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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles (1 of 6): The Historie of
+England (8 of 8), by Raphael Holinshed
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chronicles (1 of 6): The Historie of England (8 of 8)
+       The Eight Booke of the Historie of England
+
+Author: Raphael Holinshed
+
+Release Date: September 7, 2005 [EBook #16669]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIE OF ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Lesley Halamek and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE EIGHT BOOKE
+
+OF THE
+
+HISTORIE OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Edward the third of that name is chosen king of England by a generall
+consent, ambassadours are sent to attend him homewardes to his
+kingdome, and to informe him of his election, William duke of
+Normandie accompanieth him, Edward is crowned king, the subtill
+ambition or ambitious subtiltie of earle Goodwine in preferring Edward
+to the crowne and betraieng Alfred; the Danes expelled and rid out of
+this land by decree; whether earle Goodwine was guiltie of Alfreds
+death, king Edward marieth the said earles daughter, he forbeareth to
+haue carnall knowledge with hir, and why? he useth his mother
+queene Emma verie hardlie, accusations brought against hir, she is
+dispossessed of hir goods, and imprisoned for suffering bishop Alwine
+to haue the vse of hir bodie, she purgeth and cleareth hir selfe after
+a strange sort, hir couetousnesse: mothers are taught (by hir example)
+to loue their children with equalitie: hir liberall deuotion to
+Winchester church cleared hir from infamie of couetousnesse, king
+Edward loued hir after hir purgation, why Robert archbishop of
+Canturburie fled out of England into Normandie._
+
+THE FIRST CHAPTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: EDWARD. _Hen. Hunt._]
+Immediatlie vpon the deth of Hardiknought, and before his corps was
+committed to buriall, his halfe brother Edward, sonne of king Egelred
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_]
+begotten of quéene Emma, was chosen to be K. of England, by
+the generall consent of all the nobles and commons of the realme.
+Therevpon were ambassadours sent with all spéed into Normandie, to
+signifie vnto him his election, and to bring him from thence into
+England in deliuering pledges for more assurance, that no fraud nor
+deceit was ment of the Englishmen, but that vpon his comming thither,
+he should receiue the crowne without all contradiction. Edward then
+aided by his coosine William duke of Normandie, tooke the sea, &
+with a small companie of Normans came into England, where he was
+[Sidenote: _Henr. Hunt._ _Wil. Malm._ The third of Aprill. 1043.]
+receiued with great ioy as king of the realme, & immediatlie after was
+crowned at Winchester by Edsinus then archbishop of Canturburie, on
+Easter day in the yeare of our Lord 1043, which fell also about the
+fourth yeare of the emperour Henrie the third, surnamed Niger, in the
+12 yeare of Henrie the first of that name king of France, and about
+the third yeare of Macbeth king of Scotland.
+
+This Edward the third of that name before the conquest, was of nature
+more méeke and simple than apt for the gouernement of the realme, &
+therefore did earle Goodwine not onelie séeke the destruction of his
+elder brother Alfred, but holpe all that he might to aduance this
+Edward to the crowne, in hope to beare great rule in the realme vnder
+him, whome he knew to be soft, gentle, and easie to be persuaded. But
+whatsoeuer writers doo report hereof, sure it is, that Edward was the
+elder brother, and not Alfred: so that if earle Goodwine did shew his
+furtherance by his pretended cloake of offering his friendship vnto
+Alfred to betraie him, he did it by king Harolds commandement, and yet
+it may be that he meant to haue vsurped the crowne to him selfe, if
+each point had answered his expectation in the sequele of things, as
+he hoped they would; and therfore had not passed if both the brethren
+had béene in heauen. But yet when the world framed contrarie
+(peraduenture) to his purpose, he did his best to aduance Edward,
+trusting to beare no small rule vnder him, being knowen to be a man
+more appliable to be gouerned by other than to trust to his owne wit:
+and so chieflie by the assistance of earle Goodwine (whose authoritie,
+as appeareth, was not small within the realme of England in those
+daies) Edward came to atteine the crowne: wherevnto the earle of
+Chester Leofrike also shewed all the furtherance that in him laie.
+
+[Sidenote: _Ran. Higd. ex Mariano_. _Alb. Crantz_.]
+Some write (which seemeth also to be confirmed by the Danish
+chronicles) that king Hardiknought in his life time had receiued this
+Edward into his court, and reteined him still in the same in most
+honorable wise. But for that it may appeare in the abstract of the
+Danish chronicles, what their writers had of this matter recorded,
+we doo here passe ouer, referring those that be desirous to know the
+diuersitie of our writers and theirs, vnto the same chronicles, where
+they may find it more at large expressed. This in no wise is to be
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_. Danes expelled.]
+left vnremembred, that immediatlie after the death of Hardiknought,
+it was not onelie decreed & agreed vpon by the great lords & nobles of
+the realme, that no Dane from thenceforth should reigne ouer them, but
+also all men of warre and souldiers of the Danes, which laie within
+anie citie or castell in garrison within the realme of England, were
+then expelled and put out or rather slaine (as the Danish writers
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._]
+doo rehearse.) Amongst other that were banished, the ladie Gonild
+[Sidenote: Gonill néece to K. Swaine.]
+néece to king Swaine by his sister, was one, being as then a widow,
+and with hir two of hir sonnes, which she had then liuing; Heming
+and Turkill were also caused to auoid. Some write that Alfred the
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
+brother of king Edward, came not into the realme till after the death
+of Hardiknought, and that he did helpe to expell the Danes, which
+being doon, he was slaine by earle Goodwine and other of his
+complices. But how this may stand, considering the circumstances of
+the time, with such things as are written by diuers authors hereof, it
+may well be doubted. Neuerthelesse, whether earle Goodwine was guiltie
+to the death of Alfred, either at this time, or before, certeine it
+is, that he so cleared himselfe of that crime vnto king Edward the
+brother of Alfred, that there was none so highlie in fauour with him
+as earle Goodwine was, insomuch that king Edward maried the ladie
+[Sidenote: K. Edward marieth the daughter of earle Goodwine.]
+Editha, the daughter of earle Goodwine, begotten of his wife Thira
+that was sister to king Hardiknought, and not of his second wife, as
+some haue written. Howbeit, king Edward neuer had to doo with hir in
+fleshlie wise. But whether he absteined because he had happilie
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
+vowed chastitie, either of impotencie of nature, or for a priuie hate
+[Sidenote: K. Edward absteineth from the companie of his wife.]
+that he bare to hir kin, men doubted. For it was thought, that he
+estéemed not earle Goodwine so greatlie in his heart, as he outwardlie
+made shew to doo, but rather for feare of his puissance dissembled
+with him, least he should otherwise put him selfe in danger both of
+losse of life and kingdome.
+
+Howsoeuer it was, he vsed his counsell in ordering of things
+[Sidenote: K. Edward dealeth strictlie with his mother quéene Emma.]
+concerning the state of the common wealth, and namelie in the hard
+handling of his mother queene Emma, against whome diuers accusations
+were brought and alledged: as first, for that she consented to marie
+with K. Cnute, the publike enimie of the realme: againe, for that she
+did nothing aid or succour hir sons while they liued in exile, but
+that woorse was, contriued to make them away; for which cause she
+[Sidenote: Quéene Emma despoiled of hir goods.]
+was despoiled of all hir goods. And because she was defamed to be
+[Sidenote: She is accused of dissolute liuing.]
+naught of hir bodie with Alwine or Adwine bishop of Winchester, both
+she and the same bishop were committed to prison within the citie of
+Winchester (as some write.) Howbeit others affirme, that she was
+[Sidenote: _Ran. Higd._ She purgeth hir selfe by the law Ordalium.]
+strictlie kept in the abbie of Warwell, till by way of purging hir
+selfe, after a maruellous manner, in passing barefooted ouer certeine
+hot shares or plough-irons, according to the law _Ordalium,_ she
+cleared hir selfe (as the world tooke it) and was restored to hir
+first estate and dignitie.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._]
+Hir excessiue couetousnesse, without regard had to the poore,
+caused hir also to be euill reported of. Againe, for that she euer
+shewed hir selfe to be more naturall to the issue which she had by hir
+second husband Cnute, than to hir children which she had by hir first
+husband king Egelred (as it were declaring how she was affected toward
+the fathers, by the loue borne to the children) she lost a great péece
+of good will at the hands of hir sonnes Alfred and Edward: so that now
+the said Edward inioieng the realme, was easilie induced to thinke
+euill of hir, and therevpon vsed hir the more vncurteouslie. But hir
+great liberalitie imploied on the church of Winchester, which she
+furnished with maruellous rich iewels and ornaments, wan hir great
+commendation in the world, and excused hir partlie in the sight of
+manie, of the infamie imputed to hir for the immoderate filling of hir
+coffers by all waies and meanes she could deuise. Now when she had
+purged hir selfe, as before is mentioned, hir sonne king Edward
+[Sidenote: _Ran. Higd._]
+had hir euer after in great honor and reuerence. And whereas Robert
+archbishop of Canturburie had béene sore against hir, he was so much
+abashed now at the matter, that he fled into Normandie, where he was
+borne. But it should séeme by that which after shal be said in the
+next chapter, that he fled not the realme for this matter, but bicause
+he counselled the king to banish earle Goodwine, and also to vse the
+Englishmen more strictlie than reason was he should.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Why Robert archbishop of Canturburie (queene Emmas heauie friend)
+fled out of England, the Normans first entrance into this countrie,
+dearth by tempests, earle Goodwines sonne banished out of this land,
+he returneth in hope of the kings fauour, killeth his coosen earle
+Bearne for his good will and forwardnes to set him in credit againe,
+his flight into Flanders, his returne into England, the king is
+pacified with him; certeine Danish rouers arriue at Sandwich, spoile
+the coast, inrich themselues with the spoiles, make sale of their
+gettings, and returne to their countrie; the Welshmen with their
+princes rebelling are subdued, king Edward keepeth the seas on
+Sandwich side in aid of Baldwine earle of Flanders, a bloudie fraie in
+Canturburie betwixt the earle of Bullongne and the townesmen, earle
+Goodwine fauoureth the Kentishmen against the Bullongners, why he
+refuseth to punish the Canturburie men at the kings commandement for
+breaking the kings peace; he setteth the king in a furie, his suborned
+excuse to shift off his comming to the assemblie of lords conuented
+about the foresaid broile, earle Goodwine bandeth himselfe against
+the king, he would haue the strangers deliuered into his hands, his
+request is denied; a battell readie to haue bene fought betweene him
+and the king, the tumult is pacified and put to a parlement, earle
+Goodwines retinue forsake him; he, his sonnes, and their wiues take
+their flight beyond the seas._
+
+THE SECOND CHAPTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Robert archbishop of Canturburie. Frenchmen or Normans
+first entered into England.]
+Ye must vnderstand, that K. Edward brought diuerse Normans ouer
+with him, which in time of his banishment had shewed him great
+friendship, wherefore he now sought to recompense them. Amongst other,
+the forenamed Robert of Canturburie was one, who before his comming
+ouer was a moonke in the abbeie of Gemeticum in Normandie, and being
+by the king first aduanced to gouerne the sée of London, was after
+made archbishop of Canturburie, and bare great rule vnder the king, so
+that he could not auoid the enuie of diuerse noble men, and speciallie
+of earle Goodwine, as shall appéere. About the third yéere of king
+Edwards reigne, Osgot Clappa was banished the realme. And in the
+[Sidenote: 1047]
+yéere following, that is to say, in the yeere 1047, there fell
+a maruellous great snow, couering the ground from the beginning of
+Ianuarie vntill the 17 day of March. Besides this, there hapned the
+[Sidenote: A great death. _Ran. Higd._]
+same yéere such tempest and lightnings, that the corne vpon the
+earth was burnt vp and blasted: by reason whereof, there followed a
+great dearth in England, and also death of men and cattell.
+
+[Sidenote: Swain Goodwines sonne banished.]
+About this time Swaine the sonne of earle Goodwine was banished
+the land, and fled into Flanders. This Swaine kept Edgiua, the abbesse
+of the monasterie of Leoffe, and forsaking his wife, ment to
+[Sidenote: Edgiua abbesse of Leoffe.]
+haue married the foresaid abbesse. Within a certeine time after his
+banishment, he returned into England, in hope to purchase the kings
+peace by his fathers meanes and other his friends. But vpon some
+[Sidenote: This Bearne was the sonne of Vlfusa Dane, vncle to this
+Swaine by his mother, the sister of K. Swaine. _H. Hunt._]
+malicious pretense, he slue his coosen earle Bearne, who was about
+to labour to the king for his pardon, and so then fled againe into
+Flanders, till at length Allered the archbishop of Yorke obteined his
+pardon, and found meanes to reconcile him to the kings fauour.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._]
+In the meane time, about the sixt yéere of king Edwards reigne,
+certeine pirats of the Danes arriued in Sandwich hauen, and entring
+the land, wasted and spoiled all about the coast. There be that write,
+that the Danes had at that time to their leaders two capteins,
+[Sidenote: The Danes spoile Sandwich.]
+the one named Lother, and the other Irling. After they had béene at
+Sandwich, and brought from thence great riches of gold and siluer,
+they coasted about vnto the side of Essex, and there spoiling the
+countrie, went backe to the sea, and sailing into Flanders, made
+sale of their spoiles and booties there, and so returned to their
+countries. After this, during the reigne of king Edward, there chanced
+no warres, neither forren nor ciuill, but that the same was either
+with small slaughter luckilie ended, or else without anie notable
+[Sidenote: Rise & Griffin princes of Wales.]
+aduenture changed into peace. The Welshmen in déed with their
+princes Rise and Griffin wrought some trouble, but still they were
+subdued, and in the end both the said Rise and Griffin were brought
+vnto confusion: although in the meane time they did much hurt, and
+namelie Griffin, who with aid of some Irishmen, with whome he was
+alied, about this time entred into the Seuerne sea, and tooke preies
+about the riuer of Wie: and after returned without anie battell to him
+offered.
+
+[Sidenote: 1049. _Simon Dun_.]
+About the same time, to wit, in the yéere 1049, the emperor Henrie
+the third made warres against Baldwine earle of Flanders, and for that
+he wished to haue the sea stopped, that the said earle should not
+escape by flight that waie foorth, he sent to king Edward, willing him
+to kéepe the sea with some number of ships. King Edward furnishing a
+[Sidenote: _Hermanus_. _Contractus_. _Ia. Meir._]
+nauie, lay with the same at Sandwich, and so kept the seas on that
+side, till the emperor had his will of the earle. At the same
+time, Swaine, sonne of earle Goodwine came into the realme, and
+traitorouslie slue his coosen Bearne (as before is said) the which
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._]
+trauelled to agrée him with the king. Also Gosipat Clappa, who
+had left his wife at Bruges in Flanders, comming amongst other of the
+Danish pirats, which had robbed in the coasts of Kent & Essex, as
+before ye haue heard, receiued his wife, and departed backe into
+Denmarke with six ships, leauing the residue, being 23 behind him.
+
+[Sidenote: _Fabian_. 1051.]
+About the tenth yéere of king Edwards reigne, Eustace earle of
+Bullongne, that was father vnto the valiant Godfrey of Bullongne,
+& Baldwin, both afterward kings of Hierusalem, came ouer into
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._ The earle of Flanders commeth into England.
+_Ran. Higd._ _Wil. Malm._]
+England in the moneth of September, to visit his brother in law king
+[Sidenote: Goda sister to K. Edward. _Wil. Malm._]
+Edward, whose sister named Goda, he had maried, she then being the
+widow of Gualter de Maunt. He found the king at Glocester, and being
+there ioifullie receiued, after he had once dispatched such matters
+for the which he chieflie came, he tooke leaue, and returned
+[Sidenote: Douer saith _Matth. West._]
+homeward. But at Canturburie one of his herbingers, dealing roughlie
+with one of the citizens about a lodging, which he sought to haue
+rather by force than by intreatance, occasioned his owne death.
+Whereof when the erle was aduertised, he hasted thither to reuenge the
+slaughter of his seruant, and slue both that citizen which had killed
+his man, and eightéene others.
+
+[Sidenote: A fraie in Canturburie betwixt the earle Bullongne and the
+townsmen.]
+The citizens héerewith in a great furie, got them to armor, and
+set vpon the earle and his retinue, of whom they slue twentie persons
+out of hand, & wounded a great number of the residue, so that the
+earle scarce might escape with one or two of his men from the fraie,
+[Sidenote: The earle complaineth to the king.]
+& with all spéed returned backe to the king, presenting gréeuous
+information against them of Canturburie, for their cruell vsing of
+him, not onlie in sleaing of his seruants, but also in putting him in
+danger of his life. The king crediting the earle, was higlie offended
+against the citizens, and with all speed sending for earle Goodwine,
+declared vnto him in greeuous wise, the rebellious act of them of
+Canturburie, which were vnder his iurisdiction.
+
+The earle who was a man of a bold courage and quicke wit, did perceiue
+that the matter was made a great deale woorse at the first in the
+beginning, than of likelihood it would prooue in the end, thought it
+reason therefore that first the answere of the Kentishmen should
+be heard, before anie sentence were giuen against them. Héerevpon,
+although the king commanded him foorthwith to go with an armie into
+Kent, and to punish them of Canturburie in most rigorous maner, yet
+he would not be too hastie, but refused to execute the kings
+[Sidenote: Earle Goodwine offended with the king for fauouring
+strangers.]
+commandement, both for that he bare a péece of grudge in his mind,
+that the king should fauour strangers so highlie as he did; and
+againe, bicause héereby he should séeme to doo pleasure to his
+countriemen, in taking vpon him to defend their cause against the
+rough accusations of such as had accused them. Wherefore he declared
+to the king that it should be conuenient to haue the supposed
+offenders first called afore him, and if they were able to excuse
+themselues, then to be suffered to depart without further vexation:
+and if they were found faultie, then to be put to their fine, both as
+well in satisfieng the king, whose peace they had broken, as also the
+earle, whom they had indamaged.
+
+Earle Goodwine departed thus from the king, leauing him in a great
+[Sidenote: A councel called at Glocester. Siward earle of Northumberland,
+Leofrike earle of Chester, Rafe earle of Hereford. _Will. Malmes._]
+furie: howbeit he passed litle thereof, supposing it would not
+long continue. But the king called a great assemblie of his lords
+togither at Glocester, that the matter might be more déepelie
+considered. Siward earle of Northumberland, and Leofrike earle of
+Chester, with Rafe earle of Hereford, the kings nephue by his sister
+Goda, and all other the noble men of the realme, onlie earle Goodwine
+and his sonnes ment not to come there, except they might bring with
+them a great power of armed men, and so remained at Beuerstane, with
+such bands as they had leauied, vnder a colour to resist the Welshmen,
+whome they bruted abroad to be readie to inuade the marches about
+Hereford. But the Welshmen preuenting that slander, signified to the
+king that no such matter was ment on their parties, but that earle
+Goodwine and his sonnes with their complices went about to mooue a
+commotion against him. Héerevpon a rumor was raised in the court, that
+the kings power should shortlie march foorth to assaile earle Goodwine
+in that place where he was lodged. Wherevpon the same earle prepared
+himselfe, and sent to his friends, willing to sticke to this quarrell,
+and if the king should go about to force them, then to withstand him,
+rather than to yéeld and suffer themselues to be troden vnder foot
+[Sidenote: Earle Goodwine meaneth to defend himself against the king.]
+by strangers. Goodwine in this meane time had got togither a great
+[Sidenote: Swaine. _Ran. Higd._ _Matth. West._ _Simon Dun._]
+power of his countries of Kent, Southerie, and other of the west
+parts. Swaine likewise had assembled much people out of his countries
+of Barkeshire, Oxfordshire, Summersetshire, Herefordshire,
+[Sidenote: Harold. _Simon Dun._]
+and Glocestershire. And Harold was also come to them with a great
+multitude, which he had leuied in Essex, Norffolke, Suffold,
+Cambridgeshire, & Huntingtonshire.
+
+On the other part, the earles that were with the king, Leofrike,
+Siward, and Rafe, raised all the power which they might make, and
+the same approching to Glocester, the king thought himselfe in more
+suertie than before, in so much that whereas earle Goodwine (who lay
+with his armie at Langton there not farre off in Glocestershire) had
+sent vnto the king, requiring that the earle of Bullongne, with the
+other Frenchmen and also the Normans which held the castell of Douer,
+might be deliuered vnto him. The king, though at the first he stood in
+great doubt what to doo, yet hearing now that an armie of his friends
+was comming, made answere to the messingers which Goodwine had sent,
+that he would not deliuer a man of those whome Goodwine required, and
+héerewith the said messengers being departed, the kings armie entered
+into Glocester, and such readie good wils appéered in them all to
+fight with the aduersaries, that if the king would haue permitted,
+they would foorthwith haue gone out and giuen battell to the enimies.
+
+Thus the matter was at point to haue put the realme in hazard not
+onelie of a field, but of vtter ruine that might thereof haue insued:
+for what on the one part and the other, there were assembled the
+chiefest lords and most able personages of the land. But by the
+wisedome and good aduise of earle Leofrike and others, the matter
+was pacified for a time, and order taken, that they should come to a
+parlement or communication at London, vpon pledges giuen and receiued
+as well on the one part as the other. The king with a mightie armie
+of the Northumbers, and them of Mercia, came vnto London, and earle
+Goodwine with his sonnes, and a great power of the Westsaxons, came
+into Southwarke, but perceiuing that manie of his companie stale awaie
+and slipt from him, he durst not abide anie longer to enter talke with
+the king, as it was couenanted, but in the night next insuing fled
+awaie with all spéed possible.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ Swaine eldest sonne to Goodwine banished.]
+Some write, how an order was prescribed that Swanus the eldest
+sonne of Goodwine should depart the land as a banished man to qualifie
+the kings wrath, and that Goodwine and one other of his sons, that
+is to say, Harold should come to an other assemblie to be holden at
+London, accompanied with 12 seruants onelie, & to resigne all his
+force of knights, gentlemen and souldiers vnto the kings guiding and
+gouernment. But when this last article pleased nothing earle Goodwine,
+and that he perceiued how his force began to decline, so as he
+[Sidenote: Earle Goodwine fled the realme.]
+should not be able to match the kings power, he fled the realme,
+and so likewise did his sonnes. He himselfe with his sonnes Swanus,
+Tostie, and Girth, sailed into Flanders: and Harold with his brother
+Leofwine gat ships at Bristow, and passed into Ireland. Githa the wife
+of Goodwine, and Judith the wife of Tostie, the daughter of Baldwine
+earle of Flanders went ouer also with their husbands.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Goodwine and his sonnes are proclaimed outlawes, their lands are
+giuen from them, king Edward putteth awaie the queene his wife who was
+earle Goodwines daughter, she cleareth hir selfe at the houre of hir
+death from suspicion of incontinencie and lewdnesse of life, why king
+Edward forbare to haue fleshlie pleasure with hir; earle Goodwine and
+his sonnes take preies on the coasts of Kent and Sussex; Griffin king
+of Wales destroieth a great part of Herefordshire, and giueth his
+incounterers the ouerthrow; Harold and Leofwine two brethren inuade
+Dorset and Summersetshires, they are resisted, but yet preuaile,
+they coast about the point of Cornwall and ioine with their father
+Goodwine, king Edward maketh out threescore armed ships against them,
+a thicke mist separateth both sides being readie to graple and fight,
+a pacification betweene the king and earle Goodwine, he is restored
+to his lands and libertie, he was well friended, counterpledges of
+agreement interchangablie deliuered; Swanus the eldest sonne of
+Goodwine a notable rebell and pirat, his troubled conscience, his
+wicked life and wretched death._
+
+THE THIRD CHAPTER.
+
+
+The king hauing perfect knowledge, that earle Goodwine had refused to
+come to the court in such order as he had prescribed him, and that
+[Sidenote: Goodwine and his sonnes proclaimed outlawes.]
+he was departed the realme with his sonnes: he proclaimed them
+outlawes, and gaue the lands of Harold vnto Algar, the sonne of earle
+Leofrike, who guided the same verie woorthilie, and resigned them
+againe without grudging vnto the same Harold when he was returned out
+of exile. Also vnto earle Oddo were giuen the counties of Deuonshire
+and Summersetshire.
+
+[Sidenote: The king put awaie his wife Editha.]
+Moreouer, about the same time the king put his wife queene Editha
+from him, and appointed hir to streict keeping in the abbeie of
+Warwell. This Editha was a noble gentlewoman, well learned, and expert
+in all sciences, yet hir good name was stained somewhat, as though
+she had not liued so continentlie as was to be wished, both in hir
+husbands life time, and after his deceasse. But yet at the houre
+of hir death (which chanced in the daies of William Conqueror) she
+cleared hir selfe, in taking it vpon the charge of hir soule, that she
+had euer liued in perfect chastitie: for king Edward (as before is
+mentioned) neuer touched hir in anie actuall maner. By this streict
+dealing with the quéene that was daughter to earle Goodwine, now in
+time of hir fathers exile, it hath séemed to manie, that king Edward
+forbare to deale with hir in carnall wise, more for hatred of hir kin,
+than for anie other respect. But to proceed.
+
+[Sidenote: 1052. _Hen. Hunt._]
+In the second yéere of Goodwines banishment, both he and his sonnes
+hauing prouided themselues of ships and men of warre conuenient for
+the purpose, came vpon the coasts of England, and after the maner of
+rouers, tooke preies where as they espied aduantage, namelie on the
+[Sidenote: Griffin king of Wales destroieth Herefordshire.]
+coasts of Kent and Sussex. In the meane time also Griffin the K. of
+Wales destroid a great part of Herefordshire, against whom the power
+of that countrie, & also manie Normans that lay in garrison within the
+castell of Hereford, comming to giue battell, were ouerthrowne on the
+same day, in the which about two and twentie yéeres before, or (as
+some copies haue) thirtéene yéeres, the Welshmen had slaine Edwine,
+[Sidenote: Harold inuadeth the shires of Dorset and Summerset.]
+the brother of earle Leofrike. Shortlie after, earle Harold and his
+brother Leofwine returning out of Ireland, entered into the Seuerne
+sea, landing on the coasts of Summersetshire and Dorsetshire, where
+falling to spoile, they were incountred by a power assembled out of
+the counties of Deuonshire and Summersetshire: but Harold put his
+aduersaries to flight, and slue thirtie gentlemen of honor, or thanes
+(as they called them) with a great number of others. Then Harold and
+his brethren, returning with their preie and bootie to their ships,
+and coasting about the point of Cornwall, came and ioined with their
+father & their other brethren, then soiorning in the Ile of Wight.
+
+King Edward to withstand their malice, had rigged and furnished foorth
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._]
+sixtie ships of warre, with the which he himselfe went to the
+water, not sticking to lie aboord at that season, although he had
+appointed for capteines and admerals two earles that were his coosins,
+Odo and Rafe, who had charge of the whole armie. Rafe was his nephue,
+as sonne to his sister Goda by hir first husband Gualter de Maunt. But
+although they were knowne to be sufficient men for the ordering of
+such businesse, yet he thought the necessitie to be such, as his
+person could not be presentlie spared. Therefore he was diligent in
+foreséeing of things by good aduise, although age would not giue him
+leaue to execute the same by his owne hand and force of bodie. But as
+the nauies on both parts were readie to haue ioined, they were seuered
+by reason of a thicke mist that then rose, wherby their furious rage
+was restreined for that time: and immediatlie therevpon, Goodwine
+and his complices were forced by a contrarie wind, to returne to the
+places from whence they came. Shortlie after by mediation of friends,
+a peace was made, and earle Goodwine restored home, and obteined
+againe both the kings fauour, and all his former liuings: for he was
+such an eloquent & wise man, that he clered and purged himselfe of all
+such crimes and accusations, as in anie sort had béene laid against
+him. Thus haue some written concerning this agréement betwixt king
+Edward and erle Goodwine, where other make somewhat larger report
+thereof, as thus.
+
+At the same time that the two sonnes of erle Goodwine Harold and
+Leofwine came foorth of Ireland, and inuaded the west countrie, king
+Edward rigged foorth fortie ships, the which throughlie furnished with
+men, munition, and vittels, he sent vnto Sandwich, commanding the
+capteines there to wait for the comming of erle Goodwine, whom
+he vnderstood to be in a readinesse to returne into England: but
+notwithstanding, there wanted no diligence in them to looke to their
+charge, erle Goodwine secretlie with a few ships which he had
+got togither, ariued in Kent; and sending foorth his letters and
+messengers abroad to the citizens of Canturburie, to them of Sussex,
+Southerie, & others, required aid of them, who with one consent
+promised to liue and die with him.
