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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland
+(2 of 6): England (1 of 12), by Raphael Holinshed 
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (2 of 6): England (1 of 12)
+        William The Conqueror
+
+Author: Raphael Holinshed 
+
+Release Date: September 24, 2005 [EBook #16738]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Louise Pryor and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+HOLINSHED'S CHRONICLES
+
+OF
+
+_ENGLAND_, _SCOTLAND_, AND _IRELAND_.
+
+IN SIX VOLUMES.
+
+
+VOL. II.
+ENGLAND.
+
+
+_LONDON_:
+PRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON; F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON; T. PAYNE;
+WILKIE AND ROBINSON; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, AND ORME;
+CADELL AND DAVIES; AND J. MAWMAN.
+
+
+1807.
+AMS PRESS INC.
+NEW YORK
+1965
+
+AMS PRESS INC.
+NEW YORK, N.Y. 10003
+1965
+
+MANUFACTURED in the U.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+[_Original Title_.]
+
+THE THIRD VOLUME OF CHRONICLES,
+BEGINNING AT
+DUKE WILLIAM THE NORMAN, COMMONLIE CALLED THE CONQUEROR;
+
+AND _DESCENDING BY DEGREES OF YEERES_
+TO ALL THE KINGS AND QUEENES OF ENGLAND
+IN THEIR ORDERLIE SUCCESSIONS:
+
+FIRST COMPILED BY
+RAPHAELL HOLINSHED,
+AND BY HIM EXTENDED TO THE
+YEARE 1577.
+
+NOW NEWLIE RECOGNISED, AUGMENTED, AND CONTINUED
+(WITH OCCURRENCES AND ACCIDENTS OF FRESH MEMORIE)
+TO THE YEARE 1586.
+
+WHEREIN ALSO ARE CONTEINED MANIE MATTERS OF SINGULAR DISCOURSE
+AND RARE OBSERUATION,
+_FRUITFULL TO SUCH AS BE STUDIOUS IN ANTIQUITIES_,
+OR TAKE PLEASURE IN THE GROUNDS OF ANCIENT HISTORIES.
+
+_With a third table (peculiarlie seruing this third volume) both of
+names and matters memorable_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HISTORIÆ PLACEANT NOSTRATES AC PEREGRINÆ
+
+
+
+
+TO THE
+RIGHT HONORABLE AND HIS SINGULAR GOOD LORD,
+_SIR WILLIAM CECILL_,
+
+BARON OF BURGHLEYGH, KNIGHT OF THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER, LORD
+HIGH TREASURER OF ENGLAND, MAISTER OF THE COURTS OF WARDS AND LIUERIES,
+AND ONE OF THE QUEENES MAIESTIES PRIUIE COUNCELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Considering with my selfe, right Honorable and my singular good Lord,
+how redie (no doubt) manie will be to accuse me of vaine presumption,
+for enterprising to deale in this so weightie a worke, and so far aboue
+my reach to accomplish: I haue thought good to aduertise your Honour, by
+what occasion I was first induced to vndertake the same, although the
+cause that moued me thereto hath (in part) yer this beene signified vnto
+your good Lordship.
+
+Whereas therefore, that worthie Citizen Reginald Wolfe late Printer to
+the Queenes Maiestie, a man well knowne and beholden to your Honour,
+meant in his life time to publish an vniuersall Cosmographie of the
+whole world, and therewith also certaine particular histories of euery
+knowne nation, amongst other whom he purposed to vse for performance of
+his intent in that behalfe, he procured me to take in hand the
+collection of those histories, and hauing proceeded so far in the same,
+as little wanted to the accomplishment of that long promised worke, it
+pleased God to call him to his mercie, after fiue and twentie yeares
+trauell spent therein; so that by his vntimelie deceasse, no hope
+remained to see that performed, which we had so long trauelled about.
+Neuerthelesse those whom he put in trust to dispose his things after
+his departure hence, wishing to the benefit of others, that some fruit
+might follow of that whereabout he had imployed so long time, willed me
+to continue mine indeuour for their furtherance in the same. Which
+although I was redie to doo, so far as mine abilitie would reach, and
+the rather to answere that trust which the deceassed reposed in me, to
+see it brought to some perfection: yet when the volume grew so great as
+they that were to defraie the charges for the impression, were not
+willing to go through the whole, they resolued first to publish the
+histories of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with their descriptions;
+which descriptions, bicause they were not in such readinesse, as those
+of forren countries, they were inforced to vse the helpe of other better
+able to doo it than my selfe.
+
+Moreouer, the Charts, wherein Maister Wolfe spent a great part of his
+time, were not found so complet as we wished: and againe, vnderstanding
+of the great charges and notable enterprise of that worthie Gentleman
+maister Thomas Sackford, in procuring the Charts of the seuerall
+prouinces of this realme to be set foorth, we are in hope that in time
+he will delineate this whole land so perfectlie, as shall be comparable
+or beyond anie delineation heretofore made of anie other region; and
+therefore leaue that to his well deserued praise. If any well willer
+will imitate him in so praiseworthie a worke for the two other regions,
+we will be glad to further his endeuour with all the helpes we may.
+
+The histories I haue gathered according to my skill, and conferred the
+greatest part with Maister Wolfe in his life time, to his liking, who
+procured me so manie helpes to the furtherance thereof, that I was loth
+to omit anie thing that might increase the readers knowledge, which
+causeth the booke to grow so great. But receiuing them by parts, and at
+seuerall times (as I might get them) it may be, that hauing had more
+regard to the matter than the apt penning, I haue not so orderlie
+disposed them, as otherwise I ought; choosing rather to want order, than
+to defraud the reader of that which for his further vnderstanding might
+seeme to satisfie his expectation.
+
+I therefore most humblie beseech your Honour to accept these Chronicles
+of England vnder your protection, and according to your wisedome and
+accustomed benignitie to beare with my faults; the rather, bicause you
+were euer so especiall good Lord to Maister Wolfe, to whom I was
+singularlie beholden; and in whose name I humblie present this rude
+worke vnto you; beseeching God, that as he hath made you an instrument
+to aduance his truth, so it may please him to increase his good gifts in
+you, to his glorie, the furtherance of the Queenes Maiesties seruice,
+and the comfort of all hir faithfull and louing subiects.
+
+Your Honours most humble to be commanded,
+
+RAPHAEL HOLINSHED
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+PREFACE TO THE READER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is dangerous (gentle reader) to range in so large a field as I haue
+here vndertaken, while so manie sundrie men in diuers things may be able
+to controll me, and manie excellent wits of our countrie (as well or
+better occupied I hope) are able herein to surpasse me; but seeing the
+best able doo seeme to neglect it, let me (though least able) craue
+pardon to put them in mind not to forget their natiue countries praise
+(which is their dutie) the incouragement of their woorthie countriemen,
+by elders aduancements; and the daunting of the vicious, by foure penall
+examples, to which end (as I take it) chronicles and histories ought
+cheefelie to be written. My labour may shew mine vttermost good will, of
+the more learned I require their further enlargement, and of
+fault-finders dispensation till they be more fullie informed. It is too
+common that the least able are readiest to find fault in matters of
+least weight, and therefore I esteeme the lesse of their carping, but
+humblie beseech the skilfull to supplie my want, and to haue care of
+their dutie; and either to amend that wherein I haue failed, or be
+content with this mine endeuour. For it may please them to consider,
+that no one can be eie-witnesse to all that is written within our time;
+much lesse to those things which happened in former times, and therefore
+must be content with reports of others. Therein I haue beene so
+carefull, that I haue spared no paines or helpe of freends to search out
+either written or printed ancient authors, or to inquire of moderne
+eie-witnesses for the true setting downe of that which I haue here
+deliuered: but I find such want in writers for the necessarie knowledge
+of things doone in times past, and lacke of meanes to obteine sufficient
+instructions by reporters of the time present; and herewith the worthie
+exploits of our countriemen so manie, that it greeueth me I could not
+leaue the same to posteritie (as I wished) to their well deserued
+praise. But I haue here imparted what I could learne, and craue that it
+may be taken in good part. My speech is plaine, without any rhetoricall
+shew of eloquence, hauing rather a regard to simple truth, than to
+decking words. I wish I had beene furnished with so perfect
+instructions, and so many good gifts, that I might haue pleased all
+kinds of men, but that same being so rare a thing in any one of the
+best, I beseech thee (gentle reader) not to looke for it in me the
+meanest.
+
+But now for thy further instruction, to vnderstand the course of these
+my labours. First concerning the historie of England, as I haue
+collected the same out of manie and sundrie authors, in whome what
+contrarietie, negligence, and rashnesse sometime is found in their
+reports; I leaue to the discretion of those that haue perused their
+works: for my part, I haue in things doubtfull rather chosen to shew the
+diuersitie of their writings, than by ouer-ruling them, and vsing a
+peremptorie censure, to frame them to agree to my liking: leauing it
+neuerthelesse to each mans iudgement, to controll them as he seeth
+cause. If some-where I shew my fansie what I thinke, and that the same
+dislike them; I craue pardon, speciallie if by probable reasons or
+plainer matter to be produced, they can shew mine errour; vpon
+knowledge whereof I shall be readie to reforme it accordinglie. Where I
+doo begin the historic from the first inhabitation of this Ile, I looke
+not to content ech mans opinion concerning the originall of them that
+first peopled it, and no maruell: for in matters so vncerteine, if I
+cannot sufficientlie content my selfe (as in deed I cannot) I know not
+how I should satisfie others. That which seemeth to me most likelie, I
+haue noted, beseeching the learned (as I trust they will) in such points
+of doubtfull antiquities to beare with my skill: sith for ought I know,
+the matter is not yet decided among the learned, but still they are in
+controuersie about it, and as yet Sub iudice lis est. Well, howsoeuer it
+came first to be inhabited, likelie it is, that at the first the whole
+Ile was vnder one prince and gouernour, though afterwards (and long
+peraduenture before the Romans set any foot within it) the monarchie
+thereof was broken, euen when the multitude of the inhabitants grew to
+be great, and ambition entred amongst them: which hath brought so manie
+good policies and states to ruine and decaie.
+
+The Romans hauing once got possession of the continent that faceth this
+Ile, could not rest (as it appeareth) till they had brought the same
+also vnder their subiection: and the sooner doubtlesse, by reason of the
+factions amongst the princes of the land, which the Romans (through
+their accustomed skill) could turne verie well to their most aduantage.
+They possessed it almost fiue hundreth yeares, and longer might haue
+doone, if either their insufferable tyrannie had not taken awaie from
+them the loue of the people as well here as else-where; either that
+their ciuill discord about the chopping and changing of their emperours
+had not so weakened the forces of their empire, that they were not able
+to defend the same against the irruption of barbarous nations. But as we
+may coniecture by that which is found in histories, about that time, in
+which the Romane empire began to decline, this land stood in verie weake
+state: being spoiled of the most part of all hir able men, which were
+led[1] awaie into forren regions, to supplie the Romane armies; and
+likewise (perhaps) of all necessarie armour, weapon, and treasure: which
+being perceiued of the Saxons, after they were receiued into the Ile, to
+aid the Britons against the Scots and Picts then inuading the same,
+ministred to them occasion to attempt the second conquest, which at
+length they brought to passe, to the ouerthrow not onelie of the British
+dominion, but also to the subuersion of the Christian religion here in
+this land: which chanced (às appeareth by Gildas) for the wicked sins
+and vnthankefulnesse of the inhabitants towards God, the cheefe
+occasions and causes of the transmutations of kingdoms, Nam propter
+peccata, regna transmatantur à gente in gentem.
+
+The Saxons obteining possession of the land, gouerned the same, being
+diuided into sundrie kingdoms, and hauing once subdued the Britons, or
+at the least-wise remooued them out of the most part of the Ile into od
+corners and mountaines; fell at diuision among themselues, and
+oftentimes with warre pursued ech other, so as no perfect order of
+gouernement could be framed, nor the kings grow to any great puissance,
+either to mooue warres abroad, or sufficientlie to defend themselues
+against forren forces at home: as manifestlie was perceiued; when the
+Danes and other the Northeasterne people, being then of great puissance
+by sea, began misserablie to afflict this land: at the first inuading as
+it were but onelie the coasts and countries lieng neere to the sea, but
+afterwards with manie armies they entred into the midle parts of the
+land. And although the English people at length came vnder one king, and
+by that meanes were the better able to resist the enimies; yet at length
+those Danes subdued the whole, and had possession thereof for a time
+although not long, but that the crowne returned againe to those of the
+Saxon line: till shortlie after, by the insolent dealings of the
+gouernours, a diuision was made betwixt the king and his people, through
+iust punishment decreed by the prouidence of the Almightie, determining
+for their sinnes and contempt of his lawes, to deliuer them into the
+hands of a stranger; and therevpon when spite and enuie had brought the
+title in doubt, to whom the right in succession apperteined, the
+Conquerour entred, and they remained a prey to him and his: who plucked
+all the heads and cheefe in authoritie so cleerelie vp by the roots, as
+few or none of them in the end was left to stand vp against him. And
+herewith altering the whole state, he planted such lawes and ordinances
+as stood most for his auaile and securitie, which being after qualified
+with more milde and gentle lawes, tooke such effect, that the state hath
+euer sithens continued whole and vnbroken by wise and politike
+gouernement, although disquieted sometime by ciuill dissention, to the
+ruine commonlie of the first moouers, as by the sequele of the historie
+you may see.
+
+For the historie of Scotland, I haue for the more part followed Hector
+Boece, Iohannes Maior, and Iouan Ferreri Piemontese, so far as they haue
+continued it, interlaced somtimes with other authours, as Houeden,
+Fourdon, and such like; although not often, bicause I meant rather to
+deliuer what I found in their owne histories extant, than to correct
+them by others, leauing that enterprise to their owne countrimen: so
+that whatsoeuer ye read in the same, consider that a Scotishman writ it,
+and an Englishman hath but onelie translated it into our language,
+referring the reader to the English historie, in all matters betwixt vs
+and them, to be confronted therewith as he seeth cause. For the
+continuation thereof I vsed the like order, in such copies and notes as
+Maister Wolfe in his life time procured me; sauing that in these last
+yeares I haue inserted some such notes as concerned matters of warre
+betwixt vs and the Scots, bicause I got them not till that part of the
+English historie was past the presse.
+
+For Ireland, I haue shewed in mine epistle dedicatorie in what sort, and
+by what helps I haue proceeded therein; onelie this I forgot to
+signifie, that I had not Giraldus Cambrensis, and Flatsburie, vntill
+that part of the booke was vnder the presse, and so being constreined to
+make post hast, I could not exemplifie what I would out of them all,
+neither yet dispose it so orderlie as had beene conuenient, nor pen it
+with so apt words as might satisfie either myselfe, or those to whose
+view it is now like to come. And by reason of the like haste made in the
+impression, where I was determined to haue transposed the most part of
+that which in the English historie I had noted, concerning the conquest
+of Ireland by Hen. the second, out of Houeden & others, I had not time
+thereto; and so haue left it there remaining where I first noted it,
+before I determined to make any particular collection of the Irish
+histories, bicause the same commeth there well inough in place, as to
+those that shall vouchsafe to turne the booke it may appeare.
+
+For the computation of the yeares of the world, I had by Maister Wolfes
+aduise followed Functius; but after his deceasse, M. W. H. made me
+partaker of a Chronologie, which he had gathered and compiled with most
+exquisit diligence, following Gerardus Mercator, and other late
+Chronologers, and his owne obseruations, according to the which I haue
+reformed the same. As for the yeares of our Lord, and the kings, I haue
+set them downe according to such authors as seeme to be of best credit
+in that behalfe, as I doubt not but the learned and skilfull in
+histories it shall appeare. Moreouer, this the reader hath to consider,
+that I doo begin the yeare at the natiuitie of our Lord, which is the
+surest order (in my fansie) that can be followed.
+
+For the names of persons, townes, and places, as I haue beene diligent
+to reforme the errours of other (which are to be ascribed more to the
+vnperfect copies than to the authors) so may it be that I haue
+some-where committed the like faults, either by negligence or want of
+skill to restore them to their full integritie as I wished. But what I
+haue performed, aswell in that behalfe as others, the skilfull reader
+shall easily perceiue, and withall consider (I trust) what trauell I
+haue bestowed to his behoofe in this huge volume; crauing onelie, that
+in recompense thereof he will iudge the best, and to make a freendlie
+construction of my meaning, where ought may seeme to haue escaped my pen
+or the printers presse, otherwise than we could haue wished for his
+better satisfaction. Manie things being taken out as they lie in
+authors, may be thought to giue offense in time present, which referred
+to the time past when the author writ, are not onelie tollerable, but
+also allowable. Thereforé (good reader) I beseech thee to weigh the
+causes and circumstances of such faults and imperfections, and consider
+that the like may creepe into a far lesse volume than this, and shew me
+so much fauour as hath beene shewed to others in like causes. And
+sithens I haue doone my good will, accept the same, as I with a free and
+thankefull mind doo offer it thee; so shall I thinke my labour well
+bestowed. For the other histories, which are alreadie collected, if it
+please God to giue abilitie, shall in time come to light, with some such
+breefe descriptions of the forren regions whereof they treat, as may the
+better suffice to the readers contentation, and vnderstanding of the
+matters conteined in the same histories, reduced into abridgements out
+of their great volumes. And thus I ceasse further to trouble thy
+patience, wishing to thee (gentle reader) so much profit, as by reading
+may be had, and as great comfort as Gods holie spirit may endue thee
+with.
+
+FINIS.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+POLITIKE CONQUEST
+OF
+WILLIAM THE FIRST.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: Anno 1.] This William Duke of Normandie, base son of Robert
+the sixt Duke of Normandie, and nephew vnto Edward king of England,
+surnamed the Confessor, hauing vanquished the English power, and
+slaine Harold in the field (as you may read at large towards the end
+of the historie of England) began his reigne ouer England the xv. daie
+of October being Sundaie, [Sidenote: 1066.] in the yeare after the
+creation of the world 5033, (as W. Harison gathereth) and after the
+birth of our Sauiour 1066, which was in the tenth yeare of the
+emperour Henrie the fourth, in the sixt of pope Alexander the second,
+in the sixt of Philip king of France, and about the tenth of Malcolme
+the third, surnamed Camoir, king of Scotland.
+
+[Sidenote: _Sim. Dun._] Immediatlie after he had thus got the victorie
+in a pight field (as before ye haue heard) he first returned to
+Hastings, and after set forward towards London, wasted the countries
+of Sussex, Kent, Hamshire, Southerie, Middlesex, and Herefordshire,
+burning the townes, and sleaing the people, till he came to Beorcham.
+[Sidenote: Edwin and Marchar. Quéene Aldgitha sent to Chester. _Wil.
+Mal._ _Simon Dun._] In the meane time, immediatlie after the
+discomfiture in Sussex, the two earles of Northumberland and Mercia,
+Edwin and Marchar, who had withdrawne themselues from the battell
+togither with their people, came to London, and with all speed sent
+their sister quéene Aldgitha vnto the citie of Chester, and herewith
+sought to persuade the Londoners to aduance one of them to the
+kingdome: as Wil. Mal. writeth. But Simon of Durham saith, that Aldred
+archbishop of Yorke, and the said earles with others would haue made
+Edgar Etheling king. Howbeit, whilest manie of the Nobilitie and
+others prepared to make themselues redie to giue a new battell to the
+Normans (how or whatsoeuer was the cause) the said earles drew
+homewards with their powers, to the great discomfort of their freends.
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ The bishops blamed.] Wil. Malm. séemeth to put
+blame in the bishops, for that the lords went not forward with their
+purpose in aduancing Edgar Etheling to the crowne. For the bishops
+(saith he) refused to ioine with the lords in that behalfe, and so
+through enuie and spite which one part bare to another, when they
+could not agrée vpon an Englishman, they receiued a stranger,
+[Sidenote: The archbishop of Yorke & other submit themselues to king
+William.] insomuch that vpon king William his comming vnto Beorcham,
+Aldred archbishop of Yorke, Wolstane bishop of Worcester, and Walter
+bishop of Hereford, Edgar Etheling, and the foresaid earles Edwin and
+Marchar came and submitted themselues vnto him, whom he gentlie
+receiued, and incontinentlie made an agréement with them, taking their
+oth and hostages (as some write) and yet neuerthelesse he permitted
+his people to spoile and burne the countrie.
+
+But now, when the feast of Christs natiuitie (commonlie called
+Christmas) was at hand, he approched to the citie of London, and
+comming thither, caused his vauntgard first to enter into the stréets,
+where finding some resistance, he easilie subdued the citizens that
+thus tooke vpon them to withstand him, [Sidenote: _Gemeticensis._]
+though not without some bloudshed (as Gemeticen. writeth) but as by
+others it should appéere, he was receiued into the citie without anie
+resistance at all; and so being in possession thereof, he spake manie
+fréendlie words to the citizens, and promised that he would vse them
+in most liberall & courteous maner. [Sidenote: William Conquerour
+crowned 1067, according to their account which begin the yeare on the
+daie of Christ his natiuitie.] Not long after, when things were
+brought in order (as was thought requisite) he was crowned king vpon
+Christmas daie following, by Aldred archbishop of Yorke. For he would
+not receiue the crowne at the hands of Stigand archbishop of
+Canturburie, bicause he was hated, and furthermore iudged to be a
+verie lewd person and a naughtie liuer.
+
+At his coronation he caused the bishops and barons of the realme to take
+their oth, that they should be his true and loiall subiects (according
+to the maner in that case accustomed.) And being required thereto by the
+archbishop of Yorke, he tooke his personall oth before the altar of S.
+Peter at Westmister, to defend the holie church, and rulers of the same,
+to gouerne the people in iustice as became a king to doo, to ordeine
+righteous lawes & kéepe the same, so that all maner of bribing, rapine,
+and wrongful iudgements should for euer after be abolished.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._] [Sidenote: 1067.] After this, he tooke order
+how to keepe the realme in good and quiet gouernment, fortifieng the
+necessarie places, and furnishing them with garisons. He also
+appointed officers and councellers, such as he thought to be wise and
+discréet men, and appointed ships to be in the hauens by the coast for
+the defense of the land, as he thought moste expedient. [Sidenote:
+_Iohn Stow._] After his coronation, or rather before (as by some
+authours it should seeme) euen presentlie vpon obteining of the citie
+of London, [Sidenote: _Thos. Spot._] he tooke his iourney towards the
+castell of Douer, to subdue that and the rest of Kent also: which when
+the archbishop Stigand and Egelsin the abbat of S. Augustines (being
+as it were the chiefest lords and gouernours of all Kent) did
+perceiue, and considered that the whole realme was in an euill state;
+& that whereas in this realme of England, before the comming in of the
+forsaid duke William, there were no bondmen: [Sidenote: Seruitude &
+bondage of the Nobilitie and Commonaltie to the Normans.] now all, as
+well the Nobilitie as the Commonaltie were without respect made
+subiect to the intollerable bondage of the Normans, taking an occasion
+by the perill and danger that their neighbours were in, to prouide for
+the safegard of themselues and their countrie. They caused all the
+people of the countie of Kent to assemble at Canturburie, and declared
+to them the perils and dangers imminent, the miserie that their
+neighbours were come into, the pride and insolencie of the Normans,
+and the hardnesse and griefe of bondage and seruile estate. Whereupon
+all the people rather choosing to end their vnfortunate life, than to
+submit themselues to an vnaccustomed yoke of seruitude and bondage,
+with a common consent determined to méet duke William, and to fight
+with him for the lawes of their countrie. Also, the foresaid Stigand
+the archbishop, and the abbat Egelsin, choosing rather to die in
+battell, than to see their nation in so euill an estate, being
+encouraged by the examples of the holie Machabées, became capteins of
+the armie. And at a daie appointed, all the people met at Swanescombe,
+and being hidden in the woods, laie priuilie in wait for the comming
+of the foresaid duke William.
+
+Now, bicause it cannot hurt to take great héed, and to be verie warie in
+such cases, they agréed before hand, that when the duke was come, and
+the passages on euerie side stopped, to the end he should no waie be
+able to escape, euerie one of them, as well horssemen as footmen should
+beare boughes in their hands. The next daie after, when the duke was
+come into the fields and territories néere vnto Swanescombe, and saw all
+the countrie set and placed about him, as it had beene a stirring and
+moouing wood, and that with a meane pace they approched and drew neare
+vnto him, with great discomfort of mind he woondered at that sight. And
+assoone as the capteins of the Kentishmen sawe that duke William was
+inclosed in the middest of their armie, they caused their trumpets to be
+sounded, their banners to be displaied, and threw downe their boughes, &
+with their bowes bent, their swords drawne, and their speares and other
+kind of weapons stretched foorth, they shewed themselues readie to
+fight. Duke William and they that were with him stood (as no maruell it
+was) sore astonied, and amazed: so that he which thought he had
+alreadie all England fast in his fist, did now despaire of his owne
+life. Therefore on the behalfe of the Kentishmen, were sent vnto duke
+William the archbishop Stigand, and Egelsin abbat of S. Augustines, who
+told him their message in this sort.
+
+     "My lord duke, behold the people of Kent come forth to méet you,
+     and to receiue you as their liege lord, requiring at your hands
+     the things which perteine to peace, and that vnder this
+     condition; that all the people of Kent enioy for euer their
+     ancient liberties, and may for euermore vse the lawes and
+     customes of the countrie: otherwise they are readie presentlie to
+     bid battell to you, and them that be with you, and are minded
+     rather to die here altogither, than to depart from the lawes and
+     customes of their countrie, and to submit themselues to bondage,
+     whereof as yet they neuer had experience."
+
+The duke séeing himselfe to be driuen to such an exigent & narrow
+pinch, consulted a while with them that came with him, prudentlie
+considering, that if he should take anie repulse or displeasure at the
+hands of this people, which be the key of England, all that he had
+done before should be disanulled and made of none effect, and all his
+hope and safetie should stand in danger and ieopardie: not so
+willinglie as wiselie he granted the people of Kent their request. Now
+when the couenant was established, and pledges giuen on both sides:
+the Kentishmen being ioyfull, conducted the Normans (who also were
+glad) vnto Rochester, and yéelded vp to the duke the earledome of
+Kent, and the noble castell of Douer. [Sidenote: The ancient liberties
+and lawes of England remaine in Kent onlie.] Thus the ancient
+liberties of England, and the lawes and customes of the countrie,
+which before the comming of duke William out of Normandie, were
+equallie kept throughout all England, doo (through this industrie and
+earnest trauell of the archbishop Stigand and Egelsin abbat of S.
+Augustines) remaine inuiolablie obserued vntill this daie within that
+countie of Kent. [Sidenote: _Wil. Thorne._] ¶ Thus far Thomas Spot,
+and after him William Thorne writeth the same. Of the which the former
+(that is Spot) liued in the daies of king Edward the first, and
+William Thorne in the daies of king Richard the second.
+
+But now, before we procéed anie further in recitall of the Conquerours
+dooings, we haue here in a table noted all the noble capteins and
+gentlemen of name, aswell Normans as other strangers, which assisted
+duke William in the conquest of this land: and first, as we find them
+written in the chronicles of Normandie by one William Tailleur.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+      THE
+      CATALOG OF SUCH NOBLEMEN, LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN OF NAME,
+      AS CAME INTO THIS LAND WITH
+      WILLIAM THE CONQUEROUR.
+
+
+Odo bishop of Bayeulx.
+Robert erle of Mortaing.
+Roger erle of Beaumont surnamed _A la Barbe_.
+Guillaume Mallet seigneur de Montfort.
+Henrie seig. de Ferrers.
+Guillaume d'Aubelle-mare seign. de Fougieres.
+Guillaume de Roumare seig. de Lithare.
+Le seig. de Touque.
+Le seig. de la Mare.
+Neel le Viconte.
+Guillaume de Vepont.
+Le seig. de Magneuille.
+Le seig. de Grosmenil.
+Le seig. de S. Martin.
+Le seig. de Puis.
+Guillaume Crespin.
+Guillaume de Movenne.
+Guillaume Desmoulins.
+Guillaume Desgarennes.
+Hue de Gourney, _aliàs_ Genevay.
+Le seig. de Bray.
+Le seig. de Gouy.
+Le seig. de Laigle.
+Le seig. de Touarts.
+Le seig. de Aurenchin.
+Le seig. de Vitrey.
+Le seig. de Trassy, _aliàs_ Tracy.
+Le seig. de Picquigny.
+Le seig. d'Espinay.
+Osmond seig. du Pont.
+Le seig. de Estouteuile.
+Le seig. de Torchy.
+Le seig. de Barnabost.
+Le seig. de Breual.
+Le seig. de Seeulme.
+Le seig. de Houme.
+Le seig. de Souchoy.
+Le seig. de Cally.
+Le seig. de la Riuere.
+Euldes de Beanieu.
+Le seig. de Roumilly.
+Le seig. de Glotz.
+Le seig. du Sap.
+Le seig. de Vanuille.
+Le seig. Branchou.
+Le seig. Balleul.
+Le seig. de Beausault.
+Le seig. de Telleres.
+Le seig. de Senlys.
+Le seig. de Bacqueuille.
+Le seig. de Preaulx.
+Le seig. de Iouy.
+Le seig. de Longueuille.
+Le seig. de Aquigny.
+Le seig. de Passy.
+Le seig. de Tournay.
+Le seig. de Colombieres.
+Le seig. de Bolleber.
+Le seig. de Garensieres.
+Le seig. de Longueile.
+Le seig. de Houdetot.
+Le seig. de Malletot.
+Le seig. de la Haie Malerbe.
+Le seig. de Porch Pinche.
+Le seig. de Iuetot.
+The erle of Tanqueruile.
+The erle d'Eu.
+The erle d'Arques.
+The erle of Aniou.
+The erle of Neuers.
+Le seig. de Rouuile.
+Le prince de Alemaigne.
+Le seig. de Pauilly.
+Le seig. de S. Cler.
+Le seig. d'Espinay.
+Le seig. de Bremetot.
+Alain Fergant erle of Britaigne.
+Le seig. de la Ferte.
+Robert fils Heruays duc de Orleans.
+Le seig. de la Lande.
+Le seig. de Mortimer.
+Le seig. de Clare.
+Le seig. de Magny.
+Le seig. de Fontnay.
+Roger de Montgomery.
+Amaury de Touars.
+Le seig. de Hacqueuile.
+Le seig. de Neanshou.
+Le seig. de Perou.
+Robert de Beaufou.
+Le seig. Meauuon.
+Le seig. de Soteuile.
+Eustace de Hambleuile.
+Geoffray Bournom.
+Le seig. de Blainuile.
+Le seig. de Mauneuile.
+Geoffrey de Moienne.
+Auffray and Mauger de Carteny.
+Le seig. de Freanuile.
+Le seig. de Moubray.
+Le seig. de Iafitay.
+Guillaume Patais seig. de la Lande.
+Eulde de Mortimer.
+Hue erle of Gournay.
+Egremont de Laigle.
+Richard d'Aurinchin.
+Le seig. de Bearts.
+Le seig. de Soulligny.
+Bouteclier d'Aubigny.
+Le seig. de Marcey.
+Le seig. de Lachy.
+Le seig. de Valdere.
+Eulde de Montfort.
+Henoyn de Cahieu.
+Le seig. de Vimers.
+Guillaume de Mouion.
+Raoul Tesson de Tignolles.
+Anguerand erle of Hercourt.
+Roger Marmion.
+Raoul de Gaiel.
+Auenel de Viers.
+Pauuel du Montier Hubert.
+Robert Bertraule Tort.
+Le seig. de Seulle.
+Le seig. Doriual.
+Le seig. de la Hay.
+Le seig. de S. Iohn.
+Le seig. de Saussy.
+Le seig. de Brye.
+Richard Dollebec.
+Le seig. du Monfiquet.
+Le seig. de Bresey.
+Le seig. de Semilly.
+Le seig. de Tilly.
+Le seig. de Preaux.
+Le seig. de S. Denis.
+Le seig. de Meuley.
+Le seig. de Monceaux.
+The archers of Bretuile.
+The archers of Vaudreuile.
+Le seig. de S. Sain.
+Le seig. de Breansou.
+Le seig. de Sassy.
+Le seig. de Nassy.
+Le vidam de Chartres.
+Le seig. de Ieanuile.
+Le vidam du Passais.
+Pierre du Bailleul seig. de Fescampe.
+Le seneschal de Torchy.
+Le seig. de Grissey.
+Le seig. de Bassey.
+Le seig. de Tourneur.
+Guillaume de Colombieres.
+Le seig. de Bonnebault.
+Le seig. de Ennebault.
+Le seig. de Danuillers.
+Le seig. de Beruile.
+Le seig. de Creueceur.
+Le seig. de Breate.
+Le seig. de Coutray.
+The erle of Eureux.
+Le seig. de seint Valery.
+Thomas erle d'Aumale.
+The erle de Hiesmes.
+
+With other lords and men of account in great numbers, whose names the
+author of the chronicles of Normandie could not come by (as he himselfe
+confesseth.) In consideration whereof, and bicause diuers of these are
+set foorth onlie by their titles of estate, and not by their surnames;
+we haue thought it conuenient to make you partakers of the roll which
+sometime belonged to Battell abbeie, conteining also (as the title
+thereof importeth) the names of such Nobles and Gentlemen of Marque, as
+came at this time with the Conqueror, whereof diuerse maie be the same
+persons which in the catalog aboue written are conteined, bearing the
+names of the places whereof they were possessors and owners, as by the
+same catalog maie appeare.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     THE ROLL OF BATTELL ABBEIE.
+
+
+A
+
+Avmarle
+Aincourt
+Audeley
+Adgillam
+Argentoune
+Arundell
+Auenant
+Abell
+Auuerne
+Aunwers
+Angers
+Angenoun
+Archere
+Anuay
+Asperu
+Albeuile
+Andeuile
+Amouerduile
+Arcy and Akeny
+Albeny
+Aybeuare
+Amay
+Aspermound
+Amerenges
+
+
+B
+
+Bertram
+Buttecourt
+Brebus and Byseg
+Bardolfe
+Basset and Bigot
+Bohun
+Bailif
+Bondeuile
+Brabason
+Baskeruile
+Bures
+Bounilaine
+Bois
+Botelere
+Bourcher
+Brabaion
+Berners
+Braibuf
+Brande and Bronce
+Burgh
+Bushy
+Banet
+Blondell
+Breton
+Bluat and Baious
+Browne
+Beke
+Bickard
+Banastre
+Baloun
+Beauchampe
+Bray and Bandy
+Bracy
+Boundes
+Bascoun
+Broilem
+Broleuy
+Burnell
+Bellet
+Baudewin
+Beaumont
+Burdon
+Berteuilay
+Barre
+Busseuile
+Blunt
+Beaupere
+Beuill
+Barduedor
+Brette
+Barrett
+Bonret
+Bainard
+Barniuale
+Bonett
+Barry
+Bryan
+Bodin
+Beteruile
+Bertin
+Bereneuile
+Bellewe
+Beuery
+Busshell
+Boranuile
+Browe
+Beleuers
+Buffard
+Botelere
+Bonueier
+Boteuile
+Bellire
+Bastard
+Bainard
+Brasard
+Beelhelme
+Braine
+Brent
+Braunch
+Belesuz
+Blundell
+Burdet
+Bagot
+Beauuise
+Belemis
+Beisin
+Bernon
+Boels
+Belefroun
+Brutz
+Barchampe
+
+
+C
+
+Camois
+Camuile
+Chawent
+Chauncy
+Conderay
+Coluile
+Chamberlaine
+Chamburnoun
+Comin
+Columber
+Cribett
+Creuquere
+Corbine
+Corbett
+Chaundos
+Chaworth
+Cleremaus
+Clarell
+Chopis
+Chaunduit
+Chantelow
+Chamberay
+Cressy
+Curtenay
+Conestable
+Cholmeley
+Champney
+Chawnos
+Comiuile
+Champaine
+Careuile
+Carbonelle
+Charles
+Chereberge
+Chawnes
+Chaumont
+Caperoun
+Cheine
+Curson
+Couille
+Chaiters
+Cheines
+Cateray
+Cherecourt
+Cammile
+Clerenay
+Curly
+Cuily
+Clinels
+Chaundos
+Courteney
+Clifford
+
+
+D
+
+Denauille
+Dercy
+Diue
+Dispencere
+Daubeny
+Daniell
+Denise and Druell
+Deuans
+Dauers
+Dodingsels
+Darell
+Delaber
+Delapole
+Delalinde
+Delahill
+Delaware
+Delauache
+Dakeny
+Dauntre
+Desny
+Dabernoune
+Damry
+Daueros
+Dauonge
+Duilby
+Dalauere
+Delahoid
+Durange
+Delee
+Delaund
+Delaward
+Delaplanch
+Damnot
+Danway
+Dehense
+Deuile
+Disard
+Doiuille
+Durant
+Drury
+Dabitot
+Dunsteruile
+Dunchampe
+Dambelton
+
+
+E
+
+Estrange
+Estuteuile
+Engaine
+Estriels
+Esturney
+
+
+F
+
+Ferrerers
+Foluille
+Fitz Water
+Fitz Marmaduke
+Fleuez
+Filberd
+Fitz Roger
+Fauecourt
+Ferrers
+Fitz Philip
+Filiot
+Furniueus
+Furniuaus
+Fitz Otes
+Fitz William
+Fitz Roand
+Fitz Pain
+Fitz Auger
+Fitz Aleyn
+Fitz Rauff
+Fitz Browne
+Fouke
+Freuil
+Front de Boef
+Facunberge
+Fort
+Frisell
+Fitz Simon
+Fitz Fouk
+Filioll
+Fitz Thomas
+Fitz Morice
+Fitz Hugh
+Fitz Henrie
+Fitz Waren
+Fitz Rainold
+Flamuile
+Formay
+Fitz Eustach
+Fitz Laurence
+Formibaud
+Frisound
+Finere and Fitz Robert
+Furniuale
+Fitz Geffrey
+Fitz Herbert
+Fitz Peres
+Fichet
+Fitz Rewes
+Fitz Fitz
+Fitz John
+Fleschampe
+
+
+G
+
+Gvrnay
+Gressy
+Graunson
+Gracy
+Georges
+Gower
+Gaugy
+Goband
+Gray
+Gaunson
+Golofre
+Gobion
+Grensy
+Graunt
+Greile
+Greuet
+Gurry
+Gurley
+Grammori
+Gernoun
+Grendon
+Gurdon
+Gines
+Griuil
+Greneuile
+Glateuile
+Gurney
+Giffard
+Gouerges
+Gamages
+
+
+H
+
+Haunteney
+Haunsard
+Hastings
+Hanlay
+Haurell
+Husee
+Hercy
+Herioun
+Herne
+Harecourt
+Henoure
+Houell
+Hamelin
+Harewell
+Hardell
+Haket
+Hamound
+Harcord
+
+
+I
+
+Iarden
+Iay
+Ieniels
+Ierconuise
+Ianuile
+Iasperuile
+
+
+K
+
+Kaunt
+Karre
+Karrowe
+Koine
+Kimaronne
+Kiriell
+Kancey
+Kenelre
+
+
+L
+
+Loueny
+Lacy
+Linneby
+Latomer
+Loueday
+Louell
+Lemare
+Leuetot
+Lucy
+Luny
+Logeuile
+Longespes
+Louerace
+Longechampe
+Lascales
+Lacy
+Louan
+Leded
+Luse
+Loterell
+Lornge
+Longevule
+Loy
+Lorancourt
+Loions
+Limers
+Longepay
+Laumale
+Lane
+Louetot
+
+
+M
+
+Mohant
+Mowne
+Maundeuile
+Marmilon
+Moribray
+Moruile
+Miriell
+Manlay
+Malebraunch
+Malemame
+Mortimere
+Mortimaine
+Muse
+Marteine
+Mountbother
+Mountsoler
+Maleuile
+Malet
+Mounteney
+Monfichet
+Maleherbe
+Mare
+Musegros
+Musard
+Moine
+Montrauers
+Merke
+Murres
+Mortiuale
+Monchenesy
+Mallory
+Marny
+Mountagu
+Mountford
+Maule
+Monhermon
+Musett
+Meneuile
+Manteuenant and Manfe
+Meapincoy
+Maine
+Mainard
+Morell
+Mainell
+Maleluse
+Memorous
+Morreis
+Morleian Maine
+Maleuere
+Mandut
+Mountmarten
+Mamelet
+Miners
+Mauclerke
+Maunchenell
+Mouet
+Meintenore
+Meletak
+Manuile
+Mangisere
+Maumasin
+Mountlouel
+Mawreward
+Monhaut
+Meller
+Mountgomerie
+Manlay
+Maulard
+Mainard
+Menere
+Martinast
+Mare
+Mainwaring
+Matelay
+Malemis
+Maleheire
+Moren
+Melun
+Marceans
+Maiell
+Morton
+
+
+N
+
+Noers
+Neuile
+Newmarch
+Norbet
+Norice
+Newborough
+Neiremet
+Neile
+Normauile
+Neofmarch
+Nermitz
+Nembrutz
+
+O
+
+Oteuell
+Olibef
+Olifant
+Osenel
+Oisell
+Olifard
+Orinall
+Orioll
+
+
+P
+
+Pigot
+Pery
+Perepount
+Pershale
+Power
+Painell
+Perche and Pauey
+Peurell
+Perot
+Picard
+Pinkenie
+Pomeray
+Pounce
+Pauely
+Paifrere
+Plukenet
+Phuars
+Punchardoun
+Pinchard
+Placy
+Pugoy
+Patefine
+Place
+Pampilioun
+Percelay
+Perere and Pekeny
+Poterell
+Peukeny
+Peccell
+Pinell
+Putrill
+Petiuoll
+Preaus
+Pantolf
+Peito
+Penecord
+Preudirlegast
+Perciuale
+
+
+Q
+
+Qvinci
+Quintiny
+
+
+R
+
+Ros
+Ridell
+Riuers
+Riuell
+Rous
+Rushell
+Raband
+Ronde
+Rie
+Rokell
+Risers
+Randuile
+Roselin
+Rastoke
+Rinuill
+Rougere
+Rait
+Ripere
+Rigny
+Richemound
+Rochford
+Raimond
+
+
+S
+
+Souch
+Sheuile
+Seucheus
+Senclere
+Sent Quintin
+Sent Omere
+Sent Amond
+Sent Legere
+Someruile
+Siward
+Saunsovere
+Sanford
+Sanctes
+Sauay
+Saulay
+Sules
+Sorell
+Somerey
+Sent Iohn
+Sent George
+Sent Les
+Sesse
+Saluin
+Say
+Solers
+Saulay
+Sent Albin
+Sent Martin
+Sourdemale
+Seguin
+Sent Barbe
+Sent Vile
+Souremount
+Soreglise
+Sanduile
+Sauncey
+Sirewast
+Sent Cheueroll
+Sent More
+Sent Scudemore
+
+
+T
+
+Toget
+Tercy
+Tuchet
+Tracy
+Trousbut
+Trainell
+Taket
+Trussel and Trison
+Talbot
+Touny
+Traies
+Tollemach
+Tolous
+Tanny
+Touke
+Tibtote
+Turbeuile
+Turuile
+Tomy and Taverner
+Trencheuile
+Trenchelion
+Tankeruile
+Tirell
+Triuet
+Tolet
+Trauers
+Tardeuile
+Turburuile
+Tineuile
+Torell
+Tortechappell
+Trusbote
+Treuerell
+Tenwis
+Totelles
+
+
+V
+
+Vere
+Vernoun
+Vescy
+Verdoune
+Valence
+Verdeire
+Vauasour
+Vendore
+Verlay
+Valenger
+Venables
+Venoure
+Vilan
+Verland
+Valers
+Veirny
+Vauurvile
+Veniels
+Verrere
+Vschere
+Veffay
+Vanay
+Vian
+Verneys
+Vrnall
+Vnket
+Vrnafull
+Vasderoll
+Vaberon
+Valingford
+Venicorde
+Valiue
+Viuille
+Vancorde and Valenges
+
+
+W
+
+Wardebois
+Ward
+Wafre
+Wake
+Wareine
+Wate
+Watelin
+Wateuil
+Wely
+Werdonell
+Wespaile
+Wiuell
+
+[Sidenote: _Sim. Dunel._] When king William had set all things in
+order through the most part of the realme, he deliuered the guiding
+thereof vnto his brother Odo, the bishop of Bayeux, and his coosine
+William Fits Osborne, whom he had made erle of Hereford. [Sidenote:
+King William goeth ouer into Normandy. _Hen. Hunt._ _Polychron._ _Sim.
+Dun._] In Lent following he sailed into Normandie, leading with him
+the pledges, and other of the chéefest lords of the English nation:
+among whom, the two earles Edwine and Marchar, Stigand the archbishop,
+Edgar Etheling, Walteoff sonne to Siward sometime duke of
+Northumberland, and Agelnothus the abbat of Glastenburie were the most
+famous. [Sidenote: Edricke Syluaticus.] Soone after his departing,
+Edricke surnamed Syluaticus, sonne to Alfricke that was brother to
+Edricke de Streona, refusing to submit himselfe vnto the king,
+rebelled and rose against such as he had left in his absence to
+gouerne the land. [Sidenote: Richard Fits Scroope.] Wherevpon those
+that laie in the castell of Hereford, as Richard Fitz Scroope and
+others, did oftentimes inuade his lands, and wasted the goods of his
+farmers and tenants: but yet so often as they attempted to inuade him,
+they lost manie of their owne souldiers and men of war. Moreouer, the
+said Edricke calling to his aid the kings of the Welshmen, Bleothgent
+and Rithwall, about the feast of the assumption of our Ladie, wasted
+the countrie of Hereford, [Sidenote: The riuer of Wye.] euen to
+the bridge of the riuer of Wye, and obteined out of those quarters a
+maruellous great spoile. [Sidenote: King William returneth into
+England.] In the winter also following, and after king William had
+disposed his busines in Normandie, he returned into England, and euen
+then began to handle the Englishmen somewhat sharpelie, supposing
+thereby to kéepe them the more easilie vnder his obedience. He also
+took awaie from diuerse of the Nobilitie, and others of the better
+sort, all their liuings, and gaue the same to his Normans. [Sidenote:
+_H. Hunt._] Moreouer, he raised great taxes and subsidies through the
+realme: nor any thing regarded th' English Nobilitie, so that they who
+before thought themselues to be made for euer by bringing a stranger
+into the realme, doo now see themselues troden vnder foot, to be
+despised, and to be mocked on all sides, [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._]
+insomuch that many of them were constreined (as it were for a further
+testimonie of seruitude and bondage) to shaue their beards, to round
+their heare, and to frame themselues as well in apparell as in seruice
+and diet at their tables after the Norman manner, verie strange and
+farre differing from the ancient customes and old vsages of their
+countrie. [Sidenote: Englishmen withdraw them to the woods as out
+lawes.] Others vtterlie refusing to susteine such an intolerable yoke
+of thraldome as was dailie laid vpon them by the Normans, chose rather
+to leaue all both goods & lands, & after the maner of outlawes got
+them to the woods, with their wiues, children, and seruants, meaning
+from thencefoorth wholie to liue vpon the spoile of the countries
+adioining, and to take whatsoeuer came next to hand: wherevpon it came
+to passe within a while that noe man might trauell in safetie from his
+owne house or towne to his next neighbors, and euery quiet and honest
+mans house became as it were an hold and fortresse furnished for
+defense with bowes and arrowes, bills, polaxes, swords, clubs, and
+staues, and other weapons, the doores kept locked and stronglie
+boulted in the night season, for feare to be surprised as it had beene
+in time of open warr and amongst publike enimies. Praiers were said
+also by the maister of the house, as though they had beene in the
+middest of the seas in some stormie tempest, and when the windowes or
+doores should be shut in and closed, they vsed to saie _Benedicite_,
+and others to answer, _Dominus_, in like sort as the preest and his
+penitent were woont to doo at confession in the church.
+
+Notwithstanding all this, K. William sought to tame & vanquish those
+of the English Nobilitie, who would not be at his becke. They againe
+on the other side made themselues strong, the better to resist him,
+choosing for their chéefe capteines and leaders, the earles Edwine &
+Edgar Etheling, who valiantlie resisted the Normans, and slue many of
+them with great rage and crueltie. And as they thus procéeded in their
+matters, king William being a politike prince, forward and painefull
+in his businesse, suffered them not altogither to escape cléere awaie,
+but did sore annoy and put them oft to remediles losses, though he
+abode in the meane time many laborious iournies, slaughters of his
+people, and damages of his person. [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Anno Reg.
