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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Chronicles (1 of 6): The Historie of England (7 of 8) + The Seventh Boke of the Historie of England + +Author: Raphael Holinshed + +Release Date: August 29, 2005 [EBook #16617] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIE OF ENGLAND *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Lesley Halamek and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<a name="page702" id="page702"></a><span class="page">[Page 702]</span> +<br /><br /> + +<h3>THE SEVENTH BOKE</h3> + +<h5>OF THE</h5> + +<h2>HISTORIE OF ENGLAND.</h2> + +<br /><br /><br /> + + <hr class="full" /> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> +<table width="80%" align="center" border="0" summary="contents"> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="70%"> <br /></td> + <td class="right" valign="top">Page</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#first7">THE FIRST CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page702">702</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#second7">THE SECOND CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page705">705</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#third7">THE THIRD CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page707">707</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#fourth7">THE FOURTH CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page709">709</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#fift7">THE FIFT CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page712">712</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#sixt7">THE SIXT CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page713">713</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#seuenth7">THE SEUENTH CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page716">716</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#eight7">THE EIGHT CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page718">718</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#ninth7">THE NINTH CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page721">721</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#tenth7">THE TENTH CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page724">724</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#eleuenth7">THE XJ CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page727">727</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#twelfe7">THE TWELFTH CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page729">729</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#xiij7">THE XIIJ CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page730">730</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#xiiij7">THE XIIIJ CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page732">732</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="left" width="70%" valign="top"> + <a class="contents" href="#xv7">THE XV CHAPTER</a></td> + <td class="right" valign="top"><a href="#page736">736</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + <br /><br /><hr class="full" /><br /><br /><br /> + + + <hr /><br /><br /> + <a name="first7" id="first7"></a> +<p> +<i>Egelred succeedeth Edward the martyr in the kingdoms of England, the decaie of the +realme in his reigne, Dunstane refusing to consecrate him is therevnto inforced, Dunstans +prophesies of the English people and Egelred their king, his slouth and idlenes accompanied +with other vices, the Danes arriue on the coasts of Kent and make spoile of manie +places; warre betwixt the king and the bishop of Rochester, archbishop Dunstans bitter +denunciation against the king because he would not be pacified with the bishop of Rochester +without moneie; Dunstans parentage, his strange trance, and what a woonderfull thing +he did during the time it lasted, his education and bringing vp, with what good qualities +he was indued, an incredible tale of his harpe, how he was reuoked from louing and lusting +after women whereto he was addicted, his terrible dreame of a rough beare, what +preferments he obteined by his skill in the expounding of dreames.</i></p> + +<h3>THE FIRST CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">EGELRED.</span> +In the former booke was discoursed the troubled state of this land by the manifold and +mutinous inuasions of the Danes; who though they sought to ingrosse the rule of euerie +part and parcell therof into their hands; yet being resisted by the valiantnesse of the gouernors +supported with the aid of their people, they were disappointed of their expectation, +and receiued manie a dishonorable or rather reprochfull repulse at their aduersaries hands. +Much mischiefe doubtlesse they did, and more had doone, if they had not béene met withall +in like measure of extremitie as they offred, to the offense and ouerthrow of great multitudes. +Their first entrance into this land is controuersed among writers, some saieng that it was in +the daies of king Britricus, other some affirming that it was in the time of king Egbert, &c: +about which point (sith it is a matter of no great moment) we count it labour lost to vse +manie woords: onelie this by the waie is notewoorthie, that the Danes had an vnperfect +or rather a lame and limping rule in this land, so long as the gouernors were watchfull, +diligent, politike at home, and warlike abroad. But when these kind of kings discontinued, +and that the raines of the regiment fell into the hands of a pezzant not a puissant prince, a +man euill qualified, dissolute, slacke and licentious, not regarding the dignitie of his owne +person, nor fauoring the good estate of the people; the Danes who before were coursed +from coast to coast, and pursued from place to place, as more willing to leaue the land, than +desirous to tarrie in the same; tooke occasion of stomach and courage to reenter this Ile, +& waxing more bold and confident, more desperate and venturous, spared no force, omitted +no opportunitie, let slip no aduantage that they might possiblie take, to put in practise and +fullie to accomplish their long conceiued purpose.</p> +<p> +Now bicause the Danes in the former kings daies were reencountred (and that renowmedlie)<a name="page703" id="page703"></a><span class="page">[Page 703]</span> +so often as they did encounter, and séeking the totall regiment, were dispossessed +of their partile principalitie, which by warlike violence they obteined; and for that +the Saxons were interessed in the land, and these but violent incrochers, vnable to kéepe +that which they came to by constreint; we haue thought it conuenient to comprise the +troubled estate of that time in the sixt booke; the rather for the necessarie consequence of +matters then in motion: and héere déeme it not amisse, at so great and shamefull loosenesse +(speciallie in a prince) ministring hart and courage to the enimie, to begin the seuenth +booke. Wherin is expressed the chiefest time of their flourishing estate in this land; if in +tumults, vprores, battels, and bloudshed, such a kind of estate may possiblie be found. For +héere the Danes lord it, heere they take vpon them like souereignes, & héere (if at anie time +they had absolute authoritie) they did what they might in the highest degrée: as shall be +declared in the vnfortunate affaires of vngratious Egelred or Etheldred, the sonne of king +Edgar, and of his last wife queene Alfred, who was ordeined king in place of his brother +Edward, after the same Edward was dispatched out of the waie, and began his reigne ouer +<span class="rightnote">979. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +this realme of England, in the yéere of our Lord 979, which was in the seuenth yéere of the +emperor Otho the second, in the 24 of Lothaire K. of France, and about the second or third +<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +yeere of Kenneth the third of that name king of Scotland.</p> +<p> +This Egelred or Etheldred was the 30 in number from Cerdicus the first king of the +Westsaxons: through his negligent gouernment, the state of the commonwealth fell into +such decaie (as writers doo report) that vnder him it may be said, how the kingdome was +come to the vttermost point or period of old and féeble age, which is the next degrée to the +graue. For wheras, whilest the realme was diuided at the first by the Saxons into sundrie +dominions, it grew at length (as it were increasing from youthfull yeeres) to one absolute +monarchie, which passed vnder the late remembred princes, Egbert, Adelstane, Edgar, and +others, so that in their daies it might be said, how it was growne to mans state, but now +vnder this Egelred, through famine, pestilence, and warres, the state thereof was so shaken, +turned vpside downe, and weakened on ech part, that rightlie might the season be likened +vnto the old broken yéeres of mans life, which through féeblenesse is not able to helpe it +selfe. Dunstane archbishop of Canturburie was thought to haue foreséene this thing, and +therfore refused to annoint Egelred king, which by the murther of his brother should atteine +to the gouernment: but at length he was compelled vnto it, and so he consecrated +him at Kingston vpon Thames, as the maner then was, on the 24 day of Aprill, assisted by +Oswald archbishop of Yorke, and ten other bishops.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Will. Malmes.</i></span> +But (as hath béene reported) Dunstane then said that the English people should suffer +condigne punishment generallie, with losse of ancient liberties, which before that time they +had inioied. Dunstane also long before prophesied of the slouthfulnesse that should remaine +in this Egelred. For at what time he ministred the sacrament of baptisme to him; +shortlie after he came into this world, he defiled the font with the ordure of his wombe (as +hath beene said:) whervpon Dunstane being troubled in mind, "By the Lord (saith he) +and his blessed mother, this child shall prooue to be a slouthfull person." It hath beene +written also, that when he was but ten yeeres of age, and heard that his brother Edward +was slaine, he so offended his mother with wéeping, bicause she could not still him, that +hauing no rod at hand, she tooke tapers or sizes that stood before hir, and beat him so sore +with them, that she had almost killed him, whereby he could neuer after abide to haue anie +such candels lighted before him.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span> +This Egelred (as writers say) was nothing giuen to warlike enterprises, but was slouthfull, +a louer of idlenesse, and delighting in riotous lusts, which being knowne to all men, caused +him to be euill spoken of amongst his owne people, and nothing feared amongst strangers. +<span class="leftnote"><i>Ran. Higd.</i> 980.</span> +Heerevpon the Danes that exercised rouing on the seas, began to conceiue a boldnesse of +courage to disquiet and molest the sea-coasts of the realme, in so much that in the second +yéere of this Egelreds reigne, they came with seuen ships on the English coasts of Kent, and +<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +spoiled the Ile of Tenet, the towne of Southampton, and in the yeere following they destroied<a name="page704" id="page704"></a><span class="page">[Page 704]</span> +S. Petroks abbeie in Cornwall, Porthland in Deuonshire, and diuerse other places by +the sea side, speciallie in Deuonshire & Cornwall. Also a great part of Cheshire was destroied +by pirats of Norway.</p> +<p> +<span class="leftnote">982.</span> +The same yéere by casualtie of fire, a great part of the citie of London was burnt. In +<span class="rightnote">983. <br />Alfer or Elfer duke of Mercia departed this life.</span> +the yeere of our Lord 983, Alfer duke of Mercia departed this life, who was coosen to king +<span class="leftnote">Alfrike or Elfrike duke of Mercia. <br /><i>Fabian. <br />Wil. Malm. +<br />Matt. West.</i></span> +Edgar, & his sonne Alfrike tooke vpon him the rule of that dukedome, and within thrée +yéeres after was banished the land. About the eight yéere of his reigne, Egelred maried +one Elgina or Ethelgina, daughter of earle Egbert. In the ninth yeere of his reigne, vpon +occasion of strife betwéene him and the bishop of Rochester, he made warre against the +same bishop, wasted his lordships, and besieged the citie of Rochester, till Dunstan procured +the bishops peace with paiment of an hundred pounds in gold. And bicause the K. would +not agrée with the bishop without moneie at the onelie request of Dunstane, the said Dunstane +did send him woord, that sithens he made more account of gold than of God, more +of monie than of S. Andrew, patrone of the church of Rochester, and more of couetousnesse +than of him being the archbishop, the mischiefs which the Lord had threatned would +shortlie fall and come to passe, but the same should not chance whilest he was aliue, who +died in the yéere following, on the 25 of Maie, being saturdaie.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Vita Dunstani.</i></span> +Of this Dunstane manie things are recorded by writers, that he should be of such holinesse +and vertue, that God wrought manie miracles by him, both whilest he liued heere on +<span class="leftnote"><i>Iohn Capgr. <br />Osborne. <br />Ran. Higd.</i></span> +earth, and also after his deceasse. He was borne in Westsaxon, his father was named +Heorstan, and his mother Cinifride, who in his youth set him to schoole, where he so profited, +that he excelled all his equals in age. Afterward he fell sicke of an ague, which +vexed him so sore that it draue him into a frensie: and therefore his parents appointed him +to the cure and charge of a certeine woman, where his disease grew so on him, that he fell +in a trance, as though he had béene dead, and after that he suddenlie arose, & by chance +caught a staffe in his hand, and ran vp and downe through hils and dales, and laid about +him as though he had béene afraid of mad dogs. The next night (as it is said) he gat him +to the top of the church (by the helpe of certeine ladders that stood there for woorkemen to +mend the roofe) and there ran vp and downe verie dangerouslie, but in the end came +safelie downe, and laid him to sléepe betwéene two men that watched the church that night, +& when he awaked, he maruelled how he came there. Finallie, recouering his disease, his +parents made him a priest, and placed him in the abbeie of Glastenburie, where he gaue +himselfe to the reading of scriptures and knowledge of vertue. But as well his kinsmen as +certeine other did raise a report of him, that he gaue not himselfe so much to the reading of +scriptures, as to charming, coniuring and sorcerie, which he vtterlie denied: howbeit learned +he was in déed, & could doo manie pretie things both in handie woorke and other deuises: +he had good skill in musicke and delighted much therein. At length he grew in such +fauour, that he was aduanced into the seruice of king Adelstane.