+
+The capteines of the nauie at Sandwich aduertised hereof, made towards
+the place where they thought to haue found earle Goodwine: but he
+being warned of their comming, escaped by flight, and got him out of
+their danger, wherevpon they withdrew to Sandwich, and after returned
+to London. Earle Goodwine aduertised thereof, sailed to the Ile of
+Wight, and wafted vp and downe those seas, till his sonnes Harold
+and Leofwine came and ioined their nauie with his, and ceassing from
+spoile, onlie sought to recouer vittels to serue their turne. And
+incresing their power by such aid as they might any where procure, at
+length they came to Sandwich, wherof king Edward hauing knowledge,
+being then at London, he sent abroad to raise all the power he might
+[Sidenote: It séemeth that earle Goodwine was well friended.]
+make. But they that were appointed to come vnto him, lingred time,
+in which meane while earle Goodwine comming into the Thames, & so vp
+the riuer, arriued in Southwarke, on the day of the exaltation of the
+crosse in September, being monday, and their staieng for the tide,
+solicited the Londoners, so that he obteined of them what he could
+desire.
+
+Afterwards, without disturbance, he passed vp the riuer with the tide
+through the south arch of the bridge, & at the same instant, a mightie
+armie which he had by land, mustered in the fields on that south side
+the same riuer, and herewith his nauie made towards the north side of
+the riuer, as if they ment to inclose the kings nauie, for the king
+had also a nauie & an armie by land: but yet sith there were few
+either on the one part or the other, that were able to doo anie great
+feat except Englishmen, they were loth to fight one against another,
+wherevpon the wiser sort on both sides sought meanes to make an
+atonement: and so at length by their diligent trauell, the matter was
+taken vp, and the armies being dismissed on both parts, earle Goodwine
+was restored to his former dignitie. Herevpon were pledges deliuered
+on his behalfe, that is to say, Wilnotus one of his sonnes, and Hacun
+the sonne of Swanus the eldest sonne of Goodwine. These two pledges
+were sent vnto William duke of Normandie, to be kept with him for more
+assurance of Goodwines loialtie.
+
+[Sidenote: _Ran. Higd._ _Matth. West._ _Simon Dun._
+_Wil. Malm._]
+Some write that Swanus the eldest sonne of Goodwine was not
+reconciled to the kings fauour at this time; but whether he was or
+not, this is reported of him for a truth, that after he had attempted
+sundrie rebellions against king Edward, he lastlie also rebelled
+against his father Goodwine, and his brother Harold, and became a
+pirate, dishonouring with such manifold robberies as he made on the
+seas, the noble progenie whereof he was descended. Finallie vpon
+remorse of conscience (as hath béene thought) for murthering of
+his coosine (or as some say his brother) erle Bearne, he went on
+pilgrimage to Hierusalem, and died by the way of cold which he
+[Sidenote: _Ran. Higd._ _Will. Malms._]
+caught in returning homeward (as some write) in Licia: but others
+affirme, that he fell into the hands of Saracens that were robbers by
+the high waies, and so was murthered of them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_At what time William duke of Normandie came ouer into England, king
+Edward promiseth to make him his heire to the kingdom and crowne, the
+death of queene Emma, earle Goodwine being growne in fauor againe
+seeketh new reuenges of old grudges, causing archbishop Robert and
+certeine noble Normans his aduersaries to be banished; Stigand
+intrudeth himselfe into archbishop Roberts see, his simonie and lacke
+of learning; what maner of men were thought meet to be made bishops
+in those daies, king Edward beginneth to prouide for the good and
+prosperous state of his kingdome, his consideration of lawes made in
+his predecessours times and abused; the lawes of S. Edward vsuallie
+called the common lawes, how, whereof, and wherevpon instituted; the
+death of earle Goodwine being sudden (as some say) or naturall (as
+others report) his vertues and vices, his behauiour and his sonnes
+vpon presumption and will in the time of their authorities; his two
+wiues and children; the sudden and dreadfull death of his mother; hir
+selling of the beautifull youth male and female of this land to the
+Danish people._
+
+THE FOURTH CHAPTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: William duke of Normandie commeth ouer into England.]
+The foresaide William duke of Normandie (that after conquered this
+land) during the time of Goodwines outlawrie, came ouer into this land
+with a faire retinue of men, and was ioifullie receiued of the king,
+and had great chéere. Now after he had taried a season, he returned
+into his countrie, not without great gifts of jewels and other things,
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_. K. Edwards promise to duke William.]
+which the king most liberallie bestowed vpon him. And (as some
+write) the king promised him at that time, to make him his heire to
+the realme of England, if he chanced to die without issue. ¶ Shortlie
+after, or rather somewhat before, queene Emma the kings mother died,
+and was buried at Winchester.
+
+After that earle Goodwine was restored to the kings fauour, bicause he
+knew that Robert the archbishop of Canturburie had beene the chéefe
+procurer of the kings euill will towards him, he found means to weare
+him out of credit, and diuers other specially of the Normans, bearing
+the world in hand, that they had sought to trouble the state of the
+realme, & to set variance betwixt the king and the lords of the
+English nation: whereas the Normans againe alledged, that earle
+Goodwine and his sonnes abused the kings soft and gentle nature,
+& would not sticke to ieast and mocke at his curteous and mild
+[Sidenote: The archbishop of Canturburie banished.]
+procéedings. But howsoeuer the matter went, archbishop Robert was
+glad to depart out of the realme, and going to Rome, made complaint
+in the court there, of the iniuries that were offred him: but in
+returning through Normandie, he died in the abbeie of Gemmeticum,
+where he had bene moonke before his comming into England.
+
+Diuerse others were compelled to forsake the realme at the same time,
+[Sidenote: Normans banished the realme.]
+both spirituall men and temporall, as William bishop of London,
+and Vlfe bishop of Lincolne. Osberne named Pentecost, and his
+companion Hugh, were constreined to surrender their castels, and
+by licence of earle Leofrike withdrew thorough his countrie into
+Scotland, where, of king Mackbeth they were honorablie receiued. These
+were Normans: for (as partlie ye haue heard) king Edward brought
+with him no small number of that nation, when he came from thence to
+receiue the crowne, and by them he was altogither ruled, to the great
+offending of his owne naturall subiects the Englishmen, namelie
+earle Goodwine and his sonnes, who in those daies for their great
+possessions and large reuenues, were had in no small reputation with
+the English people.
+
+After that Robert the archbishop of Canturburie, was departed the
+[Sidenote: Stigand archbishop of Canturburie.]
+realme, as before ye haue heard, Stigand was made archbishop of
+Canturburie, or rather thrust himselfe into that dignitie, not being
+lawfullie called, in like manner as he had doone at Winchester: for
+whereas he was first bishop of Shireborne, he left that church,
+and tooke vpon him the bishoprike of Winchester by force, and now
+atteining to be archbishop of Canturburie, he kept both Winchester
+[Sidenote: _Ranul. Hig._ _Fabian_. Stigand infamed of simonie.]
+and Canturburie in his hand at one instant. This Stigand was greatlie
+infamed for his couetous practises in sale of possessions apperteining
+to the church. He was nothing learned: but that want was a common
+fault amongest the bishops of that age, for it was openlie spoken
+[Sidenote: What maner of men méet to be bishops in those daies.]
+in those daies, that he was méet onelie to be a bishop, which could
+vse the pompe of the world, voluptuous pleasures, rich raiment, and
+set himselfe foorth with a iollie retinue of gentlemen and seruants on
+horsse-backe, for therein stood the countenance of a bishop, as the
+world then went; and not in studie how to haue the people fed with the
+word of life, to the sauing of their soules.
+
+King Edward now in the twelfth yeare of his reigne, hauing brought
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
+the state of the realme quite from troubles of warre both by sea and
+land, began to foresée as well for the welth of his subiects, as for
+himselfe, being naturallie inclined to wish well to all men. He
+therefore considered, how by the manifold lawes which had beene made by
+Britaines, Englishmen and Danes within this land, occasion was ministred
+to manie, which measured all things by respect of their owne priuate
+gaine and profit, to peruert iustice, and to vse wrongfull dealing in
+stead of right, clouding the same vnder some branch of the lawe
+naughtilie misconstrued. Wherevpon to auoid that mischiefe, he picked
+out a summe of that huge and vnmesurable masse and heape of lawes, such
+as were thought most indifferent and necessarie, & therewith ordeined a
+few, & those most wholesome, to be from thenceforth vsed; according to
+whose prescript, men might liue in due forme and rightfull order of
+[Sidenote: The lawes of S. Edward instituted.]
+a ciuill life. These lawes were afterwards called the common lawes, and
+also saint Edward his lawes; so much esteemed of the Englishmen, that
+after the conquest, when the Normans oftentimes went about to abrogate
+the same, there chanced no small mutinies and rebellions for retaining
+of those lawes. But heére is to be noted, that although they were called
+saint Edwards lawes, they were for the more part made by king Edgar; but
+now by king Edward restored, after they had bin abrogated for a time by
+the Danes.
+
+[Sidenote: 1053 or 1054. _Hector Boet._ _Polydor_.
+_Will. Malmes._ _Matth. West._ _Ran. Higd._
+_ex Mariano_. _Simon Dun._]
+About this time, earle Goodwine died suddenlie (as some haue
+recorded) as he sat at table with the king: and vpon talke ministred
+of the death of Alfred the kings brother, to excuse himselfe, he tooke
+a peece of bread, and did eate it, saieng; God let me neuer swallow
+this bread downe into my chest, but that I may presentlie be choked
+therewith, if euer I was weetting or consenting vnto Alfreds death!
+and immediatlie therewith he fell downe starke dead. Other say,
+[Sidenote: This is the likeliest tale.]
+that he ended his life at Winchester, where being suddenlie surprised
+with sicknesse, as he sat at the table with the king vpon an Easter
+monday; yet he liued till the Thursday following, and then died. His
+earledome was giuen vnto his sonne Harold; and Harolds earledome,
+which was Oxford, was giuen vnto Algar the sonne of Leofrike.
+
+This Goodwine, as he was a man of great power, wise, hardie, and
+politike; so was he ambitious, desirous to beare rule, and loth that
+anie other person should passe him in authoritie. But yet, whether
+all be true that writers report of his malicious practises to bring
+himselfe and his sonnes to the chiefe seat of gouernement in the
+kingdome, or that of hatred such slanders were raised of him, it may
+of some perhaps be doubted; because that in the daies of king
+Edward (which was a soft and gentle prince) he bare great rule and
+authoritie, and so might procure to himselfe euill report for euerie
+thing that chanced amisse: as oftentimes it commeth to passe in such
+cases, where those that haue great dooings in the gouernement of the
+common wealth, are commonlie euill spoken of, and that now and
+then without their guilt. But truth it is, that Goodwine being in
+authoritie both in the daies of king Edward and his predecessors, did
+manie things (as should appeare by writers) more by will than by
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._]
+law, and so likewise did his sonnes; vpon presumption of the great
+puissance that they and their father were of within the realme.
+
+He had to wife Editha, the sister of king Cnute, of whome he begat
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
+thrée sonnes (as some write) that is to say, Harold, Biorne, &
+Tostie: also his daughter Editha, whome he found meanes to bestow in
+mariage vpon K. Edward, as before ye haue heard. But other write,
+[Sidenote: _Will. Malm._]
+that he had but one son by Cnutes sister, the which in riding of a
+rough horsse was throwen into the riuer of Thames, and so drowned. His
+mother also was stricken with a thunderbolt, & so perished worthilie
+(as is reported) for hir naughtie dooings. She vsed to buy great
+numbers of yoong persons, and namelie maids that were of anie
+excellent beautie and personage, whome she sent ouer into Denmarke,
+and there sold them to hir most aduantage. After hir deceasse (as the
+same authors record) Goodwine maried another woman, by whome he had
+issue six sonnes, Swanus or Swaine, Harrold, Tostie or Tosto, Wilnot,
+Girth, and Leofrike; of whom further mention is & shall be made, as
+places conuenient shall serue thereto.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Edward earle of Northumberland discomfiteth Mackbeth the usurper of
+the Scotish kingdome and placeth Malcolme in the same, a controuersie
+whether Siward were at this discomfiture or no; his stout words when
+he heard that one of his sonnes was slaine in the field, bishop Aldred
+is sent to fetch home Edward the sonne of K. Edmund Ironside into
+England; earle Algar being banished ioineth with the Welshmen against
+the English and Normans, and getteth the victorie; Harold the son of
+earle Goodwine putteth earle Algar & his retinue to their shifts by
+pursute, pacification betweene the generals of both armies, their
+hosts, Siward earle of Northumberland dieth; his giantlike stature,
+his couragious heart at the time of his deceasse, why Tostie one of
+Goodwins sonnes succeeded him in the earledome._
+
+THE FIFT CHAPTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._ 1054. _Hector Boet._]
+About the thirteenth yeare of king Edward his reigne (as some
+write) or rather about the ninetéenth or twentith yeare, as
+should appeare by the Scotish writers, Siward the noble earle of
+Northumberland with a great power of horssemen went into Scotland,
+and in battell put to flight Mackbeth that had vsurped the crowne of
+Scotland, and that doone, placed Malcolme surnamed Camoir, the sonne
+of Duncane, sometime king of Scotland, in the gouernement of that
+realme, who afterward slue the said Mackbeth, and then reigned in
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ _M. West._]
+quiet. Some of our English writers say, that this Malcolme was king
+of Cumberland, but other report him to be sonne to the king of
+Cumberland. But héere is to be noted; that if Mackbeth reigned till
+the yeare 1061, and was then slaine by Malcolme, earle Siward was not
+at that battell; for as our writers doo testifie, he died in the yeare
+1055, which was in the yeare next after (as the same writers affirme)
+that he vanquished Mackbeth in fight, and slue manie thousands of
+Scots, and all those Normans which (as ye haue heard) were withdrawen
+into Scotland, when they were driuen out of England.
+
+It is recorded also, that in the foresaid battell, in which earle
+Siward vanquished the Scots, one of Siwards sonnes chanced to be
+slaine, whereof although the father had good cause to be sorowfull,
+yet when he heard that he died of a wound which he had receiued in
+fighting stoutlie in the forepart of his bodie, and that with his face
+towards the enimie, he greatlie reioised thereat, to heare that he
+died so manfullie. But here is to be noted, that not now, but a little
+before (as Henrie Hunt. saith) that earle Siward went into Scotland
+himselfe in person, he sent his sonne with an armie to conquere the
+land, whose hap was there to be slaine: and when his father heard the
+newes, he demanded whether he receiued the wound whereof he died, in
+the forepart of the bodie, or in the hinder part: and when it was told
+him that he receiued in the forepart; "I reioise (saith he) euen with
+all my heart, for I would not wish either to my sonne nor to my selfe
+any other kind of death."
+
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._ 1057.]
+Shortlie after, Aldred the bishop of Worcester was sent vnto
+the emperour Henrie the third, to fetch Edward the sonne of Edmund
+Ironside into England, whome king Edward was desirous to sée, meaning
+to ordeine him heire apparant to the crowne: but he died the same
+[Sidenote: _Henr. Hunt._ 1055.]
+yeare after he came into England. This Edward was surnamed the outlaw:
+his bodie was buried at Winchester, or (as an other saith) in the
+church of S. Pauls in London.
+
+¶ About the same time K. Edward by euill counsell (I wot not vpon what
+occasion, but as it is thought without cause) banished Algar the
+sonne of earle Leofrike: wherevpon he got him into Ireland, and there
+prouiding 18 ships of rouers, returned, & landing in Wales, ioined
+himselfe with Griffin the king or prince of Wales, and did much hurt
+on the borders about Hereford, of which place Rafe was then earle,
+that was sonne vnto Goda the sister of K. Edward by hir first
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._ _Simon Dun._]
+husband Gualter de Maunt. This earle assembling an armie, came forth
+to giue battell to the enimies, appointing the Englishmen contrarie to
+their manner to fight on horssebacke, but being readie (on the two &
+twentith of October) to giue the onset in a place not past two miles
+from Hereford, he with his Frenchmen and Normans fled, and so the
+rest were discomfited, whome the aduersaries pursued, and slue to the
+[Sidenote: The Welshmen obteine the victorie against Englishmen and
+Normans.]
+number of 500, beside such as were hurt and escaped with life.
+Griffin and Algar hauing obteined this victorie, entered into the
+towne of Hereford, set the minster on fire, slue seuen of the canons
+that stood to defend the doores or gates of the principall church, and
+finallie spoiled and burned the towne miserablie.
+
+The king aduertised hereof, gathered an armie, ouer the which Harold
+the sonne of earle Goodwine was made generall, who followed vpon the
+enimies that fled before him into Northwales, & staied not, till
+[Sidenote: Stratcluid.]
+hauing passed through Stratcluid, he came to the mountaines of
+[Sidenote: Snowdon.]
+Snowdon, where he pitched his field. The enimies durst not abide him,
+but got them into Southwales, whereof Harold being aduertised, left
+the more part of his armie in Northwales to resist the enimies
+there, & with the residue of his people came backe vnto Hereford,
+[Sidenote: The citie of Hereford fortified by Harold.]
+recouered the towne, and caused a great and mightie trench to be cast
+round about it, with an high rampire, and fensed it with gates and
+other fortifications. After this, he did so much, that comming to a
+communication, with Griffin and Algar at a place called Biligelhage, a
+peace was concluded, and so the nauie of earle Algar sailed about, and
+came to Chester, there to remaine, till the men of warre and marriners
+had their wages, while he went to the king, who pardoned his offense,
+& restored him to his earledome.
+
+[Sidenote: The decease of Siward earle of Northumberland.
+_Ran. Higd._]
+After this, in the verie same yeare, being the 15 of king
+Edwards reigne, as some writers affirme, Siward the noble earle of
+Northumberland died of the flix, of whom it is said, that when he
+perceiued the houre of death to be néere, he caused him selfe to be
+put in armour, & set vp in his chaire, affirming that a knight and a
+man of honour ought to die in that sort, rather than lieng on a couch
+like a féeble and fainthearted creature: and sitting so vpright in
+his chaire armed at all points, he ended his life, and was buried at
+Yorke. [O stout harted man, not vnlike to that famous Romane remembred
+by Tullie in his "Tusculane questions," who suffered the sawing of his
+leg from his bodie without shrinking, looking vpon the surgeon all the
+while, & hauing no part of his bodie bound for shrinking.] The said
+Siward earle of Northumberland was a man of a giantlike stature, &
+thereto of a verie stout and hardie courage, & because his sonne
+Walteif was but an infant, and as yet not out of his cradell, the
+earledome was giuen vnto earle Tostie one of Goodwins sonnes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Edward the sonne of Edmund Ironside is sent for to be made heire
+apparant to the crowne, his death, the deceasse of Leofrike earle
+of Chester, the vertues and good deeds of him and his wife Gudwina,
+Couentrie free from custome and toll, churches and religious places
+builded and repared, Algar succeedeth his father Leofrike in the
+earledome, he is accused of treason and banished, he recouereth his
+earledome by force of armes; Harold is sent with a power against
+Griffin king of Wales; the countrie wasted, and the people forced to
+yeeld, they renounce Griffin their king, kill him, and send his head
+to Harold, Griffins brethren rule Wales after him by grant of king
+Edward; Harolds infortunate going ouer into Normandie, the earle of
+Ponthieu taketh him prisoner, and releaseth him at the request of
+William duke of Normandie, for whose vse Harold sweareth to keepe
+possession of the realme of England, the duke promiseth him his
+daughter in mariage._
+
+THE SIXT CHAPTER.
+
+
+Not long after, in the yeare 1057, Aldred bishop of Worcester, was
+sent ouer vnto the emperour Henrie the third, to fetch Edward the
+sonne of Edmund Ironside into England, whome king Edward was desirous
+to sée, meaning to ordeine him heire apparant to the crowne: but he
+died the same yeare, after that he was returned into England.
+[Sidenote: Edward the outlaw departed this life. 1057.]
+This Edward was surnamed the outlaw: his bodie was buried at
+Westminster, or (as others say) in the church of S. Paule within
+London. The same yeare, that is to say, in the seuentéenth yeare
+[Sidenote: Leofrike earle of Chester departed this life.
+_Ran. Higd._ _Mat. West._]
+or in the sixtéenth yeare of king Edwards reigne (as some write)
+Leofrike the noble earle of Chester, or Mercia, that was sonne to duke
+Leofwine, departed this life in his owne towne of Bromelie on the last
+day of August, and was buried at Couentrie in the abbeie there which
+he had builded. This earle Leofrike was a man of great honor, wise and
+discréet in all his dooings. His high wisdome and policie stood the
+realme in great stéed whilest he liued.
+
+[Sidenote: Couentrie made frée of toll and custome.]
+He had a noble ladie to his wife named Gudwina, at whose earnest
+sute he made the citie of Couentrie frée of all manner of toll, except
+horsses: and to haue that toll laid downe also, his foresaid wife rode
+naked through the middest of the towne without other couerture, saue
+onlie hir haire. Moreouer, partlie moued by his owne deuotion, and
+partlie by the persuasion of his wife, he builded or beneficiallie
+augmented and repared manie abbeies & churches, as the said abbeie
+or priorie at Couentrie, the abbeies of Wenlocke, Worcester, Stone,
+Euesham, and Leof besides Hereford. Also he builded two churches
+[Sidenote: Churches in Chester built.]
+within the citie of Chester, the one called S. Iohns, and the
+other S. Werbrough. The value of the iewels & ornaments which he
+bestowed on the abbeie church of Couentrie, was inestimable.
+
+After Leofriks death, his sonne Algar was made earle, and intituled
+[Sidenote: _Henr. Hunt._ Algar earle of Chester exiled. 1058.]
+in all his lands and seigniories. In the yeare following, to
+wit, 1058, the same Algar was accused againe (through malice of some
+enuious persons) of treason, so that he was exiled the land, wherevpon
+he repaired againe vnto his old friend Griffin prince of Northwales,
+of whome he was ioifullie receiued, & shortlie after by his aid, &
+also by the power of a nauie of ships that by chance arriued in
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ 1063.]
+those parts at that selfe same season vnlooked for out of Norwaie, the
+said Algar recouered his earledome by force, as some haue written.
+King Edward about the twentith yeare of his reigne, as then
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ _Mat. West._]
+remaining at Glocester, appointed earle Harold to inuade the dominions
+of Griffin king of Wales. Harold taking with him a power of horssemen,
+made spéed, and came to Rutland, and there burned Griffins palace, and
+also his ships, and then about Midlent returned againe into England.
+
+After this, about the Rogation wéeke, Harold eftsoones by the kings
+commandement went against the Welshmen, and taking the sea, sailed by
+Bristow, round about the coast, compassing in maner all Wales. His
+brother Tostie that was earle of Northumberland, met him by
+[Sidenote: Wales destroied and harried by the Englishmen.]
+appointment with an host of horssemen, and so joining togither, they
+destroied the countrie of Wales in such sort, that the Welshmen
+were compelled to submit themselues, to deliuer hostages, and
+[Sidenote: The Welshmen agrée to pay their accustomed tribute.]
+conditioned to paie the ancient tribute which before time they had
+paied. And moreouer, they renounced their prince the forenamed
+Griffin, so that he remained as a banished person: and finallie, about
+the fift day of August, they slue him, and sent his head to earle
+[Sidenote: 1064.]
+Harold. Afterwards king Edward granted the rule of Wales vnto Blengent
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Simon Dun._]
+or Blethgent, & Riuall, Griffins two brethren, which did homage
+vnto him for the same, and had serued vnder Harold against their
+brother the foresaid Griffin. There be which write, that not onelie
+Griffin, but also another of his brethren called Rice, was brought
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._]
+to his death by the manfull meanes and politike order of earle
+Harold, & all the sauage people of Wales reduced into the forme of
+good order vnder the subiection of king Edward.
+
+[Sidenote: Harold goeth ouer into Normandie. _Polydor_.]
+Shortlie after, earle Harold chanced to passe ouer into Normandie,
+whither of hap or of purpose it is hard to define, writers doo varie
+so much in report thereof. Some write that he made earnest sute to
+king Edward, to haue licence to go ouer to sée his brother Wilnot,
+[Sidenote: _Edmerus_.]
+and his nephue Hacune, which (as ye haue heard) were deliuered as
+pledges to king Edward, & sent into Normandie to remaine there with
+duke William, and at length with much adoo, got leaue: but yet he was
+told aforehand of the king, that he would repent his iournie, and
+[Sidenote: _Mat. West._ _Wil. Malm._]
+doo the thing that should be preiudiciall to the realme. Other write
+that Harold lieng at his manor of Bosham, went aboord one day into his
+fishers boat or craier, and caused the same to lanch forth to the sea
+for his pleasure: but by misfortune at the same time, a contrarie wind
+suddenlie came about, and droue the vessell on land into France vpon
+the coast of Ponthieu, where he was taken by the countrie people, &
+presented to the earle of Ponthieu named Guie or Guido, who kept him
+as prisoner, meaning to put him to a grieuous ransome. But Harold
+remembring himselfe of a wile, dispatched a messenger forth with all
+spéed vnto William, duke of Normandie, signifieng vnto him, that he
+being sent from king Edward to confirme such articles, as other meane
+men that had béene sent vnto him afore had talked of, by chance he was
+fallen into the hands of the earle of Ponthieu, and kept as prisoner
+against all order of law, reason, or humanitie. Duke William thus
+informed by the messenger, sent to the earle of Ponthieu, requiring
+him to set earle Harold at libertie, that he might repaire to him
+according to his commission. The earle of Ponthieu at the dukes
+[Sidenote: Harold is presented to William duke of Normandie.]
+request, did not onelie restore Harold to his libertie, but also
+brought him into Normandie, and presented him there to the duke, of
+whome he was most ioifullie receiued.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._]
+There be that agrée partlie with this report, and partlie varie:
+for they write, that earle Harold tooke the sea vpon purpose to haue
+sailed into Flanders, and that by force of wind he was driuen to the
+coast of Ponthieu, and so after came into Normandie in maner as before
+is mentioned. But by what means or occasion soeuer he came thither,
+[Sidenote: Harold was highly welcomed of Duke William.]
+certeine it is, that he was ioifullie receiued, and had great
+chéere made him by the said duke William, who at that time was readie
+to make a iournie against the Britains, and tooke earle Harold with
+him to haue his companie in armes in that iournie, that he might haue
+the better triall of his valiancie. Earle Harold behaued himselfe so,
+that he shewed good proofe both of his wisedome and policie, and also
+of his forwardnesse to execute that with hand, which by wit he had
+deuised, so that duke William had him in high fauour, and (as it hath
+béene said) earle Harold (to procure him more friendship at the dukes
+hands) declared vnto him, that king Edward had ordeined him his heire
+if he died without issue, and that he would not faile to kéepe the
+realme of England to the dukes vse, according to that ordinance, if
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._ Duke William promised to Harold his
+daughter in mariage.]
+K. Edward died without issue. And to performe this promise, he
+receiued a corporall oth, whether willinglie to win the more credit,
+or forced thereto by duke William, writers report it diuerslie. At the
+same time, duke William promised vnto him his daughter in marriage,
+whom Harold couenanted in like maner to take to wife.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Harold at his returne into England reporteth to K. Edward what he
+had doone beyond the seas, and what the king said vnto him in that
+behalfe, who foresaw the comming of the Normans into this land to
+conquer it; when and why king Edward promised to make duke William
+his heire, (wherein note his subtiltie) dissention betwixt Harold and
+Tostie two brethren the sonnes of earle Goodwine, their vnnaturall and
+cruell dealing one with another, speciallie of the abhominable and
+merciles murthers committed by Tostie, against whome the Northumbers
+rebell vpon diuerse occasions, and reward him with answerable
+reuengement; Harold is sent against them, but preuaileth not; they
+offer to returne home if they might haue a new gouernor; they renounce
+Tostie and require Marchar in his roome, Tostie displeased getteth
+him into Flanders; king Edward dieth, his manners and disposition
+note-woorthie, his charitie and deuotion, the vertue of curing the
+maladie called the kings euill deriued from him to the succeeding
+kings of this land, he was warned of his death by a ring, he is
+canonized for a saint, the last woords that he spake on his death-bed,
+wherein he vttered to the standers by a vision, prophesieng that
+England should be inhabited with strangers, a description of the kings
+person, of a blasing starre fore-telling his death, the progenie of
+the Westsaxon kings, how long they continued, the names of their
+predecessors and successors; whence the first kings of seuen kingdoms
+of Germanie had their pedegree, &c._
+
+THE SEUENTH CHAPTER.
+
+
+Now when Harold should returne into England, duke William deliuered
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
+him his nephue Hacune, but kept his brother Wilnote with him still
+as a pledge. Then went earle Harold into England, and declared vnto
+king Edward what he had doone, who said vnto him; "Did not I tell thee
+that thou wouldest doo the thing whereof thou shouldest repent thee,
+and procure a mischiefe to follow vnto thy countrie? But God of his
+mercie turne that euill hap from this realme, or at the least, if it
+be his pleasure, that it must needs come to passe, yet to staie
+it till after my daies!" Some by Harolds purposed going ouer into
+Normandie, doo gather, that king Edward foresaw the comming of the
+Normans; and that he meant nothing lesse, than to performe the
+[Sidenote: When the promise was made by king Edward to make duke
+William his heire.]