+2._ _Matth. Paris._ _Matth. West._ Diuers of the English Nobilitie
+forsake their natiue countrie.] Herevpon the English Nobilitie euer
+after, yea in time of peace, were hated of the king and his Normans,
+and at length were kept so short, that being mooued partlie with
+disdaine, and partlie with dread, they got them out of the realme,
+some into Scotland, some into Denmarke, others into Norway; and among
+these, the two earles Edwine and Marchar, with certeine bishops &
+others of the cleargie, besides manie also of the temporaltie, escaped
+into Scotland. Marleswine & Gospatricke, with a great number of other
+the Nobles of Northumberland, Edgar Ethling with his mother Agatha,
+and his sisters Christine and Margaret, chanced also to be driuen into
+Scotland by tempest, as they sailed towards the coasts of Germanie,
+purposing to haue returned into Hungarie, where the said Edgar was
+borne: howbeit being arriued in Scotland, he found so friendlie
+entertainment there, that finallie Malcolme the third then king of
+that realme, tooke his sister Margaret to wife, and Christine became a
+nunne, as in the Scotish chronicles more plainelie dooth appéere.
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._] King William héereby perceiuing daily how
+vnwilling the Englishmen were to be vnder his obeisance, was in feare
+of rebellious commotions; [Sidenote: Two at York, wherein he left fiue
+hundred men in garrison.] and therefore to subdue them the better, he
+builded foure castels, one at Notingham, another at Lincolne, the
+third at Yorke, and the fourth néere vnto Hastings, where he landed at
+his first comming into England.
+
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ The Conquerour taketh frō the Englishmen their
+armour.] Moreouer, to reduce the English people the sooner vnto
+obedience and awe, he tooke from them all their armour and weapons. He
+ordeined also that the maister of euerie houshold about eight of the
+clocke in the euening, should cause his fire to be raked vp ashes, his
+lights to be put out, and then go to bed. [Sidenote: Couer few first
+instituted.] Besides this, to the end that euerie man might haue
+knowledge of the houre to go to rest, he gaue order, that in all
+cities, townes, and villages, where anie church was, there should a
+bell be roong at the said houre, which custome is still vsed euen vnto
+this daie, and commonly called by the French word, _Couer few_, that
+is, _Rake vp the fier_.
+
+[Sidenote: 1068.] [Sidenote: _Matth. West._] This yeare, on
+Whitsunday, Maud the wife of king William was crowned Queene by
+Aeldred archbishop of Yorke. The same yeare also was Henrie his sonn
+borne here in England: for his other two sonns, Robert and William,
+were borne in Normandie before he had conquered this land. [Sidenote:
+Edmond the Great.] About the same time alsoe Goodwine and Edmund
+surnamed the great, the sonns of K. Harold, came from Ireland and
+landing in Somersetshire, fought with Adnothus that had beene maister
+of their fathers horsses whom they slue with a great number of others,
+and soe haueing got this victorie, returned into Ireland, from whence
+they came with a great bootie which they tooke in their returne out of
+Cornewall, Deuonshire, and other places thereabouts. [Sidenote: _Wil.
+Malm._ _Simon Dunelm._] In like manner, Excester did as then rebell,
+and likewise the countrie of Northumberland, wherevpon the king
+appointed one of his capteines named Robert Cumin, a right noble
+personage (but more valiant than circumspect) to go against the
+northerne people with a part of his armie, whilest he himselfe and the
+other part went to subdue them of Excester: where, at his comming before
+the citie, the citizens prepared themselues to defend their gates and
+wals: but after he began to make his approch to assaile them, part of
+the citizens repenting their foolish attempts, opened the gates, and
+suffered him to enter. Thus having subdued them of Excester, he
+greeuouslie punished the chéefe offendors. But the countesse Gita, the
+sister of Sweine K. of Denmarke, and sometime wife to earle Goodwine,
+and mother to the last K. Harold, with diuers other that were got into
+that citie, found meanes to flie, and so escaped ouer into Flanders.
+King William hauing passed his businesse in such wise in Deuonshire,
+hasted backe towards Yorke, being aduertised in the waie, that the
+Northumbers hauing knowledge by their spials, that Robert generall of
+the Normans being come to Durham, did not so diligentlie cause watch
+and ward to be kept about the towne in the night season as was
+requisite, [Sidenote: This chaunced the 28. of Januarie on a
+Wednesday. _Polydor._] did set vpon him about midnight, & slue the
+same Robert with all his companie, so that of seauen hundred which he
+brought with him, there was but one that escaped to bring tidings to
+the king their souereigne.
+
+He heard also, how Edgar Etheling at the same time, being in the
+countrie, riding abroad with a troope of horsemen, and hearing of the
+discomfiture of those Normans, pursued them egerlie, [Sidenote:
+_Polydor._] and slue great numbers of them, as they were about to saue
+themselues by flight, with which newes being in no small furie, he
+made speed forward, and comming at the last into Northumberland, he
+easilie vanquished the foresaid rebels, and putting the cheefe authors
+of this mutinie to death, he reserued some of the rest as captiues,
+and of other some he caused the hands to be chopped off in token of
+their inconstancie and rebellious dealing. After this he came to
+Yorke, and there in like sort punished those that had aided Edgar,
+which doone, he returned to London.
+
+[Sidenote: 1069.] [Sidenote: Sweine and Osborne hath. _Matth. Paris._]
+In the meane time, those Englishmen that were fled (as you haue heard)
+into Denmarke, by continuall sute made to Sueine then king of that
+realme, to procure him to make a iournie into England for recouerie of
+the right descended to him from his ancestors, at length obteined
+their purpose, in so much that king Sueine sent his sonnes Harold and
+Canutus toward England, [Sidenote: Thrée hundred sailes saith _M. W._
+but _Sim. Dun._ hath 240.] who with a nauie of two hundred saile, in
+the companie of Osborne their vncle, arriued in the mouth of Humber
+betwéene the two later ladie daies, and there landing their people
+with the English outlawes, whom they had brought with them, they
+straightwaies marched towards Yorke, wasting and spoiling the countrie
+with great crueltie as they passed. Soone after also came Edgar, and
+such other English exiles as had before fled into Scotland, and ioined
+their forces with them. When the newes of these things were brought to
+Yorke, the people there were striken with a maruellous feare, insomuch
+that Aeldred the archbishop (through verie greefe and anguish of mind)
+departed this life. The Normans also which laie there in garrison,
+after they vnderstood by their spies that the enimies were come within
+two daies iournie of them, began not a little to mistrust the faith of
+the citizens, and bicause the suburbes should not be any aid vnto
+them, they set fire on the same, which by the hugenesse of the wind
+that suddenlie arose, the flame became so big, and mounted such a
+height, [Sidenote: Yorke burnt.] that it caught the citie also, and
+consumed a great part therof to ashes, togither with the minster of S.
+Peter, and a famous librarie belonging to the same. Herevpon the
+Normans and citizens in like maner were constreined to issue foorth at
+the same time, and being vpon the enimies before they had any
+knowledge of their approch, were forced to trie the matter by
+disordered battell: whose number though it was far inferiour vnto
+theirs, yet they valiantlie defended themselues for a time, till being
+oppressed with multitudes, they were ouercome and slaine, [Sidenote:
+Normans slaine.] so that there perished in this conflict, to the
+number of three thousand of them. Manie of the Englishmen also that
+came with them to the field, were saued by the enimies, to the end
+they might gaine somewhat by their ransomes, [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._]
+as William Mallet shirife of the shire, with his wife, and two of
+their children, Gilbert de Gaunt, and diuers other. This slaughter
+chanced on a saturdaie, being the nineteenth day of September; a
+dismall daie to the Normans.
+
+The two brethren hauing thus obteined this victorie, went on further
+into the countrie of Northumberland, and brought the same wholie to
+their subiection, insomuch that all the north parts were at their
+cōmandement. Upon this they meant to haue gone towards London with the
+like attempt in the south parts, [Sidenote: A sharpe winter, an enimie
+to warlike enterprises.] if the extreame and hard winter which chanced
+that yeare, had not staied their enterprise, as it did king William
+from assailing them; who hearing of all their dooings in the north
+countrie, would else full gladlie haue set vpon them. [Sidenote: The
+Danes where they wintered. _Hen. Hunt._ _Polydor._] In the meane time,
+the Danes wintered in Yorkeshire, betwixt the two riuers Ouse and
+Trent; but so soone as the snow began to melt, and the yce to thaw and
+waste away, king William sped him with great hast toward his enimies
+into Yorkeshire, and comming to the riuer of Trent, where it falleth
+into Humber, he pitched his tents there, to refresh his people, for
+his enimies were at hand. The daie following he brought his armie into
+the field to fight with the Danish princes, who likewise in battell
+araie met them. Then began a right sore and terrible battell,
+continuing a long space in equall balance, till at length in one of
+the Danish wings the Norman horsemen had put their enimies to flight.
+Which when the residue of the Danes perceiued, and therewith put in a
+sudden feare, they likewise fled. Harold and Canutus with a band of
+hardie souldiers that tarried about them, retired backe (though with
+much a doo and great danger) vnto their ships. Edgar also, by helpe of
+good horses, escaped into Scotland with a few in his companie.
+[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._] Earle Walteof, who had fought most
+manfullie in that battell, [Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._ _Wil. Malm._] &
+slaine manie Normans with his owne hands, was reconciled into the
+kings fauour: but the residue were for the most part taken prisoners,
+and killed. William of Malmesburie writeth, that king William comming
+at that time into the north parts, besieged the citie of Yorke, and
+putting to flight a great armie of his enimies that came to the
+succour of them within, not without great losse of his owne souldiers,
+at length the citie was deliuered into his hands; the citizens and
+other that kept it, as Scots, Danes, and Englishmen, being constreined
+thereto through lacke of vittels. [Sidenote: _Sim. Dunel._] Other
+write, how the Danes, being loden with riches and spoiles gotten in
+the countrie, departed to their ships before the comming of king
+William. Here is not to be forgotten, that (as Iohn Leland hath noted)
+whilest the Conquerour held siege before Yorke, at the earnest request
+of his wife Quéene Maud, he aduanced his nephew Alane earle of
+Britaine, with the gift of all those lands that sometime belonged vnto
+earle Edwine, the tenor of which gift insueth:
+
+     [Sidenote: Earle Edwines lands giuen vnto Alane earle of
+     Britaine.]
+     "Ego Gulihelmus cognomine Bastardus, do & concedo tibi nepoti
+     meo Alano Britanniæ comiti, & hæredibus tuis in perpetuum, omnes
+     illas villas & terras, quæ nuper fuerunt comitis Eadwini in
+     Eborashira, cum feodis militum & alijs libertatibus &
+     consuetudinibus, ita liberè & honorificè sicut idem Eadwinus ea
+     tenuit. Dat. in obsidione coram ciuitate Eboraci:" that is, "I
+     William surnamed Bastard, doo giue and grant to thee my nephue
+     Alane earle of Britaine, and to thine heires for euer, all those
+     townes and lands that latelie were earle Eadwines in Yorkeshire,
+     with the knights fees and other liberties and customes, so
+     freelie and honourablie as the said Eadwine held the same. Giuen
+     in our seege before the citie of Yorke."
+
+The earle of Britaine, being a man of a stout stomach, and meaning to
+defend that which was thus giuen to him, [Sidenote: Castell of
+Richmont.] built a strong castell neere to his manor of Gillingham,
+and named it Richmont. The first originall line of the earles of
+Richmont [2]that bare their title of honor of this castell and towne
+of Richmont (as Leland hath set downe the same) is this: Eudo earle of
+Britaine, the sonne of Geffrey, begat three sonnes, Alane le Rous,
+otherwise Fregaunte, Alane the blacke, and Stephan. [Sidenote: Earle
+of Britaine.] These three brethren after their fathers decease,
+succéeded one another in the earledome of Britaine; the two elder,
+Alane the red and Alane the blacke died without issue. Stephan begat a
+sonne named Alane, who left a sonne, which was his heire named Conan,
+which Conan married Margaret the daughter of William king of Scotland,
+who bare him a daughter named Constantia, which Constantia was coupled
+in marriage with Geffrey sonne to king Henrie the second, who had by
+hir Arthur, whom his vncle King John, for fear to be depriued by him
+of the crowne, caused to be made awaie; as some have written. But now
+to returne where we left touching the Danes. [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._]
+Simon Dunel. affirmeth, that Harold and Canute or Cnute the sonnes of
+Sweine king of Denmarke, [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris_ maketh mention but
+of Sweine and Osborne whom he calleth brethren.] with their vncle
+earle Osborne, and one Christianus a bishop of the Danes, and earle
+Turketillus were guiders of this Danish armie, & that afterwards, when
+king William came into Northumberland, he sent vnto earle Osborne,
+promising him that he would permit him to take vp vittels for his
+armie about the sea coastes; and further, to giue him a portion of
+monie, so that he should depart and returne home as soone as the
+winter was passed. But howsoeuer the matter went with the Danes,
+certain it is by the whole consent of writers, that king William
+hauing thus subdued his enimies in the north, he tooke so great
+displeasure with the inhabitants of the countrie of Yorkeshire and
+Northumberland, that he wasted all the land betwixt Yorke and Durham,
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malms._] so that for the space of threescore miles,
+there was left in maner no habitation for the people, by reason
+whereof it laie wast and desert for the space of nine or ten yeares. ¶
+The goodlie cities with their towers and steeples set vp on a statelie
+height, and reaching as it were into the aire: the beautifull fields
+and pastures, watered with the course of sweet and pleasant riuers, if
+a stranger should then haue beheld, and also knowne before they were
+thus defaced, he would surely haue lamented: or if any old inhabitant
+had béene long absent, & newly returned thither, had séene this
+pitifull face of the countrie, he would not haue knowne it, such
+destruction was made through out all those quarters, whereof Yorke it
+selfe felt not the smallest portion. [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] The
+bishop of Durham Egelwinus with his cleargie fled into holy Iland with
+S. Cuthberts bodie, and other iewels of the church of Durham, where
+they tarried three moneths and od daies, before they returned to
+Durham againe. The kings armie comming into the countrie that lieth
+betwixt the riuers Theise and Tine, found nothing but void feelds and
+bare walles; the people with their goods and cattell being fled and
+withdrawne into the woods and mountaines, if any thing were forgotten
+behind, these new gests were diligent inough to find it out.
+
+[Sidenote: _Anno Reg._ 4. 1070.] [Sidenote: _Polydor._] In the
+beginning of the spring, king William returned to London, and now
+after all these troubles, began to conceiue greater hatred against the
+Englishmen than euer before; so as doubting that hee should neuer by
+gentlenesse win their good willes, he now determined by a harder
+measure to meete with them; insomuch that he banished a great number,
+other some also (not a few) he spoiled of their goods, those
+especiallie of whom he was in hope to gaine any great portion of
+substance.
+
+Thus were the Englishmen generallie in danger to lose life, lands and
+goods, without knowledge, or orderlie proceeding in iudgement, so that
+no greater miserie in the earth could be imagined, than that whereinto
+our nation was now fallen. [Sidenote: Priuileges and fréedoms
+revoked.] He tooke from the townes and cities, from the bishops sées
+and abbeies all their ancient priuileges and freedoms, to the end they
+should not onely be cut short and made weaker, but also that they (for
+the obteinment of their quietnesse) might redeeme the same of him for
+such summes of monie as pleased him to exact. [Sidenote: _Matth.
+Paris._] Among other things, he ordeined that in time of warre they
+should aide him with armor, horsse and monie, according to that order
+which he should then prescribe: all which he caused to be registred,
+inrolled, and laid vp in his treasurie. But diuerse of the spirituall
+persons would not obey this ordinance, whom he banished without
+remorse.
+
+[Sidenote: Stigand. Alexander bishop of Lincolne. _Polydor._ The hard
+deling of K. William against the Englishmen.] About this time the
+archbishop Stigand, and Alexander bishop of Lincolne fled to Scotland,
+where they kept themselues close for a season. But the king still
+continued in his hard procéeding against the Englishmen, insomuch that
+now protesting how he came to the gouernance of the realme only by
+plaine conquest, he seized into his hands most part of euery mans
+possessions, causing them to redeeme the same at his hands againe, and
+yet reteined a propertie in the most part of them; so that those that
+should afterwards enioy them, should acknowledge themselues to hold
+them of him, in yéelding a yéerlie rent to him and his successors for
+euer, with certeine other prouisions, whereby in cases of forfeiture
+the same lands should returne to him, and his said successors againe.
+The like order he appointed to be vsed by other possessors of lands,
+in letting them forth to their tenants. [Sidenote: The institution of
+the foure Termes.] He ordeined also, that the Termes should be kept
+foure times in the yéere, in such places as he should nominate, and
+that the iudges shuld sit in their seuerall places to iudge and decide
+causes and matters in controuersie betwixt partie and partie, in
+manner as is vsed vnto this day. He decréed moreouer, that there
+should be shiriffes in euerie shire, and iustices of the peace to
+keepe the countries in quiet, and to sée offendors punished.
+[Sidenote: The Excheker.] Furthermore, he instituted the court of the
+Excheker, and the officers belonging to the same, as the barons, the
+clearks, and such other, [Sidenote: The Chancerie.] and also the high
+court of Chancerie.
+
+After he had in this sort ordeined his magistrates and ministers of
+the lawes, he lastlie tooke order what ordinances he would haue
+obserued: wherevpon abrogating in maner all the ancient lawes vsed in
+times past, and instituted by the former kings for the good order and
+quietnes of the people, [Sidenote: New lawes.] he made new, nothing so
+equall or easie to be kept; which neuerthelesse those that came after
+(not without their great harme) were constreined to obserue: as though
+it had beene an high offense against GOD to abolish those euill lawes,
+which king William (a prince nothing friendly to the English nation)
+had first ordeined, and to bring in other more easie and tollerable.
+[Sidenote: The lawes were written in the Norman toong.] ¶ Here by the
+waie I giue you to note a great absurditie; namelie, that those lawes
+which touched all, and ought to be knowne of all, were notwithstanding
+written in the Norman toong, which the Englishmen vnderstood not; so
+that euen at the beginning you should haue great numbers, partlie by
+the iniquitie of the lawes, and partlie by ignorance in misconstruing
+the same, to be wrongfullie condemned: some to death, and some in the
+forfeitures of their goods; others were so intangled in sutes and
+causes, that by no means they knew how to get out, but continuallie
+were tossed from post to piller; in such wise that in their minds they
+curssed the time that euer these vnequall lawes were made.
+
+[Sidenote: Matters to be tried by a Iurie of 12. men.] The maner for
+the triall of causes in controuersie, was deuised in such sort as is
+yet vsed. Twelue ancient men (but most commonlie vnlearned in the
+lawes) being of the same countie where the sute laie, were appointed
+by the iudges to go togither into some close chamber, where they
+should be shut vp, till vpon diligent examination of the matter they
+should agrée vpon the condemnation or acquiting of the prisoner, if it
+were in criminall causes; or vpon deciding in whom the right remained,
+if it were vpon triall of things in controuersie. Now when they were
+all agréed, they came in before the iudges, declaring to what
+agréement they were growne: which doone, the iudges opened it to the
+offendors or sutors, and withall gaue sentence as the qualitie of the
+case did inforce and require. There may happilie be (as Polydor Virgil
+saith) that will mainteine this maner of procéeding in the
+administration of iustice by the voices of a iurie, to haue béene in
+vse before the conquerors daies, but they are not able to prooue it by
+any ancient records of writers, as he thinketh: albeit by some of our
+histories they should séeme to be first ordeined by Ethelred or
+Egelred. Howbeit this is most true, that the Norman kings themselues
+would confesse, that the lawes deuised and made by the Conqueror were
+not verie equall; insomuch that William Rufus and Henrie the sonnes of
+the Conqueror would at all times, when they sought to purchase the
+peoples fauor, promise to abolish the lawes ordeined by their father,
+establish other more equall, and restore those which were vsed in S.
+Edwards daies. The like kind of purchasing fauour was vsed by king
+Stéephen, and other kings that followed him. [Sidenote: _Matth.
+Paris._ _Matth. West._ _Wil. Mal._ _Wil. Thorne._ Abbeis searched.]
+But now to the matter, king William hauing made these ordinances to
+keepe the people in order, set his mind to inrich his cofers, and
+therevpon caused first a tribvte to be leuied of the commons; then the
+abbeies to be searched, and all such monie as any of the Englishmen
+had laid vp in the same, to be kept. Besides all this, he seized into
+his hands their charters of priuileges made to them by the Saxon kings
+of the land, and spared not so much as the iewels and plate dedicated
+to sacred vses. All this did he (as some write) by the counsell of the
+earle of Hertford.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Simon Dun._ _Wil. Thorne._ _Polydor._ _Sim.
+Dunel._ Stigand archbishop of Canturburie depriued.] Shortlie after
+betwixt Easter and Whitsuntide, a great synod was holden at Winchester
+by the bishops and cleargie, where Ermenfred the bishop of Sion or
+Sitten, with two cardinals Iohn and Peter sent thither from pope
+Alexander the second, did sit as chéefe commissioners. In this synod
+was Stigand the archbishop of Canturburie depriued of his bishoprike,
+for three speciall causes.
+
+     1 First, for that he had wrongfullie holden that bishoprike,
+     whilest the archbishop Robert was liuing.
+
+     2 Secondlie, for that he kept the see of Winchester in his hands,
+     after his inuestiture vnto Canturburie, which he ought not to
+     haue doone.
+
+     3 Thirdlie, for that he had receiued the pall at the hands of
+     pope Benedict the tenth, whom the cardinals, as one not lawfullie
+     elected, had deposed.
+
+Howbeit, manie writers burthen king William (who was present at this
+synod) for the procuring of Stigand his depriuation, to the end he
+might place a stranger in his roome. For as he had rooted out the
+English Nobilitie, and giuen awaie their land and liuings to his
+Normans; so meant he to turne out the English cleargie from bearing
+any office of honor within the realme, which meaning of his did well
+appeare at his councell, [Sidenote: Agelmarus bishop of Thetford was
+one that was deposed. _Simon Dun._ _Matt. Paris._] wherin diuers
+bishops, abbats, and priors were deposed, and Normans preferred to
+their places. Stigand after his depriuation was kept in perpetuall
+prison at Winchester, till he died, and yet (as some write) the same
+Stigand was an helper vnder hand for king William to atteine the
+crowne.
+
+[Sidenote: Thomas a canon of Bayeux made archbishop of Yorke.] In the
+feast of Pentecost next insuing, the king being at Windsor, gaue the
+archbishoprike of Yorke vnto one Thomas, a canon of Bayeux, and to
+Walkelme one of his chaplins he gave the Bishoprike of Winchester.
+[Sidenote: Lanfranke consecrated archbishop of Canturburie. _Matth.
+Westm._ hath the eight Kal. of Maie, but _Wil. Mal._ and _Eadmerus_
+the fourth Kal. of September.] After this, calling one Lanfranke an
+Italian from Caen where he was abbat, he made him archbishop of
+Canturburie, who was consecrated there in the feast of S. John
+Baptist, [Sidenote: 1071. An. Reg. 5.] [Sidenote: _Wil. Mal._
+_Eadmerus._] in the yeare folowing, which was after the birth of our
+Sauiour 1071. The foresaid Thomas was the fiue and twentith bishop
+that had gouerned in that see of Yorke, & Lanfranke the thrée &
+thirtith in the see of Canturburie. But yer long, betwixt these two
+archbishops there rose great contention for the primasie of their
+churches, in so much that the archbishop of Yorke appealed to Rome,
+where they both appeared personallie before pope Alexander, in whose
+presence Lanfranks cause was so much fauoured, that not onelie the
+foresaid Thomas, but also Remigius the bishop of Dorchester were for
+reasonable causes depriued of their crosiers and rings: and Lanfranke
+at their humble request was a meane to the pope for them in the end,
+that they might be restored to their staues, which was accordinglie
+obteined. For when the pope heard Lanfranke declare in their fauour,
+how necessarie their seruice might be to the king, in the
+establishment of his new gotten kingdome, he said to Lanfranke; "Well,
+looke you then to the matter, you are the father of that countrie, and
+therefore consider what is expedient to be done therein: their staues
+which they haue surrendered, there they be, take them, and dispose
+them as you shall thinke most profitable for the aduancement of the
+christian religion in that countrie." Wherevpon, Lanfranke tooke the
+staues, and deliuered them to the former possessours, and so were they
+in the popes presence restored to their former dignities. One cause
+why Thomas was depriued (as some writers saie) was, for that he had
+holpen duke William towards his iournie into England when he came to
+conquer it, for the which pleasure to him then shewed, the duke
+promised him a bishoprike, if euer he obteined victorie ouer the
+English: an other cause, for that he was a priests sonne. [Sidenote:
+_Wil. Malm._] Now, when the pope vnderstood the full ground of their
+contention to be for the primasie of the two sees, Canturburie and
+Yorke, and had heard what could be alledged on both sides, he remitted
+the determination thereof to the king and bishops of England, that by
+the histories and records of the land, the matter might be tried,
+iudged, and ordered.
+
+Wherefore, at their comming home, and after long debating and
+discussing of the cause (as in William Marleburgh it appeareth more at
+large) at a synod holden at Windsor, [Sidenote: Anno Reg. 6. 1072.] in
+the yeare 1072, sentence was giuen on Lanfranks side, [Sidenote:
+_Matth. West._ The subiection of the archbishoprike of Yorke, to the
+archbishoprike of Canturburie.] so that in all things concerning
+religion and the faith of holie church, the archbishop of Yorke should
+be euer subiect to the archbishop of Canturburie, and come with all
+the bishops of his prouince to what place soeuer the archbishop of
+Canturburie should summon any councell within the realme of England.
+Moreouer, when anie elected bishop of Canturburie was to be
+consecrated, the archbishop of Yorke (for the time being) should come
+to Canturburie, and consecrate him there. And if the archbishop of
+Yorke was to be installed and consecrated, then should he come to
+Canturburie, or to what place it should please the archbishop of
+Canturburie to assigne, and there to be confirmed of him, taking an
+oth with profession of due obedience vnto the higher see. [Sidenote:
+_Polydor._ The archbishop of Yorke, acknowledged primate of all
+Scotland.] Now, as the said Thomas of Yorke did yéeld obedience to
+Lanfranke of Canturburie, so likewise the elect bishop of Glascow in
+Scotland named Michaell, was soone after consecrated of the foresaid
+Thomas archbishop of Yorke, and made an oth of obedience vnto the said
+archbishop, as to the primate of all Scotland: and after him Tothade the
+bishop of S. Andrewes did the like, by commandement of Malcolme the
+third of that name king of Scotland, and Margaret his wife, who thought
+good by this recognisance of obedience and dutie, so to prouide against
+further inconuenience to come, that hereafter, one of the bishops of
+their realme should not take vpon them to consecrate an other: or doo
+any thing contrarie to the ancient decrées of the old fathers, that
+might be preiudiciall to the authoritie of the archbishop of Yorke, at
+whose appointment those and the like things were accustomed to be doone.
+[Sidenote: _Ranulph Cestren._ lib. 1. cap. 57. & lib. 7. cap. 2.]
+In this controuersie (or the like) it is left written, that in a court
+held at Rome (the time is not mentioned) the pope perceiuing the strife
+betwéene these two prelats to be but for the highest place or primasie
+in the church; he solemnlie gaue sentence, that the sée of Yorke should
+haue in title Primas Angliæ, & Canturburie Primas totius Angliæ, which
+titles doo yet remain to them both.
+
+But to leaue this, and to speake of other things which chanced in the
+meane time that this controuersie depended betwixt the two
+archbishops, I find that Edwin and Marchar earles of Mertia and
+Northumberland, hauing of late obteined pardon for their former
+misdemeanor, & reconciled to the king, began now so much to mislike
+the state of the world againe, as euer they did before. For perceiuing
+how the Englishmen were still oppressed with thraldome & miserie on
+ech hand, they conspired, & began a new rebellion, but with verie ill
+successe, as shall herafter appeare. [Sidenote: _Matt. Paris._] The
+king vnderstanding of their dealings, and being not onelie armed
+throughlie with temporall force, but also endued with the spirituall
+power of his archbishop Lanfranke (who aided him in all that he might,
+for the suppressing of those rebels) wasted the countries
+excéedinglie, where he vnderstood that they had gotten any releefe,
+minding vtterlie to vanquish them with sword, fire and hunger, or by
+extreame penurie to bring them vnder. They on the other part make as
+stout resistance; and perceiuing that it stood them vpon, either to
+vanquish or to fall into vtter ruine, they raise a mightie strong
+host, and make Edgar Etheling their capteine, a comelie gentleman and
+a valiant, in whome also the whole hope of the English nation was
+reposed, as appeareth by this his accustomed by-word, Edgar Etheling
+Englands dearling. Amongst other noble men that were chiefe dooers in
+the assembling of this armie, Frederike abbat of S. Albons, a prelate
+of great wealth and no lesse puissance, was a principall.
+
+The king perceiuing his estate to be now in no small danger, is in a
+great perplexitie what to doo, in the end, he counselleth with the said
+Lanfranke archbishop of Canturburie, how he might remedie the matter;
+who told him that in such a desperate case, the best waie for him should
+be to séeke by faire words and friendly offers to pacifie the English
+Nobilitie, which by all meanes possible would neuer ceasse to molest him
+in the recouerie of their liberties. Wherevpon he made meanes to come to
+some agréement with them, and so well the matter procéeded on his side,
+that the Englishmen being deceiued through his faire promises, were
+contented to common of peace, for which purpose they came also vnder the
+conduct of the abbat Frederike vnto Berkamsted, where (after much
+reasoning and debating of the matter for the conclusion of amitie
+betwixt them) king William in the presence of the archbishop Lanfranke
+and other of his lords, tooke a personall oth vpon all the relikes of
+the church of S. Albons, and the holie euangelists (the abbat Frederike
+ministring the same vnto him) that he would from thencefoorth obserue
+and keepe the good and ancient approoued lawes of the realme, which the
+noble kings of England his predecessors had made and ordeined
+heretofore; but namelie those of S. Edward, which were supposed to be
+most equall and indifferent.
+
+The peace being thus concluded, and the Englishmen growne thereby to
+some hope of further quietnesse, they began to forsake their alies, and
+returned each one, either to his owne possessions, or to giue attendance
+vpon the king. But he warilie cloking his inward purpose,
+notwithstanding the vnitie latelie made, determineth particularlie to
+assaile his enimies (whose power without doubt so long as it was vnited,
+could not possiblie be ouercome, as he thought) and being now by reason
+of this peace disseuered and dispersed, he thought it high time to put
+his secret purposes in execution: wherevpon taking them at vnwares and
+thinking of nothing lesse than warres and sudden inuasion, he
+imprisoneth manie, killeth diuers, and pursueth the residue with fire
+and sword, taking awaie their goods, possessions, lands, and
+inheritances, and banishing them out of the realme. In the meane time,
+those of the English Nobilitie, which could escape this his outragious
+tyrannie, got awaie, and amongst other, Edgar Etheling fled againe
+into Scotland: but Edwin was slaine of his owne souldiers, as he rode
+toward Scotland. [Sidenote: _Ran. Higa._ _H. Hunt._ _Matth. Paris._]
+Earle Marchar, and one Hereward, with the bishop of Durham named
+Egelwinus, got into the Ile of Elie, in purpose there to defend
+themselues from the iniurie of the Normans, for they tooke the place
+(by reason of the situation) to be of no small strength. Howbeit king
+William endeuouring to cut them short, raised a power, and stopped all
+the passages on the east side, and on the west part he made a causie
+through the fennes, of two miles in length, whereby he got vnto them,
+and constreined them to yeeld. [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Hen. Hunt._
+_Matth. Paris._] But Marchar, or (as others haue) Hereward, foreséeing
+the imminent danger likelie to take effect, made shift to get owt of
+the Ile by bote, and so by spéedie flight escaped into Scotland.
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] The bishop of Durham being taken, was sent to
+the abbey of Abingdon, to be kept as prisoner, where he was so
+sparinglie fed, that within a short space he died for hunger.
+[Sidenote: Some write that he was so stubborne-harted, that after he
+knew he should remaine in perpetuall prison, he refused his meate, and
+so pined himselfe to death.]
+
+In this meane time, and whilest king William was thus occupied in
+rooting out the English, Malcolme king of Scotland had wasted the
+countries of Theisedale, Cleueland, and the lands of S. Cuthbert, with
+sundrie other places in the north parts. Wherevpon Gospatrike being
+latelie reconciled to the king & made earle of Northumberland, was
+sent against him, who sacked and destroied that part of Cumberland
+which the said Malcolme by violence had brought vnder his subiection.
+At the same time Malcolme was at Weremouth, beholding the fire which
+his people had kindled in the church of Saint Peter to burne vp the
+same, and there hearing what Gospatrike had doone, he tooke such
+displeasure thereat, that he commanded his men they should leaue none
+of the English nation aliue, [Sidenote: A bloudie cōmandment executed
+vpon the English by the Scots.] but put them all to the sword without
+pity or compassion, so oft as they came to hand. The bloudie slaughter
+which was made at this time by the Scots, through that cruell
+commandement of Malcolme, was pitifull to consider, for women,
+children, old and yong, went all one way: howbeit, manie of those that
+were strong and able to serue for drudges and slaues, were reserued,
+and carried into Scotland as prisoners, where they remained manie
+yeares after; in so much that there were few houses in that realme,
+but had one or mo English slaues and captiues, whom they gat at this
+vnhappie voiage. Miserable was the state of the English at that time,
+one being consumed of another so vnnaturallie, manie of them destroied
+by the Scots so cruellie, and the residue kept vnder by the king so
+tyrannicallie.
+
+But to returne to the purpose in hand, king William hearing of all
+these things, was not a little mooued at the same, but chéefelie with
+Malcolme king of Scots, for that his countrie was the onelie place
+wherein all the mal-contents of his realme had their refuge. Wherfore,
+thinking to reuenge the losse of his subiects, and to bring that
+realme also vnto his subiection, he went thither with an huge armie,
+about the middle of August, where he first inuaded the bounds of
+Galloway, bicause he heard how the English were latelie fled thither.
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_] But after he had wearied his souldiers in vaine
+pursuit of them (who kept themselues in the mountaines and marres
+grounds) he gaue ouer the enterprise, and drew towards Lothiam, where
+king Malcolme laie with all his power, & sundrie English fugitiues,
+with whome he determined by battell either to end his trouble, or else
+to loose his life. [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._] Now as both the kings
+with their armies were readie to encounter, Malcolme began to doubt
+somewhat of the fiersenesse of the battell, bicause he saw the great
+puissance and readie willes of the English and Normans to fight,
+[Sidenote: _H. Hunt._] wherevpon he sent an harrold to king William to
+treat of peace, wherewith he was content at the last (though with much
+adoo) and so a vnitie insued betwixt them, vpon these conditions;
+[Sidenote: The king of Scots did homage to king William for Scotland.]
+namelie, that king Malcolme should doo homage to king William for the
+realme of Scotland, and therevpon deliuer sufficient hostages: and
+that on the other side, king William should pardon all the English
+outlawes in Scotland which then rebelled against him. The place where
+this peace was concluded, was called Abirnethi. [Sidenote: _Simon
+Dun._] After this, king William returned into England, where he yer
+long tooke the earledome of Northumberland from Gospatrike, [Sidenote:
+The kings iustice.] and gave it to Waltheof the sonne of Siward;
+bicause of right it séemed to descend vnto him from his father, but
+cheefelie from his mother Alfreda, who was the daughter of Aldred
+sometime earle of that countrie.
+
+At the same time also the king caused a castell to be built at Durham,
+and returned to London, where he receiued aduertisement that his
+subiects in Normandie toward the the parties[3] of Angiew had begun a
+rebellion against him. Heerevpon with all spéed he leuied an armie,
+whereof the most part consisted of English (whose seruice he liked
+rather in a forren countrie than in their owne) and sailed ouer into
+Normandie, where he easilie subdued his enemies by the valiancie of the
+English, whom from thenceforth he began somewhat to fauour and better
+thinke of than before. Yoong Edgár also grew in verie good credit with
+him, for though he had twise broken his oth of allegiance, and run to
+the Scots as a rebell, yet now of his owne motion, returning to the king
+and crauing pardon, he was not onelie receiued, but also highlie
+honoured and preferred in his court.
+
+The yeare 1074. thrée moonks of the prouince of Mercia, purposing to
+restore religion after their maner within the prouince of
+Northumberland, came into Yorke, and required of Hugh Fitz Baldricke
+(then shirife of the shire) to haue safe conduct vnto Monkaster,
+[Sidenote: Mountcaster now Newcastell.] which afterwards hight
+Newcastell, and so is called to this day. These moonks, whose names
+were Aldwin, Alswin, and Remfred, comming unto the foresaid place,
+found no token or remanent of any religious persons, which sometime
+had habitation there (for all was defaced and gone:) wherevpon, after
+they had remained there a while, they remooued to Jarrowe, where
+finding the ruines of old decaied buildings and churches, perteining
+in times past to the moonks that there inhabited, they had such
+assistance at the hands of Walkher bishop of Durham, that at length,
+by the diligent trauell and sute of these moonks, three monasteries
+were newlie founded and erected in the north parts, one at Durham, an
+other at Yorke, and the third at Whitby. For you must consider, that
+by the inuasion of the Danes, the churches and monasteries throughout
+Northumberland were so wasted and ruinated, that a man could
+scarselie find a church standing in all that countrie, as for those
+that remained, they were couered with broome or thatch: but as for any
+abbey or monasterie, not one was left in all the countrie, neither did
+any man (for the space of two hundred yeares) take care for the
+repairing or building vp of any thing in decaie, so that the people of
+that countrie wist not what a moonke ment, and if they saw any, they
+woondered at the strangenesse of the sight.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 9. 1075.] [Sidenote: Rafe Earle of Cambridge.
+_Matth. West._ _Matth. Paris._ _Hen. Hunt._ _Simon Dun._ A rebellion
+raised against K. William.] Whilest the king remained thus in
+Normandie, Roger earle of Hereford (contrarie to the kings mind and
+pleasure) married his sister vnto Rafe earle of Cambridge, or (as
+other haue) Northfolke, and withall began a new conspiracie against
+him. Amongst other also of the associats, earle Walteof the sonne of
+earle Siward was one, who afterward mistrusting the successe of this
+deuise, first vttered it to archbishop Lanfranke, and by his aduice
+sailed ouer into Normandie, and there disclosed the whole matter to
+king William: but in the meane time, the other two earles; namelie,
+Hereford and Cambridge had so farre procéeded in the matter, that they
+were vp in armour. Howbeit, Wolstan bishop of Worcester, and Egelwine
+abbat of Euesham, with the shirife of Worcester & Walter Lacie, so
+resisted the earle of Hereford, that he could not passe the Seuerne to
+ioine with the earle of Cambridge. [Sidenote: _Iohn Pike._] On the
+other side, Odo the bishop of Bayeux, and Geffrey the bishop of
+Constances pursued the earle of Cambridge so narrowlie with an other
+armie, which they had gathered of the English and Normans, that they
+constreined him to flée into Britaine, whereby the rebellion was verie
+much appeased.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 10. 1076.] In the meane time, the king
+vnderstanding by earle Walteof how the matter went in England, came
+ouer with all speed out of Normandie, & within a short space brought
+the residue of the conspirators into such a feare, that they were
+scattered and put to flight, without attempting anie further exploit
+or conspiracie against him. Manie of them also were apprehended and
+put to death, among whom Roger and Walteof were most famous.
+[Sidenote: _H. Hunt._ Earle Walteof beheaded.] And though Walteof (as
+yée haue heard before) disclosed the treason, yet to the end he should
+offend no more hereafter, he was beheaded at Winchester by the kings
+commandement, and his bodie hauing béene first buried in the same
+place where he suffered, was afterward conueied vnto Crowland, and
+there more honorablie interred.
+
+This earle Walteof or Waldeue was sonne (as ye haue heard) to Siward
+the noble earle of Northumberland, of whose valure in the time of K.
+Edward the confessor ye haue heard. His son the foresaid Walteof in
+strength of bodie and hardinesse did, not degenerate from his father,
+for he was tall of personage, in sinews and musculs verie strong and
+mighty. In the slaughter of the Normans at Yorke, he shewed proofe of
+his prowesse, in striking off the heads of manie of them with his owne
+hands, as they came foorth of the gates singlie one by one: yet
+afterwards, when the king had pardoned him of all former offenses, and
+receiued him into fauour hée gaue to him in mariage his néece Judith
+the daughter of Lambert earle of Lens, sister to Stephen erle of
+Albermare, and with hir he had of the kings gift, [Sidenote: Earledome
+of Huntingdon.] all the lands and liberties belonging to the honor of
+Huntingdon; in consideration whereof, he assigned to hir in name of
+hir dower, all the lands that he held from Trent southward. Shée bare
+by him two daughters, Maud and Alice: [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._] We
+find, that he was not onlie earle of Northumberland, but also of
+Northampton and Huntingdon.
+
+The countesse of Cambridge or Northfolke (as other haue) wife of earle
+Rafe, being, fled into the citie of Norwich, was besieged in the same
+by the kings power, which pressed the citie so sore, as it was forced
+for verie famine to yéeld; but yet by composition; namelie, that such
+as were besieged within, should depart the realme, as persons abiured
+and banished the land for euer. [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Hen. Hunt._
+_Simon Dun._ _Matth. Paris._] This was the end of the foresaid
+conspiracie. At this verie time the Danes being confederate with these
+rebels, and by them solicited, set forth towards England vnder the
+leading of Cnuto, sonne to Sueno, and earle Haco, and (vnlooked for)
+arriue here in England with two hundred sailes. But hearing that the
+ciuill tumult was ended, and seeing no man readie either to
+countenance or encourage them in their enterprise, they sailed first
+into Flanders, which they spoiled, and after into their owne
+countrie, with little desire or will to come againe into England. King
+William also vnderstanding that they were thus departed, passed ouer
+into Britaine, and there besieged the castell of Doll that belonged to
+Rafe earle of Cambridge or Northfolke: but by the comming of Philip
+the French king, king William being vnprouided of sufficient vittels
+for his armie, was constreined to raise his siege, although with great
+losse both of men and horsses.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 11. 1077.] [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ An
+earthquake, a long frost, a comet.] On the 27. daie of March was a
+generall earthquake in England, and in the winter following a frost
+that continued from the first of Nouember vntill the middle of Aprill.
+A blasing starre appeered on palme sundaie, beeing the sixteenth daie
+of Aprill, about six of the clocke, when the aire was faire and
+cleere.
+
+[Sidenote: Married préests.] About the same season, pope Gregorie
+perceiuing that married préests did choose rather to run into the
+danger of his cursse, than to forsake their wiues, meaning to bridle
+them by an other prouiso, gaue commandment by his bull published
+abroad, that none should heare the masse of a married préest.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 12. 1078.] [Sidenote: _Polydor._ A synod holden at
+London. Bishops sées remoued.] King William after his comming from the
+siege of Doll, remained a certeine time in quiet, during which season,
+Lanfranke the archbishop called a synod or counsell of the cleargie at
+London, wherein amongst other things it was ordeined, that certeine
+bishops sées should be remoued from small townes to cities of more
+fame, whereby it came to passe that Chichester, Exceter, Bath,
+Salisburie, Lincolne & Chester were honored with sees and palaces of
+bishops, whereas before they kept their residence at Sellewey, Kirton,
+Welles, Shireborne, Dorchester, and Lichfield.
+
+[Sidenote: _Woolstan._] At this synod also Woolstan bishop of
+Worcester was present, whom Lanfranke would haue deposed for his
+insufficiencie of learning; as he colourablie pretended, but indeed to
+pleasure the king, who faine would have placed a Norman in his roome:
+but (as they saie) by a miracle which he presentlie wrought, in causing
+his crosier staffe to sticke fast in the toome of saint Edward (to
+whom he protested and said he would resigne it, for that he obteined
+the same by his gift) he did put the king and the archbishop into such
+feare, that they suffered him still to enioy his bishoprike without
+any further vexation. These things with other (touching a reformation
+in the church and cleargie) being handled in this councell, it was
+soone after dissolued.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 13. 1079.] In the yeare following, king William
+led a mightie armie into Wales, and subdued it; receiuing of the
+rulers and princes there their homages and hostages. [Sidenote:
+_Matth. Paris._ _Matth. West._] About the same time, Robert the kings
+eldest sonne, a right worthie personage, but yet as one of nature
+somewhat vnstable, entered into Normandie as a rebell to his father,
+and by force tooke diuers places into his hands. Which he did by the
+practise of Philip the French king, who now began to doubt of the
+great puissance of king William, as foreseeing how much it might
+preiudice him, and the whole realme of France in time to come.
+[Sidenote: The French king setteth the sonne against the father.]
+Wherefore to stop the course of his prosperous successe, he deuised a
+meane to set the sonne against the father. True it is that king
+William had promised long afore to resigne the gouernment of Normandie
+vnto the said Robert his sonne. Wherevpon the yoong man, being of an
+ambitious nature, and now pricked forward by the sinister counsell of
+his adherents, seeketh to obteine that by violence, which he thought
+would be verie long yer he should atteine by curtesie. [Sidenote:
+_Simon Dun._ _Matth. Paris._] King William hereof aduertised, was not
+a little mooued against his disobedient sonne, and curssed both him
+and the time that euer he begat him. Finallie, raising an armie, he
+marched towards him, so that they met in the field. Assoone as the one
+came in sight of the other, they encountred at a place called
+Archenbraie, and whilest the battell was at the hottest, and the
+footmen most busied in fight, Robert appointed a power of horssemen to
+breake in upon the réereward of his enemies; & he himselfe following
+after with all his might, chanced among other to haue a conflict with
+his owne father, so that thrusting him through the arme with his
+lance, he bare him beside his horsse, [Sidenote: The sonne
+ouerthroweth the father.] and ouerthrew him to the ground. The king
+being falne, called to his men to remount him. Robert perceiuing by
+his voice that it was his father, whom he had vnhorssed, spéedilie
+alighted, and tooke him vp, asking him forgiuenesse for that fact, and
+setting him vp on his owne horsse, brought him out of the prease, and
+suffered him to depart in safetie. King William being thus escaped out
+of that present danger, and séeing himselfe not able to resist the
+puissance of his enimies, [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] left the field to
+his son, hauing lost many of his men which were slaine in battell and
+chace, besides a great number that were hurt and wounded, among whom
+his second sonne William surnamed Rufus or Red, was one; [Sidenote:
+_Matth. Paris._] and therefore (as some write) he bitterlie curssed
+his son Robert, by whom he had susteined such iniurie, losse, and
+dishonor. [Sidenote: The father and the sonne made friends.] Howbeit,
+other write, that for the courtesie which his sonne shewed, in
+releeuing and helping him out of danger, when he was cast off his
+horsse, he was mooued with such a fatherlie affection, that presentlie
+after they were made friends, the father pardoned his sonne all his
+former offenses, and therevpon found him euer after more tractable and
+obedient than before.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 14. 1080.] After this battell, king William being
+thus accorded with his sonne, [Sidenote: _Simon Dunel._] returned with
+him into England, and immediatlie sent him against Malcolme king of
+Scotland, who hauing broken the truce in time of the trouble betwixt
+king William and his sonne, had doone much hurt by forraies vpon the
+English borders, wasting all Northumberland euen to the riuer of Tine.
+Howbeit, when he heard that Robert approched with his armie towards
+him, he retired into Scotland. [Sidenote: The foundation of New
+castell upon Tine, which before that season was called Moncaster.]
+Robert Curthuze then lodged with his armie vpon the banks of the riuer
+of Tine, where he began the foundation of a castell, whereof the towne
+Newcastell did after take both beginning and name, for before this
+season it was called Moncaster.
+
+About the same time, Odo the bishop of Bayeux was sent to
+Northumberland, to reuenge the death of Walkher bishop of Durham, whom
+not long before the people of Northumberland had slaine in a tumult.
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] The occasion of his death grew by the death
+of one Liulfus, a noble man of those quarters, and déerelie beloued of
+the people, bicause he was descended of honorable parentage, and had
+married the ladie Algitha daughter vnto earle Alered, and sister to
+Alfleda the mother of earle Walteof.
+
+This Liulfus, a man of great possessions through England, now that the
+Normans ruled in all places, quietlie withdrew himselfe vnto Durham, and
+grew into such familiaritie and credit with the bishop, that touching
+the order of temporall matters, he would doo nothing without his aduice.
+Whereat Leofwin the bishops chapline conceiued such enuie (for that he
+was not so often called to counsell as before) that in the end he
+procured by his malicious meanes one Gilbert (to whom the bishop had
+committed the rule of the earledome) to murther the said Liulfus by
+night in his manor place not farre from Durham. Whereof the bishop
+hauing vnderstanding, and knowing that the matter would be gréeuouslie
+taken of the people, sent out letters and messengers into the countrie,
+offering to purge himselfe of the slaughter of this man, according to
+the order of the canon lawes: howbeit he did nothing lesse. Among other
+things concerning his purgation, he said that he had banished Gilbert
+and others, (who had committed the murther) out of Northumberland.