</p> +<p> +Vpon a time, as he came to a gentlewomans house with his harpe, and hoong the same +on the wall, while he shaped a priests stole, the harpe suddenlie began to plaie a psalme, +which draue the whole houshold in such feare, that they ran out and said, he was too +cunning, and knew more than was expedient: wherevpon he was accused of necromancie, +and so banished out of the court. After this he began to haue a liking to women, and +when Elfeagus then bishop of Winchester and his coosen, persuaded him to become a moonke, +he refused it, for he rather wished to haue maried a yoong damesell, whose pleasant companie +he dailie inioied. But being soone after striken with such a swelling disease in his +bellie, that all his bodie was brought into such state, as though he had béene infected with a +foule leprosie, he bethought him selfe, and vpon his recouerie sent to the bishop, who immediatlie +shore him a moonke, in which life he liued in so great opinion of holinesse, as he +in time became abbat of Glastenburie: where on a time as he was in his praiers before the +altar of S. George, he fell asléepe: and imagining in his dreame, that an vglie rough beare +came towards him with open mouth, and set his forefeet vpon his shoulders readie to deuoure<a name="page705" id="page705"></a><span class="page">[Page 705]</span> +him, he suddenlie wakening for feare, caught his walking staffe which he commonlie +went with, and laid about him, that all the church rang thereof, to the great woonder of +<span class="rightnote"><i>Polychron.</i></span> +such as stood by. The common tale of his plucking the diuell by the nose with a paire of +pinsors, for tempting him with women, while he was making a chalice: the great loue that +the ladie Elfleda néere kinswoman to king Adelstane bare him to hir dieng day, with a +great manie of other such like matters, I leaue as friuolous, and wholie impertinent to our +purpose: onelie this I read, that through declaring of his dreames and visions, he obteined +in the time of king Edgar, first the bishoprike of Worcester, after of London, & last of all +the archbishoprike of Canturburie. But leauing Dunstane and the fond deuises depending +vpon the commemoration of his life, we will now returne to the dooings of Egelred, and +speake of such things in the next chapter as chanced in his time.</p> + + <hr /><br /><br /> + <a name="second7" id="second7"></a> +<p> +<i>The Danes inuade England on each side, they are vanquished by the English, Goda earle +of Deuonshire slaine; the Danes in a battell fought at Maldon kill Brightnod earle of +Essex and the most of his armie, ten thousand pounds paid to them by composition that +they should not trouble the English subjects, they cease their crueltie for a time, but +within a while after fall to their bloudie bias, the English people despaire to resist them, +Egelred addresseth a nauie against the Danes vnder the erles Alfrike and Turold, Alfrike +traitorouslie taketh part with the Danes, his ship and souldiers are taken, his sonne Algar +is punished for his fathers offense, the Danes make great wast in many parts of this +Iland, they besiege London and are repelled with dishonor, they driue king Egelred to +buy peace of them for </i>16000 <i>pounds; Aulafe king of Norwey is honorablie interteined +of Egelred, to whome he promiseth at his baptisme neuer to make warre against England, +the great zeale of people in setting forward the building of Durham towne and the +minster.</i></p> + +<h3>THE SECOND CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil. Malm. <br />Matt. Westm.</i> <br />The Danes inuade this land.</span> +Shortlie after the decease of Dunstane, the Danes inuaded this realme on each side, +wasting and spoiling the countrie in most miserable wise. They arriued in so manie places +at once, that the Englishmen could not well deuise whither to go to encounter first with +<span class="leftnote"><i>Alias</i> Wecederport. <br /><i>H. Hunt. <br />Simon Dun.</i></span> +them. Some of them spoiled a place or towne called Wichport, and from thence passing +further into the countrie, were met with by the Englishmen, who giuing them battell, lost +their capteine Goda: but yet they got the victorie, and beat the Danes out of the field, and +<span class="rightnote">Danes vanquished. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +so that part of the Danish armie was brought to confusion. Simon Dunel. saith, that the +Englishmen in déed wan the field here, but not without great losse. For besides Goda +<span class="leftnote">Goda earle of Deuonshire slain. <br /><i>Matt. West.</i></span> +(who by report of the same author was Earle of Deuonshire) there died an other valiant +man of warre named Strenwold. In the yeere 991, Brightnod earle of Essex, at Maldon +gaue battell to an armie of Danes (which vnder their leaders Iustine and Guthmond had +spoiled Gipswich) and was there ouercome and slaine with the most part of his people, and so +the Danes obteined in that place the victorie.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>991.</i></span> +In the same yéere, and in the 13 yeere of, king Egelreds reigne, when the land was on +each side sore afflicted, wasted and haried by the Danes, which couered the same as they had +béene grashoppers: by the aduise of the archbishop of Canturburie Siricius (which was the +second of that sée after Dunstane) a composition was taken with the Danes, so that for the +<span class="rightnote">Ten thousand pounds paid to the Danes. <br />Danegilt.</span> +sum of ten thousand pounds to be paied to them by the king, they should couenant not to +trouble his subjects anie further. This monie was called Danegilt or Dane monie, and was +leuied of the people. Although other take that to be Danegilt, which was giuen vnto such +Danes as king Egelred afterwards reteined in his seruice, to defend the land from other Danes +and enimies that sought to inuade his dominions. But by what name so euer this monie<a name="page706" id="page706"></a><span class="page">[Page 706]</span> +(which the Danes now receiued) was called, true it is that herevpon they ceassed from their +<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil. Malm.</i> <br />992.</span> +most cruell inuasions for a time. But shortlie after they had refreshed themselues, and recouered +new strength, they began to play their old parts againe, dooing the like mischéefe +by their semblable inuasions, as they had vsed before. By reason hereof such feare came +vpon the English people, that they despaired to be able to resist the enimies.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Hen. Hunt.</i> <br />A nauie set forth.</span> +The king yet caused a nauie to be set foorth at London, whereof he appointed earle +Alfrike (whome before he had banished) to be high admerall, ioining with him earle Turold. +This nauie did set forward from London toward the enimies, who hauing warning giuen +them from Alfrike, escaped away without hurt. Shortly after a greater nauie of the Danes +came, and incountered with the kings fléet, so that a great number of the Londoners were +<span class="rightnote">Alfrike a traitour to his countrie. <br /><i>Matth. West.</i></span> +slaine, and all the kings ships taken: for Alfrike like a traitor turned to the Danes side. +¶ Matt. West, maketh other report of this matter, declaring that Alfrike in déed being one +of the chiefe capteins of the fléet, aduertised them by forewarning of the danger that was +toward them, and that when they should come to ioining, the same Alfrike like a traitor +fled to the Danes, and after vpon necessitie being put to flight escaped away with them: but +the other capteins of the kings fléet, as Theodred, Elstan, and Escwen, pursued the Danes, +tooke one of their ships, and slue all those that were found therein. The Londoners also +(as the same Matt. West, saith) met with the nauie of the Danish rouers as they fled away, +and slue a great number, and also tooke the ship of the traitor Alfrike with his souldiers +& armor, but he himselfe escaped, though with much paine, hauing plaied the like traitorous +<span class="rightnote"><i>Hen. Hunt.</i> <br />The son punished for his fathers offense. <br />993.</span> +part once before, and yet was reconciled to the kings fauor againe. Vpon this mischiefe +wrought by the father, the king now tooke his sonne Algar, and caused his eies to be put +out.</p> +<p> +About the same time was Bambrough destroied by the Danes, which arriued after in +Humber, and wasted the countrie of Lindsey and Yorkeshire, on either side that riuer. +And when the Englishmen were assembled to giue them battell, before they ioined, the capteines +<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon Dun. <br />Polydor. <br />Matth. West.</i></span> +of the English armie, Frena, Godwin, and Fredegist, that were Danes by their fathers +side began to flie away, and escaped, so giuing the occasion of the ouerthrow that lighted +on their people. But by some writers it should appéere, that after the Danes had destroied +all the north parts, as they spred abroad without order and good arraie, the people of the +<span class="rightnote">Aulafe king of Norway, & Swein king of Denmarke were +capteins of this fléet, as saith <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i> <br />994</span> +countrie fell vpon them, and slue some of them, and chased the residue. Other of the +Danes with a nauie of 94 ships entered the Thames, and besieged London about our ladie +daie in September. They gaue a verie sore assault to the citie, and assaied to set it on fire: +but the citizens so valiantlie defended themselues, that the Danes were beaten backe and +repelled, greatlie to their losse, so that they were constreined to depart thence with dishonor. +Then they fell to and wasted the countries of Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Hamshire, +and ceassed not till they had inforced the king to compound with them for 16 thousand +<span class="leftnote"><i>Hen Hunt. <br />Wil. Malm.</i> <br />The king compounded with the Danes for monie. +<br /><i>Matt. West. <br />Simon Dun.</i> <br />Aufale king of Norwey baptised. <br />His promise.</span> +pounds, which he was glad to pay to haue peace with them.</p> +<p> +Moreouer, whereas they wintered that yéere at Southampton, the king procured Aulafe +king of the Norwegians to come vnto Andeuer (where at that time he lay) vpon pledges +receiued of the king for his safe returne. Elphegus bishop of Winchester, and duke Ethelwold +were appointed by king Egelred to bring Aulafe vnto him in most honorable maner. +The same time was Aulafe baptised, king Egelred receiuing him at the fontstone, and so he +promised neuer after to make anie war within this land. And receiuing great gifts of the +king, he returned into his countrie, and kept his promise faithfullie: but the euils tooke not +so an end, for other of the Danes sprang vp, as they had béene the heads of the serpent +Hydra, some of them euer being readie to trouble the quiet state of the English nation. +<span class="rightnote"><i>Iohn Leland. <br />Simon Dun.</i> <br />995.</span></p> +<p> +About this season, that is to say, in the yéere of our Lord 995, bishop Aldaine which was +fled from Chester in the stréet (otherwise called Cunecester) with the bodie of saint Cuthbert +<span class="rightnote">The church of Durham builded.</span> +for feare of the inuasion of Danes, vnto Rippon, brought the same bodie now vnto Durham, +and there began the foundation of a church; so that the sée of that bishoprike was from +thencefoorth there established, and the woods were there cut downe, which before that time<a name="page707" id="page707"></a><span class="page">[Page 707]</span> +<span class="rightnote"> <br />Earle Vthred</span> +couered and ouergrew that place, wherevpon it began first to be inhabited. Earle Vthred, +who gouerned that countrie, greatlie furthered the bishop in this worke, so that all the people +<span class="leftnote"> Durham town and minster builded.</span> +inhabiting betweene the riuers of Coquid and Theis, came togither to rid the woods, and +to helpe forwards the building of the church and towne there.</p> + + <hr /><br /><br /> +<a name="third7" id="third7"></a> +<p> +<i>The Danes inuading the west parts of this land make great hauocke by fire and sword, they arriue +at Rochester, and conquer the Kentishmen in field, king Egelred ouercommeth the Danes +that inhabited Cumberland and wasteth the countrie, the Summersetshire men are foiled; the miserable +state of the realme in those daies; the English bloud mixed with the Danes and Britaines, +and what inconueniencies grew thervpon, the disordered gouernement of king Egelred, +sicknesses vexing the people, treason in the nobles, the tribute paid to the Danes vnmercifillie +inhansed, the realme brought to beggerie; king Egelred by politike persuasion and counsell +marrieth Emma the duke of Normandies daughter, vpon what occasion the Normans pretended +a title to the crowne of England, they conquer the whole land, what order king Egelred tooke +to kill all the Danes within his kingdoms, and what rule they bare in this realme yer they +were murdered, the thraldome of the English people under them, whereof the word Lordane +sprang.</i></p> + +<h3>THE THIRD CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +In the nineenth yere of king Egelreds reigne, the Danes sailed about Cornewall, and +<span class="rightnote">997. <br />The Danes inuade the west parts of this land.</span> +comming into the Seuerne sea, they robbed & tooke preies in the coasts of Deuonshire & +Southwales, and landing at Wicheport, they burned vp the countrie, and came about vnto +Penwithstréet on the south coast, and so arriuing in the mouth of Tamer water, came vnto +Lidford, and there wasted all afore them with force of fire. They burned, amongst other +<span class="leftnote">Tauestocke.</span> +places, the monasterie of saint Ordulfe at Essingstocke. After this they came into Dorcetshire, +and passed through the countrie with flame and fire, not finding anie that offered to resist +them. The same yéere also they soiourned in the Ile of Wight, and liued vpon spoiles & +<span class="rightnote">998.</span> +preies which they tooke in Hampshire and Sussex. At length they came into the Thames, +<span class="leftnote">999. <br />The Danes arriue in the Thames.</span> +and so by the riuer of Medwey arriued at Rochester. The Kentishmen assembled togither +and fought with the Danes, but they were ouercome, and so left the field to the Danes. +After this, the same Danes sailed into Normandie, and king Egelred went into Cumberland, +where the Danes inhabited in great numbers, whome he ouercame with sore warre, and wasted +<span class="rightnote">1000.