+promise made vnto duke William, as to adopt him his heire, which
+promise should séeme to be made in time or his banishment, when he
+stood in néed of friendship; as the maner of men in such cases is, to
+promise much, how so euer they intend to fulfill. But rather it maie
+be thought, that king Edward had made no such promise at all, but
+perceiued the ambitious desire of duke William, and therefore would
+not that anie occasion should be ministred unto him to take hold of.
+Wherefore, he was loth that Harold should go ouer vnto him, least that
+might happen, which happened in déed.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._ _Matth. West._ _Fabian_.
+Falling out between brethren. The cruell dealing of earle Tostie.]
+In the foure and twentieth and last yéere of king Edward his
+reigne, or therabout, there fell variance betwixt the two brethren,
+earle Harold and earle Tostie at Windsor, where the court then lay, in
+so much that earle Harold caught Tostie by the haire of the head in
+the kings presence, and stroke him. Heervpon, Tostie departing from
+the court in great anger, came to Hereford in the marches of Wales,
+where Harolds seruants were preparing for the kings comming to their
+maisters house, which seruants he tooke and slue, chopping them in
+péeces, and threw into this hogshead of wine a leg, into that barrell
+of sider an arme, into this vessell of ale an head: and so into the
+lomes of meth and tubs of brine and other liquor he bestowed the parts
+of the dead carcasses of his brothers seruants, sending the king woord
+that he had prouided at his brothers manor, against his coming, good
+plentie of sowse & powdred meat, whatsoeuer he should find beside.
+
+The rumor of this cruell deed sprang ouer all the realme, wherevpon
+the Northumbers, whome he had gouerned for the space of ten yéeres
+verie cruellie, tooke occasion to rebell against him, and slue his
+[Sidenote: The Northumbers rebell against Tostie their earle.]
+seruants both Englishmen and Danes, spoiled his houses, and tooke
+awaie his horsses, his armour, and all other his goods and houshold
+stuffe. The chiefest cause (as is remembred by some writers) that
+mooued the Northumbers thus to rise and rebell against Tostie, was
+for the detestable murther of certeine gentlemen of their countrie,
+seruants unto Gospatrike, whom the queene in behalfe of hir brother
+had caused to be slaine in the court by treason, in the fourth night
+of Christmas last past, and also in reuenge of other noble men, which
+in the last yéere Tostie himselfe had commanded to be murthered in
+his owne chamber at Yorke, whither he had allured them to come vnder
+colour of concluding a peace with them. Also the gréeuous paiments,
+wherewith he charged the people of that countrie, set them in a great
+rage against him.
+
+But the king aduertised héereof, liked not their dooings, for that
+they had doone it without commandement or commission, and therefore
+sent earle Harold with an armie to chastise them, but they were
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._]
+strong inough to withstand him, as those which were assembled in
+armour togither with the people of Lincolnshire, Notinghamshire, and
+Darbishire, and hauing with them Marcharus or Malcharus, the sonne of
+earle Algar, were come as farre as Northhampton, doing much hurt in
+the parts therabouts. Howbeit to haue the kings peace, they offered to
+returne home, so that they might haue an other earle appointed them,
+for that they plainlie protested, that they being freemen, borne and
+bred out of bondage, might not suffer anie cruell gouernor to rule
+ouer them, being taught by their ancestors, either to liue in
+libertie, or to die in defense thereof. If therefore it might please
+the king to assigne Marcharus the son of earle Algar to be their
+ruler, he should see how obedient subiects they would prooue & shew
+themselues to be, when they should be vsed after a reasonable and
+courteous manner. All things considered, their request seemed
+[Sidenote: Marcharus made earle of Northumberland.]
+reasonable, or at least it was thought necessarie that it should
+be granted. And so was Marcharus or Malcherus made earle of
+Northumberland. Tostie in great displeasure with his wife and children
+sailed ouer into Flanders, and there remained till after the deceasse
+of king Edward.
+
+[Sidenote: K. Edward departed this life. _Simon Dun._]
+Finallie, after that this courteous prince king Edward had reigned
+thrée and twentie yéeres, seuen moneths, and od daies, he departed
+this life at London the fourth of Ianuarie, and was buried in the
+church of Westminster, which he had in his life time roiallie repared,
+after such a statelie sort as few churches in those daies were like
+[Sidenote: K. Edvard his maners and disposition of mind described.]
+therevnto within this realme, so that afterwards the same was a
+paterne for other to be built after the same forme. This Edward was
+a prince of such a vertuous disposition of mind, that his fame of
+holinesse sprang ouer all. He abhorred warres and shedding of bloud,
+in so much that when he liued as a banished man in Normandie, he had
+this saieng oftentimes in his mouth, that he had rather liue a priuate
+life for euer, than to obteine the kingdome by the slaughter and death
+of anie man. He could not abide to haue the people oppressed with
+tributes or exactions, in so much that he caused the paiement called
+Danegilt (which had continued for the space almost of fortie yéeres)
+to ceasse. It hath beene said, that when the collectors of this
+monies or some other subsidie, had got an huge quantitie of treasure
+[Sidenote: A diuell fetching gambols.]
+togither, they brought it vnto him, and laid it altogither vpon an
+heape, so to delight his eies: but he declaring that he saw a diuell
+plaieng and fetching gambols about that heape of monie, commanded that
+it should be had awaie, and restored againe to them of whome it was
+leauied.
+
+In diet and apparell he was spare and nothing sumptuous: and although
+on high feasts he ware rich apparell, as became the maiestie of his
+roiall personage; yet he shewed no proud nor loftie countenance,
+rather praising God for his bountifull goodnesse towards him extended,
+than estéeming heerein the vaine pompe of the world. The pleasure
+that he tooke chieflie in this world for the refreshing of his wits,
+consisted onelie in hawking and hunting, which exercises he dailie
+vsed, after he had first beene in the church at diuine seruice.
+In other things he seemed wholie giuen to a deuout trade of life,
+charitable to the poore, and verie liberall, namelie to hospitals and
+houses of religion in the parties of beyond the sea, wishing euer that
+the moonks and religious persons of his realme would haue followed the
+vertue and holinesse of life vsed amongst them of forren parties. As
+hath béene thought he was inspired with the gift of prophesie, and
+also to haue had the gift of healing infirmities and diseases. He vsed
+to helpe those that were vexed with the disease, commonlie called the
+kings euill, and left that vertue as it were a portion of inheritance
+vnto his successors the kings of this realme.
+
+[Sidenote: A tale of a ring.]
+He was warned (as hath béene reported) of his death certeine daies
+before he died, by a ring that was brought him by certeine pilgrims
+comming from Hierusalem, which ring he had secretlie giuen to a poore
+man that asked his charitie in the name of God and saint Iohn the
+[Sidenote: King Edward canonized for a saint. _Wil. Malms._
+_Matt. Westm._]
+Euangelist. But to conclude, such was the opinion conceiued of his
+holinesse of life, that shortlie after his decease, he was canonized
+amongst the number of saints, and named Edward the Confessor. Whilest
+he lay sicke of that sicknesse, whereof at length he died, after he
+had remained for two daies speechlesse, the third day after when he
+had laine for a time in a slumber or soft sléepe, at the time of
+his waking, he fetched a déepe sigh, and thus said; "Oh Lord God
+almightie, if this be not a vaine fantasticall illusion, but a true
+vision which I haue séene, grant me space to vtter the same vnto these
+that stand héere present, or else not." And herewith hauing his speech
+perfect, he declared how he had séene two moonks stand by him as he
+thought, whome in his youth he knew in Normandie to haue liued godlie,
+and died christianlie. "These moonks (said he) protesting to me that
+they were the messengers of God, spake these words; Bicause the chéefe
+gouernors of England, the bishops and abbats, are not the ministers of
+God, but the diuels, the almightie God hath deliuered this kingdome
+for one yéere and a day into the hands of the enimie, and wicked
+spirits shall walke abroad through the whole land. And when I made
+answer that I would declare these things to the people, and promised
+on their behalfe, that they should doo penance in following the
+example of the Niniuites: they said againe, that it would not be, for
+neither should the people repent, nor God take anie pitie vpon them.
+And when is there hope to haue an end of these miseries said I? Then
+said they; When a grene trée is cut in sunder in the middle, and
+the part cut off is caried thrée acres bredth from the stocke, and
+returning againe to the stoale, shall ioine therewith, and begin
+to bud & beare fruit after the former maner, by reason of the sap
+renewing the accustomed nourishment; then (I say) may there be hope
+that such euils shall ceasse and diminish." ¶ With which words of
+the king, though some other that stood by were brought in feare, yet
+archbishop Stigand made but a ieast thereof, saieng, that the old
+man raued now in his sickenesse, as men of great yéeres vse to doo.
+Neuerthelesse the truth of this prophesie afterwards too plainlie
+appeared, when England became the habitation of new strangers, in such
+wise, that there was neither gouernor, bishop, nor abbat remaining
+therein of the English nation. But now to make an end with king
+Edward, he was of person comelie, & of an indifferent stature, of
+white haire, both head and beard, of face ruddie, and in all parts of
+his bodie faire skinned, with due state and proportion of lims as was
+thereto conuenient. In the yéere before the death of king Edward, a
+blasing starre appeared, the which when a moonke of Malmesburie
+named Eilmer beheld, he vttered these words (as it were by way of
+prophesieng:) Thou art come (saith he) thou art come, much to be
+lamented of manie a mother: it is long agone sith I saw thée, but now
+I doo behold thee the more terrible, threatening destruction to this
+countrie by thy dreadfull appearance. In the person of king Edward
+ceased by his death the noble progenie of the Westsaxon kings, which
+had continued from the first yeare of the reigne of Cerdike or
+Cerdicius, the space of 547 yeeres complet. And from Egbert 266
+yéeres.
+
+Moreouer, sith the progenie of the Saxon kings seemeth wholie to take
+end with this Edward surnamed the Confessor, or the third of that name
+before the conquest, we haue thought good for the better helpe of
+memorie to referre the reader to a catalog of the names as well of
+those that reigned among the Westsaxons (who at length, as ye haue
+heard, obteined the whole monarchie) as also of them which ruled in
+the other seuen kingdomes before the same were vnited vnto the said
+kingdome of the Westsaxons, which catalog you shall find in the
+description of Britaine, pag. 31, 32, 33.
+
+Here is to be remembred, that as partlie before is expressed, we find
+[Sidenote: _Matt. West._]
+in some old writers, how the first kings of seuen kingdomes of the
+Germane nation that bare rule in this Ile, fetcht their pedegrées from
+one Woden, who begat of Frea his wife seuen sonnes, that is to say, 1
+Vecta, of whome came the kings of Kent, 2 Fethelgeta, or Frethegeath,
+from whome the kings of Mercia descended, 3 Balday, of whose race the
+kings of the Westsaxons had their originall, 4 Beldagius, ancestor to
+the kings of Bernicia, and the Northumbers, 5 Wegodach or Wegdagus,
+from whome came the kings of Deira, 6 Caser, from whome procéeded the
+kings of the Eastangles, 7 Nascad alias Saxuad, of whome the kings
+of the Eastsaxons had their beginning. And here you must note, that
+although the kings of the eight kingdome, that is, of the Southsaxons
+or Sussex, were descended of the same people, yet were they not of the
+same line. By other it should séeme, that Woden had but fiue sonnes:
+as Vecta, great grandfather to Hengist; Wepedeg, ancestor to the kings
+of the Eastangles; Viclac, from whome procéeded the kings of Mercia;
+Saxuad, from whom the kings of Essex came; and Beldag, of whose
+generation proceeded the kings of the Southsaxons, Westsaxons, and
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ _Io. Textor_.]
+the Northumbers. Moreouer, there be that bring the genealogie from
+Noe to Noah, the sonne of Lamech, which Noe was the 9 in descent from
+Adam, and Woden the 15 from Noe, as you shall find in the historie of
+England, lib. 6. pag. 663. Noe was the father to Sem the father of
+Bedwi, the father of Wala, the father of Hatria or Hathra, the father
+of Itermod, the father of Heremod, the father of Sheaf or Seaf, the
+father of Seldoa or Sceldua, the father of Beatu or Beau, the father
+of Teathwij aliàs Tadwa or Teathwy, the father of Geta, reputed for a
+god among the gentiles, the father of Fingodulph otherwise Godulph,
+the father of Fritwolfe otherwise Friuin, the father of Freolaf aliàs
+Freolater, the father of Frethwold or Friderwald, the father of the
+aforenamed Woden or Othen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_The peeres are in doubt to whome the rule of the land should be
+committed, why they durst not that Edgar Edeling should vndertake it
+though he was interested to the same, how William duke of Normandie
+pretended a right to the crowne, Harold the sonne of earle Goodwine
+crowned, proclaimed, and consecrated king; his subtill and adulatorie
+meanes to win the peoples fauour; duke William sendeth ambassadors to
+Harold to put him in mind of a promise passed to the said duke for his
+furtherance to obteine the crowne; Harolds negatiue answer to the said
+ambassage, as also to the marieng of the dukes daughter which was
+Harolds owne voluntarie motion; he prouideth against the inuasions of
+the enimie as one doubting afterclaps, a blasing starre of seuen daies
+continuance._
+
+THE EIGHT CHAPTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: HAROLD. K. Edward departed this life. An. Christi.]
+King Edward being thus departed this life, the péeres of the land
+were in great doubt & perplexitie to whome they might best commit the
+roiall gouernement of the realme.
+[Sidenote: 1065, after the account of the church of England.
+_Matth. West._ _Polydor_. Edeling, that is, a noble man,
+and such one as is come of the kings blood.]
+For there was not anie among them that had iust title thereto, or
+able and apt to take the charge vpon him. For although Edgar surnamed
+Edeling, the sonne of Edward the outlaw, that was sonne of Edmund
+Ironside, was at the same time latelie come into England, with his
+mother and sisters out of Hungarie where he was borne: yet for that he
+was but a child, & not of sufficient age to beare rule, they durst not
+as then commit the gouernement of the realme vnto him, least (as some
+haue thought) his tendernesse of age might first bréed a contempt of
+his person, and therewith minister occasion to ciuill discord, wherby
+a shipwracke of the estate might ensue, to the great annoie and
+present ouerthrow of such as then liued in the same. But what
+consideration soeuer they had in this behalfe, they ought not to haue
+defrauded the yoong gentleman of his lawfull right to the crowne. For
+as we haue heard and séene, God, whose prouidence and mightie power is
+shewed by ouerthrowing of high and mightie things now and then, by the
+weake and féeble hath gouerned states and kingdomes oftentimes in as
+good quiet and princelie policie by a child, as by men of age and
+great discretion.
+
+But to the purpose, beside the doubt which rested among the lords, how
+to bestow the crowne, the manifold and strange woonders, which, were
+séene and heard in those daies, betokening (as men thought) some
+change to be at hand in the state of the realme, made the lords
+afraid, and namelie bicause they stood in great doubt of William duke
+of Normandie, who pretended a right to the crowne, as lawfull heire
+appointed by king Edward, for that he was kin to him in the
+[Sidenote: Dukes of Normandie.]
+second and third degree. For Richard the first of that name duke of
+Normandie, begot Richard the second, and Emma; which Emma bare Edward
+by hir husband Ethelred. Richard the second had also issue Richard
+the third, and Robert, which Robert by a concubine had issue William,
+surnamed the bastard, that was now duke of Normandie, and after the
+death of his coosine king Edward, made claime (as is said) to the
+crowne of England.
+
+Whilest the lords were thus studieng and consulting what should be
+[Sidenote: Harold proclaimed king of England.]
+best for them to doo in these doubts, Harold, the son of Goodwine
+earle of Kent, proclaimed himselfe king of England: the people being
+not much offended therewith, bicause of the great confidence and
+opinion which they had latelie conceiued of his valiancie. Some write
+[Sidenote: Edmerus.]
+(among whome Edmerus is one) how king Edward ordeined before his
+death, that Harold should succéed him as heire to the crowne, and
+that therevpon the lords immediatlie after the said Edwards deceasse,
+crowned Harold for their king, and so he was consecrated by Aldred
+archbishop of Yorke, according to the custom and maner of the former
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._]
+kings, or (as other affirme) he set the crowne on his owne head
+without anie the accustomed ceremonies, in the yéere after the birth
+of our sauiour 1066, or in the yéere of Christ 1065, after the account
+of the church of England (as before is noted.)
+
+But how and whensoeuer he came to the seat roiall of this kingdome,
+certeine it is, that this Harold in the begining of his reigne,
+considering with himselfe how and in what sort he had taken vpon him
+the rule of the kingdome, rather by intrusion than by anie lawfull
+[Sidenote: Harold séeketh to win the peoples hearts. _Sim. Dunel._]
+right, studied by all meanes which way to win the peoples fauour, and
+omitted no occasion whereby he might shew anie token of bountious
+liberalitie, gentlenesse and courteous behauiour towards them. The
+gréeuous customes also and taxes which his predecessors had raised, he
+either abolished or diminished: the ordinarie wages of his seruants
+and men of warre he increased, and further shewed himselfe verie well
+bent to all vertue and goodnesse, whereby he purchased no small fauor
+among such as were his subiects.
+
+[Sidenote: An ambassage from Normandie.]
+Whilest Harold went about thus to steale the peoples good willes,
+there came ouer vnlooked for sundrie ambassadours from William the
+bastard duke of Normandie, with commission to require him to remember
+his oth sometime made to the said William in the time of his
+extremitie, which was, that he the said Harold should aid him in the
+obteining of the crowne of England, if king Edward should happen to
+die without issue. This couenant he made (as it is supposed) in king
+Edwards daies, when (by licence of the same Edward, or rather (as
+Edmerus writeth) against his will) he went ouer into Normandie to
+visit his brethren, which laie there as pledges.
+
+[Sidenote: K. Harolds answer.]
+Howbeit at this present, Harolds answer to the said ambassadors
+was, that he would be readie to gratifie the duke in all that he could
+demand, so that he would not aske the realme, which alreadie he
+[Sidenote: _Eadmerus_.]
+had in his full possession. And further he declared vnto them (as some
+write) that as for the oth which he had made in times past vnto duke
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._]
+William, the same was but a constreined & no voluntarie oth, which
+in law is nothing; since thereby he tooke vpon him to grant that which
+was not in his power to giue, he being but a subiect whilest king
+Edward was liuing. For if a promised vow or oth which a maid maketh
+concerning the bestowing of hir bodie in hir fathers house, without
+his consent, is made void; much more an oth by him made that was
+a subiect, and vnder the rule of a king, without his souereignes
+consent, ought to be void and of no value. He alledged moreouer, that
+as for him to take an oth to deliuer the inheritance of anie realme
+without the generall consent of the estates of the same, could not be
+other than a great péece of presumption, yea although he might haue
+iust title therevnto; so it was an vnreasonable request of the duke
+at this present to will him to renounce the kingdome, the gouernance
+whereof he had alreadie taken vpon him, with so great fauor and good
+liking of all men.
+
+[Sidenote: Duke William eftsoones sendeth to king Harold.]
+Duke William hauing receiued this answer, and nothing liking
+thereof, sent once againe to Harold, requiring him then at the
+least-wise, that he would take his daughter to wife, according to his
+former promise; in refusing whereof he could make no sound allegation,
+bicause it was a thing of his owne motion, and in his absolute power,
+both to grant and to performe. But Harold being of a stout courage,
+with proud countenance frowned vpon the Norman ambassadors, and
+declared to them that his mind was nothing bent as then to yéeld
+therevnto in any maner of wise. And so with other talke tending to
+the like effect he sent them away without anie further answer. The
+daughter of duke William whome Harold should haue maried, was named
+Adeliza, as Gemeticensis saith, and with hir (as the same author
+[Sidenote: _Gemeticensis_.]
+writeth) it was couenanted by duke William, that Harold should inioy
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._]
+halfe the realme in name of hir dower. Howbeit some write that
+this daughter of duke William was departed this life before the
+comming of these ambassadors, and that Harold therevpon thought
+himselfe discharged of the oth and couenants made to duke William, and
+therefore sent them away with such an vntoward answer.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
+But howsoeuer it was, after the departure of these ambassadors,
+king Harold (doubting what would insue) caused his ships to be newlie
+rigged, his men of warre to be mustered, and spéedilie put in a
+readinesse, to the end that if anie sudden inuasion should be made and
+attempted by his enimie, he might be able to resist them. ¶ About the
+same time also, and vpon the 24 of Aprill (whilest Harold was making
+prouision to withstand the Norman force) there appeared a blasing
+starre, which was séene not onelie here in England, but also in other
+parts of the world, and continued the space of seuen daies. This
+[Sidenote: _Rog. Houed._ _Simon Dun._]
+blasing starre might be a prediction of mischéefe imminent &
+hanging ouer Harolds head; for they neuer appeare but as prognosticats
+of afterclaps. To be resolutelie instructed herein, doo but peruse a
+treatise intituled; A doctrine generall of comets or blasing starres
+published by a bishop of Mentz in Latine, and set foorth in English by
+Abraham Fleming vpon the apparition of a blasing starre séene in the
+southwest, on the 10 of Nouember 1577, and dedicated to the right
+worshipfull sir William Cordell knight, then maister of hir maiesties
+rolles, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Earle Tostie afflicteth his brother Harold on sea and land, he taketh
+the repulse, and persuadeth Harfager king of Norweie to attempt the
+conquest of England against Harold, Harfager & Tostie with their
+powers arriue at Humber, they fight with the Northumbers vnder the
+conduct of Edwine and Marchar, and discomfit them; Harold leuieth
+an armie against them, the rare valiantnes of a Norwegian souldior;
+Harfager and Tostie slaine in battell; the Norwegians are foiled and
+flie; Harolds vnequall and parciall dividing of the spoile, he goeth
+to Yorke to reforms things amisse._
+
+THE NINTH CHAPTER.
+
+
+Whilest Harold desirous to reteine, and verie loth to let go his
+vsurped roialtie, had crackt his credit with the duke of Normandie,
+and by his lewd reuolting from voluntarie promises ratified with
+solemne othes, had also kindled the fire of the dukes furie against
+him; it came to passe, that the proud and presumptuous man was (to
+[Sidenote: Tostie séekes to disquiets his brother.]
+begin withall) vexed in his owne flesh, I meane his owne kinred.
+For Tostie the brother of king Harold (who in the daies of king
+Edward for his crueltie had béene chased out of the realme by the
+Northumbers) returning out of Flanders, assembled a nauie of ships
+from diuers parts to the number of 60, with the which he arriued in
+[Sidenote: _Matt. West._ saith but 40. _Polydor_. _Ran Higd._
+_Sim. Dun._]
+the Ile of Wight, & there spoiled the countrie, and afterward sailing
+about by the coasts of Kent, he tooke sundrie preies their[a] also, and
+came at the last to Sandwich: so that Harold was now constreined to
+appoint the nauie which he had prepared against the Normans, to go
+against his brother earle Tostie. Whereof the said Tostie being
+aduertised, drew towards Lindsey in Lincolnshire, and there taking
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ Tosties repelled. _Polydor_. _Ran. Higd._]
+land did much hurt in the countrie, both with sword and fire, till
+at length Edwine earle of Mercia, and Marchar earle of Northumberland,
+aided with the kings nauie, chased him from thence, and caused him to
+flie into Scotland, not without some losse both of his men and ships.
+
+This trouble was scarse quieted, but streightwaies another came in
+the necke thereof, farre more dangerous than the first. For Tostie,
+perceiuing that he could get no aid in Scotland to make anie
+[Sidenote: Harold Harfager king of Norweie.]
+acccount of, sailed forth into Norweie, and there persuaded Harold
+Harfager king of that realme, to saile with an armie into England,
+persuading him that by meanes of ciuill dissention latelie kindled
+betwixt the king and his lords (which was not so) it should be an
+easie matter for him to make a conquest of the whole realme, and
+reigne ouer them as his predecessors had done before. Some authors
+affirme, that Harold king of Norwey tooke this enterprise in hand
+[Sidenote: _Matt. West._ _Simon Dun._]
+of his owne mind, and not by procurement of Tostie, saieng, that
+Tostie méeting with him in Scotland, did persuade him to go forward
+in his purposed busines, and that the said Harold Harfager with all
+conuenient spéed passed foorth, & with a nauie of 300 saile entered
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ saith 500.]
+into the riuer of Tine, where after he had rested a few daies to
+refresh his people, earle Tostie came also with his power (according
+to an appointment which should be made betweene them.) They ad
+furthermore, that they sailed forth alongst the coast, till they
+[Sidenote: The Norwegians arriue in Humber. Richall. _Hen. Hunt._]
+arriued in the mouth of Humber, & then drawing vp against the streame
+of the riuer Owse, they landed at length at a place called Richhall,
+from whence they set forward to inuade the countrie, & néere vnto
+Yorke on the northside of the citie, they fought with the power of the
+[Sidenote: The English men discomfited.]
+Northumbers, which was led by the earls Edwine and Marchar (two
+brethren) and there discomfited and chased them into the citie, with
+great slaughter and bloudshed.
+
+[Sidenote: This battell was fought on the even of S. Mattew the
+apostle, as saith _Si. Dun._]
+Harold king of England being aduertised of this chance, made the
+more hast forward (for he was alreadie in the field with his armie,
+intending also to come towards his enimies) so that vpon the fift day
+after he came to Stamford bridge, finding there the said king Harfager
+and Tostie readie imbattelled, he first assailed those that kept the
+bridge, where (as some writers affirme) a Norwegian souldier with
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Hen. Hunt._ _Matt. West._]
+his axe defended the passage, mauger the whole host of the Englishmen,
+and slue fortie of them or more with his axe, & might not be ouercome,
+till an Englishman went with a boat vnder the said bridge, and through
+an hole thereof thrust him vp into the bodie with his speare: yet
+Matt. West, saith that he was slaine with a dart which one of king
+Harold his seruants threw at him, & so ended his life. Which bridge
+[Sidenote: The Norwegians discomfited.]
+being woone, the whole host of the Englishmen passed ouer, and
+ioined with their enimies, and after a verie great and sore battell
+put them all to flight.
+
+[Sidenote: The king of Norwaie and Tostie slaine.]
+In this conflict Harold Harfager king of the Norwegians was
+slaine, & so was Tostie the king of England his brother, besides a
+great number of other, as well in the battell as in the chase: neither
+did the Englishmen escape all frée, for the Norwegians fought it out a
+[Sidenote: This battell was fought on the 25 of September as saith
+_Si. Dun._]
+long time verie stoutlie, beating downe and killing great numbers
+of such as assailed them with great courage and assurance. The residue
+of the Norwegians that were left to kéepe their ships vnder the
+guiding of Olaue sonne to the king of Norwaie, and Paule earle of
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._]
+Orkneie, after they vnderstood by their fellowes that escaped from
+the field, how the mater went with Harfager and Tostie, they hoised vp
+their sailes and directed their course homewards, bearing sorowfull
+newes with them into their countrie, of the losse of their king and
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._]
+ouerthrow of all his people. Some write, that the king of England
+permitted them franklie to depart with 20 ships, hauing first caused
+them to deliuer such hostages as they had receiued of the citizens
+of Yorke. Harold reioising in that he had atteined so glorious a
+victorie, and being now surprised with pride and couetousnesse
+togither, he diuided the spoile of the field nothing equallie, but
+[Sidenote: _M. West._ Vnequall diuiding of the spoile.]
+to such as he fauored he distributed liberallie, and to other (though
+they had much better deserued) he gaue nothing at all, reteining still
+the best part of all to himselfe, by reason whereof he lost the fauor
+of manie of his men, who for this his discourtesie, did not a little
+alienate their good willes from him. This doone, he repaired to
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._]
+Yorke, and there staied for a time to reforme the disordered state
+of the countrie, which by reason of these warres was greatlie out of
+frame.
+
+¶ But Harold being more presumptuous and foole-hardie, than prouident
+and wise in his enterprise; bending all his force to redresse
+enormities in those quarters of Yorkeshire (much like vnto him, whom
+the Comediographer marketh for a foole, "Ea tantùm quæ ad pedes iacent
+contemplans, non autem ventura præuidens") neglected the kinglie care
+which he should haue had of other parts of his realme, from the which
+he had withdrawen himselfe, and (as it is likelie) had not left
+sufficientlie prouided of a conuenient vicegerent to gouerne the same
+by his warranted authoritie, and such fortifications as might expell
+and withstand the enimie. Which want of foresight gaue occasion to the
+enimie to attempt an inuasion of the English coasts, as in the next
+chapt. shall be shewed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_William duke of Normandie prepareth to inuade England and to conquere
+it, the earle of Flanders and the French king assist him, the number
+of his ships, hir arriuall at Peuensey in Sussex, vpon what occasions
+he entred this realme; the pope liked well duke Williams attempt, why
+king Harold was hated of the whole court of Rome; why duke William
+would not suffer his souldiers to wast the countries where they came;
+Harold goeth towards his enimies, why his vnskilfull espials tooke the
+Normans (being old beaten souldiers) for priests; Girth dissuadeth his
+brother Harold from present incountering with the duke; where note
+the conscience that is to be had of an oth, and that periurie can not
+scape vnpunished._
+
+THE TENTH CHAPTER.