+Hervpon the malice of the people was kindled against him. For when it
+was knowne that he had receiued the murtherers into his house, and
+fauoured them as before, they stomached the matter highlie: insomuch
+that when by the trauell of those that went to and fro betwixt the
+bishop and the kinsfolks of Liulfus, a daie was appointed, on the which
+the bishop should come to farther communication with them at Gateshead,
+he repaired thither according to his promise, but refusing to talke with
+them abroad, he kept himselfe still within the church, and sent foorth
+such of his counsell as should commune with them. But when the people
+that were there gathered in great numbers, had signified in plaine words
+that he should either come foorth and shew himselfe amongst them, or
+else that they should fire the place where he sat: he caused Gilbert to
+go foorth vnto them first, whom they slue, and his partakers also that
+issued out of the church with him for his defense. But when the peoples
+furie was not so quenched, the bishop himselfe casting the skirts of his
+gowne ouer his face, came likewise foorth, and was immediatlie slaine of
+the people. After this, they set the church on fire, bicause Leofwine
+the bishops chapline and others were yet within, and refused to come
+foorth: howbeit in the end, being compelled by the rage of the fire to
+come out, the said Leofwine was also slaine and hackt in péeces (as he
+had well deserued) being the ringleader of all the mischéefe.
+
+[Sidenote: Note the sequele of the neglect of iustice in the former
+storie.] ¶ Thus maie we sée what followed of the neglecting of iustice
+in the bishop: for if he either banished Gilbert and other his
+complices (accordinglie as he pretended to doo) or otherwise had séene
+due punishment executed against them, the peoples rage had neuer
+proceeded so far as it did: for they could not persuade themselues,
+but that the bishop was guiltie and priuie to Liulfus death, sith he
+had receiued the murtherers into his house, the verie same night in
+which the fact was done, and kept them still about him, which his
+bearing with them cost him his owne life. But now to the historie.
+
+When bishop Odo was come into those parties to reuenge the bishops
+death with an armie (as we haue said) he sore afflicted the countrie,
+by spoiling it on euerie side with great crueltie. [Sidenote: _Sim.
+Dunel._] Here king William placed and displaced diuerse rulers ouer
+the Northumbers: [Sidenote: Copsi.] for first he appointed one Copsi
+to haue the rule of that countrie, in place of Marchar who before had
+held the same. This Copsi expelled Osulfe the sonne of earle Edulfe
+brother to earle Aldred, which Osulfe was substitute vnto the earles
+Edwine and Marchar, who although he was driuen out of his gouernement
+by Copsi, yet recouering his forces againe, he slue the same Copsi as
+he entred into the church of Newburne. But within a few moneths after,
+the same Osulfe (as he ran with his horsse against a theefe) was
+thrust through the bodie with a speare, which the theefe held in his
+hand, and so died. [Sidenote: Gospatrike.] Then Gospatrike was
+assigned by king William to haue the gouernement there: whose mother
+Aldgitha was daughter to Vthred sometime earle of Northumberland
+begotten vpon Elfgiua the daughter of king Egelred.
+
+Some write, that Gospatrike purchased the earledome of king William,
+and so held it, till the king tooke it from him againe, and then gaue
+it vnto earle Walteof or Waldeue. Next after him Walkher the foresaid
+bishop of Durham had the whole administration committed to him, but
+(after he was slaine as yée haue heard) one Alberike ruled that
+countrie, and lastlie, [Sidenote: Robert Mulbray earle of
+Northumberland.] Robert Mulbray a right noble personage (for his
+wisedome and valiancie highlie renowmed with all men) was created
+earle of Northumberland, and gouerned the people of those parties in
+such politike and wise order, that during his time, it is hard to
+saie, whether his quietnesse or the obedience of the people was
+greater.
+
+[Sidenote: The foundation of vniuersitie colledge in Oxford.]
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 15. 1081.] In like manner, after the foresaid
+Walkher; one William was created bishop of Durham, who was the
+originall founder of vniuersitie colledge in Oxford, and by whose
+assistance, the moonkes gaping both for riches, ease, and possessions,
+found the means to displace the secular priests of the colledge of
+Durham, that they might get into their roomes, as they did indeed
+soone after, to their great gaine and aduantage. But to returne againe
+to the course of the historie. [Sidenote: An. Reg. 16. 1082]
+[Sidenote: Odo suspected and banished.] Shortlie after the reuenge of
+the death of Walkher bishop of Durham, the fornamed bishop Odo, the
+kings brother was suspected of some vntruth and sinister dealing,
+wherevpon he was sent as a banished man into Normandie, or rather (as
+other write) committed to prison, where he remained, not as a clerke,
+but as a baron of the realme; for he was both bishop and earle of
+Kent.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 17. 1083.] The king hauing at length obteined some
+rest from wars, practised by sundrie meanes to inrich his cofers, and
+therefore raised a tribute through out the whole kingdome; for the
+better leuieng whereof, he appointed all the subiects of his realme to
+be numbred, all the cities, townes, villages, and hamlets to be
+registred, all the abbies, monasteries, and priories to be recorded.
+Moreouer, he caused a certificat to be taken of euerie mans substance,
+and what he might dispend by the yeare; he also caused their names to
+be written which held knights fees, and were bound thereby to serue
+him in the wars. [Sidenote: Plow land.] Likewise he tooke a note of
+euerie yoke of oxen, & what number of plow lands, and how manie
+bondmen were within the realme. This certificat being made & brought
+vnto him, gaue him full vnderstanding what wealth remained among the
+English people. Herevpon he raised his tribute, taking six shillings
+for euerie hide of land through out this realme, which amounted to a
+great masse of monie when it was all brought togither into his
+Excheker. [Sidenote: _Geruasius Tilberiensis_. The true definition of
+a hide of land.] ¶ Here note by the waie, that an hide of land
+conteineth an hundred acres, and an acre conteineth fortie perches in
+length, and foure in bredth, the length of a perch is sixtéene foot
+and an halfe: so that the common acre should make 240. perches; &
+eight hides or 800. acres is a knights fée, after the best approued
+writers and plaine demonstration. Those therefore are deceiued, that
+take an hide of land to conteine twentie acres (as William Lambert
+hath well noted in his De priscis Anglorum legibus) where he
+expoundeth the meaning of the old Saxon termes perteining to the
+lawes.
+
+But to procéed & come, a little after the temporals dealing, to some
+of the spirituall affaires. [Sidenote: An. Reg. 18. 1084.] [Sidenote:
+_Wil. Malm._ _Simon Dun._ Thurston abbat of Glastenburie.] It hapned
+about the same time, that when king William had finished the rating of
+his subiects, that there rose a strife betwixt Thurstane abbat of
+Glastenburie a Norman, and the moonkes of that house. [Sidenote:
+William of Fescampe.] One cause thereof was, for that the abbat would
+haue compelled them to haue left the plaine song or note for the
+seruice which pope Gregorie had set foorth, and to haue vsed an other
+kind of tune deuised by one William of Fescampe: beside this, the said
+abbat spent and wasted the goods that belonged to the house, in riot,
+leacherie, and by such other insolent meanes (withdrawing also from
+the moonkes their old accustomed allowance of diet) for the which they
+first fell at altercation in words, and afterwards to fighting.
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._ _Wil. Malm._ have two slaine and xiiij hurt.]
+The abbat got armed men about him, and falling vpon the moonkes, slue
+thrée of them at the high altar, and wounded xviij. Howbeit the
+moonkes for their parts plaied the pretie men with formes and
+candelsticks, [Sidenote: _Matt. Westm._] defending themselues as well
+as they might, so that they hurt diuers of the abbats adherents, and
+droue them out of the quier.
+
+In the end, complaint hereof was brought to the king, by whose iudgement
+the matter was so ordered, that Thurstane lost his roome, and returned
+vnto Caen in Normandie from whence he came, and the moonkes were spred
+abroad into diuerse houses of religion through the realme, Glastenburie
+being replenished with more quiet persons, and such as were supposed
+readier to praie than to quarell, as the other did: yet is it said, that
+in the time of William Rufus this Thurstane obteined the rule of that
+abbeie againe for fiue hundred pounds.
+
+[Sidenote: _Sim. Dunel._ _Hen. Marle._ _Matth. Paris._] There be which
+write, that the numbring of men and of places, the valuation of goods
+and substance, [Sidenote: _Hen. Marle._] as well in cattell as readie
+monie, was not taken till about the xix. yéere of this kings reigne
+(although the subsidie afore mentioned was gathered about two yeares
+before of euerie hide of land as yée haue heard) and that the
+certificat hereof being inrolled, was put into the kings treasurie at
+Winchester, [Sidenote: An. Reg. 19.] in the xix. yeare of his reigne,
+and not in the xvj. [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] But in what yeare soeuer
+it was, and howsoeuer the writers agrée or disagree herein; certaine
+it is, that the same was exacted, to the great gréefe and
+impouerishment of the people, who sore lamented the miserable estate
+whereinto they were brought, [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Matth. Paris._]
+and hated the Normans in their harts to the verie death. Howbeit, the
+more they grudged at such tolles, tallages, customes, and other
+impositions wherewith they were pressed; the more they were charged
+and ouerpressed. [Sidenote: The Conquerour séeketh to kéepe the
+English men low.] The Normans on the other side with their king
+perceiuing the hatred which the English bare them, were sore offended,
+and therefore sought by all meanes to kéepe them vnder. [Sidenote:
+_Polydor._] Such as were called to be iustices, were enimies to all
+iustice; wherevpon greater burdens were laid upon the English,
+insomuch that after they had béene robbed and spoiled of their goods,
+they were also debarred of their accustomed games and pastimes.
+[Sidenote: The forrests seized into the kings hands. _Matth. Paris._]
+For where naturallie (as they doo vnto this daie) they tooke great
+pleasure in hunting of déere, both red and fallow, in the woods and
+forrests about without restraint, king William seizing the most part
+of the same forests into his owne hands, appointed a punishment to be
+executed vpon all such offendors; namelie, to haue their eies put out.
+And to bring the greater number of men in danger of those his penall
+lawes (a pestilent policie of a spitefull mind, and sauoring
+altogither of his French slauerie) he deuised meanes how to bréed,
+nourish, and increase the multitude of déere, and also to make roome
+for them in that part of the realme which lieth betwixt Salisburie and
+the sea southward: [Sidenote: New forrest.] he pulled downe townes,
+villages, churches, and other buildings for the space of 30. miles, to
+make thereof a forrest, which at this daie is called New forrest. The
+people as then sore bewailed their distres, & greatlie lamented that
+they must thus leaue house & home to the vse of sauage beasts.
+[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ An earthquake. _Polydor._] Which crueltie,
+not onelie mortall men liuing here on earth, but also the earth it
+selfe might seeme to detest, as by a woonderfull signification it
+séemed to declare, by the shaking and roaring of the same, which
+chanced about the 14. yeare of his reigne (as writers haue recorded.)
+There be that suppose how the king made that part of the realme waste
+and barren vpon a policie, to the intent that if his chance were to be
+expelled by ciuill wars, and he compelled to leaue the land, there
+should be no inhabitants in that part of the Ile to resist his
+arriuall vpon his new returne.
+
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] [Sidenote: 1085.] [Sidenote: A rumor spred of
+the coming of the Danes.] But to go foorth with our purpose. About the
+same time, a rumor was spred in England that Sueine king of Denmarke
+meant to inuade England with a puissant armie, hauing the assistance
+of the earle of Flanders whose daughter he had maried. Whervpon king
+William being then in Normandie, reteined a great power of French
+soldiers, both archers and footmen which togither with his Normans he
+brought ouer into England in haruest season, and meaning to disburthen
+himselfe of the charge of their keeping, he caused their finding and
+wages to be borne by the lords and peeres of the realme, by the
+shirifs of shires, and other officers. [Sidenote: Anno 20.] Howbeit,
+when he vnderstood that the Danes changed their purpose, and would not
+hold on their iourneie, he dismissed part of his power, and sent them
+home againe, keeping the residue all the winter with him in England,
+readie for his defense, if anie rebellion or other necessitie should
+befall.
+
+[Sidenote: 1086.] The same yeare, he kept his Christmasse at
+Glocester, and made his sonne Henrie knight at Westminster in
+Whitsunwéeke insuing. [Sidenote: _Matth. West._] [Sidenote: 1087.]
+[Sidenote: An oth taken to be true to the king.] Shortlie after,
+calling togither aswell lords spirituall as temporall he caused them,
+all to sweare fealtie to him and his heires after him in the
+possession of this kingdome.
+
+[Sidenote: Great sickenes reigning. Murren of cattell. _Matth. West._
+Paules church burned. _Simon Dun._ _Ran. Higd._ _Simon Dun._] About
+this season, the people in all places were pitifullie plaged with
+burning feuers, which brought manie to their end: a murren also came
+to their cattell, whereof a woonderfull number died. At the same time
+(which is more maruellous) tame foules, as hens, géese, & peacocks,
+forsaking their owners houses, fled to the woods and became wild.
+Great hurt was doone in manie places of the realme by fire, and
+speciallie in London, where vpon the 7. daie of Julie a sudden flame
+began, which burnt Paules church, and a great part or the citie downe
+to the verie ground.
+
+Now when K. William had taken the oth of fealtie and loialtie of all
+his lords, Edgar Etheling, who was reconciled vnto his fauour (as you
+haue heard) obteining licence of him to depart the realme for a
+season, sailed into Puglia with two hundred souldiers: of whose acts
+there and returne into England I spare to speake, bicause I find
+little or nothing of moment recorded. [Sidenote: An. Reg. 21.] And now
+king William, who hauing brought the Englishmen so lowe and bare, that
+little more was to be got out of their hands, went once againe ouer
+into Normandie with an huge masse of mony, where soone after he fell
+sicke, so that he was constrained to keepe his bed longer than he had
+beene accustomed to doo, whereat Philip the French king in iesting
+manner said, that king William his cousine laie now in childbed
+(alluding belike to his big bellie, for he was verie corpulent) and
+withall added; [Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Matth. Paris._] "Oh what a
+number of candels must I prouide to offer vp at his going to church!
+certeinelie I thinke that 100000. will not suffice," &c. [Sidenote:
+_Wil. Malm._ _Ran. Higd._] This frumping spéech so moued the king,
+that he made this answere: "Well, I trust when I shall be churched,
+that our cousine shall be at no such cost, but I will helpe to find
+him a thousand candels myselfe, and light them too, to some of their
+paines, if God grant me life." Which promise he bound with an oth, and
+in déed performed. [Sidenote: He inuadeth France. _Gemeticensis_. The
+citie of Maunt burnt by K. William. _Matth. West._ _Matth. Paris._]
+For in Julie next insuing, when their corne, fruit, and grapes were
+most florishing, and readie for the sickle, he entered France with a
+great armie, set fire on manie of their cities and townes in the west
+side of that countrie, and came at last to the citie of Maunt, which
+he burnt with the church of our ladie, and an ankresse inclosed in the
+wall thereof as an holie closet, for the force of the fire was such as
+all went to wrecke. In this heat king William tooke such a sicknesse
+(which was likewise aggrauated by the fall of an horsse as he rode to
+and fro, bicause he was not able to trauell on foot about his palace
+by reason of his disease) that cost him his life; [Sidenote: King
+William departed this life. _Simon Dun._ _Matth. West._ The lix. of
+his age hath _Wil. Malm._] so that when he had ordeined his last will,
+and taken order for the staie of things after his decease, he departed
+this life on the 9. day of September, in the yeare after the birth of
+our Saviour 1087. and 74. (as Polydor saith) of his age, hauing
+gouerned Normandie about 51. yeres, and reigned ouer England 20.
+yeares, ten moneths, and 28. daies (as all writers doo report.)
+
+[Sidenote: He set all prisoners at libertie saith _Wil. Malm._
+_Polydor._] Not long before his death, he released his brother Odo
+bishop of Bayeux out of prison, Marchar earle of Northumberland, and
+Wilnotus the sonne of king Harold, or (as some say) his brother.
+Moreouer he repented him (as some say) when he lay on his death bed,
+of his cruell dealing with the English, considering that by them he
+had atteined to such honour and dignitie, as to weare the crown and
+scepter of a kingdome: but whether he did so or not, or that some
+moonke deuised the excuse in fauour of the prince: surely he was a
+puissant prince, and though his time was troublesome, yet he was right
+fortunate in all his attempts. Againe, if a man shall consider that in
+a strange realme he could make such a conquest, and so exactlie and
+readilie assure the same to his heires, with new lawes, orders and
+constitutions (which are like for euer to endure) he would thinke it a
+thing altogither void of credit. Yet so it was, and so honourable were
+his dooings in the sight of the world, that those kings, which
+succeeded sithens his death, begin their account at him, as from one
+that had by his prudence renewed the state of the realme, and
+instituted an other forme of regiment, in atchiuing whereof he did not
+so much pretend a rightfull challenge by the grant of his coosine king
+Edward the Confessor, as by the law of armes and plaine conquest, than
+the which (as he supposed) there could be no better title.
+
+Herevpon also those that haue sithens succeeded him, vse the same
+armes as peculiar to the crowne of England, which he vsed in his time;
+[Sidenote: He bare but two lions or rather leopards as some thinke.]
+namelie, three lions passant gold in a field gewels (as Polydor
+writeth) the three floure delices were since that time annexed thereto
+by Edward the third, by reason of his claime to the crowne of France,
+whereof hereafter ye shall heare. Among other greeuances which the
+English susteined by the hard deling of the Conquerour, this is to be
+remembered, that he brought Jewes into this land from Rouen, and
+appointed them a place to inhabit and occupie.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._] There be that write, how the inconstancie of
+the English people by their oft rebellions occasioned the king to be
+so rough and rigorous against them; wheras (of his naturall
+disposition and proper inclination) he was rather gentle and courteous
+than sharpe and cruell. But sith he continued his extremitie euen to
+his last daies, we may rather beléeue, that although from his
+childhood he shewed some tokens of clemencie, bountie, and
+liberalitie; yet by following the wars, and practising to reigne with
+sternenesse, he became so inured therewith, that those peaceable
+vertues were quite altered in him, and in maner clearelie quenched. He
+was indued with a certeine stoutnesse of courage and skill in feats of
+warre, which good hap euer followed: he was frée from lecherous lusts,
+without suspicion of bodilie vices, quicke of wit, desirous of honor,
+painefull, watchfull, and able to tolerate heat and cold, though he
+were tall of stature, and verie grosse of bodie.
+
+Toward the end of his daies he waxed verie deuout, and became desirous
+to aduance the state of the church, insomuch that he builded thrée
+abbeies in three seuerall places, endowing them with faire lands and
+large possessions, one at the place where he vanquished king Harold,
+fiue miles from Hastings, which he named Battell, of the field there
+fought: the other at Celby in Yorkeshire: and the third in Normandie at
+Caen, where his wife Quéene Maud had builded a nunnerie, which Maud died
+in the yéere 1084, before the decease of the king hir husband.
+
+[Sidenote: They gaue him an hundred pound, saith _Hen. Marle._]
+After his death, his bodie was buried in Caen, in S. Stephans church;
+but before it could be committed to the ground, the executors were
+constreined to agree with the lord of the soile where the church stood,
+which (as he said) the king in his life time had iniuriouslie taken from
+him, and gaue him a great summe of monie to release his title.
+
+¶ By this we may consider the great miserie of mans estate, in that so
+mightie a prince could not haue so much ground after his death as to
+couer his dead corps, without dooing iniurie to another. This also may
+be a speciall lesson for all men, and namelie for princes, noblemen, and
+gentlemen, who oftentimes to enlarge their owne commodities, doo not
+regard what wrong they offer to the inferiour sort.
+
+The said king William had by Maud his wife the daughter of Baldwine
+earle of Flanders, foure sonnes, Robert surnamed Curthose (vnto whome
+he bequeathed the duchie of Normandie) Richard who died in his youth,
+William surnamed Rufus, to whom he gaue by testament the realme of
+England, and Henrie surnamed Beauclerke for his cunning, knowledge and
+learning, vnto whom he bequethed all his treasure and mooueable goods,
+with the possessions that belonged to his mother. [Sidenote: _Hen.
+Marle._] Besides these foure sonnes, he had also by his said wife fiue
+daughters, Cecilie, who became a nunne; Constance, who was married to
+Alane duke of Britaine; Adela, who was giuen in mariage to Stephan
+earle of Blois (of whom that Stephan was borne which reigned after
+Henrie the first) Adeliza, who was promised in mariage to Harold king
+of England (as before you haue heard) but she died yer she was maried
+either to him, or to any other, and so likewise did the fift, whose
+name I cannot reherse.
+
+[Sidenote: _Iohn Rous._] But to conclude, though king William held the
+English so vnder foot, that in his daies almost no Englishman bare any
+office of honor or rule in his time, yet he somewhat fauoured the
+citie of London, and at the earnest sute of William a Norman then
+bishop of that see, he granted vnto the citizens the first charter,
+which is written in the Saxon toong, sealed with greene wax, and
+expressed in viij. or ix. lines at the most, exemplified according to
+the copie, and so printed, as followeth.
+
+     "Williem King grets Williem Bisceop & Godfred Porterefan, & ealle
+     ya Burghwarn binnen London Frencisce, & Englise frendlice, &
+     Ickiden eoy, yeet ic wille yeet git ben ealra weera lagayweord,
+     ye get weeran on Eadwerds daege kings. And ic will yeet aelc
+     child by his fader yrfnume, aefter his faders daege. And ic nelle
+     ge wolian, yeet aenig man eoy aenis wrang beode. God eoy heald."
+
+     "Wilhelmus rex salutat Wilhelmum Episcopum, & Goffridum
+     Portegrefium, & omnem Burghware infra London Frans. & Angl.
+     amicabiliter. Et vobis notum facio, quòd ego vole quòd vos sitis
+     omni lege illa digni qua fuistis Edwardi diebus regis. Et volo
+     quòd omnis puer sit patris sui hæres post diem patris sui. Et ego
+     nolo pati quòd aliquis homo aliquam iniuriam vobis inferat. Deus
+     vos saluet."
+
+[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ _Hen. Hunt._] But howsoeuer he vsed the
+rest of the English, this is recorded of some writers, that by his
+rigorous proceedings against them, he brought to passe that the
+countrie was so rid of theeues and robbers, as that at length a maid
+might haue passed through the land with a bag full of gold, and not
+haue met with any misdooer to haue bereft hir of the same: a thing
+right strange to consider, sith in the beginning of his reigne there
+were such routs of outlawes and robbers, that the peaceabler people
+could not be safelie possessed of their owne houses, were the same
+neuer so well fortified and defended.
+
+[Sidenote: _Iohn Rous._ _Hen. Marle._] Among manie lawes made by the
+said William, this one is to be remembred, that such as forced any
+woman, should lose their genitals.
+
+[Sidenote: Salisburie vse.] In this kings daies also liued Osmond the
+second bishop of Salisburie, who compiled the church seruice, which in
+times past they commonlie called after Salisburie vse.
+
+[Sidenote: Shooting.] The vse of the long bowe (as Iohn Rous
+testifieth) came first into England with this king William the
+Conquerour: for the English (before that time) vsed to fight with axes
+and such hand weapons: and therefore in the oration made by the
+Conquerour before he gaue battel to king Harold, the better to
+encourage his men, he told them they should encounter with enimies
+that wanted shot.
+
+In the yeare of our Lord 1542. Monsieur de Castres bishop of Baieulx and
+abbat of Saint Estienne in Caen, caused the Sepulchre of this William to
+be opened, wherein his bodie was found whole, faire and perfect; of
+lims, large and big; of stature and personage, longer than the ordinarie
+sort of men: with a copper plate fairlie gilt, and this epitaph
+therevpon ingrauen:
+
+    "Qui rexit rigidos Normannos, atque Britannos
+      Audacter vicit, fortiter obtinuit,
+    Et Cœnomenses virtute contudit enses,
+      Imperijq. sui legibus[4] applicuit,
+    Rex magnus parua iacet hæc Guilhelmus in urna:
+      Sufficit & magno parua domus domino,
+    Ter septem gradibus se voluerat atq. duobus
+      Virginis in gremio Phœbus, & hic obijt:"  that is;
+
+    "Who ouer Normans rough did rule, and ouer Britons bold
+      Did conquest stoutlie win, and conquest woone did stronglie hold:
+    Who by his valure great the fatal vprores calmed, in maine,
+      And to obeie his powers and lawes, the Manceaux did constraine:
+    This mightie king within this little vault entoomed lies,
+      So great a lord sometime, so small a roome dooth now suffice.
+    When three times seuen and two by iust degrees the sunne had tooke
+      His woonted course in Virgos lap, then he the world forsooke."
+
+[Sidenote: _W. Patten_ collecteth this to be the 23. after the sun was
+in _Virgo_: which is the 6. of Septēber.]
+
+
+     Thus far William Conquerour.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's notes
+
+There are no footnotes in the original. The original spelling and
+punctuation have been retained, with the exception of obvious errors
+which have been corrected by reference to the 1587 edition of which
+the original is a transcription.
+
+[1] Original reads 'l d'; corrected to 'led'.
+
+[2] Original reads '(that bare their title'; opening parenthesis removed.
+
+[3] Original reads 'the the parties'; corrected to 'the parties'.
+
+[4] Original reads 'suilegibus'; corrected to 'sui legibus'.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles of England, Scotland and
+Ireland (2 of 6): England (1 of 12), by Raphael Holinshed 
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland
+(2 of 6): England (1 of 12), by Raphael Holinshed 
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (2 of 6): England (1 of 12)
+       William the Conqueror
+
+Author: Raphael Holinshed 
+
+Release Date: September 24, 2005 [EBook #16738]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Louise Pryor and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+HOLINSHED'S CHRONICLES
+
+OF
+
+_ENGLAND_, _SCOTLAND_, AND _IRELAND_.
+
+IN SIX VOLUMES.
+
+
+VOL. II.
+ENGLAND.
+
+
+_LONDON_:
+PRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON; F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON; T. PAYNE;
+WILKIE AND ROBINSON; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, AND ORME;
+CADELL AND DAVIES; AND J. MAWMAN.
+
+
+1807.
+AMS PRESS INC.
+NEW YORK
+1965
+
+AMS PRESS INC.
+NEW YORK, N.Y. 10003
+1965
+
+MANUFACTURED in the U.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+[_Original Title_.]
+
+THE THIRD VOLUME OF CHRONICLES,
+BEGINNING AT
+DUKE WILLIAM THE NORMAN, COMMONLIE CALLED THE CONQUEROR;
+
+AND _DESCENDING BY DEGREES OF YEERES_
+TO ALL THE KINGS AND QUEENES OF ENGLAND
+IN THEIR ORDERLIE SUCCESSIONS:
+
+FIRST COMPILED BY
+RAPHAELL HOLINSHED,
+AND BY HIM EXTENDED TO THE
+YEARE 1577.
+
+NOW NEWLIE RECOGNISED, AUGMENTED, AND CONTINUED
+(WITH OCCURRENCES AND ACCIDENTS OF FRESH MEMORIE)
+TO THE YEARE 1586.
+
+WHEREIN ALSO ARE CONTEINED MANIE MATTERS OF SINGULAR DISCOURSE
+AND RARE OBSERUATION,
+_FRUITFULL TO SUCH AS BE STUDIOUS IN ANTIQUITIES_,
+OR TAKE PLEASURE IN THE GROUNDS OF ANCIENT HISTORIES.
+
+_With a third table (peculiarlie seruing this third volume) both of
+names and matters memorable_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HISTORI� PLACEANT NOSTRATES AC PEREGRIN�
+
+
+
+
+TO THE
+RIGHT HONORABLE AND HIS SINGULAR GOOD LORD,
+_SIR WILLIAM CECILL_,
+
+BARON OF BURGHLEYGH, KNIGHT OF THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER, LORD
+HIGH TREASURER OF ENGLAND, MAISTER OF THE COURTS OF WARDS AND LIUERIES,
+AND ONE OF THE QUEENES MAIESTIES PRIUIE COUNCELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Considering with my selfe, right Honorable and my singular good Lord,
+how redie (no doubt) manie will be to accuse me of vaine presumption,
+for enterprising to deale in this so weightie a worke, and so far aboue
+my reach to accomplish: I haue thought good to aduertise your Honour, by
+what occasion I was first induced to vndertake the same, although the
+cause that moued me thereto hath (in part) yer this beene signified vnto
+your good Lordship.
+
+Whereas therefore, that worthie Citizen Reginald Wolfe late Printer to
+the Queenes Maiestie, a man well knowne and beholden to your Honour,
+meant in his life time to publish an vniuersall Cosmographie of the
+whole world, and therewith also certaine particular histories of euery
+knowne nation, amongst other whom he purposed to vse for performance of
+his intent in that behalfe, he procured me to take in hand the
+collection of those histories, and hauing proceeded so far in the same,
+as little wanted to the accomplishment of that long promised worke, it
+pleased God to call him to his mercie, after fiue and twentie yeares
+trauell spent therein; so that by his vntimelie deceasse, no hope
+remained to see that performed, which we had so long trauelled about.
+Neuerthelesse those whom he put in trust to dispose his things after
+his departure hence, wishing to the benefit of others, that some fruit
+might follow of that whereabout he had imployed so long time, willed me
+to continue mine indeuour for their furtherance in the same. Which
+although I was redie to doo, so far as mine abilitie would reach, and
+the rather to answere that trust which the deceassed reposed in me, to
+see it brought to some perfection: yet when the volume grew so great as
+they that were to defraie the charges for the impression, were not
+willing to go through the whole, they resolued first to publish the
+histories of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with their descriptions;
+which descriptions, bicause they were not in such readinesse, as those
+of forren countries, they were inforced to vse the helpe of other better
+able to doo it than my selfe.
+
+Moreouer, the Charts, wherein Maister Wolfe spent a great part of his
+time, were not found so complet as we wished: and againe, vnderstanding
+of the great charges and notable enterprise of that worthie Gentleman
+maister Thomas Sackford, in procuring the Charts of the seuerall
+prouinces of this realme to be set foorth, we are in hope that in time
+he will delineate this whole land so perfectlie, as shall be comparable
+or beyond anie delineation heretofore made of anie other region; and
+therefore leaue that to his well deserued praise. If any well willer
+will imitate him in so praiseworthie a worke for the two other regions,
+we will be glad to further his endeuour with all the helpes we may.
+
+The histories I haue gathered according to my skill, and conferred the
+greatest part with Maister Wolfe in his life time, to his liking, who
+procured me so manie helpes to the furtherance thereof, that I was loth
+to omit anie thing that might increase the readers knowledge, which
+causeth the booke to grow so great. But receiuing them by parts, and at
+seuerall times (as I might get them) it may be, that hauing had more
+regard to the matter than the apt penning, I haue not so orderlie
+disposed them, as otherwise I ought; choosing rather to want order, than
+to defraud the reader of that which for his further vnderstanding might
+seeme to satisfie his expectation.
+
+I therefore most humblie beseech your Honour to accept these Chronicles
+of England vnder your protection, and according to your wisedome and
+accustomed benignitie to beare with my faults; the rather, bicause you
+were euer so especiall good Lord to Maister Wolfe, to whom I was
+singularlie beholden; and in whose name I humblie present this rude
+worke vnto you; beseeching God, that as he hath made you an instrument
+to aduance his truth, so it may please him to increase his good gifts in
+you, to his glorie, the furtherance of the Queenes Maiesties seruice,
+and the comfort of all hir faithfull and louing subiects.
+
+Your Honours most humble to be commanded,
+
+RAPHAEL HOLINSHED
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+PREFACE TO THE READER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is dangerous (gentle reader) to range in so large a field as I haue
+here vndertaken, while so manie sundrie men in diuers things may be able
+to controll me, and manie excellent wits of our countrie (as well or
+better occupied I hope) are able herein to surpasse me; but seeing the
+best able doo seeme to neglect it, let me (though least able) craue
+pardon to put them in mind not to forget their natiue countries praise
+(which is their dutie) the incouragement of their woorthie countriemen,
+by elders aduancements; and the daunting of the vicious, by foure penall
+examples, to which end (as I take it) chronicles and histories ought
+cheefelie to be written. My labour may shew mine vttermost good will, of
+the more learned I require their further enlargement, and of
+fault-finders dispensation till they be more fullie informed. It is too
+common that the least able are readiest to find fault in matters of
+least weight, and therefore I esteeme the lesse of their carping, but
+humblie beseech the skilfull to supplie my want, and to haue care of
+their dutie; and either to amend that wherein I haue failed, or be
+content with this mine endeuour. For it may please them to consider,
+that no one can be eie-witnesse to all that is written within our time;
+much lesse to those things which happened in former times, and therefore
+must be content with reports of others. Therein I haue beene so
+carefull, that I haue spared no paines or helpe of freends to search out
+either written or printed ancient authors, or to inquire of moderne
+eie-witnesses for the true setting downe of that which I haue here
+deliuered: but I find such want in writers for the necessarie knowledge
+of things doone in times past, and lacke of meanes to obteine sufficient
+instructions by reporters of the time present; and herewith the worthie
+exploits of our countriemen so manie, that it greeueth me I could not
+leaue the same to posteritie (as I wished) to their well deserued
+praise. But I haue here imparted what I could learne, and craue that it
+may be taken in good part. My speech is plaine, without any rhetoricall
+shew of eloquence, hauing rather a regard to simple truth, than to
+decking words. I wish I had beene furnished with so perfect
+instructions, and so many good gifts, that I might haue pleased all
+kinds of men, but that same being so rare a thing in any one of the
+best, I beseech thee (gentle reader) not to looke for it in me the
+meanest.
+
+But now for thy further instruction, to vnderstand the course of these
+my labours. First concerning the historie of England, as I haue
+collected the same out of manie and sundrie authors, in whome what
+contrarietie, negligence, and rashnesse sometime is found in their
+reports; I leaue to the discretion of those that haue perused their
+works: for my part, I haue in things doubtfull rather chosen to shew the
+diuersitie of their writings, than by ouer-ruling them, and vsing a
+peremptorie censure, to frame them to agree to my liking: leauing it
+neuerthelesse to each mans iudgement, to controll them as he seeth
+cause. If some-where I shew my fansie what I thinke, and that the same
+dislike them; I craue pardon, speciallie if by probable reasons or
+plainer matter to be produced, they can shew mine errour; vpon
+knowledge whereof I shall be readie to reforme it accordinglie. Where I
+doo begin the historic from the first inhabitation of this Ile, I looke
+not to content ech mans opinion concerning the originall of them that
+first peopled it, and no maruell: for in matters so vncerteine, if I
+cannot sufficientlie content my selfe (as in deed I cannot) I know not
+how I should satisfie others. That which seemeth to me most likelie, I
+haue noted, beseeching the learned (as I trust they will) in such points
+of doubtfull antiquities to beare with my skill: sith for ought I know,
+the matter is not yet decided among the learned, but still they are in
+controuersie about it, and as yet Sub iudice lis est. Well, howsoeuer it
+came first to be inhabited, likelie it is, that at the first the whole
+Ile was vnder one prince and gouernour, though afterwards (and long
+peraduenture before the Romans set any foot within it) the monarchie
+thereof was broken, euen when the multitude of the inhabitants grew to
+be great, and ambition entred amongst them: which hath brought so manie
+good policies and states to ruine and decaie.
+
+The Romans hauing once got possession of the continent that faceth this
+Ile, could not rest (as it appeareth) till they had brought the same
+also vnder their subiection: and the sooner doubtlesse, by reason of the
+factions amongst the princes of the land, which the Romans (through
+their accustomed skill) could turne verie well to their most aduantage.
+They possessed it almost fiue hundreth yeares, and longer might haue
+doone, if either their insufferable tyrannie had not taken awaie from
+them the loue of the people as well here as else-where; either that
+their ciuill discord about the chopping and changing of their emperours
+had not so weakened the forces of their empire, that they were not able
+to defend the same against the irruption of barbarous nations. But as we
+may coniecture by that which is found in histories, about that time, in
+which the Romane empire began to decline, this land stood in verie weake
+state: being spoiled of the most part of all hir able men, which were
+led[1] awaie into forren regions, to supplie the Romane armies; and
+likewise (perhaps) of all necessarie armour, weapon, and treasure: which
+being perceiued of the Saxons, after they were receiued into the Ile, to
+aid the Britons against the Scots and Picts then inuading the same,
+ministred to them occasion to attempt the second conquest, which at
+length they brought to passe, to the ouerthrow not onelie of the British
+dominion, but also to the subuersion of the Christian religion here in
+this land: which chanced (�s appeareth by Gildas) for the wicked sins
+and vnthankefulnesse of the inhabitants towards God, the cheefe
+occasions and causes of the transmutations of kingdoms, Nam propter
+peccata, regna transmatantur � gente in gentem.
+
+The Saxons obteining possession of the land, gouerned the same, being
+diuided into sundrie kingdoms, and hauing once subdued the Britons, or
+at the least-wise remooued them out of the most part of the Ile into od
+corners and mountaines; fell at diuision among themselues, and
+oftentimes with warre pursued ech other, so as no perfect order of
+gouernement could be framed, nor the kings grow to any great puissance,
+either to mooue warres abroad, or sufficientlie to defend themselues
+against forren forces at home: as manifestlie was perceiued; when the
+Danes and other the Northeasterne people, being then of great puissance
+by sea, began misserablie to afflict this land: at the first inuading as
+it were but onelie the coasts and countries lieng neere to the sea, but
+afterwards with manie armies they entred into the midle parts of the
+land. And although the English people at length came vnder one king, and
+by that meanes were the better able to resist the enimies; yet at length
+those Danes subdued the whole, and had possession thereof for a time
+although not long, but that the crowne returned againe to those of the
+Saxon line: till shortlie after, by the insolent dealings of the
+gouernours, a diuision was made betwixt the king and his people, through
+iust punishment decreed by the prouidence of the Almightie, determining
+for their sinnes and contempt of his lawes, to deliuer them into the
+hands of a stranger; and therevpon when spite and enuie had brought the
+title in doubt, to whom the right in succession apperteined, the
+Conquerour entred, and they remained a prey to him and his: who plucked
+all the heads and cheefe in authoritie so cleerelie vp by the roots, as
+few or none of them in the end was left to stand vp against him. And
+herewith altering the whole state, he planted such lawes and ordinances
+as stood most for his auaile and securitie, which being after qualified
+with more milde and gentle lawes, tooke such effect, that the state hath
+euer sithens continued whole and vnbroken by wise and politike
+gouernement, although disquieted sometime by ciuill dissention, to the
+ruine commonlie of the first moouers, as by the sequele of the historie
+you may see.
+
+For the historie of Scotland, I haue for the more part followed Hector
+Boece, Iohannes Maior, and Iouan Ferreri Piemontese, so far as they haue
+continued it, interlaced somtimes with other authours, as Houeden,
+Fourdon, and such like; although not often, bicause I meant rather to
+deliuer what I found in their owne histories extant, than to correct
+them by others, leauing that enterprise to their owne countrimen: so
+that whatsoeuer ye read in the same, consider that a Scotishman writ it,
+and an Englishman hath but onelie translated it into our language,
+referring the reader to the English historie, in all matters betwixt vs
+and them, to be confronted therewith as he seeth cause. For the
+continuation thereof I vsed the like order, in such copies and notes as
+Maister Wolfe in his life time procured me; sauing that in these last
+yeares I haue inserted some such notes as concerned matters of warre
+betwixt vs and the Scots, bicause I got them not till that part of the
+English historie was past the presse.
+
+For Ireland, I haue shewed in mine epistle dedicatorie in what sort, and
+by what helps I haue proceeded therein; onelie this I forgot to
+signifie, that I had not Giraldus Cambrensis, and Flatsburie, vntill
+that part of the booke was vnder the presse, and so being constreined to
+make post hast, I could not exemplifie what I would out of them all,
+neither yet dispose it so orderlie as had beene conuenient, nor pen it
+with so apt words as might satisfie either myselfe, or those to whose
+view it is now like to come. And by reason of the like haste made in the
+impression, where I was determined to haue transposed the most part of
+that which in the English historie I had noted, concerning the conquest
+of Ireland by Hen. the second, out of Houeden & others, I had not time
+thereto; and so haue left it there remaining where I first noted it,
+before I determined to make any particular collection of the Irish
+histories, bicause the same commeth there well inough in place, as to
+those that shall vouchsafe to turne the booke it may appeare.
+
+For the computation of the yeares of the world, I had by Maister Wolfes
+aduise followed Functius; but after his deceasse, M. W. H. made me
+partaker of a Chronologie, which he had gathered and compiled with most
+exquisit diligence, following Gerardus Mercator, and other late
+Chronologers, and his owne obseruations, according to the which I haue
+reformed the same. As for the yeares of our Lord, and the kings, I haue
+set them downe according to such authors as seeme to be of best credit
+in that behalfe, as I doubt not but the learned and skilfull in
+histories it shall appeare. Moreouer, this the reader hath to consider,
+that I doo begin the yeare at the natiuitie of our Lord, which is the
+surest order (in my fansie) that can be followed.
+
+For the names of persons, townes, and places, as I haue beene diligent
+to reforme the errours of other (which are to be ascribed more to the
+vnperfect copies than to the authors) so may it be that I haue
+some-where committed the like faults, either by negligence or want of
+skill to restore them to their full integritie as I wished. But what I
+haue performed, aswell in that behalfe as others, the skilfull reader
+shall easily perceiue, and withall consider (I trust) what trauell I
+haue bestowed to his behoofe in this huge volume; crauing onelie, that
+in recompense thereof he will iudge the best, and to make a freendlie
+construction of my meaning, where ought may seeme to haue escaped my pen
+or the printers presse, otherwise than we could haue wished for his
+better satisfaction. Manie things being taken out as they lie in
+authors, may be thought to giue offense in time present, which referred
+to the time past when the author writ, are not onelie tollerable, but
+also allowable. Therefor� (good reader) I beseech thee to weigh the
+causes and circumstances of such faults and imperfections, and consider
+that the like may creepe into a far lesse volume than this, and shew me
+so much fauour as hath beene shewed to others in like causes. And
+sithens I haue doone my good will, accept the same, as I with a free and
+thankefull mind doo offer it thee; so shall I thinke my labour well
+bestowed. For the other histories, which are alreadie collected, if it
+please God to giue abilitie, shall in time come to light, with some such
+breefe descriptions of the forren regions whereof they treat, as may the
+better suffice to the readers contentation, and vnderstanding of the
+matters conteined in the same histories, reduced into abridgements out
+of their great volumes. And thus I ceasse further to trouble thy
+patience, wishing to thee (gentle reader) so much profit, as by reading
+may be had, and as great comfort as Gods holie spirit may endue thee
+with.
+
+FINIS.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+POLITIKE CONQUEST
+OF
+WILLIAM THE FIRST.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: Anno 1.] This William Duke of Normandie, base son of Robert
+the sixt Duke of Normandie, and nephew vnto Edward king of England,
+surnamed the Confessor, hauing vanquished the English power, and
+slaine Harold in the field (as you may read at large towards the end
+of the historie of England) began his reigne ouer England the xv. daie
+of October being Sundaie, [Sidenote: 1066.] in the yeare after the
+creation of the world 5033, (as W. Harison gathereth) and after the
+birth of our Sauiour 1066, which was in the tenth yeare of the
+emperour Henrie the fourth, in the sixt of pope Alexander the second,
+in the sixt of Philip king of France, and about the tenth of Malcolme
+the third, surnamed Camoir, king of Scotland.
+
+[Sidenote: _Sim. Dun._] Immediatlie after he had thus got the victorie
+in a pight field (as before ye haue heard) he first returned to
+Hastings, and after set forward towards London, wasted the countries
+of Sussex, Kent, Hamshire, Southerie, Middlesex, and Herefordshire,
+burning the townes, and sleaing the people, till he came to Beorcham.
+[Sidenote: Edwin and Marchar. Qu�ene Aldgitha sent to Chester. _Wil.
+Mal._ _Simon Dun._] In the meane time, immediatlie after the
+discomfiture in Sussex, the two earles of Northumberland and Mercia,
+Edwin and Marchar, who had withdrawne themselues from the battell
+togither with their people, came to London, and with all speed sent
+their sister qu�ene Aldgitha vnto the citie of Chester, and herewith
+sought to persuade the Londoners to aduance one of them to the
+kingdome: as Wil. Mal. writeth. But Simon of Durham saith, that Aldred
+archbishop of Yorke, and the said earles with others would haue made
+Edgar Etheling king. Howbeit, whilest manie of the Nobilitie and
+others prepared to make themselues redie to giue a new battell to the
+Normans (how or whatsoeuer was the cause) the said earles drew
+homewards with their powers, to the great discomfort of their freends.
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ The bishops blamed.] Wil. Malm. s�emeth to put
+blame in the bishops, for that the lords went not forward with their
+purpose in aduancing Edgar Etheling to the crowne. For the bishops
+(saith he) refused to ioine with the lords in that behalfe, and so
+through enuie and spite which one part bare to another, when they
+could not agr�e vpon an Englishman, they receiued a stranger,
+[Sidenote: The archbishop of Yorke & other submit themselues to king
+William.] insomuch that vpon king William his comming vnto Beorcham,
+Aldred archbishop of Yorke, Wolstane bishop of Worcester, and Walter
+bishop of Hereford, Edgar Etheling, and the foresaid earles Edwin and
+Marchar came and submitted themselues vnto him, whom he gentlie
+receiued, and incontinentlie made an agr�ement with them, taking their
+oth and hostages (as some write) and yet neuerthelesse he permitted
+his people to spoile and burne the countrie.
+
+But now, when the feast of Christs natiuitie (commonlie called
+Christmas) was at hand, he approched to the citie of London, and
+comming thither, caused his vauntgard first to enter into the str�ets,
+where finding some resistance, he easilie subdued the citizens that
+thus tooke vpon them to withstand him, [Sidenote: _Gemeticensis._]
+though not without some bloudshed (as Gemeticen. writeth) but as by
+others it should app�ere, he was receiued into the citie without anie
+resistance at all; and so being in possession thereof, he spake manie
+fr�endlie words to the citizens, and promised that he would vse them
+in most liberall & courteous maner. [Sidenote: William Conquerour
+crowned 1067, according to their account which begin the yeare on the
+daie of Christ his natiuitie.] Not long after, when things were
+brought in order (as was thought requisite) he was crowned king vpon
+Christmas daie following, by Aldred archbishop of Yorke. For he would
+not receiue the crowne at the hands of Stigand archbishop of
+Canturburie, bicause he was hated, and furthermore iudged to be a
+verie lewd person and a naughtie liuer.
+
+At his coronation he caused the bishops and barons of the realme to take
+their oth, that they should be his true and loiall subiects (according
+to the maner in that case accustomed.) And being required thereto by the
+archbishop of Yorke, he tooke his personall oth before the altar of S.
+Peter at Westmister, to defend the holie church, and rulers of the same,
+to gouerne the people in iustice as became a king to doo, to ordeine
+righteous lawes & k�epe the same, so that all maner of bribing, rapine,
+and wrongful iudgements should for euer after be abolished.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._] [Sidenote: 1067.] After this, he tooke order
+how to keepe the realme in good and quiet gouernment, fortifieng the
+necessarie places, and furnishing them with garisons. He also
+appointed officers and councellers, such as he thought to be wise and
+discr�et men, and appointed ships to be in the hauens by the coast for
+the defense of the land, as he thought moste expedient. [Sidenote:
+_Iohn Stow._] After his coronation, or rather before (as by some
+authours it should seeme) euen presentlie vpon obteining of the citie
+of London, [Sidenote: _Thos. Spot._] he tooke his iourney towards the
+castell of Douer, to subdue that and the rest of Kent also: which when
+the archbishop Stigand and Egelsin the abbat of S. Augustines (being
+as it were the chiefest lords and gouernours of all Kent) did
+perceiue, and considered that the whole realme was in an euill state;
+& that whereas in this realme of England, before the comming in of the
+forsaid duke William, there were no bondmen: [Sidenote: Seruitude &
+bondage of the Nobilitie and Commonaltie to the Normans.] now all, as
+well the Nobilitie as the Commonaltie were without respect made
+subiect to the intollerable bondage of the Normans, taking an occasion
+by the perill and danger that their neighbours were in, to prouide for
+the safegard of themselues and their countrie. They caused all the
+people of the countie of Kent to assemble at Canturburie, and declared
+to them the perils and dangers imminent, the miserie that their
+neighbours were come into, the pride and insolencie of the Normans,
+and the hardnesse and griefe of bondage and seruile estate. Whereupon
+all the people rather choosing to end their vnfortunate life, than to
+submit themselues to an vnaccustomed yoke of seruitude and bondage,
+with a common consent determined to m�et duke William, and to fight
+with him for the lawes of their countrie. Also, the foresaid Stigand
+the archbishop, and the abbat Egelsin, choosing rather to die in
+battell, than to see their nation in so euill an estate, being
+encouraged by the examples of the holie Machab�es, became capteins of
+the armie. And at a daie appointed, all the people met at Swanescombe,
+and being hidden in the woods, laie priuilie in wait for the comming
+of the foresaid duke William.