</span> +almost all Cumberland, taking great spoiles in the same. About the same time, or shortlie +<span class="leftnote">1001. <br />Exmouth</span> +after, the Danes with their nauie, returning out of Normandie, came vnto Exmouth, and there +assaulted the castell, but they were repelled by them that kept it. After this they spread +abroad ouer all the countrie, exercising their accustomed trade of destroieng all before them +<span class="rightnote">Pentho.</span> +with fire and sword. The men of Summersetshire fought with them at Pentho, but the Danes +got the vpper hand.</p> +<p> +Thus the state of the realme in those daies was verie miserable, for there wanted worthie +chieftains to rule the people, and to chastise them when they did amisse. There was no trust +in the noble men, for euerie one impugned others dooing, and yet would not deuise which +<span class="rightnote">Disagréement with councellors what fruit it bringeth.</span> +way to deale with better likelihood. When they assembled in councell, and should haue +occupied their heads in deuising remedies for the mischiefe of the common wealth, they turned +their purpose vnto altercation, about such strifes, contentions and quarels as each one +against other, and suffered the generall case to lie still in the dust. And if at anie time there +was anie good conclusion agreed vpon, for the withstanding of the enimie, & reléefe of the +common wealth, anon should the enimie be aduertised thereof by such as were of aliance +or consanguinitie to them. For (as Caxton, Polychr. and others say) the English bloud was +so mixed with that of the Danes and Britains, who were like enimies to the Englishmen, that<a name="page708" id="page708"></a><span class="page">[Page 708]</span> +there was almost few of the nobilitie and commons, which had not on the one side a parent of +some of them.</p> +<p> +Whereby it came to passe, that neither the secret purposes of the king could be concealed +till they might take due effect; neither their assemblies proue quiet without quarelling and +taking of parts. Manie also being sent foorth with their powers one way (whilest the king went +to make resistance another) did reuolt to his enimies, and turned their swords against him +(as you haue heard of Elfrike and his complices, and shall read of manie others) so that it +was no maruell that Egelred sped no better, and yet was he as valiant as anie of his predecessors, +although the moonks fauour him not in their writings, because he demanded aid of them +toward his warres, and was nothing fauorable to their lewd hypocrisie. But what is a king +if his subiects be not loiall? What is a realme, if the common wealth be diuided? By peace +& concord, of small beginnings great and famous kingdomes haue oft times procéeded; +whereas by discord the greatest kingdoms haue oftner bene brought to ruine. And so it +proued here, for whilest priuat quarels are pursued, the generall affaires are vtterlie neglected: +and whilest ech nation séeketh to preferre hir owne aliance, the Iland it selfe is like to +become a desert.</p> +<p> +But to procéed with our monasticall writers: certes they lay all the fault in the king, saieng +that he was a man giuen to no good exercise, he delighted in fleshlie lustes and riotous bankettings +and still sought waies how to gather of his subiects what might be got, as well by vnlawfull +meanes as otherwise. +<span class="rightnote">The misgouernement of the king.</span> +For he would for feined or for verie small & light causes disherit +his natiue subiects, and cause them to redéeme their owne possessions for great summes +<span class="leftnote">Sicknesse vexeth the people.</span> +of monie. Besides these oppressions, diuers kinds of sicknesses vexed the people also, as +the bloodie flix, and hot burning agues which then raged through the land, so that manie +died thereof. By such manner of meanes therefore, what through the misgouernance of the +<span class="rightnote">Treason in the nobilitie.</span> +king, the treason and disloialtie of the nobilitie, the lacke of good order and due correction +amongst the people, and by such other scourges and mishaps as afflicted the English nation +in that season, the land was brought into great ruine, so that, where by strength the enimie +could not be kept off, there was now no hope but to appease them with monie. By reason +<span class="righnote">The inhancing of the tribute paid to the Danes.</span> +hereof from time of the first agréement with the Danes for 10 thousand pounds tribute, it was +inhanced to 16000 pounds, (as you haue heard) & after that to 20000 pounds, then to +24000 pounds, & so to 30000 pounds, & lastlie to 40000 pounds, till at length the relme +was emptied in maner of all that monie and coine that could be found in it. In this meane time +<span class="rightnote">The death of quéene Elgina.</span> +died Elgina or Ethelgina the quéene. Shortlie after it was deuised that the king should be a +<span class="leftnote">Emma. <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i></span> +suter vnto Richard duke of Normandie, for his sister Emma, a ladie of such excellent beautie, +that she was named the floure of Normandie. This sute was begun and tooke such good successe, +<span class="rightnote">1002. <br />Emma daughter of R. duke of Normandie maried to K. Edgar.</span> +that the king obteined his purpose. And so in the yeare of our Lord 1002, which was +about the 24 yeare of king Egelreds reigne, he maried the said Emma with great solemnitie.</p> +<p> +This mariage was thought to be right necessarie, honorable, and profitable for the realme +of England, because of the great puissance of the Norman princes in those daies: but as +things afterward came to passe, it turned to the subuersion of the whole English state: for +by such affinitie and dealing as happened hereby betwixt the Normans and Englishmen, occasion +in the end was ministred to the same Normans to pretend a title to the crowne of England, +in prosecuting of which title, they obteined and made the whole conquest of the land, as +after shall appeare. Egelred being greatlie aduanced (as he thought) by reason of his mariage, +deuised vpon presumption thereof, to cause all the Danes within the land to be murthered +in one day. Herevpon he sent priuie commissioners to all cities, burrowes and townes +within his dominions, commanding the rulers and officers in the same, to kill all such Danes +as remained within their liberties, at a certeine day prefixed, being saint Brices day, in the yeare +<span class="rightnote">1012. <br />The 18 of Nouember. <br />The murder of the Danes.</span> +1012, and in the 34 yeare of king Egelreds reigne. Herevpon (as sundrie writers agree) in one +day & houre this murther began, and was according to the commission and iniunction +executed. But where it first began, the same is vncerteine: some say at Wellowin in Herefordshire, +some at a place in Staffordshire called Hownhill, & others in other places, but whersoeuer<a name="page709" id="page709"></a><span class="page">[Page 709]</span> +it began, the dooers repented it after. +<span class="leftnote">Hownhill, or Houndhill, a place within Merchington parish beside the forest of Néedwood, +somewhat more than two miles from Vtoxcester.</span> +</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">The miserable state of this realme vnder the thraldome of the Danes.</span> +But now yer we procéed anie further, we will shew what rule the Danes kept here in this +realme before they were thus murthered, as in some bookes we find recorded. Whereas it +is shewed that the Danes compelled the husbandmen to til the ground & doo all maner of labour +and toile to be doone about husbandrie: the Danes liued vpon the fruit and gaines that +came thereof, and kept the husbandmens wiues, their daughters, maids and seruants, vsing and +abusing them at their pleasures. And when the husbandmen came home, then could they +scarse haue such sustenance of meats and drinkes as fell for seruants to haue: so that the +Danes had all their commandements, eating and drinking of the best, where the sillie man +that was the owner, could hardlie come to his fill of the worst. Besides this, the common +people were so oppressed by the Danes, that for feare and dread they called them in +<span class="rightnote"><i>Hector Boet.</i></span> +euerie such house where anie of them soiourned, Lord Dane. And if an Englishman and a +Dane chanced to méet at anie bridge or streight passage, the Englishman must staie till the +Lord Dane were passed. But in processe of time, after the Danes were voided the land, this +word Lord Dane was in derision and despight of the Danes turned by Englishmen into a name +<span class="rightnote">Lordane whereof the word came.</span> +of reproch, as Lordane, which till these our daies is not forgotten. For when the people in +manie parts of this realme will note and signifie anie great idle lubber that will not labour nor +take paine for his liuing, they will call him Lordane. Thus did the Danes vse the Englishmen +in most vile manner, and kept them in such seruile thraldome as cannot be sufficientlie +vttered.</p> + + <hr /><br /><br /> + <a name="fourth7" id="fourth7"></a> +<p> +<i>A fresh power of Danes inuade England to reuenge the slaughter of their countrimen that +inhabited this Ile, the west parts betraied into their hands by the conspiracie of a Norman +that was in gouernement, earle Edrike feined himselfe sicke when king Egelred sent vnto +him to leuie a power against the Danes, and betraieth his people to the enimies; Sweine +king of Denmarke arriueth on the coast of Northfolke, and maketh pitifull spoile by fire +and sword; the truce taken betweene him and Vikillus is violated, and what reuengement +followeth; king Sweine forced by famine returneth into his owne countrie, he arriueth +againe at Sandwich, why king Egelred was vnable to preuaile against him, the +Danes ouerrun all places where they come and make cruell waste, king Egelred paieth +him great summes of monie for peace; the mischiefes that light vpon a land by placing a +traitorous stranger in gouernement, how manie acres a hide of land conteineth, Egelreds +order taken for ships and armour, why his great fleet did him little pleasure; a fresh +host of Danes vnder three capteines arriue at Sandwich, the citizens of Canturburie for +monie purchase safetie, the faithlesse deeling of Edrike against king Egelred for the enimies +aduantage, what places the Danes ouerran and wasted.</i></p> + +<h3>THE FOURTH CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +Vpon knowledge giuen into Denmarke of the cruell murder of the Danes here in England, +truth it is, that the people of the countrie were greatlie kindled in malice, and set in such +<span class="rightnote"><i>Hen. Hunt.</i> <i>Simon Dun.</i> The Danes returne to inuade England. <br />Excester taken. 1002.</span> +a furious rage against the Englishmen, that with all spéed they made foorth a nauie full +fraught with men of warre, the which in the yeare following came swarming about the coasts +of England, and landing in the west countrie, tooke the citie of Excester, and gat there a rich +<span class="leftnote">Hugh a Norman conspireth with the Danes.</span> +spoile. One Hugh a Norman borne, whome quéene Emma had placed in those parties as +gouernour or shirife there, conspired with the Danes, so that all the countrie was ouerrun and +wasted.</p> +<p> +The king hearing that the Danes were thus landed, and spoiled the west parts of the +realme, he sent vnto Edricus to assemble a power to withstand the enimies. Herevpon the +people of Hampshire and Wiltshire rose and got togither: but when the armies should ioine, +<span class="rightnote">The counterfait sicknesse of duke Edrike. <br />Wilton spoiled.</span> +earle Edricus surnamed de Streona feigned himselfe sicke, and so betraied his people, of<a name="page710" id="page710"></a><span class="page">[Page 710]</span> +whome he had the conduct: for they perceiuing the want in their leader, were discouraged, +and so fled. The Danes followed them vnto Wilton, which towne they rifled and ouercame. +From thence they went to Salisburie, and so taking their pleasure there, returned to +<span class="leftnote"><i>Simon Dun.</i> <br />1004.</span> +their ships, because (as some write) they were aduertised that the king was comming towards +them with an huge armie. In the yeare next insuing, that is to saie 1004, which was about +<span class="rightnote">Swein king of Denmarke. <br />Norwich taken by the Danes. <br />Thetford burnt.</span> +the 24 yeare of K. Egelreds reigne, Sweine or Swanus, king of Denmarke, with a mightie nauie +of ships came on the coast of Northfolke, and there landing with his people, made toward +Norwich, and comming thither tooke that citie, and spoiled it. Then went he vnto +Thetford, and when he had taken and rifled that towne, he burnt it, notwithstanding a truce +<span class="leftnote">Vikillus or Wilfeketell gouernour of Norffolke.</span> +taken by Vikillus or Wilfketell gouernor of those parties with the same king Swaine after the +taking of Norwich. In reuenge therefore of such breach of truce, the same Vikillus, or +Wilfeketell, with such power as he could raise, assaulted the host of Danes as they returned to +their ships, and slue a great number of them, but was not able to mainteine the fight, for his +enimies ouermatched him in number of men. And so he was constrained in the end to giue +<span class="rightnote"><i>Hen. Hunt.</i></span> +backe: and the enimies kept on their waies to their ships.</p> +<p> +<span class="leftnote">1005. Swaine returned into Denmarke. <i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +In the yeare following king Swaine returned into Denmarke with all his fléet, partlie constrained +so to doo (as some write) by reason of the great famin & want of necessarie sustenance, +<span class="rightnote">1006. <i>Hen. Hunt.</i> Swaine returned into England.</span> +which in that yeare sore oppressed this land. In the yeare of our Lord 1006, king Swaine returned +againe into England with a mightie & huge nauie, arriuing at Sandwich, and spoiled all +the countrie néere vnto the sea side. King Egelred raised all his power against him, and all +the haruest time laie abroad in the field to resist the Danes, which according to their woonted +maner spared not to exercise their vnmercifull crueltie, in wasting and spoiling the land with +fire and sword, pilfering and taking of preies in euerie part where they came. Neither could +king Egelred remedie the matter, because the enimies still conueied themselues with their ships +into some contrarie quarter, from the place where they knew him to be, so that his trauell was +in vaine.