+
+
+William duke of Normandie hauing knowledge after what maner K. Harold
+was busied in the north parts of his realme, and vnderstanding that
+the south parts thereof remained destitute of due prouision for
+necessarie defense, hasted with all diligence to make his purueiance
+of men and ships, that he might vpon such a conuenient occasion set
+forward to inuade his enimie. And amongest other of his friends, vnto
+whome he laboured for aid, his father in law Baldwine earle of
+[Sidenote: _Ia. Meir_. Baldwine earle of Flanders aided duke William
+to conquere England. _Wil. Geme._]
+Flanders was one of the chiefest, who vpon promise of great summes of
+monie and other large offers made, did aid him with men, munition,
+ships, and victuals, verie freelie. The French king also did as
+much for his part as laie in him to helpe forwards this so high an
+enterprise. Wherefore when all things were now in a readinesse, he
+came to the towne of S. Valerie, where he had assembled togither an
+huge nauie of ships, to the number (as some authors affirme) of
+[Sidenote: The chronicles of Normandie haue 896 ships.]
+three hundred saile; and when he had taried there a long time for a
+conuenient wind, at length it came about euen as he himselfe desired.
+Then shipping his armie which consisted of Normans, Flemings,
+Frenchmen, and Britains, with all expedition he tooke the sea, and
+[Sidenote: Duke William landed at Peuensey, now Pemsey.]
+directing his course towards England, he finallie landed at a place in
+Sussex, ancientlie called Peuensey, on the 28 day of September, where
+he did set his men on land, & prouided all things necessarie to
+incourage and refresh them.
+
+At his going out of his ship vnto the shore, one of his féet slipped
+as he stepped forward, but the other stacke fast in the sand: the
+which so soone as one of his knights had espied, and séeing his hand
+wherevpon he staied full of earth, when he rose, he spake alowd and
+said: "Now sir duke, thou hast the soile of England fast in thy hand,
+& shalt of a duke yer long become a king." The duke hearing this tale,
+laughed merilie thereat, and comming on land, by and by he made his
+proclamation, declaring vpon what occasion he had thus entered the
+realme.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._]
+
+[Sidenote: 1]
+The first and principall cause which he alleged, was for to
+chalenge his right, meaning the dominion of the land that to him was
+giuen and assigned (as he said) by his nephue king Edward late ruler
+of the same land.
+
+[Sidenote: 2]
+The second was, to reuenge the death of his nephue Alured or
+Alfred the brother of the same king Edward, whome Goodwine earle of
+Kent and his adherents had most cruellie murthered.
+
+[Sidenote: 3]
+The third was to be reuenged of the wrong doone vnto Robert
+archbishop of Canturburie, who (as he was informed) was exiled by the
+meanes and labor of Harold in the daies of king Edward.
+
+Wherein we haue to note, that whether it were for displeasure that the
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Lamb._ The pope fauored duke Williams enterprise.]
+pope had sometime conceiued for the wrong doone to the archbishop,
+or at the onlie sute of duke William, certeine it is that the pope, as
+then named Alexander the second, fauored this enterprise of the duke,
+and in token thereof sent him a white banner, which he willed him to
+set vp in the decke of the ship, wherein he himselfe should saile.
+In déed (as writers report) the pope with his cardinals, and all the
+whole court of Rome had king Harold euer in great hatred and disdaine,
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._]
+because he had taken vpon him the crowne without their consent,
+or anie ecclesiasticall solemnitie or agréement of the bishops. And
+although the pope and his brethren the said cardinals dissembled
+the matter for the time, yet now beholding to what end his bold
+presumption was like to come, with frowning fortune they shewed
+themselues open aduersaries, inclining streightwaies to the stronger
+part, after the manner of couetous persons, or rather of the réed
+shaken with a sudden puffe of wind.
+
+[Sidenote: _Gemeticensis_.]
+Duke William at his first landing at Peuensey or Pemsey (whether
+you will) fortified a péece of ground with strong trenches, and
+leauing therein a competent number of men of warre to kéepe the same,
+he sped him toward Hastings, and comming thither, he built an other
+fortresse there with all spéed possible, without suffering his
+souldiers to rob or harrie the countrie adioining, saieng that it
+should be great follie for him to spoile that people, which yer
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._]
+manie daies to come were like to be his subiects. K. Harold being as
+yet in the north parts, and hearing that duke William was thus landed
+in England, sped him southward, and gathering his people togither
+out of the countries as he went forwards, at length came néere his
+enimies: and sending espials into their campe to vnderstand of what
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._]
+strength they were; the vnskilfull messengers regarding smallie
+their charge, brought woord againe of nothing else, but that all
+[Sidenote: Normans berds shauen. _Wil. Malm._ _Hen. Marle._]
+duke Williams souldiers were priests. For the Normans had at that time
+their vpper lips and chéekes shauen, whereas the Englishmen vsed to
+suffer the haire of their vpper lips to grow at length. But Harold
+answered, that they were not priests, but wether-beaten and hardie
+souldiers, and such as were like to abide well by their capteine.
+
+[Sidenote: Girth would not haue his brother king Harold fight himselfe.
+_Gemeticensis_.]
+In the meane season, Girth one of Harolds yoonger brethren
+(considering that periurie is neuer left vnpunished) aduised his
+brother not to aduenture himselfe at this present in the battell, for
+so much as he had beene sometime sworne to duke William, but rather to
+suffer him and other of the nobilitie to incounter with the said duke,
+that were not bound to him by former oth, or otherwise: but Harold
+answered that he was free from anie such oth, and that in defense
+of his countrie he would fight boldly with him as with his greatest
+enimie. ¶ Where (by the waie) would be noted the conscience which
+Girth a yoonger brother made of an oth, not concerning himselfe
+directlie, but his elder brother Harold, who had sworne the same;
+meaning nothing lesse than the performance therof, as the sequele of
+his dooings to his discredit and vndooing euidentlie declared, which
+euents might séeme countable to him as due punishments and deserued
+plagues inflicted vpon him and others, for his sake; sith he made no
+reckoning of violating a vow ratified with an oth to a prince of
+no small puissance, who afterwards became a whip vnto him for his
+periurie; a sinne detested of the heathen, and whereof the poet
+notablie speaketh, saieng:
+[Sidenote: _Tibul, lib. 1_.]
+
+  Ah miser, & si quis primò periuria celat,
+  Sera tamen tacitis poena venit pedibus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_After peace offered & refused on each side, both armies meete in the
+field, the order of the Englishmens attire & araie, the maner how the
+Normans were placed to fight in battell; the dissolute and droonken
+behauior of the Englishmen the night before the incounter farre
+differing from the Normans deuout demenour; duke Williams speech vpon
+occasion of wrong putting on his armour, the battell betwixt him and
+king Harold is valiantlie tried, the English by duke Williams politike
+stratagem are deceiued, king Harold slaine, his armie put to flight
+and manie of them slaine after a long and bloudie incounter, manie
+of the Normans pursuing the English ouerhastilie procure their owne
+death, they take the spoile of the English, the dead bodies of both
+armies are licenced to be buried; the differing reports of writers
+touching the maner of Harolds death, a description of his person, his
+ambition did him much hurt and hinderance, the number that were slaine
+on both sides, his bodie buried at Waltham, nothing dispraisewoorthie
+in him but his ambitious mind, a view of his valiantnesse in a
+conflict against the Welshmen, his rigorous or rather pitilesse
+handling of them, his seuere law or decree touching their bounds, they
+are vtterlie subdued, and (by the kings leaue) the Welshwomen marrie
+with the Englishmen, the Saxon line ceasseth, how long it lasted, and
+how long it was discontinued by the inuasion of the Danes._
+
+THE ELEUENTH CHAPTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Will. Malmes._]
+Now it fortuned that both armies, as well the kings as the earles,
+being prepared to battell, diuerse offers were made on each side
+(before they fell to the conflict) for an vnitie to haue béene had
+betwixt the two princes: but when no conditions of agreement could
+take place, they forthwith prepared themselues to trie the matter by
+dint of swoord. And so on the 14 day of October, being saturday,
+both hosts met in the field, at a place in Sussex not farre from
+[Sidenote: The order of the Englishmen.]
+Hastings, whereas the abbeie of Battell was afterward builded. The
+Englishmen were all brought into one entire maine batell on foot, with
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._]
+huge axes in their hands, and paled a front with paueises, in such
+wise that it was thought vnpossible for the enimie to breake their
+arraie. On the other side, the Normans were diuided into seuerall
+[Sidenote: The arraie of the Normans.]
+battels, as first the footmen that were archers, and also those
+that bare gleiues and axes were placed in the forefront, and the
+horssemen diuided into wings stood on the sides in verie good order.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._ _Will. Malmes._]
+All the night before the battell, the Englishmen made great noise
+and slept not, but sang and fell to drinking and making of reuell &
+pastime, as though there had beene no account to be made of the
+next daies trauell. But the Normans behaued themselues warilie and
+soberlie, spending all that night in praier and confessing their
+sinnes vnto God; and in the morning earelie they receiued the
+communion before they went foorth to the battell. Some write, that
+when duke William should put on his armour to go to the field, the
+backe halfe of his curasses by chance was set on before by such as
+holpe to arme him: at which chance he tooke occasion of laughter,
+saieng merrilie to them that stood by; "No force, this is good lucke,
+for the estate of my dukedome shall be yer night changed into a
+kingdome." Beside this, he spake manie comfortable woords vnto his
+men, to incourage them to the battell. Neither was Harold forgetfull
+in that point on his part. And so at conuenient time when both armies
+were readie, they made forward each to incounter with other, on the
+foresaid fouretéenth day of October, with great force and assurance.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_. The battell betwixt king Harold and duke
+William is begun.]
+In the beginning of the battell, the arrowes flue abroad freshlie
+on both sides, till they came to ioine at hand strokes, and then
+preassed each side vpon his counter part with swoords, axes, and other
+hand weapons verie egerlie. Duke William commanded his horssemen
+to giue the charge on the breasts of his enimies battels: but the
+Englishmen kéeping themselues close togither without scattering,
+receiued their enimies vpon the points of their weapons with such
+fiercenesse and in such stiffe order, that manie of the Norman
+horssemen were ouerthrowne without recouerie, and slaine at the first
+brunt. When duke William perceiued this inconuenience (as he that well
+and throughlie vnderstood the skilfull points of warre as well as the
+best) he gaue a signe to his men (according to an order appointed
+[Sidenote: The policie of duke William to disorder his enimies.
+_H. Hunt._ _Wil. Malm._]
+before hand vpon anie such occasion) that they should giue backe,
+and make a countenance as though they did flée, which was quicklie
+doone by the Normans, and withall they imbattelled their footmen in a
+new order, so that their horssemen shifted themselues on the wings,
+readie to rescue the footmen if their arraie should happen to be
+disturbed.
+
+By this wilie stratagem and policie of warre, the Englishmen were
+deceiued: for they beholding the Normans somwhat shrinking backe to
+bring themselues into the aboue said order, thought verelie that they
+had fled, and therevpon meaning to pursue them before they should
+recouer their ground, they brake their arraie, and began to follow the
+chase: wherevpon the Normans (perceiuing now that all things came to
+passe as they desired) spéedilie returned, and casting themselues
+togither quicklie into arraie, began to charge them againe afresh, and
+[Sidenote: A sore foughten battell. King Harold slaine.]
+so hauing them at that aduantage, they slue them downe on euerie
+side. The Englishmen on the other part fought sore, and though their
+king was beaten downe among them and slaine, yet were they loth to
+flée or giue ouer; so sharpe was the battell, that duke William
+himselfe had thrée horsses slaine vnder him that day, and not without
+great danger of his person.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Matth. West._]
+Some of the Englishmen got them to the height of an hill, and beate
+backe the Normans that forced themselues to win the hill of them, so
+that it was long yer the Normans could preuaile, being oftentimes
+driuen downe into the botome of the vallie beneath. At length the
+[Sidenote: The Englishmen put to flight.]
+Englishmen, perceiuing themselues to be ouermatched and beaten downe
+on euerie side, and therevnto greatlie discouraged with slaughter of
+their king, began first to giue ground, and after to scatter and to
+run away, so that well was he that might then escape by flight. When
+[Sidenote: _Chron. de bello_. _Wil. Geme._ The Normans fall
+into a ditch.]
+they had fought the most part of all that saturday, the Normans
+followed the chase with such eger rashnesse, that a great number
+of them falling with their horsses and armour into a blind ditch
+(shadowed with reed and sedges which grew therein) were smouldered and
+pressed to death, yer they could be succoured or get anie reliefe. The
+next day the Normans fell to gathering in the spoile of the field,
+burieng also the dead bodies of their people that were slaine at the
+battell, giuing licence in semblable manner to the Englishmen to doo
+[Sidenote: _Giral. Camb._]
+the like. Of the death of Harold diuerse report diuerslie, in so
+much that Girald Cambrensis saith, that after king Harold had receiued
+manie wounds, and lost his left eie, he fled from the field vnto the
+citie of Westchester, and liued there long after, an holie life, as an
+anchoret in the cell of S. James, fast by S. Johns church, and there
+made a godlie end. But the saieng of Girald Cambren. in that point
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Hen. Hunt._ _Matth. West._]
+is not to be credited, bicause of the vnlikelihood of the thing
+it selfe, and also generall consent of other writers, who affirme
+vniuersallie that he was killed in the battell, first being striken
+thorough the left eie by the scull into the braine with an arrow,
+wherevpon falling from his horsse to the ground, he was slaine in
+[Sidenote: _Floriac._ _Simon Dun._]
+that place, after he had reigned nine moneths and nine daies, as
+Floriacensis dooth report. He was a man of a comelie stature, and of
+a hawtie courage, & albeit that for his valiancie he was highlie
+[Sidenote: _Henr. Hunt._ _Polydor_.]
+renowmed and honored of all men, yet through his pride and
+ambition he lost the harts of manie. There were slaine in this
+[Sidenote: The chronicles of Normandie haue of English men slaine
+67974, and of Normans 6013.]
+battell, besides king Harold and his two brethren, Girth and Leofrike,
+what on the one side and on the other, aboue twentie thousand men.
+
+The bodie of king Harold being found among other slaine in the field,
+was buried at Waltham, within the monasterie of the holie crosse which
+he before had founded, and indowed to the behoofe of such canons as
+he had placed there, with faire possessions. Verelie (as some old
+[Sidenote: _Ex 6. libro Polycraticon, side de nugis curialium_.
+_John Sarisb._]
+writers haue reported) there was nothing in this man to be in anie
+wise dispraised, if his ambitious mind could haue beene staied from
+coueting the kingdome, and that he could haue béene contented to
+haue liued as a subiect. Among other manifest proofes of his high
+valiancie, this is remembred of him, that being sent against the
+Welshmen (as before is partlie mentioned) knowing their readie
+nimblenesse in seruice, and how with their light armed men they were
+accustomed to annoie and distresse those that should assaile them, he
+likewise (to match them) prepared light armed men for the purpose, &
+so being furnished with such bands of nimble men and light souldiers,
+entered vpon the mounteins of Snowdon, and there remained amongst
+the enimies for the space of two yéeres. He sore afflicted the Welsh
+nation, tooke their kings, and sent their heads vnto the king that
+sent him about his businesse, and proceeding in such rigorous maner as
+might mooue the hearers to lament and pitie the case, he caused all
+the male kind that might be met with, to be miserablie slaine: and
+so with the edge of his swoord he brought the countrie to quiet, and
+withall made this lawe; that if anie Welshman from thencefoorth should
+presume to passe the limits ouer Offas ditch with anie weapon about
+him, he should lose his right hand. To conclude, by the valiant
+conduct of this chieftaine, the Welshmen were then so sore brought
+vnder, that in maner the whole nation might séeme to faile, and to be
+almost vtterlie destroied. And therefore by permission of the king
+of England, the Women of Wales ioined themselues in marriage with
+Englishmen. Finallie, héereby the bloud of the Saxons ceassed to
+reigne in England after they had continued possession of the same,
+from the first comming of Hengist, which was about the yéere of our
+Sauiour 450, or 449, vntill that present yeere of king Harolds death,
+[Sidenote: 1069.]
+which chanced in the yéere 1069. So that from the beginning of
+Hengist his reigne, vnto Harolds death, are reckoned 916 yéeres, or
+(after some) 617, as by the supputation of the time will easilie
+appeere. By all the which time there reigned kings of the Saxons bloud
+within this land, except that for the space of twentie yéeres and
+somewhat more, the Danes had the dominion of the realme in their
+possession: for there are reckoned from the beginning of K. Swaines
+reigne (which was the first Dane that gouerned England) vnto the last
+yéere of K. Hardicnute (the last Dane that ruled heere) 28 yéeres, in
+which meane space Egelred recouering the kingdome reigned 2 yéeres,
+then after him his sonne Edmund Ironside continued in the rule one
+yéere; so that the Danes had the whole possession of the land but 25
+yéeres in all. Touching this alteration, and others incident to this
+Iland, read a short aduertisement annexed (by waie of conclusion)
+to this historie, comprising a short summarie of the most notable
+conquests of this countrie one after an other, by distances of times
+successiuelie.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_The rule of this realme by Gods prouidence allotted to duke William,
+his descent from Rollo the first duke of Normandie downewards to his
+particular linage, he was base begotten vpon the bodie of Arlete duke
+Roberts concubine, a pleasant speech of hirs to duke Robert on a time
+when he was to haue the vse of hir person, a conclusion introductorie
+for the sequele of the chronicle from the said duke of Normandies
+coronation, &c: with a summarie of the notable conquests of this
+Iland._
+
+THE TWELFE CHAPTER.
+
+
+Now, forsomuch as it pleased God by his hid and secret iudgement so
+to dispose the realme of England, and in such wise, as that the
+gouernance thereof should fall after this maner into the hands of
+William duke of Normandie, I haue thought good before I enter further
+into this historie (being now come to the conquest of the realme, made
+by the foresaid duke of Normandie) to set downe his pedegrée, thereby
+to shew how he descended from the first duke of that countrie, who was
+named Rollo, and after by receiving baptisme called Robert.
+
+The said Rollo or Rou, was sonne to a great lord in Denmarke called
+Guion, who hauing two sons, the said Rou and Gourin, and being
+appointed to depart the countrie, as the lots fell to him and other
+(according to the maner there vsed, in time when their people were
+increased to a greater number than the countrie was able to susteine)
+refused to obeie that order, and made warre there against the king,
+who yet in the end by practise found meanes to slea the foresaid
+Guion, and his sonne Gourin; so that Rou or Rollo, hauing thus lost
+his father and brother, was compelled to forsake the countrie, with
+all those that had holpe his father to make warre against the king.
+Thus driuen to séeke aduentures, at length he became a christian, and
+was created duke of Normandie, by gift of Charles king of France,
+surnamed le Simple, whose daughter the ladie Gilla he also maried: but
+she departing this life without issue, he maried Popée daughter to the
+earle of Bessin and Baileux, whome he had kept as his wife before he
+was baptised, and had by hir a sonne named William Longespée, and a
+daughter named Gerlota.
+
+William Longespée or Longaspata, had to wife the ladie Sporta,
+daughter to Hubert earle of Senlis, by whome he had issue Richard the
+second of that name duke of Normardie, who married the ladie Agnes,
+the daughter of Hugh le grand, earle of Paris, of whome no issue
+procéeded: but after hir deceasse, he maried to his second wife a
+gentlewoman named Gonnor, daughter to a knight of the Danish line,
+by whom he had thrée sonnes, Richard that was after duke of
+[Sidenote: Ye must note that there was one Richard duke of Normandie
+before Rollo.]
+Normandie, the third of that name, Robert and Mauger. He had also by
+hir three daughters, Agnes otherwise called Emma, married first to
+Egelred king of England, and after to K. Cnute: Helloie, otherwise
+Alix, bestowed vpon Geffrey earle of Britaine: and Mawd coupled in
+marriage with Euldes earle of Charters and Blais. Richard the third of
+that name maried Iudith, sister to Geffrey earle of Britaine, by whome
+he had issue thrée sonnes, Richard, Robert, and William, and as manie
+daughters: Alix, married to Reignold earle of Burgogne, Elenor married
+to Baldwine earle of Flanders; and the third died yoong, being
+affianced to Alfonse king of Nauarre. Their mother deceassed after she
+had beene married ten yéeres, and then duke Richard married secondlie
+the ladie Estric, sister to Cnute king of England and Denmarke, from
+whome he purchased to be diuorsed, and then married a gentlewoman
+called Pauie, by whome he had issue two sonnes, William earle of
+Arques, and Mauger archbishop of Rouen.
+
+Richard the fourth of that name, duke of Normandie, eldest sonne to
+Richard the third, died without issue, and then his brother Robert
+succéeded in the estate, which Robert begat vpon Arlete or Harleuina
+daughter to a burgesse of Felais, William surnamed the bastard,
+afterward duke of Normandie, and by conquest king of England. Of
+whose father duke Robert, & his paramour Arlete, take this pleasant
+remembrance for a refection after the perusing of the former sad and
+sober discourses.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm. lib. 3. cap. 1_. _Ranulph. lib. 6. cap. 19_.]
+In the yéere of Christ 1030, Robert, the second sonne of Richard
+the second duke of Normandie, and brother to Richard the third duke
+of that name there hauing with great honour and wisedome gouerned his
+dukedome seuen yéeres, for performance of a penance that he had set to
+himselfe, appointed a pilgrimage to Jerusalem; leauing behind him this
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm. lib. 3. cap. 1_. _Ranulph. lib. 6. cap. 19_.]
+William a yoong prince, whome seuen yeeres before he had begotten
+vpon his paramour Arlete (whom after he held as his wife) with whose
+beautifull fauour, louelie grace and presence, at hir dansing on a
+time then as he was tenderlie touched, for familiar vtterance of his
+mind what he had further to say, would néeds that night she should be
+his bedfellow, who else as wiuelesse should haue lien alone: where
+when she was bestowed, thinking that if she should haue laid hir selfe
+naked, it might haue séemed not so maidenlie a part: so when the duke
+was about (as the maner is) to haue lift vp hir linnen, she in an
+[Sidenote: _Ran. li. 6 ca. 19_.]
+humble modestie staid hir lords hand, and rent downe hir smocke
+asunder, from the collar to the verie skirt. Heereat the duke all
+smiling did aske hir what thereby she ment? In great lowlines, with
+a feate question she answerd againe; "My lord, were it méet that any
+part of my garments dependant about me downeward, should presume to be
+mountant to my souereignes mouth vpward? Let your grace pardon me." He
+liked hir answer: and so and so foorth for that time.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _lib. 3 cap. 1_. _Ran. ibid._]
+This duke before his voiage, calling at Fiscam all his nobilitie
+vnto him, caused them to sweare fealtie vnto his yoong sonne William,
+whome he then at his iournie betooke vnto the gouernance of earle
+Gilbert, and the defense of the gouernour vnto Henrie the French king.
+So Robert passing foorth in his pilgrimage, shewed in euerie place and
+[Sidenote: _Ran. ibid._]
+in all points a magnanimitie and honour of a right noble prince,
+and pleasant withall; who once in Iurie not well at ease, in a litter
+was borne toward Ierusalem vpon Saracens shoulders, & méeting with a
+subiect of his that was going home toward Normandie: Friend (quoth he)
+if my people at thy returne aske after me, tell them that thou sawest
+their lord carried to heauen by diuels. The Norman nobilitie
+[Sidenote: _Ran. ibid._ _Wil. Mal. idem._ _Ran. idem._]
+during duke Roberts life, did their dutie to the yoong prince
+faithfullie, but after they heard of his fathers death, they slackened
+apace, euerie one shifting for himselfe as he list, without anie
+regard either of oth or obedience toward the pupill their souereigne.
+Whereby not manie yéeres after, as Gilbert the gouernour, by Rafe the
+childes coosine germane, was slaine; the dukedome anon, by murther and
+fighting among themselues was sore troubled in all parts. Thus much a
+little of duke Robert the father, and of prince William his sonne for
+part of his tender yéeres.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_A notable aduertisement touching the summe of all the foresaid
+historie, wherin the foure great and notable conquests of this land
+are brieflie touched, being a conclusion introductorie, as is said in
+the argument._
+
+
+In the former part of this historie it is manifest to the heedful
+[Sidenote: Britaine inhabited by Brute.]
+reader, that (after the opinion of most writers) Brute did first
+inhabit this land; and called it then after his owne name, Britaine,
+in the yéere after the creation of the world 2855, and in the yéere
+[Sidenote: 1 Britaine conquered by the Romans.]
+before the incarnation of Christ 1108. ¶ Furthermore the said land
+of Britaine was conquered by C. Iulius Cesar, and made tributarie to
+the Romans in the 50 yéere before the natiuitie of Christ, and so
+continued 483 yéeres. So that the Britains reigned without tribute and
+vnder tribute, from Brute, vntill the fourth yeere of the reigne of
+king Cadwalladar, which was in the yéere of our Lord 686. And so the
+Britains had continuance of the gouernement of this land the space of
+1794 yéeres. Then was the realme of Britaine an heptarchie, that is,
+diuided into seuen kingdoms. And Britaine receiued the faith of Christ
+[Sidenote: 2 Britaine conquered and ouercome by the Saxons.]
+in the 7 yéere of the reigne of king Lucius, which was in the 187
+yéere after the birth of Christ. ¶ Next after the Britains entered the
+Saxons, in the third yéere of king Vortiger; and in the yéere of our
+Lord 450, and they gouerned vntill the last yéere of king Athelstane,
+which was in the yéere of Christ 938. So that the time of the Saxons
+first entrance into this realme, and the time of their regiment
+[Sidenote: 3 Britaine conquered and ouercome by the Danes.]
+was the space of 487 yéeres. ¶ Howbeit, in the time of their
+gouernement, that is to say, in the 9 yéere of king Britricus, which
+was in the yéere of our Lord 387, the Danes entred into this land,
+spoiling and persecuting the people therin most gréeuouslie. At the
+last, Sweno or Swaine the Dane obteined possession roiall, in the
+yéere of Grace 1012, whose time of regiment lasted about three yéeres.
+After whom his sonne Canutus succeeded, and reigned 19 yéeres. After
+him Harold his sonne, who ruled thrée yeeres: and after him Hardicnute
+the sonne of Canutus, whose gouernement continued but thrée yeeres.
+This Hardicnute was the last king of the Danes, at which time the
+Danes were expelled and hunted out of the realme, which was in the
+yéere of our Lord 1042. So that it may appeare by this collection,
+that the Danes ruled as kings in this land by the space of 28 yéeres.
+Hereby also it is euident, that from the time of the first entrance
+of the Danes into this realme, vntill their last expulsion &
+[Sidenote: 4 Britaine conquered and possessed by the Normans.]
+riddance, was 255 yéeres. ¶ Finallie the Normans entred this land
+likewise, and conquered the same as before is expressed, in the yéere
+of our Lord 1067, which is since, vntill this present yéere of our
+Lord 1585, drawing néere to the number of 600 and od yéeres.
+
+Now let these alterations of regiments be remembred [touching the
+which read a notable animaduersion in the description of Britaine,
+pag. 49, 50, 51] and teach vs that therein the iudgements of God
+reuealed themselues to speciall purposes. And whatsoeuer hath béene
+mentioned before, either concerning the subuersion of people, the
+desolation of prouinces, the ouerthrow of nobles, the ruine of
+princes, and other lamentable accidents diuerslie happening vpon
+sundrie occasions; let vs (I say) as manie as will reape fruit by the
+reading of chronicles, imagine the matters which were so manie yéeres
+past to be present, and applie the profit and commoditie of the same
+vnto our selues; knowing (as one wisely said) _Post sacram paginam
+chronica vivum veritatis typum gerere,_ that next vnto the holie
+scripture, chronicles doo carie credit. But now to the sequele, and
+first to duke William of Normandie.
