: _Polydor._] There be that write, how the inconstancie of +the English people by their oft rebellions occasioned the king to be +so rough and rigorous against them; wheras (of his naturall +disposition and proper inclination) he was rather gentle and courteous +than sharpe and cruell. But sith he continued his extremitie euen to +his last daies, we may rather beléeue, that although from his +childhood he shewed some tokens of clemencie, bountie, and +liberalitie; yet by following the wars, and practising to reigne with +sternenesse, he became so inured therewith, that those peaceable +vertues were quite altered in him, and in maner clearelie quenched. He +was indued with a certeine stoutnesse of courage and skill in feats of +warre, which good hap euer followed: he was frée from lecherous lusts, +without suspicion of bodilie vices, quicke of wit, desirous of honor, +painefull, watchfull, and able to tolerate heat and cold, though he +were tall of stature, and verie grosse of bodie. + +Toward the end of his daies he waxed verie deuout, and became desirous +to aduance the state of the church, insomuch that he builded thrée +abbeies in three seuerall places, endowing them with faire lands and +large possessions, one at the place where he vanquished king Harold, +fiue miles from Hastings, which he named Battell, of the field there +fought: the other at Celby in Yorkeshire: and the third in Normandie at +Caen, where his wife Quéene Maud had builded a nunnerie, which Maud died +in the yéere 1084, before the decease of the king hir husband. + +[Sidenote: They gaue him an hundred pound, saith _Hen. Marle._] +After his death, his bodie was buried in Caen, in S. Stephans church; +but before it could be committed to the ground, the executors were +constreined to agree with the lord of the soile where the church stood, +which (as he said) the king in his life time had iniuriouslie taken from +him, and gaue him a great summe of monie to release his title. + +¶ By this we may consider the great miserie of mans estate, in that so +mightie a prince could not haue so much ground after his death as to +couer his dead corps, without dooing iniurie to another. This also may +be a speciall lesson for all men, and namelie for princes, noblemen, and +gentlemen, who oftentimes to enlarge their owne commodities, doo not +regard what wrong they offer to the inferiour sort. + +The said king William had by Maud his wife the daughter of Baldwine +earle of Flanders, foure sonnes, Robert surnamed Curthose (vnto whome +he bequeathed the duchie of Normandie) Richard who died in his youth, +William surnamed Rufus, to whom he gaue by testament the realme of +England, and Henrie surnamed Beauclerke for his cunning, knowledge and +learning, vnto whom he bequethed all his treasure and mooueable goods, +with the possessions that belonged to his mother. [Sidenote: _Hen. +Marle._] Besides these foure sonnes, he had also by his said wife fiue +daughters, Cecilie, who became a nunne; Constance, who was married to +Alane duke of Britaine; Adela, who was giuen in mariage to Stephan +earle of Blois (of whom that Stephan was borne which reigned after +Henrie the first) Adeliza, who was promised in mariage to Harold king +of England (as before you haue heard) but she died yer she was maried +either to him, or to any other, and so likewise did the fift, whose +name I cannot reherse. + +[Sidenote: _Iohn Rous._] But to conclude, though king William held the +English so vnder foot, that in his daies almost no Englishman bare any +office of honor or rule in his time, yet he somewhat fauoured the +citie of London, and at the earnest sute of William a Norman then +bishop of that see, he granted vnto the citizens the first charter, +which is written in the Saxon toong, sealed with greene wax, and +expressed in viij. or ix. lines at the most, exemplified according to +the copie, and so printed, as followeth. + + "Williem King grets Williem Bisceop & Godfred Porterefan, & ealle + ya Burghwarn binnen London Frencisce, & Englise frendlice, & + Ickiden eoy, yeet ic wille yeet git ben ealra weera lagayweord, + ye get weeran on Eadwerds daege kings. And ic will yeet aelc + child by his fader yrfnume, aefter his faders daege. And ic nelle + ge wolian, yeet aenig man eoy aenis wrang beode. God eoy