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">The Danes winter in the Ile of Wight. They inuade Hampshire, Barkeshire, &c.</span> +About the beginning of winter they remained in the Ile of Wight, & in the time of Christmasse +they landed in Hampshire, and passing through that countrie into Barkeshire, they came +to Reading, and from thence to Wallingford, and so to Coleseie, and then approching to +Essington, came to Achikelmeslawe, and in euerie place wheresoeuer they came, they made +cleane worke. For that which they could not carie with them, they consumed with fire, +burning vp their innes and sleaing their hoasts. In returning backe, the people of the west +countrie gaue them battell, but preuailed not, so that they did but inrich their enimies with +<span class="rightnote">Winchester.</span> +the spoile of their bodies. They came by the gates of Winchester as it were in maner of +triumph, with vittels and spoiles which they had fetched fiftie miles from the sea side. In the +<span class="leftnote">1007.</span> +meane time king Egelred lay about Shrewsburie sore troubled with the newes hereof, and in +the yeare next insuing, by the aduise of his councell he gaue to king Swaine for the redeeming +<span class="rightnote">36000 pound saith <i>Si. Dun.</i></span> +of peace 30000 pounds.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">Edrike de Streona made duke or earle of Mercia.</span> +In the same yeare K. Egelred created the traitor Edrike earle of Mercia, who although he +had maried Edgiua the kings daughter, was yet noted to be one of those which disclosed the +secrets of the realme, and the determinations of the councell vnto the enimies. But he was +such a craftie dissembler, so greatlie prouided of sleight to dissemble and cloake his falshood, +that the king being too much abused by him, had him in singular fauour, whereas he vpon +a malicious purpose studied dailie how to bring the realme into vtter destruction, aduertising +the enimies from time to time how the state of things stood, whereby they came to knowlege +<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil. Malm.</i></span> +when they should giue place, and when they might safelie come forward. Moreouer, being +sent vnto them oftentimes as a commissioner to treat for peace, he persuaded them to warre. +But such was the pleasure of God, to haue him and such other of like sort aduanced to honor +in this season, when by his diuine prouidence he meant to punish the people of this realme for +their wickednesse and sinnes, whereby they had iustlie prouoked his wrath and high displeasure.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Henr. Hunt. Simon Dun.</i> <br />An hundred acres is an hide of land. <br />1008</span> +In the 30 yeare of king Egelreds reigne, which fell in the yeare of our Lord 1008, he tooke<a name="page711" id="page711"></a><span class="page">[Page 711]</span> +order that of euerie thrée hundred and ten hides of land within this realme, there should one +ship be builded, and of euerie eight hides a complet armor furnished. In the yeare following, +the kings whole fléet was brought togither at Sandwich, and such souldiers came thither as +were appointed to go to sea in the same fléet. There had not béene séene the like number +<span class="leftnote">Provision for ships and armour</span> +of ships so trimlie rigged and furnished in all points, in anie kings daies before. But no great +profitable péece of seruice was wrought by them: for the king had about that time banished a +<span class="rightnote"><br /><i>Matt. West.</i></span> +noble yoong man of Sussex called Wilnot, who getting togither twentie sailes, laie vpon the +coasts taking prices where he could get them. Brithrike the brother of earle Edrike, being +desirous to win honor, tooke forth foure score of the said ships, and promised to bring in the +enimie dead or aliue. But as he was sailing forward on the seas, a sore tempest with an outragious +wind rose with such violence, that his ships were cast vpon the shore: and Wilnot +comming vpon them, set them on fire, and so burned them euerie one. The residue of the +ships, when newes came to them of this mishap, returned backe to London; and then was +the armie dispersed, and so all the cost and trauell of the Englishmen proued in vaine.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">Danes land at Sandwich. 1009.</span> +After this, in the haruest time a new armie of Danes, vnder the conduct of thrée capteines, +Turkill, Henning, and Aulafe landed at Sandwich, and from thence passed forth to Canturburie, +and had taken the citie but that the citizens gaue them a 1000 pounds to depart from thence, +<span class="leftnote">3000 pound saith <i>Sim. Dun.</i></span> +and to leaue the countrie in peace. Then went the Danes to the Ile of Wight, and afterwards +<span class="rightnote">Sussex and Hampshire spoiled.</span> +landed and spoiled the countrie of Sussex and Hampshire. King Egelred assembled the whole +power of all his subiects, and comming to giue them battell, had made an end of their cruell +harieng the countrie with the slaughter of them all, if earle Edrike with forged tales (deuised +onelie to put him in feare) had not dissuaded him from giuing battell. The Danes by that +<span class="rightnote">The Danes returne into Kent.</span> +meanes returning in safetie, immediatlie after the feast of saint Martine, returned into Kent, and +lodged with their nauie in the winter following in the Thames, and oftentimes assaulting the +citie of London, were still beaten backe to their losse.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">1010. <br />Oxford burnt.</span> +After the feast of Christmasse they passed through the countrie and woods of Chilterne +vnto Oxford, which towne they burned, and then returning backe they fell to wasting of the +countrie on both sides the Thames. But hearing that an armie was assembled at London to +giue them battell; that part of their host which kept on the northside of the riuer, passed the +<span class="leftnote">Stanes.</span> +same riuer at Stanes, and so ioining with their fellowes marched foorth through Southerie, +and comming backe to their ships in Kent, fell in hand to repare & amend their ships that +were in anie wise decaied. Then after Easter, the Danes sailing about the coast, arriued at +<span class="rightnote">Gipswich in Suffolke. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +Gipswich in Suffolke, on the Ascension day of our Lord: and inuading the countrie, gaue +battell at a place called Wigmere or Rigmere, vnto Vikill or Wilfeketell leader of the English +host in those parties, on the fift of Maie. The men of Northfolke and Suffolke fled at the +first onset giuen: but the Cambridgeshire men sticked to it valiantlie, winning thereby perpetuall +fame and commendation. There was no mindfulnesse amongest them of running +awaie, so that a great number of the nobilitie and other were beaten downe and slaine, till at +<span class="rightnote">Capat formicæ.</span> +length one Turketell Mireneheued, that had a Dane to his father, first began to take his +flight, and deserued thereby an euerlasting reproch.</p> +<p> +The Danes obteining the vpper hand, for the space of thrée moneths togither went vp and +downe the countries, & wasted those parties of the realme, that is to say, Northfolke, and +Suffolke, with the borders of Lincolnshire, Huntingtonshire, and Cambridgeshire where the fens +are, gaining excéeding riches by the spoile of great and wealthie abbies and churches which +<span class="rightnote">Thetford. Cambridge. <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i></span> +had their situation within the compasse of the same fens. They also destroied Thetford, and +burnt Cambridge, and from thence passed through the pleasant mountaine-countrie of Belsham, +cruellie murdering the people without respect of age, degrée or sex. After this also +<span class="leftnote">The Danes arrive in the Thames. 1011.</span> +they entred into Essex. and so came backe to their ships, which were then arriued in the +Thames. But they rested not anie long time in quiet, as people that minded nothing but the +destruction of this realme. So as soone after, when they had somwhat refreshed them, +they set forward againe into the countrie, passing through Buckinghamshire, & so into Bedfordshire. +<span class="rightnote">Northampton burnt by Danes.</span> +And about saint Andrewes tide they turned towards Northampton, & comming<a name="page712" id="page712"></a><span class="page">[Page 712]</span> +thither set fire on that towne. Then turning through the west countrie, with fire & sword +they wasted and destroied a great part thereof, & namelie Wiltshire, with other parties. +And finallie about the feast of Christmas they came againe to their ships. Thus had the Danes +<span class="rightnote">How manie shires the Danes wasted.</span> +wasted the most part of 16 or 17 shires within this realme, as Northfolke, Suffolke, Cambridgeshire, +Essex, Middlesex, Hartfordshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, and Bedfordshire, +with a part of Huntingtonshire, and also a great portion of Northamptonshire. This +was doone in the countries that lie on the northside of the riuer of Thames. On the southside +of the same riuer, they spoiled and wasted Kent, Southerie, Sussex, Barkeshire, Hampshire, +and (as is before said) a great part of Wiltshire.</p> + + <hr /><br /><br /> + <a name="fift7" id="fift7"></a> +<p> +<i>King Egelred offereth the Danes great summes of moneie to desist from destroieng his +countrie, their unspeakable crueltie, bloudthirstinesse, and insatiable spoiling of Canturburie +betraied by a churchman; their merciles murthering of Elphegus archbishop of Canturburie, +Turkillus the Dane chiefe lord of Norfolke and Suffolke, a peace concluded betweene +the Danes and the English vpon hard conditions; Gunthildis a beautifull Danish +ladie and hir husband slaine, hir courage to the death.</i></p> + +<h3>THE FIFT CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">The king sendeth to the Danes. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +The king and the peeres of the realme, vnderstanding of the Danes dealing in such merciles +maner (as is aboue mentioned) but not knowing how to redresse the matter, sent ambassadors +vnto the Danes, offering them great summes of moneie to leaue off such cruell +wasting and spoiling of the land. The Danes were contented to reteine the moneie, but yet +could not absteine from their cruell dooings, neither was their greedie thirst of bloud and +spoile satisfied with the wasting and destroieng of so manie countries and places as they had +<span class="rightnote">1011. <br />Canturburie wonne by Danes.</span> +passed through. Wherevpon, in the yeere of our Lord 1011, about the feast of S. Matthew +in September, they laid siege to the citie of Canturburie, which of the citizens was valiantlie +defended by the space of twentie daies. In the end of which terme it was taken by the + +enimies, through the treason of a deacon named Almaricus, whome the archbishop Elphegus +had before that time preserued from death. The Danes exercised passing great crueltie +in the winning of that citie (as by sundrie authors it dooth and maie appéere.) For they +<span class="rightnote"><i>Fabian ex Antonino.</i></span> +slue of men, women, and children, aboue the number of eight thousand. They tooke the +<span class="leftnote">The archbishop Elphegus taken. <i>Hen. Hunt.</i></span> +archbishop Elphegus with an other bishop named Godwine; also abbat Lefwin and Alseword +the kings bailife there. They spared no degrée, in somuch that they slue and tooke 900 +priests, and other men of religion. And when they had taken their pleasure of the citie, they +<span class="rightnote"><i>Antoninus. Vincentius</i>. <br /><i>Wil. Lamb. <br />ex Asserio Meneuensi, & alijs.</i></span> +set it on fire, and so returned to their ships. There be some which write that they tithed the +people after an inuerted order, slaieng all by nines through the whole multitude, and reserued +the tenth: so that of all the moonks there were but foure saued, and of the laie people 4800, +whereby it followeth that there died 43200 persons. Whereby is gathered that the citie of +Canturburie, and the countrie thereabouts (the people whereof belike fled thither for succor) +was at that time verie well inhabited, so as there haue not wanted (saith maister Lambert) +which affirme that it had then more people than London it selfe.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">1112. <br /><i>Henr. Hunt.</i></span> +But now to our purpose. In the yéere next insuing, vpon the Saturday in Easter wéeke, +after that the bishop Elphegus had béene kept prisoner with them the space of six or seuen +moneths, they cruellie in a rage led him foorth into the fields, and dashed out his braines with +<span class="leftnote">The archbishop Elphegus murthered.</span> +stones, bicause he would not redéeme his libertie with thrée thousand pounds, which they demanded +to haue beene leuied of his farmers and tenants. This cruell murther was commited +at Gréenewich foure miles distant from London, the 19 of Aprill, where he lay a certeine +<span class="rightnote">Miracles.</span> +time vnburied, but at length through miracles shewed (as they say, for miracles are all +<span class="rightnote">Elphegus buried in London.</span> +wrought now by dead men, and not by the liuing) the Danes permitted that his bodie<a name="page713" id="page713"></a><span class="page">[Page 713]</span> +might be caried to London, and there was it buried in the church of S. Paule, where it rested +for the space of ten yeeres, till king Cnute or Knought had the gouernment of this land, by +<span class="rightnote">Translated to Canturburie.</span> +whose appointment it was remooued to Canturburie.</p> +<p> +<span class="leftnote"><i>Wil. Malms.</i> Turkillus held Norffolk and Suffolke.</span> +Turkillus the leader of those Danes by whome the archbishop Elphegus was thus murthered, +held Northfolke and Suffolke vnder his subiection, & so continued in those parties as +chiefe lord and gouernor. But the residue of the Danes at length, compounding with the +<span class="rightnote">48 thousand pound as saith <br /><i>Sim. Dun.</i> and <br /><i>M. West.</i> <br /><i>Henr. Hunt.</i></span> +Englishmen for a tribute to be paid to them of eight thousand pounds, spred abroad in the +countrie, soiorning in cities, townes and villages, where they might find most conuenient harbour. +Moreouer, fortie of their ships, or rather (as some write) 45 were reteined to serue the +king, promising to defend the realme; with condition, that the souldiers and mariners should +haue prouision of meate and drinke, with apparell found them at the kings charges. As +one autor hath gathered, Swaine king of Denmarke was in England at the concluding of +this peace, which being confirmed with solemne othes and sufficient hostages, he departed into +Denmarke.