+
+
+_Thus farre the historie of England from Noah and his sonnes, &c;
+to William duke of Normandie. Hereafter followeth a chronologicall
+continuation beginning at the first yeere of the said dukes reigne
+ouer this land, vntill the 25 yeere of the Queenes most excellent
+maiestie Elizabeth, &c; whose daies God in mercie prolong (like the
+daies of heauen) in peace and prosperitie, &c._
+
+
+END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's note: [a] 'their' in original is probably meant to be
+'there'. Chapter nine, first paragraph.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles (1 of 6): The Historie of
+England (8 of 8), by Raphael Holinshed
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIE OF ENGLAND ***
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles (1 of 6): The Historie of
+England (8 of 8), by Raphael Holinshed
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Chronicles (1 of 6): The Historie of England (8 of 8)
+       The Eight Booke of the Historie of England
+
+Author: Raphael Holinshed
+
+Release Date: September 7, 2005 [EBook #16669]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIE OF ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Lesley Halamek and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE EIGHT BOOKE
+
+OF THE
+
+HISTORIE OF ENGLAND.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Edward the third of that name is chosen king of England by a generall
+consent, ambassadours are sent to attend him homewardes to his
+kingdome, and to informe him of his election, William duke of
+Normandie accompanieth him, Edward is crowned king, the subtill
+ambition or ambitious subtiltie of earle Goodwine in preferring Edward
+to the crowne and betraieng Alfred; the Danes expelled and rid out of
+this land by decree; whether earle Goodwine was guiltie of Alfreds
+death, king Edward marieth the said earles daughter, he forbeareth to
+haue carnall knowledge with hir, and why? he useth his mother
+queene Emma verie hardlie, accusations brought against hir, she is
+dispossessed of hir goods, and imprisoned for suffering bishop Alwine
+to haue the vse of hir bodie, she purgeth and cleareth hir selfe after
+a strange sort, hir couetousnesse: mothers are taught (by hir example)
+to loue their children with equalitie: hir liberall deuotion to
+Winchester church cleared hir from infamie of couetousnesse, king
+Edward loued hir after hir purgation, why Robert archbishop of
+Canturburie fled out of England into Normandie._
+
+THE FIRST CHAPTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: EDWARD. _Hen. Hunt._]
+Immediatlie vpon the deth of Hardiknought, and before his corps was
+committed to buriall, his halfe brother Edward, sonne of king Egelred
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_]
+begotten of queene Emma, was chosen to be K. of England, by
+the generall consent of all the nobles and commons of the realme.
+Therevpon were ambassadours sent with all speed into Normandie, to
+signifie vnto him his election, and to bring him from thence into
+England in deliuering pledges for more assurance, that no fraud nor
+deceit was ment of the Englishmen, but that vpon his comming thither,
+he should receiue the crowne without all contradiction. Edward then
+aided by his coosine William duke of Normandie, tooke the sea, &
+with a small companie of Normans came into England, where he was
+[Sidenote: _Henr. Hunt._ _Wil. Malm._ The third of Aprill. 1043.]
+receiued with great ioy as king of the realme, & immediatlie after was
+crowned at Winchester by Edsinus then archbishop of Canturburie, on
+Easter day in the yeare of our Lord 1043, which fell also about the
+fourth yeare of the emperour Henrie the third, surnamed Niger, in the
+12 yeare of Henrie the first of that name king of France, and about
+the third yeare of Macbeth king of Scotland.
+
+This Edward the third of that name before the conquest, was of nature
+more meeke and simple than apt for the gouernement of the realme, &
+therefore did earle Goodwine not onelie seeke the destruction of his
+elder brother Alfred, but holpe all that he might to aduance this
+Edward to the crowne, in hope to beare great rule in the realme vnder
+him, whome he knew to be soft, gentle, and easie to be persuaded. But
+whatsoeuer writers doo report hereof, sure it is, that Edward was the
+elder brother, and not Alfred: so that if earle Goodwine did shew his
+furtherance by his pretended cloake of offering his friendship vnto
+Alfred to betraie him, he did it by king Harolds commandement, and yet
+it may be that he meant to haue vsurped the crowne to him selfe, if
+each point had answered his expectation in the sequele of things, as
+he hoped they would; and therfore had not passed if both the brethren
+had beene in heauen. But yet when the world framed contrarie
+(peraduenture) to his purpose, he did his best to aduance Edward,
+trusting to beare no small rule vnder him, being knowen to be a man
+more appliable to be gouerned by other than to trust to his owne wit:
+and so chieflie by the assistance of earle Goodwine (whose authoritie,
+as appeareth, was not small within the realme of England in those
+daies) Edward came to atteine the crowne: wherevnto the earle of
+Chester Leofrike also shewed all the furtherance that in him laie.
+
+[Sidenote: _Ran. Higd. ex Mariano_. _Alb. Crantz_.]
+Some write (which seemeth also to be confirmed by the Danish
+chronicles) that king Hardiknought in his life time had receiued this
+Edward into his court, and reteined him still in the same in most
+honorable wise. But for that it may appeare in the abstract of the
+Danish chronicles, what their writers had of this matter recorded,
+we doo here passe ouer, referring those that be desirous to know the
+diuersitie of our writers and theirs, vnto the same chronicles, where
+they may find it more at large expressed. This in no wise is to be
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_. Danes expelled.]
+left vnremembred, that immediatlie after the death of Hardiknought,
+it was not onelie decreed & agreed vpon by the great lords & nobles of
+the realme, that no Dane from thenceforth should reigne ouer them, but
+also all men of warre and souldiers of the Danes, which laie within
+anie citie or castell in garrison within the realme of England, were
+then expelled and put out or rather slaine (as the Danish writers
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._]
+doo rehearse.) Amongst other that were banished, the ladie Gonild
+[Sidenote: Gonill neece to K. Swaine.]
+neece to king Swaine by his sister, was one, being as then a widow,
+and with hir two of hir sonnes, which she had then liuing; Heming
+and Turkill were also caused to auoid. Some write that Alfred the
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
+brother of king Edward, came not into the realme till after the death
+of Hardiknought, and that he did helpe to expell the Danes, which
+being doon, he was slaine by earle Goodwine and other of his
+complices. But how this may stand, considering the circumstances of
+the time, with such things as are written by diuers authors hereof, it
+may well be doubted. Neuerthelesse, whether earle Goodwine was guiltie
+to the death of Alfred, either at this time, or before, certeine it
+is, that he so cleared himselfe of that crime vnto king Edward the
+brother of Alfred, that there was none so highlie in fauour with him
+as earle Goodwine was, insomuch that king Edward maried the ladie
+[Sidenote: K. Edward marieth the daughter of earle Goodwine.]
+Editha, the daughter of earle Goodwine, begotten of his wife Thira
+that was sister to king Hardiknought, and not of his second wife, as
+some haue written. Howbeit, king Edward neuer had to doo with hir in
+fleshlie wise. But whether he absteined because he had happilie
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
+vowed chastitie, either of impotencie of nature, or for a priuie hate
+[Sidenote: K. Edward absteineth from the companie of his wife.]
+that he bare to hir kin, men doubted. For it was thought, that he
+esteemed not earle Goodwine so greatlie in his heart, as he outwardlie
+made shew to doo, but rather for feare of his puissance dissembled
+with him, least he should otherwise put him selfe in danger both of
+losse of life and kingdome.
+
+Howsoeuer it was, he vsed his counsell in ordering of things
+[Sidenote: K. Edward dealeth strictlie with his mother queene Emma.]
+concerning the state of the common wealth, and namelie in the hard
+handling of his mother queene Emma, against whome diuers accusations
+were brought and alledged: as first, for that she consented to marie
+with K. Cnute, the publike enimie of the realme: againe, for that she
+did nothing aid or succour hir sons while they liued in exile, but
+that woorse was, contriued to make them away; for which cause she
+[Sidenote: Queene Emma despoiled of hir goods.]
+was despoiled of all hir goods. And because she was defamed to be
+[Sidenote: She is accused of dissolute liuing.]
+naught of hir bodie with Alwine or Adwine bishop of Winchester, both
+she and the same bishop were committed to prison within the citie of
+Winchester (as some write.) Howbeit others affirme, that she was
+[Sidenote: _Ran. Higd._ She purgeth hir selfe by the law Ordalium.]
+strictlie kept in the abbie of Warwell, till by way of purging hir
+selfe, after a maruellous manner, in passing barefooted ouer certeine
+hot shares or plough-irons, according to the law _Ordalium,_ she
+cleared hir selfe (as the world tooke it) and was restored to hir
+first estate and dignitie.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._]
+Hir excessiue couetousnesse, without regard had to the poore,
+caused hir also to be euill reported of. Againe, for that she euer
+shewed hir selfe to be more naturall to the issue which she had by hir
+second husband Cnute, than to hir children which she had by hir first
+husband king Egelred (as it were declaring how she was affected toward
+the fathers, by the loue borne to the children) she lost a great peece
+of good will at the hands of hir sonnes Alfred and Edward: so that now
+the said Edward inioieng the realme, was easilie induced to thinke
+euill of hir, and therevpon vsed hir the more vncurteouslie. But hir
+great liberalitie imploied on the church of Winchester, which she
+furnished with maruellous rich iewels and ornaments, wan hir great
+commendation in the world, and excused hir partlie in the sight of
+manie, of the infamie imputed to hir for the immoderate filling of hir
+coffers by all waies and meanes she could deuise. Now when she had
+purged hir selfe, as before is mentioned, hir sonne king Edward
+[Sidenote: _Ran. Higd._]
+had hir euer after in great honor and reuerence. And whereas Robert
+archbishop of Canturburie had beene sore against hir, he was so much
+abashed now at the matter, that he fled into Normandie, where he was
+borne. But it should seeme by that which after shal be said in the
+next chapter, that he fled not the realme for this matter, but bicause
+he counselled the king to banish earle Goodwine, and also to vse the
+Englishmen more strictlie than reason was he should.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Why Robert archbishop of Canturburie (queene Emmas heauie friend)
+fled out of England, the Normans first entrance into this countrie,
+dearth by tempests, earle Goodwines sonne banished out of this land,
+he returneth in hope of the kings fauour, killeth his coosen earle
+Bearne for his good will and forwardnes to set him in credit againe,
+his flight into Flanders, his returne into England, the king is
+pacified with him; certeine Danish rouers arriue at Sandwich, spoile
+the coast, inrich themselues with the spoiles, make sale of their
+gettings, and returne to their countrie; the Welshmen with their
+princes rebelling are subdued, king Edward keepeth the seas on
+Sandwich side in aid of Baldwine earle of Flanders, a bloudie fraie in
+Canturburie betwixt the earle of Bullongne and the townesmen, earle
+Goodwine fauoureth the Kentishmen against the Bullongners, why he
+refuseth to punish the Canturburie men at the kings commandement for
+breaking the kings peace; he setteth the king in a furie, his suborned
+excuse to shift off his comming to the assemblie of lords conuented
+about the foresaid broile, earle Goodwine bandeth himselfe against
+the king, he would haue the strangers deliuered into his hands, his
+request is denied; a battell readie to haue bene fought betweene him
+and the king, the tumult is pacified and put to a parlement, earle
+Goodwines retinue forsake him; he, his sonnes, and their wiues take
+their flight beyond the seas._
+
+THE SECOND CHAPTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: Robert archbishop of Canturburie. Frenchmen or Normans
+first entered into England.]
+Ye must vnderstand, that K. Edward brought diuerse Normans ouer
+with him, which in time of his banishment had shewed him great
+friendship, wherefore he now sought to recompense them. Amongst other,
+the forenamed Robert of Canturburie was one, who before his comming
+ouer was a moonke in the abbeie of Gemeticum in Normandie, and being
+by the king first aduanced to gouerne the see of London, was after
+made archbishop of Canturburie, and bare great rule vnder the king, so
+that he could not auoid the enuie of diuerse noble men, and speciallie
+of earle Goodwine, as shall appeere. About the third yeere of king
+Edwards reigne, Osgot Clappa was banished the realme. And in the
+[Sidenote: 1047]
+yeere following, that is to say, in the yeere 1047, there fell
+a maruellous great snow, couering the ground from the beginning of
+Ianuarie vntill the 17 day of March. Besides this, there hapned the
+[Sidenote: A great death. _Ran. Higd._]
+same yeere such tempest and lightnings, that the corne vpon the
+earth was burnt vp and blasted: by reason whereof, there followed a
+great dearth in England, and also death of men and cattell.
+
+[Sidenote: Swain Goodwines sonne banished.]
+About this time Swaine the sonne of earle Goodwine was banished
+the land, and fled into Flanders. This Swaine kept Edgiua, the abbesse
+of the monasterie of Leoffe, and forsaking his wife, ment to
+[Sidenote: Edgiua abbesse of Leoffe.]
+haue married the foresaid abbesse. Within a certeine time after his
+banishment, he returned into England, in hope to purchase the kings
+peace by his fathers meanes and other his friends. But vpon some
+[Sidenote: This Bearne was the sonne of Vlfusa Dane, vncle to this
+Swaine by his mother, the sister of K. Swaine. _H. Hunt._]
+malicious pretense, he slue his coosen earle Bearne, who was about
+to labour to the king for his pardon, and so then fled againe into
+Flanders, till at length Allered the archbishop of Yorke obteined his
+pardon, and found meanes to reconcile him to the kings fauour.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._]
+In the meane time, about the sixt yeere of king Edwards reigne,
+certeine pirats of the Danes arriued in Sandwich hauen, and entring
+the land, wasted and spoiled all about the coast. There be that write,
+that the Danes had at that time to their leaders two capteins,
+[Sidenote: The Danes spoile Sandwich.]
+the one named Lother, and the other Irling. After they had beene at
+Sandwich, and brought from thence great riches of gold and siluer,
+they coasted about vnto the side of Essex, and there spoiling the
+countrie, went backe to the sea, and sailing into Flanders, made
+sale of their spoiles and booties there, and so returned to their
+countries. After this, during the reigne of king Edward, there chanced
+no warres, neither forren nor ciuill, but that the same was either
+with small slaughter luckilie ended, or else without anie notable
+[Sidenote: Rise & Griffin princes of Wales.]
+aduenture changed into peace. The Welshmen in deed with their
+princes Rise and Griffin wrought some trouble, but still they were
+subdued, and in the end both the said Rise and Griffin were brought
+vnto confusion: although in the meane time they did much hurt, and
+namelie Griffin, who with aid of some Irishmen, with whome he was
+alied, about this time entred into the Seuerne sea, and tooke preies
+about the riuer of Wie: and after returned without anie battell to him
+offered.
+
+[Sidenote: 1049. _Simon Dun_.]
+About the same time, to wit, in the yeere 1049, the emperor Henrie
+the third made warres against Baldwine earle of Flanders, and for that
+he wished to haue the sea stopped, that the said earle should not
+escape by flight that waie foorth, he sent to king Edward, willing him
+to keepe the sea with some number of ships. King Edward furnishing a
+[Sidenote: _Hermanus_. _Contractus_. _Ia. Meir._]
+nauie, lay with the same at Sandwich, and so kept the seas on that
+side, till the emperor had his will of the earle. At the same
+time, Swaine, sonne of earle Goodwine came into the realme, and
+traitorouslie slue his coosen Bearne (as before is said) the which
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._]
+trauelled to agree him with the king. Also Gosipat Clappa, who
+had left his wife at Bruges in Flanders, comming amongst other of the
+Danish pirats, which had robbed in the coasts of Kent & Essex, as
+before ye haue heard, receiued his wife, and departed backe into
+Denmarke with six ships, leauing the residue, being 23 behind him.
+
+[Sidenote: _Fabian_. 1051.]
+About the tenth yeere of king Edwards reigne, Eustace earle of
+Bullongne, that was father vnto the valiant Godfrey of Bullongne,
+& Baldwin, both afterward kings of Hierusalem, came ouer into
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._ The earle of Flanders commeth into England.
+_Ran. Higd._ _Wil. Malm._]
+England in the moneth of September, to visit his brother in law king
+[Sidenote: Goda sister to K. Edward. _Wil. Malm._]
+Edward, whose sister named Goda, he had maried, she then being the
+widow of Gualter de Maunt. He found the king at Glocester, and being
+there ioifullie receiued, after he had once dispatched such matters
+for the which he chieflie came, he tooke leaue, and returned
+[Sidenote: Douer saith _Matth. West._]
+homeward. But at Canturburie one of his herbingers, dealing roughlie
+with one of the citizens about a lodging, which he sought to haue
+rather by force than by intreatance, occasioned his owne death.
+Whereof when the erle was aduertised, he hasted thither to reuenge the
+slaughter of his seruant, and slue both that citizen which had killed
+his man, and eighteene others.
+
+[Sidenote: A fraie in Canturburie betwixt the earle Bullongne and the
+townsmen.]
+The citizens heerewith in a great furie, got them to armor, and
+set vpon the earle and his retinue, of whom they slue twentie persons
+out of hand, & wounded a great number of the residue, so that the
+earle scarce might escape with one or two of his men from the fraie,
+[Sidenote: The earle complaineth to the king.]
+& with all speed returned backe to the king, presenting greeuous
+information against them of Canturburie, for their cruell vsing of
+him, not onlie in sleaing of his seruants, but also in putting him in
+danger of his life. The king crediting the earle, was higlie offended
+against the citizens, and with all speed sending for earle Goodwine,
+declared vnto him in greeuous wise, the rebellious act of them of
+Canturburie, which were vnder his iurisdiction.
+
+The earle who was a man of a bold courage and quicke wit, did perceiue
+that the matter was made a great deale woorse at the first in the
+beginning, than of likelihood it would prooue in the end, thought it
+reason therefore that first the answere of the Kentishmen should
+be heard, before anie sentence were giuen against them. Heerevpon,
+although the king commanded him foorthwith to go with an armie into
+Kent, and to punish them of Canturburie in most rigorous maner, yet
+he would not be too hastie, but refused to execute the kings
+[Sidenote: Earle Goodwine offended with the king for fauouring
+strangers.]
+commandement, both for that he bare a peece of grudge in his mind,
+that the king should fauour strangers so highlie as he did; and
+againe, bicause heereby he should seeme to doo pleasure to his
+countriemen, in taking vpon him to defend their cause against the
+rough accusations of such as had accused them. Wherefore he declared
+to the king that it should be conuenient to haue the supposed
+offenders first called afore him, and if they were able to excuse
+themselues, then to be suffered to depart without further vexation:
+and if they were found faultie, then to be put to their fine, both as
+well in satisfieng the king, whose peace they had broken, as also the
+earle, whom they had indamaged.
+
+Earle Goodwine departed thus from the king, leauing him in a great
+[Sidenote: A councel called at Glocester. Siward earle of Northumberland,
+Leofrike earle of Chester, Rafe earle of Hereford. _Will. Malmes._]
+furie: howbeit he passed litle thereof, supposing it would not
+long continue. But the king called a great assemblie of his lords
+togither at Glocester, that the matter might be more deepelie
+considered. Siward earle of Northumberland, and Leofrike earle of
+Chester, with Rafe earle of Hereford, the kings nephue by his sister
+Goda, and all other the noble men of the realme, onlie earle Goodwine
+and his sonnes ment not to come there, except they might bring with
+them a great power of armed men, and so remained at Beuerstane, with
+such bands as they had leauied, vnder a colour to resist the Welshmen,
+whome they bruted abroad to be readie to inuade the marches about
+Hereford. But the Welshmen preuenting that slander, signified to the
+king that no such matter was ment on their parties, but that earle
+Goodwine and his sonnes with their complices went about to mooue a
+commotion against him. Heerevpon a rumor was raised in the court, that
+the kings power should shortlie march foorth to assaile earle Goodwine
+in that place where he was lodged. Wherevpon the same earle prepared
+himselfe, and sent to his friends, willing to sticke to this quarrell,
+and if the king should go about to force them, then to withstand him,
+rather than to yeeld and suffer themselues to be troden vnder foot
+[Sidenote: Earle Goodwine meaneth to defend himself against the king.]
+by strangers. Goodwine in this meane time had got togither a great
+[Sidenote: Swaine. _Ran. Higd._ _Matth. West._ _Simon Dun._]
+power of his countries of Kent, Southerie, and other of the west
+parts. Swaine likewise had assembled much people out of his countries
+of Barkeshire, Oxfordshire, Summersetshire, Herefordshire,
+[Sidenote: Harold. _Simon Dun._]
+and Glocestershire. And Harold was also come to them with a great
+multitude, which he had leuied in Essex, Norffolke, Suffold,
+Cambridgeshire, & Huntingtonshire.
+
+On the other part, the earles that were with the king, Leofrike,
+Siward, and Rafe, raised all the power which they might make, and
+the same approching to Glocester, the king thought himselfe in more
+suertie than before, in so much that whereas earle Goodwine (who lay
+with his armie at Langton there not farre off in Glocestershire) had
+sent vnto the king, requiring that the earle of Bullongne, with the
+other Frenchmen and also the Normans which held the castell of Douer,
+might be deliuered vnto him. The king, though at the first he stood in
+great doubt what to doo, yet hearing now that an armie of his friends
+was comming, made answere to the messingers which Goodwine had sent,
+that he would not deliuer a man of those whome Goodwine required, and
+heerewith the said messengers being departed, the kings armie entered
+into Glocester, and such readie good wils appeered in them all to
+fight with the aduersaries, that if the king would haue permitted,
+they would foorthwith haue gone out and giuen battell to the enimies.
+
+Thus the matter was at point to haue put the realme in hazard not
+onelie of a field, but of vtter ruine that might thereof haue insued:
+for what on the one part and the other, there were assembled the
+chiefest lords and most able personages of the land. But by the
+wisedome and good aduise of earle Leofrike and others, the matter
+was pacified for a time, and order taken, that they should come to a
+parlement or communication at London, vpon pledges giuen and receiued
+as well on the one part as the other. The king with a mightie armie
+of the Northumbers, and them of Mercia, came vnto London, and earle
+Goodwine with his sonnes, and a great power of the Westsaxons, came
+into Southwarke, but perceiuing that manie of his companie stale awaie
+and slipt from him, he durst not abide anie longer to enter talke with
+the king, as it was couenanted, but in the night next insuing fled
+awaie with all speed possible.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ Swaine eldest sonne to Goodwine banished.]
+Some write, how an order was prescribed that Swanus the eldest
+sonne of Goodwine should depart the land as a banished man to qualifie
+the kings wrath, and that Goodwine and one other of his sons, that
+is to say, Harold should come to an other assemblie to be holden at
+London, accompanied with 12 seruants onelie, & to resigne all his
+force of knights, gentlemen and souldiers vnto the kings guiding and
+gouernment. But when this last article pleased nothing earle Goodwine,
+and that he perceiued how his force began to decline, so as he
+[Sidenote: Earle Goodwine fled the realme.]
+should not be able to match the kings power, he fled the realme,
+and so likewise did his sonnes. He himselfe with his sonnes Swanus,
+Tostie, and Girth, sailed into Flanders: and Harold with his brother
+Leofwine gat ships at Bristow, and passed into Ireland. Githa the wife
+of Goodwine, and Judith the wife of Tostie, the daughter of Baldwine
+earle of Flanders went ouer also with their husbands.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Goodwine and his sonnes are proclaimed outlawes, their lands are
+giuen from them, king Edward putteth awaie the queene his wife who was
+earle Goodwines daughter, she cleareth hir selfe at the houre of hir
+death from suspicion of incontinencie and lewdnesse of life, why king
+Edward forbare to haue fleshlie pleasure with hir; earle Goodwine and
+his sonnes take preies on the coasts of Kent and Sussex; Griffin king
+of Wales destroieth a great part of Herefordshire, and giueth his
+incounterers the ouerthrow; Harold and Leofwine two brethren inuade
+Dorset and Summersetshires, they are resisted, but yet preuaile,
+they coast about the point of Cornwall and ioine with their father
+Goodwine, king Edward maketh out threescore armed ships against them,
+a thicke mist separateth both sides being readie to graple and fight,
+a pacification betweene the king and earle Goodwine, he is restored
+to his lands and libertie, he was well friended, counterpledges of
+agreement interchangablie deliuered; Swanus the eldest sonne of
+Goodwine a notable rebell and pirat, his troubled conscience, his
+wicked life and wretched death._
+
+THE THIRD CHAPTER.
+
+
+The king hauing perfect knowledge, that earle Goodwine had refused to
+come to the court in such order as he had prescribed him, and that
+[Sidenote: Goodwine and his sonnes proclaimed outlawes.]
+he was departed the realme with his sonnes: he proclaimed them
+outlawes, and gaue the lands of Harold vnto Algar, the sonne of earle
+Leofrike, who guided the same verie woorthilie, and resigned them
+againe without grudging vnto the same Harold when he was returned out
+of exile. Also vnto earle Oddo were giuen the counties of Deuonshire
+and Summersetshire.
+
+[Sidenote: The king put awaie his wife Editha.]
+Moreouer, about the same time the king put his wife queene Editha
+from him, and appointed hir to streict keeping in the abbeie of
+Warwell. This Editha was a noble gentlewoman, well learned, and expert
+in all sciences, yet hir good name was stained somewhat, as though
+she had not liued so continentlie as was to be wished, both in hir
+husbands life time, and after his deceasse. But yet at the houre
+of hir death (which chanced in the daies of William Conqueror) she
+cleared hir selfe, in taking it vpon the charge of hir soule, that she
+had euer liued in perfect chastitie: for king Edward (as before is
+mentioned) neuer touched hir in anie actuall maner. By this streict
+dealing with the queene that was daughter to earle Goodwine, now in
+time of hir fathers exile, it hath seemed to manie, that king Edward
+forbare to deale with hir in carnall wise, more for hatred of hir kin,
+than for anie other respect. But to proceed.
+
+[Sidenote: 1052. _Hen. Hunt._]
+In the second yeere of Goodwines banishment, both he and his sonnes
+hauing prouided themselues of ships and men of warre conuenient for
+the purpose, came vpon the coasts of England, and after the maner of
+rouers, tooke preies where as they espied aduantage, namelie on the
+[Sidenote: Griffin king of Wales destroieth Herefordshire.]
+coasts of Kent and Sussex. In the meane time also Griffin the K. of
+Wales destroid a great part of Herefordshire, against whom the power
+of that countrie, & also manie Normans that lay in garrison within the
+castell of Hereford, comming to giue battell, were ouerthrowne on the
+same day, in the which about two and twentie yeeres before, or (as
+some copies haue) thirteene yeeres, the Welshmen had slaine Edwine,
+[Sidenote: Harold inuadeth the shires of Dorset and Summerset.]
+the brother of earle Leofrike. Shortlie after, earle Harold and his
+brother Leofwine returning out of Ireland, entered into the Seuerne
+sea, landing on the coasts of Summersetshire and Dorsetshire, where
+falling to spoile, they were incountred by a power assembled out of
+the counties of Deuonshire and Summersetshire: but Harold put his
+aduersaries to flight, and slue thirtie gentlemen of honor, or thanes
+(as they called them) with a great number of others. Then Harold and
+his brethren, returning with their preie and bootie to their ships,
+and coasting about the point of Cornwall, came and ioined with their
+father & their other brethren, then soiorning in the Ile of Wight.
+
+King Edward to withstand their malice, had rigged and furnished foorth
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._]
+sixtie ships of warre, with the which he himselfe went to the
+water, not sticking to lie aboord at that season, although he had
+appointed for capteines and admerals two earles that were his coosins,
+Odo and Rafe, who had charge of the whole armie. Rafe was his nephue,
+as sonne to his sister Goda by hir first husband Gualter de Maunt. But
+although they were knowne to be sufficient men for the ordering of
+such businesse, yet he thought the necessitie to be such, as his
+person could not be presentlie spared. Therefore he was diligent in
+foreseeing of things by good aduise, although age would not giue him
+leaue to execute the same by his owne hand and force of bodie. But as
+the nauies on both parts were readie to haue ioined, they were seuered
+by reason of a thicke mist that then rose, wherby their furious rage
+was restreined for that time: and immediatlie therevpon, Goodwine
+and his complices were forced by a contrarie wind, to returne to the
+places from whence they came. Shortlie after by mediation of friends,
+a peace was made, and earle Goodwine restored home, and obteined
+againe both the kings fauour, and all his former liuings: for he was
+such an eloquent & wise man, that he clered and purged himselfe of all
+such crimes and accusations, as in anie sort had beene laid against
+him. Thus haue some written concerning this agreement betwixt king
+Edward and erle Goodwine, where other make somewhat larger report
+thereof, as thus.
+
+At the same time that the two sonnes of erle Goodwine Harold and
+Leofwine came foorth of Ireland, and inuaded the west countrie, king
+Edward rigged foorth fortie ships, the which throughlie furnished with
+men, munition, and vittels, he sent vnto Sandwich, commanding the
+capteines there to wait for the comming of erle Goodwine, whom
+he vnderstood to be in a readinesse to returne into England: but
+notwithstanding, there wanted no diligence in them to looke to their
+charge, erle Goodwine secretlie with a few ships which he had
+got togither, ariued in Kent; and sending foorth his letters and
+messengers abroad to the citizens of Canturburie, to them of Sussex,
+Southerie, & others, required aid of them, who with one consent
+promised to liue and die with him.