+
+Now, bicause it cannot hurt to take great h�ed, and to be verie warie in
+such cases, they agr�ed before hand, that when the duke was come, and
+the passages on euerie side stopped, to the end he should no waie be
+able to escape, euerie one of them, as well horssemen as footmen should
+beare boughes in their hands. The next daie after, when the duke was
+come into the fields and territories n�ere vnto Swanescombe, and saw all
+the countrie set and placed about him, as it had beene a stirring and
+moouing wood, and that with a meane pace they approched and drew neare
+vnto him, with great discomfort of mind he woondered at that sight. And
+assoone as the capteins of the Kentishmen sawe that duke William was
+inclosed in the middest of their armie, they caused their trumpets to be
+sounded, their banners to be displaied, and threw downe their boughes, &
+with their bowes bent, their swords drawne, and their speares and other
+kind of weapons stretched foorth, they shewed themselues readie to
+fight. Duke William and they that were with him stood (as no maruell it
+was) sore astonied, and amazed: so that he which thought he had
+alreadie all England fast in his fist, did now despaire of his owne
+life. Therefore on the behalfe of the Kentishmen, were sent vnto duke
+William the archbishop Stigand, and Egelsin abbat of S. Augustines, who
+told him their message in this sort.
+
+     "My lord duke, behold the people of Kent come forth to m�et you,
+     and to receiue you as their liege lord, requiring at your hands
+     the things which perteine to peace, and that vnder this
+     condition; that all the people of Kent enioy for euer their
+     ancient liberties, and may for euermore vse the lawes and
+     customes of the countrie: otherwise they are readie presentlie to
+     bid battell to you, and them that be with you, and are minded
+     rather to die here altogither, than to depart from the lawes and
+     customes of their countrie, and to submit themselues to bondage,
+     whereof as yet they neuer had experience."
+
+The duke s�eing himselfe to be driuen to such an exigent & narrow
+pinch, consulted a while with them that came with him, prudentlie
+considering, that if he should take anie repulse or displeasure at the
+hands of this people, which be the key of England, all that he had
+done before should be disanulled and made of none effect, and all his
+hope and safetie should stand in danger and ieopardie: not so
+willinglie as wiselie he granted the people of Kent their request. Now
+when the couenant was established, and pledges giuen on both sides:
+the Kentishmen being ioyfull, conducted the Normans (who also were
+glad) vnto Rochester, and y�elded vp to the duke the earledome of
+Kent, and the noble castell of Douer. [Sidenote: The ancient liberties
+and lawes of England remaine in Kent onlie.] Thus the ancient
+liberties of England, and the lawes and customes of the countrie,
+which before the comming of duke William out of Normandie, were
+equallie kept throughout all England, doo (through this industrie and
+earnest trauell of the archbishop Stigand and Egelsin abbat of S.
+Augustines) remaine inuiolablie obserued vntill this daie within that
+countie of Kent. [Sidenote: _Wil. Thorne._] � Thus far Thomas Spot,
+and after him William Thorne writeth the same. Of the which the former
+(that is Spot) liued in the daies of king Edward the first, and
+William Thorne in the daies of king Richard the second.
+
+But now, before we proc�ed anie further in recitall of the Conquerours
+dooings, we haue here in a table noted all the noble capteins and
+gentlemen of name, aswell Normans as other strangers, which assisted
+duke William in the conquest of this land: and first, as we find them
+written in the chronicles of Normandie by one William Tailleur.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+      THE
+      CATALOG OF SUCH NOBLEMEN, LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN OF NAME,
+      AS CAME INTO THIS LAND WITH
+      WILLIAM THE CONQUEROUR.
+
+
+Odo bishop of Bayeulx.
+Robert erle of Mortaing.
+Roger erle of Beaumont surnamed _A la Barbe_.
+Guillaume Mallet seigneur de Montfort.
+Henrie seig. de Ferrers.
+Guillaume d'Aubelle-mare seign. de Fougieres.
+Guillaume de Roumare seig. de Lithare.
+Le seig. de Touque.
+Le seig. de la Mare.
+Neel le Viconte.
+Guillaume de Vepont.
+Le seig. de Magneuille.
+Le seig. de Grosmenil.
+Le seig. de S. Martin.
+Le seig. de Puis.
+Guillaume Crespin.
+Guillaume de Movenne.
+Guillaume Desmoulins.
+Guillaume Desgarennes.
+Hue de Gourney, _ali�s_ Genevay.
+Le seig. de Bray.
+Le seig. de Gouy.
+Le seig. de Laigle.
+Le seig. de Touarts.
+Le seig. de Aurenchin.
+Le seig. de Vitrey.
+Le seig. de Trassy, _ali�s_ Tracy.
+Le seig. de Picquigny.
+Le seig. d'Espinay.
+Osmond seig. du Pont.
+Le seig. de Estouteuile.
+Le seig. de Torchy.
+Le seig. de Barnabost.
+Le seig. de Breual.
+Le seig. de Seeulme.
+Le seig. de Houme.
+Le seig. de Souchoy.
+Le seig. de Cally.
+Le seig. de la Riuere.
+Euldes de Beanieu.
+Le seig. de Roumilly.
+Le seig. de Glotz.
+Le seig. du Sap.
+Le seig. de Vanuille.
+Le seig. Branchou.
+Le seig. Balleul.
+Le seig. de Beausault.
+Le seig. de Telleres.
+Le seig. de Senlys.
+Le seig. de Bacqueuille.
+Le seig. de Preaulx.
+Le seig. de Iouy.
+Le seig. de Longueuille.
+Le seig. de Aquigny.
+Le seig. de Passy.
+Le seig. de Tournay.
+Le seig. de Colombieres.
+Le seig. de Bolleber.
+Le seig. de Garensieres.
+Le seig. de Longueile.
+Le seig. de Houdetot.
+Le seig. de Malletot.
+Le seig. de la Haie Malerbe.
+Le seig. de Porch Pinche.
+Le seig. de Iuetot.
+The erle of Tanqueruile.
+The erle d'Eu.
+The erle d'Arques.
+The erle of Aniou.
+The erle of Neuers.
+Le seig. de Rouuile.
+Le prince de Alemaigne.
+Le seig. de Pauilly.
+Le seig. de S. Cler.
+Le seig. d'Espinay.
+Le seig. de Bremetot.
+Alain Fergant erle of Britaigne.
+Le seig. de la Ferte.
+Robert fils Heruays duc de Orleans.
+Le seig. de la Lande.
+Le seig. de Mortimer.
+Le seig. de Clare.
+Le seig. de Magny.
+Le seig. de Fontnay.
+Roger de Montgomery.
+Amaury de Touars.
+Le seig. de Hacqueuile.
+Le seig. de Neanshou.
+Le seig. de Perou.
+Robert de Beaufou.
+Le seig. Meauuon.
+Le seig. de Soteuile.
+Eustace de Hambleuile.
+Geoffray Bournom.
+Le seig. de Blainuile.
+Le seig. de Mauneuile.
+Geoffrey de Moienne.
+Auffray and Mauger de Carteny.
+Le seig. de Freanuile.
+Le seig. de Moubray.
+Le seig. de Iafitay.
+Guillaume Patais seig. de la Lande.
+Eulde de Mortimer.
+Hue erle of Gournay.
+Egremont de Laigle.
+Richard d'Aurinchin.
+Le seig. de Bearts.
+Le seig. de Soulligny.
+Bouteclier d'Aubigny.
+Le seig. de Marcey.
+Le seig. de Lachy.
+Le seig. de Valdere.
+Eulde de Montfort.
+Henoyn de Cahieu.
+Le seig. de Vimers.
+Guillaume de Mouion.
+Raoul Tesson de Tignolles.
+Anguerand erle of Hercourt.
+Roger Marmion.
+Raoul de Gaiel.
+Auenel de Viers.
+Pauuel du Montier Hubert.
+Robert Bertraule Tort.
+Le seig. de Seulle.
+Le seig. Doriual.
+Le seig. de la Hay.
+Le seig. de S. Iohn.
+Le seig. de Saussy.
+Le seig. de Brye.
+Richard Dollebec.
+Le seig. du Monfiquet.
+Le seig. de Bresey.
+Le seig. de Semilly.
+Le seig. de Tilly.
+Le seig. de Preaux.
+Le seig. de S. Denis.
+Le seig. de Meuley.
+Le seig. de Monceaux.
+The archers of Bretuile.
+The archers of Vaudreuile.
+Le seig. de S. Sain.
+Le seig. de Breansou.
+Le seig. de Sassy.
+Le seig. de Nassy.
+Le vidam de Chartres.
+Le seig. de Ieanuile.
+Le vidam du Passais.
+Pierre du Bailleul seig. de Fescampe.
+Le seneschal de Torchy.
+Le seig. de Grissey.
+Le seig. de Bassey.
+Le seig. de Tourneur.
+Guillaume de Colombieres.
+Le seig. de Bonnebault.
+Le seig. de Ennebault.
+Le seig. de Danuillers.
+Le seig. de Beruile.
+Le seig. de Creueceur.
+Le seig. de Breate.
+Le seig. de Coutray.
+The erle of Eureux.
+Le seig. de seint Valery.
+Thomas erle d'Aumale.
+The erle de Hiesmes.
+
+With other lords and men of account in great numbers, whose names the
+author of the chronicles of Normandie could not come by (as he himselfe
+confesseth.) In consideration whereof, and bicause diuers of these are
+set foorth onlie by their titles of estate, and not by their surnames;
+we haue thought it conuenient to make you partakers of the roll which
+sometime belonged to Battell abbeie, conteining also (as the title
+thereof importeth) the names of such Nobles and Gentlemen of Marque, as
+came at this time with the Conqueror, whereof diuerse maie be the same
+persons which in the catalog aboue written are conteined, bearing the
+names of the places whereof they were possessors and owners, as by the
+same catalog maie appeare.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+     THE ROLL OF BATTELL ABBEIE.
+
+
+A
+
+Avmarle
+Aincourt
+Audeley
+Adgillam
+Argentoune
+Arundell
+Auenant
+Abell
+Auuerne
+Aunwers
+Angers
+Angenoun
+Archere
+Anuay
+Asperu
+Albeuile
+Andeuile
+Amouerduile
+Arcy and Akeny
+Albeny
+Aybeuare
+Amay
+Aspermound
+Amerenges
+
+
+B
+
+Bertram
+Buttecourt
+Brebus and Byseg
+Bardolfe
+Basset and Bigot
+Bohun
+Bailif
+Bondeuile
+Brabason
+Baskeruile
+Bures
+Bounilaine
+Bois
+Botelere
+Bourcher
+Brabaion
+Berners
+Braibuf
+Brande and Bronce
+Burgh
+Bushy
+Banet
+Blondell
+Breton
+Bluat and Baious
+Browne
+Beke
+Bickard
+Banastre
+Baloun
+Beauchampe
+Bray and Bandy
+Bracy
+Boundes
+Bascoun
+Broilem
+Broleuy
+Burnell
+Bellet
+Baudewin
+Beaumont
+Burdon
+Berteuilay
+Barre
+Busseuile
+Blunt
+Beaupere
+Beuill
+Barduedor
+Brette
+Barrett
+Bonret
+Bainard
+Barniuale
+Bonett
+Barry
+Bryan
+Bodin
+Beteruile
+Bertin
+Bereneuile
+Bellewe
+Beuery
+Busshell
+Boranuile
+Browe
+Beleuers
+Buffard
+Botelere
+Bonueier
+Boteuile
+Bellire
+Bastard
+Bainard
+Brasard
+Beelhelme
+Braine
+Brent
+Braunch
+Belesuz
+Blundell
+Burdet
+Bagot
+Beauuise
+Belemis
+Beisin
+Bernon
+Boels
+Belefroun
+Brutz
+Barchampe
+
+
+C
+
+Camois
+Camuile
+Chawent
+Chauncy
+Conderay
+Coluile
+Chamberlaine
+Chamburnoun
+Comin
+Columber
+Cribett
+Creuquere
+Corbine
+Corbett
+Chaundos
+Chaworth
+Cleremaus
+Clarell
+Chopis
+Chaunduit
+Chantelow
+Chamberay
+Cressy
+Curtenay
+Conestable
+Cholmeley
+Champney
+Chawnos
+Comiuile
+Champaine
+Careuile
+Carbonelle
+Charles
+Chereberge
+Chawnes
+Chaumont
+Caperoun
+Cheine
+Curson
+Couille
+Chaiters
+Cheines
+Cateray
+Cherecourt
+Cammile
+Clerenay
+Curly
+Cuily
+Clinels
+Chaundos
+Courteney
+Clifford
+
+
+D
+
+Denauille
+Dercy
+Diue
+Dispencere
+Daubeny
+Daniell
+Denise and Druell
+Deuans
+Dauers
+Dodingsels
+Darell
+Delaber
+Delapole
+Delalinde
+Delahill
+Delaware
+Delauache
+Dakeny
+Dauntre
+Desny
+Dabernoune
+Damry
+Daueros
+Dauonge
+Duilby
+Dalauere
+Delahoid
+Durange
+Delee
+Delaund
+Delaward
+Delaplanch
+Damnot
+Danway
+Dehense
+Deuile
+Disard
+Doiuille
+Durant
+Drury
+Dabitot
+Dunsteruile
+Dunchampe
+Dambelton
+
+
+E
+
+Estrange
+Estuteuile
+Engaine
+Estriels
+Esturney
+
+
+F
+
+Ferrerers
+Foluille
+Fitz Water
+Fitz Marmaduke
+Fleuez
+Filberd
+Fitz Roger
+Fauecourt
+Ferrers
+Fitz Philip
+Filiot
+Furniueus
+Furniuaus
+Fitz Otes
+Fitz William
+Fitz Roand
+Fitz Pain
+Fitz Auger
+Fitz Aleyn
+Fitz Rauff
+Fitz Browne
+Fouke
+Freuil
+Front de Boef
+Facunberge
+Fort
+Frisell
+Fitz Simon
+Fitz Fouk
+Filioll
+Fitz Thomas
+Fitz Morice
+Fitz Hugh
+Fitz Henrie
+Fitz Waren
+Fitz Rainold
+Flamuile
+Formay
+Fitz Eustach
+Fitz Laurence
+Formibaud
+Frisound
+Finere and Fitz Robert
+Furniuale
+Fitz Geffrey
+Fitz Herbert
+Fitz Peres
+Fichet
+Fitz Rewes
+Fitz Fitz
+Fitz John
+Fleschampe
+
+
+G
+
+Gvrnay
+Gressy
+Graunson
+Gracy
+Georges
+Gower
+Gaugy
+Goband
+Gray
+Gaunson
+Golofre
+Gobion
+Grensy
+Graunt
+Greile
+Greuet
+Gurry
+Gurley
+Grammori
+Gernoun
+Grendon
+Gurdon
+Gines
+Griuil
+Greneuile
+Glateuile
+Gurney
+Giffard
+Gouerges
+Gamages
+
+
+H
+
+Haunteney
+Haunsard
+Hastings
+Hanlay
+Haurell
+Husee
+Hercy
+Herioun
+Herne
+Harecourt
+Henoure
+Houell
+Hamelin
+Harewell
+Hardell
+Haket
+Hamound
+Harcord
+
+
+I
+
+Iarden
+Iay
+Ieniels
+Ierconuise
+Ianuile
+Iasperuile
+
+
+K
+
+Kaunt
+Karre
+Karrowe
+Koine
+Kimaronne
+Kiriell
+Kancey
+Kenelre
+
+
+L
+
+Loueny
+Lacy
+Linneby
+Latomer
+Loueday
+Louell
+Lemare
+Leuetot
+Lucy
+Luny
+Logeuile
+Longespes
+Louerace
+Longechampe
+Lascales
+Lacy
+Louan
+Leded
+Luse
+Loterell
+Lornge
+Longevule
+Loy
+Lorancourt
+Loions
+Limers
+Longepay
+Laumale
+Lane
+Louetot
+
+
+M
+
+Mohant
+Mowne
+Maundeuile
+Marmilon
+Moribray
+Moruile
+Miriell
+Manlay
+Malebraunch
+Malemame
+Mortimere
+Mortimaine
+Muse
+Marteine
+Mountbother
+Mountsoler
+Maleuile
+Malet
+Mounteney
+Monfichet
+Maleherbe
+Mare
+Musegros
+Musard
+Moine
+Montrauers
+Merke
+Murres
+Mortiuale
+Monchenesy
+Mallory
+Marny
+Mountagu
+Mountford
+Maule
+Monhermon
+Musett
+Meneuile
+Manteuenant and Manfe
+Meapincoy
+Maine
+Mainard
+Morell
+Mainell
+Maleluse
+Memorous
+Morreis
+Morleian Maine
+Maleuere
+Mandut
+Mountmarten
+Mamelet
+Miners
+Mauclerke
+Maunchenell
+Mouet
+Meintenore
+Meletak
+Manuile
+Mangisere
+Maumasin
+Mountlouel
+Mawreward
+Monhaut
+Meller
+Mountgomerie
+Manlay
+Maulard
+Mainard
+Menere
+Martinast
+Mare
+Mainwaring
+Matelay
+Malemis
+Maleheire
+Moren
+Melun
+Marceans
+Maiell
+Morton
+
+
+N
+
+Noers
+Neuile
+Newmarch
+Norbet
+Norice
+Newborough
+Neiremet
+Neile
+Normauile
+Neofmarch
+Nermitz
+Nembrutz
+
+O
+
+Oteuell
+Olibef
+Olifant
+Osenel
+Oisell
+Olifard
+Orinall
+Orioll
+
+
+P
+
+Pigot
+Pery
+Perepount
+Pershale
+Power
+Painell
+Perche and Pauey
+Peurell
+Perot
+Picard
+Pinkenie
+Pomeray
+Pounce
+Pauely
+Paifrere
+Plukenet
+Phuars
+Punchardoun
+Pinchard
+Placy
+Pugoy
+Patefine
+Place
+Pampilioun
+Percelay
+Perere and Pekeny
+Poterell
+Peukeny
+Peccell
+Pinell
+Putrill
+Petiuoll
+Preaus
+Pantolf
+Peito
+Penecord
+Preudirlegast
+Perciuale
+
+
+Q
+
+Qvinci
+Quintiny
+
+
+R
+
+Ros
+Ridell
+Riuers
+Riuell
+Rous
+Rushell
+Raband
+Ronde
+Rie
+Rokell
+Risers
+Randuile
+Roselin
+Rastoke
+Rinuill
+Rougere
+Rait
+Ripere
+Rigny
+Richemound
+Rochford
+Raimond
+
+
+S
+
+Souch
+Sheuile
+Seucheus
+Senclere
+Sent Quintin
+Sent Omere
+Sent Amond
+Sent Legere
+Someruile
+Siward
+Saunsovere
+Sanford
+Sanctes
+Sauay
+Saulay
+Sules
+Sorell
+Somerey
+Sent Iohn
+Sent George
+Sent Les
+Sesse
+Saluin
+Say
+Solers
+Saulay
+Sent Albin
+Sent Martin
+Sourdemale
+Seguin
+Sent Barbe
+Sent Vile
+Souremount
+Soreglise
+Sanduile
+Sauncey
+Sirewast
+Sent Cheueroll
+Sent More
+Sent Scudemore
+
+
+T
+
+Toget
+Tercy
+Tuchet
+Tracy
+Trousbut
+Trainell
+Taket
+Trussel and Trison
+Talbot
+Touny
+Traies
+Tollemach
+Tolous
+Tanny
+Touke
+Tibtote
+Turbeuile
+Turuile
+Tomy and Taverner
+Trencheuile
+Trenchelion
+Tankeruile
+Tirell
+Triuet
+Tolet
+Trauers
+Tardeuile
+Turburuile
+Tineuile
+Torell
+Tortechappell
+Trusbote
+Treuerell
+Tenwis
+Totelles
+
+
+V
+
+Vere
+Vernoun
+Vescy
+Verdoune
+Valence
+Verdeire
+Vauasour
+Vendore
+Verlay
+Valenger
+Venables
+Venoure
+Vilan
+Verland
+Valers
+Veirny
+Vauurvile
+Veniels
+Verrere
+Vschere
+Veffay
+Vanay
+Vian
+Verneys
+Vrnall
+Vnket
+Vrnafull
+Vasderoll
+Vaberon
+Valingford
+Venicorde
+Valiue
+Viuille
+Vancorde and Valenges
+
+
+W
+
+Wardebois
+Ward
+Wafre
+Wake
+Wareine
+Wate
+Watelin
+Wateuil
+Wely
+Werdonell
+Wespaile
+Wiuell
+
+[Sidenote: _Sim. Dunel._] When king William had set all things in
+order through the most part of the realme, he deliuered the guiding
+thereof vnto his brother Odo, the bishop of Bayeux, and his coosine
+William Fits Osborne, whom he had made erle of Hereford. [Sidenote:
+King William goeth ouer into Normandy. _Hen. Hunt._ _Polychron._ _Sim.
+Dun._] In Lent following he sailed into Normandie, leading with him
+the pledges, and other of the ch�efest lords of the English nation:
+among whom, the two earles Edwine and Marchar, Stigand the archbishop,
+Edgar Etheling, Walteoff sonne to Siward sometime duke of
+Northumberland, and Agelnothus the abbat of Glastenburie were the most
+famous. [Sidenote: Edricke Syluaticus.] Soone after his departing,
+Edricke surnamed Syluaticus, sonne to Alfricke that was brother to
+Edricke de Streona, refusing to submit himselfe vnto the king,
+rebelled and rose against such as he had left in his absence to
+gouerne the land. [Sidenote: Richard Fits Scroope.] Wherevpon those
+that laie in the castell of Hereford, as Richard Fitz Scroope and
+others, did oftentimes inuade his lands, and wasted the goods of his
+farmers and tenants: but yet so often as they attempted to inuade him,
+they lost manie of their owne souldiers and men of war. Moreouer, the
+said Edricke calling to his aid the kings of the Welshmen, Bleothgent
+and Rithwall, about the feast of the assumption of our Ladie, wasted
+the countrie of Hereford, [Sidenote: The riuer of Wye.] euen to
+the bridge of the riuer of Wye, and obteined out of those quarters a
+maruellous great spoile. [Sidenote: King William returneth into
+England.] In the winter also following, and after king William had
+disposed his busines in Normandie, he returned into England, and euen
+then began to handle the Englishmen somewhat sharpelie, supposing
+thereby to k�epe them the more easilie vnder his obedience. He also
+took awaie from diuerse of the Nobilitie, and others of the better
+sort, all their liuings, and gaue the same to his Normans. [Sidenote:
+_H. Hunt._] Moreouer, he raised great taxes and subsidies through the
+realme: nor any thing regarded th' English Nobilitie, so that they who
+before thought themselues to be made for euer by bringing a stranger
+into the realme, doo now see themselues troden vnder foot, to be
+despised, and to be mocked on all sides, [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._]
+insomuch that many of them were constreined (as it were for a further
+testimonie of seruitude and bondage) to shaue their beards, to round
+their heare, and to frame themselues as well in apparell as in seruice
+and diet at their tables after the Norman manner, verie strange and
+farre differing from the ancient customes and old vsages of their
+countrie. [Sidenote: Englishmen withdraw them to the woods as out
+lawes.] Others vtterlie refusing to susteine such an intolerable yoke
+of thraldome as was dailie laid vpon them by the Normans, chose rather
+to leaue all both goods & lands, & after the maner of outlawes got
+them to the woods, with their wiues, children, and seruants, meaning
+from thencefoorth wholie to liue vpon the spoile of the countries
+adioining, and to take whatsoeuer came next to hand: wherevpon it came
+to passe within a while that noe man might trauell in safetie from his
+owne house or towne to his next neighbors, and euery quiet and honest
+mans house became as it were an hold and fortresse furnished for
+defense with bowes and arrowes, bills, polaxes, swords, clubs, and
+staues, and other weapons, the doores kept locked and stronglie
+boulted in the night season, for feare to be surprised as it had beene
+in time of open warr and amongst publike enimies. Praiers were said
+also by the maister of the house, as though they had beene in the
+middest of the seas in some stormie tempest, and when the windowes or
+doores should be shut in and closed, they vsed to saie _Benedicite_,
+and others to answer, _Dominus_, in like sort as the preest and his
+penitent were woont to doo at confession in the church.
+
+Notwithstanding all this, K. William sought to tame & vanquish those
+of the English Nobilitie, who would not be at his becke. They againe
+on the other side made themselues strong, the better to resist him,
+choosing for their ch�efe capteines and leaders, the earles Edwine &
+Edgar Etheling, who valiantlie resisted the Normans, and slue many of
+them with great rage and crueltie. And as they thus proc�eded in their
+matters, king William being a politike prince, forward and painefull
+in his businesse, suffered them not altogither to escape cl�ere awaie,
+but did sore annoy and put them oft to remediles losses, though he
+abode in the meane time many laborious iournies, slaughters of his
+people, and damages of his person. [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Anno Reg.
+2._ _Matth. Paris._ _Matth. West._ Diuers of the English Nobilitie
+forsake their natiue countrie.] Herevpon the English Nobilitie euer
+after, yea in time of peace, were hated of the king and his Normans,
+and at length were kept so short, that being mooued partlie with
+disdaine, and partlie with dread, they got them out of the realme,
+some into Scotland, some into Denmarke, others into Norway; and among
+these, the two earles Edwine and Marchar, with certeine bishops &
+others of the cleargie, besides manie also of the temporaltie, escaped
+into Scotland. Marleswine & Gospatricke, with a great number of other
+the Nobles of Northumberland, Edgar Ethling with his mother Agatha,
+and his sisters Christine and Margaret, chanced also to be driuen into
+Scotland by tempest, as they sailed towards the coasts of Germanie,
+purposing to haue returned into Hungarie, where the said Edgar was
+borne: howbeit being arriued in Scotland, he found so friendlie
+entertainment there, that finallie Malcolme the third then king of
+that realme, tooke his sister Margaret to wife, and Christine became a
+nunne, as in the Scotish chronicles more plainelie dooth app�ere.
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._] King William h�ereby perceiuing daily how
+vnwilling the Englishmen were to be vnder his obeisance, was in feare
+of rebellious commotions; [Sidenote: Two at York, wherein he left fiue
+hundred men in garrison.] and therefore to subdue them the better, he
+builded foure castels, one at Notingham, another at Lincolne, the
+third at Yorke, and the fourth n�ere vnto Hastings, where he landed at
+his first comming into England.
+
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ The Conquerour taketh fro the Englishmen their
+armour.] Moreouer, to reduce the English people the sooner vnto
+obedience and awe, he tooke from them all their armour and weapons. He
+ordeined also that the maister of euerie houshold about eight of the
+clocke in the euening, should cause his fire to be raked vp ashes, his
+lights to be put out, and then go to bed. [Sidenote: Couer few first
+instituted.] Besides this, to the end that euerie man might haue
+knowledge of the houre to go to rest, he gaue order, that in all
+cities, townes, and villages, where anie church was, there should a
+bell be roong at the said houre, which custome is still vsed euen vnto
+this daie, and commonly called by the French word, _Couer few_, that
+is, _Rake vp the fier_.
+
+[Sidenote: 1068.] [Sidenote: _Matth. West._] This yeare, on
+Whitsunday, Maud the wife of king William was crowned Queene by
+Aeldred archbishop of Yorke. The same yeare also was Henrie his sonn
+borne here in England: for his other two sonns, Robert and William,
+were borne in Normandie before he had conquered this land. [Sidenote:
+Edmond the Great.] About the same time alsoe Goodwine and Edmund
+surnamed the great, the sonns of K. Harold, came from Ireland and
+landing in Somersetshire, fought with Adnothus that had beene maister
+of their fathers horsses whom they slue with a great number of others,
+and soe haueing got this victorie, returned into Ireland, from whence
+they came with a great bootie which they tooke in their returne out of
+Cornewall, Deuonshire, and other places thereabouts. [Sidenote: _Wil.
+Malm._ _Simon Dunelm._] In like manner, Excester did as then rebell,
+and likewise the countrie of Northumberland, wherevpon the king
+appointed one of his capteines named Robert Cumin, a right noble
+personage (but more valiant than circumspect) to go against the
+northerne people with a part of his armie, whilest he himselfe and the
+other part went to subdue them of Excester: where, at his comming before
+the citie, the citizens prepared themselues to defend their gates and
+wals: but after he began to make his approch to assaile them, part of
+the citizens repenting their foolish attempts, opened the gates, and
+suffered him to enter. Thus having subdued them of Excester, he
+greeuouslie punished the ch�efe offendors. But the countesse Gita, the
+sister of Sweine K. of Denmarke, and sometime wife to earle Goodwine,
+and mother to the last K. Harold, with diuers other that were got into
+that citie, found meanes to flie, and so escaped ouer into Flanders.
+King William hauing passed his businesse in such wise in Deuonshire,
+hasted backe towards Yorke, being aduertised in the waie, that the
+Northumbers hauing knowledge by their spials, that Robert generall of
+the Normans being come to Durham, did not so diligentlie cause watch
+and ward to be kept about the towne in the night season as was
+requisite, [Sidenote: This chaunced the 28. of Januarie on a
+Wednesday. _Polydor._] did set vpon him about midnight, & slue the
+same Robert with all his companie, so that of seauen hundred which he
+brought with him, there was but one that escaped to bring tidings to
+the king their souereigne.
+
+He heard also, how Edgar Etheling at the same time, being in the
+countrie, riding abroad with a troope of horsemen, and hearing of the
+discomfiture of those Normans, pursued them egerlie, [Sidenote:
+_Polydor._] and slue great numbers of them, as they were about to saue
+themselues by flight, with which newes being in no small furie, he
+made speed forward, and comming at the last into Northumberland, he
+easilie vanquished the foresaid rebels, and putting the cheefe authors
+of this mutinie to death, he reserued some of the rest as captiues,
+and of other some he caused the hands to be chopped off in token of
+their inconstancie and rebellious dealing. After this he came to
+Yorke, and there in like sort punished those that had aided Edgar,
+which doone, he returned to London.
+
+[Sidenote: 1069.] [Sidenote: Sweine and Osborne hath. _Matth. Paris._]
+In the meane time, those Englishmen that were fled (as you haue heard)
+into Denmarke, by continuall sute made to Sueine then king of that
+realme, to procure him to make a iournie into England for recouerie of
+the right descended to him from his ancestors, at length obteined
+their purpose, in so much that king Sueine sent his sonnes Harold and
+Canutus toward England, [Sidenote: Thr�e hundred sailes saith _M. W._
+but _Sim. Dun._ hath 240.] who with a nauie of two hundred saile, in
+the companie of Osborne their vncle, arriued in the mouth of Humber
+betw�ene the two later ladie daies, and there landing their people
+with the English outlawes, whom they had brought with them, they
+straightwaies marched towards Yorke, wasting and spoiling the countrie
+with great crueltie as they passed. Soone after also came Edgar, and
+such other English exiles as had before fled into Scotland, and ioined
+their forces with them. When the newes of these things were brought to
+Yorke, the people there were striken with a maruellous feare, insomuch
+that Aeldred the archbishop (through verie greefe and anguish of mind)
+departed this life. The Normans also which laie there in garrison,
+after they vnderstood by their spies that the enimies were come within
+two daies iournie of them, began not a little to mistrust the faith of
+the citizens, and bicause the suburbes should not be any aid vnto
+them, they set fire on the same, which by the hugenesse of the wind
+that suddenlie arose, the flame became so big, and mounted such a
+height, [Sidenote: Yorke burnt.] that it caught the citie also, and
+consumed a great part therof to ashes, togither with the minster of S.
+Peter, and a famous librarie belonging to the same. Herevpon the
+Normans and citizens in like maner were constreined to issue foorth at
+the same time, and being vpon the enimies before they had any
+knowledge of their approch, were forced to trie the matter by
+disordered battell: whose number though it was far inferiour vnto
+theirs, yet they valiantlie defended themselues for a time, till being
+oppressed with multitudes, they were ouercome and slaine, [Sidenote:
+Normans slaine.] so that there perished in this conflict, to the
+number of three thousand of them. Manie of the Englishmen also that
+came with them to the field, were saued by the enimies, to the end
+they might gaine somewhat by their ransomes, [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._]
+as William Mallet shirife of the shire, with his wife, and two of
+their children, Gilbert de Gaunt, and diuers other. This slaughter
+chanced on a saturdaie, being the nineteenth day of September; a
+dismall daie to the Normans.
+
+The two brethren hauing thus obteined this victorie, went on further
+into the countrie of Northumberland, and brought the same wholie to
+their subiection, insomuch that all the north parts were at their
+comandement. Upon this they meant to haue gone towards London with the
+like attempt in the south parts, [Sidenote: A sharpe winter, an enimie
+to warlike enterprises.] if the extreame and hard winter which chanced
+that yeare, had not staied their enterprise, as it did king William
+from assailing them; who hearing of all their dooings in the north
+countrie, would else full gladlie haue set vpon them. [Sidenote: The
+Danes where they wintered. _Hen. Hunt._ _Polydor._] In the meane time,
+the Danes wintered in Yorkeshire, betwixt the two riuers Ouse and
+Trent; but so soone as the snow began to melt, and the yce to thaw and
+waste away, king William sped him with great hast toward his enimies
+into Yorkeshire, and comming to the riuer of Trent, where it falleth
+into Humber, he pitched his tents there, to refresh his people, for
+his enimies were at hand. The daie following he brought his armie into
+the field to fight with the Danish princes, who likewise in battell
+araie met them. Then began a right sore and terrible battell,
+continuing a long space in equall balance, till at length in one of
+the Danish wings the Norman horsemen had put their enimies to flight.
+Which when the residue of the Danes perceiued, and therewith put in a
+sudden feare, they likewise fled. Harold and Canutus with a band of
+hardie souldiers that tarried about them, retired backe (though with
+much a doo and great danger) vnto their ships. Edgar also, by helpe of
+good horses, escaped into Scotland with a few in his companie.
+[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._] Earle Walteof, who had fought most
+manfullie in that battell, [Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._ _Wil. Malm._] &
+slaine manie Normans with his owne hands, was reconciled into the
+kings fauour: but the residue were for the most part taken prisoners,
+and killed. William of Malmesburie writeth, that king William comming
+at that time into the north parts, besieged the citie of Yorke, and
+putting to flight a great armie of his enimies that came to the
+succour of them within, not without great losse of his owne souldiers,
+at length the citie was deliuered into his hands; the citizens and
+other that kept it, as Scots, Danes, and Englishmen, being constreined
+thereto through lacke of vittels. [Sidenote: _Sim. Dunel._] Other
+write, how the Danes, being loden with riches and spoiles gotten in
+the countrie, departed to their ships before the comming of king
+William. Here is not to be forgotten, that (as Iohn Leland hath noted)
+whilest the Conquerour held siege before Yorke, at the earnest request
+of his wife Qu�ene Maud, he aduanced his nephew Alane earle of
+Britaine, with the gift of all those lands that sometime belonged vnto
+earle Edwine, the tenor of which gift insueth:
+
+     [Sidenote: Earle Edwines lands giuen vnto Alane earle of
+     Britaine.]
+     "Ego Gulihelmus cognomine Bastardus, do & concedo tibi nepoti
+     meo Alano Britanni� comiti, & h�redibus tuis in perpetuum, omnes
+     illas villas & terras, qu� nuper fuerunt comitis Eadwini in
+     Eborashira, cum feodis militum & alijs libertatibus &
+     consuetudinibus, ita liber� & honorific� sicut idem Eadwinus ea
+     tenuit. Dat. in obsidione coram ciuitate Eboraci:" that is, "I
+     William surnamed Bastard, doo giue and grant to thee my nephue
+     Alane earle of Britaine, and to thine heires for euer, all those
+     townes and lands that latelie were earle Eadwines in Yorkeshire,
+     with the knights fees and other liberties and customes, so
+     freelie and honourablie as the said Eadwine held the same. Giuen
+     in our seege before the citie of Yorke."
+
+The earle of Britaine, being a man of a stout stomach, and meaning to
+defend that which was thus giuen to him, [Sidenote: Castell of
+Richmont.] built a strong castell neere to his manor of Gillingham,
+and named it Richmont. The first originall line of the earles of
+Richmont [2]that bare their title of honor of this castell and towne
+of Richmont (as Leland hath set downe the same) is this: Eudo earle of
+Britaine, the sonne of Geffrey, begat three sonnes, Alane le Rous,
+otherwise Fregaunte, Alane the blacke, and Stephan. [Sidenote: Earle
+of Britaine.] These three brethren after their fathers decease,
+succ�eded one another in the earledome of Britaine; the two elder,
+Alane the red and Alane the blacke died without issue. Stephan begat a
+sonne named Alane, who left a sonne, which was his heire named Conan,
+which Conan married Margaret the daughter of William king of Scotland,
+who bare him a daughter named Constantia, which Constantia was coupled
+in marriage with Geffrey sonne to king Henrie the second, who had by
+hir Arthur, whom his vncle King John, for fear to be depriued by him
+of the crowne, caused to be made awaie; as some have written. But now
+to returne where we left touching the Danes. [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._]
+Simon Dunel. affirmeth, that Harold and Canute or Cnute the sonnes of
+Sweine king of Denmarke, [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris_ maketh mention but
+of Sweine and Osborne whom he calleth brethren.] with their vncle
+earle Osborne, and one Christianus a bishop of the Danes, and earle
+Turketillus were guiders of this Danish armie, & that afterwards, when
+king William came into Northumberland, he sent vnto earle Osborne,
+promising him that he would permit him to take vp vittels for his
+armie about the sea coastes; and further, to giue him a portion of
+monie, so that he should depart and returne home as soone as the
+winter was passed. But howsoeuer the matter went with the Danes,
+certain it is by the whole consent of writers, that king William
+hauing thus subdued his enimies in the north, he tooke so great
+displeasure with the inhabitants of the countrie of Yorkeshire and
+Northumberland, that he wasted all the land betwixt Yorke and Durham,
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malms._] so that for the space of threescore miles,
+there was left in maner no habitation for the people, by reason
+whereof it laie wast and desert for the space of nine or ten yeares. �
+The goodlie cities with their towers and steeples set vp on a statelie
+height, and reaching as it were into the aire: the beautifull fields
+and pastures, watered with the course of sweet and pleasant riuers, if
+a stranger should then haue beheld, and also knowne before they were
+thus defaced, he would surely haue lamented: or if any old inhabitant
+had b�ene long absent, & newly returned thither, had s�ene this
+pitifull face of the countrie, he would not haue knowne it, such
+destruction was made through out all those quarters, whereof Yorke it
+selfe felt not the smallest portion. [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] The
+bishop of Durham Egelwinus with his cleargie fled into holy Iland with
+S. Cuthberts bodie, and other iewels of the church of Durham, where
+they tarried three moneths and od daies, before they returned to
+Durham againe. The kings armie comming into the countrie that lieth
+betwixt the riuers Theise and Tine, found nothing but void feelds and
+bare walles; the people with their goods and cattell being fled and
+withdrawne into the woods and mountaines, if any thing were forgotten
+behind, these new gests were diligent inough to find it out.
+
+[Sidenote: _Anno Reg._ 4. 1070.] [Sidenote: _Polydor._] In the
+beginning of the spring, king William returned to London, and now
+after all these troubles, began to conceiue greater hatred against the
+Englishmen than euer before; so as doubting that hee should neuer by
+gentlenesse win their good willes, he now determined by a harder
+measure to meete with them; insomuch that he banished a great number,
+other some also (not a few) he spoiled of their goods, those
+especiallie of whom he was in hope to gaine any great portion of
+substance.
+
+Thus were the Englishmen generallie in danger to lose life, lands and
+goods, without knowledge, or orderlie proceeding in iudgement, so that
+no greater miserie in the earth could be imagined, than that whereinto
+our nation was now fallen. [Sidenote: Priuileges and fr�edoms
+revoked.] He tooke from the townes and cities, from the bishops s�es
+and abbeies all their ancient priuileges and freedoms, to the end they
+should not onely be cut short and made weaker, but also that they (for
+the obteinment of their quietnesse) might redeeme the same of him for
+such summes of monie as pleased him to exact. [Sidenote: _Matth.
+Paris._] Among other things, he ordeined that in time of warre they
+should aide him with armor, horsse and monie, according to that order
+which he should then prescribe: all which he caused to be registred,
+inrolled, and laid vp in his treasurie. But diuerse of the spirituall
+persons would not obey this ordinance, whom he banished without
+remorse.
+
+[Sidenote: Stigand. Alexander bishop of Lincolne. _Polydor._ The hard
+deling of K. William against the Englishmen.] About this time the
+archbishop Stigand, and Alexander bishop of Lincolne fled to Scotland,
+where they kept themselues close for a season. But the king still
+continued in his hard proc�eding against the Englishmen, insomuch that
+now protesting how he came to the gouernance of the realme only by
+plaine conquest, he seized into his hands most part of euery mans
+possessions, causing them to redeeme the same at his hands againe, and
+yet reteined a propertie in the most part of them; so that those that
+should afterwards enioy them, should acknowledge themselues to hold
+them of him, in y�elding a y�erlie rent to him and his successors for
+euer, with certeine other prouisions, whereby in cases of forfeiture
+the same lands should returne to him, and his said successors againe.
+The like order he appointed to be vsed by other possessors of lands,
+in letting them forth to their tenants. [Sidenote: The institution of
+the foure Termes.] He ordeined also, that the Termes should be kept
+foure times in the y�ere, in such places as he should nominate, and
+that the iudges shuld sit in their seuerall places to iudge and decide
+causes and matters in controuersie betwixt partie and partie, in
+manner as is vsed vnto this day. He decr�ed moreouer, that there
+should be shiriffes in euerie shire, and iustices of the peace to
+keepe the countries in quiet, and to s�e offendors punished.
+[Sidenote: The Excheker.] Furthermore, he instituted the court of the
+Excheker, and the officers belonging to the same, as the barons, the
+clearks, and such other, [Sidenote: The Chancerie.] and also the high
+court of Chancerie.
+
+After he had in this sort ordeined his magistrates and ministers of
+the lawes, he lastlie tooke order what ordinances he would haue
+obserued: wherevpon abrogating in maner all the ancient lawes vsed in
+times past, and instituted by the former kings for the good order and
+quietnes of the people, [Sidenote: New lawes.] he made new, nothing so
+equall or easie to be kept; which neuerthelesse those that came after
+(not without their great harme) were constreined to obserue: as though
+it had beene an high offense against GOD to abolish those euill lawes,
+which king William (a prince nothing friendly to the English nation)
+had first ordeined, and to bring in other more easie and tollerable.
+[Sidenote: The lawes were written in the Norman toong.] � Here by the
+waie I giue you to note a great absurditie; namelie, that those lawes
+which touched all, and ought to be knowne of all, were notwithstanding
+written in the Norman toong, which the Englishmen vnderstood not; so
+that euen at the beginning you should haue great numbers, partlie by
+the iniquitie of the lawes, and partlie by ignorance in misconstruing
+the same, to be wrongfullie condemned: some to death, and some in the
+forfeitures of their goods; others were so intangled in sutes and
+causes, that by no means they knew how to get out, but continuallie
+were tossed from post to piller; in such wise that in their minds they
+curssed the time that euer these vnequall lawes were made.
+
+[Sidenote: Matters to be tried by a Iurie of 12. men.] The maner for
+the triall of causes in controuersie, was deuised in such sort as is
+yet vsed. Twelue ancient men (but most commonlie vnlearned in the
+lawes) being of the same countie where the sute laie, were appointed
+by the iudges to go togither into some close chamber, where they
+should be shut vp, till vpon diligent examination of the matter they
+should agr�e vpon the condemnation or acquiting of the prisoner, if it
+were in criminall causes; or vpon deciding in whom the right remained,
+if it were vpon triall of things in controuersie. Now when they were
+all agr�ed, they came in before the iudges, declaring to what
+agr�ement they were growne: which doone, the iudges opened it to the
+offendors or sutors, and withall gaue sentence as the qualitie of the
+case did inforce and require. There may happilie be (as Polydor Virgil
+saith) that will mainteine this maner of proc�eding in the
+administration of iustice by the voices of a iurie, to haue b�ene in
+vse before the conquerors daies, but they are not able to prooue it by
+any ancient records of writers, as he thinketh: albeit by some of our
+histories they should s�eme to be first ordeined by Ethelred or
+Egelred. Howbeit this is most true, that the Norman kings themselues
+would confesse, that the lawes deuised and made by the Conqueror were
+not verie equall; insomuch that William Rufus and Henrie the sonnes of
+the Conqueror would at all times, when they sought to purchase the
+peoples fauor, promise to abolish the lawes ordeined by their father,
+establish other more equall, and restore those which were vsed in S.
+Edwards daies. The like kind of purchasing fauour was vsed by king
+St�ephen, and other kings that followed him. [Sidenote: _Matth.
+Paris._ _Matth. West._ _Wil. Mal._ _Wil. Thorne._ Abbeis searched.]
+But now to the matter, king William hauing made these ordinances to
+keepe the people in order, set his mind to inrich his cofers, and
+therevpon caused first a tribvte to be leuied of the commons; then the
+abbeies to be searched, and all such monie as any of the Englishmen
+had laid vp in the same, to be kept. Besides all this, he seized into
+his hands their charters of priuileges made to them by the Saxon kings
+of the land, and spared not so much as the iewels and plate dedicated
+to sacred vses. All this did he (as some write) by the counsell of the
+earle of Hertford.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Simon Dun._ _Wil. Thorne._ _Polydor._ _Sim.
+Dunel._ Stigand archbishop of Canturburie depriued.] Shortlie after
+betwixt Easter and Whitsuntide, a great synod was holden at Winchester
+by the bishops and cleargie, where Ermenfred the bishop of Sion or
+Sitten, with two cardinals Iohn and Peter sent thither from pope
+Alexander the second, did sit as ch�efe commissioners. In this synod
+was Stigand the archbishop of Canturburie depriued of his bishoprike,
+for three speciall causes.
+
+     1 First, for that he had wrongfullie holden that bishoprike,
+     whilest the archbishop Robert was liuing.
+
+     2 Secondlie, for that he kept the see of Winchester in his hands,
+     after his inuestiture vnto Canturburie, which he ought not to
+     haue doone.
+
+     3 Thirdlie, for that he had receiued the pall at the hands of
+     pope Benedict the tenth, whom the cardinals, as one not lawfullie
+     elected, had deposed.
+
+Howbeit, manie writers burthen king William (who was present at this
+synod) for the procuring of Stigand his depriuation, to the end he
+might place a stranger in his roome. For as he had rooted out the
+English Nobilitie, and giuen awaie their land and liuings to his
+Normans; so meant he to turne out the English cleargie from bearing
+any office of honor within the realme, which meaning of his did well
+appeare at his councell, [Sidenote: Agelmarus bishop of Thetford was
+one that was deposed. _Simon Dun._ _Matt. Paris._] wherin diuers
+bishops, abbats, and priors were deposed, and Normans preferred to
+their places. Stigand after his depriuation was kept in perpetuall
+prison at Winchester, till he died, and yet (as some write) the same
+Stigand was an helper vnder hand for king William to atteine the
+crowne.
+
+[Sidenote: Thomas a canon of Bayeux made archbishop of Yorke.] In the
+feast of Pentecost next insuing, the king being at Windsor, gaue the
+archbishoprike of Yorke vnto one Thomas, a canon of Bayeux, and to
+Walkelme one of his chaplins he gave the Bishoprike of Winchester.
+[Sidenote: Lanfranke consecrated archbishop of Canturburie. _Matth.