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth. West.</i></span> +The same author bringeth the generall slaughter of Danes vpon S. Brices day, to haue +chanced in the yéere after the conclusion of this agreement, that is to say, in the yeere 1012, +<span class="leftnote">Gunthildis the sister of K. Swaine murthered.</span> +at what time Gunthildis the sister of king Swaine was slaine, with hir husband & hir sonne, by +the commandement of the false traitor Edrike. But bicause all other authors agree that the +murther of Danes was executed about ten yeeres before this supposed time: we haue +made rehearsall thereof in that place. Howbeit, for the death of Gunthildis, it maie be, that she +became hostage either in the yéere 1007, at what time king Egelred paied thirtie thousand +pounds vnto king Swaine to haue peace (as before you haue heard) or else might she be deliuered +in hostage, in the yéere 1011, when the last agréement was made with the Danes (as +aboue is mentioned.) But when or at what time soeuer she became hostage, this we find of +hir, that she came hither into England with hir husband Palingus, a mightie earle, and receiued +<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil. Malm.</i></span> +baptisme héere. Wherevpon she earnestlie trauelled in treatie of a peace betwixt hir brother +and king Egelred: which being brought to passe chieflie by hir sute, she was contented to +become an hostage for performance thereof (as before is recited.) And after by the commandement +of earle Edrike she was put to death, pronouncing that the shedding of hir +bloud would cause all England one day sore to rue. She was a verie beautifull ladie, and tooke +hir death without all feare, not once changing countenance, though she saw hir husband and +hir onelie sonne (a yoong gentleman of much towardnesse) first murthered before hir face.</p> + + <hr /><br /><br /> + <a name="sixt7" id="sixt7"></a> +<p> +<i>Turkillus the Danish capteine telleth king Swaine the faults of the king, nobles, & commons +of this realme, he inuadeth England, the Northumbers and others submit themselues to +him, Danes receiued into seruice vnder Egelred, London assalted by Swaine, the citizens +behaue themselues stoutlie, and giue the Danish host a shamefull repulse, Ethelmere earle +of Deuonshire and his people submit themselues to Swaine, he returneth into Denmarke, +commeth back againe into England with a fresh power, is incountred withhall of the Englishmen, +whose king Egelred is discomfited, his oration to his souldiers touching the present +reliefe of their distressed land, their resolution and full purpose in this their perplexitie, +king Egelred is minded to giue place to Swaine, he sendeth his wife and children ouer +into Normandie, the Londoners yeeld vp their state to Swaine, Egelred saileth oner into +Normandie, leauing his land to the enimie.</i></p> + +<h3>THE SIXT CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">Turkillus discloseth the secrets of the Realme to K. Swaine. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +Now had Turkillus in the meanetime aduertised king Swaine in what state things stood +here within the realme: how king Egelred was negligent, onlie attending to the lusts & +pleasures of the flesh: how the noble men were vnfaithfull, and the commons weake and<a name="page714" id="page714"></a><span class="page">[Page 714]</span> +feeble through want of good and trustie leaders. Howbeit, some write, that Turkillus as +well as other of the Danes which remained héere in England, was in league with king Egelred, +in somuch that he was with him in London, to helpe and defend the citie against Swaine +when he came to assalt it (as after shall appéere.) Which if it be true, a doubt may rise whether +Swaine receiued anie aduertisement from Turkillus to mooue him the rather to inuade +the realme: but such aduertisements might come from him before that he was accorded with +Egelred.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">Swaine prepareth an armie to inuade England. </span> +Swaine therefore as a valiant prince, desirous both to reuenge his sisters death, and win +honor, prepared an huge armie, and a great number of ships, with the which he made towards +<span class="leftnote">He landeth at Sandwich. <br />1013. Gainsbourgh.</span> +England, and first comming to Sandwich, taried there a small while, and taking eftsoones the +sea, compassed about the coasts of Eastangles, and arriuing in the mouth of Humber, sailed +vp the water, and entering into the riuer of Trent, he landed at Gainesbourgh, purposing to +inuade the Northumbers. But as men brought into great feare, for that they had béene subiect +to the Danes in times past, and thinking therefore not to reuolt to the enimie, but rather +<span class="rightnote">The Northumbers yéeld to Swaine. +The people of Lindsey yéeld themselues to him. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +to their old acquaintance, if they should submit themselues to the Danes, streightwaies offered +to become subiect vnto Swaine, togither with their duke named Wighthred. Also the people + +of Lindsey and all those of the northside of Watlingstréet yéelded themselues vnto him, and +delivered pledges. Then he appointed his sonne Cnutus to haue the kéeping of those pledges, + +and to remaine vpon the safegard of his ships, whiles he himselfe passed forward into the +<span class="leftnote">South Mercia.</span> +countrie. Then marched he forward to subdue them of south Mercia: and so came to +Oxford & to Winchester, making the countries subiect to him throughout wheresoeuer he +came.</p> +<p> +With this prosperous successe Swaine being greatlie incouraged, prepared to go vnto +London, where king Egelred as then remained, hauing with him Turkillus the Dane, which +<span class="rightnote"><i>Sim. Dunel.</i> </span> +was reteined in wages with other of the Danes (as by report of some authors it maie appeare) +and were now readie to defend the citie against their countriemen in support of king +Egelred, togither with the citizens. Swaine, bicause he would not step so farre out of the +way as to go to the next bridge, lost a great number of his men as he passed through the +<span class="rightnote">Swaine assaulteth London.</span> +Thames. At his comming to London, he began to assault the citie verie fiercelie, in hope +either to put his enimie in such feare that he should despaire of all reliefe and comfort, or at +the least trie what he was able to doo. The Londoners on the other part, although they were +brought in some feare by this sudden attempt of the enimies, yet considering with themselues, +that the hazard of all the whole state of the realme was annexed to theirs, sith their citie was +<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span> +the chiefe and metropolitane of all the kingdome, they valiantlie stood in defense of themselues, +and of their king that was present there with them, beating backe the enimies, chasing +them from the walles, and otherwise dooing their best to kéepe them off. At length, although +the Danes did most valiantlie assault the citie, yet the Englishmen to defend their +prince from all iniurie of enimies, did not shrinke, but boldlie sallied foorth at the gates in +heapes togither, and incountered with their aduersaries, and began to fight with them verie +fiercelie.</p> +<p> +Swaine whilest he went about to kéepe his men in order, as one most desirous to reteine +the victorie now almost gotten, was compassed so about with the Londoners on each side, +that after he had lost a great number of his men, he was constreined for his safegard to +breake out through the midst of his enimies weapons, and was glad that he might so escape: +<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil. Malm.</i> <br />Erle of Deuonshire as saith <br /><i>Matt. West.</i> <br /> +<i>Polydor.</i> </span> +and so with the residue of his armie ceassed not to iournie day and night till he came to Bath, +where Ethelmere an earle of great power in those west parts of the realme submitted himselfe +with all his people vnto him, who shortlie after neuerthelesse (as some write) was compelled +through want of vittels to release the tribute latelie couenanted to be paied vnto him for a +<span class="leftnote">Swaine returneth into Denmarke.</span> +certeine summe of monie, which when hée had receiued, he returned into Denmarke, meaning +shortlie to returne againe with a greater power.</p> +<p> +King Egelred supposed that by the paiment of that monie he should haue béene rid out<a name="page715" id="page715"></a><span class="page">[Page 715]</span> +of all troubles, of warre with the Danes. But the nobles of the realme thought otherwise, +<span class="rightnote">Swaine returneth into England to make warre.</span> +and therefore willed him to prepare an armie with all speéd that might be made. Swaine +taried not long (to proue the doubt of the noble men to be grounded of foreknowledge) +but that with swift spéed he returned againe into England, and immediatlie vpon his arriuall +was an armie of Englishmen assembled and led against him into the field. Herevpon they +<span class="rightnote">King Egelred discomfited in battell.</span> +ioined in battell, which was sore foughten for a time, till at length by reason of diuerse +Englishmen that turned to the enimies side, the discomfiture fell with such slaughter vpon +the English host, that king Egelred well perceiued the state of his regall gouernement to bée +brought into vtter danger. Wherevpon after the losse of this field, he assembled the rest +of his people that were escaped, and spake vnto them after this manner.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>The oration of king Egelred to the remanent of his souldiers.</i></p> +<p> +"I shuld for euer be put to silence, if there wanted in vs the vertue of a fatherlie +mind, in giuing good aduise & counsel for the well ordering and due administration of things +in the common wealth, or if there lacked courage or might in our souldiers and men of +warre to defend our countrie. Trulie to die in defense of the countrie where we are borne, +I confesse it a woorthie thing, and I for my part am readie to take vpon me to enter into the +midst of the enimies in defense of my kingdome. But here I see our countrie and the +whole English nation to be at a point to fall into vtter ruine. We are ouercome of the +Danes, not with weapon or force of armes; but with treason wrought by our owne people: +we did at the first prepare a nauie against the enimies, the which that false traitour Elfrike +betraid into their hands. Againe, oftentimes haue we giuen battell with euill successe, +and onelie through the fault of our owne people that haue beene false and disloiall: whereby +we haue bin constreined to agree with the enimies vpon dishonorable conditions, euen as +necessitie required, which to ouercome, resteth onelie in God. Such kind of agreement hath +beene made in deed to our destruction, sith the enimies haue not sticked to breake it (they +being such a wicked kind of people as neither regard God nor man) contrarie to right and +reason, and beside all our hope & expectation. So that the matter is come now to this +passe, that we haue not cause onlie to feare the losse of our gouernement, but least the +name of the whole English nation be destroied for euer. Therefore sithens the enimies are +at hand, and as it were ouer our heads, you to whom my commandement hath euer bene +had in good regard, prouide, take counsell, and see to succor the state of your countrie now +readie to decay and to fall into irrecouerable ruine."</p> +<p> +Herevpon they fell in consultation, euerie one alledging and bringing foorth his opinion +as seemed to him best: but it appeared they had the woolfe by the eare, for they wist not +which way to turne them. If they should giue battell, it was to be doubted least through +treason among themselues, the armie should be betraied into the enimies hands, the which +would not faile to execute all kind of crueltie in the slaughter of the whole nation. And if +they stood not valiantlie to shew themselues readie to defend their countrie, there was no +shift but yeeld themselues. Which though it were a thing reprochfull and dishonorable, yet +should it be lesse euill, as they tooke the matter, for thereby might manie be preserued +from death, and in time to come, be able to recouer the libertie of their countrie, when +occasion should be offered. This point was allowed of them all, and so in the end they +rested vpon that resolution.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">King Egelred determineth to give place vnto Swaine. <br /> +He sendeth his wife and sonnes ouer into Normandie. Richard duke of Normandie.</span> +King Egelred therefore determined to commit himselfe into the hands of his brother in +law Richard duke of Normandie, whose sister (as ye haue heard) he had maried. But bicause +he would not doo this vnaduisedlie, first he sent ouer his wife quéene Emma, with his +sonnes which he had begotten of hir, Alfred and Edward, that by their interteinment he + +might vnderstand how he should be welcome. Duke Richard receiued his sister and his +nephues verie ioifullie, and promised to aid his brother king Egelred in defense of his kingdome. +But in this meane while had Swaine conquered the more part of all England, and<a name="page716" id="page716"></a><span class="page">[Page 716]</span> +brought (by little and little) that which remained vnder his subiection. The people through +<span class="leftnote"><i>Simon Dun.</i> <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i> <br />Turkill. <br />1014.</span> +feare submitting themselues on each hand, king Egelred in this meane time (for the Londoners +had submitted themselues to Swaine) was first withdrawne vnto Gréenwich, and there +remained for a time with the nauie of the Danes, which was vnder the gouernement of earle +Turkill, and from thence sailed into the Ile of Wight, and there remained a great part of +<span class="rightnote">King Egelred passeth into Normandie.</span> +the winter, and finallie after Christmas himselfe sailed into Normandie, and was of his +brother in law ioifullie receiued & greatlie comforted in that his time of necessitie.