+
+The capteines of the nauie at Sandwich aduertised hereof, made towards
+the place where they thought to haue found earle Goodwine: but he
+being warned of their comming, escaped by flight, and got him out of
+their danger, wherevpon they withdrew to Sandwich, and after returned
+to London. Earle Goodwine aduertised thereof, sailed to the Ile of
+Wight, and wafted vp and downe those seas, till his sonnes Harold
+and Leofwine came and ioined their nauie with his, and ceassing from
+spoile, onlie sought to recouer vittels to serue their turne. And
+incresing their power by such aid as they might any where procure, at
+length they came to Sandwich, wherof king Edward hauing knowledge,
+being then at London, he sent abroad to raise all the power he might
+[Sidenote: It seemeth that earle Goodwine was well friended.]
+make. But they that were appointed to come vnto him, lingred time,
+in which meane while earle Goodwine comming into the Thames, & so vp
+the riuer, arriued in Southwarke, on the day of the exaltation of the
+crosse in September, being monday, and their staieng for the tide,
+solicited the Londoners, so that he obteined of them what he could
+desire.
+
+Afterwards, without disturbance, he passed vp the riuer with the tide
+through the south arch of the bridge, & at the same instant, a mightie
+armie which he had by land, mustered in the fields on that south side
+the same riuer, and herewith his nauie made towards the north side of
+the riuer, as if they ment to inclose the kings nauie, for the king
+had also a nauie & an armie by land: but yet sith there were few
+either on the one part or the other, that were able to doo anie great
+feat except Englishmen, they were loth to fight one against another,
+wherevpon the wiser sort on both sides sought meanes to make an
+atonement: and so at length by their diligent trauell, the matter was
+taken vp, and the armies being dismissed on both parts, earle Goodwine
+was restored to his former dignitie. Herevpon were pledges deliuered
+on his behalfe, that is to say, Wilnotus one of his sonnes, and Hacun
+the sonne of Swanus the eldest sonne of Goodwine. These two pledges
+were sent vnto William duke of Normandie, to be kept with him for more
+assurance of Goodwines loialtie.
+
+[Sidenote: _Ran. Higd._ _Matth. West._ _Simon Dun._
+_Wil. Malm._]
+Some write that Swanus the eldest sonne of Goodwine was not
+reconciled to the kings fauour at this time; but whether he was or
+not, this is reported of him for a truth, that after he had attempted
+sundrie rebellions against king Edward, he lastlie also rebelled
+against his father Goodwine, and his brother Harold, and became a
+pirate, dishonouring with such manifold robberies as he made on the
+seas, the noble progenie whereof he was descended. Finallie vpon
+remorse of conscience (as hath beene thought) for murthering of
+his coosine (or as some say his brother) erle Bearne, he went on
+pilgrimage to Hierusalem, and died by the way of cold which he
+[Sidenote: _Ran. Higd._ _Will. Malms._]
+caught in returning homeward (as some write) in Licia: but others
+affirme, that he fell into the hands of Saracens that were robbers by
+the high waies, and so was murthered of them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_At what time William duke of Normandie came ouer into England, king
+Edward promiseth to make him his heire to the kingdom and crowne, the
+death of queene Emma, earle Goodwine being growne in fauor againe
+seeketh new reuenges of old grudges, causing archbishop Robert and
+certeine noble Normans his aduersaries to be banished; Stigand
+intrudeth himselfe into archbishop Roberts see, his simonie and lacke
+of learning; what maner of men were thought meet to be made bishops
+in those daies, king Edward beginneth to prouide for the good and
+prosperous state of his kingdome, his consideration of lawes made in
+his predecessours times and abused; the lawes of S. Edward vsuallie
+called the common lawes, how, whereof, and wherevpon instituted; the
+death of earle Goodwine being sudden (as some say) or naturall (as
+others report) his vertues and vices, his behauiour and his sonnes
+vpon presumption and will in the time of their authorities; his two
+wiues and children; the sudden and dreadfull death of his mother; hir
+selling of the beautifull youth male and female of this land to the
+Danish people._
+
+THE FOURTH CHAPTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: William duke of Normandie commeth ouer into England.]
+The foresaide William duke of Normandie (that after conquered this
+land) during the time of Goodwines outlawrie, came ouer into this land
+with a faire retinue of men, and was ioifullie receiued of the king,
+and had great cheere. Now after he had taried a season, he returned
+into his countrie, not without great gifts of jewels and other things,
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_. K. Edwards promise to duke William.]
+which the king most liberallie bestowed vpon him. And (as some
+write) the king promised him at that time, to make him his heire to
+the realme of England, if he chanced to die without issue. ¶ Shortlie
+after, or rather somewhat before, queene Emma the kings mother died,
+and was buried at Winchester.
+
+After that earle Goodwine was restored to the kings fauour, bicause he
+knew that Robert the archbishop of Canturburie had beene the cheefe
+procurer of the kings euill will towards him, he found means to weare
+him out of credit, and diuers other specially of the Normans, bearing
+the world in hand, that they had sought to trouble the state of the
+realme, & to set variance betwixt the king and the lords of the
+English nation: whereas the Normans againe alledged, that earle
+Goodwine and his sonnes abused the kings soft and gentle nature,
+& would not sticke to ieast and mocke at his curteous and mild
+[Sidenote: The archbishop of Canturburie banished.]
+proceedings. But howsoeuer the matter went, archbishop Robert was
+glad to depart out of the realme, and going to Rome, made complaint
+in the court there, of the iniuries that were offred him: but in
+returning through Normandie, he died in the abbeie of Gemmeticum,
+where he had bene moonke before his comming into England.
+
+Diuerse others were compelled to forsake the realme at the same time,
+[Sidenote: Normans banished the realme.]
+both spirituall men and temporall, as William bishop of London,
+and Vlfe bishop of Lincolne. Osberne named Pentecost, and his
+companion Hugh, were constreined to surrender their castels, and
+by licence of earle Leofrike withdrew thorough his countrie into
+Scotland, where, of king Mackbeth they were honorablie receiued. These
+were Normans: for (as partlie ye haue heard) king Edward brought
+with him no small number of that nation, when he came from thence to
+receiue the crowne, and by them he was altogither ruled, to the great
+offending of his owne naturall subiects the Englishmen, namelie
+earle Goodwine and his sonnes, who in those daies for their great
+possessions and large reuenues, were had in no small reputation with
+the English people.
+
+After that Robert the archbishop of Canturburie, was departed the
+[Sidenote: Stigand archbishop of Canturburie.]
+realme, as before ye haue heard, Stigand was made archbishop of
+Canturburie, or rather thrust himselfe into that dignitie, not being
+lawfullie called, in like manner as he had doone at Winchester: for
+whereas he was first bishop of Shireborne, he left that church,
+and tooke vpon him the bishoprike of Winchester by force, and now
+atteining to be archbishop of Canturburie, he kept both Winchester
+[Sidenote: _Ranul. Hig._ _Fabian_. Stigand infamed of simonie.]
+and Canturburie in his hand at one instant. This Stigand was greatlie
+infamed for his couetous practises in sale of possessions apperteining
+to the church. He was nothing learned: but that want was a common
+fault amongest the bishops of that age, for it was openlie spoken
+[Sidenote: What maner of men meet to be bishops in those daies.]
+in those daies, that he was meet onelie to be a bishop, which could
+vse the pompe of the world, voluptuous pleasures, rich raiment, and
+set himselfe foorth with a iollie retinue of gentlemen and seruants on
+horsse-backe, for therein stood the countenance of a bishop, as the
+world then went; and not in studie how to haue the people fed with the
+word of life, to the sauing of their soules.
+
+King Edward now in the twelfth yeare of his reigne, hauing brought
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
+the state of the realme quite from troubles of warre both by sea and
+land, began to foresee as well for the welth of his subiects, as for
+himselfe, being naturallie inclined to wish well to all men. He
+therefore considered, how by the manifold lawes which had beene made by
+Britaines, Englishmen and Danes within this land, occasion was ministred
+to manie, which measured all things by respect of their owne priuate
+gaine and profit, to peruert iustice, and to vse wrongfull dealing in
+stead of right, clouding the same vnder some branch of the lawe
+naughtilie misconstrued. Wherevpon to auoid that mischiefe, he picked
+out a summe of that huge and vnmesurable masse and heape of lawes, such
+as were thought most indifferent and necessarie, & therewith ordeined a
+few, & those most wholesome, to be from thenceforth vsed; according to
+whose prescript, men might liue in due forme and rightfull order of
+[Sidenote: The lawes of S. Edward instituted.]
+a ciuill life. These lawes were afterwards called the common lawes, and
+also saint Edward his lawes; so much esteemed of the Englishmen, that
+after the conquest, when the Normans oftentimes went about to abrogate
+the same, there chanced no small mutinies and rebellions for retaining
+of those lawes. But heere is to be noted, that although they were called
+saint Edwards lawes, they were for the more part made by king Edgar; but
+now by king Edward restored, after they had bin abrogated for a time by
+the Danes.
+
+[Sidenote: 1053 or 1054. _Hector Boet._ _Polydor_.
+_Will. Malmes._ _Matth. West._ _Ran. Higd._
+_ex Mariano_. _Simon Dun._]
+About this time, earle Goodwine died suddenlie (as some haue
+recorded) as he sat at table with the king: and vpon talke ministred
+of the death of Alfred the kings brother, to excuse himselfe, he tooke
+a peece of bread, and did eate it, saieng; God let me neuer swallow
+this bread downe into my chest, but that I may presentlie be choked
+therewith, if euer I was weetting or consenting vnto Alfreds death!
+and immediatlie therewith he fell downe starke dead. Other say,
+[Sidenote: This is the likeliest tale.]
+that he ended his life at Winchester, where being suddenlie surprised
+with sicknesse, as he sat at the table with the king vpon an Easter
+monday; yet he liued till the Thursday following, and then died. His
+earledome was giuen vnto his sonne Harold; and Harolds earledome,
+which was Oxford, was giuen vnto Algar the sonne of Leofrike.
+
+This Goodwine, as he was a man of great power, wise, hardie, and
+politike; so was he ambitious, desirous to beare rule, and loth that
+anie other person should passe him in authoritie. But yet, whether
+all be true that writers report of his malicious practises to bring
+himselfe and his sonnes to the chiefe seat of gouernement in the
+kingdome, or that of hatred such slanders were raised of him, it may
+of some perhaps be doubted; because that in the daies of king
+Edward (which was a soft and gentle prince) he bare great rule and
+authoritie, and so might procure to himselfe euill report for euerie
+thing that chanced amisse: as oftentimes it commeth to passe in such
+cases, where those that haue great dooings in the gouernement of the
+common wealth, are commonlie euill spoken of, and that now and
+then without their guilt. But truth it is, that Goodwine being in
+authoritie both in the daies of king Edward and his predecessors, did
+manie things (as should appeare by writers) more by will than by
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._]
+law, and so likewise did his sonnes; vpon presumption of the great
+puissance that they and their father were of within the realme.
+
+He had to wife Editha, the sister of king Cnute, of whome he begat
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
+three sonnes (as some write) that is to say, Harold, Biorne, &
+Tostie: also his daughter Editha, whome he found meanes to bestow in
+mariage vpon K. Edward, as before ye haue heard. But other write,
+[Sidenote: _Will. Malm._]
+that he had but one son by Cnutes sister, the which in riding of a
+rough horsse was throwen into the riuer of Thames, and so drowned. His
+mother also was stricken with a thunderbolt, & so perished worthilie
+(as is reported) for hir naughtie dooings. She vsed to buy great
+numbers of yoong persons, and namelie maids that were of anie
+excellent beautie and personage, whome she sent ouer into Denmarke,
+and there sold them to hir most aduantage. After hir deceasse (as the
+same authors record) Goodwine maried another woman, by whome he had
+issue six sonnes, Swanus or Swaine, Harrold, Tostie or Tosto, Wilnot,
+Girth, and Leofrike; of whom further mention is & shall be made, as
+places conuenient shall serue thereto.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Edward earle of Northumberland discomfiteth Mackbeth the usurper of
+the Scotish kingdome and placeth Malcolme in the same, a controuersie
+whether Siward were at this discomfiture or no; his stout words when
+he heard that one of his sonnes was slaine in the field, bishop Aldred
+is sent to fetch home Edward the sonne of K. Edmund Ironside into
+England; earle Algar being banished ioineth with the Welshmen against
+the English and Normans, and getteth the victorie; Harold the son of
+earle Goodwine putteth earle Algar & his retinue to their shifts by
+pursute, pacification betweene the generals of both armies, their
+hosts, Siward earle of Northumberland dieth; his giantlike stature,
+his couragious heart at the time of his deceasse, why Tostie one of
+Goodwins sonnes succeeded him in the earledome._
+
+THE FIFT CHAPTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._ 1054. _Hector Boet._]
+About the thirteenth yeare of king Edward his reigne (as some
+write) or rather about the nineteenth or twentith yeare, as
+should appeare by the Scotish writers, Siward the noble earle of
+Northumberland with a great power of horssemen went into Scotland,
+and in battell put to flight Mackbeth that had vsurped the crowne of
+Scotland, and that doone, placed Malcolme surnamed Camoir, the sonne
+of Duncane, sometime king of Scotland, in the gouernement of that
+realme, who afterward slue the said Mackbeth, and then reigned in
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ _M. West._]
+quiet. Some of our English writers say, that this Malcolme was king
+of Cumberland, but other report him to be sonne to the king of
+Cumberland. But heere is to be noted; that if Mackbeth reigned till
+the yeare 1061, and was then slaine by Malcolme, earle Siward was not
+at that battell; for as our writers doo testifie, he died in the yeare
+1055, which was in the yeare next after (as the same writers affirme)
+that he vanquished Mackbeth in fight, and slue manie thousands of
+Scots, and all those Normans which (as ye haue heard) were withdrawen
+into Scotland, when they were driuen out of England.
+
+It is recorded also, that in the foresaid battell, in which earle
+Siward vanquished the Scots, one of Siwards sonnes chanced to be
+slaine, whereof although the father had good cause to be sorowfull,
+yet when he heard that he died of a wound which he had receiued in
+fighting stoutlie in the forepart of his bodie, and that with his face
+towards the enimie, he greatlie reioised thereat, to heare that he
+died so manfullie. But here is to be noted, that not now, but a little
+before (as Henrie Hunt. saith) that earle Siward went into Scotland
+himselfe in person, he sent his sonne with an armie to conquere the
+land, whose hap was there to be slaine: and when his father heard the
+newes, he demanded whether he receiued the wound whereof he died, in
+the forepart of the bodie, or in the hinder part: and when it was told
+him that he receiued in the forepart; "I reioise (saith he) euen with
+all my heart, for I would not wish either to my sonne nor to my selfe
+any other kind of death."
+
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._ 1057.]
+Shortlie after, Aldred the bishop of Worcester was sent vnto
+the emperour Henrie the third, to fetch Edward the sonne of Edmund
+Ironside into England, whome king Edward was desirous to see, meaning
+to ordeine him heire apparant to the crowne: but he died the same
+[Sidenote: _Henr. Hunt._ 1055.]
+yeare after he came into England. This Edward was surnamed the outlaw:
+his bodie was buried at Winchester, or (as an other saith) in the
+church of S. Pauls in London.
+
+¶ About the same time K. Edward by euill counsell (I wot not vpon what
+occasion, but as it is thought without cause) banished Algar the
+sonne of earle Leofrike: wherevpon he got him into Ireland, and there
+prouiding 18 ships of rouers, returned, & landing in Wales, ioined
+himselfe with Griffin the king or prince of Wales, and did much hurt
+on the borders about Hereford, of which place Rafe was then earle,
+that was sonne vnto Goda the sister of K. Edward by hir first
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._ _Simon Dun._]
+husband Gualter de Maunt. This earle assembling an armie, came forth
+to giue battell to the enimies, appointing the Englishmen contrarie to
+their manner to fight on horssebacke, but being readie (on the two &
+twentith of October) to giue the onset in a place not past two miles
+from Hereford, he with his Frenchmen and Normans fled, and so the
+rest were discomfited, whome the aduersaries pursued, and slue to the
+[Sidenote: The Welshmen obteine the victorie against Englishmen and
+Normans.]
+number of 500, beside such as were hurt and escaped with life.
+Griffin and Algar hauing obteined this victorie, entered into the
+towne of Hereford, set the minster on fire, slue seuen of the canons
+that stood to defend the doores or gates of the principall church, and
+finallie spoiled and burned the towne miserablie.
+
+The king aduertised hereof, gathered an armie, ouer the which Harold
+the sonne of earle Goodwine was made generall, who followed vpon the
+enimies that fled before him into Northwales, & staied not, till
+[Sidenote: Stratcluid.]
+hauing passed through Stratcluid, he came to the mountaines of
+[Sidenote: Snowdon.]
+Snowdon, where he pitched his field. The enimies durst not abide him,
+but got them into Southwales, whereof Harold being aduertised, left
+the more part of his armie in Northwales to resist the enimies
+there, & with the residue of his people came backe vnto Hereford,
+[Sidenote: The citie of Hereford fortified by Harold.]
+recouered the towne, and caused a great and mightie trench to be cast
+round about it, with an high rampire, and fensed it with gates and
+other fortifications. After this, he did so much, that comming to a
+communication, with Griffin and Algar at a place called Biligelhage, a
+peace was concluded, and so the nauie of earle Algar sailed about, and
+came to Chester, there to remaine, till the men of warre and marriners
+had their wages, while he went to the king, who pardoned his offense,
+& restored him to his earledome.
+
+[Sidenote: The decease of Siward earle of Northumberland.
+_Ran. Higd._]
+After this, in the verie same yeare, being the 15 of king
+Edwards reigne, as some writers affirme, Siward the noble earle of
+Northumberland died of the flix, of whom it is said, that when he
+perceiued the houre of death to be neere, he caused him selfe to be
+put in armour, & set vp in his chaire, affirming that a knight and a
+man of honour ought to die in that sort, rather than lieng on a couch
+like a feeble and fainthearted creature: and sitting so vpright in
+his chaire armed at all points, he ended his life, and was buried at
+Yorke. [O stout harted man, not vnlike to that famous Romane remembred
+by Tullie in his "Tusculane questions," who suffered the sawing of his
+leg from his bodie without shrinking, looking vpon the surgeon all the
+while, & hauing no part of his bodie bound for shrinking.] The said
+Siward earle of Northumberland was a man of a giantlike stature, &
+thereto of a verie stout and hardie courage, & because his sonne
+Walteif was but an infant, and as yet not out of his cradell, the
+earledome was giuen vnto earle Tostie one of Goodwins sonnes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Edward the sonne of Edmund Ironside is sent for to be made heire
+apparant to the crowne, his death, the deceasse of Leofrike earle
+of Chester, the vertues and good deeds of him and his wife Gudwina,
+Couentrie free from custome and toll, churches and religious places
+builded and repared, Algar succeedeth his father Leofrike in the
+earledome, he is accused of treason and banished, he recouereth his
+earledome by force of armes; Harold is sent with a power against
+Griffin king of Wales; the countrie wasted, and the people forced to
+yeeld, they renounce Griffin their king, kill him, and send his head
+to Harold, Griffins brethren rule Wales after him by grant of king
+Edward; Harolds infortunate going ouer into Normandie, the earle of
+Ponthieu taketh him prisoner, and releaseth him at the request of
+William duke of Normandie, for whose vse Harold sweareth to keepe
+possession of the realme of England, the duke promiseth him his
+daughter in mariage._
+
+THE SIXT CHAPTER.
+
+
+Not long after, in the yeare 1057, Aldred bishop of Worcester, was
+sent ouer vnto the emperour Henrie the third, to fetch Edward the
+sonne of Edmund Ironside into England, whome king Edward was desirous
+to see, meaning to ordeine him heire apparant to the crowne: but he
+died the same yeare, after that he was returned into England.
+[Sidenote: Edward the outlaw departed this life. 1057.]
+This Edward was surnamed the outlaw: his bodie was buried at
+Westminster, or (as others say) in the church of S. Paule within
+London. The same yeare, that is to say, in the seuenteenth yeare
+[Sidenote: Leofrike earle of Chester departed this life.
+_Ran. Higd._ _Mat. West._]
+or in the sixteenth yeare of king Edwards reigne (as some write)
+Leofrike the noble earle of Chester, or Mercia, that was sonne to duke
+Leofwine, departed this life in his owne towne of Bromelie on the last
+day of August, and was buried at Couentrie in the abbeie there which
+he had builded. This earle Leofrike was a man of great honor, wise and
+discreet in all his dooings. His high wisdome and policie stood the
+realme in great steed whilest he liued.
+
+[Sidenote: Couentrie made free of toll and custome.]
+He had a noble ladie to his wife named Gudwina, at whose earnest
+sute he made the citie of Couentrie free of all manner of toll, except
+horsses: and to haue that toll laid downe also, his foresaid wife rode
+naked through the middest of the towne without other couerture, saue
+onlie hir haire. Moreouer, partlie moued by his owne deuotion, and
+partlie by the persuasion of his wife, he builded or beneficiallie
+augmented and repared manie abbeies & churches, as the said abbeie
+or priorie at Couentrie, the abbeies of Wenlocke, Worcester, Stone,
+Euesham, and Leof besides Hereford. Also he builded two churches
+[Sidenote: Churches in Chester built.]
+within the citie of Chester, the one called S. Iohns, and the
+other S. Werbrough. The value of the iewels & ornaments which he
+bestowed on the abbeie church of Couentrie, was inestimable.
+
+After Leofriks death, his sonne Algar was made earle, and intituled
+[Sidenote: _Henr. Hunt._ Algar earle of Chester exiled. 1058.]
+in all his lands and seigniories. In the yeare following, to
+wit, 1058, the same Algar was accused againe (through malice of some
+enuious persons) of treason, so that he was exiled the land, wherevpon
+he repaired againe vnto his old friend Griffin prince of Northwales,
+of whome he was ioifullie receiued, & shortlie after by his aid, &
+also by the power of a nauie of ships that by chance arriued in
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ 1063.]
+those parts at that selfe same season vnlooked for out of Norwaie, the
+said Algar recouered his earledome by force, as some haue written.
+King Edward about the twentith yeare of his reigne, as then
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ _Mat. West._]
+remaining at Glocester, appointed earle Harold to inuade the dominions
+of Griffin king of Wales. Harold taking with him a power of horssemen,
+made speed, and came to Rutland, and there burned Griffins palace, and
+also his ships, and then about Midlent returned againe into England.
+
+After this, about the Rogation weeke, Harold eftsoones by the kings
+commandement went against the Welshmen, and taking the sea, sailed by
+Bristow, round about the coast, compassing in maner all Wales. His
+brother Tostie that was earle of Northumberland, met him by
+[Sidenote: Wales destroied and harried by the Englishmen.]
+appointment with an host of horssemen, and so joining togither, they
+destroied the countrie of Wales in such sort, that the Welshmen
+were compelled to submit themselues, to deliuer hostages, and
+[Sidenote: The Welshmen agree to pay their accustomed tribute.]
+conditioned to paie the ancient tribute which before time they had
+paied. And moreouer, they renounced their prince the forenamed
+Griffin, so that he remained as a banished person: and finallie, about
+the fift day of August, they slue him, and sent his head to earle
+[Sidenote: 1064.]
+Harold. Afterwards king Edward granted the rule of Wales vnto Blengent
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Simon Dun._]
+or Blethgent, & Riuall, Griffins two brethren, which did homage
+vnto him for the same, and had serued vnder Harold against their
+brother the foresaid Griffin. There be which write, that not onelie
+Griffin, but also another of his brethren called Rice, was brought
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._]
+to his death by the manfull meanes and politike order of earle
+Harold, & all the sauage people of Wales reduced into the forme of
+good order vnder the subiection of king Edward.
+
+[Sidenote: Harold goeth ouer into Normandie. _Polydor_.]
+Shortlie after, earle Harold chanced to passe ouer into Normandie,
+whither of hap or of purpose it is hard to define, writers doo varie
+so much in report thereof. Some write that he made earnest sute to
+king Edward, to haue licence to go ouer to see his brother Wilnot,
+[Sidenote: _Edmerus_.]
+and his nephue Hacune, which (as ye haue heard) were deliuered as
+pledges to king Edward, & sent into Normandie to remaine there with
+duke William, and at length with much adoo, got leaue: but yet he was
+told aforehand of the king, that he would repent his iournie, and
+[Sidenote: _Mat. West._ _Wil. Malm._]
+doo the thing that should be preiudiciall to the realme. Other write
+that Harold lieng at his manor of Bosham, went aboord one day into his
+fishers boat or craier, and caused the same to lanch forth to the sea
+for his pleasure: but by misfortune at the same time, a contrarie wind
+suddenlie came about, and droue the vessell on land into France vpon
+the coast of Ponthieu, where he was taken by the countrie people, &
+presented to the earle of Ponthieu named Guie or Guido, who kept him
+as prisoner, meaning to put him to a grieuous ransome. But Harold
+remembring himselfe of a wile, dispatched a messenger forth with all
+speed vnto William, duke of Normandie, signifieng vnto him, that he
+being sent from king Edward to confirme such articles, as other meane
+men that had beene sent vnto him afore had talked of, by chance he was
+fallen into the hands of the earle of Ponthieu, and kept as prisoner
+against all order of law, reason, or humanitie. Duke William thus
+informed by the messenger, sent to the earle of Ponthieu, requiring
+him to set earle Harold at libertie, that he might repaire to him
+according to his commission. The earle of Ponthieu at the dukes
+[Sidenote: Harold is presented to William duke of Normandie.]
+request, did not onelie restore Harold to his libertie, but also
+brought him into Normandie, and presented him there to the duke, of
+whome he was most ioifullie receiued.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._]
+There be that agree partlie with this report, and partlie varie:
+for they write, that earle Harold tooke the sea vpon purpose to haue
+sailed into Flanders, and that by force of wind he was driuen to the
+coast of Ponthieu, and so after came into Normandie in maner as before
+is mentioned. But by what means or occasion soeuer he came thither,
+[Sidenote: Harold was highly welcomed of Duke William.]
+certeine it is, that he was ioifullie receiued, and had great
+cheere made him by the said duke William, who at that time was readie
+to make a iournie against the Britains, and tooke earle Harold with
+him to haue his companie in armes in that iournie, that he might haue
+the better triall of his valiancie. Earle Harold behaued himselfe so,
+that he shewed good proofe both of his wisedome and policie, and also
+of his forwardnesse to execute that with hand, which by wit he had
+deuised, so that duke William had him in high fauour, and (as it hath
+beene said) earle Harold (to procure him more friendship at the dukes
+hands) declared vnto him, that king Edward had ordeined him his heire
+if he died without issue, and that he would not faile to keepe the
+realme of England to the dukes vse, according to that ordinance, if
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._ Duke William promised to Harold his
+daughter in mariage.]
+K. Edward died without issue. And to performe this promise, he
+receiued a corporall oth, whether willinglie to win the more credit,
+or forced thereto by duke William, writers report it diuerslie. At the
+same time, duke William promised vnto him his daughter in marriage,
+whom Harold couenanted in like maner to take to wife.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Harold at his returne into England reporteth to K. Edward what he
+had doone beyond the seas, and what the king said vnto him in that
+behalfe, who foresaw the comming of the Normans into this land to
+conquer it; when and why king Edward promised to make duke William
+his heire, (wherein note his subtiltie) dissention betwixt Harold and
+Tostie two brethren the sonnes of earle Goodwine, their vnnaturall and
+cruell dealing one with another, speciallie of the abhominable and
+merciles murthers committed by Tostie, against whome the Northumbers
+rebell vpon diuerse occasions, and reward him with answerable
+reuengement; Harold is sent against them, but preuaileth not; they
+offer to returne home if they might haue a new gouernor; they renounce
+Tostie and require Marchar in his roome, Tostie displeased getteth
+him into Flanders; king Edward dieth, his manners and disposition
+note-woorthie, his charitie and deuotion, the vertue of curing the
+maladie called the kings euill deriued from him to the succeeding
+kings of this land, he was warned of his death by a ring, he is
+canonized for a saint, the last woords that he spake on his death-bed,
+wherein he vttered to the standers by a vision, prophesieng that
+England should be inhabited with strangers, a description of the kings
+person, of a blasing starre fore-telling his death, the progenie of
+the Westsaxon kings, how long they continued, the names of their
+predecessors and successors; whence the first kings of seuen kingdoms
+of Germanie had their pedegree, &c._
+
+THE SEUENTH CHAPTER.
+
+
+Now when Harold should returne into England, duke William deliuered
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
+him his nephue Hacune, but kept his brother Wilnote with him still
+as a pledge. Then went earle Harold into England, and declared vnto
+king Edward what he had doone, who said vnto him; "Did not I tell thee
+that thou wouldest doo the thing whereof thou shouldest repent thee,
+and procure a mischiefe to follow vnto thy countrie? But God of his
+mercie turne that euill hap from this realme, or at the least, if it
+be his pleasure, that it must needs come to passe, yet to staie
+it till after my daies!" Some by Harolds purposed going ouer into
+Normandie, doo gather, that king Edward foresaw the comming of the
+Normans; and that he meant nothing lesse, than to performe the
+[Sidenote: When the promise was made by king Edward to make duke
+William his heire.]