+Westm._ hath the eight Kal. of Maie, but _Wil. Mal._ and _Eadmerus_
+the fourth Kal. of September.] After this, calling one Lanfranke an
+Italian from Caen where he was abbat, he made him archbishop of
+Canturburie, who was consecrated there in the feast of S. John
+Baptist, [Sidenote: 1071. An. Reg. 5.] [Sidenote: _Wil. Mal._
+_Eadmerus._] in the yeare folowing, which was after the birth of our
+Sauiour 1071. The foresaid Thomas was the fiue and twentith bishop
+that had gouerned in that see of Yorke, & Lanfranke the thr�e &
+thirtith in the see of Canturburie. But yer long, betwixt these two
+archbishops there rose great contention for the primasie of their
+churches, in so much that the archbishop of Yorke appealed to Rome,
+where they both appeared personallie before pope Alexander, in whose
+presence Lanfranks cause was so much fauoured, that not onelie the
+foresaid Thomas, but also Remigius the bishop of Dorchester were for
+reasonable causes depriued of their crosiers and rings: and Lanfranke
+at their humble request was a meane to the pope for them in the end,
+that they might be restored to their staues, which was accordinglie
+obteined. For when the pope heard Lanfranke declare in their fauour,
+how necessarie their seruice might be to the king, in the
+establishment of his new gotten kingdome, he said to Lanfranke; "Well,
+looke you then to the matter, you are the father of that countrie, and
+therefore consider what is expedient to be done therein: their staues
+which they haue surrendered, there they be, take them, and dispose
+them as you shall thinke most profitable for the aduancement of the
+christian religion in that countrie." Wherevpon, Lanfranke tooke the
+staues, and deliuered them to the former possessours, and so were they
+in the popes presence restored to their former dignities. One cause
+why Thomas was depriued (as some writers saie) was, for that he had
+holpen duke William towards his iournie into England when he came to
+conquer it, for the which pleasure to him then shewed, the duke
+promised him a bishoprike, if euer he obteined victorie ouer the
+English: an other cause, for that he was a priests sonne. [Sidenote:
+_Wil. Malm._] Now, when the pope vnderstood the full ground of their
+contention to be for the primasie of the two sees, Canturburie and
+Yorke, and had heard what could be alledged on both sides, he remitted
+the determination thereof to the king and bishops of England, that by
+the histories and records of the land, the matter might be tried,
+iudged, and ordered.
+
+Wherefore, at their comming home, and after long debating and
+discussing of the cause (as in William Marleburgh it appeareth more at
+large) at a synod holden at Windsor, [Sidenote: Anno Reg. 6. 1072.] in
+the yeare 1072, sentence was giuen on Lanfranks side, [Sidenote:
+_Matth. West._ The subiection of the archbishoprike of Yorke, to the
+archbishoprike of Canturburie.] so that in all things concerning
+religion and the faith of holie church, the archbishop of Yorke should
+be euer subiect to the archbishop of Canturburie, and come with all
+the bishops of his prouince to what place soeuer the archbishop of
+Canturburie should summon any councell within the realme of England.
+Moreouer, when anie elected bishop of Canturburie was to be
+consecrated, the archbishop of Yorke (for the time being) should come
+to Canturburie, and consecrate him there. And if the archbishop of
+Yorke was to be installed and consecrated, then should he come to
+Canturburie, or to what place it should please the archbishop of
+Canturburie to assigne, and there to be confirmed of him, taking an
+oth with profession of due obedience vnto the higher see. [Sidenote:
+_Polydor._ The archbishop of Yorke, acknowledged primate of all
+Scotland.] Now, as the said Thomas of Yorke did y�eld obedience to
+Lanfranke of Canturburie, so likewise the elect bishop of Glascow in
+Scotland named Michaell, was soone after consecrated of the foresaid
+Thomas archbishop of Yorke, and made an oth of obedience vnto the said
+archbishop, as to the primate of all Scotland: and after him Tothade the
+bishop of S. Andrewes did the like, by commandement of Malcolme the
+third of that name king of Scotland, and Margaret his wife, who thought
+good by this recognisance of obedience and dutie, so to prouide against
+further inconuenience to come, that hereafter, one of the bishops of
+their realme should not take vpon them to consecrate an other: or doo
+any thing contrarie to the ancient decr�es of the old fathers, that
+might be preiudiciall to the authoritie of the archbishop of Yorke, at
+whose appointment those and the like things were accustomed to be doone.
+[Sidenote: _Ranulph Cestren._ lib. 1. cap. 57. & lib. 7. cap. 2.]
+In this controuersie (or the like) it is left written, that in a court
+held at Rome (the time is not mentioned) the pope perceiuing the strife
+betw�ene these two prelats to be but for the highest place or primasie
+in the church; he solemnlie gaue sentence, that the s�e of Yorke should
+haue in title Primas Angli�, & Canturburie Primas totius Angli�, which
+titles doo yet remain to them both.
+
+But to leaue this, and to speake of other things which chanced in the
+meane time that this controuersie depended betwixt the two
+archbishops, I find that Edwin and Marchar earles of Mertia and
+Northumberland, hauing of late obteined pardon for their former
+misdemeanor, & reconciled to the king, began now so much to mislike
+the state of the world againe, as euer they did before. For perceiuing
+how the Englishmen were still oppressed with thraldome & miserie on
+ech hand, they conspired, & began a new rebellion, but with verie ill
+successe, as shall herafter appeare. [Sidenote: _Matt. Paris._] The
+king vnderstanding of their dealings, and being not onelie armed
+throughlie with temporall force, but also endued with the spirituall
+power of his archbishop Lanfranke (who aided him in all that he might,
+for the suppressing of those rebels) wasted the countries
+exc�edinglie, where he vnderstood that they had gotten any releefe,
+minding vtterlie to vanquish them with sword, fire and hunger, or by
+extreame penurie to bring them vnder. They on the other part make as
+stout resistance; and perceiuing that it stood them vpon, either to
+vanquish or to fall into vtter ruine, they raise a mightie strong
+host, and make Edgar Etheling their capteine, a comelie gentleman and
+a valiant, in whome also the whole hope of the English nation was
+reposed, as appeareth by this his accustomed by-word, Edgar Etheling
+Englands dearling. Amongst other noble men that were chiefe dooers in
+the assembling of this armie, Frederike abbat of S. Albons, a prelate
+of great wealth and no lesse puissance, was a principall.
+
+The king perceiuing his estate to be now in no small danger, is in a
+great perplexitie what to doo, in the end, he counselleth with the said
+Lanfranke archbishop of Canturburie, how he might remedie the matter;
+who told him that in such a desperate case, the best waie for him should
+be to s�eke by faire words and friendly offers to pacifie the English
+Nobilitie, which by all meanes possible would neuer ceasse to molest him
+in the recouerie of their liberties. Wherevpon he made meanes to come to
+some agr�ement with them, and so well the matter proc�eded on his side,
+that the Englishmen being deceiued through his faire promises, were
+contented to common of peace, for which purpose they came also vnder the
+conduct of the abbat Frederike vnto Berkamsted, where (after much
+reasoning and debating of the matter for the conclusion of amitie
+betwixt them) king William in the presence of the archbishop Lanfranke
+and other of his lords, tooke a personall oth vpon all the relikes of
+the church of S. Albons, and the holie euangelists (the abbat Frederike
+ministring the same vnto him) that he would from thencefoorth obserue
+and keepe the good and ancient approoued lawes of the realme, which the
+noble kings of England his predecessors had made and ordeined
+heretofore; but namelie those of S. Edward, which were supposed to be
+most equall and indifferent.
+
+The peace being thus concluded, and the Englishmen growne thereby to
+some hope of further quietnesse, they began to forsake their alies, and
+returned each one, either to his owne possessions, or to giue attendance
+vpon the king. But he warilie cloking his inward purpose,
+notwithstanding the vnitie latelie made, determineth particularlie to
+assaile his enimies (whose power without doubt so long as it was vnited,
+could not possiblie be ouercome, as he thought) and being now by reason
+of this peace disseuered and dispersed, he thought it high time to put
+his secret purposes in execution: wherevpon taking them at vnwares and
+thinking of nothing lesse than warres and sudden inuasion, he
+imprisoneth manie, killeth diuers, and pursueth the residue with fire
+and sword, taking awaie their goods, possessions, lands, and
+inheritances, and banishing them out of the realme. In the meane time,
+those of the English Nobilitie, which could escape this his outragious
+tyrannie, got awaie, and amongst other, Edgar Etheling fled againe
+into Scotland: but Edwin was slaine of his owne souldiers, as he rode
+toward Scotland. [Sidenote: _Ran. Higa._ _H. Hunt._ _Matth. Paris._]
+Earle Marchar, and one Hereward, with the bishop of Durham named
+Egelwinus, got into the Ile of Elie, in purpose there to defend
+themselues from the iniurie of the Normans, for they tooke the place
+(by reason of the situation) to be of no small strength. Howbeit king
+William endeuouring to cut them short, raised a power, and stopped all
+the passages on the east side, and on the west part he made a causie
+through the fennes, of two miles in length, whereby he got vnto them,
+and constreined them to yeeld. [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Hen. Hunt._
+_Matth. Paris._] But Marchar, or (as others haue) Hereward, fores�eing
+the imminent danger likelie to take effect, made shift to get owt of
+the Ile by bote, and so by sp�edie flight escaped into Scotland.
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] The bishop of Durham being taken, was sent to
+the abbey of Abingdon, to be kept as prisoner, where he was so
+sparinglie fed, that within a short space he died for hunger.
+[Sidenote: Some write that he was so stubborne-harted, that after he
+knew he should remaine in perpetuall prison, he refused his meate, and
+so pined himselfe to death.]
+
+In this meane time, and whilest king William was thus occupied in
+rooting out the English, Malcolme king of Scotland had wasted the
+countries of Theisedale, Cleueland, and the lands of S. Cuthbert, with
+sundrie other places in the north parts. Wherevpon Gospatrike being
+latelie reconciled to the king & made earle of Northumberland, was
+sent against him, who sacked and destroied that part of Cumberland
+which the said Malcolme by violence had brought vnder his subiection.
+At the same time Malcolme was at Weremouth, beholding the fire which
+his people had kindled in the church of Saint Peter to burne vp the
+same, and there hearing what Gospatrike had doone, he tooke such
+displeasure thereat, that he commanded his men they should leaue none
+of the English nation aliue, [Sidenote: A bloudie comandment executed
+vpon the English by the Scots.] but put them all to the sword without
+pity or compassion, so oft as they came to hand. The bloudie slaughter
+which was made at this time by the Scots, through that cruell
+commandement of Malcolme, was pitifull to consider, for women,
+children, old and yong, went all one way: howbeit, manie of those that
+were strong and able to serue for drudges and slaues, were reserued,
+and carried into Scotland as prisoners, where they remained manie
+yeares after; in so much that there were few houses in that realme,
+but had one or mo English slaues and captiues, whom they gat at this
+vnhappie voiage. Miserable was the state of the English at that time,
+one being consumed of another so vnnaturallie, manie of them destroied
+by the Scots so cruellie, and the residue kept vnder by the king so
+tyrannicallie.
+
+But to returne to the purpose in hand, king William hearing of all
+these things, was not a little mooued at the same, but ch�efelie with
+Malcolme king of Scots, for that his countrie was the onelie place
+wherein all the mal-contents of his realme had their refuge. Wherfore,
+thinking to reuenge the losse of his subiects, and to bring that
+realme also vnto his subiection, he went thither with an huge armie,
+about the middle of August, where he first inuaded the bounds of
+Galloway, bicause he heard how the English were latelie fled thither.
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_] But after he had wearied his souldiers in vaine
+pursuit of them (who kept themselues in the mountaines and marres
+grounds) he gaue ouer the enterprise, and drew towards Lothiam, where
+king Malcolme laie with all his power, & sundrie English fugitiues,
+with whome he determined by battell either to end his trouble, or else
+to loose his life. [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._] Now as both the kings
+with their armies were readie to encounter, Malcolme began to doubt
+somewhat of the fiersenesse of the battell, bicause he saw the great
+puissance and readie willes of the English and Normans to fight,
+[Sidenote: _H. Hunt._] wherevpon he sent an harrold to king William to
+treat of peace, wherewith he was content at the last (though with much
+adoo) and so a vnitie insued betwixt them, vpon these conditions;
+[Sidenote: The king of Scots did homage to king William for Scotland.]
+namelie, that king Malcolme should doo homage to king William for the
+realme of Scotland, and therevpon deliuer sufficient hostages: and
+that on the other side, king William should pardon all the English
+outlawes in Scotland which then rebelled against him. The place where
+this peace was concluded, was called Abirnethi. [Sidenote: _Simon
+Dun._] After this, king William returned into England, where he yer
+long tooke the earledome of Northumberland from Gospatrike, [Sidenote:
+The kings iustice.] and gave it to Waltheof the sonne of Siward;
+bicause of right it s�emed to descend vnto him from his father, but
+cheefelie from his mother Alfreda, who was the daughter of Aldred
+sometime earle of that countrie.
+
+At the same time also the king caused a castell to be built at Durham,
+and returned to London, where he receiued aduertisement that his
+subiects in Normandie toward the the parties[3] of Angiew had begun a
+rebellion against him. Heerevpon with all sp�ed he leuied an armie,
+whereof the most part consisted of English (whose seruice he liked
+rather in a forren countrie than in their owne) and sailed ouer into
+Normandie, where he easilie subdued his enemies by the valiancie of the
+English, whom from thenceforth he began somewhat to fauour and better
+thinke of than before. Yoong Edg�r also grew in verie good credit with
+him, for though he had twise broken his oth of allegiance, and run to
+the Scots as a rebell, yet now of his owne motion, returning to the king
+and crauing pardon, he was not onelie receiued, but also highlie
+honoured and preferred in his court.
+
+The yeare 1074. thr�e moonks of the prouince of Mercia, purposing to
+restore religion after their maner within the prouince of
+Northumberland, came into Yorke, and required of Hugh Fitz Baldricke
+(then shirife of the shire) to haue safe conduct vnto Monkaster,
+[Sidenote: Mountcaster now Newcastell.] which afterwards hight
+Newcastell, and so is called to this day. These moonks, whose names
+were Aldwin, Alswin, and Remfred, comming unto the foresaid place,
+found no token or remanent of any religious persons, which sometime
+had habitation there (for all was defaced and gone:) wherevpon, after
+they had remained there a while, they remooued to Jarrowe, where
+finding the ruines of old decaied buildings and churches, perteining
+in times past to the moonks that there inhabited, they had such
+assistance at the hands of Walkher bishop of Durham, that at length,
+by the diligent trauell and sute of these moonks, three monasteries
+were newlie founded and erected in the north parts, one at Durham, an
+other at Yorke, and the third at Whitby. For you must consider, that
+by the inuasion of the Danes, the churches and monasteries throughout
+Northumberland were so wasted and ruinated, that a man could
+scarselie find a church standing in all that countrie, as for those
+that remained, they were couered with broome or thatch: but as for any
+abbey or monasterie, not one was left in all the countrie, neither did
+any man (for the space of two hundred yeares) take care for the
+repairing or building vp of any thing in decaie, so that the people of
+that countrie wist not what a moonke ment, and if they saw any, they
+woondered at the strangenesse of the sight.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 9. 1075.] [Sidenote: Rafe Earle of Cambridge.
+_Matth. West._ _Matth. Paris._ _Hen. Hunt._ _Simon Dun._ A rebellion
+raised against K. William.] Whilest the king remained thus in
+Normandie, Roger earle of Hereford (contrarie to the kings mind and
+pleasure) married his sister vnto Rafe earle of Cambridge, or (as
+other haue) Northfolke, and withall began a new conspiracie against
+him. Amongst other also of the associats, earle Walteof the sonne of
+earle Siward was one, who afterward mistrusting the successe of this
+deuise, first vttered it to archbishop Lanfranke, and by his aduice
+sailed ouer into Normandie, and there disclosed the whole matter to
+king William: but in the meane time, the other two earles; namelie,
+Hereford and Cambridge had so farre proc�eded in the matter, that they
+were vp in armour. Howbeit, Wolstan bishop of Worcester, and Egelwine
+abbat of Euesham, with the shirife of Worcester & Walter Lacie, so
+resisted the earle of Hereford, that he could not passe the Seuerne to
+ioine with the earle of Cambridge. [Sidenote: _Iohn Pike._] On the
+other side, Odo the bishop of Bayeux, and Geffrey the bishop of
+Constances pursued the earle of Cambridge so narrowlie with an other
+armie, which they had gathered of the English and Normans, that they
+constreined him to fl�e into Britaine, whereby the rebellion was verie
+much appeased.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 10. 1076.] In the meane time, the king
+vnderstanding by earle Walteof how the matter went in England, came
+ouer with all speed out of Normandie, & within a short space brought
+the residue of the conspirators into such a feare, that they were
+scattered and put to flight, without attempting anie further exploit
+or conspiracie against him. Manie of them also were apprehended and
+put to death, among whom Roger and Walteof were most famous.
+[Sidenote: _H. Hunt._ Earle Walteof beheaded.] And though Walteof (as
+y�e haue heard before) disclosed the treason, yet to the end he should
+offend no more hereafter, he was beheaded at Winchester by the kings
+commandement, and his bodie hauing b�ene first buried in the same
+place where he suffered, was afterward conueied vnto Crowland, and
+there more honorablie interred.
+
+This earle Walteof or Waldeue was sonne (as ye haue heard) to Siward
+the noble earle of Northumberland, of whose valure in the time of K.
+Edward the confessor ye haue heard. His son the foresaid Walteof in
+strength of bodie and hardinesse did, not degenerate from his father,
+for he was tall of personage, in sinews and musculs verie strong and
+mighty. In the slaughter of the Normans at Yorke, he shewed proofe of
+his prowesse, in striking off the heads of manie of them with his owne
+hands, as they came foorth of the gates singlie one by one: yet
+afterwards, when the king had pardoned him of all former offenses, and
+receiued him into fauour h�e gaue to him in mariage his n�ece Judith
+the daughter of Lambert earle of Lens, sister to Stephen erle of
+Albermare, and with hir he had of the kings gift, [Sidenote: Earledome
+of Huntingdon.] all the lands and liberties belonging to the honor of
+Huntingdon; in consideration whereof, he assigned to hir in name of
+hir dower, all the lands that he held from Trent southward. Sh�e bare
+by him two daughters, Maud and Alice: [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._] We
+find, that he was not onlie earle of Northumberland, but also of
+Northampton and Huntingdon.
+
+The countesse of Cambridge or Northfolke (as other haue) wife of earle
+Rafe, being, fled into the citie of Norwich, was besieged in the same
+by the kings power, which pressed the citie so sore, as it was forced
+for verie famine to y�eld; but yet by composition; namelie, that such
+as were besieged within, should depart the realme, as persons abiured
+and banished the land for euer. [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Hen. Hunt._
+_Simon Dun._ _Matth. Paris._] This was the end of the foresaid
+conspiracie. At this verie time the Danes being confederate with these
+rebels, and by them solicited, set forth towards England vnder the
+leading of Cnuto, sonne to Sueno, and earle Haco, and (vnlooked for)
+arriue here in England with two hundred sailes. But hearing that the
+ciuill tumult was ended, and seeing no man readie either to
+countenance or encourage them in their enterprise, they sailed first
+into Flanders, which they spoiled, and after into their owne
+countrie, with little desire or will to come againe into England. King
+William also vnderstanding that they were thus departed, passed ouer
+into Britaine, and there besieged the castell of Doll that belonged to
+Rafe earle of Cambridge or Northfolke: but by the comming of Philip
+the French king, king William being vnprouided of sufficient vittels
+for his armie, was constreined to raise his siege, although with great
+losse both of men and horsses.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 11. 1077.] [Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ An
+earthquake, a long frost, a comet.] On the 27. daie of March was a
+generall earthquake in England, and in the winter following a frost
+that continued from the first of Nouember vntill the middle of Aprill.
+A blasing starre appeered on palme sundaie, beeing the sixteenth daie
+of Aprill, about six of the clocke, when the aire was faire and
+cleere.
+
+[Sidenote: Married pr�ests.] About the same season, pope Gregorie
+perceiuing that married pr�ests did choose rather to run into the
+danger of his cursse, than to forsake their wiues, meaning to bridle
+them by an other prouiso, gaue commandment by his bull published
+abroad, that none should heare the masse of a married pr�est.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 12. 1078.] [Sidenote: _Polydor._ A synod holden at
+London. Bishops s�es remoued.] King William after his comming from the
+siege of Doll, remained a certeine time in quiet, during which season,
+Lanfranke the archbishop called a synod or counsell of the cleargie at
+London, wherein amongst other things it was ordeined, that certeine
+bishops s�es should be remoued from small townes to cities of more
+fame, whereby it came to passe that Chichester, Exceter, Bath,
+Salisburie, Lincolne & Chester were honored with sees and palaces of
+bishops, whereas before they kept their residence at Sellewey, Kirton,
+Welles, Shireborne, Dorchester, and Lichfield.
+
+[Sidenote: _Woolstan._] At this synod also Woolstan bishop of
+Worcester was present, whom Lanfranke would haue deposed for his
+insufficiencie of learning; as he colourablie pretended, but indeed to
+pleasure the king, who faine would have placed a Norman in his roome:
+but (as they saie) by a miracle which he presentlie wrought, in causing
+his crosier staffe to sticke fast in the toome of saint Edward (to
+whom he protested and said he would resigne it, for that he obteined
+the same by his gift) he did put the king and the archbishop into such
+feare, that they suffered him still to enioy his bishoprike without
+any further vexation. These things with other (touching a reformation
+in the church and cleargie) being handled in this councell, it was
+soone after dissolued.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 13. 1079.] In the yeare following, king William
+led a mightie armie into Wales, and subdued it; receiuing of the
+rulers and princes there their homages and hostages. [Sidenote:
+_Matth. Paris._ _Matth. West._] About the same time, Robert the kings
+eldest sonne, a right worthie personage, but yet as one of nature
+somewhat vnstable, entered into Normandie as a rebell to his father,
+and by force tooke diuers places into his hands. Which he did by the
+practise of Philip the French king, who now began to doubt of the
+great puissance of king William, as foreseeing how much it might
+preiudice him, and the whole realme of France in time to come.
+[Sidenote: The French king setteth the sonne against the father.]
+Wherefore to stop the course of his prosperous successe, he deuised a
+meane to set the sonne against the father. True it is that king
+William had promised long afore to resigne the gouernment of Normandie
+vnto the said Robert his sonne. Wherevpon the yoong man, being of an
+ambitious nature, and now pricked forward by the sinister counsell of
+his adherents, seeketh to obteine that by violence, which he thought
+would be verie long yer he should atteine by curtesie. [Sidenote:
+_Simon Dun._ _Matth. Paris._] King William hereof aduertised, was not
+a little mooued against his disobedient sonne, and curssed both him
+and the time that euer he begat him. Finallie, raising an armie, he
+marched towards him, so that they met in the field. Assoone as the one
+came in sight of the other, they encountred at a place called
+Archenbraie, and whilest the battell was at the hottest, and the
+footmen most busied in fight, Robert appointed a power of horssemen to
+breake in upon the r�ereward of his enemies; & he himselfe following
+after with all his might, chanced among other to haue a conflict with
+his owne father, so that thrusting him through the arme with his
+lance, he bare him beside his horsse, [Sidenote: The sonne
+ouerthroweth the father.] and ouerthrew him to the ground. The king
+being falne, called to his men to remount him. Robert perceiuing by
+his voice that it was his father, whom he had vnhorssed, sp�edilie
+alighted, and tooke him vp, asking him forgiuenesse for that fact, and
+setting him vp on his owne horsse, brought him out of the prease, and
+suffered him to depart in safetie. King William being thus escaped out
+of that present danger, and s�eing himselfe not able to resist the
+puissance of his enimies, [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] left the field to
+his son, hauing lost many of his men which were slaine in battell and
+chace, besides a great number that were hurt and wounded, among whom
+his second sonne William surnamed Rufus or Red, was one; [Sidenote:
+_Matth. Paris._] and therefore (as some write) he bitterlie curssed
+his son Robert, by whom he had susteined such iniurie, losse, and
+dishonor. [Sidenote: The father and the sonne made friends.] Howbeit,
+other write, that for the courtesie which his sonne shewed, in
+releeuing and helping him out of danger, when he was cast off his
+horsse, he was mooued with such a fatherlie affection, that presentlie
+after they were made friends, the father pardoned his sonne all his
+former offenses, and therevpon found him euer after more tractable and
+obedient than before.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 14. 1080.] After this battell, king William being
+thus accorded with his sonne, [Sidenote: _Simon Dunel._] returned with
+him into England, and immediatlie sent him against Malcolme king of
+Scotland, who hauing broken the truce in time of the trouble betwixt
+king William and his sonne, had doone much hurt by forraies vpon the
+English borders, wasting all Northumberland euen to the riuer of Tine.
+Howbeit, when he heard that Robert approched with his armie towards
+him, he retired into Scotland. [Sidenote: The foundation of New
+castell upon Tine, which before that season was called Moncaster.]
+Robert Curthuze then lodged with his armie vpon the banks of the riuer
+of Tine, where he began the foundation of a castell, whereof the towne
+Newcastell did after take both beginning and name, for before this
+season it was called Moncaster.
+
+About the same time, Odo the bishop of Bayeux was sent to
+Northumberland, to reuenge the death of Walkher bishop of Durham, whom
+not long before the people of Northumberland had slaine in a tumult.
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] The occasion of his death grew by the death
+of one Liulfus, a noble man of those quarters, and d�erelie beloued of
+the people, bicause he was descended of honorable parentage, and had
+married the ladie Algitha daughter vnto earle Alered, and sister to
+Alfleda the mother of earle Walteof.
+
+This Liulfus, a man of great possessions through England, now that the
+Normans ruled in all places, quietlie withdrew himselfe vnto Durham, and
+grew into such familiaritie and credit with the bishop, that touching
+the order of temporall matters, he would doo nothing without his aduice.
+Whereat Leofwin the bishops chapline conceiued such enuie (for that he
+was not so often called to counsell as before) that in the end he
+procured by his malicious meanes one Gilbert (to whom the bishop had
+committed the rule of the earledome) to murther the said Liulfus by
+night in his manor place not farre from Durham. Whereof the bishop
+hauing vnderstanding, and knowing that the matter would be gr�euouslie
+taken of the people, sent out letters and messengers into the countrie,
+offering to purge himselfe of the slaughter of this man, according to
+the order of the canon lawes: howbeit he did nothing lesse. Among other
+things concerning his purgation, he said that he had banished Gilbert
+and others, (who had committed the murther) out of Northumberland.
+Hervpon the malice of the people was kindled against him. For when it
+was knowne that he had receiued the murtherers into his house, and
+fauoured them as before, they stomached the matter highlie: insomuch
+that when by the trauell of those that went to and fro betwixt the
+bishop and the kinsfolks of Liulfus, a daie was appointed, on the which
+the bishop should come to farther communication with them at Gateshead,
+he repaired thither according to his promise, but refusing to talke with
+them abroad, he kept himselfe still within the church, and sent foorth
+such of his counsell as should commune with them. But when the people
+that were there gathered in great numbers, had signified in plaine words
+that he should either come foorth and shew himselfe amongst them, or
+else that they should fire the place where he sat: he caused Gilbert to
+go foorth vnto them first, whom they slue, and his partakers also that
+issued out of the church with him for his defense. But when the peoples
+furie was not so quenched, the bishop himselfe casting the skirts of his
+gowne ouer his face, came likewise foorth, and was immediatlie slaine of
+the people. After this, they set the church on fire, bicause Leofwine
+the bishops chapline and others were yet within, and refused to come
+foorth: howbeit in the end, being compelled by the rage of the fire to
+come out, the said Leofwine was also slaine and hackt in p�eces (as he
+had well deserued) being the ringleader of all the misch�efe.
+
+[Sidenote: Note the sequele of the neglect of iustice in the former
+storie.] � Thus maie we s�e what followed of the neglecting of iustice
+in the bishop: for if he either banished Gilbert and other his
+complices (accordinglie as he pretended to doo) or otherwise had s�ene
+due punishment executed against them, the peoples rage had neuer
+proceeded so far as it did: for they could not persuade themselues,
+but that the bishop was guiltie and priuie to Liulfus death, sith he
+had receiued the murtherers into his house, the verie same night in
+which the fact was done, and kept them still about him, which his
+bearing with them cost him his owne life. But now to the historie.
+
+When bishop Odo was come into those parties to reuenge the bishops
+death with an armie (as we haue said) he sore afflicted the countrie,
+by spoiling it on euerie side with great crueltie. [Sidenote: _Sim.
+Dunel._] Here king William placed and displaced diuerse rulers ouer
+the Northumbers: [Sidenote: Copsi.] for first he appointed one Copsi
+to haue the rule of that countrie, in place of Marchar who before had
+held the same. This Copsi expelled Osulfe the sonne of earle Edulfe
+brother to earle Aldred, which Osulfe was substitute vnto the earles
+Edwine and Marchar, who although he was driuen out of his gouernement
+by Copsi, yet recouering his forces againe, he slue the same Copsi as
+he entred into the church of Newburne. But within a few moneths after,
+the same Osulfe (as he ran with his horsse against a theefe) was
+thrust through the bodie with a speare, which the theefe held in his
+hand, and so died. [Sidenote: Gospatrike.] Then Gospatrike was
+assigned by king William to haue the gouernement there: whose mother
+Aldgitha was daughter to Vthred sometime earle of Northumberland
+begotten vpon Elfgiua the daughter of king Egelred.
+
+Some write, that Gospatrike purchased the earledome of king William,
+and so held it, till the king tooke it from him againe, and then gaue
+it vnto earle Walteof or Waldeue. Next after him Walkher the foresaid
+bishop of Durham had the whole administration committed to him, but
+(after he was slaine as y�e haue heard) one Alberike ruled that
+countrie, and lastlie, [Sidenote: Robert Mulbray earle of
+Northumberland.] Robert Mulbray a right noble personage (for his
+wisedome and valiancie highlie renowmed with all men) was created
+earle of Northumberland, and gouerned the people of those parties in
+such politike and wise order, that during his time, it is hard to
+saie, whether his quietnesse or the obedience of the people was
+greater.
+
+[Sidenote: The foundation of vniuersitie colledge in Oxford.]
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 15. 1081.] In like manner, after the foresaid
+Walkher; one William was created bishop of Durham, who was the
+originall founder of vniuersitie colledge in Oxford, and by whose
+assistance, the moonkes gaping both for riches, ease, and possessions,
+found the means to displace the secular priests of the colledge of
+Durham, that they might get into their roomes, as they did indeed
+soone after, to their great gaine and aduantage. But to returne againe
+to the course of the historie. [Sidenote: An. Reg. 16. 1082]
+[Sidenote: Odo suspected and banished.] Shortlie after the reuenge of
+the death of Walkher bishop of Durham, the fornamed bishop Odo, the
+kings brother was suspected of some vntruth and sinister dealing,
+wherevpon he was sent as a banished man into Normandie, or rather (as
+other write) committed to prison, where he remained, not as a clerke,
+but as a baron of the realme; for he was both bishop and earle of
+Kent.
+
+[Sidenote: An. Reg. 17. 1083.] The king hauing at length obteined some
+rest from wars, practised by sundrie meanes to inrich his cofers, and
+therefore raised a tribute through out the whole kingdome; for the
+better leuieng whereof, he appointed all the subiects of his realme to
+be numbred, all the cities, townes, villages, and hamlets to be
+registred, all the abbies, monasteries, and priories to be recorded.
+Moreouer, he caused a certificat to be taken of euerie mans substance,
+and what he might dispend by the yeare; he also caused their names to
+be written which held knights fees, and were bound thereby to serue
+him in the wars. [Sidenote: Plow land.] Likewise he tooke a note of
+euerie yoke of oxen, & what number of plow lands, and how manie
+bondmen were within the realme. This certificat being made & brought
+vnto him, gaue him full vnderstanding what wealth remained among the
+English people. Herevpon he raised his tribute, taking six shillings
+for euerie hide of land through out this realme, which amounted to a
+great masse of monie when it was all brought togither into his
+Excheker. [Sidenote: _Geruasius Tilberiensis_. The true definition of
+a hide of land.] � Here note by the waie, that an hide of land
+conteineth an hundred acres, and an acre conteineth fortie perches in
+length, and foure in bredth, the length of a perch is sixt�ene foot
+and an halfe: so that the common acre should make 240. perches; &
+eight hides or 800. acres is a knights f�e, after the best approued
+writers and plaine demonstration. Those therefore are deceiued, that
+take an hide of land to conteine twentie acres (as William Lambert
+hath well noted in his De priscis Anglorum legibus) where he
+expoundeth the meaning of the old Saxon termes perteining to the
+lawes.
+
+But to proc�ed & come, a little after the temporals dealing, to some
+of the spirituall affaires. [Sidenote: An. Reg. 18. 1084.] [Sidenote:
+_Wil. Malm._ _Simon Dun._ Thurston abbat of Glastenburie.] It hapned
+about the same time, that when king William had finished the rating of
+his subiects, that there rose a strife betwixt Thurstane abbat of
+Glastenburie a Norman, and the moonkes of that house. [Sidenote:
+William of Fescampe.] One cause thereof was, for that the abbat would
+haue compelled them to haue left the plaine song or note for the
+seruice which pope Gregorie had set foorth, and to haue vsed an other
+kind of tune deuised by one William of Fescampe: beside this, the said
+abbat spent and wasted the goods that belonged to the house, in riot,
+leacherie, and by such other insolent meanes (withdrawing also from
+the moonkes their old accustomed allowance of diet) for the which they
+first fell at altercation in words, and afterwards to fighting.
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._ _Wil. Malm._ have two slaine and xiiij hurt.]
+The abbat got armed men about him, and falling vpon the moonkes, slue
+thr�e of them at the high altar, and wounded xviij. Howbeit the
+moonkes for their parts plaied the pretie men with formes and
+candelsticks, [Sidenote: _Matt. Westm._] defending themselues as well
+as they might, so that they hurt diuers of the abbats adherents, and
+droue them out of the quier.
+
+In the end, complaint hereof was brought to the king, by whose iudgement
+the matter was so ordered, that Thurstane lost his roome, and returned
+vnto Caen in Normandie from whence he came, and the moonkes were spred
+abroad into diuerse houses of religion through the realme, Glastenburie
+being replenished with more quiet persons, and such as were supposed
+readier to praie than to quarell, as the other did: yet is it said, that
+in the time of William Rufus this Thurstane obteined the rule of that
+abbeie againe for fiue hundred pounds.
+
+[Sidenote: _Sim. Dunel._ _Hen. Marle._ _Matth. Paris._] There be which
+write, that the numbring of men and of places, the valuation of goods
+and substance, [Sidenote: _Hen. Marle._] as well in cattell as readie
+monie, was not taken till about the xix. y�ere of this kings reigne
+(although the subsidie afore mentioned was gathered about two yeares
+before of euerie hide of land as y�e haue heard) and that the
+certificat hereof being inrolled, was put into the kings treasurie at
+Winchester, [Sidenote: An. Reg. 19.] in the xix. yeare of his reigne,
+and not in the xvj. [Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] But in what yeare soeuer
+it was, and howsoeuer the writers agr�e or disagree herein; certaine
+it is, that the same was exacted, to the great gr�efe and
+impouerishment of the people, who sore lamented the miserable estate
+whereinto they were brought, [Sidenote: _Polydor._ _Matth. Paris._]
+and hated the Normans in their harts to the verie death. Howbeit, the
+more they grudged at such tolles, tallages, customes, and other
+impositions wherewith they were pressed; the more they were charged
+and ouerpressed. [Sidenote: The Conquerour s�eketh to k�epe the
+English men low.] The Normans on the other side with their king
+perceiuing the hatred which the English bare them, were sore offended,
+and therefore sought by all meanes to k�epe them vnder. [Sidenote:
+_Polydor._] Such as were called to be iustices, were enimies to all
+iustice; wherevpon greater burdens were laid upon the English,
+insomuch that after they had b�ene robbed and spoiled of their goods,
+they were also debarred of their accustomed games and pastimes.
+[Sidenote: The forrests seized into the kings hands. _Matth. Paris._]
+For where naturallie (as they doo vnto this daie) they tooke great
+pleasure in hunting of d�ere, both red and fallow, in the woods and
+forrests about without restraint, king William seizing the most part
+of the same forests into his owne hands, appointed a punishment to be
+executed vpon all such offendors; namelie, to haue their eies put out.
+And to bring the greater number of men in danger of those his penall
+lawes (a pestilent policie of a spitefull mind, and sauoring
+altogither of his French slauerie) he deuised meanes how to br�ed,
+nourish, and increase the multitude of d�ere, and also to make roome
+for them in that part of the realme which lieth betwixt Salisburie and
+the sea southward: [Sidenote: New forrest.] he pulled downe townes,
+villages, churches, and other buildings for the space of 30. miles, to
+make thereof a forrest, which at this daie is called New forrest. The
+people as then sore bewailed their distres, & greatlie lamented that
+they must thus leaue house & home to the vse of sauage beasts.
+[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ An earthquake. _Polydor._] Which crueltie,
+not onelie mortall men liuing here on earth, but also the earth it
+selfe might seeme to detest, as by a woonderfull signification it
+s�emed to declare, by the shaking and roaring of the same, which
+chanced about the 14. yeare of his reigne (as writers haue recorded.)
+There be that suppose how the king made that part of the realme waste
+and barren vpon a policie, to the intent that if his chance were to be
+expelled by ciuill wars, and he compelled to leaue the land, there
+should be no inhabitants in that part of the Ile to resist his
+arriuall vpon his new returne.
+
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._] [Sidenote: 1085.] [Sidenote: A rumor spred of
+the coming of the Danes.] But to go foorth with our purpose. About the
+same time, a rumor was spred in England that Sueine king of Denmarke
+meant to inuade England with a puissant armie, hauing the assistance
+of the earle of Flanders whose daughter he had maried. Whervpon king
+William being then in Normandie, reteined a great power of French
+soldiers, both archers and footmen which togither with his Normans he
+brought ouer into England in haruest season, and meaning to disburthen
+himselfe of the charge of their keeping, he caused their finding and
+wages to be borne by the lords and peeres of the realme, by the
+shirifs of shires, and other officers. [Sidenote: Anno 20.] Howbeit,
+when he vnderstood that the Danes changed their purpose, and would not
+hold on their iourneie, he dismissed part of his power, and sent them
+home againe, keeping the residue all the winter with him in England,
+readie for his defense, if anie rebellion or other necessitie should
+befall.
+
+[Sidenote: 1086.] The same yeare, he kept his Christmasse at
+Glocester, and made his sonne Henrie knight at Westminster in
+Whitsunw�eke insuing. [Sidenote: _Matth. West._] [Sidenote: 1087.]
+[Sidenote: An oth taken to be true to the king.] Shortlie after,
+calling togither aswell lords spirituall as temporall he caused them,
+all to sweare fealtie to him and his heires after him in the
+possession of this kingdome.
+
+[Sidenote: Great sickenes reigning. Murren of cattell. _Matth. West._
+Paules church burned. _Simon Dun._ _Ran. Higd._ _Simon Dun._] About
+this season, the people in all places were pitifullie plaged with
+burning feuers, which brought manie to their end: a murren also came
+to their cattell, whereof a woonderfull number died. At the same time
+(which is more maruellous) tame foules, as hens, g�ese, & peacocks,
+forsaking their owners houses, fled to the woods and became wild.
+Great hurt was doone in manie places of the realme by fire, and
+speciallie in London, where vpon the 7. daie of Julie a sudden flame
+began, which burnt Paules church, and a great part or the citie downe
+to the verie ground.
+
+Now when K. William had taken the oth of fealtie and loialtie of all
+his lords, Edgar Etheling, who was reconciled vnto his fauour (as you
+haue heard) obteining licence of him to depart the realme for a
+season, sailed into Puglia with two hundred souldiers: of whose acts
+there and returne into England I spare to speake, bicause I find
+little or nothing of moment recorded. [Sidenote: An. Reg. 21.] And now
+king William, who hauing brought the Englishmen so lowe and bare, that
+little more was to be got out of their hands, went once againe ouer
+into Normandie with an huge masse of mony, where soone after he fell
+sicke, so that he was constrained to keepe his bed longer than he had
+beene accustomed to doo, whereat Philip the French king in iesting
+manner said, that king William his cousine laie now in childbed
+(alluding belike to his big bellie, for he was verie corpulent) and
+withall added; [Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Matth. Paris._] "Oh what a
+number of candels must I prouide to offer vp at his going to church!
+certeinelie I thinke that 100000. will not suffice," &c. [Sidenote:
+_Wil. Malm._ _Ran. Higd._] This frumping sp�ech so moued the king,
+that he made this answere: "Well, I trust when I shall be churched,
+that our cousine shall be at no such cost, but I will helpe to find
+him a thousand candels myselfe, and light them too, to some of their
+paines, if God grant me life." Which promise he bound with an oth, and
+in d�ed performed. [Sidenote: He inuadeth France. _Gemeticensis_. The
+citie of Maunt burnt by K. William. _Matth. West._ _Matth. Paris._]
+For in Julie next insuing, when their corne, fruit, and grapes were
+most florishing, and readie for the sickle, he entered France with a
+great armie, set fire on manie of their cities and townes in the west
+side of that countrie, and came at last to the citie of Maunt, which
+he burnt with the church of our ladie, and an ankresse inclosed in the
+wall thereof as an holie closet, for the force of the fire was such as
+all went to wrecke. In this heat king William tooke such a sicknesse
+(which was likewise aggrauated by the fall of an horsse as he rode to
+and fro, bicause he was not able to trauell on foot about his palace
+by reason of his disease) that cost him his life; [Sidenote: King
+William departed this life. _Simon Dun._ _Matth. West._ The lix. of
+his age hath _Wil. Malm._] so that when he had ordeined his last will,
+and taken order for the staie of things after his decease, he departed
+this life on the 9. day of September, in the yeare after the birth of
+our Saviour 1087. and 74. (as Polydor saith) of his age, hauing
+gouerned Normandie about 51. yeres, and reigned ouer England 20.
+yeares, ten moneths, and 28. daies (as all writers doo report.)
+
+[Sidenote: He set all prisoners at libertie saith _Wil. Malm._
+_Polydor._] Not long before his death, he released his brother Odo
+bishop of Bayeux out of prison, Marchar earle of Northumberland, and
+Wilnotus the sonne of king Harold, or (as some say) his brother.
+Moreouer he repented him (as some say) when he lay on his death bed,
+of his cruell dealing with the English, considering that by them he
+had atteined to such honour and dignitie, as to weare the crown and
+scepter of a kingdome: but whether he did so or not, or that some
+moonke deuised the excuse in fauour of the prince: surely he was a
+puissant prince, and though his time was troublesome, yet he was right
+fortunate in all his attempts. Againe, if a man shall consider that in
+a strange realme he could make such a conquest, and so exactlie and
+readilie assure the same to his heires, with new lawes, orders and
+constitutions (which are like for euer to endure) he would thinke it a
+thing altogither void of credit. Yet so it was, and so honourable were
+his dooings in the sight of the world, that those kings, which
+succeeded sithens his death, begin their account at him, as from one
+that had by his prudence renewed the state of the realme, and
+instituted an other forme of regiment, in atchiuing whereof he did not
+so much pretend a rightfull challenge by the grant of his coosine king
+Edward the Confessor, as by the law of armes and plaine conquest, than
+the which (as he supposed) there could be no better title.
+
+Herevpon also those that haue sithens succeeded him, vse the same
+armes as peculiar to the crowne of England, which he vsed in his time;
+[Sidenote: He bare but two lions or rather leopards as some thinke.]
+namelie, three lions passant gold in a field gewels (as Polydor
+writeth) the three floure delices were since that time annexed thereto
+by Edward the third, by reason of his claime to the crowne of France,
+whereof hereafter ye shall heare. Among other greeuances which the
+English susteined by the hard deling of the Conquerour, this is to be
+remembered, that he brought Jewes into this land from Rouen, and
+appointed them a place to inhabit and occupie.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor._] There be that write, how the inconstancie of
+the English people by their oft rebellions occasioned the king to be
+so rough and rigorous against them; wheras (of his naturall
+disposition and proper inclination) he was rather gentle and courteous
+than sharpe and cruell. But sith he continued his extremitie euen to
+his last daies, we may rather bel�eue, that although from his
+childhood he shewed some tokens of clemencie, bountie, and
+liberalitie; yet by following the wars, and practising to reigne with
+sternenesse, he became so inured therewith, that those peaceable
+vertues were quite altered in him, and in maner clearelie quenched. He
+was indued with a certeine stoutnesse of courage and skill in feats of
+warre, which good hap euer followed: he was fr�e from lecherous lusts,
+without suspicion of bodilie vices, quicke of wit, desirous of honor,
+painefull, watchfull, and able to tolerate heat and cold, though he
+were tall of stature, and verie grosse of bodie.
+
+Toward the end of his daies he waxed verie deuout, and became desirous
+to aduance the state of the church, insomuch that he builded thr�e
+abbeies in three seuerall places, endowing them with faire lands and
+large possessions, one at the place where he vanquished king Harold,
+fiue miles from Hastings, which he named Battell, of the field there
+fought: the other at Celby in Yorkeshire: and the third in Normandie at
+Caen, where his wife Qu�ene Maud had builded a nunnerie, which Maud died
+in the y�ere 1084, before the decease of the king hir husband.
+
+[Sidenote: They gaue him an hundred pound, saith _Hen. Marle._]
+After his death, his bodie was buried in Caen, in S. Stephans church;
+but before it could be committed to the ground, the executors were
+constreined to agree with the lord of the soile where the church stood,
+which (as he said) the king in his life time had iniuriouslie taken from
+him, and gaue him a great summe of monie to release his title.
+
+� By this we may consider the great miserie of mans estate, in that so
+mightie a prince could not haue so much ground after his death as to
+couer his dead corps, without dooing iniurie to another. This also may
+be a speciall lesson for all men, and namelie for princes, noblemen, and
+gentlemen, who oftentimes to enlarge their owne commodities, doo not
+regard what wrong they offer to the inferiour sort.
+
+The said king William had by Maud his wife the daughter of Baldwine
+earle of Flanders, foure sonnes, Robert surnamed Curthose (vnto whome
+he bequeathed the duchie of Normandie) Richard who died in his youth,
+William surnamed Rufus, to whom he gaue by testament the realme of
+England, and Henrie surnamed Beauclerke for his cunning, knowledge and
+learning, vnto whom he bequethed all his treasure and mooueable goods,
+with the possessions that belonged to his mother. [Sidenote: _Hen.
+Marle._] Besides these foure sonnes, he had also by his said wife fiue
+daughters, Cecilie, who became a nunne; Constance, who was married to
+Alane duke of Britaine; Adela, who was giuen in mariage to Stephan
+earle of Blois (of whom that Stephan was borne which reigned after
+Henrie the first) Adeliza, who was promised in mariage to Harold king
+of England (as before you haue heard) but she died yer she was maried
+either to him, or to any other, and so likewise did the fift, whose
+name I cannot reherse.
+
+[Sidenote: _Iohn Rous._] But to conclude, though king William held the
+English so vnder foot, that in his daies almost no Englishman bare any
+office of honor or rule in his time, yet he somewhat fauoured the
+citie of London, and at the earnest sute of William a Norman then
+bishop of that see, he granted vnto the citizens the first charter,
+which is written in the Saxon toong, sealed with greene wax, and
+expressed in viij. or ix. lines at the most, exemplified according to
+the copie, and so printed, as followeth.
+
+     "Williem King grets Williem Bisceop & Godfred Porterefan, & ealle
+     ya Burghwarn binnen London Frencisce, & Englise frendlice, &
+     Ickiden eoy, yeet ic wille yeet git ben ealra weera lagayweord,
+     ye get weeran on Eadwerds daege kings. And ic will yeet aelc
+     child by his fader yrfnume, aefter his faders daege. And ic nelle
+     ge wolian, yeet aenig man eoy aenis wrang beode. God eoy heald."
+
+     "Wilhelmus rex salutat Wilhelmum Episcopum, & Goffridum
+     Portegrefium, & omnem Burghware infra London Frans. & Angl.
+     amicabiliter. Et vobis notum facio, qu�d ego vole qu�d vos sitis
+     omni lege illa digni qua fuistis Edwardi diebus regis. Et volo
+     qu�d omnis puer sit patris sui h�res post diem patris sui. Et ego
+     nolo pati qu�d aliquis homo aliquam iniuriam vobis inferat. Deus
+     vos saluet."
+
+[Sidenote: _Matth. Paris._ _Hen. Hunt._] But howsoeuer he vsed the
+rest of the English, this is recorded of some writers, that by his
+rigorous proceedings against them, he brought to passe that the
+countrie was so rid of theeues and robbers, as that at length a maid
+might haue passed through the land with a bag full of gold, and not
+haue met with any misdooer to haue bereft hir of the same: a thing
+right strange to consider, sith in the beginning of his reigne there
+were such routs of outlawes and robbers, that the peaceabler people
+could not be safelie possessed of their owne houses, were the same
+neuer so well fortified and defended.
+
+[Sidenote: _Iohn Rous._ _Hen. Marle._] Among manie lawes made by the
+said William, this one is to be remembred, that such as forced any
+woman, should lose their genitals.