</p> + + <hr /><br /><br /> +<a name="seuenth7" id="seuenth7"></a> +<p> +<i>Swaine king of Denmarke is reputed king of this land, he oppresseth the English people +cruellie, and spoileth religious houses, the strange and miraculous slaughter of Swaine +vaunting of his victories; the Danish chronicles write parciallie of him and his end, +Cnute succeedeth his father Swaine in regiment, the Englishmen send king Egelred woord +of Swaines death, Edward king Egelreds eldest sonne commeth ouer into England to +know the state of the countrie and people of certeintie; Egelred with his power returneth +into England; what meanes Cnute made to establish himselfe king of this land, and to +be well thought of among the English people, Egelred burneth vp Gainesbrough, and +killeth the inhabitants therof for their disloialtie; Cnutes flight to Sandwich, his cruel +decree against the English pledges, he returneth into Denmarke, why Turkillus the +Danish capteine with his power compounded with the Englishmen to tarrie in this land, +his faithlesse seruice to Egelred, his drift to make the whole realme subiect to the Danish +thraldome.</i></p> + +<h3>THE SEUENTH CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +Swaine hauing now got the whole rule of the land, was reputed full king, and so +commanded that his armie should be prouided of wages and vittels to be taken vp & leuied +through the realme. In like maner Turkill commanded that to his armie lodged at Gréenewich, +wages and vittels sufficient should be deliuered, for the finding, releeuing, succouring, +<span class="rightnote">Swaine handleth the Englishmen hardlie.</span> +and susteining thereof. Swaine vsed the victorie verie cruellie against the Englishmen, oppressing +them on each hand; to the intent that them being brought low he might gouerne +in more suertie. The yéere in which he obteined the rule thus of this realme, and that king +Egelred was constreined to flie into Normandie, was in the 35 yeere of the same Egelred +his reigne, and after the birth of our Lord 1014. Swaine being once established in the +gouernment, did not onelie vse much crueltie in oppressing the laitie, but also stretched +foorth his hand to the church, and to the ministers in the same, fléecing them and spoiling +both churches and ministers, without anie remorse of conscience, insomuch that hauing a +quarell against the inhabitants within the precinct of S. Edmunds land in Suffolke, he did +not onelie harrie the countrie, but also rifled and spoiled the abbeie of Burie, where the +bodie of saint Edmund rested.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Fabian.</i> <br />S. Edmund fighteth for the wealth, but not for the slaughter of +his people. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i> <br />1015.</span> +Wherevpon shortlie after, as he was at Gainesbrough or Thetford (as some say) and there +in his iollitie talked with his Nobles of his good successe in conquering of this land, he +was suddenlie striken with a knife, as it is reported, miraculouslie, for no man wist how or +by whome: and within thrée daies after, to wit, on the third of Februarie he ended his +life with grieuous paine and torment in yelling and roring, by reason of his extreame anguish +beyond all measure. There hath sproong a pleasant tale among the posteritie of that +age, how he should be wounded with the same knife which king Edmund in his life time +<span class="leftnote"><i>Albertus Crantz.</i> <i>Saxo Grammaticus.</i></span> +vsed to weare. Thus haue some of our writers reported, but the Danish chronicles report +a farre more happie end which should chance to this Swaine, than is before mentioned out +of our writers: for the said chronicles report, that after he had subdued England, he tooke +order with king Egelred, whome they name amisse Adelstane, that he should not ordeine<a name="page717" id="page717"></a><span class="page">[Page 717]</span> +any other successor, but onlie the said Swaine. Then after this, he returned into Denmarke, +where vsing himselfe like a right godlie prince, at length he there ended his life, being a verie +old man.</p> +<p> +Notwithstanding all this, when or howsoeuer he died, immediatlie after his deceasse the +<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil. Malmes. <br />H. Hunt.</i> <br />Canute or Cnute.</span> +Danes elected his sonne Cnute or Knought to succeed in his dominions. But the Englishmen +of nothing more desirous than to shake off the yoke of Danish thraldome besides their +necks & shoulders, streightwaies vpon knowledge had of Swaines death, with all spéed aduertised +<span class="rightnote">Eglered sent for home.</span> +king Egelred thereof, and that they were readie to receiue and assist him if he +would make hast to come ouer to deliuer his countrie out of the hands of strangers. These +newes were right ioiful vnto Egelred, who burning in desire to be reuenged on them that +had expelled him out of his kingdome, made no longer tariance to set that enterprise forward. +<span class="rightnote">Edmund K. Egelreds eldest sonne.</span> +But yet doubting the inconstancie of the people, he sent his elder son (named Edmund) to +trie the minds of them, and to vnderstand whether they were constant or wauering in that +which they had promised.</p> +<p> +The yoong gentleman hasting ouer into England, and with diligent inquirie perceiuing +how they were bent, returned with like spéed as he came into Normandie againe, declaring +to his father, that all things were in safetie if he would make hast. King Egelred then conceiued +<span class="rightnote">King Egelred returneth into England.</span> +an assured hope to recouer his kingdom, aided with his brother in laws power, and +trusting vpon the assistance of the Englishmen, returned into England in the time of Lent. +His returne was ioifull and most acceptable to the English people, as to those that abhorred +<span class="leftnote">Canutes endeuor to establish himselfe in the kingdome.</span> +the rule of the Danes, which was most sharpe and bitter to them, although Cnute did +what he could by bountifulnesse and courteous dealings to haue reteined them vnder his +obeisance.</p> +<p> +And of an intent to procure Gods fauour in the well ordering of things for the administration +in the common wealth, he sought first to appease his wrath, and also to make amends +to saint Edmund for his fathers offense committed (as was thought) against him: insomuch +<span class="rightnote">S. Edmunds ditch.</span> +that after he had obteined the kingdome, he caused a great ditch to be cast round about the +land of saint Edmund, and granted manie fréedoms to the inhabitants, acquiting them of +certeine taskes and paiments, vnto the which other of their neighbours were contributarie. +He also builded a church on the place where saint Edmund was buried, and ordeined an +house of moonks there, or rather remooued the canons or secular priests that were there +afore, and put moonks in their roomes. He offered vp also his crowne vnto the same +<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor. <br />Fabian.</i></span> +S. Edmund, and redéemed it againe with a great summe of monie, which maner of dooing +grew into an vse vnto other kings that followed him. He adorned the church there with +manie rich iewels, and indowed the monasterie with great possessions.</p> +<p> +But these things were not done now at the first, but after that he was established in the +kingdome. For in the meane time, after that king Egelred was returned out of Normandie, +Cnute as then soiourning at Gainesbrough, remained there till the feast of Easter, and made +agréement with them of Lindsey, so that finding him horsses, they should altogither go +foorth to spoile their neighbors. King Egelred aduertised thereof, sped him thither with a +mightie host, and with great crueltie burned vp the countrie, and slue the more part of the +<span class="rightnote">Canute driven to forsake the land.</span> +inhabitants, bicause they had taken part with his enimies. Cnute as then was not of power +able to resist Egelred, and therefore taking his ships which lay in Humber, fled from thence, +<span class="leftnote">He was driuen thither by force of contrarie winds as should appeare by <br /><i>Matth. West.</i></span> +& sailed about the coast, till he came to Sandwich, and there sore gréeued in his mind to +remember what mischéefe was fallen and chanced to his friends and subiects of Lindsey, +onelie for his cause; he commanded that such pledges as had béene deliuered to his father +by certeine noble men of this realme, for assurance of their fidelities, should haue their noses +slit, and their eares stuffed, or (as some write) their hands and noses cut off. +<span class="rightnote">The cruell decrée of Cnute against the English pledges. <br /> +<i>Will. Malmes.</i> <br />This Turkill was reteined in seruice with Egelred, as I thinke.</span></p> +<p> +When this cruell act according to his commandement was doone, taking the sea, he sailed +into Denmarke: but yet tooke not all the Danes with him which his father brought +thither. For earle Turkill perceiuing the wealthinesse of the land, compounded with the +Englishmen, and chose rather to remaine in a region replenished with all riches, than to<a name="page718" id="page718"></a><span class="page">[Page 718]</span> +returne home into his owne countrie that wanted such commodities as were here to be had. +And yet (as some thought) he did not forsake his souereigne lord Cnute for anie euill +meaning towards him, but rather to aid him (when time serued) to recouer the possession +of England againe, as it afterwards well appeared. For notwithstanding that he was now +reteined by K. Egelred with fortie ships, and the flower of all the Danes that were men of +warre, so that Cnute returned but with 60 ships into his countrie: yet shortlie after, erle +Turkill with 9 of those ships sailed into Denmarke, submitted himselfe vnto Cnute, counselled +him to returne into England, and promised him the assistance of the residue of those +<span class="rightnote"><i>Encomium Emmæ.</i></span> +Danish ships which yet remained in England, being to the number of thirtie, with all +the souldiers and mariners that to them belonged. To conclude, he did so much by his +earnest persuasions, that Cnute (through aid of his brother Harrold king of Denmarke) +got togither a nauie of two hundred ships, so roially decked, furnished, and appointed, +both for braue shew and necessarie furniture of all maner of weapons, armor & munition, +as it is strange to consider that which is written by them that liued in those daies, and tooke +in hand to register the dooings of that time. Howbeit to let this pompe of Cnutes fléete +passe, which (no doubt) was right roiall, consider a little and looke backe to Turkill, though +a sworne seruant to king Egelred, how he did direct all his drift +to the aduancement of +Cnute, and his owne commoditie, cloking his purposed treacherie with pretended amitie, as +shall appeare hereafter by his deadlie hostilitie.</p> + + <hr /><br /><br /> + <a name="eight7" id="eight7"></a> +<p> +<i>A great waste by an inundation or inbreaking of the sea, a tribute of 30000 pounds to the +Danes, king Egelred holdeth a councell at Oxford, where he causeth two noble men of +the Danes to be murdered by treason, Edmund the kings eldest sonne marieth one of their +wiues, and seizeth vpon his predecessors lands; Cnute the Danish king returneth into +England, the Danish and English armies encounter, both susteine losse; Cnute maketh +waste of certeine shires, Edmund preuenteth Edriks purposed treason, Edrike de Streona +flieth to the Danes, the Westernemen yeeld to Cnute; Mercia refuseth to be subiect vnto +him, Warwikeshire wasted by the Danes; Egelred assembleth an armie against them in +vaine; Edmund & Vtred with ioined forces lay waste such countries and people as became +subiect to Cnute; his policie to preuent their purpose, through what countries he +passed, Vtred submitteth himselfe to Cnute, and deliuereth pledges, he is put to death and +his lands álienated, Cnute pursueth Edmund to London, and prepareth to besiege the +citie, the death and buriall of Egelred, his wiues, what issue he had by them, his unfortunatnesse, +and to what affections and vices he was inclined, his too late and bootlesse +s3eking to releeue his decaied kingdome.</i></p> + +<h3>THE EIGHT CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +But now to returne to our purpose, and to shew what chanced in England after the +<span class="rightnote">1015. <br /><i>Matt. West.</i> <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i> <br /><i>Wil. Malm.</i></span> +departure of Cnute. In the same yeare to the forsaid accustomed mischiefes an vnwoonted +misaduenture happened: for the sea rose with such high spring-tides, that ouerflowing the +countries next adioining, diuers villages with the inhabitants were drowned and destroied. +<span class="leftnote"><i>Matt. West.</i></span> +Also to increase the peoples miserie, king Egelred commanded, that 30000 pounds should be +leuied to paie the tribute due to the Danes which lay at Gréenewich. This yeare also king +<span class="rightnote"> A councell at Oxford. Sigeferd and Morcad murdered.</span> +Egelred held a councell at Oxford, at the which a great number of noble men were present, +both Danes and Englishmen, and there did the king cause Sigeferd and Morcad two noble +personages of the Danes to be murdered within his owne chamber, by the traitorous practise +of Edrike de Streona, which accused them of some conspiracie. But the quarell was +onelie as men supposed, for that the king had a desire to their goods and possessions.</p> +<p>Their seruants tooke in hand to haue reuenged the death of their maisters, but were<a name="page719" id="page719"></a><span class="page">[Page 719]</span> +beaten backe, wherevpon they fled into the steeple of saint Friswids church, and kept the +same, till fire was set vpon the place, and so they were burned to death. The wife of +Sigeferd was taken, & sent to Malmsburie, being a woman of high fame and great worthinesse, +wherevpon the kings eldest sonne named Edmund, tooke occasion vpon pretense of +other businesse to go thither, and there to sée hir, with whome he fell so far in loue, that +<span class="rightnote">Edmund the kings eldest sonne marrieth the widow of Sigeferd.</span> +he tooke and maried hir. That doone, he required to haue hir husbands lands and possessions, +which were an earles liuing, and lay in Northumberland. And when the king +refused to graunt his request, he went thither, and seized the same possessions and lands +into his hands, without hauing anie commission so to doo, finding the farmers and tenants +there readie to receiue him for their lord.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">Cnute returneth into England.</span> +Whilest these things were a dooing, Cnute hauing made his prouision of ships and men, +with all necessarie furniture (as before ye haue heard) for his returne into England, set +forward with full purpose, either to recouer the realme out of Egelreds hands, or to die in +<span class="leftnote"><i>Encomium Emmæ</i>.