+promise made vnto duke William, as to adopt him his heire, which
+promise should seeme to be made in time or his banishment, when he
+stood in need of friendship; as the maner of men in such cases is, to
+promise much, how so euer they intend to fulfill. But rather it maie
+be thought, that king Edward had made no such promise at all, but
+perceiued the ambitious desire of duke William, and therefore would
+not that anie occasion should be ministred unto him to take hold of.
+Wherefore, he was loth that Harold should go ouer vnto him, least that
+might happen, which happened in deed.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._ _Matth. West._ _Fabian_.
+Falling out between brethren. The cruell dealing of earle Tostie.]
+In the foure and twentieth and last yeere of king Edward his
+reigne, or therabout, there fell variance betwixt the two brethren,
+earle Harold and earle Tostie at Windsor, where the court then lay, in
+so much that earle Harold caught Tostie by the haire of the head in
+the kings presence, and stroke him. Heervpon, Tostie departing from
+the court in great anger, came to Hereford in the marches of Wales,
+where Harolds seruants were preparing for the kings comming to their
+maisters house, which seruants he tooke and slue, chopping them in
+peeces, and threw into this hogshead of wine a leg, into that barrell
+of sider an arme, into this vessell of ale an head: and so into the
+lomes of meth and tubs of brine and other liquor he bestowed the parts
+of the dead carcasses of his brothers seruants, sending the king woord
+that he had prouided at his brothers manor, against his coming, good
+plentie of sowse & powdred meat, whatsoeuer he should find beside.
+
+The rumor of this cruell deed sprang ouer all the realme, wherevpon
+the Northumbers, whome he had gouerned for the space of ten yeeres
+verie cruellie, tooke occasion to rebell against him, and slue his
+[Sidenote: The Northumbers rebell against Tostie their earle.]
+seruants both Englishmen and Danes, spoiled his houses, and tooke
+awaie his horsses, his armour, and all other his goods and houshold
+stuffe. The chiefest cause (as is remembred by some writers) that
+mooued the Northumbers thus to rise and rebell against Tostie, was
+for the detestable murther of certeine gentlemen of their countrie,
+seruants unto Gospatrike, whom the queene in behalfe of hir brother
+had caused to be slaine in the court by treason, in the fourth night
+of Christmas last past, and also in reuenge of other noble men, which
+in the last yeere Tostie himselfe had commanded to be murthered in
+his owne chamber at Yorke, whither he had allured them to come vnder
+colour of concluding a peace with them. Also the greeuous paiments,
+wherewith he charged the people of that countrie, set them in a great
+rage against him.
+
+But the king aduertised heereof, liked not their dooings, for that
+they had doone it without commandement or commission, and therefore
+sent earle Harold with an armie to chastise them, but they were
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._]
+strong inough to withstand him, as those which were assembled in
+armour togither with the people of Lincolnshire, Notinghamshire, and
+Darbishire, and hauing with them Marcharus or Malcharus, the sonne of
+earle Algar, were come as farre as Northhampton, doing much hurt in
+the parts therabouts. Howbeit to haue the kings peace, they offered to
+returne home, so that they might haue an other earle appointed them,
+for that they plainlie protested, that they being freemen, borne and
+bred out of bondage, might not suffer anie cruell gouernor to rule
+ouer them, being taught by their ancestors, either to liue in
+libertie, or to die in defense thereof. If therefore it might please
+the king to assigne Marcharus the son of earle Algar to be their
+ruler, he should see how obedient subiects they would prooue & shew
+themselues to be, when they should be vsed after a reasonable and
+courteous manner. All things considered, their request seemed
+[Sidenote: Marcharus made earle of Northumberland.]
+reasonable, or at least it was thought necessarie that it should
+be granted. And so was Marcharus or Malcherus made earle of
+Northumberland. Tostie in great displeasure with his wife and children
+sailed ouer into Flanders, and there remained till after the deceasse
+of king Edward.
+
+[Sidenote: K. Edward departed this life. _Simon Dun._]
+Finallie, after that this courteous prince king Edward had reigned
+three and twentie yeeres, seuen moneths, and od daies, he departed
+this life at London the fourth of Ianuarie, and was buried in the
+church of Westminster, which he had in his life time roiallie repared,
+after such a statelie sort as few churches in those daies were like
+[Sidenote: K. Edvard his maners and disposition of mind described.]
+therevnto within this realme, so that afterwards the same was a
+paterne for other to be built after the same forme. This Edward was
+a prince of such a vertuous disposition of mind, that his fame of
+holinesse sprang ouer all. He abhorred warres and shedding of bloud,
+in so much that when he liued as a banished man in Normandie, he had
+this saieng oftentimes in his mouth, that he had rather liue a priuate
+life for euer, than to obteine the kingdome by the slaughter and death
+of anie man. He could not abide to haue the people oppressed with
+tributes or exactions, in so much that he caused the paiement called
+Danegilt (which had continued for the space almost of fortie yeeres)
+to ceasse. It hath beene said, that when the collectors of this
+monies or some other subsidie, had got an huge quantitie of treasure
+[Sidenote: A diuell fetching gambols.]
+togither, they brought it vnto him, and laid it altogither vpon an
+heape, so to delight his eies: but he declaring that he saw a diuell
+plaieng and fetching gambols about that heape of monie, commanded that
+it should be had awaie, and restored againe to them of whome it was
+leauied.
+
+In diet and apparell he was spare and nothing sumptuous: and although
+on high feasts he ware rich apparell, as became the maiestie of his
+roiall personage; yet he shewed no proud nor loftie countenance,
+rather praising God for his bountifull goodnesse towards him extended,
+than esteeming heerein the vaine pompe of the world. The pleasure
+that he tooke chieflie in this world for the refreshing of his wits,
+consisted onelie in hawking and hunting, which exercises he dailie
+vsed, after he had first beene in the church at diuine seruice.
+In other things he seemed wholie giuen to a deuout trade of life,
+charitable to the poore, and verie liberall, namelie to hospitals and
+houses of religion in the parties of beyond the sea, wishing euer that
+the moonks and religious persons of his realme would haue followed the
+vertue and holinesse of life vsed amongst them of forren parties. As
+hath beene thought he was inspired with the gift of prophesie, and
+also to haue had the gift of healing infirmities and diseases. He vsed
+to helpe those that were vexed with the disease, commonlie called the
+kings euill, and left that vertue as it were a portion of inheritance
+vnto his successors the kings of this realme.
+
+[Sidenote: A tale of a ring.]
+He was warned (as hath beene reported) of his death certeine daies
+before he died, by a ring that was brought him by certeine pilgrims
+comming from Hierusalem, which ring he had secretlie giuen to a poore
+man that asked his charitie in the name of God and saint Iohn the
+[Sidenote: King Edward canonized for a saint. _Wil. Malms._
+_Matt. Westm._]
+Euangelist. But to conclude, such was the opinion conceiued of his
+holinesse of life, that shortlie after his decease, he was canonized
+amongst the number of saints, and named Edward the Confessor. Whilest
+he lay sicke of that sicknesse, whereof at length he died, after he
+had remained for two daies speechlesse, the third day after when he
+had laine for a time in a slumber or soft sleepe, at the time of
+his waking, he fetched a deepe sigh, and thus said; "Oh Lord God
+almightie, if this be not a vaine fantasticall illusion, but a true
+vision which I haue seene, grant me space to vtter the same vnto these
+that stand heere present, or else not." And herewith hauing his speech
+perfect, he declared how he had seene two moonks stand by him as he
+thought, whome in his youth he knew in Normandie to haue liued godlie,
+and died christianlie. "These moonks (said he) protesting to me that
+they were the messengers of God, spake these words; Bicause the cheefe
+gouernors of England, the bishops and abbats, are not the ministers of
+God, but the diuels, the almightie God hath deliuered this kingdome
+for one yeere and a day into the hands of the enimie, and wicked
+spirits shall walke abroad through the whole land. And when I made
+answer that I would declare these things to the people, and promised
+on their behalfe, that they should doo penance in following the
+example of the Niniuites: they said againe, that it would not be, for
+neither should the people repent, nor God take anie pitie vpon them.
+And when is there hope to haue an end of these miseries said I? Then
+said they; When a grene tree is cut in sunder in the middle, and
+the part cut off is caried three acres bredth from the stocke, and
+returning againe to the stoale, shall ioine therewith, and begin
+to bud & beare fruit after the former maner, by reason of the sap
+renewing the accustomed nourishment; then (I say) may there be hope
+that such euils shall ceasse and diminish." ¶ With which words of
+the king, though some other that stood by were brought in feare, yet
+archbishop Stigand made but a ieast thereof, saieng, that the old
+man raued now in his sickenesse, as men of great yeeres vse to doo.
+Neuerthelesse the truth of this prophesie afterwards too plainlie
+appeared, when England became the habitation of new strangers, in such
+wise, that there was neither gouernor, bishop, nor abbat remaining
+therein of the English nation. But now to make an end with king
+Edward, he was of person comelie, & of an indifferent stature, of
+white haire, both head and beard, of face ruddie, and in all parts of
+his bodie faire skinned, with due state and proportion of lims as was
+thereto conuenient. In the yeere before the death of king Edward, a
+blasing starre appeared, the which when a moonke of Malmesburie
+named Eilmer beheld, he vttered these words (as it were by way of
+prophesieng:) Thou art come (saith he) thou art come, much to be
+lamented of manie a mother: it is long agone sith I saw thee, but now
+I doo behold thee the more terrible, threatening destruction to this
+countrie by thy dreadfull appearance. In the person of king Edward
+ceased by his death the noble progenie of the Westsaxon kings, which
+had continued from the first yeare of the reigne of Cerdike or
+Cerdicius, the space of 547 yeeres complet. And from Egbert 266
+yeeres.
+
+Moreouer, sith the progenie of the Saxon kings seemeth wholie to take
+end with this Edward surnamed the Confessor, or the third of that name
+before the conquest, we haue thought good for the better helpe of
+memorie to referre the reader to a catalog of the names as well of
+those that reigned among the Westsaxons (who at length, as ye haue
+heard, obteined the whole monarchie) as also of them which ruled in
+the other seuen kingdomes before the same were vnited vnto the said
+kingdome of the Westsaxons, which catalog you shall find in the
+description of Britaine, pag. 31, 32, 33.
+
+Here is to be remembred, that as partlie before is expressed, we find
+[Sidenote: _Matt. West._]
+in some old writers, how the first kings of seuen kingdomes of the
+Germane nation that bare rule in this Ile, fetcht their pedegrees from
+one Woden, who begat of Frea his wife seuen sonnes, that is to say, 1
+Vecta, of whome came the kings of Kent, 2 Fethelgeta, or Frethegeath,
+from whome the kings of Mercia descended, 3 Balday, of whose race the
+kings of the Westsaxons had their originall, 4 Beldagius, ancestor to
+the kings of Bernicia, and the Northumbers, 5 Wegodach or Wegdagus,
+from whome came the kings of Deira, 6 Caser, from whome proceeded the
+kings of the Eastangles, 7 Nascad alias Saxuad, of whome the kings
+of the Eastsaxons had their beginning. And here you must note, that
+although the kings of the eight kingdome, that is, of the Southsaxons
+or Sussex, were descended of the same people, yet were they not of the
+same line. By other it should seeme, that Woden had but fiue sonnes:
+as Vecta, great grandfather to Hengist; Wepedeg, ancestor to the kings
+of the Eastangles; Viclac, from whome proceeded the kings of Mercia;
+Saxuad, from whom the kings of Essex came; and Beldag, of whose
+generation proceeded the kings of the Southsaxons, Westsaxons, and
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ _Io. Textor_.]
+the Northumbers. Moreouer, there be that bring the genealogie from
+Noe to Noah, the sonne of Lamech, which Noe was the 9 in descent from
+Adam, and Woden the 15 from Noe, as you shall find in the historie of
+England, lib. 6. pag. 663. Noe was the father to Sem the father of
+Bedwi, the father of Wala, the father of Hatria or Hathra, the father
+of Itermod, the father of Heremod, the father of Sheaf or Seaf, the
+father of Seldoa or Sceldua, the father of Beatu or Beau, the father
+of Teathwij alias Tadwa or Teathwy, the father of Geta, reputed for a
+god among the gentiles, the father of Fingodulph otherwise Godulph,
+the father of Fritwolfe otherwise Friuin, the father of Freolaf alias
+Freolater, the father of Frethwold or Friderwald, the father of the
+aforenamed Woden or Othen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_The peeres are in doubt to whome the rule of the land should be
+committed, why they durst not that Edgar Edeling should vndertake it
+though he was interested to the same, how William duke of Normandie
+pretended a right to the crowne, Harold the sonne of earle Goodwine
+crowned, proclaimed, and consecrated king; his subtill and adulatorie
+meanes to win the peoples fauour; duke William sendeth ambassadors to
+Harold to put him in mind of a promise passed to the said duke for his
+furtherance to obteine the crowne; Harolds negatiue answer to the said
+ambassage, as also to the marieng of the dukes daughter which was
+Harolds owne voluntarie motion; he prouideth against the inuasions of
+the enimie as one doubting afterclaps, a blasing starre of seuen daies
+continuance._
+
+THE EIGHT CHAPTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: HAROLD. K. Edward departed this life. An. Christi.]
+King Edward being thus departed this life, the peeres of the land
+were in great doubt & perplexitie to whome they might best commit the
+roiall gouernement of the realme.
+[Sidenote: 1065, after the account of the church of England.
+_Matth. West._ _Polydor_. Edeling, that is, a noble man,
+and such one as is come of the kings blood.]
+For there was not anie among them that had iust title thereto, or
+able and apt to take the charge vpon him. For although Edgar surnamed
+Edeling, the sonne of Edward the outlaw, that was sonne of Edmund
+Ironside, was at the same time latelie come into England, with his
+mother and sisters out of Hungarie where he was borne: yet for that he
+was but a child, & not of sufficient age to beare rule, they durst not
+as then commit the gouernement of the realme vnto him, least (as some
+haue thought) his tendernesse of age might first breed a contempt of
+his person, and therewith minister occasion to ciuill discord, wherby
+a shipwracke of the estate might ensue, to the great annoie and
+present ouerthrow of such as then liued in the same. But what
+consideration soeuer they had in this behalfe, they ought not to haue
+defrauded the yoong gentleman of his lawfull right to the crowne. For
+as we haue heard and seene, God, whose prouidence and mightie power is
+shewed by ouerthrowing of high and mightie things now and then, by the
+weake and feeble hath gouerned states and kingdomes oftentimes in as
+good quiet and princelie policie by a child, as by men of age and
+great discretion.
+
+But to the purpose, beside the doubt which rested among the lords, how
+to bestow the crowne, the manifold and strange woonders, which, were
+seene and heard in those daies, betokening (as men thought) some
+change to be at hand in the state of the realme, made the lords
+afraid, and namelie bicause they stood in great doubt of William duke
+of Normandie, who pretended a right to the crowne, as lawfull heire
+appointed by king Edward, for that he was kin to him in the
+[Sidenote: Dukes of Normandie.]
+second and third degree. For Richard the first of that name duke of
+Normandie, begot Richard the second, and Emma; which Emma bare Edward
+by hir husband Ethelred. Richard the second had also issue Richard
+the third, and Robert, which Robert by a concubine had issue William,
+surnamed the bastard, that was now duke of Normandie, and after the
+death of his coosine king Edward, made claime (as is said) to the
+crowne of England.
+
+Whilest the lords were thus studieng and consulting what should be
+[Sidenote: Harold proclaimed king of England.]
+best for them to doo in these doubts, Harold, the son of Goodwine
+earle of Kent, proclaimed himselfe king of England: the people being
+not much offended therewith, bicause of the great confidence and
+opinion which they had latelie conceiued of his valiancie. Some write
+[Sidenote: Edmerus.]
+(among whome Edmerus is one) how king Edward ordeined before his
+death, that Harold should succeed him as heire to the crowne, and
+that therevpon the lords immediatlie after the said Edwards deceasse,
+crowned Harold for their king, and so he was consecrated by Aldred
+archbishop of Yorke, according to the custom and maner of the former
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._]
+kings, or (as other affirme) he set the crowne on his owne head
+without anie the accustomed ceremonies, in the yeere after the birth
+of our sauiour 1066, or in the yeere of Christ 1065, after the account
+of the church of England (as before is noted.)
+
+But how and whensoeuer he came to the seat roiall of this kingdome,
+certeine it is, that this Harold in the begining of his reigne,
+considering with himselfe how and in what sort he had taken vpon him
+the rule of the kingdome, rather by intrusion than by anie lawfull
+[Sidenote: Harold seeketh to win the peoples hearts. _Sim. Dunel._]
+right, studied by all meanes which way to win the peoples fauour, and
+omitted no occasion whereby he might shew anie token of bountious
+liberalitie, gentlenesse and courteous behauiour towards them. The
+greeuous customes also and taxes which his predecessors had raised, he
+either abolished or diminished: the ordinarie wages of his seruants
+and men of warre he increased, and further shewed himselfe verie well
+bent to all vertue and goodnesse, whereby he purchased no small fauor
+among such as were his subiects.
+
+[Sidenote: An ambassage from Normandie.]
+Whilest Harold went about thus to steale the peoples good willes,
+there came ouer vnlooked for sundrie ambassadours from William the
+bastard duke of Normandie, with commission to require him to remember
+his oth sometime made to the said William in the time of his
+extremitie, which was, that he the said Harold should aid him in the
+obteining of the crowne of England, if king Edward should happen to
+die without issue. This couenant he made (as it is supposed) in king
+Edwards daies, when (by licence of the same Edward, or rather (as
+Edmerus writeth) against his will) he went ouer into Normandie to
+visit his brethren, which laie there as pledges.
+
+[Sidenote: K. Harolds answer.]
+Howbeit at this present, Harolds answer to the said ambassadors
+was, that he would be readie to gratifie the duke in all that he could
+demand, so that he would not aske the realme, which alreadie he
+[Sidenote: _Eadmerus_.]
+had in his full possession. And further he declared vnto them (as some
+write) that as for the oth which he had made in times past vnto duke
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._]
+William, the same was but a constreined & no voluntarie oth, which
+in law is nothing; since thereby he tooke vpon him to grant that which
+was not in his power to giue, he being but a subiect whilest king
+Edward was liuing. For if a promised vow or oth which a maid maketh
+concerning the bestowing of hir bodie in hir fathers house, without
+his consent, is made void; much more an oth by him made that was
+a subiect, and vnder the rule of a king, without his souereignes
+consent, ought to be void and of no value. He alledged moreouer, that
+as for him to take an oth to deliuer the inheritance of anie realme
+without the generall consent of the estates of the same, could not be
+other than a great peece of presumption, yea although he might haue
+iust title therevnto; so it was an vnreasonable request of the duke
+at this present to will him to renounce the kingdome, the gouernance
+whereof he had alreadie taken vpon him, with so great fauor and good
+liking of all men.
+
+[Sidenote: Duke William eftsoones sendeth to king Harold.]
+Duke William hauing receiued this answer, and nothing liking
+thereof, sent once againe to Harold, requiring him then at the
+least-wise, that he would take his daughter to wife, according to his
+former promise; in refusing whereof he could make no sound allegation,
+bicause it was a thing of his owne motion, and in his absolute power,
+both to grant and to performe. But Harold being of a stout courage,
+with proud countenance frowned vpon the Norman ambassadors, and
+declared to them that his mind was nothing bent as then to yeeld
+therevnto in any maner of wise. And so with other talke tending to
+the like effect he sent them away without anie further answer. The
+daughter of duke William whome Harold should haue maried, was named
+Adeliza, as Gemeticensis saith, and with hir (as the same author
+[Sidenote: _Gemeticensis_.]
+writeth) it was couenanted by duke William, that Harold should inioy
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._]
+halfe the realme in name of hir dower. Howbeit some write that
+this daughter of duke William was departed this life before the
+comming of these ambassadors, and that Harold therevpon thought
+himselfe discharged of the oth and couenants made to duke William, and
+therefore sent them away with such an vntoward answer.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_.]
+But howsoeuer it was, after the departure of these ambassadors,
+king Harold (doubting what would insue) caused his ships to be newlie
+rigged, his men of warre to be mustered, and speedilie put in a
+readinesse, to the end that if anie sudden inuasion should be made and
+attempted by his enimie, he might be able to resist them. ¶ About the
+same time also, and vpon the 24 of Aprill (whilest Harold was making
+prouision to withstand the Norman force) there appeared a blasing
+starre, which was seene not onelie here in England, but also in other
+parts of the world, and continued the space of seuen daies. This
+[Sidenote: _Rog. Houed._ _Simon Dun._]
+blasing starre might be a prediction of mischeefe imminent &
+hanging ouer Harolds head; for they neuer appeare but as prognosticats
+of afterclaps. To be resolutelie instructed herein, doo but peruse a
+treatise intituled; A doctrine generall of comets or blasing starres
+published by a bishop of Mentz in Latine, and set foorth in English by
+Abraham Fleming vpon the apparition of a blasing starre seene in the
+southwest, on the 10 of Nouember 1577, and dedicated to the right
+worshipfull sir William Cordell knight, then maister of hir maiesties
+rolles, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_Earle Tostie afflicteth his brother Harold on sea and land, he taketh
+the repulse, and persuadeth Harfager king of Norweie to attempt the
+conquest of England against Harold, Harfager & Tostie with their
+powers arriue at Humber, they fight with the Northumbers vnder the
+conduct of Edwine and Marchar, and discomfit them; Harold leuieth
+an armie against them, the rare valiantnes of a Norwegian souldior;
+Harfager and Tostie slaine in battell; the Norwegians are foiled and
+flie; Harolds vnequall and parciall dividing of the spoile, he goeth
+to Yorke to reforms things amisse._
+
+THE NINTH CHAPTER.
+
+
+Whilest Harold desirous to reteine, and verie loth to let go his
+vsurped roialtie, had crackt his credit with the duke of Normandie,
+and by his lewd reuolting from voluntarie promises ratified with
+solemne othes, had also kindled the fire of the dukes furie against
+him; it came to passe, that the proud and presumptuous man was (to
+[Sidenote: Tostie seekes to disquiets his brother.]
+begin withall) vexed in his owne flesh, I meane his owne kinred.
+For Tostie the brother of king Harold (who in the daies of king
+Edward for his crueltie had beene chased out of the realme by the
+Northumbers) returning out of Flanders, assembled a nauie of ships
+from diuers parts to the number of 60, with the which he arriued in
+[Sidenote: _Matt. West._ saith but 40. _Polydor_. _Ran Higd._
+_Sim. Dun._]
+the Ile of Wight, & there spoiled the countrie, and afterward sailing
+about by the coasts of Kent, he tooke sundrie preies their[a] also, and
+came at the last to Sandwich: so that Harold was now constreined to
+appoint the nauie which he had prepared against the Normans, to go
+against his brother earle Tostie. Whereof the said Tostie being
+aduertised, drew towards Lindsey in Lincolnshire, and there taking
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ Tosties repelled. _Polydor_. _Ran. Higd._]
+land did much hurt in the countrie, both with sword and fire, till
+at length Edwine earle of Mercia, and Marchar earle of Northumberland,
+aided with the kings nauie, chased him from thence, and caused him to
+flie into Scotland, not without some losse both of his men and ships.
+
+This trouble was scarse quieted, but streightwaies another came in
+the necke thereof, farre more dangerous than the first. For Tostie,
+perceiuing that he could get no aid in Scotland to make anie
+[Sidenote: Harold Harfager king of Norweie.]
+acccount of, sailed forth into Norweie, and there persuaded Harold
+Harfager king of that realme, to saile with an armie into England,
+persuading him that by meanes of ciuill dissention latelie kindled
+betwixt the king and his lords (which was not so) it should be an
+easie matter for him to make a conquest of the whole realme, and
+reigne ouer them as his predecessors had done before. Some authors
+affirme, that Harold king of Norwey tooke this enterprise in hand
+[Sidenote: _Matt. West._ _Simon Dun._]
+of his owne mind, and not by procurement of Tostie, saieng, that
+Tostie meeting with him in Scotland, did persuade him to go forward
+in his purposed busines, and that the said Harold Harfager with all
+conuenient speed passed foorth, & with a nauie of 300 saile entered
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._ saith 500.]
+into the riuer of Tine, where after he had rested a few daies to
+refresh his people, earle Tostie came also with his power (according
+to an appointment which should be made betweene them.) They ad
+furthermore, that they sailed forth alongst the coast, till they
+[Sidenote: The Norwegians arriue in Humber. Richall. _Hen. Hunt._]
+arriued in the mouth of Humber, & then drawing vp against the streame
+of the riuer Owse, they landed at length at a place called Richhall,
+from whence they set forward to inuade the countrie, & neere vnto
+Yorke on the northside of the citie, they fought with the power of the
+[Sidenote: The English men discomfited.]
+Northumbers, which was led by the earls Edwine and Marchar (two
+brethren) and there discomfited and chased them into the citie, with
+great slaughter and bloudshed.
+
+[Sidenote: This battell was fought on the even of S. Mattew the
+apostle, as saith _Si. Dun._]
+Harold king of England being aduertised of this chance, made the
+more hast forward (for he was alreadie in the field with his armie,
+intending also to come towards his enimies) so that vpon the fift day
+after he came to Stamford bridge, finding there the said king Harfager
+and Tostie readie imbattelled, he first assailed those that kept the
+bridge, where (as some writers affirme) a Norwegian souldier with
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Hen. Hunt._ _Matt. West._]
+his axe defended the passage, mauger the whole host of the Englishmen,
+and slue fortie of them or more with his axe, & might not be ouercome,
+till an Englishman went with a boat vnder the said bridge, and through
+an hole thereof thrust him vp into the bodie with his speare: yet
+Matt. West, saith that he was slaine with a dart which one of king
+Harold his seruants threw at him, & so ended his life. Which bridge
+[Sidenote: The Norwegians discomfited.]
+being woone, the whole host of the Englishmen passed ouer, and
+ioined with their enimies, and after a verie great and sore battell
+put them all to flight.
+
+[Sidenote: The king of Norwaie and Tostie slaine.]
+In this conflict Harold Harfager king of the Norwegians was
+slaine, & so was Tostie the king of England his brother, besides a
+great number of other, as well in the battell as in the chase: neither
+did the Englishmen escape all free, for the Norwegians fought it out a
+[Sidenote: This battell was fought on the 25 of September as saith
+_Si. Dun._]
+long time verie stoutlie, beating downe and killing great numbers
+of such as assailed them with great courage and assurance. The residue
+of the Norwegians that were left to keepe their ships vnder the
+guiding of Olaue sonne to the king of Norwaie, and Paule earle of
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._]
+Orkneie, after they vnderstood by their fellowes that escaped from
+the field, how the mater went with Harfager and Tostie, they hoised vp
+their sailes and directed their course homewards, bearing sorowfull
+newes with them into their countrie, of the losse of their king and
+[Sidenote: _Simon Dun._]
+ouerthrow of all his people. Some write, that the king of England
+permitted them franklie to depart with 20 ships, hauing first caused
+them to deliuer such hostages as they had receiued of the citizens
+of Yorke. Harold reioising in that he had atteined so glorious a
+victorie, and being now surprised with pride and couetousnesse
+togither, he diuided the spoile of the field nothing equallie, but
+[Sidenote: _M. West._ Vnequall diuiding of the spoile.]
+to such as he fauored he distributed liberallie, and to other (though
+they had much better deserued) he gaue nothing at all, reteining still
+the best part of all to himselfe, by reason whereof he lost the fauor
+of manie of his men, who for this his discourtesie, did not a little
+alienate their good willes from him. This doone, he repaired to
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._]
+Yorke, and there staied for a time to reforme the disordered state
+of the countrie, which by reason of these warres was greatlie out of
+frame.
+
+¶ But Harold being more presumptuous and foole-hardie, than prouident
+and wise in his enterprise; bending all his force to redresse
+enormities in those quarters of Yorkeshire (much like vnto him, whom
+the Comediographer marketh for a foole, "Ea tantum quae ad pedes iacent
+contemplans, non autem ventura praeuidens") neglected the kinglie care
+which he should haue had of other parts of his realme, from the which
+he had withdrawen himselfe, and (as it is likelie) had not left
+sufficientlie prouided of a conuenient vicegerent to gouerne the same
+by his warranted authoritie, and such fortifications as might expell
+and withstand the enimie. Which want of foresight gaue occasion to the
+enimie to attempt an inuasion of the English coasts, as in the next
+chapt. shall be shewed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_William duke of Normandie prepareth to inuade England and to conquere
+it, the earle of Flanders and the French king assist him, the number
+of his ships, hir arriuall at Peuensey in Sussex, vpon what occasions
+he entred this realme; the pope liked well duke Williams attempt, why
+king Harold was hated of the whole court of Rome; why duke William
+would not suffer his souldiers to wast the countries where they came;
+Harold goeth towards his enimies, why his vnskilfull espials tooke the
+Normans (being old beaten souldiers) for priests; Girth dissuadeth his
+brother Harold from present incountering with the duke; where note
+the conscience that is to be had of an oth, and that periurie can not
+scape vnpunished._
+
+THE TENTH CHAPTER.