+
+[Sidenote: Salisburie vse.] In this kings daies also liued Osmond the
+second bishop of Salisburie, who compiled the church seruice, which in
+times past they commonlie called after Salisburie vse.
+
+[Sidenote: Shooting.] The vse of the long bowe (as Iohn Rous
+testifieth) came first into England with this king William the
+Conquerour: for the English (before that time) vsed to fight with axes
+and such hand weapons: and therefore in the oration made by the
+Conquerour before he gaue battel to king Harold, the better to
+encourage his men, he told them they should encounter with enimies
+that wanted shot.
+
+In the yeare of our Lord 1542. Monsieur de Castres bishop of Baieulx and
+abbat of Saint Estienne in Caen, caused the Sepulchre of this William to
+be opened, wherein his bodie was found whole, faire and perfect; of
+lims, large and big; of stature and personage, longer than the ordinarie
+sort of men: with a copper plate fairlie gilt, and this epitaph
+therevpon ingrauen:
+
+    "Qui rexit rigidos Normannos, atque Britannos
+      Audacter vicit, fortiter obtinuit,
+    Et Coenomenses virtute contudit enses,
+      Imperijq. sui legibus[4] applicuit,
+    Rex magnus parua iacet h�c Guilhelmus in urna:
+      Sufficit & magno parua domus domino,
+    Ter septem gradibus se voluerat atq. duobus
+      Virginis in gremio Phoebus, & hic obijt:"  that is;
+
+    "Who ouer Normans rough did rule, and ouer Britons bold
+      Did conquest stoutlie win, and conquest woone did stronglie hold:
+    Who by his valure great the fatal vprores calmed, in maine,
+      And to obeie his powers and lawes, the Manceaux did constraine:
+    This mightie king within this little vault entoomed lies,
+      So great a lord sometime, so small a roome dooth now suffice.
+    When three times seuen and two by iust degrees the sunne had tooke
+      His woonted course in Virgos lap, then he the world forsooke."
+
+[Sidenote: _W. Patten_ collecteth this to be the 23. after the sun was
+in _Virgo_: which is the 6. of Septeber.]
+
+
+     Thus far William Conquerour.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's notes
+
+There are no footnotes in the original. The original spelling and
+punctuation have been retained, with the exception of obvious errors
+which have been corrected by reference to the 1587 edition of which
+the original is a transcription.
+
+[1] Original reads 'l d'; corrected to 'led'.
+
+[2] Original reads '(that bare their title'; opening parenthesis removed.
+
+[3] Original reads 'the the parties'; corrected to 'the parties'.
+
+[4] Original reads 'suilegibus'; corrected to 'sui legibus'.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles of England, Scotland and
+Ireland (2 of 6): England (1 of 12), by Raphael Holinshed 
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland
+(2 of 6): England (1 of 12), by Raphael Holinshed 
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (2 of 6): England (1 of 12
+       William the Conqueror
+
+Author: Raphael Holinshed
+
+Release Date: September 24, 2005 [EBook #16738]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Louise Pryor and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p class="head1"><a name="Page_-9" id="Page_-9" ></a>HOLINSHED'S</p>
+<h1>CHRONICLES</h1>
+
+<p class="headsmall">OF</p>
+
+<p class="head1it">ENGLAND, SCOTLAND,</p>
+
+<p class="headsmall">AND</p>
+
+<p class="head1it">IRELAND.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="head2">IN SIX VOLUMES.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+<p class="center">VOL. II.</p>
+<p class="head2">ENGLAND.</p>
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="head2it">LONDON:</p>
+<p class="center">PRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON; F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON; T. PAYNE; WILKIE<br />
+AND ROBINSON; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, AND ORME;<br />
+CADELL AND DAVIES; AND J. MAWMAN.</p>
+<hr class="mini" />
+
+<p class="center">1807.<br />
+AMS PRESS INC.<br />
+NEW YORK<br />
+1965</p>
+
+<p class="centergap">AMS PRESS INC.<a name="Page_-8" id="Page_-8" ></a><br />
+NEW YORK, N.Y. 10003<br />
+1965</p>
+
+<p class="center">MANUFACTURED in the U.S.A.</p>
+
+<p class="centergap"><a name="Page_-7" id="Page_-7" ></a>[<i>Original Title</i>.]</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE</p>
+<p class="center">THIRD VOLUME</p>
+<p class="headtiny">OF</p>
+<p class="head0">CHRONICLES,</p>
+
+<p class="headtiny">BEGINNING AT</p>
+<p class="head3">DUKE WILLIAM THE NORMAN, COMMONLIE CALLED THE CONQUEROR;</p>
+
+<p class="headtiny">AND</p>
+<p class="head3it">DESCENDING BY DEGREES OF YEERES</p>
+<p class="headtiny">TO ALL THE</p>
+<p class="head3">KINGS AND QUEENES OF ENGLAND</p>
+<p class="headtiny">IN THEIR</p>
+<p class="head3">ORDERLIE SUCCESSIONS:</p>
+
+<p class="headsmall">FIRST COMPILED BY</p>
+<p class="head3it">RAPHAELL HOLINSHED,</p>
+<p class="headsmall">AND BY HIM EXTENDED TO THE</p>
+<p class="center">YEARE 1577.</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: 2em;">NOW NEWLIE RECOGNISED, AUGMENTED, AND CONTINUED</p>
+<p class="headsmall">(WITH OCCURRENCES AND ACCIDENTS OF FRESH MEMORIE)</p>
+<p class="center">TO THE YEARE 1586.</p>
+
+<p class="head3">WHEREIN ALSO ARE CONTEINED MANIE MATTERS OF SINGULAR DISCOURSE</p>
+<p class="head3">AND RARE OBSERUATION,</p>
+<p class="center"><i>FRUITFULL TO SUCH AS BE STUDIOUS IN ANTIQUITIES</i>,</p>
+<p class="headtiny">OR</p>
+<p class="head3">TAKE PLEASURE IN THE GROUNDS OF ANCIENT HISTORIES.</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: 2em;"><i>With a third table (peculiarlie seruing this third volume) both of names and matters</i>
+<i>memorable</i>.</p>
+<hr class="mini" />
+
+<p class="center">HISTORI&AElig; PLACEANT NOSTRATES AC PEREGRIN&AElig;</p>
+
+<p class="centergap"><a name="Page_-6" id="Page_-6" ></a>TO THE</p>
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: 2em;">RIGHT HONORABLE AND HIS SINGULAR GOOD LORD,</p>
+<p class="head2it">SIR WILLIAM CECILL,</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: 2em;">BARON OF BURGHLEYGH, KNIGHT OF THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER,
+LORD HIGH TREASURER OF ENGLAND, MAISTER OF THE COURTS OF WARDS
+AND LIUERIES, AND ONE OF THE QUEENES MAIESTIES PRIUIE COUNCELL.</p>
+
+<hr class="short"/>
+
+
+<p>Considering with my selfe, right Honorable and my singular good Lord,
+how redie (no doubt) manie will be to accuse me of vaine presumption, for
+enterprising to deale in this so weightie a worke, and so far aboue my reach
+to accomplish: I haue thought good to aduertise your Honour, by what occasion
+I was first induced to vndertake the same, although the cause that
+moued me thereto hath (in part) yer this beene signified vnto your good
+Lordship.</p>
+
+<p>Whereas therefore, that worthie Citizen Reginald Wolfe late Printer to the
+Queenes Maiestie, a man well knowne and beholden to your Honour, meant
+in his life time to publish an vniuersall Cosmographie of the whole world, and
+therewith also certaine particular histories of euery knowne nation, amongst
+other whom he purposed to vse for performance of his intent in that behalfe,
+he procured me to take in hand the collection of those histories, and hauing
+proceeded so far in the same, as little wanted to the accomplishment of that
+long promised worke, it pleased God to call him to his mercie, after fiue and
+twentie yeares trauell spent therein; so that by his vntimelie deceasse, no hope
+remained to see that performed, which we had so long trauelled about. Neuerthelesse
+<a name="Page_-5" id="Page_-5" ></a>
+those whom he put in trust to dispose his things after his departure
+hence, wishing to the benefit of others, that some fruit might follow of that
+whereabout he had imployed so long time, willed me to continue mine indeuour
+for their furtherance in the same. Which although I was redie to doo, so far as
+mine abilitie would reach, and the rather to answere that trust which the deceassed
+reposed in me, to see it brought to some perfection: yet when the
+volume grew so great as they that were to defraie the charges for the impression,
+were not willing to go through the whole, they resolued first to publish the
+histories of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with their descriptions; which
+descriptions, bicause they were not in such readinesse, as those of forren
+countries, they were inforced to vse the helpe of other better able to doo it
+than my selfe.</p>
+
+<p>Moreouer, the Charts, wherein Maister Wolfe spent a great part of his time,
+were not found so complet as we wished: and againe, vnderstanding of the
+great charges and notable enterprise of that worthie Gentleman maister Thomas
+Sackford, in procuring the Charts of the seuerall prouinces of this realme to
+be set foorth, we are in hope that in time he will delineate this whole land
+so perfectlie, as shall be comparable or beyond anie delineation heretofore
+made of anie other region; and therefore leaue that to his well deserued
+praise. If any well willer will imitate him in so praiseworthie a worke for the
+two other regions, we will be glad to further his endeuour with all the helpes
+we may.</p>
+
+<p>The histories I haue gathered according to my skill, and conferred the greatest
+part with Maister Wolfe in his life time, to his liking, who procured me so
+manie helpes to the furtherance thereof, that I was loth to omit anie thing
+that might increase the readers knowledge, which causeth the booke to grow
+so great. But receiuing them by parts, and at seuerall times (as I might
+get them) it may be, that hauing had more regard to the matter than the apt
+penning, I haue not so orderlie disposed them, as otherwise I ought; choosing
+rather to want order, than to defraud the reader of that which for his further
+vnderstanding might seeme to satisfie his expectation.</p>
+
+<p>I therefore most humblie beseech your Honour to accept these Chronicles
+of England vnder your protection, and according to your wisedome and accustomed
+benignitie to beare with my faults; the rather, bicause you were
+euer so especiall good Lord to Maister Wolfe, to whom I was singularlie beholden;
+<a name="Page_-4" id="Page_-4" ></a>
+and in whose name I humblie present this rude worke vnto you; beseeching
+God, that as he hath made you an instrument to aduance his truth,
+so it may please him to increase his good gifts in you, to his glorie, the furtherance
+of the Queenes Maiesties seruice, and the comfort of all hir faithfull
+and louing subiects.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Your Honours most humble to be commanded,</p>
+
+<p class="right smcap">Raphael Holinshed</p>
+
+
+<p class="centergap"><a name="Page_-3" id="Page_-3" ></a><br />THE</p>
+
+<p class="head2">PREFACE TO THE READER.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>It is dangerous (gentle reader) to range in so large a field as I haue here vndertaken,
+while so manie sundrie men in diuers things may be able to controll me, and manie excellent
+wits of our countrie (as well or better occupied I hope) are able herein to surpasse
+me; but seeing the best able doo seeme to neglect it, let me (though least able)
+craue pardon to put them in mind not to forget their natiue countries praise (which is
+their dutie) the incouragement of their woorthie countriemen, by elders aduancements;
+and the daunting of the vicious, by foure penall examples, to which end (as I take it)
+chronicles and histories ought cheefelie to be written. My labour may shew mine vttermost
+good will, of the more learned I require their further enlargement, and of fault-finders
+dispensation till they be more fullie informed. It is too common that the least
+able are readiest to find fault in matters of least weight, and therefore I esteeme the lesse
+of their carping, but humblie beseech the skilfull to supplie my want, and to haue care of
+their dutie; and either to amend that wherein I haue failed, or be content with this mine
+endeuour. For it may please them to consider, that no one can be eie-witnesse to all
+that is written within our time; much lesse to those things which happened in former
+times, and therefore must be content with reports of others. Therein I haue beene so
+carefull, that I haue spared no paines or helpe of freends to search out either written or
+printed ancient authors, or to inquire of moderne eie-witnesses for the true setting downe
+of that which I haue here deliuered: but I find such want in writers for the necessarie
+knowledge of things doone in times past, and lacke of meanes to obteine sufficient instructions
+by reporters of the time present; and herewith the worthie exploits of our
+countriemen so manie, that it greeueth me I could not leaue the same to posteritie (as I
+wished) to their well deserued praise. But I haue here imparted what I could learne,
+and craue that it may be taken in good part. My speech is plaine, without any rhetoricall
+shew of eloquence, hauing rather a regard to simple truth, than to decking words. I wish
+I had beene furnished with so perfect instructions, and so many good gifts, that I might
+haue pleased all kinds of men, but that same being so rare a thing in any one of the best,
+I beseech thee (gentle reader) not to looke for it in me the meanest.</p>
+
+<p>But now for thy further instruction, to vnderstand the course of these my labours.
+First concerning the historie of England, as I haue collected the same out of manie and
+sundrie authors, in whome what contrarietie, negligence, and rashnesse sometime is found
+in their reports; I leaue to the discretion of those that haue perused their works: for my
+part, I haue in things doubtfull rather chosen to shew the diuersitie of their writings, than
+by ouer-ruling them, and vsing a peremptorie censure, to frame them to agree to my
+liking: leauing it neuerthelesse to each mans iudgement, to controll them as he seeth
+cause. If some-where I shew my fansie what I thinke, and that the same dislike them;
+I craue pardon, speciallie if by probable reasons or plainer matter to be produced, they
+<a name="Page_-2" id="Page_-2" ></a>
+can shew mine errour; vpon knowledge whereof I shall be readie to reforme it accordinglie.
+Where I doo begin the historic from the first inhabitation of this Ile, I looke not
+to content ech mans opinion concerning the originall of them that first peopled it, and no
+maruell: for in matters so vncerteine, if I cannot sufficientlie content my selfe (as in
+deed I cannot) I know not how I should satisfie others. That which seemeth to me most
+likelie, I haue noted, beseeching the learned (as I trust they will) in such points of
+doubtfull antiquities to beare with my skill: sith for ought I know, the matter is not yet
+decided among the learned, but still they are in controuersie about it, and as yet Sub
+iudice lis est. Well, howsoeuer it came first to be inhabited, likelie it is, that at the first
+the whole Ile was vnder one prince and gouernour, though afterwards (and long peraduenture
+before the Romans set any foot within it) the monarchie thereof was broken, euen
+when the multitude of the inhabitants grew to be great, and ambition entred amongst
+them: which hath brought so manie good policies and states to ruine and decaie.</p>
+
+<p>The Romans hauing once got possession of the continent that faceth this Ile, could
+not rest (as it appeareth) till they had brought the same also vnder their subiection: and
+the sooner doubtlesse, by reason of the factions amongst the princes of the land, which
+the Romans (through their accustomed skill) could turne verie well to their most
+aduantage. They possessed it almost fiue hundreth yeares, and longer might haue
+doone, if either their insufferable tyrannie had not taken awaie from them the loue of
+the people as well here as else-where; either that their ciuill discord about the chopping
+and changing of their emperours had not so weakened the forces of their empire, that
+they were not able to defend the same against the irruption of barbarous nations. But
+as we may coniecture by that which is found in histories, about that time, in which the
+Romane empire began to decline, this land stood in verie weake state: being spoiled of
+the most part of all hir able men, which were led<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> awaie into forren regions, to supplie
+the Romane armies; and likewise (perhaps) of all necessarie armour, weapon, and
+treasure: which being perceiued of the Saxons, after they were receiued into the Ile,
+to aid the Britons against the Scots and Picts then inuading the same, ministred to them
+occasion to attempt the second conquest, which at length they brought to passe, to the
+ouerthrow not onelie of the British dominion, but also to the subuersion of the Christian
+religion here in this land: which chanced (&agrave;s appeareth by Gildas) for the wicked sins
+and vnthankefulnesse of the inhabitants towards God, the cheefe occasions and causes
+of the transmutations of kingdoms, Nam propter peccata, regna transmatantur &agrave; gente
+in gentem.</p>
+
+<p>The Saxons obteining possession of the land, gouerned the same, being diuided into
+sundrie kingdoms, and hauing once subdued the Britons, or at the least-wise remooued
+them out of the most part of the Ile into od corners and mountaines; fell at diuision
+among themselues, and oftentimes with warre pursued ech other, so as no perfect order
+of gouernement could be framed, nor the kings grow to any great puissance, either to
+mooue warres abroad, or sufficientlie to defend themselues against forren forces at home:
+as manifestlie was perceiued; when the Danes and other the Northeasterne people, being
+then of great puissance by sea, began misserablie to afflict this land: at the first inuading
+as it were but onelie the coasts and countries lieng neere to the sea, but afterwards with
+manie armies they entred into the midle parts of the land. And although the English
+people at length came vnder one king, and by that meanes were the better able to resist
+the enimies; yet at length those Danes subdued the whole, and had possession thereof
+for a time although not long, but that the crowne returned againe to those of the Saxon
+line: till shortlie after, by the insolent dealings of the gouernours, a diuision was made
+betwixt the king and his people, through iust punishment decreed by the prouidence of
+the Almightie, determining for their sinnes and contempt of his lawes, to deliuer them
+into the hands of a stranger; and therevpon when spite and enuie had brought the title
+in doubt, to whom the right in succession apperteined, the Conquerour entred, and they
+<a name="Page_-1" id="Page_-1" ></a>
+remained a prey to him and his: who plucked all the heads and cheefe in authoritie so
+cleerelie vp by the roots, as few or none of them in the end was left to stand vp against
+him. And herewith altering the whole state, he planted such lawes and ordinances as
+stood most for his auaile and securitie, which being after qualified with more milde and
+gentle lawes, tooke such effect, that the state hath euer sithens continued whole and
+vnbroken by wise and politike gouernement, although disquieted sometime by ciuill
+dissention, to the ruine commonlie of the first moouers, as by the sequele of the historie
+you may see.</p>
+
+<p>For the historie of Scotland, I haue for the more part followed Hector Boece, Iohannes
+Maior, and Iouan Ferreri Piemontese, so far as they haue continued it, interlaced
+somtimes with other authours, as Houeden, Fourdon, and such like; although not often,
+bicause I meant rather to deliuer what I found in their owne histories extant, than to
+correct them by others, leauing that enterprise to their owne countrimen: so that whatsoeuer
+ye read in the same, consider that a Scotishman writ it, and an Englishman hath
+but onelie translated it into our language, referring the reader to the English historie,
+in all matters betwixt vs and them, to be confronted therewith as he seeth cause. For
+the continuation thereof I vsed the like order, in such copies and notes as Maister Wolfe
+in his life time procured me; sauing that in these last yeares I haue inserted some such
+notes as concerned matters of warre betwixt vs and the Scots, bicause I got them not till
+that part of the English historie was past the presse.</p>
+
+<p>For Ireland, I haue shewed in mine epistle dedicatorie in what sort, and by what helps
+I haue proceeded therein; onelie this I forgot to signifie, that I had not Giraldus Cambrensis,
+and Flatsburie, vntill that part of the booke was vnder the presse, and so being
+constreined to make post hast, I could not exemplifie what I would out of them all, neither
+yet dispose it so orderlie as had beene conuenient, nor pen it with so apt words as might
+satisfie either myselfe, or those to whose view it is now like to come. And by reason of the
+like haste made in the impression, where I was determined to haue transposed the most part
+of that which in the English historie I had noted, concerning the conquest of Ireland by
+Hen. the second, out of Houeden &amp; others, I had not time thereto; and so haue left it
+there remaining where I first noted it, before I determined to make any particular collection
+of the Irish histories, bicause the same commeth there well inough in place, as to
+those that shall vouchsafe to turne the booke it may appeare.</p>
+
+<p>For the computation of the yeares of the world, I had by Maister Wolfes aduise
+followed Functius; but after his deceasse, M. W. H. made me partaker of a Chronologie,
+which he had gathered and compiled with most exquisit diligence, following Gerardus
+Mercator, and other late Chronologers, and his owne obseruations, according to the
+which I haue reformed the same. As for the yeares of our Lord, and the kings, I haue
+set them downe according to such authors as seeme to be of best credit in that behalfe,
+as I doubt not but the learned and skilfull in histories it shall appeare. Moreouer, this
+the reader hath to consider, that I doo begin the yeare at the natiuitie of our Lord, which
+is the surest order (in my fansie) that can be followed.</p>
+
+<p>For the names of persons, townes, and places, as I haue beene diligent to reforme the
+errours of other (which are to be ascribed more to the vnperfect copies than to the
+authors) so may it be that I haue some-where committed the like faults, either by negligence
+or want of skill to restore them to their full integritie as I wished. But what I
+haue performed, aswell in that behalfe as others, the skilfull reader shall easily perceiue,
+and withall consider (I trust) what trauell I haue bestowed to his behoofe in this huge
+volume; crauing onelie, that in recompense thereof he will iudge the best, and to make
+a freendlie construction of my meaning, where ought may seeme to haue escaped my pen
+or the printers presse, otherwise than we could haue wished for his better satisfaction.
+Manie things being taken out as they lie in authors, may be thought to giue offense in
+time present, which referred to the time past when the author writ, are not onelie tollerable,
+<a name="Page_0" id="Page_0" ></a>
+but also allowable. Therefor&eacute; (good reader) I beseech thee to weigh the causes
+and circumstances of such faults and imperfections, and consider that the like may creepe
+into a far lesse volume than this, and shew me so much fauour as hath beene shewed to
+others in like causes. And sithens I haue doone my good will, accept the same, as I with a
+free and thankefull mind doo offer it thee; so shall I thinke my labour well bestowed.
+For the other histories, which are alreadie collected, if it please God to giue abilitie,
+shall in time come to light, with some such breefe descriptions of the forren regions
+whereof they treat, as may the better suffice to the readers contentation, and vnderstanding
+of the matters conteined in the same histories, reduced into abridgements out of their
+great volumes. And thus I ceasse further to trouble thy patience, wishing to thee (gentle
+reader) so much profit, as by reading may be had, and as great comfort as Gods holie
+spirit may endue thee with.</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="margin-top: 2em;">FINIS.</p>
+
+
+<p><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1" ></a><span class="pagenum">[1]</span></p>
+<p class="headsmall" style="margin-top: 6em;">
+THE</p>
+<p class="head2">POLITIKE CONQUEST</p>
+<p class="headsmall">OF</p>
+<p class="head3">WILLIAM THE FIRST.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>
+<span class="yearnote">Anno 1.</span>
+This William Duke of Normandie, base son of Robert the sixt Duke of Normandie,
+and nephew vnto Edward king of England, surnamed the Confessor, hauing vanquished
+the English power, and slaine Harold in the field (as you may read at large
+towards the end of the historie of England) began his reigne ouer England the xv.
+daie of October being Sundaie, in the yeare after the creation of the world 5033, (as
+<span class="yearnote">1066.</span>
+W. Harison gathereth) and after the birth of our Sauiour 1066, which was in the tenth
+yeare of the emperour Henrie the fourth, in the sixt of pope Alexander the second,
+in the sixt of Philip king of France, and about the tenth of Malcolme the third, surnamed
+Camoir, king of Scotland.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Sim.&nbsp;Dun.</i></span>
+Immediatlie after he had thus got the victorie in a pight field (as before ye haue
+heard) he first returned to Hastings, and after set forward towards London, wasted the
+countries of Sussex, Kent, Hamshire, Southerie, Middlesex, and Herefordshire, burning
+the townes, and sleaing the people, till he came to Beorcham. In the meane time,
+immediatlie after the discomfiture in Sussex, the two earles of Northumberland and
+<span class="rightnote">Edwin and Marchar.<br />
+Qu&eacute;ene Aldgitha sent to Chester.<br />
+<i>Wil.&nbsp;Mal.</i>
+<i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i></span>
+Mercia, Edwin and Marchar, who had withdrawne themselues from the battell togither
+with their people, came to London, and with all speed sent their sister qu&eacute;ene Aldgitha
+vnto the citie of Chester, and herewith sought to persuade the Londoners to aduance
+one of them to the kingdome: as Wil. Mal. writeth. But Simon of Durham saith,
+that Aldred archbishop of Yorke, and the said earles with others would haue made
+Edgar Etheling king. Howbeit, whilest manie of the Nobilitie and others prepared to
+make themselues redie to giue a new battell to the Normans (how or whatsoeuer was
+the cause) the said earles drew homewards with their powers, to the great discomfort
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil.&nbsp;Malm.</i>
+The bishops blamed.
+</span>
+of their freends. Wil. Malm. s&eacute;emeth to put blame in the bishops, for that the lords
+went not forward with their purpose in aduancing Edgar Etheling to the crowne. For
+the bishops (saith he) refused to ioine with the lords in that behalfe, and so through
+enuie and spite which one part bare to another, when they could not agr&eacute;e vpon an
+<span class="rightnote">The archbishop of Yorke
+&amp; other submit themselues
+to king William.</span>
+Englishman, they receiued a stranger, insomuch that vpon king William his comming
+vnto Beorcham, Aldred archbishop of Yorke, Wolstane bishop of Worcester, and
+Walter bishop of Hereford, Edgar Etheling, and the foresaid earles Edwin and Marchar
+came and submitted themselues vnto him, whom he gentlie receiued, and incontinentlie
+made an agr&eacute;ement with them, taking their oth and hostages (as some write) and yet
+neuerthelesse he permitted his people to spoile and burne the countrie.</p>
+
+<p>But now, when the feast of Christs natiuitie (commonlie called Christmas) was at
+hand, he approched to the citie of London, and comming thither, caused his vauntgard
+first to enter into the str&eacute;ets, where finding some resistance, he easilie subdued the
+citizens that thus tooke vpon them to withstand him, though not without some bloudshed
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Gemeticensis.</i></span>
+(as Gemeticen. writeth) but as by others it should app&eacute;ere, he was receiued into the
+<a name="Page_2" id="Page_2" ></a><span class="pagenum">[2]</span>
+citie without anie resistance at all; and so being in possession thereof, he spake manie
+fr&eacute;endlie words to the citizens, and promised that he would vse them in most liberall
+<span class="rightnote">William Conquerour crowned 1067,
+according to their account which begin the yeare
+on the daie of Christ his natiuitie.</span>
+&amp; courteous maner. Not long after, when things were brought in order (as was
+thought requisite) he was crowned king vpon Christmas daie following, by Aldred
+archbishop of Yorke. For he would not receiue the crowne at the hands of Stigand
+archbishop of Canturburie, bicause he was hated, and furthermore iudged to be a verie
+lewd person and a naughtie liuer.</p>
+
+<p>At his coronation he caused the bishops and barons of the realme to take their oth,
+that they should be his true and loiall subiects (according to the maner in that case
+accustomed.) And being required thereto by the archbishop of Yorke, he tooke his
+personall oth before the altar of S. Peter at Westmister, to defend the holie church,
+and rulers of the same, to gouerne the people in iustice as became a king to doo, to
+ordeine righteous lawes &amp; k&eacute;epe the same, so that all maner of bribing, rapine, and
+wrongful iudgements should for euer after be abolished.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span>
+<span class="yearnote">1067.</span>
+After this, he tooke order how to keepe the realme in good and quiet gouernment,
+fortifieng the necessarie places, and furnishing them with garisons. He also appointed
+officers and councellers, such as he thought to be wise and discr&eacute;et men, and appointed
+ships to be in the hauens by the coast for the defense of the land, as he thought moste
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Iohn&nbsp;Stow.</i></span>
+expedient. After his coronation, or rather before (as by some authours it should
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Thos.&nbsp;Spot.</i></span>
+seeme) euen presentlie vpon obteining of the citie of London, he tooke his iourney
+towards the castell of Douer, to subdue that and the rest of Kent also: which when
+the archbishop Stigand and Egelsin the abbat of S. Augustines (being as it were the
+chiefest lords and gouernours of all Kent) did perceiue, and considered that the whole
+realme was in an euill state; &amp; that whereas in this realme of England, before the
+<span class="rightnote">Seruitude &amp; bondage of the
+Nobilitie and Commonaltie to the Normans.
+</span>
+comming in of the forsaid duke William, there were no bondmen: now all, as well the
+Nobilitie as the Commonaltie were without respect made subiect to the intollerable
+bondage of the Normans, taking an occasion by the perill and danger that their neighbours
+were in, to prouide for the safegard of themselues and their countrie. They
+caused all the people of the countie of Kent to assemble at Canturburie, and declared
+to them the perils and dangers imminent, the miserie that their neighbours were come
+into, the pride and insolencie of the Normans, and the hardnesse and griefe of bondage
+and seruile estate. Whereupon all the people rather choosing to end their vnfortunate
+life, than to submit themselues to an vnaccustomed yoke of seruitude and bondage,
+with a common consent determined to m&eacute;et duke William, and to fight with him
+for the lawes of their countrie. Also, the foresaid Stigand the archbishop, and the
+abbat Egelsin, choosing rather to die in battell, than to see their nation in so euill an
+estate, being encouraged by the examples of the holie Machab&eacute;es, became capteins of
+the armie. And at a daie appointed, all the people met at Swanescombe, and being
+hidden in the woods, laie priuilie in wait for the comming of the foresaid duke William.</p>
+
+<p>Now, bicause it cannot hurt to take great h&eacute;ed, and to be verie warie in such cases,
+they agr&eacute;ed before hand, that when the duke was come, and the passages on euerie side
+stopped, to the end he should no waie be able to escape, euerie one of them, as well
+horssemen as footmen should beare boughes in their hands. The next daie after, when
+the duke was come into the fields and territories n&eacute;ere vnto Swanescombe, and saw all
+the countrie set and placed about him, as it had beene a stirring and moouing wood,
+and that with a meane pace they approched and drew neare vnto him, with great discomfort
+of mind he woondered at that sight. And assoone as the capteins of the Kentishmen
+sawe that duke William was inclosed in the middest of their armie, they caused
+their trumpets to be sounded, their banners to be displaied, and threw downe their
+boughes, &amp; with their bowes bent, their swords drawne, and their speares and other
+kind of weapons stretched foorth, they shewed themselues readie to fight. Duke William
+and they that were with him stood (as no maruell it was) sore astonied, and amazed:
+<a name="Page_3" id="Page_3" ></a><span class="pagenum">[3]</span>
+so that he which thought he had alreadie all England fast in his fist, did now despaire
+of his owne life. Therefore on the behalfe of the Kentishmen, were sent vnto duke
+William the archbishop Stigand, and Egelsin abbat of S. Augustines, who told him their
+message in this sort.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>&quot;My lord duke, behold the people of Kent come forth to m&eacute;et you, and to receiue
+you as their liege lord, requiring at your hands the things which perteine to peace,
+and that vnder this condition; that all the people of Kent enioy for euer their ancient
+liberties, and may for euermore vse the lawes and customes of the countrie:
+otherwise they are readie presentlie to bid battell to you, and them that be with you,
+and are minded rather to die here altogither, than to depart from the lawes and customes
+of their countrie, and to submit themselues to bondage, whereof as yet they
+neuer had experience.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The duke s&eacute;eing himselfe to be driuen to such an exigent &amp; narrow pinch, consulted
+a while with them that came with him, prudentlie considering, that if he should
+take anie repulse or displeasure at the hands of this people, which be the key of
+England, all that he had done before should be disanulled and made of none effect,
+and all his hope and safetie should stand in danger and ieopardie: not so willinglie as
+wiselie he granted the people of Kent their request. Now when the couenant was
+established, and pledges giuen on both sides: the Kentishmen being ioyfull, conducted
+the Normans (who also were glad) vnto Rochester, and y&eacute;elded vp to the duke the
+<span class="rightnote">The ancient liberties and lawes of England remaine in Kent onlie.</span>
+earledome of Kent, and the noble castell of Douer. Thus the ancient liberties of
+England, and the lawes and customes of the countrie, which before the comming of
+duke William out of Normandie, were equallie kept throughout all England, doo
+(through this industrie and earnest trauell of the archbishop Stigand and Egelsin abbat
+of S. Augustines) remaine inuiolablie obserued vntill this daie within that countie of
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil.&nbsp;Thorne.</i></span>
+Kent. &para;&nbsp;Thus far Thomas Spot, and after him William Thorne writeth the same. Of
+the which the former (that is Spot) liued in the daies of king Edward the first, and William
+Thorne in the daies of king Richard the second.</p>
+
+<p>But now, before we proc&eacute;ed anie further in recitall of the Conquerours dooings, we
+haue here in a table noted all the noble capteins and gentlemen of name, aswell Normans
+as other strangers, which assisted duke William in the conquest of this land:
+and first, as we find them written in the chronicles of Normandie by one William
+Tailleur.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p class="center">THE</p>
+<p class="head2">CATALOG OF SUCH NOBLEMEN, LORDS, AND GENTLEMEN OF NAME,</p>
+<p class="center">AS CAME INTO THIS LAND WITH</p>
+<p class="head2">WILLIAM THE CONQUEROUR.</p>
+
+<div class="listcolumn2">
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Odo bishop of Bayeulx.</li>
+<li class="names">Robert erle of Mortaing.</li>
+<li class="names">Roger erle of Beaumont surnamed <i>A la Barbe</i>.</li>
+<li class="names">Guillaume Mallet seigneur de Montfort.</li>
+<li class="names">Henrie seig. de Ferrers.</li>
+<li class="names">Guillaume d'Aubelle-mare seign. de Fougieres.</li>
+<li class="names">Guillaume de Roumare seig. de Lithare.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Touque.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de la Mare.</li>
+<li class="names">Neel le Viconte.</li>
+<li class="names">Guillaume de Vepont.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Magneuille.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Grosmenil.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de S. Martin.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Puis.</li>
+<li class="names">Guillaume Crespin.</li>
+<li class="names">Guillaume de Movenne.</li>
+<li class="names"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4" ></a>Guillaume Desmoulins.</li>
+<li class="names">Guillaume Desgarennes.</li>
+<li class="names">Hue de Gourney, <i>ali&agrave;s</i> Genevay.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Bray.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Gouy.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Laigle.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Touarts.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Aurenchin.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Vitrey.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Trassy, <i>ali&agrave;s</i> Tracy.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Picquigny.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. d'Espinay.</li>
+<li class="names">Osmond seig. du Pont.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Estouteuile.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Torchy.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Barnabost.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Breual.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Seeulme.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Houme.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Souchoy.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Cally.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de la Riuere.</li>
+<li class="names">Euldes de Beanieu.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Roumilly.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Glotz.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. du Sap.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Vanuille.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. Branchou.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. Balleul.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Beausault.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Telleres.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Senlys.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Bacqueuille.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Preaulx.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Iouy.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Longueuille.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Aquigny.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Passy.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Tournay.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Colombieres.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Bolleber.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Garensieres.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Longueile.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Houdetot.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Malletot.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de la Haie Malerbe.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Porch Pinche.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Iuetot.</li>
+<li class="names">The erle of Tanqueruile.</li>
+<li class="names">The erle d'Eu.</li>
+<li class="names">The erle d'Arques.</li>
+<li class="names">The erle of Aniou.</li>
+<li class="names">The erle of Neuers.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Rouuile.</li>
+<li class="names">Le prince de Alemaigne.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Pauilly.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de S. Cler.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. d'Espinay.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Bremetot.</li>
+<li class="names">Alain Fergant erle of Britaigne.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de la Ferte.</li>
+<li class="names">Robert fils Heruays duc de Orleans.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de la Lande.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Mortimer.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Clare.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="listcolumn2">
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Magny.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Fontnay.</li>
+<li class="names">Roger de Montgomery.</li>
+<li class="names">Amaury de Touars.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Hacqueuile.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Neanshou.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Perou.</li>
+<li class="names">Robert de Beaufou.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. Meauuon.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Soteuile.</li>
+<li class="names">Eustace de Hambleuile.</li>
+<li class="names">Geoffray Bournom.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Blainuile.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Mauneuile.</li>
+<li class="names">Geoffrey de Moienne.</li>
+<li class="names">Auffray and Mauger de Carteny.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Freanuile.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Moubray.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Iafitay.</li>
+<li class="names">Guillaume Patais seig. de la Lande.</li>
+<li class="names">Eulde de Mortimer.</li>
+<li class="names">Hue erle of Gournay.</li>
+<li class="names">Egremont de Laigle.</li>
+<li class="names">Richard d'Aurinchin.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Bearts.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Soulligny.</li>
+<li class="names">Bouteclier d'Aubigny.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Marcey.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Lachy.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Valdere.</li>
+<li class="names">Eulde de Montfort.</li>
+<li class="names">Henoyn de Cahieu.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Vimers.</li>
+<li class="names">Guillaume de Mouion.</li>
+<li class="names">Raoul Tesson de Tignolles.</li>
+<li class="names">Anguerand erle of Hercourt.</li>
+<li class="names">Roger Marmion.</li>
+<li class="names">Raoul de Gaiel.</li>
+<li class="names">Auenel de Viers.</li>
+<li class="names">Pauuel du Montier Hubert.</li>
+<li class="names">Robert Bertraule Tort.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Seulle.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. Doriual.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de la Hay.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de S. Iohn.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Saussy.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Brye.</li>
+<li class="names">Richard Dollebec.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. du Monfiquet.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Bresey.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Semilly.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Tilly.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Preaux.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de S. Denis.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Meuley.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Monceaux.</li>
+<li class="names">The archers of Bretuile.</li>
+<li class="names">The archers of Vaudreuile.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de S. Sain.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Breansou.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Sassy.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Nassy.</li>
+<li class="names">Le vidam de Chartres.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Ieanuile.</li>
+<li class="names">Le vidam du Passais.</li>
+<li class="names">Pierre du Bailleul seig. de Fescampe.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seneschal de Torchy.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Grissey.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Bassey.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Tourneur.</li>
+<li class="names">Guillaume de Colombieres.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Bonnebault.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Ennebault.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Danuillers.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Beruile.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Creueceur.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Breate.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de Coutray.</li>
+<li class="names">The erle of Eureux.</li>
+<li class="names">Le seig. de seint Valery.</li>
+<li class="names">Thomas erle d'Aumale.</li>
+<li class="names">The erle de Hiesmes.</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5" ></a><span class="pagenum">[5]</span>
+ With other lords and men of account in great numbers, whose names the author of
+the chronicles of Normandie could not come by (as he himselfe confesseth.) In consideration
+whereof, and bicause diuers of these are set foorth onlie by their titles of
+estate, and not by their surnames; we haue thought it conuenient to make you partakers
+of the roll which sometime belonged to Battell abbeie, conteining also (as the
+title thereof importeth) the names of such Nobles and Gentlemen of Marque, as came
+at this time with the Conqueror, whereof diuerse maie be the same persons which in
+the catalog aboue written are conteined, bearing the names of the places whereof they
+were possessors and owners, as by the same catalog maie appeare.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p class="center">THE ROLL OF BATTELL ABBEIE.</p>
+
+<div class="listcolumn3">
+<p class="initial">A</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Avmarle</li>
+<li class="names">Aincourt</li>
+<li class="names">Audeley</li>
+<li class="names">Adgillam</li>
+<li class="names">Argentoune</li>
+<li class="names">Arundell</li>
+<li class="names">Auenant</li>
+<li class="names">Abell</li>
+<li class="names">Auuerne</li>
+<li class="names">Aunwers</li>
+<li class="names">Angers</li>
+<li class="names">Angenoun</li>
+<li class="names">Archere</li>
+<li class="names">Anuay</li>
+<li class="names">Asperu</li>
+<li class="names">Albeuile</li>
+<li class="names">Andeuile</li>
+<li class="names">Amouerduile</li>
+<li class="names">Arcy and Akeny</li>
+<li class="names">Albeny</li>
+<li class="names">Aybeuare</li>
+<li class="names">Amay</li>
+<li class="names">Aspermound</li>
+<li class="names">Amerenges</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">B</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Bertram</li>
+<li class="names">Buttecourt</li>
+<li class="names">Brebus and Byseg</li>
+<li class="names">Bardolfe</li>
+<li class="names">Basset and Bigot</li>
+<li class="names">Bohun</li>
+<li class="names">Bailif</li>
+<li class="names">Bondeuile</li>
+<li class="names">Brabason</li>
+<li class="names">Baskeruile</li>
+<li class="names">Bures</li>
+<li class="names">Bounilaine</li>
+<li class="names">Bois</li>
+<li class="names">Botelere</li>
+<li class="names">Bourcher</li>
+<li class="names">Brabaion</li>
+<li class="names">Berners</li>
+<li class="names">Braibuf</li>
+<li class="names">Brande and Bronce</li>
+<li class="names">Burgh</li>
+<li class="names">Bushy</li>
+<li class="names">Banet</li>
+<li class="names">Blondell</li>
+<li class="names">Breton</li>
+<li class="names">Bluat and Baious</li>
+<li class="names">Browne</li>
+<li class="names">Beke</li>
+<li class="names">Bickard</li>
+<li class="names">Banastre</li>
+<li class="names">Baloun</li>
+<li class="names">Beauchampe</li>
+<li class="names">Bray and Bandy</li>
+<li class="names">Bracy</li>
+<li class="names">Boundes</li>
+<li class="names">Bascoun</li>
+<li class="names">Broilem</li>
+<li class="names">Broleuy</li>
+<li class="names">Burnell</li>
+<li class="names">Bellet</li>
+<li class="names">Baudewin</li>
+<li class="names">Beaumont</li>
+<li class="names">Burdon</li>
+<li class="names">Berteuilay</li>
+<li class="names">Barre</li>
+<li class="names">Busseuile</li>
+<li class="names">Blunt</li>
+<li class="names">Beaupere</li>
+<li class="names">Beuill</li>
+<li class="names">Barduedor</li>
+<li class="names">Brette</li>
+<li class="names">Barrett</li>
+<li class="names">Bonret</li>
+<li class="names">Bainard</li>
+<li class="names">Barniuale</li>
+<li class="names">Bonett</li>
+<li class="names">Barry</li>
+<li class="names">Bryan</li>
+<li class="names">Bodin</li>
+<li class="names">Beteruile</li>
+<li class="names">Bertin</li>
+<li class="names">Bereneuile</li>
+<li class="names">Bellewe</li>
+<li class="names">Beuery</li>
+<li class="names">Busshell</li>
+<li class="names">Boranuile</li>
+<li class="names">Browe</li>
+<li class="names">Beleuers</li>
+<li class="names">Buffard</li>
+<li class="names">Botelere</li>
+<li class="names">Bonueier</li>
+<li class="names">Boteuile</li>
+<li class="names">Bellire</li>
+<li class="names">Bastard</li>
+<li class="names">Bainard</li>
+<li class="names">Brasard</li>
+<li class="names">Beelhelme</li>
+<li class="names">Braine</li>
+<li class="names">Brent</li>
+<li class="names">Braunch</li>
+<li class="names">Belesuz</li>
+<li class="names">Blundell</li>
+<li class="names">Burdet</li>
+<li class="names">Bagot</li>
+<li class="names">Beauuise</li>
+<li class="names">Belemis</li>
+<li class="names">Beisin</li>
+<li class="names">Bernon</li>
+<li class="names">Boels</li>
+<li class="names">Belefroun</li>
+<li class="names">Brutz</li>
+<li class="names">Barchampe</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">C</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Camois</li>
+<li class="names">Camuile</li>
+<li class="names">Chawent</li>
+<li class="names">Chauncy</li>
+<li class="names">Conderay</li>
+<li class="names">Coluile</li>
+<li class="names">Chamberlaine</li>
+<li class="names">Chamburnoun</li>
+<li class="names">Comin</li>
+<li class="names">Columber</li>
+<li class="names">Cribett</li>
+<li class="names">Creuquere</li>
+<li class="names">Corbine</li>
+<li class="names">Corbett</li>
+<li class="names">Chaundos</li>
+<li class="names">Chaworth</li>
+<li class="names">Cleremaus</li>
+<li class="names">Clarell</li>
+<li class="names">Chopis</li>
+<li class="names">Chaunduit</li>
+<li class="names">Chantelow</li>
+<li class="names">Chamberay</li>
+<li class="names">Cressy</li>
+<li class="names">Curtenay</li>
+<li class="names">Conestable</li>
+<li class="names">Cholmeley</li>
+<li class="names">Champney</li>
+<li class="names">Chawnos</li>
+<li class="names">Comiuile</li>
+<li class="names">Champaine</li>
+<li class="names">Careuile</li>
+<li class="names">Carbonelle</li>
+<li class="names">Charles</li>
+<li class="names">Chereberge</li>
+<li class="names"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6" ></a>Chawnes</li>
+<li class="names">Chaumont</li>
+<li class="names">Caperoun</li>
+<li class="names">Cheine</li>
+<li class="names">Curson</li>
+<li class="names">Couille</li>
+<li class="names">Chaiters</li>
+<li class="names">Cheines</li>
+<li class="names">Cateray</li>
+<li class="names">Cherecourt</li>
+<li class="names">Cammile</li>
+<li class="names">Clerenay</li>
+<li class="names">Curly</li>
+<li class="names">Cuily</li>
+<li class="names">Clinels</li>
+<li class="names">Chaundos</li>
+<li class="names">Courteney</li>
+<li class="names">Clifford</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">D</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Denauille</li>
+<li class="names">Dercy</li>
+<li class="names">Diue</li>
+<li class="names">Dispencere</li>
+<li class="names">Daubeny</li>
+<li class="names">Daniell</li>
+<li class="names">Denise and Druell</li>
+<li class="names">Deuans</li>
+<li class="names">Dauers</li>
+<li class="names">Dodingsels</li>
+<li class="names">Darell</li>
+<li class="names">Delaber</li>
+<li class="names">Delapole</li>
+<li class="names">Delalinde</li>
+<li class="names">Delahill</li>
+<li class="names">Delaware</li>
+<li class="names">Delauache</li>
+<li class="names">Dakeny</li>
+<li class="names">Dauntre</li>
+<li class="names">Desny</li>
+<li class="names">Dabernoune</li>
+<li class="names">Damry</li>
+<li class="names">Daueros</li>
+<li class="names">Dauonge</li>
+<li class="names">Duilby</li>
+<li class="names">Dalauere</li>
+<li class="names">Delahoid</li>
+<li class="names">Durange</li>
+<li class="names">Delee</li>
+<li class="names">Delaund</li>
+<li class="names">Delaward</li>
+<li class="names">Delaplanch</li>
+<li class="names">Damnot</li>
+<li class="names">Danway</li>
+<li class="names">Dehense</li>
+<li class="names">Deuile</li>
+<li class="names">Disard</li>
+<li class="names">Doiuille</li>
+<li class="names">Durant</li>
+<li class="names">Drury</li>
+<li class="names">Dabitot</li>
+<li class="names">Dunsteruile</li>
+<li class="names">Dunchampe</li>
+<li class="names">Dambelton</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">E</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Estrange</li>
+<li class="names">Estuteuile</li>
+<li class="names">Engaine</li>
+<li class="names">Estriels</li>
+<li class="names">Esturney</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">F</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Ferrerers</li>
+<li class="names">Foluille</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="listcolumn3">
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Fitz Water</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Marmaduke</li>
+<li class="names">Fleuez</li>
+<li class="names">Filberd</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Roger</li>
+<li class="names">Fauecourt</li>
+<li class="names">Ferrers</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Philip</li>
+<li class="names">Filiot</li>
+<li class="names">Furniueus</li>
+<li class="names">Furniuaus</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Otes</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz William</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Roand</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Pain</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Auger</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Aleyn</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Rauff</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Browne</li>
+<li class="names">Fouke</li>
+<li class="names">Freuil</li>
+<li class="names">Front de Boef</li>
+<li class="names">Facunberge</li>
+<li class="names">Fort</li>
+<li class="names">Frisell</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Simon</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Fouk</li>
+<li class="names">Filioll</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Thomas</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Morice</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Hugh</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Henrie</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Waren</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Rainold</li>
+<li class="names">Flamuile</li>
+<li class="names">Formay</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Eustach</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Laurence</li>
+<li class="names">Formibaud</li>
+<li class="names">Frisound</li>
+<li class="names">Finere and Fitz Robert</li>
+<li class="names">Furniuale</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Geffrey</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Herbert</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Peres</li>
+<li class="names">Fichet</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Rewes</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz Fitz</li>
+<li class="names">Fitz John</li>
+<li class="names">Fleschampe</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">G</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Gvrnay</li>
+<li class="names">Gressy</li>
+<li class="names">Graunson</li>
+<li class="names">Gracy</li>
+<li class="names">Georges</li>
+<li class="names">Gower</li>
+<li class="names">Gaugy</li>
+<li class="names">Goband</li>
+<li class="names">Gray</li>
+<li class="names">Gaunson</li>
+<li class="names">Golofre</li>
+<li class="names">Gobion</li>
+<li class="names">Grensy</li>
+<li class="names">Graunt</li>
+<li class="names">Greile</li>
+<li class="names">Greuet</li>
+<li class="names">Gurry</li>
+<li class="names">Gurley</li>
+<li class="names">Grammori</li>
+<li class="names">Gernoun</li>
+<li class="names">Grendon</li>
+<li class="names">Gurdon</li>
+<li class="names">Gines</li>
+<li class="names">Griuil</li>
+<li class="names">Greneuile</li>
+<li class="names">Glateuile</li>
+<li class="names">Gurney</li>
+<li class="names">Giffard</li>
+<li class="names">Gouerges</li>
+<li class="names">Gamages</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">H</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Haunteney</li>
+<li class="names">Haunsard</li>
+<li class="names">Hastings</li>
+<li class="names">Hanlay</li>
+<li class="names">Haurell</li>
+<li class="names">Husee</li>
+<li class="names">Hercy</li>
+<li class="names">Herioun</li>
+<li class="names">Herne</li>
+<li class="names">Harecourt</li>
+<li class="names">Henoure</li>
+<li class="names">Houell</li>
+<li class="names">Hamelin</li>
+<li class="names">Harewell</li>
+<li class="names">Hardell</li>
+<li class="names">Haket</li>
+<li class="names">Hamound</li>
+<li class="names">Harcord</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">I</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Iarden</li>
+<li class="names">Iay</li>
+<li class="names">Ieniels</li>
+<li class="names">Ierconuise</li>
+<li class="names">Ianuile</li>
+<li class="names">Iasperuile</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">K</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Kaunt</li>
+<li class="names">Karre</li>
+<li class="names">Karrowe</li>
+<li class="names">Koine</li>
+<li class="names">Kimaronne</li>
+<li class="names">Kiriell</li>
+<li class="names">Kancey</li>
+<li class="names">Kenelre</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">L</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Loueny</li>
+<li class="names">Lacy</li>
+<li class="names">Linneby</li>
+<li class="names">Latomer</li>
+<li class="names">Loueday</li>
+<li class="names">Louell</li>
+<li class="names">Lemare</li>
+<li class="names">Leuetot</li>
+<li class="names">Lucy</li>
+<li class="names">Luny</li>
+<li class="names">Logeuile</li>
+<li class="names">Longespes</li>
+<li class="names">Louerace</li>
+<li class="names">Longechampe</li>
+<li class="names">Lascales</li>
+<li class="names">Lacy</li>
+<li class="names">Louan</li>
+<li class="names">Leded</li>
+<li class="names">Luse</li>
+<li class="names"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7" ></a>Loterell</li>
+<li class="names">Lornge</li>
+<li class="names">Longevule</li>
+<li class="names">Loy</li>
+<li class="names">Lorancourt</li>
+<li class="names">Loions</li>
+<li class="names">Limers</li>
+<li class="names">Longepay</li>
+<li class="names">Laumale</li>
+<li class="names">Lane</li>
+<li class="names">Louetot</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">M</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Mohant</li>
+<li class="names">Mowne</li>
+<li class="names">Maundeuile</li>
+<li class="names">Marmilon</li>
+<li class="names">Moribray</li>
+<li class="names">Moruile</li>
+<li class="names">Miriell</li>
+<li class="names">Manlay</li>
+<li class="names">Malebraunch</li>
+<li class="names">Malemame</li>
+<li class="names">Mortimere</li>
+<li class="names">Mortimaine</li>
+<li class="names">Muse</li>
+<li class="names">Marteine</li>
+<li class="names">Mountbother</li>
+<li class="names">Mountsoler</li>
+<li class="names">Maleuile</li>
+<li class="names">Malet</li>
+<li class="names">Mounteney</li>
+<li class="names">Monfichet</li>
+<li class="names">Maleherbe</li>
+<li class="names">Mare</li>
+<li class="names">Musegros</li>
+<li class="names">Musard</li>
+<li class="names">Moine</li>
+<li class="names">Montrauers</li>
+<li class="names">Merke</li>
+<li class="names">Murres</li>
+<li class="names">Mortiuale</li>
+<li class="names">Monchenesy</li>
+<li class="names">Mallory</li>
+<li class="names">Marny</li>
+<li class="names">Mountagu</li>
+<li class="names">Mountford</li>
+<li class="names">Maule</li>
+<li class="names">Monhermon</li>
+<li class="names">Musett</li>
+<li class="names">Meneuile</li>
+<li class="names">Manteuenant and Manfe</li>
+<li class="names">Meapincoy</li>
+<li class="names">Maine</li>
+<li class="names">Mainard</li>
+<li class="names">Morell</li>
+<li class="names">Mainell</li>
+<li class="names">Maleluse</li>
+<li class="names">Memorous</li>
+<li class="names">Morreis</li>
+<li class="names">Morleian Maine</li>
+<li class="names">Maleuere</li>
+<li class="names">Mandut</li>
+<li class="names">Mountmarten</li>
+<li class="names">Mamelet</li>
+<li class="names">Miners</li>
+<li class="names">Mauclerke</li>
+<li class="names">Maunchenell</li>
+<li class="names">Mouet</li>
+<li class="names">Meintenore</li>
+<li class="names">Meletak</li>
+<li class="names">Manuile</li>
+<li class="names">Mangisere</li>
+<li class="names">Maumasin</li>
+<li class="names">Mountlouel</li>
+<li class="names">Mawreward</li>
+<li class="names">Monhaut</li>
+<li class="names">Meller</li>
+<li class="names">Mountgomerie</li>
+<li class="names">Manlay</li>
+<li class="names">Maulard</li>
+<li class="names">Mainard</li>
+<li class="names">Menere</li>
+<li class="names">Martinast</li>
+<li class="names">Mare</li>
+<li class="names">Mainwaring</li>
+<li class="names">Matelay</li>
+<li class="names">Malemis</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="listcolumn3">
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Maleheire</li>
+<li class="names">Moren</li>
+<li class="names">Melun</li>
+<li class="names">Marceans</li>
+<li class="names">Maiell</li>
+<li class="names">Morton</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">N</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Noers</li>
+<li class="names">Neuile</li>
+<li class="names">Newmarch</li>
+<li class="names">Norbet</li>
+<li class="names">Norice</li>
+<li class="names">Newborough</li>
+<li class="names">Neiremet</li>
+<li class="names">Neile</li>
+<li class="names">Normauile</li>
+<li class="names">Neofmarch</li>
+<li class="names">Nermitz</li>
+<li class="names">Nembrutz</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">O</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Oteuell</li>
+<li class="names">Olibef</li>
+<li class="names">Olifant</li>
+<li class="names">Osenel</li>
+<li class="names">Oisell</li>
+<li class="names">Olifard</li>
+<li class="names">Orinall</li>
+<li class="names">Orioll</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">P</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Pigot</li>
+<li class="names">Pery</li>
+<li class="names">Perepount</li>
+<li class="names">Pershale</li>
+<li class="names">Power</li>
+<li class="names">Painell</li>
+<li class="names">Perche and Pauey</li>
+<li class="names">Peurell</li>
+<li class="names">Perot</li>
+<li class="names">Picard</li>
+<li class="names">Pinkenie</li>
+<li class="names">Pomeray</li>
+<li class="names">Pounce</li>
+<li class="names">Pauely</li>
+<li class="names">Paifrere</li>
+<li class="names">Plukenet</li>
+<li class="names">Phuars</li>
+<li class="names">Punchardoun</li>
+<li class="names">Pinchard</li>
+<li class="names">Placy</li>
+<li class="names">Pugoy</li>
+<li class="names">Patefine</li>
+<li class="names">Place</li>
+<li class="names">Pampilioun</li>
+<li class="names">Percelay</li>
+<li class="names">Perere and Pekeny</li>
+<li class="names">Poterell</li>
+<li class="names">Peukeny</li>
+<li class="names">Peccell</li>
+<li class="names">Pinell</li>
+<li class="names">Putrill</li>
+<li class="names">Petiuoll</li>
+<li class="names">Preaus</li>
+<li class="names">Pantolf</li>
+<li class="names">Peito</li>
+<li class="names">Penecord</li>
+<li class="names">Preudirlegast</li>
+<li class="names">Perciuale</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">Q</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Qvinci</li>
+<li class="names">Quintiny</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">R</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Ros</li>
+<li class="names">Ridell</li>
+<li class="names">Riuers</li>
+<li class="names">Riuell</li>
+<li class="names">Rous</li>
+<li class="names">Rushell</li>
+<li class="names">Raband</li>
+<li class="names">Ronde</li>
+<li class="names">Rie</li>
+<li class="names">Rokell</li>
+<li class="names">Risers</li>
+<li class="names">Randuile</li>
+<li class="names">Roselin</li>
+<li class="names">Rastoke</li>
+<li class="names">Rinuill</li>
+<li class="names">Rougere</li>
+<li class="names">Rait</li>
+<li class="names">Ripere</li>
+<li class="names">Rigny</li>
+<li class="names">Richemound</li>
+<li class="names">Rochford</li>
+<li class="names">Raimond</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">S</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Souch</li>
+<li class="names">Sheuile</li>
+<li class="names">Seucheus</li>
+<li class="names">Senclere</li>
+<li class="names">Sent Quintin</li>
+<li class="names">Sent Omere</li>
+<li class="names">Sent Amond</li>
+<li class="names">Sent Legere</li>
+<li class="names">Someruile</li>
+<li class="names">Siward</li>
+<li class="names">Saunsovere</li>
+<li class="names">Sanford</li>
+<li class="names">Sanctes</li>
+<li class="names">Sauay</li>
+<li class="names">Saulay</li>
+<li class="names">Sules</li>
+<li class="names">Sorell</li>
+<li class="names">Somerey</li>
+<li class="names">Sent Iohn</li>
+<li class="names">Sent George</li>
+<li class="names">Sent Les</li>
+<li class="names">Sesse</li>
+<li class="names">Saluin</li>
+<li class="names">Say</li>
+<li class="names">Solers</li>
+<li class="names"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8" ></a>
+Saulay</li>
+<li class="names">Sent Albin</li>
+<li class="names">Sent Martin</li>
+<li class="names">Sourdemale</li>
+<li class="names">Seguin</li>
+<li class="names">Sent Barbe</li>
+<li class="names">Sent Vile</li>
+<li class="names">Souremount</li>
+<li class="names">Soreglise</li>
+<li class="names">Sanduile</li>
+<li class="names">Sauncey</li>
+<li class="names">Sirewast</li>
+<li class="names">Sent Cheueroll</li>
+<li class="names">Sent More</li>
+<li class="names">Sent Scudemore</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">T</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Toget</li>
+<li class="names">Tercy</li>
+<li class="names">Tuchet</li>
+<li class="names">Tracy</li>
+<li class="names">Trousbut</li>
+<li class="names">Trainell</li>
+<li class="names">Taket</li>
+<li class="names">Trussel and Trison</li>
+<li class="names">Talbot</li>
+<li class="names">Touny</li>
+<li class="names">Traies</li>
+<li class="names">Tollemach</li>
+<li class="names">Tolous</li>
+<li class="names">Tanny</li>
+<li class="names">Touke</li>
+<li class="names">Tibtote</li>
+<li class="names">Turbeuile</li>
+<li class="names">Turuile</li>
+<li class="names">Tomy and Taverner</li>
+<li class="names">Trencheuile</li>
+<li class="names">Trenchelion</li>
+<li class="names">Tankeruile</li>
+<li class="names">Tirell</li>
+<li class="names">Triuet</li>
+<li class="names">Tolet</li>
+<li class="names">Trauers</li>
+<li class="names">Tardeuile</li>
+<li class="names">Turburuile</li>
+<li class="names">Tineuile</li>
+<li class="names">Torell</li>
+<li class="names">Tortechappell</li>
+<li class="names">Trusbote</li>
+<li class="names">Treuerell</li>
+<li class="names">Tenwis</li>
+<li class="names">Totelles</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">V</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Vere</li>
+<li class="names">Vernoun</li>
+<li class="names">Vescy</li>
+<li class="names">Verdoune</li>
+<li class="names">Valence</li>
+<li class="names">Verdeire</li>
+<li class="names">Vauasour</li>
+<li class="names">Vendore</li>
+<li class="names">Verlay</li>
+<li class="names">Valenger</li>
+<li class="names">Venables</li>
+<li class="names">Venoure</li>
+<li class="names">Vilan</li>
+<li class="names">Verland</li>
+<li class="names">Valers</li>
+<li class="names">Veirny</li>
+<li class="names">Vauurvile</li>
+<li class="names">Veniels</li>
+<li class="names">Verrere</li>
+<li class="names">Vschere</li>
+<li class="names">Veffay</li>
+<li class="names">Vanay</li>
+<li class="names">Vian</li>
+<li class="names">Verneys</li>
+<li class="names">Vrnall</li>
+<li class="names">Vnket</li>
+<li class="names">Vrnafull</li>
+<li class="names">Vasderoll</li>
+<li class="names">Vaberon</li>
+<li class="names">Valingford</li>
+<li class="names">Venicorde</li>
+<li class="names">Valiue</li>
+<li class="names">Viuille</li>
+<li class="names">Vancorde and Valenges</li>
+</ul>
+<p class="initial">W</p>
+<ul>
+<li class="names">Wardebois</li>
+<li class="names">Ward</li>
+<li class="names">Wafre</li>
+<li class="names">Wake</li>
+<li class="names">Wareine</li>
+<li class="names">Wate</li>
+<li class="names">Watelin</li>
+<li class="names">Wateuil</li>
+<li class="names">Wely</li>
+<li class="names">Werdonell</li>
+<li class="names">Wespaile</li>
+<li class="names">Wiuell</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>When king William had set all things in order through the most part of the realme, he
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Sim.&nbsp;Dunel.</i></span>
+deliuered the guiding thereof vnto his brother Odo, the bishop of Bayeux, and his coosine
+<span class="rightnote">King William goeth ouer into Normandy.