</span> +the quarrell. Herevpon he landed at Sandwich, and first earle Turkill obteined licence to +go against the Englishmen that were assembled to resist the Danes, and finding them at a +place called Scorastan, he gaue them the ouerthrow, got a great bootie, and returned therewith +to the ships. After this, Edrike gouernor of Norwaie made a rode likewise into an +other part of the countrie, & with a rich spoile, and manie prisoners, returned vnto the nauie. +After this iournie atchiued thus by Edrike, Cnute commanded that they should not waste the +countrie anie more, but gaue order to prepare all things readie to besiege London: but before +<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil. Malm</i>. <br /><i>Hen. Hunt</i>. <br /><i>Matth. West</i>. <br /><i>Sim. Dun</i>.</span> +he attempted that enterprise, as others write, he marched foorth into Kent, or rather +sailing round about that countrie, tooke his iournie westward, & came to Fromundham, and +after departing from thence, wasted Dorsetshire, Summersetshire, & Wiltshire.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">King Egelred sicke. <br /><i>Matth. West.</i></span> +King Egelred in this meane time lay sicke at Cossam; and his sonne Edmund had got +togither a mightie hoast, howbeit yer he came to ioine battell with his enimies, he was +aduertised, that earle Edrike went about to betraie him, and therefore he withdrew with +<span class="leftnote">Edrike de Streona fléeth to the Danes. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i> <br /> +The west countrie <br />The people of Mercia would not yéeld. <br /><i>Matth. West</i>. <br /> +<i>Hen. Hunt.</i> <br />1016</span> +the armie into a place of suertie. But Edrike to make his tratorous purpose manifest to the +whole world, fled to the enimies with fortie of the kings ships, fraught with Danish souldiers. +Herevpon, all the west countrie submitted it selfe vnto Cnute, who receiued pledges of the +chiefe lords and nobles, and then set forward to subdue them of Mercia. The people of +that countrie would not yéeld, but determined to defend the quarrell and title of king +Egelred, so long as they might haue anie capteine that would stand with them, and helpe +to order them. In the yeare 1016, in Christmas, Cnute and earle Edrike passed the Thames +at Kirkelade, & entring into Mercia, cruellie began with fire and sword to waste and destroie +<span class="rightnote">Warwikeshire wasted by the Danes. <br />King Egelred recovered of his sicknesse. He assembleth an armie in vaine.</span> +the countrie, and namelie Warwikeshire.</p> +<p> + +In the meane time was king Egelred recouered of his sicknesse, and sent summons foorth +to raise all his power, appointing euerie man to resort vnto him, that he might incounter +the enimies and giue them battell. But yet when his people were assembled, he was warned +to take héed vnto himselfe, and in anie wise to beware how he gaue battell, for his owne +subiects were purposed to betraie him. Herevpon the armie brake vp, & king Egelred +withdrew to London, there to abide his enimies within the walles, with whom in the field +<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil. Malm.</i> <br />Edmund king Egelreds sonne.</span> +he doubted to trie the battell. His sonne Edmund got him to Vtred, an earle of great +power, inhabiting beyond Humber, and persuading him to ioine his forces with his, forth +they went to waste those countries that were become subiect to Cnute, as Staffordshire, +Leicestershire, and Shropshire, not sparing to exercise great crueltie vpon the inhabitants, as +a punishment for their reuolting, that others might take example thereby.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">Cnute, what countries he passed through.</span> +But Cnute perceiuing whereabout they went, politikelie deuised to frustrate their purpose, +and with dooing of like hurt in all places where he came, passed through Buckinghamshire, +Bedfordshire, Huntingtonshire, and so through the fens came to Stamford, and then entred +into Lincolnshire, and from thence into Notinghamshire, & so into Yorkeshire, not sparing +to doo what mischiefe might be deuised in all places where he came. Vtred aduertised +hereof, was constreined to depart home to saue his owne countrie from present destruction,<a name="page720" id="page720"></a><span class="page">[Page 720]</span> +and therefore comming backe into Northumberland, & perceiuing himselfe not able to resist +<span class="rightnote">Earle Vtred deliuered pledges to Cnute. <br /><i>Aliùs</i> Egricus.</span> +the puissant force of his enimies, was constreined to deliuer pledges, and submit himselfe +vnto Cnute. But yet was he not hereby warranted from danger, for shortlie after he was +taken, and put to death, and then were his lands giuen vnto one Iricke or Iricius, whome +afterward Cnute did banish out of the realme, because that he did attempt to chalenge +like authoritie to him in all points as Cnute himselfe had. After that Cnute had subdued +the Northumbers, he pursued Edmund, till he heard that he had taken London for +<span class="rightnote">Cnute prepareth to besiege London.</span> +his refuge, and staied there with his father. Then did Cnute take his ships, and came about +to the coasts of Kent, preparing to besiege the citie of London.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">King Egelred departed this life. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i> <br /><i>Matth. West.</i></span> +In the meane time, king Egelred sore worne with long sicknesse, departed this life on the +23 of Aprill, being saint Georges day, or (as others say) on saint Gregories day, being the +12 of March, but I take this to be an error growen, by mistaking the feast-day of saint +<span class="leftnote">He is buried in the church of S. Paul at London.</span> +Gregorie for saint George. He reigned the tearme of 37 yeares, or little lesse. His bodie +was buried in the church of saint Pauls, in the north Ile besids the quéere, as by a memoriall +there on the wall it maie appeare. He had two wiues (as before is mentioned.) By Elgina +his first wife he had issue thrée sonnes, Edmund, Edwine, and Adelstane; besides one +daughter named Egiua. By his second wife Emma, daughter to Richard the first of that +name, duke of Normandie, and sister to Richard the second, he had two sonnes, Alfrid and +Edward.</p> +<p> +This Egelred (as you haue heard) had euill successe in his warres against the Danes, and +besides the calamitie that fell thereby to his people, manie other miseries oppressed this land +in his daies, not so much through his lacke of courage and slouthfull negligence, as by +reason of his presumptuous pride, whereby he alienated the hearts of his people from him. +<span class="rightnote"> The pride of king Egelred alienated the harts of his people.</span> +His affections he could not rule, but was led by them without order of reason, for he did +not onlie disherit diuerse of his owne English subiects without apparant cause of offense by +plaine forged cauillations; and also caused all the Danes to be murdered through his realme +in one day, by some light suspicion of their euill meanings: but also gaue himselfe to +lecherous lusts, in abusing his bodie with naughtie strumpets, forsaking the bed of his owne +lawfull wife, to the great infamie & shame of that high degrée of maiestie, which by his +kinglie office he bare and susteined. To conclude, he was from his tender youth more apt +to idle rest, than to the exercise of warres; more giuen to pleasures of the bodie, than to +anie vertues of the mind: although that toward his latter end, being growen into age, and +taught by long experience of worldlie affaires, and proofe of passed miseries, he sought +(though in vaine) to haue recouered the decaied state of his common wealth and countrie.</p> +<p> +¶ In this Egelreds time, and (as it is recorded by a British chronographer) in the yéere +of our Lord 984, one Cadwalhon, the second sonne of Ieuaf tooke in hand the gouernance +of Northwales, and first made warre with Ionauall his coosen, the sonne of Meyric, and +right heire to the land, and slue him, but Edwall the yoongest brother escaped awaie priuilie. +The yéere following, Meredith the sonne of Owen king or prince of Southwales, with all his +power entered into Northwales, and in fight slue Cadwalhon the sonne of Ieuaf, and Meyric +his brother, and conquered the land to himselfe. Wherein a man maie sée how God +<span class="rightnote">Sée the historie of Cambria pag. 62, 63.</span> +punished the wrong, which Iago and Ieuaf the sonnes of Edwall Voell did to their eldest +brother Meyric, who was first disherited, and afterward his eies put out, and one of his +sonnes slaine. For first Ieuaf was imprisoned by Iago; then Iago with his sonne Constantine, +by Howell the son of Ieuaf: and afterward the said Howell, with his brethren Cadwalhon +and Meyric, were slaine and spoiled of all their lands.</p> + +<hr /><br /><br /> +<a name="ninth7" id="ninth7"></a> +<p><a name="page721" id="page721"></a><span class="page">[Page 721]</span> +<i>Edmund Ironside succedeth his father in the kingdome, the spiritualtie favouring Cnute +would haue him to be king, the Londoners are his backe friends, they receiue Edmund +their king honorablie and ioifullie, Cnute is proclaimed king at Southampton, manie of +the states cleaue vnto him, he besiegeth London by water and land, the citizens giue him +the foile, he incountreth with king Edmund and is discomfited, two battels fought betweene +the Danes and English with equall fortune and like successe, the traitorous stratagem +of Edrike the Dane, king Edmund aduisedlie defeateth Edriks trecherie, 20000 +of both armies slaine, Cnute marching towards London is pursued of Edmund, the Danes +are repelled, incountred, and vanquished; queene Emma prouideth for the safetie of hir +sonnes; the Danes seeke a pacification with Edmund, thereby more easilie to betraie +him; Cnute with his armie lieth neere Rochester, king Edmund pursueth them, both +armies haue a long and a sore conflict, the Danes discomfited, and manie of them slaine; +Cnute with his power assemble at Essex and there make waste, king Edmund pursuith +them, Edrike traitorouslie reuolteth from the English to succour the Danes, king Edmund +is forced to get him out of the field, the Englishmen put to their hard shifts and slaine +by heapes; what noble personages were killed in this battell, of two dead bodies latelie +found in the place where this hot and heauie skirmish was fought.</i></p> + +<h3>THE NINTH CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">EDMUND IRONSIDE.</span> +After that king Egelred was dead, his eldest sonne Edmund surnamed Ironside was +proclaimed king by the Londoners and others, hauing the assistance of some lords of the +realme, although the more part, and speciallie those of the +<span class="rightnote">The kingdom goeth where the spiritualtie fauoreth.</span> +spiritualtie fauoured Cnute, bicause +they had aforetime sworne fealtie to his father. Some write, that Cnute had planted +his siege both by water and land verie stronglie about the citie of London, before Egelred +departed this life, and immediatlie vpon his deceasse was receiued into the citie; but the armie +that was within the citie, not consenting vnto the surrender made by the citizens, departed the +night before the day on the which Cnute by appointment should enter, and in companie of +Edmund Ironside (whome they had chosen to be their king and gouernour) they prepared to +increase their numbers with new supplies, meaning eftsoones to trie the fortune of battell +<span class="rightnote">The author of the booke intitled <br /><i>Encomium Emmæ</i> saith that it was reported +that Edmund offered the combate unto Cnute at this his going from the citie but Cnute refused it.</span> +against the Danish power. Cnute perceiuing the most part of all the realme to be thus +against him, and hauing no great confidence in the loialtie of the Londoners, tooke order to +leauie monie for the paiment of his men of warre and mariners that belonged to his nauie, left +the citie, and imbarking himselfe, sailed to the Ile of Shepie, and there remained all the winter. +In which meane while, Edmund Ironside came to London, where he was ioifullie receiued of +the citizens, and continuing there till the spring of the yeere, made himselfe strong against +the enimies.</p> +<p> +<span class="leftnote">1016.</span> +This Edmund for his noble courage, strength of bodie, and notable patience to indure and +suffer all such hardnesse and paines as is requisite in a man of warre, was surnamed Ironside, +& began his reigne in the yéere of our Lord 1016, in the sixtéenth yéere of the emperor +Henrie the second surnamed Claudius, in the twentieth yéere of the reigne of Robert king +of France, & about the sixt yéere of Malcolme the second king of the Scots. After that king +Edmund had receiued the crowne in the citie of London by the hands of the archbishop of +Yorke, he assembled togither such a power as he could make, and with the same marched +foorth towards the west parts, and made the countrie subiect to him. In the meane time +<span class="rightnote"><i>Ran. Higd.</i></span> +was Cnute proclaimed and ordeined king at Southampton by the bishops and abbats, and +diuerse lords also of the temporaltie there tógither assembled, vnto whome he sware to be +their good and faithfull souereigne, and that he would sée iustice trulie and vprightlie ministred.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Hen. Hunt. <br />Simon Dun.</i> <br />London besieged.</span> +After he had ended his businesse at Southampton, he drew with his people towards London, +and comming thither, besieged the citie both by water and land, causing a great trench +to be cast about it, so that no man might either get in or come foorth. Manie great assalts he<a name="page722" id="page722"></a><span class="page">[Page 722]</span> +caused to be giuen vnto the citie, but the Londoners and others within so valiantlie defended +the wals and gates, that the enimies got small aduantage, and at length were constreined to +depart with losse. +<span class="rightnote">Cnute at Gillingham in Dorsetshire put to flight. <br /><i>Polydor.</i></span> +Cnute then perceiuing that he might not haue his purpose there, withdrew +westward, and besides Gillingham in Dorsetshire, incountred with K. Edmund in the Rogation +weeke, and after sore & sharpe battell was put to the woorse, and constreined to forsake +the field by the high prowesse & manhood of the said Edmund. King Cnute the same night, +after the armies were seuered, departed towards Winchester, so to get himselfe out of danger. +<span class="rightnote">Salisburie besieged.