heald." + + "Wilhelmus rex salutat Wilhelmum Episcopum, & Goffridum + Portegrefium, & omnem Burghware infra London Frans. & Angl. + amicabiliter. Et vobis notum facio, quòd ego vole quòd vos sitis + omni lege illa digni qua fuistis Edwardi diebus regis. Et volo + quòd omnis puer sit patris sui hæres post diem patris sui. Et ego + nolo pati quòd aliquis homo aliquam iniuriam vobis inferat. Deus + vos saluet." + +[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ _Hen. Hunt._] But howsoeuer he vsed the +rest of the English, this is recorded of some writers, that by his +rigorous proceedings against them, he brought to passe that the +countrie was so rid of theeues and robbers, as that at length a maid +might haue passed through the land with a bag full of gold, and not +haue met with any misdooer to haue bereft hir of the same: a thing +right strange to consider, sith in the beginning of his reigne there +were such routs of outlawes and robbers, that the peaceabler people +could not be safelie possessed of their owne houses, were the same +neuer so well fortified and defended. + +[Sidenote: _Iohn Rous._ _Hen. Marle._] Among manie lawes made by the +said William, this one is to be remembred, that such as forced any +woman, should lose their genitals. + +[Sidenote: Salisburie vse.] In this kings daies also liued Osmond the +second bishop of Salisburie, who compiled the church seruice, which in +times past they commonlie called after Salisburie vse. + +[Sidenote: Shooting.] The vse of the long bowe (as Iohn Rous +testifieth) came first into England with this king William the +Conquerour: for the English (before that time) vsed to fight with axes +and such hand weapons: and therefore in the oration made by the +Conquerour before he gaue battel to king Harold, the better to +encourage his men, he told them they should encounter with enimies +that wanted shot. + +In the yeare of our Lord 1542. Monsieur de Castres bishop of Baieulx and +abbat of Saint Estienne in Caen, caused the Sepulchre of this William to +be opened, wherein his bodie was found whole, faire and perfect; of +lims, large and big; of stature and personage, longer than the ordinarie +sort of men: with a copper plate fairlie gilt, and this epitaph +therevpon ingrauen: + + "Qui rexit rigidos Normannos, atque Britannos + Audacter vicit, fortiter obtinuit, + Et Coenomenses virtute contudit enses, + Imperijq. sui legibus[4] applicuit, + Rex magnus parua iacet hæc Guilhelmus in urna: + Sufficit & magno parua domus domino, + Ter septem gradibus se voluerat atq. duobus + Virginis in gremio Phoebus, & hic obijt:" that is; + + "Who ouer Normans rough did rule, and ouer Britons bold + Did conquest stoutlie win, and conquest woone did stronglie hold: + Who by his valure great the fatal vprores calmed, in maine, + And to obeie his powers and lawes, the Manceaux did constraine: + This mightie king within this little vault entoomed lies, + So great a lord sometime, so small a roome dooth now suffice. + When three times seuen and two by iust degrees the sunne had tooke + His woonted course in Virgos lap, then he the world forsooke." + +[Sidenote: _W. Patten_ collecteth this to be the 23. after the sun was +in _Virgo_: which is the 6. of Septeber.] + + + Thus far William Conquerour. + + + + +Transcriber's notes + +There are no footnotes in the original. The original spelling and +punctuation have been retained, with the exception of obvious errors +which have been corrected by reference to the 1587 edition of which +the original is a transcription. + +[1] Original reads 'l d'; corrected to 'led'. + +[2] Original reads '(that bare their title'; opening parenthesis removed. + +[3] Original reads 'the the parties'; corrected to 'the parties'. + +[4] Original reads 'suilegibus'; corrected to 'sui legibus'. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles of England, Scotland and +Ireland (2 of 6): England (1 of 12), by Raphael Holinshed + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF ENGLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 16738-8.txt or 16738-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/7/3/16738/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Louise Pryor and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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