+<i>Hen.&nbsp;Hunt.</i>
+<i>Polychron.</i>
+<i>Sim.&nbsp;Dun.</i></span>
+William Fits Osborne, whom he had made erle of Hereford. In Lent following he sailed
+into Normandie, leading with him the pledges, and other of the ch&eacute;efest lords of the
+English nation: among whom, the two earles Edwine and Marchar, Stigand the archbishop,
+Edgar Etheling, Walteoff sonne to Siward sometime duke of Northumberland, and
+Agelnothus the abbat of Glastenburie were the most famous. Soone after his departing,
+<span class="rightnote">Edricke Syluaticus.</span>
+Edricke surnamed Syluaticus, sonne to Alfricke that was brother to Edricke de Streona,
+refusing to submit himselfe vnto the king, rebelled and rose against such as he had left in
+his absence to gouerne the land. Wherevpon those that laie in the castell of Hereford, as
+<span class="rightnote">Richard Fits Scroope.</span>
+Richard Fitz Scroope and others, did oftentimes inuade his lands, and wasted the goods
+of his farmers and tenants: but yet so often as they attempted to inuade him, they lost manie
+of their owne souldiers and men of war. Moreouer, the said Edricke calling to his aid
+the kings of the Welshmen, Bleothgent and Rithwall, about the feast of the assumption of
+<span class="rightnote">The riuer of Wye.</span>
+our Ladie, wasted the countrie of Hereford, euen to the bridge of the riuer of Wye, and
+obteined out of those quarters a maruellous great spoile. In the winter also following,
+<span class="rightnote">King William returneth into England.</span>
+and after king William had disposed his busines in Normandie, he returned into England,
+and euen then began to handle the Englishmen somewhat sharpelie, supposing
+thereby to k&eacute;epe them the more easilie vnder his obedience. He also took awaie from
+diuerse of the Nobilitie, and others of the better sort, all their liuings, and gaue the same
+<span class="rightnote"><i>H.&nbsp;Hunt.</i></span>
+to his Normans. Moreouer, he raised great taxes and subsidies through the realme: nor
+any thing regarded th' English Nobilitie, so that they who before thought themselues to
+be made for euer by bringing a stranger into the realme, doo now see themselues troden
+vnder foot, to be despised, and to be mocked on all sides, insomuch that many of them
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i></span>
+were constreined (as it were for a further testimonie of seruitude and bondage) to shaue
+their beards, to round their heare, and to frame themselues as well in apparell as in seruice
+<a name="Page_9" id="Page_9" ></a><span class="pagenum">[9]</span>
+and diet at their tables after the Norman manner, verie strange and farre differing from
+the ancient customes and old vsages of their countrie. Others vtterlie refusing to susteine
+such an intolerable yoke of thraldome as was dailie laid vpon them by the Normans,
+chose rather to leaue all both goods &amp; lands, &amp; after the maner of outlawes got them
+<span class="rightnote">Englishmen withdraw them to the woods as out lawes.</span>
+to the woods, with their wiues, children, and seruants, meaning from thencefoorth wholie
+to liue vpon the spoile of the countries adioining, and to take whatsoeuer came next to
+hand: wherevpon it came to passe within a while that noe man might trauell in safetie
+from his owne house or towne to his next neighbors, and euery quiet and honest mans
+house became as it were an hold and fortresse furnished for defense with bowes and arrowes,
+bills, polaxes, swords, clubs, and staues, and other weapons, the doores kept locked
+and stronglie boulted in the night season, for feare to be surprised as it had beene in time
+of open warr and amongst publike enimies. Praiers were said also by the maister of the
+house, as though they had beene in the middest of the seas in some stormie tempest, and
+when the windowes or doores should be shut in and closed, they vsed to saie <i>Benedicite</i>,
+and others to answer, <i>Dominus</i>, in like sort as the preest and his penitent were woont to
+doo at confession in the church.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding all this, K. William sought to tame &amp; vanquish those of the English
+Nobilitie, who would not be at his becke. They againe on the other side made themselues
+strong, the better to resist him, choosing for their ch&eacute;efe capteines and leaders, the
+earles Edwine &amp; Edgar Etheling, who valiantlie resisted the Normans, and slue many of
+them with great rage and crueltie. And as they thus proc&eacute;eded in their matters, king
+William being a politike prince, forward and painefull in his businesse, suffered them not
+altogither to escape cl&eacute;ere awaie, but did sore annoy and put them oft to remediles losses,
+though he abode in the meane time many laborious iournies, slaughters of his people, and
+damages of his person. Herevpon the English Nobilitie euer after, yea in time of peace,
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i><br />
+<i>Anno&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;2.</i><br />
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i>
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;West.</i><br />
+Diuers of the English Nobilitie
+forsake their natiue countrie.</span>
+were hated of the king and his Normans, and at length were kept so short, that being
+mooued partlie with disdaine, and partlie with dread, they got them out of the realme,
+some into Scotland, some into Denmarke, others into Norway; and among these, the two
+earles Edwine and Marchar, with certeine bishops &amp; others of the cleargie, besides
+manie also of the temporaltie, escaped into Scotland. Marleswine &amp; Gospatricke, with
+a great number of other the Nobles of Northumberland, Edgar Ethling with his mother
+Agatha, and his sisters Christine and Margaret, chanced also to be driuen into Scotland
+by tempest, as they sailed towards the coasts of Germanie, purposing to haue returned
+into Hungarie, where the said Edgar was borne: howbeit being arriued in Scotland, he
+found so friendlie entertainment there, that finallie Malcolme the third then king of that
+realme, tooke his sister Margaret to wife, and Christine became a nunne, as in the Scotish
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span>
+chronicles more plainelie dooth app&eacute;ere. King William h&eacute;ereby perceiuing daily how
+vnwilling the Englishmen were to be vnder his obeisance, was in feare of rebellious commotions;
+and therefore to subdue them the better, he builded foure castels, one at Notingham,
+<span class="rightnote">Two at York, wherein he left
+fiue hundred men in garrison.
+</span>
+another at Lincolne, the third at Yorke, and the fourth n&eacute;ere vnto Hastings,
+where he landed at his first comming into England.</p>
+
+<p>Moreouer, to reduce the English people the sooner vnto obedience and awe, he tooke
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i>
+The Conquerour taketh fr&#333; the Englishmen their armour.
+</span>
+from them all their armour and weapons. He ordeined also that the maister of euerie
+houshold about eight of the clocke in the euening, should cause his fire to be raked vp
+ashes, his lights to be put out, and then go to bed. Besides this, to the end that euerie
+man might haue knowledge of the houre to go to rest, he gaue order, that in all cities,
+townes, and villages, where anie church was, there should a bell be roong at the said
+houre, which custome is still vsed euen vnto this daie,
+<span class="rightnote">Couer few first instituted.</span>
+and commonly called by the French
+word, <i>Couer few</i>, that is, <i>Rake vp the fier</i>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="yearnote">1068.</span>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;West.</i></span>
+This yeare, on Whitsunday, Maud the wife of king William was crowned Queene by
+Aeldred archbishop of Yorke. The same yeare also was Henrie his sonn borne here in
+England: for his other two sonns, Robert and William, were borne in Normandie before
+<a name="Page_10" id="Page_10" ></a><span class="pagenum">[10]</span>
+<span class="rightnote">Edmond the Great.</span>
+he had conquered this land. About the same time alsoe Goodwine and Edmund surnamed
+the great, the sonns of K. Harold, came from Ireland and landing in Somersetshire, fought
+with Adnothus that had beene maister of their fathers horsses whom they slue with a great
+number of others, and soe haueing got this victorie, returned into Ireland, from whence
+they came with a great bootie which they tooke in their returne out of Cornewall, Deuonshire,
+and other places thereabouts. In like manner, Excester did as then rebell, and
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil.&nbsp;Malm.</i>
+<i>Simon&nbsp;Dunelm.</i>
+</span>
+likewise the countrie of Northumberland, wherevpon the king appointed one of his capteines
+named Robert Cumin, a right noble personage (but more valiant than circumspect)
+to go against the northerne people with a part of his armie, whilest he himselfe and the
+other part went to subdue them of Excester: where, at his comming before the citie, the
+citizens prepared themselues to defend their gates and wals: but after he began to make
+his approch to assaile them, part of the citizens repenting their foolish attempts, opened
+the gates, and suffered him to enter. Thus having subdued them of Excester, he
+greeuouslie punished the ch&eacute;efe offendors. But the countesse Gita, the sister of Sweine
+K. of Denmarke, and sometime wife to earle Goodwine, and mother to the last K. Harold,
+with diuers other that were got into that citie, found meanes to flie, and so escaped
+ouer into Flanders. King William hauing passed his businesse in such wise in Deuonshire,
+hasted backe towards Yorke, being aduertised in the waie, that the Northumbers hauing
+knowledge by their spials, that Robert generall of the Normans being come to Durham,
+did not so diligentlie cause watch and ward to be kept about the towne in the night season
+<span class="rightnote">This chaunced the 28. of Januarie on a Wednesday.
+<i>Polydor.</i>
+</span>
+as was requisite, did set vpon him about midnight, &amp; slue the same Robert with all his
+companie, so that of seauen hundred which he brought with him, there was but one that
+escaped to bring tidings to the king their souereigne.</p>
+
+<p>He heard also, how Edgar Etheling at the same time, being in the countrie, riding
+abroad with a troope of horsemen, and hearing of the discomfiture of those Normans,
+pursued them egerlie, and slue great numbers of them, as they were about to saue themselues
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span>
+by flight, with which newes being in no small furie, he made speed forward, and
+comming at the last into Northumberland, he easilie vanquished the foresaid rebels, and
+putting the cheefe authors of this mutinie to death, he reserued some of the rest as captiues,
+and of other some he caused the hands to be chopped off in token of their inconstancie
+and rebellious dealing. After this he came to Yorke, and there in like sort punished
+those that had aided Edgar, which doone, he returned to London.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="yearnote">1069.</span>
+<span class="rightnote">Sweine and Osborne hath.
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i>
+</span>
+In the meane time, those Englishmen that were fled (as you haue heard) into Denmarke,
+by continuall sute made to Sueine then king of that realme, to procure him to
+make a iournie into England for recouerie of the right descended to him from his ancestors,
+at length obteined their purpose, in so much that king Sueine sent his sonnes
+<span class="rightnote">Thr&eacute;e hundred sailes saith <i>M.&nbsp;W.</i>
+but <i>Sim.&nbsp;Dun.</i> hath 240.
+</span>
+Harold and Canutus toward England, who with a nauie of two hundred saile, in the companie
+of Osborne their vncle, arriued in the mouth of Humber betw&eacute;ene the two later
+ladie daies, and there landing their people with the English outlawes, whom they had
+brought with them, they straightwaies marched towards Yorke, wasting and spoiling the
+countrie with great crueltie as they passed. Soone after also came Edgar, and such
+other English exiles as had before fled into Scotland, and ioined their forces with them.
+When the newes of these things were brought to Yorke, the people there were striken
+with a maruellous feare, insomuch that Aeldred the archbishop (through verie greefe and
+anguish of mind) departed this life. The Normans also which laie there in garrison, after
+they vnderstood by their spies that the enimies were come within two daies iournie of
+them, began not a little to mistrust the faith of the citizens, and bicause the suburbes
+should not be any aid vnto them, they set fire on the same, which by the hugenesse of
+the wind that suddenlie arose, the flame became so big, and mounted such a height, that
+<span class="rightnote">Yorke burnt.</span>
+it caught the citie also, and consumed a great part therof to ashes, togither with the minster
+of S. Peter, and a famous librarie belonging to the same. Herevpon the Normans
+and citizens in like maner were constreined to issue foorth at the same time, and
+<a name="Page_11" id="Page_11" ></a><span class="pagenum">[11]</span>
+being vpon the enimies before they had any knowledge of their approch, were forced to
+trie the matter by disordered battell: whose number though it was far inferiour vnto
+theirs, yet they valiantlie defended themselues for a time, till being oppressed with multitudes,
+they were ouercome and slaine, so that there perished in this conflict, to the number
+<span class="rightnote">Normans slaine.</span>
+of three thousand of them. Manie of the Englishmen also that came with them to the
+field, were saued by the enimies, to the end they might gaine somewhat by their ransomes,
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i></span>
+as William Mallet shirife of the shire, with his wife, and two of their children, Gilbert de
+Gaunt, and diuers other. This slaughter chanced on a saturdaie, being the nineteenth
+day of September; a dismall daie to the Normans.</p>
+
+<p>The two brethren hauing thus obteined this victorie, went on further into the countrie
+of Northumberland, and brought the same wholie to their subiection, insomuch that all
+the north parts were at their c&#333;mandement. Upon this they meant to haue gone towards
+<span class="rightnote">A sharpe winter, an enimie to warlike enterprises.</span>
+London with the like attempt in the south parts, if the extreame and hard winter which
+chanced that yeare, had not staied their enterprise, as it did king William from assailing
+them; who hearing of all their dooings in the north countrie, would else full gladlie haue
+<span class="rightnote">The Danes where they wintered.
+<i>Hen.&nbsp;Hunt.</i>
+<i>Polydor.</i></span>
+set vpon them. In the meane time, the Danes wintered in Yorkeshire, betwixt the two
+riuers Ouse and Trent; but so soone as the snow began to melt, and the yce to thaw and
+waste away, king William sped him with great hast toward his enimies into Yorkeshire,
+and comming to the riuer of Trent, where it falleth into Humber, he pitched his tents
+there, to refresh his people, for his enimies were at hand. The daie following he brought
+his armie into the field to fight with the Danish princes, who likewise in battell araie met
+them. Then began a right sore and terrible battell, continuing a long space in equall
+balance, till at length in one of the Danish wings the Norman horsemen had put their
+enimies to flight. Which when the residue of the Danes perceiued, and therewith put in
+a sudden feare, they likewise fled. Harold and Canutus with a band of hardie souldiers
+that tarried about them, retired backe (though with much a doo and great danger) vnto
+their ships. Edgar also, by helpe of good horses, escaped into Scotland with a few in
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i></span>
+his companie. Earle Walteof, who had fought most manfullie in that battell, &amp; slaine
+manie Normans with his owne hands, was reconciled into the kings fauour: but the residue
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Hen.&nbsp;Hunt.</i>
+<i>Wil.&nbsp;Malm.</i>
+</span>
+were for the most part taken prisoners, and killed. William of Malmesburie
+writeth, that king William comming at that time into the north parts, besieged the citie of
+Yorke, and putting to flight a great armie of his enimies that came to the succour of
+them within, not without great losse of his owne souldiers, at length the citie was deliuered
+into his hands; the citizens and other that kept it, as Scots, Danes, and Englishmen,
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Sim.&nbsp;Dunel.</i></span>
+being constreined thereto through lacke of vittels. Other write, how the Danes,
+being loden with riches and spoiles gotten in the countrie, departed to their ships before
+the comming of king William. Here is not to be forgotten, that (as Iohn Leland hath
+noted) whilest the Conquerour held siege before Yorke, at the earnest request of his wife
+Qu&eacute;ene Maud, he aduanced his nephew Alane earle of Britaine, with the gift of all those
+lands that sometime belonged vnto earle Edwine, the tenor of which gift insueth:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Earle Edwines lands giuen vnto Alane earle of Britaine.</span>
+&quot;Ego Gulihelmus cognomine Bastardus, do &amp; concedo tibi nepoti meo Alano Britanni&aelig;
+comiti, &amp; h&aelig;redibus tuis in perpetuum, omnes illas villas &amp; terras, qu&aelig; nuper
+fuerunt comitis Eadwini in Eborashira, cum feodis militum &amp; alijs libertatibus &amp; consuetudinibus,
+ita liber&egrave; &amp; honorific&egrave; sicut idem Eadwinus ea tenuit. Dat. in obsidione coram
+ciuitate Eboraci:&quot; that is, &quot;I William surnamed Bastard, doo giue and grant to thee my
+nephue Alane earle of Britaine, and to thine heires for euer, all those townes and lands
+that latelie were earle Eadwines in Yorkeshire, with the knights fees and other liberties
+and customes, so freelie and honourablie as the said Eadwine held the same. Giuen in
+our seege before the citie of Yorke.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The earle of Britaine, being a man of a stout stomach, and meaning to defend that
+<span class="rightnote">Castell of Richmont.</span>
+which was thus giuen to him, built a strong castell neere to his manor of Gillingham, and
+named it Richmont. The first originall line of the earles of Richmont
+<a name="FNanchor_1_2" id="FNanchor_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>that bare their
+<a name="Page_12" id="Page_12" ></a><span class="pagenum">[12]</span>
+title of honor of this castell and towne of Richmont (as Leland hath set downe the same)
+is this: Eudo earle of Britaine, the sonne of Geffrey, begat three sonnes, Alane le Rous,
+otherwise Fregaunte, Alane the blacke, and Stephan. These three brethren after their
+<span class="rightnote">Earle of Britaine.</span>
+fathers decease, succ&eacute;eded one another in the earledome of Britaine; the two elder, Alane
+the red and Alane the blacke died without issue. Stephan begat a sonne named Alane,
+who left a sonne, which was his heire named Conan, which Conan married Margaret the
+daughter of William king of Scotland, who bare him a daughter named Constantia, which
+Constantia was coupled in marriage with Geffrey sonne to king Henrie the second, who
+had by hir Arthur, whom his vncle King John, for fear to be depriued by him of the
+crowne, caused to be made awaie; as some have written. But now to returne where we
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i><br />
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris</i> maketh mention but of
+Sweine and Osborne whom he calleth brethren.</span>
+left touching the Danes. Simon Dunel. affirmeth, that Harold and Canute or Cnute the
+sonnes of Sweine king of Denmarke, with their vncle earle Osborne, and one Christianus
+a bishop of the Danes, and earle Turketillus were guiders of this Danish armie, &amp; that
+afterwards, when king William came into Northumberland, he sent vnto earle Osborne,
+promising him that he would permit him to take vp vittels for his armie about the sea
+coastes; and further, to giue him a portion of monie, so that he should depart and returne
+home as soone as the winter was passed. But howsoeuer the matter went with the
+Danes, certain it is by the whole consent of writers, that king William hauing thus subdued
+his enimies in the north, he tooke so great displeasure with the inhabitants of the
+countrie of Yorkeshire and Northumberland, that he wasted all the land betwixt Yorke
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil.&nbsp;Malms.</i></span>
+and Durham, so that for the space of threescore miles, there was left in maner no habitation
+for the people, by reason whereof it laie wast and desert for the space of nine or ten yeares.
+&para;&nbsp;The goodlie cities with their towers and steeples set vp on a statelie height, and reaching
+as it were into the aire: the beautifull fields and pastures, watered with the course of
+sweet and pleasant riuers, if a stranger should then haue beheld, and also knowne before
+they were thus defaced, he would surely haue lamented: or if any old inhabitant had
+b&eacute;ene long absent, &amp; newly returned thither, had s&eacute;ene this pitifull face of the countrie,
+he would not haue knowne it, such destruction was made through out all those quarters,
+whereof Yorke it selfe felt not the smallest portion. The bishop of Durham Egelwinus
+with his cleargie fled into holy Iland with S. Cuthberts bodie, and other iewels of the
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i></span>
+church of Durham, where they tarried three moneths and od daies, before they returned to
+Durham againe. The kings armie comming into the countrie that lieth betwixt the riuers
+Theise and Tine, found nothing but void feelds and bare walles; the people with their
+goods and cattell being fled and withdrawne into the woods and mountaines, if any thing
+were forgotten behind, these new gests were diligent inough to find it out.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="yearnote"><i>Anno&nbsp;Reg.</i>&nbsp;4.<br />
+1070.
+</span>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span>
+In the beginning of the spring, king William returned to London, and now after all these
+troubles, began to conceiue greater hatred against the Englishmen than euer before; so as
+doubting that hee should neuer by gentlenesse win their good willes, he now determined
+by a harder measure to meete with them; insomuch that he banished a great number,
+other some also (not a few) he spoiled of their goods, those especiallie of whom he was in
+hope to gaine any great portion of substance.</p>
+
+<p>Thus were the Englishmen generallie in danger to lose life, lands and goods, without
+knowledge, or orderlie proceeding in iudgement, so that no greater miserie in the earth
+could be imagined, than that whereinto our nation was now fallen. He tooke from the
+<span class="rightnote">Priuileges and fr&eacute;edoms revoked.</span>
+townes and cities, from the bishops s&eacute;es and abbeies all their ancient priuileges and freedoms,
+to the end they should not onely be cut short and made weaker, but also that they
+(for the obteinment of their quietnesse) might redeeme the same of him for such summes
+of monie as pleased him to exact. Among other things, he ordeined that in time of warre
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i></span>
+they should aide him with armor, horsse and monie, according to that order which he
+should then prescribe: all which he caused to be registred, inrolled, and laid vp in his
+treasurie. But diuerse of the spirituall persons would not obey this ordinance, whom he
+banished without remorse.</p>
+
+<p>
+<a name="Page_13" id="Page_13" ></a><span class="pagenum">[13]</span>
+<span class="rightnote">Stigand. Alexander bishop of Lincolne.<br />
+<i>Polydor.</i><br />
+The hard deling of K. William against the Englishmen.</span>
+About this time the archbishop Stigand, and Alexander bishop of Lincolne fled to Scotland,
+where they kept themselues close for a season. But the king still continued in his
+hard proc&eacute;eding against the Englishmen, insomuch that now protesting how he came to
+the gouernance of the realme only by plaine conquest, he seized into his hands most part
+of euery mans possessions, causing them to redeeme the same at his hands againe, and yet
+reteined a propertie in the most part of them; so that those that should afterwards enioy
+them, should acknowledge themselues to hold them of him, in y&eacute;elding a y&eacute;erlie rent to
+him and his successors for euer, with certeine other prouisions, whereby in cases of forfeiture
+the same lands should returne to him, and his said successors againe. The like
+order he appointed to be vsed by other possessors of lands, in letting them forth to their
+<span class="rightnote">The institution of the foure Termes.</span>
+tenants. He ordeined also, that the Termes should be kept foure times in the y&eacute;ere, in
+such places as he should nominate, and that the iudges shuld sit in their seuerall places to
+iudge and decide causes and matters in controuersie betwixt partie and partie, in manner
+as is vsed vnto this day. He decr&eacute;ed moreouer, that there should be shiriffes in euerie
+shire, and iustices of the peace to keepe the countries in quiet, and to s&eacute;e offendors
+punished. Furthermore, he instituted the court of the
+<span class="rightnote">The Excheker.</span>
+Excheker, and the officers belonging
+to the same, as the barons, the clearks, and such other, and also the high court
+<span class="rightnote">The Chancerie.</span>
+of Chancerie.</p>
+
+<p>After he had in this sort ordeined his magistrates and ministers of the lawes, he lastlie
+tooke order what ordinances he would haue obserued: wherevpon abrogating in maner all
+the ancient lawes vsed in times past, and instituted by the former kings for the good order
+<span class="rightnote">New lawes.</span>
+and quietnes of the people, he made new, nothing so equall or easie to be kept; which
+neuerthelesse those that came after (not without their great harme) were constreined to
+obserue: as though it had beene an high offense against GOD to abolish those euill lawes,
+which king William (a prince nothing friendly to the English nation) had first ordeined,
+and to bring in other more easie and tollerable. &para;&nbsp;Here by the waie I giue you to note a
+great absurditie; namelie, that those lawes which touched all, and ought to be knowne of
+<span class="rightnote">The lawes were written in the Norman toong.</span>
+all, were notwithstanding written in the Norman toong, which the Englishmen vnderstood
+not; so that euen at the beginning you should haue great numbers, partlie by the iniquitie
+of the lawes, and partlie by ignorance in misconstruing the same, to be wrongfullie condemned:
+some to death, and some in the forfeitures of their goods; others were so intangled
+in sutes and causes, that by no means they knew how to get out, but continuallie
+were tossed from post to piller; in such wise that in their minds they curssed the time that
+euer these vnequall lawes were made.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Matters to be tried by a Iurie of 12. men.</span>
+The maner for the triall of causes in controuersie, was deuised in such sort as is yet
+vsed. Twelue ancient men (but most commonlie vnlearned in the lawes) being of the
+same countie where the sute laie, were appointed by the iudges to go togither into some
+close chamber, where they should be shut vp, till vpon diligent examination of the matter
+they should agr&eacute;e vpon the condemnation or acquiting of the prisoner, if it were in criminall
+causes; or vpon deciding in whom the right remained, if it were vpon triall of
+things in controuersie. Now when they were all agr&eacute;ed, they came in before the iudges,
+declaring to what agr&eacute;ement they were growne: which doone, the iudges opened it to the
+offendors or sutors, and withall gaue sentence as the qualitie of the case did inforce and
+require. There may happilie be (as Polydor Virgil saith) that will mainteine this maner
+of proc&eacute;eding in the administration of iustice by the voices of a iurie, to haue b&eacute;ene in
+vse before the conquerors daies, but they are not able to prooue it by any ancient records
+of writers, as he thinketh: albeit by some of our histories they should s&eacute;eme to be first ordeined
+by Ethelred or Egelred. Howbeit this is most true, that the Norman kings themselues
+would confesse, that the lawes deuised and made by the Conqueror were not verie
+equall; insomuch that William Rufus and Henrie the sonnes of the Conqueror would at
+all times, when they sought to purchase the peoples fauor, promise to abolish the lawes
+ordeined by their father, establish other more equall, and restore those which were vsed
+<a name="Page_14" id="Page_14" ></a><span class="pagenum">[14]</span>
+in S. Edwards daies. The like kind of purchasing fauour was vsed by king St&eacute;ephen, and
+other kings that followed him. But now to the matter, king William hauing made these
+ordinances to keepe the people in order, set his mind to inrich his cofers, and therevpon
+caused first a tribvte to be leuied of the commons; then the abbeies to be searched, and
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i>
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;West.</i><br />
+<i>Wil.&nbsp;Mal.</i>
+<i>Wil.&nbsp;Thorne.</i><br />
+Abbeis searched.</span>
+all such monie as any of the Englishmen had laid vp in the same, to be kept. Besides all
+this, he seized into his hands their charters of priuileges made to them by the Saxon kings
+of the land, and spared not so much as the iewels and plate dedicated to sacred vses. All
+this did he (as some write) by the counsell of the earle of Hertford.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i><br />
+<i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i><br />
+<i>Wil.&nbsp;Thorne.</i><br />
+<i>Polydor.</i><br />
+<i>Sim.&nbsp;Dunel.</i><br />
+Stigand archbishop of Canturburie depriued.</span>
+Shortlie after betwixt Easter and Whitsuntide, a great synod was holden at Winchester
+by the bishops and cleargie, where Ermenfred the bishop of Sion or Sitten, with two cardinals
+Iohn and Peter sent thither from pope Alexander the second, did sit as ch&eacute;efe commissioners.
+In this synod was Stigand the archbishop of Canturburie depriued of his
+bishoprike, for three speciall causes.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>1 First, for that he had wrongfullie holden that bishoprike, whilest the archbishop Robert
+was liuing.</p>
+
+<p>2 Secondlie, for that he kept the see of Winchester in his hands, after his inuestiture
+vnto Canturburie, which he ought not to haue doone.</p>
+
+<p>3 Thirdlie, for that he had receiued the pall at the hands of pope Benedict the tenth,
+whom the cardinals, as one not lawfullie elected, had deposed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Howbeit, manie writers burthen king William (who was present at this synod) for the
+procuring of Stigand his depriuation, to the end he might place a stranger in his roome.
+For as he had rooted out the English Nobilitie, and giuen awaie their land and liuings to
+his Normans; so meant he to turne out the English cleargie from bearing any office of
+honor within the realme, which meaning of his did well appeare at his councell, wherin
+<span class="rightnote">Agelmarus bishop of Thetford was one that was deposed.<br />
+<i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i>
+<i>Matt.&nbsp;Paris.</i></span>
+diuers bishops, abbats, and priors were deposed, and Normans preferred to their places.
+Stigand after his depriuation was kept in perpetuall prison at Winchester, till he died,
+and yet (as some write) the same Stigand was an helper vnder hand for king William to
+atteine the crowne.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Thomas a canon of Bayeux made archbishop of Yorke.<br />
+Lanfranke consecrated archbishop of Canturburie.<br />
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Westm.</i> hath the eight Kal. of Maie,
+but <i>Wil.&nbsp;Mal.</i> and <i>Eadmerus</i>
+the fourth Kal. of September.<br />
+<i>Wil.&nbsp;Mal.</i> <i>Eadmerus.</i></span>
+In the feast of Pentecost next insuing, the king being at Windsor, gaue the archbishoprike
+of Yorke vnto one
+Thomas, a canon of Bayeux, and to Walkelme one of his chaplins
+he gave the Bishoprike of Winchester. After this, calling one Lanfranke an Italian
+from Caen where he was abbat, he made him archbishop of Canturburie, who was consecrated
+there in the feast of S. John Baptist, in the yeare folowing, which was after the
+birth of our Sauiour
+<span class="yearnote">1071. <br />
+An.&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;5.</span>
+1071. The foresaid Thomas was the fiue and twentith bishop that
+had gouerned in that see of Yorke, &amp; Lanfranke the thr&eacute;e &amp; thirtith in the see of Canturburie.
+But yer long, betwixt these two archbishops there rose great contention for the
+primasie of their churches, in so much that the archbishop of Yorke appealed to Rome,
+where they both appeared personallie before pope Alexander, in whose presence Lanfranks
+cause was so much fauoured, that not onelie the foresaid Thomas, but also Remigius
+the bishop of Dorchester were for reasonable causes depriued of their crosiers and
+rings: and Lanfranke at their humble request was a meane to the pope for them in the
+end, that they might be restored to their staues, which was accordinglie obteined. For
+when the pope heard Lanfranke declare in their fauour, how necessarie their seruice might
+be to the king, in the establishment of his new gotten kingdome, he said to Lanfranke;
+&quot;Well, looke you then to the matter, you are the father of that countrie, and therefore
+consider what is expedient to be done therein: their staues which they haue surrendered,
+there they be, take them, and dispose them as you shall thinke most profitable for the aduancement
+of the christian religion in that countrie.&quot; Wherevpon, Lanfranke tooke the
+staues, and deliuered them to the former possessours, and so were they in the popes presence
+restored to their former dignities. One cause why Thomas was depriued (as some
+writers saie) was, for that he had holpen duke William towards his iournie into England
+when he came to conquer it, for the which pleasure to him then shewed, the duke promised
+<a name="Page_15" id="Page_15" ></a><span class="pagenum">[15]</span>
+him a bishoprike, if euer he obteined victorie ouer the English: an other cause, for
+that he was a priests sonne. Now, when the pope vnderstood the full ground of their
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil.&nbsp;Malm.</i></span>
+contention to be for the primasie of the two sees, Canturburie and Yorke, and had heard
+what could be alledged on both sides, he remitted the determination thereof to the king
+and bishops of England, that by the histories and records of the land, the matter might be
+tried, iudged, and ordered.</p>
+
+<p>Wherefore, at their comming home, and after long debating and discussing of the cause
+(as in William Marleburgh it appeareth more at large) at a synod holden at Windsor, in
+<span class="yearnote">Anno&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;6.<br />
+1072.
+</span>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;West.</i><br />
+The subiection of the archbishoprike of Yorke,
+to the archbishoprike of Canterburie.</span>
+ yeare 1072, sentence was giuen on Lanfranks side, so that in all things concerning religion
+and the faith of holie church, the archbishop of Yorke should be euer subiect to
+the archbishop of Canturburie, and come with all the bishops of his prouince to what place
+soeuer the archbishop of Canturburie should summon any councell within the realme of
+England. Moreouer, when anie elected bishop of Canturburie was to be consecrated, the
+archbishop of Yorke (for the time being) should come to Canturburie, and consecrate
+him there. And if the archbishop of Yorke was to be installed and consecrated, then
+should he come to Canturburie, or to what place it should please the archbishop of Canturburie
+to assigne, and there to be confirmed of him, taking an oth with profession of due
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i>
+The archbishop of Yorke, acknowledged primate of all Scotland.
+</span>
+obedience vnto the higher see. Now, as the said Thomas of Yorke did y&eacute;eld obedience
+to Lanfranke of Canturburie, so likewise the elect bishop of Glascow in Scotland named
+Michaell, was soone after consecrated of the foresaid Thomas archbishop of Yorke, and
+made an oth of obedience vnto the said archbishop, as to the primate of all Scotland: and
+after him Tothade the bishop of S. Andrewes did the like, by commandement of Malcolme
+the third of that name king of Scotland, and Margaret his wife, who thought good
+by this recognisance of obedience and dutie, so to prouide against further inconuenience
+to come, that hereafter, one of the bishops of their realme should not take vpon them to
+consecrate an other: or doo any thing contrarie to the ancient decr&eacute;es of the old fathers,
+that might be preiudiciall to the authoritie of the archbishop of Yorke, at whose appointment
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Ranulph&nbsp;Cestren.</i> lib. 1. cap. 57. &amp; lib. 7. cap. 2.</span>
+those and the like things were accustomed to be doone. In this controuersie (or the
+like) it is left written, that in a court held at Rome (the time is not mentioned) the pope
+perceiuing the strife betw&eacute;ene these two prelats to be but for the highest place or primasie
+in the church; he solemnlie gaue sentence, that the s&eacute;e of Yorke should haue
+in title Primas Angli&aelig;, &amp; Canturburie Primas totius Angli&aelig;, which titles doo yet remain
+to them both.</p>
+
+<p>But to leaue this, and to speake of other things which chanced in the meane time that
+this controuersie depended betwixt the two archbishops, I find that Edwin and Marchar
+earles of Mertia and Northumberland, hauing of late obteined pardon for their former
+misdemeanor, &amp; reconciled to the king, began now so much to mislike the state of the
+world againe, as euer they did before. For perceiuing how the Englishmen were still oppressed
+with thraldome &amp; miserie on ech hand, they conspired, &amp; began a new rebellion,
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matt.&nbsp;Paris.</i></span>
+but with verie ill successe, as shall herafter appeare. The king vnderstanding
+of their dealings, and being not onelie armed throughlie with temporall force, but also
+endued with the spirituall power of his archbishop Lanfranke (who aided him in all that
+he might, for the suppressing of those rebels) wasted the countries exc&eacute;edinglie, where he
+vnderstood that they had gotten any releefe, minding vtterlie to vanquish them with
+sword, fire and hunger, or by extreame penurie to bring them vnder. They on the other
+part make as stout resistance; and perceiuing that it stood them vpon, either to vanquish
+or to fall into vtter ruine, they raise a mightie strong host, and make Edgar Etheling their
+capteine, a comelie gentleman and a valiant, in whome also the whole hope of the English
+nation was reposed, as appeareth by this his accustomed by-word, Edgar Etheling Englands
+dearling. Amongst other noble men that were chiefe dooers in the assembling of
+this armie, Frederike abbat of S. Albons, a prelate of great wealth and no lesse puissance,
+was a principall.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16" ></a><span
+class="pagenum">[16]</span>
+ The king perceiuing his estate to be now in no small danger, is in a great perplexitie
+what to doo, in the end, he counselleth with the said Lanfranke archbishop of Canturburie,
+how he might remedie the matter; who told him that in such a desperate case, the
+best waie for him should be to s&eacute;eke by faire words and friendly offers to pacifie the English
+Nobilitie, which by all meanes possible would neuer ceasse to molest him in the recouerie
+of their liberties. Wherevpon he made meanes to come to some agr&eacute;ement with them,
+and so well the matter proc&eacute;eded on his side, that the Englishmen being deceiued through
+his faire promises, were contented to common of peace, for which purpose they came also
+vnder the conduct of the abbat Frederike vnto Berkamsted, where (after much reasoning
+and debating of the matter for the conclusion of amitie betwixt them) king William in the
+presence of the archbishop Lanfranke and other of his lords, tooke a personall oth vpon
+all the relikes of the church of S. Albons, and the holie euangelists (the abbat Frederike
+ministring the same vnto him) that he would from thencefoorth obserue and keepe the
+good and ancient approoued lawes of the realme, which the noble kings of England his
+predecessors had made and ordeined heretofore; but namelie those of S. Edward, which
+were supposed to be most equall and indifferent.</p>
+
+<p>The peace being thus concluded, and the Englishmen growne thereby to some hope of
+further quietnesse, they began to forsake their alies, and returned each one, either to his
+owne possessions, or to giue attendance vpon the king. But he warilie cloking his inward
+purpose, notwithstanding the vnitie latelie made, determineth particularlie to assaile
+his enimies (whose power without doubt so long as it was vnited, could not possiblie be
+ouercome, as he thought) and being now by reason of this peace disseuered and dispersed,
+he thought it high time to put his secret purposes in execution: wherevpon taking them
+at vnwares and thinking of nothing lesse than warres and sudden inuasion, he imprisoneth
+manie, killeth diuers, and pursueth the residue with fire and sword, taking awaie their
+goods, possessions, lands, and inheritances, and banishing them out of the realme. In
+the meane time, those of the English Nobilitie, which could escape this his outragious
+tyrannie, got awaie, and amongst other, Edgar Etheling fled againe into Scotland: but
+Edwin was slaine of his owne souldiers, as he rode toward Scotland. Earle Marchar, and
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Ran.&nbsp;Higa.</i>
+<i>H.&nbsp;Hunt.</i>
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i></span>
+one Hereward, with the bishop of Durham named Egelwinus, got into the Ile of Elie, in
+purpose there to defend themselues from the iniurie of the Normans, for they tooke the
+place (by reason of the situation) to be of no small strength. Howbeit king William endeuouring
+to cut them short, raised a power, and stopped all the passages on the east side,
+and on the west part he made a causie through the fennes, of two miles in length, whereby
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i>
+<i>Hen.&nbsp;Hunt.</i>
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i></span>
+he got vnto them, and constreined them to yeeld. But Marchar, or (as others haue)
+Hereward, fores&eacute;eing the imminent danger likelie to take effect, made shift to get owt of
+the Ile by bote, and so by sp&eacute;edie flight escaped into
+Scotland.