+
+
+William duke of Normandie hauing knowledge after what maner K. Harold
+was busied in the north parts of his realme, and vnderstanding that
+the south parts thereof remained destitute of due prouision for
+necessarie defense, hasted with all diligence to make his purueiance
+of men and ships, that he might vpon such a conuenient occasion set
+forward to inuade his enimie. And amongest other of his friends, vnto
+whome he laboured for aid, his father in law Baldwine earle of
+[Sidenote: _Ia. Meir_. Baldwine earle of Flanders aided duke William
+to conquere England. _Wil. Geme._]
+Flanders was one of the chiefest, who vpon promise of great summes of
+monie and other large offers made, did aid him with men, munition,
+ships, and victuals, verie freelie. The French king also did as
+much for his part as laie in him to helpe forwards this so high an
+enterprise. Wherefore when all things were now in a readinesse, he
+came to the towne of S. Valerie, where he had assembled togither an
+huge nauie of ships, to the number (as some authors affirme) of
+[Sidenote: The chronicles of Normandie haue 896 ships.]
+three hundred saile; and when he had taried there a long time for a
+conuenient wind, at length it came about euen as he himselfe desired.
+Then shipping his armie which consisted of Normans, Flemings,
+Frenchmen, and Britains, with all expedition he tooke the sea, and
+[Sidenote: Duke William landed at Peuensey, now Pemsey.]
+directing his course towards England, he finallie landed at a place in
+Sussex, ancientlie called Peuensey, on the 28 day of September, where
+he did set his men on land, & prouided all things necessarie to
+incourage and refresh them.
+
+At his going out of his ship vnto the shore, one of his feet slipped
+as he stepped forward, but the other stacke fast in the sand: the
+which so soone as one of his knights had espied, and seeing his hand
+wherevpon he staied full of earth, when he rose, he spake alowd and
+said: "Now sir duke, thou hast the soile of England fast in thy hand,
+& shalt of a duke yer long become a king." The duke hearing this tale,
+laughed merilie thereat, and comming on land, by and by he made his
+proclamation, declaring vpon what occasion he had thus entered the
+realme.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._]
+
+[Sidenote: 1]
+The first and principall cause which he alleged, was for to
+chalenge his right, meaning the dominion of the land that to him was
+giuen and assigned (as he said) by his nephue king Edward late ruler
+of the same land.
+
+[Sidenote: 2]
+The second was, to reuenge the death of his nephue Alured or
+Alfred the brother of the same king Edward, whome Goodwine earle of
+Kent and his adherents had most cruellie murthered.
+
+[Sidenote: 3]
+The third was to be reuenged of the wrong doone vnto Robert
+archbishop of Canturburie, who (as he was informed) was exiled by the
+meanes and labor of Harold in the daies of king Edward.
+
+Wherein we haue to note, that whether it were for displeasure that the
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Lamb._ The pope fauored duke Williams enterprise.]
+pope had sometime conceiued for the wrong doone to the archbishop,
+or at the onlie sute of duke William, certeine it is that the pope, as
+then named Alexander the second, fauored this enterprise of the duke,
+and in token thereof sent him a white banner, which he willed him to
+set vp in the decke of the ship, wherein he himselfe should saile.
+In deed (as writers report) the pope with his cardinals, and all the
+whole court of Rome had king Harold euer in great hatred and disdaine,
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._]
+because he had taken vpon him the crowne without their consent,
+or anie ecclesiasticall solemnitie or agreement of the bishops. And
+although the pope and his brethren the said cardinals dissembled
+the matter for the time, yet now beholding to what end his bold
+presumption was like to come, with frowning fortune they shewed
+themselues open aduersaries, inclining streightwaies to the stronger
+part, after the manner of couetous persons, or rather of the reed
+shaken with a sudden puffe of wind.
+
+[Sidenote: _Gemeticensis_.]
+Duke William at his first landing at Peuensey or Pemsey (whether
+you will) fortified a peece of ground with strong trenches, and
+leauing therein a competent number of men of warre to keepe the same,
+he sped him toward Hastings, and comming thither, he built an other
+fortresse there with all speed possible, without suffering his
+souldiers to rob or harrie the countrie adioining, saieng that it
+should be great follie for him to spoile that people, which yer
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._]
+manie daies to come were like to be his subiects. K. Harold being as
+yet in the north parts, and hearing that duke William was thus landed
+in England, sped him southward, and gathering his people togither
+out of the countries as he went forwards, at length came neere his
+enimies: and sending espials into their campe to vnderstand of what
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._]
+strength they were; the vnskilfull messengers regarding smallie
+their charge, brought woord againe of nothing else, but that all
+[Sidenote: Normans berds shauen. _Wil. Malm._ _Hen. Marle._]
+duke Williams souldiers were priests. For the Normans had at that time
+their vpper lips and cheekes shauen, whereas the Englishmen vsed to
+suffer the haire of their vpper lips to grow at length. But Harold
+answered, that they were not priests, but wether-beaten and hardie
+souldiers, and such as were like to abide well by their capteine.
+
+[Sidenote: Girth would not haue his brother king Harold fight himselfe.
+_Gemeticensis_.]
+In the meane season, Girth one of Harolds yoonger brethren
+(considering that periurie is neuer left vnpunished) aduised his
+brother not to aduenture himselfe at this present in the battell, for
+so much as he had beene sometime sworne to duke William, but rather to
+suffer him and other of the nobilitie to incounter with the said duke,
+that were not bound to him by former oth, or otherwise: but Harold
+answered that he was free from anie such oth, and that in defense
+of his countrie he would fight boldly with him as with his greatest
+enimie. ¶ Where (by the waie) would be noted the conscience which
+Girth a yoonger brother made of an oth, not concerning himselfe
+directlie, but his elder brother Harold, who had sworne the same;
+meaning nothing lesse than the performance therof, as the sequele of
+his dooings to his discredit and vndooing euidentlie declared, which
+euents might seeme countable to him as due punishments and deserued
+plagues inflicted vpon him and others, for his sake; sith he made no
+reckoning of violating a vow ratified with an oth to a prince of
+no small puissance, who afterwards became a whip vnto him for his
+periurie; a sinne detested of the heathen, and whereof the poet
+notablie speaketh, saieng:
+[Sidenote: _Tibul, lib. 1_.]
+
+  Ah miser, & si quis primo periuria celat,
+  Sera tamen tacitis poena venit pedibus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_After peace offered & refused on each side, both armies meete in the
+field, the order of the Englishmens attire & araie, the maner how the
+Normans were placed to fight in battell; the dissolute and droonken
+behauior of the Englishmen the night before the incounter farre
+differing from the Normans deuout demenour; duke Williams speech vpon
+occasion of wrong putting on his armour, the battell betwixt him and
+king Harold is valiantlie tried, the English by duke Williams politike
+stratagem are deceiued, king Harold slaine, his armie put to flight
+and manie of them slaine after a long and bloudie incounter, manie
+of the Normans pursuing the English ouerhastilie procure their owne
+death, they take the spoile of the English, the dead bodies of both
+armies are licenced to be buried; the differing reports of writers
+touching the maner of Harolds death, a description of his person, his
+ambition did him much hurt and hinderance, the number that were slaine
+on both sides, his bodie buried at Waltham, nothing dispraisewoorthie
+in him but his ambitious mind, a view of his valiantnesse in a
+conflict against the Welshmen, his rigorous or rather pitilesse
+handling of them, his seuere law or decree touching their bounds, they
+are vtterlie subdued, and (by the kings leaue) the Welshwomen marrie
+with the Englishmen, the Saxon line ceasseth, how long it lasted, and
+how long it was discontinued by the inuasion of the Danes._
+
+THE ELEUENTH CHAPTER.
+
+
+[Sidenote: _Will. Malmes._]
+Now it fortuned that both armies, as well the kings as the earles,
+being prepared to battell, diuerse offers were made on each side
+(before they fell to the conflict) for an vnitie to haue beene had
+betwixt the two princes: but when no conditions of agreement could
+take place, they forthwith prepared themselues to trie the matter by
+dint of swoord. And so on the 14 day of October, being saturday,
+both hosts met in the field, at a place in Sussex not farre from
+[Sidenote: The order of the Englishmen.]
+Hastings, whereas the abbeie of Battell was afterward builded. The
+Englishmen were all brought into one entire maine batell on foot, with
+[Sidenote: _Matth. West._]
+huge axes in their hands, and paled a front with paueises, in such
+wise that it was thought vnpossible for the enimie to breake their
+arraie. On the other side, the Normans were diuided into seuerall
+[Sidenote: The arraie of the Normans.]
+battels, as first the footmen that were archers, and also those
+that bare gleiues and axes were placed in the forefront, and the
+horssemen diuided into wings stood on the sides in verie good order.
+
+[Sidenote: _Hen. Hunt._ _Will. Malmes._]
+All the night before the battell, the Englishmen made great noise
+and slept not, but sang and fell to drinking and making of reuell &
+pastime, as though there had beene no account to be made of the
+next daies trauell. But the Normans behaued themselues warilie and
+soberlie, spending all that night in praier and confessing their
+sinnes vnto God; and in the morning earelie they receiued the
+communion before they went foorth to the battell. Some write, that
+when duke William should put on his armour to go to the field, the
+backe halfe of his curasses by chance was set on before by such as
+holpe to arme him: at which chance he tooke occasion of laughter,
+saieng merrilie to them that stood by; "No force, this is good lucke,
+for the estate of my dukedome shall be yer night changed into a
+kingdome." Beside this, he spake manie comfortable woords vnto his
+men, to incourage them to the battell. Neither was Harold forgetfull
+in that point on his part. And so at conuenient time when both armies
+were readie, they made forward each to incounter with other, on the
+foresaid foureteenth day of October, with great force and assurance.
+
+[Sidenote: _Polydor_. The battell betwixt king Harold and duke
+William is begun.]
+In the beginning of the battell, the arrowes flue abroad freshlie
+on both sides, till they came to ioine at hand strokes, and then
+preassed each side vpon his counter part with swoords, axes, and other
+hand weapons verie egerlie. Duke William commanded his horssemen
+to giue the charge on the breasts of his enimies battels: but the
+Englishmen keeping themselues close togither without scattering,
+receiued their enimies vpon the points of their weapons with such
+fiercenesse and in such stiffe order, that manie of the Norman
+horssemen were ouerthrowne without recouerie, and slaine at the first
+brunt. When duke William perceiued this inconuenience (as he that well
+and throughlie vnderstood the skilfull points of warre as well as the
+best) he gaue a signe to his men (according to an order appointed
+[Sidenote: The policie of duke William to disorder his enimies.
+_H. Hunt._ _Wil. Malm._]
+before hand vpon anie such occasion) that they should giue backe,
+and make a countenance as though they did flee, which was quicklie
+doone by the Normans, and withall they imbattelled their footmen in a
+new order, so that their horssemen shifted themselues on the wings,
+readie to rescue the footmen if their arraie should happen to be
+disturbed.
+
+By this wilie stratagem and policie of warre, the Englishmen were
+deceiued: for they beholding the Normans somwhat shrinking backe to
+bring themselues into the aboue said order, thought verelie that they
+had fled, and therevpon meaning to pursue them before they should
+recouer their ground, they brake their arraie, and began to follow the
+chase: wherevpon the Normans (perceiuing now that all things came to
+passe as they desired) speedilie returned, and casting themselues
+togither quicklie into arraie, began to charge them againe afresh, and
+[Sidenote: A sore foughten battell. King Harold slaine.]
+so hauing them at that aduantage, they slue them downe on euerie
+side. The Englishmen on the other part fought sore, and though their
+king was beaten downe among them and slaine, yet were they loth to
+flee or giue ouer; so sharpe was the battell, that duke William
+himselfe had three horsses slaine vnder him that day, and not without
+great danger of his person.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Matth. West._]
+Some of the Englishmen got them to the height of an hill, and beate
+backe the Normans that forced themselues to win the hill of them, so
+that it was long yer the Normans could preuaile, being oftentimes
+driuen downe into the botome of the vallie beneath. At length the
+[Sidenote: The Englishmen put to flight.]
+Englishmen, perceiuing themselues to be ouermatched and beaten downe
+on euerie side, and therevnto greatlie discouraged with slaughter of
+their king, began first to giue ground, and after to scatter and to
+run away, so that well was he that might then escape by flight. When
+[Sidenote: _Chron. de bello_. _Wil. Geme._ The Normans fall
+into a ditch.]
+they had fought the most part of all that saturday, the Normans
+followed the chase with such eger rashnesse, that a great number
+of them falling with their horsses and armour into a blind ditch
+(shadowed with reed and sedges which grew therein) were smouldered and
+pressed to death, yer they could be succoured or get anie reliefe. The
+next day the Normans fell to gathering in the spoile of the field,
+burieng also the dead bodies of their people that were slaine at the
+battell, giuing licence in semblable manner to the Englishmen to doo
+[Sidenote: _Giral. Camb._]
+the like. Of the death of Harold diuerse report diuerslie, in so
+much that Girald Cambrensis saith, that after king Harold had receiued
+manie wounds, and lost his left eie, he fled from the field vnto the
+citie of Westchester, and liued there long after, an holie life, as an
+anchoret in the cell of S. James, fast by S. Johns church, and there
+made a godlie end. But the saieng of Girald Cambren. in that point
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _Hen. Hunt._ _Matth. West._]
+is not to be credited, bicause of the vnlikelihood of the thing
+it selfe, and also generall consent of other writers, who affirme
+vniuersallie that he was killed in the battell, first being striken
+thorough the left eie by the scull into the braine with an arrow,
+wherevpon falling from his horsse to the ground, he was slaine in
+[Sidenote: _Floriac._ _Simon Dun._]
+that place, after he had reigned nine moneths and nine daies, as
+Floriacensis dooth report. He was a man of a comelie stature, and of
+a hawtie courage, & albeit that for his valiancie he was highlie
+[Sidenote: _Henr. Hunt._ _Polydor_.]
+renowmed and honored of all men, yet through his pride and
+ambition he lost the harts of manie. There were slaine in this
+[Sidenote: The chronicles of Normandie haue of English men slaine
+67974, and of Normans 6013.]
+battell, besides king Harold and his two brethren, Girth and Leofrike,
+what on the one side and on the other, aboue twentie thousand men.
+
+The bodie of king Harold being found among other slaine in the field,
+was buried at Waltham, within the monasterie of the holie crosse which
+he before had founded, and indowed to the behoofe of such canons as
+he had placed there, with faire possessions. Verelie (as some old
+[Sidenote: _Ex 6. libro Polycraticon, side de nugis curialium_.
+_John Sarisb._]
+writers haue reported) there was nothing in this man to be in anie
+wise dispraised, if his ambitious mind could haue beene staied from
+coueting the kingdome, and that he could haue beene contented to
+haue liued as a subiect. Among other manifest proofes of his high
+valiancie, this is remembred of him, that being sent against the
+Welshmen (as before is partlie mentioned) knowing their readie
+nimblenesse in seruice, and how with their light armed men they were
+accustomed to annoie and distresse those that should assaile them, he
+likewise (to match them) prepared light armed men for the purpose, &
+so being furnished with such bands of nimble men and light souldiers,
+entered vpon the mounteins of Snowdon, and there remained amongst
+the enimies for the space of two yeeres. He sore afflicted the Welsh
+nation, tooke their kings, and sent their heads vnto the king that
+sent him about his businesse, and proceeding in such rigorous maner as
+might mooue the hearers to lament and pitie the case, he caused all
+the male kind that might be met with, to be miserablie slaine: and
+so with the edge of his swoord he brought the countrie to quiet, and
+withall made this lawe; that if anie Welshman from thencefoorth should
+presume to passe the limits ouer Offas ditch with anie weapon about
+him, he should lose his right hand. To conclude, by the valiant
+conduct of this chieftaine, the Welshmen were then so sore brought
+vnder, that in maner the whole nation might seeme to faile, and to be
+almost vtterlie destroied. And therefore by permission of the king
+of England, the Women of Wales ioined themselues in marriage with
+Englishmen. Finallie, heereby the bloud of the Saxons ceassed to
+reigne in England after they had continued possession of the same,
+from the first comming of Hengist, which was about the yeere of our
+Sauiour 450, or 449, vntill that present yeere of king Harolds death,
+[Sidenote: 1069.]
+which chanced in the yeere 1069. So that from the beginning of
+Hengist his reigne, vnto Harolds death, are reckoned 916 yeeres, or
+(after some) 617, as by the supputation of the time will easilie
+appeere. By all the which time there reigned kings of the Saxons bloud
+within this land, except that for the space of twentie yeeres and
+somewhat more, the Danes had the dominion of the realme in their
+possession: for there are reckoned from the beginning of K. Swaines
+reigne (which was the first Dane that gouerned England) vnto the last
+yeere of K. Hardicnute (the last Dane that ruled heere) 28 yeeres, in
+which meane space Egelred recouering the kingdome reigned 2 yeeres,
+then after him his sonne Edmund Ironside continued in the rule one
+yeere; so that the Danes had the whole possession of the land but 25
+yeeres in all. Touching this alteration, and others incident to this
+Iland, read a short aduertisement annexed (by waie of conclusion)
+to this historie, comprising a short summarie of the most notable
+conquests of this countrie one after an other, by distances of times
+successiuelie.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_The rule of this realme by Gods prouidence allotted to duke William,
+his descent from Rollo the first duke of Normandie downewards to his
+particular linage, he was base begotten vpon the bodie of Arlete duke
+Roberts concubine, a pleasant speech of hirs to duke Robert on a time
+when he was to haue the vse of hir person, a conclusion introductorie
+for the sequele of the chronicle from the said duke of Normandies
+coronation, &c: with a summarie of the notable conquests of this
+Iland._
+
+THE TWELFE CHAPTER.
+
+
+Now, forsomuch as it pleased God by his hid and secret iudgement so
+to dispose the realme of England, and in such wise, as that the
+gouernance thereof should fall after this maner into the hands of
+William duke of Normandie, I haue thought good before I enter further
+into this historie (being now come to the conquest of the realme, made
+by the foresaid duke of Normandie) to set downe his pedegree, thereby
+to shew how he descended from the first duke of that countrie, who was
+named Rollo, and after by receiving baptisme called Robert.
+
+The said Rollo or Rou, was sonne to a great lord in Denmarke called
+Guion, who hauing two sons, the said Rou and Gourin, and being
+appointed to depart the countrie, as the lots fell to him and other
+(according to the maner there vsed, in time when their people were
+increased to a greater number than the countrie was able to susteine)
+refused to obeie that order, and made warre there against the king,
+who yet in the end by practise found meanes to slea the foresaid
+Guion, and his sonne Gourin; so that Rou or Rollo, hauing thus lost
+his father and brother, was compelled to forsake the countrie, with
+all those that had holpe his father to make warre against the king.
+Thus driuen to seeke aduentures, at length he became a christian, and
+was created duke of Normandie, by gift of Charles king of France,
+surnamed le Simple, whose daughter the ladie Gilla he also maried: but
+she departing this life without issue, he maried Popee daughter to the
+earle of Bessin and Baileux, whome he had kept as his wife before he
+was baptised, and had by hir a sonne named William Longespee, and a
+daughter named Gerlota.
+
+William Longespee or Longaspata, had to wife the ladie Sporta,
+daughter to Hubert earle of Senlis, by whome he had issue Richard the
+second of that name duke of Normardie, who married the ladie Agnes,
+the daughter of Hugh le grand, earle of Paris, of whome no issue
+proceeded: but after hir deceasse, he maried to his second wife a
+gentlewoman named Gonnor, daughter to a knight of the Danish line,
+by whom he had three sonnes, Richard that was after duke of
+[Sidenote: Ye must note that there was one Richard duke of Normandie
+before Rollo.]
+Normandie, the third of that name, Robert and Mauger. He had also by
+hir three daughters, Agnes otherwise called Emma, married first to
+Egelred king of England, and after to K. Cnute: Helloie, otherwise
+Alix, bestowed vpon Geffrey earle of Britaine: and Mawd coupled in
+marriage with Euldes earle of Charters and Blais. Richard the third of
+that name maried Iudith, sister to Geffrey earle of Britaine, by whome
+he had issue three sonnes, Richard, Robert, and William, and as manie
+daughters: Alix, married to Reignold earle of Burgogne, Elenor married
+to Baldwine earle of Flanders; and the third died yoong, being
+affianced to Alfonse king of Nauarre. Their mother deceassed after she
+had beene married ten yeeres, and then duke Richard married secondlie
+the ladie Estric, sister to Cnute king of England and Denmarke, from
+whome he purchased to be diuorsed, and then married a gentlewoman
+called Pauie, by whome he had issue two sonnes, William earle of
+Arques, and Mauger archbishop of Rouen.
+
+Richard the fourth of that name, duke of Normandie, eldest sonne to
+Richard the third, died without issue, and then his brother Robert
+succeeded in the estate, which Robert begat vpon Arlete or Harleuina
+daughter to a burgesse of Felais, William surnamed the bastard,
+afterward duke of Normandie, and by conquest king of England. Of
+whose father duke Robert, & his paramour Arlete, take this pleasant
+remembrance for a refection after the perusing of the former sad and
+sober discourses.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm. lib. 3. cap. 1_. _Ranulph. lib. 6. cap. 19_.]
+In the yeere of Christ 1030, Robert, the second sonne of Richard
+the second duke of Normandie, and brother to Richard the third duke
+of that name there hauing with great honour and wisedome gouerned his
+dukedome seuen yeeres, for performance of a penance that he had set to
+himselfe, appointed a pilgrimage to Jerusalem; leauing behind him this
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm. lib. 3. cap. 1_. _Ranulph. lib. 6. cap. 19_.]
+William a yoong prince, whome seuen yeeres before he had begotten
+vpon his paramour Arlete (whom after he held as his wife) with whose
+beautifull fauour, louelie grace and presence, at hir dansing on a
+time then as he was tenderlie touched, for familiar vtterance of his
+mind what he had further to say, would needs that night she should be
+his bedfellow, who else as wiuelesse should haue lien alone: where
+when she was bestowed, thinking that if she should haue laid hir selfe
+naked, it might haue seemed not so maidenlie a part: so when the duke
+was about (as the maner is) to haue lift vp hir linnen, she in an
+[Sidenote: _Ran. li. 6 ca. 19_.]
+humble modestie staid hir lords hand, and rent downe hir smocke
+asunder, from the collar to the verie skirt. Heereat the duke all
+smiling did aske hir what thereby she ment? In great lowlines, with
+a feate question she answerd againe; "My lord, were it meet that any
+part of my garments dependant about me downeward, should presume to be
+mountant to my souereignes mouth vpward? Let your grace pardon me." He
+liked hir answer: and so and so foorth for that time.
+
+[Sidenote: _Wil. Malm._ _lib. 3 cap. 1_. _Ran. ibid._]
+This duke before his voiage, calling at Fiscam all his nobilitie
+vnto him, caused them to sweare fealtie vnto his yoong sonne William,
+whome he then at his iournie betooke vnto the gouernance of earle
+Gilbert, and the defense of the gouernour vnto Henrie the French king.
+So Robert passing foorth in his pilgrimage, shewed in euerie place and
+[Sidenote: _Ran. ibid._]
+in all points a magnanimitie and honour of a right noble prince,
+and pleasant withall; who once in Iurie not well at ease, in a litter
+was borne toward Ierusalem vpon Saracens shoulders, & meeting with a
+subiect of his that was going home toward Normandie: Friend (quoth he)
+if my people at thy returne aske after me, tell them that thou sawest
+their lord carried to heauen by diuels. The Norman nobilitie
+[Sidenote: _Ran. ibid._ _Wil. Mal. idem._ _Ran. idem._]
+during duke Roberts life, did their dutie to the yoong prince
+faithfullie, but after they heard of his fathers death, they slackened
+apace, euerie one shifting for himselfe as he list, without anie
+regard either of oth or obedience toward the pupill their souereigne.
+Whereby not manie yeeres after, as Gilbert the gouernour, by Rafe the
+childes coosine germane, was slaine; the dukedome anon, by murther and
+fighting among themselues was sore troubled in all parts. Thus much a
+little of duke Robert the father, and of prince William his sonne for
+part of his tender yeeres.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+_A notable aduertisement touching the summe of all the foresaid
+historie, wherin the foure great and notable conquests of this land
+are brieflie touched, being a conclusion introductorie, as is said in
+the argument._
+
+
+In the former part of this historie it is manifest to the heedful
+[Sidenote: Britaine inhabited by Brute.]
+reader, that (after the opinion of most writers) Brute did first
+inhabit this land; and called it then after his owne name, Britaine,
+in the yeere after the creation of the world 2855, and in the yeere
+[Sidenote: 1 Britaine conquered by the Romans.]
+before the incarnation of Christ 1108. ¶ Furthermore the said land
+of Britaine was conquered by C. Iulius Cesar, and made tributarie to
+the Romans in the 50 yeere before the natiuitie of Christ, and so
+continued 483 yeeres. So that the Britains reigned without tribute and
+vnder tribute, from Brute, vntill the fourth yeere of the reigne of
+king Cadwalladar, which was in the yeere of our Lord 686. And so the
+Britains had continuance of the gouernement of this land the space of
+1794 yeeres. Then was the realme of Britaine an heptarchie, that is,
+diuided into seuen kingdoms. And Britaine receiued the faith of Christ
+[Sidenote: 2 Britaine conquered and ouercome by the Saxons.]
+in the 7 yeere of the reigne of king Lucius, which was in the 187
+yeere after the birth of Christ. ¶ Next after the Britains entered the
+Saxons, in the third yeere of king Vortiger; and in the yeere of our
+Lord 450, and they gouerned vntill the last yeere of king Athelstane,
+which was in the yeere of Christ 938. So that the time of the Saxons
+first entrance into this realme, and the time of their regiment
+[Sidenote: 3 Britaine conquered and ouercome by the Danes.]
+was the space of 487 yeeres. ¶ Howbeit, in the time of their
+gouernement, that is to say, in the 9 yeere of king Britricus, which
+was in the yeere of our Lord 387, the Danes entred into this land,
+spoiling and persecuting the people therin most greeuouslie. At the
+last, Sweno or Swaine the Dane obteined possession roiall, in the
+yeere of Grace 1012, whose time of regiment lasted about three yeeres.
+After whom his sonne Canutus succeeded, and reigned 19 yeeres. After
+him Harold his sonne, who ruled three yeeres: and after him Hardicnute
+the sonne of Canutus, whose gouernement continued but three yeeres.
+This Hardicnute was the last king of the Danes, at which time the
+Danes were expelled and hunted out of the realme, which was in the
+yeere of our Lord 1042. So that it may appeare by this collection,
+that the Danes ruled as kings in this land by the space of 28 yeeres.
+Hereby also it is euident, that from the time of the first entrance
+of the Danes into this realme, vntill their last expulsion &
+[Sidenote: 4 Britaine conquered and possessed by the Normans.]
+riddance, was 255 yeeres. ¶ Finallie the Normans entred this land
+likewise, and conquered the same as before is expressed, in the yeere
+of our Lord 1067, which is since, vntill this present yeere of our
+Lord 1585, drawing neere to the number of 600 and od yeeres.
+
+Now let these alterations of regiments be remembred [touching the
+which read a notable animaduersion in the description of Britaine,
+pag. 49, 50, 51] and teach vs that therein the iudgements of God
+reuealed themselues to speciall purposes. And whatsoeuer hath beene
+mentioned before, either concerning the subuersion of people, the
+desolation of prouinces, the ouerthrow of nobles, the ruine of
+princes, and other lamentable accidents diuerslie happening vpon
+sundrie occasions; let vs (I say) as manie as will reape fruit by the
+reading of chronicles, imagine the matters which were so manie yeeres
+past to be present, and applie the profit and commoditie of the same
+vnto our selues; knowing (as one wisely said) _Post sacram paginam
+chronica vivum veritatis typum gerere,_ that next vnto the holie
+scripture, chronicles doo carie credit. But now to the sequele, and
+first to duke William of Normandie.
+
+
+_Thus farre the historie of England from Noah and his sonnes, &c;
+to William duke of Normandie. Hereafter followeth a chronologicall
+continuation beginning at the first yeere of the said dukes reigne
+ouer this land, vntill the 25 yeere of the Queenes most excellent
+maiestie Elizabeth, &c; whose daies God in mercie prolong (like the
+daies of heauen) in peace and prosperitie, &c._
+
+
+END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's note: [a] 'their' in original is probably meant to be
+'there'. Chapter nine, first paragraph.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles (1 of 6): The Historie of
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