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i></span>
+The bishop of Durham
+being taken, was sent to the abbey of Abingdon, to be kept as prisoner, where he was so
+sparinglie fed,
+<span class="rightnote">Some write that he was so stubborne-harted,
+that after he knew he should remaine
+in perpetuall prison, he refused his meate,
+and so pined himselfe to death.</span>
+that within a short space he died for hunger.</p>
+
+<p>In this meane time, and whilest king William was thus occupied in rooting out the
+English, Malcolme king of Scotland had wasted the countries of Theisedale, Cleueland,
+and the lands of S. Cuthbert, with sundrie other places in the north parts. Wherevpon
+Gospatrike being latelie reconciled to the king &amp; made earle of Northumberland, was
+sent against him, who sacked and destroied that part of Cumberland which the said Malcolme
+by violence had brought vnder his subiection. At the same time Malcolme was at
+Weremouth, beholding the fire which his people had kindled in the church of Saint Peter
+to burne vp the same, and there hearing what Gospatrike had doone, he tooke such displeasure
+thereat, that he commanded his men they should leaue none of the English nation
+<span class="rightnote">A bloudie c&#333;mandment executed vpon the English by the Scots.</span>
+aliue, but put them all to the sword without pity or compassion, so oft as they came to
+hand. The bloudie slaughter which was made at this time by the Scots, through that
+cruell commandement of Malcolme, was pitifull to consider, for women, children, old and
+yong, went all one way: howbeit, manie of those that were strong and able to serue for
+<a name="Page_17" id="Page_17" ></a><span class="pagenum">[17]</span>
+drudges and slaues, were reserued, and carried into Scotland as prisoners, where they remained
+manie yeares after; in so much that there were few houses in that realme, but had
+one or mo English slaues and captiues, whom they gat at this vnhappie voiage. Miserable
+was the state of the English at that time, one being consumed of another so vnnaturallie,
+manie of them destroied by the Scots so cruellie, and the residue kept vnder by
+the king so tyrannicallie.</p>
+
+<p>But to returne to the purpose in hand, king William hearing of all these things, was not
+a little mooued at the same, but ch&eacute;efelie with Malcolme king of Scots, for that his
+countrie was the onelie place wherein all the mal-contents of his realme had their refuge.
+Wherfore, thinking to reuenge the losse of his subiects, and to bring that realme also vnto
+his subiection, he went thither with an huge armie, about the middle of August, where he
+first inuaded the bounds of Galloway, bicause he heard how the English were latelie fled
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor</i></span>
+thither. But after he had wearied his souldiers in vaine pursuit of them (who kept themselues
+in the mountaines and marres grounds) he gaue ouer the enterprise, and drew towards
+Lothiam, where king Malcolme laie with all his power, &amp; sundrie English fugitiues,
+with whome he determined by battell either to end his trouble, or else to loose his
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i></span>
+life. Now as both the kings with their armies were readie to encounter, Malcolme began
+to doubt somewhat of the fiersenesse of the battell, bicause he saw the great puissance
+and readie willes of the English and Normans to fight, wherevpon he sent an harrold to
+<span class="rightnote"><i>H.&nbsp;Hunt.</i></span>
+king William to treat of peace, wherewith he was content at the last (though with much
+adoo) and so a vnitie insued betwixt them, vpon these conditions; namelie, that king
+<span class="rightnote">The king of Scots did homage to king William for Scotland.</span>
+Malcolme should doo homage to king William for the realme of Scotland, and therevpon
+deliuer sufficient hostages: and that on the other side, king William should pardon all
+the English outlawes in Scotland which then rebelled against him. The place where this
+peace was concluded, was called Abirnethi. After this, king William returned into England,
+where he yer long tooke the earledome of Northumberland from Gospatrike, and
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i></span>
+gave it to Waltheof the sonne of Siward; bicause of right it s&eacute;emed to descend vnto him
+<span class="rightnote">The kings iustice.</span>
+from his father, but cheefelie from his mother Alfreda, who was the daughter of Aldred
+sometime earle of that countrie.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time also the king caused a castell to be built at Durham, and returned to
+London, where he receiued aduertisement that his subiects in Normandie toward the
+parties<a name="FNanchor_1_3" id="FNanchor_1_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> of Angiew had begun a rebellion against him. Heerevpon with all sp&eacute;ed he
+leuied an armie, whereof the most part consisted of English (whose seruice he liked rather
+in a forren countrie than in their owne) and sailed ouer into Normandie, where he easilie
+subdued his enemies by the valiancie of the English, whom from thenceforth he began
+somewhat to fauour and better thinke of than before. Yoong Edg&aacute;r also grew in verie
+good credit with him, for though he had twise broken his oth of allegiance, and run to
+the Scots as a rebell, yet now of his owne motion, returning to the king and crauing
+pardon, he was not onelie receiued, but also highlie honoured and preferred in his
+court.</p>
+
+<p>The yeare 1074. thr&eacute;e moonks of the prouince of Mercia, purposing to restore religion
+after their maner within the prouince of Northumberland, came into Yorke, and required
+<span class="rightnote">Mountcaster now Newcastell.</span>
+of Hugh Fitz Baldricke (then shirife of the shire) to haue safe conduct vnto Monkaster,
+which afterwards hight Newcastell, and so is called to this day. These moonks, whose
+names were Aldwin, Alswin, and Remfred, comming unto the foresaid place, found no
+token or remanent of any religious persons, which sometime had habitation there (for all
+was defaced and gone:) wherevpon, after they had remained there a while, they remooued
+to Jarrowe, where finding the ruines of old decaied buildings and churches, perteining
+in times past to the moonks that there inhabited, they had such assistance at the
+hands of Walkher bishop of Durham, that at length, by the diligent trauell and sute of
+these moonks, three monasteries were newlie founded and erected in the north parts, one
+at Durham, an other at Yorke, and the third at Whitby. For you must consider, that
+<a name="Page_18" id="Page_18" ></a><span class="pagenum">[18]</span>
+by the inuasion of the Danes, the churches and monasteries throughout Northumberland
+were so wasted and ruinated, that a man could scarselie find a church standing in all that
+countrie, as for those that remained, they were couered with broome or thatch: but as
+for any abbey or monasterie, not one was left in all the countrie, neither did any man (for
+the space of two hundred yeares) take care for the repairing or building vp of any thing
+in decaie, so that the people of that countrie wist not what a moonke ment, and if they
+saw any, they woondered at the strangenesse of the sight.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="yearnote">An.&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;9. <br />
+1075.</span>
+<span class="rightnote">Rafe Earle of Cambridge.<br />
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;West.</i>
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i>
+<i>Hen.&nbsp;Hunt.</i>
+<i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i><br />
+A rebellion raised against K. William.</span>
+Whilest the king remained thus in Normandie, Roger earle of Hereford (contrarie to the
+kings mind and pleasure) married his sister vnto Rafe earle of Cambridge, or (as other
+haue) Northfolke, and withall began a new conspiracie against him. Amongst other also
+of the associats, earle Walteof the sonne of earle Siward was one, who afterward mistrusting
+the successe of this deuise, first vttered it to archbishop Lanfranke, and by his
+aduice sailed ouer into Normandie, and there disclosed the whole matter to king William:
+but in the meane time, the other two earles; namelie, Hereford and Cambridge had so
+farre proc&eacute;eded in the matter, that they were vp in armour. Howbeit, Wolstan bishop
+of Worcester, and Egelwine abbat of Euesham, with the shirife of Worcester &amp; Walter
+Lacie, so resisted the earle of Hereford, that he could not passe the Seuerne to ioine
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Iohn&nbsp;Pike.</i></span>
+with the earle of Cambridge. On the other side, Odo the bishop of Bayeux, and Geffrey
+the bishop of Constances pursued the earle of Cambridge so narrowlie with an other
+armie, which they had gathered of the English and Normans, that they constreined him to
+fl&eacute;e into Britaine, whereby the rebellion was verie much appeased.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="yearnote">An.&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;10. <br />
+1076.</span>
+In the meane time, the king vnderstanding by earle Walteof how the matter went in
+England, came ouer with all speed out of Normandie, &amp; within a short space brought
+the residue of the conspirators into such a feare, that they were scattered and put to
+flight, without attempting anie further exploit or conspiracie against him. Manie of them
+also were apprehended and put to death, among whom Roger and Walteof were most famous.
+<span class="rightnote"><i>H.&nbsp;Hunt.</i>
+Earle Walteof beheaded.
+</span>
+And though Walteof (as y&eacute;e haue heard before) disclosed the treason, yet to the
+end he should offend no more hereafter, he was beheaded at Winchester by the kings
+commandement, and his bodie hauing b&eacute;ene first buried in the same place where he
+suffered, was afterward conueied vnto Crowland, and there more honorablie interred.</p>
+
+<p>This earle Walteof or Waldeue was sonne (as ye haue heard) to Siward the noble earle
+of Northumberland, of whose valure in the time of K. Edward the confessor ye haue
+heard. His son the foresaid Walteof in strength of bodie and hardinesse did, not degenerate
+from his father, for he was tall of personage, in sinews and musculs verie strong
+and mighty. In the slaughter of the Normans at Yorke, he shewed proofe of his prowesse,
+in striking off the heads of manie of them with his owne hands, as they came foorth of the
+gates singlie one by one: yet afterwards, when the king had pardoned him of all former
+offenses, and receiued him into fauour h&eacute;e gaue to him in mariage his n&eacute;ece Judith the
+daughter of Lambert earle of Lens, sister to Stephen erle of Albermare, and with hir he
+<span class="rightnote">Earledome of Huntingdon.</span>
+had of the kings gift, all the lands and liberties belonging to the honor of Huntingdon; in
+consideration whereof, he assigned to hir in name of hir dower, all the lands that he
+held from Trent southward. Sh&eacute;e bare by him two daughters, Maud and Alice:
+We find, that he was not onlie earle of Northumberland, but also of Northampton and
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i></span>
+Huntingdon.</p>
+
+<p>The countesse of Cambridge or Northfolke (as other haue) wife of earle Rafe, being,
+fled into the citie of Norwich, was besieged in the same by the kings power, which
+pressed the citie so sore, as it was forced for verie famine to y&eacute;eld; but yet by composition;
+namelie, that such as were besieged within, should depart the realme, as persons abiured
+and banished the land for euer. This was the end of the foresaid conspiracie. At this
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i>
+<i>Hen.&nbsp;Hunt.</i>
+<i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i>
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i></span>
+verie time the Danes being confederate with these rebels, and by them solicited, set forth
+towards England vnder the leading of Cnuto, sonne to Sueno, and earle Haco, and (vnlooked
+for) arriue here in England with two hundred sailes. But hearing that the ciuill
+<a name="Page_19" id="Page_19" ></a><span class="pagenum">[19]</span>
+tumult was ended, and seeing no man readie either to countenance or encourage them in
+their enterprise, they sailed first into Flanders, which they spoiled, and after into their
+owne countrie, with little desire or will to come againe into England. King William also
+vnderstanding that they were thus departed, passed ouer into Britaine, and there besieged
+the castell of Doll that belonged to Rafe earle of Cambridge or Northfolke: but by the
+comming of Philip the French king, king William being vnprouided of sufficient vittels
+for his armie, was constreined to raise his siege, although with great losse both of men
+and horsses.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="yearnote">An.&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;11. <br />
+1077.</span>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i>
+An earthquake, a long frost, a comet.
+</span>
+On the 27. daie of March was a generall earthquake in England, and in the winter following
+a frost that continued from the first of Nouember vntill the middle of Aprill. A
+blasing starre appeered on palme sundaie, beeing the sixteenth daie of Aprill, about six of
+the clocke, when the aire was faire and cleere.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Married pr&eacute;ests.</span>
+About the same season, pope Gregorie perceiuing that married pr&eacute;ests did choose rather
+to run into the danger of his cursse, than to forsake their wiues, meaning to bridle
+them by an other prouiso, gaue commandment by his bull published abroad, that none
+should heare the masse of a married pr&eacute;est.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="yearnote">An.&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;12. <br />
+1078.</span>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i>
+A synod holden at London.
+Bishops s&eacute;es remoued.</span>
+King William after his comming from the siege of Doll, remained a certeine time in
+quiet, during which season, Lanfranke the archbishop called a synod or counsell of the
+cleargie at London, wherein amongst other things it was ordeined, that certeine bishops
+s&eacute;es should be remoued from small townes to cities of more fame, whereby it came to
+passe that Chichester, Exceter, Bath, Salisburie, Lincolne &amp; Chester were honored with
+sees and palaces of bishops, whereas before they kept their residence at Sellewey,
+Kirton, Welles, Shireborne, Dorchester, and Lichfield.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Woolstan.</i></span>
+At this synod also Woolstan bishop of Worcester was present, whom Lanfranke would
+haue deposed for his insufficiencie of learning; as he colourablie pretended, but indeed to
+pleasure the king, who faine would have placed a Norman in his roome:
+but (as they saie)
+by a miracle which he presentlie wrought, in causing his crosier staffe to sticke fast in the
+toome of saint Edward (to whom he protested and said he would resigne it, for that he obteined
+the same by his gift) he did put the king and the archbishop into such feare, that
+they suffered him still to enioy his bishoprike without any further vexation. These things
+with other (touching a reformation in the church and cleargie) being handled in this councell,
+it was soone after dissolued.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="yearnote">An.&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;13. <br />
+1079.</span>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i>
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;West.</i>
+</span>
+In the yeare following, king William led a mightie armie into Wales, and subdued it;
+receiuing of the rulers and princes there their homages and hostages. About the same time,
+Robert the kings eldest sonne, a right worthie personage, but yet as one of nature somewhat
+vnstable, entered into Normandie as a rebell to his father, and by force tooke diuers
+places into his hands. Which he did by the practise of Philip the French king, who now
+began to doubt of the great puissance of king William, as foreseeing how much it might
+preiudice him, and the whole realme of France in time to come. Wherefore to stop the
+<span class="rightnote">The French king setteth the sonne against the father.</span>
+course of his prosperous successe, he deuised a meane to set the sonne against the father.
+True it is that king William had promised long afore to resigne the gouernment of Normandie
+vnto the said Robert his sonne. Wherevpon the yoong man, being of an ambitious
+nature, and now pricked forward by the sinister counsell of his adherents, seeketh
+to obteine that by violence, which he thought would be verie long yer he should atteine by
+curtesie. King William hereof aduertised, was not a little mooued against his disobedient
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i>
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i>
+</span>
+sonne, and curssed both him and the time that euer he begat him. Finallie, raising an
+armie, he marched towards him, so that they met in the field. Assoone as the one came
+in sight of the other, they encountred at a place called Archenbraie, and whilest the
+battell was at the hottest, and the footmen most busied in fight, Robert appointed a power
+of horssemen to breake in upon the r&eacute;ereward of his enemies; &amp; he himselfe following
+after with all his might, chanced among other to haue a conflict with his owne father, so
+that thrusting him through the arme with his lance, he bare him beside his horsse, and
+<a name="Page_20" id="Page_20" ></a><span class="pagenum">[20]</span>
+<span class="rightnote">The sonne ouerthroweth the father.</span>
+ouerthrew him to the ground. The king being falne, called to his men to remount him.
+Robert perceiuing by his voice that it was his father, whom he had vnhorssed, sp&eacute;edilie
+alighted, and tooke him vp, asking him forgiuenesse for that fact, and setting him vp on
+his owne horsse, brought him out of the prease, and suffered him to depart in safetie.
+King William being thus escaped out of that present danger, and s&eacute;eing himselfe not able
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i></span>
+to resist the puissance of his enimies, left the field to his son, hauing lost many of his men
+which were slaine in battell and chace, besides a great number that were hurt and
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i></span>
+wounded, among whom his second sonne William surnamed Rufus or Red, was one;
+and therefore (as some write) he bitterlie curssed his son Robert, by whom he had susteined
+such iniurie, losse, and dishonor. Howbeit, other write, that for the courtesie
+which his sonne shewed, in releeuing and helping him out of danger, when he was cast off
+<span class="rightnote">The father and the sonne made friends.</span>
+his horsse, he was mooued with such a fatherlie affection, that presentlie after they were
+made friends, the father pardoned his sonne all his former offenses, and therevpon found
+him euer after more tractable and obedient than before.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="yearnote">An.&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;14. <br />
+1080.</span>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon&nbsp;Dunel.</i></span>
+After this battell, king William being thus accorded with his sonne, returned with him
+into England, and immediatlie sent him against Malcolme king of Scotland, who hauing
+broken the truce in time of the trouble betwixt king William and his sonne, had doone
+much hurt by forraies vpon the English borders, wasting all Northumberland euen to the
+riuer of Tine. Howbeit, when he heard that Robert approched with his armie towards
+him, he retired into Scotland. Robert Curthuze then lodged with his armie vpon the
+<span class="rightnote">The foundation of New castell upon Tine,
+which before that season was called Moncaster.
+</span>
+banks of the riuer of Tine, where he began the foundation of a castell, whereof the towne
+Newcastell did after take both beginning and name, for before this season it was called
+Moncaster.</p>
+
+<p>About the same time, Odo the bishop of Bayeux was sent to Northumberland, to reuenge
+the death of Walkher bishop of Durham, whom not long before the people of
+Northumberland had slaine in a tumult. The occasion of his death grew by the death of
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i></span>
+one Liulfus, a noble man of those quarters, and d&eacute;erelie beloued of the people, bicause he
+was descended of honorable parentage, and had married the ladie Algitha daughter vnto
+earle Alered, and sister to Alfleda the mother of earle Walteof.</p>
+
+<p>This Liulfus, a man of great possessions through England, now that the Normans ruled
+in all places, quietlie withdrew himselfe vnto Durham, and grew into such familiaritie and
+credit with the bishop, that touching the order of temporall matters, he would doo nothing
+without his aduice. Whereat Leofwin the bishops chapline conceiued such enuie
+(for that he was not so often called to counsell as before) that in the end he procured by
+his malicious meanes one Gilbert (to whom the bishop had committed the rule of the earledome)
+to murther the said Liulfus by night in his manor place not farre from Durham.
+Whereof the bishop hauing vnderstanding, and knowing that the matter would be
+gr&eacute;euouslie taken of the people, sent out letters and messengers into the countrie, offering
+to purge himselfe of the slaughter of this man, according to the order of the canon lawes:
+howbeit he did nothing lesse. Among other things concerning his purgation, he said
+that he had banished Gilbert and others, (who had committed the murther) out of
+Northumberland. Hervpon the malice of the people was kindled against him. For
+when it was knowne that he had receiued the murtherers into his house, and fauoured
+them as before, they stomached the matter highlie: insomuch that when by the trauell of
+those that went to and fro betwixt the bishop and the kinsfolks of Liulfus, a daie was appointed,
+on the which the bishop should come to farther communication with them at
+Gateshead, he repaired thither according to his promise, but refusing to talke with them
+abroad, he kept himselfe still within the church, and sent foorth such of his counsell as
+should commune with them. But when the people that were there gathered in great
+numbers, had signified in plaine words that he should either come foorth and shew himselfe
+amongst them, or else that they should fire the place where he sat: he caused
+Gilbert to go foorth vnto them first, whom they slue, and his partakers also that issued
+<a name="Page_21" id="Page_21" ></a><span class="pagenum">[21]</span>
+out of the church with him for his defense. But when the peoples furie was not so
+quenched, the bishop himselfe casting the skirts of his gowne ouer his face, came likewise
+foorth, and was immediatlie slaine of the people. After this, they set the church on
+fire, bicause Leofwine the bishops chapline and others were yet within, and refused to
+come foorth: howbeit in the end, being compelled by the rage of the fire to come out, the
+said Leofwine was also slaine and hackt in p&eacute;eces (as he had well deserued) being the ringleader
+of all the misch&eacute;efe.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Note the sequele of the neglect of iustice in the former storie.</span>
+&para;&nbsp;Thus maie we s&eacute;e what followed of the neglecting of iustice in the bishop: for if he
+either banished Gilbert and other his complices (accordinglie as he pretended to
+doo) or otherwise had s&eacute;ene due punishment executed against them, the peoples rage
+had neuer proceeded so far as it did: for they could not persuade themselues, but that
+the bishop was guiltie and priuie to Liulfus death, sith he had receiued the murtherers
+into his house, the verie same night in which the fact was done, and kept them still
+about him, which his bearing with them cost him his owne life. But now to the
+historie.</p>
+
+<p>When bishop Odo was come into those parties to reuenge the bishops death with an
+armie (as we haue said) he sore afflicted the countrie, by spoiling it on euerie side with
+great crueltie. Here king William placed and displaced diuerse rulers ouer the Northumbers:
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Sim.&nbsp;Dunel.</i><br />Copsi.</span>
+for first he appointed one Copsi to haue the rule of that countrie, in place
+of Marchar who before had held the same. This Copsi expelled Osulfe the sonne of
+earle Edulfe brother to earle Aldred, which Osulfe was substitute vnto the earles Edwine
+and Marchar, who although he was driuen out of his gouernement by Copsi, yet recouering
+his forces againe, he slue the same Copsi as he entred into the church of Newburne.
+But within a few moneths after, the same Osulfe (as he ran with his horsse
+against a theefe) was thrust through the bodie with a speare, which the theefe held in
+<span class="rightnote">Gospatrike.</span>
+his hand, and so died. Then Gospatrike was assigned by king William to haue the
+gouernement there: whose mother Aldgitha was daughter to Vthred sometime earle of
+Northumberland begotten vpon Elfgiua the daughter of king Egelred.</p>
+
+<p>Some write, that Gospatrike purchased the earledome of king William, and so held
+it, till the king tooke it from him againe, and then gaue it vnto earle Walteof or Waldeue.
+Next after him Walkher the foresaid bishop of Durham had the whole administration
+committed to him, but (after he was slaine as y&eacute;e haue heard) one Alberike
+<span class="rightnote">Robert Mulbray earle of Northumberland.</span>
+ruled that countrie, and lastlie, Robert Mulbray a right noble personage (for his wisedome
+and valiancie highlie renowmed with all men) was created earle of Northumberland,
+and gouerned the people of those parties in such politike and wise order, that
+during his time, it is hard to saie, whether his quietnesse or the obedience of the people
+was greater.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">The foundation of vniuersitie colledge in Oxford.</span>
+<span class="yearnote">An.&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;15. <br />
+1081.</span>
+In like manner, after the foresaid Walkher; one William was created bishop of Durham,
+who was the originall founder of vniuersitie colledge in Oxford, and by whose
+assistance, the moonkes gaping both for riches, ease, and possessions, found the means
+to displace the secular priests of the colledge of Durham, that they might get into their
+roomes, as they did indeed soone after, to their great gaine and aduantage. But to
+returne againe to the course of the historie. Shortlie after the reuenge of the death of
+<span class="yearnote">An.&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;16. <br />
+1082</span>
+<span class="rightnote">Odo suspected and banished.</span>
+Walkher bishop of Durham, the fornamed bishop Odo, the kings brother was suspected
+of some vntruth and sinister dealing, wherevpon he was sent as a banished
+man into Normandie, or rather (as other write) committed to prison, where he remained,
+not as a clerke, but as a baron of the realme; for he was both bishop and earle of Kent.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="yearnote">An.&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;17. <br />
+1083.</span>
+The king hauing at length obteined some rest from wars, practised by sundrie meanes
+to inrich his cofers, and therefore raised a tribute through out the whole kingdome;
+for the better leuieng whereof, he appointed all the subiects of his realme to be numbred,
+all the cities, townes, villages, and hamlets to be registred, all the abbies, monasteries,
+<a name="Page_22" id="Page_22" ></a><span class="pagenum">[22]</span>
+and priories to be recorded. Moreouer, he caused a certificat to be taken of
+euerie mans substance, and what he might dispend by the yeare; he also caused their
+names to be written which held knights fees, and were bound thereby to serue him in
+<span class="rightnote">Plow land.</span>
+the wars. Likewise he tooke a note of euerie yoke of oxen, &amp; what number of
+plow lands, and how manie bondmen were within the realme. This certificat
+being made &amp; brought vnto him, gaue him full vnderstanding what wealth remained
+among the English people. Herevpon he raised his tribute, taking six
+shillings for euerie hide of land through out this realme, which amounted to a
+great masse of monie when it was all brought togither into his Excheker.
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Geruasius Tilberiensis</i>.<br />
+The true definition of a hide of land.
+</span>
+&para;&nbsp;Here note by the waie, that an hide of land conteineth an hundred acres, and an
+acre conteineth fortie perches in length, and foure in bredth, the length of a perch is
+sixt&eacute;ene foot and an halfe: so that the common acre should make 240. perches; &amp;
+eight hides or 800. acres is a knights f&eacute;e, after the best approued writers and plaine
+demonstration. Those therefore are deceiued, that take an hide of land to conteine
+twentie acres (as William Lambert hath well noted in his De priscis Anglorum legibus)
+where he expoundeth the meaning of the old Saxon termes perteining to the
+lawes.</p>
+
+<p>But to proc&eacute;ed &amp; come, a little after the temporals dealing, to some of the spirituall
+affaires. It hapned about the same time, that when king William had finished the rating
+<span class="yearnote">An.&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;18. <br />
+1084.</span>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil.&nbsp;Malm.</i>
+<i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i><br />
+Thurston abbat of Glastenburie.<br />
+William of Fescampe.</span>
+of his subiects, that there rose a strife betwixt Thurstane abbat of Glastenburie a Norman,
+and the moonkes of that house. One cause thereof was, for that the abbat would
+haue compelled them to haue left the plaine song or note for the seruice which pope
+Gregorie had set foorth, and to haue vsed an other kind of tune deuised by one William
+of Fescampe: beside this, the said abbat spent and wasted the goods that belonged
+to the house, in riot, leacherie, and by such other insolent meanes (withdrawing also
+from the moonkes their old accustomed allowance of diet) for the which they first fell
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Hen.&nbsp;Hunt.</i>
+<i>Wil.&nbsp;Malm.</i>
+have two slaine and xiiij hurt.</span>
+at altercation in words, and afterwards to fighting. The abbat got armed men about
+him, and falling vpon the moonkes, slue thr&eacute;e of them at the high altar, and wounded
+xviij. Howbeit the moonkes for their parts plaied the pretie men with formes and candelsticks,
+defending themselues
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matt.&nbsp;Westm.</i></span>
+as well as they might, so that they hurt diuers of the
+abbats adherents, and droue them out of the quier.</p>
+
+<p>In the end, complaint hereof was brought to the king, by whose iudgement the matter
+was so ordered, that Thurstane lost his roome, and returned vnto Caen in Normandie
+from whence he came, and the moonkes were spred abroad into diuerse houses of
+religion through the realme, Glastenburie being replenished with more quiet persons,
+and such as were supposed readier to praie than to quarell, as the other did: yet is it
+said, that in the time of William Rufus this Thurstane obteined the rule of that abbeie
+againe for fiue hundred pounds.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Sim.&nbsp;Dunel.</i>
+<i>Hen.&nbsp;Marle.</i>
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i></span>
+There be which write, that the numbring of men and of places, the valuation of
+goods and substance, as well in cattell as readie monie, was not taken till about the xix.
+y&eacute;ere of this kings reigne (although the subsidie afore mentioned was gathered about
+two yeares before of euerie hide of land as y&eacute;e haue heard) and that the certificat hereof
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Hen.&nbsp;Marle.</i> <i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i></span>
+<span class="yearnote">An.&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;19.</span>
+being inrolled, was put into the kings treasurie at Winchester, in the xix. yeare of his
+reigne, and not in the xvj. But in what yeare soeuer it was, and howsoeuer the writers
+agr&eacute;e or disagree herein; certaine it is, that the same was exacted, to the great gr&eacute;efe
+and impouerishment of the people, who sore lamented the miserable estate whereinto they
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i>
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i>
+</span>
+were brought, and hated the Normans in their harts to the verie death. Howbeit, the more
+they grudged at such tolles, tallages, customes, and other impositions wherewith they were
+pressed; the more they were charged and ouerpressed. The Normans on the other side
+<span class="rightnote">The Conquerour s&eacute;eketh to k&eacute;epe the English men low.</span>
+with their king perceiuing the hatred which the English bare them, were sore offended,
+and therefore sought by all meanes to k&eacute;epe them vnder. Such as were called to be iustices,
+were enimies to all iustice; wherevpon greater burdens were laid upon the English,
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span>
+<a name="Page_23" id="Page_23" ></a><span class="pagenum">[23]</span>
+insomuch that after they had b&eacute;ene robbed and spoiled of their goods, they were also
+debarred of their accustomed games and pastimes. For where naturallie (as they doo
+vnto this daie) they tooke great pleasure in hunting of d&eacute;ere, both red and fallow, in the
+<span class="rightnote">The forrests seized into the kings hands.
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i>
+</span>
+woods and forrests about without restraint, king William seizing the most part of the same
+forests into his owne hands, appointed a punishment to be executed vpon all such offendors;
+namelie, to haue their eies put out. And to bring the greater number of men in
+danger of those his penall lawes (a pestilent policie of a spitefull mind, and sauoring altogither
+of his French slauerie) he deuised meanes how to br&eacute;ed, nourish, and increase the
+multitude of d&eacute;ere, and also to make roome for them in that part of the realme which
+lieth betwixt Salisburie and the sea southward: he pulled downe townes, villages, churches,
+and other buildings for the space of 30. miles, to make thereof a forrest, which at this
+<span class="rightnote">New forrest.</span>
+daie is called New forrest. The people as then sore bewailed their distres, &amp; greatlie
+lamented that they must thus leaue house &amp; home to the vse of sauage beasts. Which
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i><br />
+An earthquake.<br />
+<i>Polydor.</i></span>
+crueltie, not onelie mortall men liuing here on earth, but also the earth it selfe might
+seeme to detest, as by a woonderfull signification it s&eacute;emed to declare, by the shaking
+and roaring of the same, which chanced about the 14. yeare of his reigne (as writers
+haue recorded.) There be that suppose how the king made that part of the realme waste
+and barren vpon a policie, to the intent that if his chance were to be expelled by ciuill
+wars, and he compelled to leaue the land, there should be no inhabitants in that part of
+the Ile to resist his arriuall vpon his new returne.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="yearnote">1085.</span>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i><br />
+A rumor spred of the coming of the Danes.
+</span>
+But to go foorth with our purpose. About the same time, a rumor was spred in England
+that Sueine king of Denmarke meant to inuade England with a puissant armie, hauing
+the assistance of the earle of Flanders whose daughter he had maried. Whervpon
+king William being then in Normandie, reteined a great power of French soldiers, both
+archers and footmen which togither with his Normans he brought ouer into England in
+haruest season, and meaning to disburthen himselfe of the charge of their keeping, he
+caused their finding and wages to be borne by the lords and peeres of the realme, by the
+shirifs of shires, and other officers. Howbeit, when he vnderstood that the Danes changed
+<span class="yearnote">Anno 20.</span>
+their purpose, and would not hold on their iourneie, he dismissed part of his power, and
+sent them home againe, keeping the residue all the winter with him in England, readie for
+his defense, if anie rebellion or other necessitie should befall.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="yearnote">1086.</span>
+The same yeare, he kept his Christmasse at Glocester, and made his sonne Henrie
+knight at Westminster in Whitsunw&eacute;eke insuing. Shortlie after, calling togither aswell
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;West.</i><br />
+An oth taken to be true to the king.
+</span>
+<span class="yearnote">1087.</span>
+lords spirituall as temporall he caused them, all to sweare fealtie to him and his heires
+after him in the possession of this kingdome.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Great sickenes reigning. Murren of cattell.<br />
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;West.</i><br />
+Paules church burned.<br />
+<i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i>
+<i>Ran.&nbsp;Higd.</i>
+<i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i></span>
+About this season, the people in all places were pitifullie plaged with burning feuers,
+which brought manie to their end: a murren also came to their cattell, whereof a woonderfull
+number died. At the same time (which is more maruellous) tame foules, as hens,
+g&eacute;ese, &amp; peacocks, forsaking their owners houses, fled to the woods and became wild.
+Great hurt was doone in manie places of the realme by fire, and speciallie in London,
+where vpon the 7. daie of Julie a sudden flame began, which burnt Paules church, and
+a great part or the citie downe to the verie ground.</p>
+
+<p>Now when K. William had taken the oth of fealtie and loialtie of all his lords, Edgar
+Etheling, who was reconciled vnto his fauour (as you haue heard) obteining licence of him
+to depart the realme for a season, sailed into Puglia with two hundred souldiers: of
+whose acts there and returne into England I spare to speake, bicause I find little or nothing
+of moment recorded. And now king William, who hauing brought the Englishmen
+<span class="yearnote">An.&nbsp;Reg.&nbsp;21.</span>
+so lowe and bare, that little more was to be got out of their hands, went once againe
+ouer into Normandie with an huge masse of mony, where soone after he fell sicke, so
+that he was constrained to keepe his bed longer than he had beene accustomed to doo,
+whereat Philip the French king in iesting manner said, that king William his cousine laie
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil.&nbsp;Malm.</i>
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i>
+</span>
+now in childbed (alluding belike to his big bellie, for he was verie corpulent) and withall
+<a name="Page_24" id="Page_24" ></a><span class="pagenum">[24]</span>
+added; &quot;Oh what a number of candels must I prouide to offer vp at his going to church!
+certeinelie I thinke that 100000. will not suffice,&quot; &amp;c. This frumping sp&eacute;ech so moued the
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil.&nbsp;Malm.</i>
+<i>Ran.&nbsp;Higd.</i>
+</span>
+king, that he made this answere: &quot;Well, I trust when I shall be churched, that our cousine
+shall be at no such cost, but I will helpe to find him a thousand candels myselfe, and light
+them too, to some of their paines, if God grant me life.&quot; Which promise he bound with
+an oth, and in d&eacute;ed performed. For in Julie next insuing, when their corne, fruit, and
+<span class="rightnote">He inuadeth France.<br />
+<i>Gemeticensis</i>.<br />
+The citie of Maunt burnt by K. William.<br />
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;West.</i>
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i></span>
+grapes were most florishing, and readie for the sickle, he entered France with a great
+armie, set fire on manie of their cities and townes in the west side of that countrie, and
+came at last to the citie of Maunt, which he burnt with the church of our ladie, and an
+ankresse inclosed in the wall thereof as an holie closet, for the force of the fire was such
+as all went to wrecke. In this heat king William tooke such a sicknesse (which was likewise
+aggrauated by the fall of an horsse as he rode to and fro, bicause he was not able
+to trauell on foot about his palace by reason of his disease) that cost him his life; so
+<span class="rightnote">King William departed this life.<br />
+<i>Simon&nbsp;Dun.</i>
+<i>Matth.&nbsp;West.</i><br />
+The lix. of his age hath <i>Wil.&nbsp;Malm.</i></span>
+that when he had ordeined his last will, and taken order for the staie of things after his
+decease, he departed this life on the 9. day of September, in the yeare after the birth
+of our Saviour 1087. and 74. (as Polydor saith) of his age, hauing gouerned Normandie
+about 51. yeres, and reigned ouer England 20. yeares, ten moneths, and 28. daies (as
+all writers doo report.)</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">He set all prisoners at libertie saith <i>Wil.&nbsp;Malm.</i><br />
+<i>Polydor.</i>
+</span>
+Not long before his death, he released his brother Odo bishop of Bayeux out of prison,
+Marchar earle of Northumberland, and Wilnotus the sonne of king Harold, or (as some
+say) his brother. Moreouer he repented him (as some say) when he lay on his death
+bed, of his cruell dealing with the English, considering that by them he had atteined to
+such honour and dignitie, as to weare the crown and scepter of a kingdome: but whether
+he did so or not, or that some moonke deuised the excuse in fauour of the prince:
+surely he was a puissant prince, and though his time was troublesome, yet he was right
+fortunate in all his attempts. Againe, if a man shall consider that in a strange realme
+he could make such a conquest, and so exactlie and readilie assure the same to his heires,
+with new lawes, orders and constitutions (which are like for euer to endure) he would
+thinke it a thing altogither void of credit. Yet so it was, and so honourable were his
+dooings in the sight of the world, that those kings, which succeeded sithens his death,
+begin their account at him, as from one that had by his prudence renewed the state of
+the realme, and instituted an other forme of regiment, in atchiuing whereof he did not
+so much pretend a rightfull challenge by the grant of his coosine king Edward the Confessor,
+as by the law of armes and plaine conquest, than the which (as he supposed) there
+could be no better title.</p>
+
+<p>Herevpon also those that haue sithens succeeded him, vse the same armes as peculiar
+to the crowne of England, which he vsed in his time; namelie, three lions passant
+<span class="rightnote">He bare but two lions or rather leopards as some thinke.</span>
+gold in a field gewels (as Polydor writeth) the three floure delices were since that time
+annexed thereto by Edward the third, by reason of his claime to the crowne of France,
+whereof hereafter ye shall heare. Among other greeuances which the English susteined
+by the hard deling of the Conquerour, this is to be remembered, that he brought Jewes
+into this land from Rouen, and appointed them a place to inhabit and occupie.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span>
+There be that write, how the inconstancie of the English people by their oft rebellions
+occasioned the king to be so rough and rigorous against them; wheras (of his naturall
+disposition and proper inclination) he was rather gentle and courteous than sharpe
+and cruell. But sith he continued his extremitie euen to his last daies, we may rather
+bel&eacute;eue, that although from his childhood he shewed some tokens of clemencie, bountie,
+and liberalitie; yet by following the wars, and practising to reigne with sternenesse, he
+became so inured therewith, that those peaceable vertues were quite altered in him, and
+in maner clearelie quenched. He was indued with a certeine stoutnesse of courage
+and skill in feats of warre, which good hap euer followed: he was fr&eacute;e from lecherous
+lusts, without suspicion of bodilie vices, quicke of wit, desirous of honor, painefull,
+<a name="Page_25" id="Page_25" ></a><span class="pagenum">[25]</span>
+watchfull, and able to tolerate heat and cold, though he were tall of stature, and verie
+grosse of bodie.</p>
+
+<p>Toward the end of his daies he waxed verie deuout, and became desirous to aduance
+the state of the church, insomuch that he builded thr&eacute;e abbeies in three seuerall places,
+endowing them with faire lands and large possessions, one at the place where he vanquished
+king Harold, fiue miles from Hastings, which he named Battell, of the field there
+fought: the other at Celby in Yorkeshire: and the third in Normandie at Caen, where
+his wife Qu&eacute;ene Maud had builded a nunnerie, which Maud died in the y&eacute;ere 1084, before
+the decease of the king hir husband.</p>
+
+<p>After his death, his bodie was buried in Caen, in S. Stephans church; but before it
+<span class="rightnote">They gaue him an hundred pound, saith <i>Hen.&nbsp;Marle.</i></span>
+could be committed to the ground, the executors were constreined to agree with the lord
+of the soile where the church stood, which (as he said) the king in his life time had
+iniuriouslie taken from him, and gaue him a great summe of monie to release his title.</p>
+
+<p>&para;&nbsp;By this we may consider the great miserie of mans estate, in that so mightie a prince
+could not haue so much ground after his death as to couer his dead corps, without dooing
+iniurie to another. This also may be a speciall lesson for all men, and namelie for
+princes, noblemen, and gentlemen, who oftentimes to enlarge their owne commodities,
+doo not regard what wrong they offer to the inferiour sort.</p>
+
+<p>The said king William had by Maud his wife the daughter of Baldwine earle of Flanders,
+foure sonnes, Robert surnamed Curthose (vnto whome he bequeathed the duchie
+of Normandie) Richard who died in his youth, William surnamed Rufus, to whom he
+gaue by testament the realme of England, and Henrie surnamed Beauclerke for his cunning,
+knowledge and learning, vnto whom he bequethed all his treasure and mooueable
+goods, with the possessions that belonged to his mother. Besides these foure sonnes, he
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Hen.&nbsp;Marle.</i></span>
+had also by his said wife fiue daughters, Cecilie, who became a nunne; Constance, who
+was married to Alane duke of Britaine; Adela, who was giuen in mariage to Stephan
+earle of Blois (of whom that Stephan was borne which reigned after Henrie the first)
+Adeliza, who was promised in mariage to Harold king of England (as before you haue
+heard) but she died yer she was maried either to him, or to any other, and so likewise
+did the fift, whose name I cannot reherse.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Iohn&nbsp;Rous.</i></span>
+But to conclude, though king William held the English so vnder foot, that in his daies
+almost no Englishman bare any office of honor or rule in his time, yet he somewhat fauoured
+the citie of London, and at the earnest sute of William a Norman then bishop
+of that see, he granted vnto the citizens the first charter, which is written in the Saxon
+toong, sealed with greene wax, and expressed in viij. or ix. lines at the most, exemplified
+according to the copie, and so printed, as followeth.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>&quot;Williem King grets Williem Bisceop &amp; Godfred Porterefan, &amp; ealle ya Burghwarn
+binnen London Frencisce, &amp; Englise frendlice, &amp; Ickiden eoy, yeet ic wille yeet git ben
+ealra weera lagayweord, ye get weeran on Eadwerds daege kings. And ic will yeet aelc
+child by his fader yrfnume, aefter his faders daege. And ic nelle ge wolian, yeet aenig
+man eoy aenis wrang beode. God eoy heald.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Wilhelmus rex salutat Wilhelmum Episcopum, &amp; Goffridum Portegrefium, &amp; omnem
+Burghware infra London Frans. &amp; Angl. amicabiliter. Et vobis notum facio, qu&ograve;d ego
+vole qu&ograve;d vos sitis omni lege illa digni qua fuistis Edwardi diebus regis. Et volo qu&ograve;d
+omnis puer sit patris sui h&aelig;res post diem patris sui. Et ego nolo pati qu&ograve;d aliquis homo
+aliquam iniuriam vobis inferat. Deus vos saluet.&quot;</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth.&nbsp;Paris.</i>
+<i>Hen.&nbsp;Hunt.</i>
+</span>
+But howsoeuer he vsed the rest of the English, this is recorded of some writers, that
+by his rigorous proceedings against them, he brought to passe that the countrie was so rid
+of theeues and robbers, as that at length a maid might haue passed through the land with
+a bag full of gold, and not haue met with any misdooer to haue bereft hir of the same:
+a thing right strange to consider, sith in the beginning of his reigne there were such routs
+<a name="Page_26" id="Page_26" ></a><span class="pagenum">[26]</span>
+of outlawes and robbers, that the peaceabler people could not be safelie possessed of
+their owne houses, were the same neuer so well fortified and defended.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>Iohn&nbsp;Rous.</i>
+<i>Hen.&nbsp;Marle.</i>
+</span>
+Among manie lawes made by the said William, this one is to be remembred, that such
+as forced any woman, should lose their genitals.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Salisburie vse.</span>
+In this kings daies also liued Osmond the second bishop of Salisburie, who compiled
+the church seruice, which in times past they commonlie called after Salisburie vse.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="rightnote">Shooting.</span>
+The vse of the long bowe (as Iohn Rous testifieth) came first into England with this
+king William the Conquerour: for the English (before that time) vsed to fight with axes
+and such hand weapons: and therefore in the oration made by the Conquerour before
+he gaue battel to king Harold, the better to encourage his men, he told them they should
+encounter with enimies that wanted shot.</p>
+
+<p>In the yeare of our Lord 1542. Monsieur de Castres bishop of Baieulx and abbat of
+Saint Estienne in Caen, caused the Sepulchre of this William to be opened, wherein his
+bodie was found whole, faire and perfect; of lims, large and big; of stature and personage,
+longer than the ordinarie sort of men: with a copper plate fairlie gilt, and this
+epitaph therevpon ingrauen:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;Qui rexit rigidos Normannos, atque Britannos<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Audacter vicit, fortiter obtinuit,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Et C&oelig;nomenses virtute contudit enses,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Imperijq. sui legibus<a name="FNanchor_1_4" id="FNanchor_1_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> applicuit,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rex magnus parua iacet h&aelig;c Guilhelmus in urna:<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Sufficit &amp; magno parua domus domino,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ter septem gradibus se voluerat atq. duobus<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Virginis in gremio Ph&oelig;bus, &amp; hic obijt:&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="nogap">that is;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&quot;Who ouer Normans rough did rule, and ouer Britons bold<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Did conquest stoutlie win, and conquest woone did stronglie hold:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who by his valure great the fatal vprores calmed, in maine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And to obeie his powers and lawes, the Manceaux did constraine:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">This mightie king within this little vault entoomed lies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">So great a lord sometime, so small a roome dooth now suffice.<br /></span>
+<span class="rightnote"><i>W. Patten</i> collecteth this to be the 23.
+after the sun was in <i>Virgo</i>:
+which is the 6. of Sept&#275;ber.</span>
+<span class="i0">When three times seuen and two by iust degrees the sunne had tooke<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">His woonted course in Virgos lap, then he the world forsooke.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p class="lastline">Thus far William Conquerour.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<h3 >Transcriber's notes</h3>
+<p>There are no footnotes in the original. The original spelling and
+punctuation have been retained, with the exception of obvious errors
+which have been corrected by reference to the 1587 edition of which
+the original is a transcription.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+  <a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a>
+  <a href="#FNanchor_1_1">
+	<span class="label">[1]</span>
+  </a> Original reads 'l d'; corrected to 'led'.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+  <a name="Footnote_1_2" id="Footnote_1_2"></a>
+  <a href="#FNanchor_1_2">
+	<span class="label">[2]</span></a> Original reads '(that bare their title'; opening parenthesis removed.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+  <a name="Footnote_1_3" id="Footnote_1_3"></a>
+  <a href="#FNanchor_1_3">
+	<span class="label">[3]</span></a> Original reads 'the the parties'; corrected to 'the parties'.</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+  <a name="Footnote_1_4" id="Footnote_1_4"></a>
+  <a href="#FNanchor_1_4">
+	<span class="label">[4]</span></a> Original reads 'suilegibus'; corrected to 'sui legibus'.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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