</span> +Shortlie after, king Edmund hearing that an other armie of the Danes had besieged Salisburie, +marched thither to succour them within, and immediatlie Cnute followed him, so that at a +<span class="leftnote"><i>Simon Dun. <br />Matth. West.</i> <br /><i>Wil. Malm.</i> <br />A battel with equall fortune.</span> +place in Worcestershire called Scorastan, on the foure and twentith of June, they incountred +togither, and fought a verie cruell battell, which at length the night parted with equall fortune. +<span class="rightnote">An other batttel with like successes. </span> +And likewise on the next day they buckled togither againe, and fought with like successe +as they had doone the day before, for towards euening they gaue ouer well wearied, and +not knowing to whome the victorie ought to be ascribed.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">Edrike de Streona his treason. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +Writers haue reported, that this second day, when duke Edrike perceiued the Englishmen +to be at point to haue got the vpper hand, he withdrew aside, and hauing by chance slaine a +common souldier called Osmear, which in visage much resembled king Edmund, whose head +he cut off, held it vp, & shaking his swoord bloudie with the slaughter, cried to the Englishmen; +"Flée ye wretches, flee and get awaie, for your king is dead, behold heere his head +which I hold in my hands." Héerewith had the Englishmen fled immediatlie, if king Edmund +aduised of this stratagem, had not quicklie got him to an high ground where his men +might seé him aliue and lustie. Héerewith also the traitor Edrike escaped hardlie the danger +of death, the Englishmen shot so egerlie at him. At length, as is said, the night parting +them in sunder, they withdrew the one armie from the other, as it had béene by consent. +The third day they remained in armor, but yet absteining from battell, sate still, in taking +meate and drinke to relieue their wearied bodies, and after gathered in heapes the dead carcases +<span class="rightnote">Twentie thousand dead bodies. </span> +that had béene slaine in the former fight, the number of which on either partie reckoned, +rose to the point of twentie thousand and aboue.</p> +<p> +<span class="leftnote">The armies dislodged.</span> +In the night following, Cnute remooued his campe in secret wise, and marched towards +London, which citie in a maner remained besieged by the nauie of the Danes. King Edmund +in the morning when the light had discouered the departure of his enimies, followed them +by the tract, and comming to London with small adoo remooued the siege, and entered the +<span class="rightnote">The Danes ouercome at Brentford. <br /><i>Wil. Malm.</i> <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i> +<br /><i>Fabian</i>. <br /><i>Caxton</i>. <br /><i>Polydor</i>.</span> +citie like a conqueror. Shortlie after he fought with the Danes at Brentford, and gaue them +a great ouerthrow. In this meane while queene Emma the widow of king Egelred, doubting +the fortune of the warre, sent hir two sonnes Alfred and Edward ouer into Normandie vnto +hir brother duke Richard, or rather fled thither hirselfe with them (as some write.)</p> +<p> +Moreouer, earle Edrike, perceiuing the great manhood of king Edmund, began to feare, +least in the end he should subdue and vanquish the Danes, wherefore he sought meanes to +conclude a peace, and take such order with him as might stand with both their contentations, +which yer long he brought about. This was doone (as you shall heare) by the consent of +<span class="leftnote"><i>Henr. Hunt.</i></span> +Cnute (as some write) to the intent that Edrike being put in trust with king Edmund, might +the more easilie deuise waies how to betraie him. But Cnute disappointed of his purpose +at London, and fetching a great bootie and preie out of the countries next adjoining, repared +to his ships, to sée what order was amongst them, which a little before were withdrawen into +<span class="rightnote">The river of Medwaie.</span> +the riuer that passeth by Rochester called Medwaie. Héere Cnute remained certeine daies, +both to assemble a greater power, and also to hearken and learne what his enimies ment to +doo, the which he easilie vnderstood.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">King Edmund's diligence</span> +King Edmund, who hated nothing woorse than to linger his businesse, assembled his people, +and marching forward toward his enimies, approched néere vnto them, & pitcht downe +his tents not farre from his enimies campe, exhorting his people to remember their passed +victories, and to doo their good willes, at length by one battell so to ouerthrow them, that +they might make an end of the warre, and dispatch them cleerelie out of the realme. With<a name="page723" id="page723"></a><span class="page">[Page 723]</span> +these and the like woords he did so incourage his souldiers, that they disdaining thus to haue +the enimies dailie prouoke them, and to put them to trouble, with eger minds and fierce +courages offered battell to the Danes, which Cnute had prepared to receiue whensoeuer the +Englishmen approched: and heerewith bringing his men into araie, he came foorth to méet +<span class="rightnote">The battell is begun.</span> +his enimies. Then was the battell begun with great earnestnesse on both sides, & continued +foure houres, till at length the Danes began somewhat to shrinke, which when Cnute +perceiued, he commanded his horssemen to come forward into the forepart of his dawnted +host.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">The Danes put to flight.</span> +But whilest one part of the Danes gaue backe with feare, and the other came slowlie forward, +the arraie of the whole armie was broken, & then without respect of shame they fled +<span class="leftnote">The number of Danes slaine. <br /><i>Polydor.</i> <br /><i>Fabian.</i> <br /><i>Ran. Higd.</i> +<br /><i>Matt. West.</i> <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i> <br /><i> Will. Malmes.</i></span> +amaine, so that there died that day of Cnutes side foure thousand and fiue hundred men; +and of king Edmunds side, not past six hundred, and those were footmen. This battell +was fought as should appéere by diuerse writers, at Okefort or Oteford. It was thought, +that if king Edmund had pursued the victorie and followed in chase of his enimies in such +wise as he safelie might haue doone, he had made that day an end of the warres: but he +<span class="rightnote">Edriks counsell.</span> +was counselled by Edrike (as some write) in no condition to follow them, but to staie and +giue time to his people to refresh their wearie bodies. Then Cnute with his armie passed +ouer the Thames into Essex, and there assembled all his power togither, and began to spoile +and waste the countrie on each hand. King Edmund aduertised thereof, hasted foorth to +succour his people, and at Ashdone in Essex three miles from Saffron Walden, gaue battell +to Cnute, where after sore and cruell fight continued with great slaughter on both sides a +long time, duke Edrike fled to the comfort of the Danes, and to the discomfort of the +Englishmen.</p> +<p> +Héerevpon king Edmund was constreined in the end to depart out of the field, hauing first +doone all that could be wished in a woorthie chieftaine, both by woords to incourage his +men, & by deeds to shew them good example; so that at one time the Danes were at point +to haue giuen backe, but that Cnute aduised thereof, rushed into the left wing where most +danger was, and so relieued his people there, that finallie the Englishmen, both wearied with +long fight, and also discouraged with the running awaie of some of their companie, were constreined +to giue ouer, and by flight to séeke their safegard, so that king Edmund might not +by anie meanes bring them againe into order. Héerevpon all the waies and passages being +<span class="rightnote">[*<i>Sic</i>.]</span> +forelaid and stopped by the enimies, the Englishmen wanting both carriage* to make longer +resistance, and perceiuing no hope to rest in fléeing, were beaten downe and slaine in heapes, +so that few escaped from that dreadfull and bloudie battell.</p> +<p> +<span class="leftnote">Noble men slaine at the battell of Ashdone. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i> <br /><i>Wil. Malm.</i></span> +There died on king Edmunds side, duke Edmund, duke Alfrike, and duke Goodwine, +with earle Vlfekettell or Vrchell of Eastangle, and duke Aileward, that was sonne to Ardelwine +late duke of Eastangle; and to be briefe, all the floure of the English nobilitie. There +were also slaine at this battell manie renowmed persons of the spiritualtie, as the bishop of +<span class="rightnote">King Edmund withdraweth into Glocestershire.</span> +Lincolne, and the abbat of Ramsey, with others: king Edmund escaping awaie, got him into +Glocestershire, and there began to raise a new armie. In the place where this field was +fought, are yet seuen or eight hils, wherein the carcases of them that were slaine at the same +field were buried: and one being digged downe of late, there were found two bodies in a +coffin of stone, of which the one laie with his head towards the others féet, and manie +chaines of iron, (like to the water-chains of the bits of horsses) were found in the same hill. +But now to the matter.</p> + + <hr /><br /><br /> + <a name="page724" id="page724"></a><span class="page">[Page 724]</span> + <a name="tenth7" id="tenth7"></a> +<p> +<i>London & other great cities & townes submit themselues to Cnute, he hasteth after Edmund +with his power, both their armies being readie to incounter by occasion are staied, the +oration of a capteine in the hearing of both hosts; the title and right of the realme of +England is put to the triall of combat betweene Cnute and Edmund, Cnute is ouermatched, +his woords to king Edmund, both kings are pacified and their armies accorded, +the realme diuided betwixt Cnute and Edmund, king Edmund traitorouslie slaine, the +dissonant report of writers touching the maners of his death, and both the kings dealing +about the partition of the realme, Cnute causeth Edrike to be slaine for procuring king +Edmunds death, wherein the reward of treason is noted; how long king Edmund reigned, +and where he was buried, the eclipsed state of England after his death, and in whose time +it recouered some part of its brightnesse.</i></p> + +<h3>THE TENTH CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +In the meane while that Edmund was busie to leauie a new armie in Glocester, and other +parties of Mercia, Cnute hauing got so great a victorie (as before is mentioned) receiued +into his obeisance, not onelie the citie of London, but also manie other cities and townes of +great name, and shortlie after hasted forward to pursue his enimie king Edmund, who was +readie with a mightie host to trie the vttermost chance of battell if they should eftsoones +<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span> +ioine. Héerevpon, both the armies being readie to giue the onset, the one in sight of the +other at a place called Dearehurst, neere to the riuer of Seuerne, by the drift of duke Edrike, +<span class="leftnote"><i>Matth. West.</i> <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +who then at length began to shew some token of good meaning, the two kings came to a +communication, and in the end concluded an agreement, as some haue written, without +anie more adoo. Others write, that when both the armies were at point to haue ioined, +<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth. West.</i> <br />saith this was Edrike.</span> +one of the capteins (but whether he were a Dane or an Englishman, it is not certeinlie told) +stood vp in such a place, as he might be heard of both the princes, & boldlie vttered his +mind in forme following.</p> +<p class="center"> +<i>The oration of a capteine in the audience of the English and Danish armie.</i></p> +<p> +"We haue, most woorthie capteins, fought long inough one against another, there hath +beene but too much bloud shed betweene both the nations, and the valiancie of the souldiers +on both sides is sufficientlie seene by triall, & either of your manhoods likewise, and yet can +you beare neither good nor euill fortune. If one of you win the battell, he pursueth him +that is ouercome; and if he chance to be vanquished, he resteth not till he haue recouered +new strength to fight eftsoones with him that is victor. What should you meane by this +your inuincible courage? At what marke shooteth your greedie desire to beare rule, and your +excessive thirst to atteine honour? If you fight for a kingdome, diuide it betwéene you two, +which sometime was sufficient for seuen kings: but if you couet to winne fame and glorious +renowme, and for the same are driuen to try the hazard whether ye shall command or +obeie, deuise the waie whereby ye may without so great slaughter, and without such pitifull +bloudshed of both your guiltlesse peoples, trie whether of you is most woorthie to be +preferred."</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">The two kings appoint to try the matter by a combat. <br />Oldney.</span> +Thus made he an end, and the two princes allowed well of his last motion, and so order +was taken, that they should fight togither in a singular combat within a litle Iland inclosed +with the riuer of Seuerne called Oldney, with condition, that whether of them chanced to +be victor, should be king, and the other to resigne his title for euer into his hands. The two +princes entering into the place appointed, in faire armour, began the battell in sight of both +their armies ranged in goodlie order on either side the riuer, with doubtfull minds, and nothing +ioifull, as they that wauered betwixt hope and feare. The two champions manfullie +<span class="rightnote"><i>Matt. Westm.</i> <br />Cnute of what stature he was.</span> +assailed either other, without sparing. First, they went to it on horssebacke, and after on +foot. Cnute was a man of a meane stature, but yet strong and hardie, so that receiuing a<a name="page725" id="page725"></a><span class="page">[Page 725]</span> +great blow by the hand of his aduersarie, which caused him somewhat to stagger; yet +recouered himselfe, and boldly stept forward to be reuenged. But perceiuing he could not +<span class="leftnote">Cnute ouermatched.</span> +find aduantage, and that he was rather too weake, and shrewdlie ouermatched, he spake to +<span class="rightnote">Cnutes woords to Edmund.</span> +Edmund with a lowd voice on this wise: "What necessitie (saith he) ought thus to mooue +vs, most valiant prince, that for the obteining of a kingdome, we should thus put our +liues in danger? Better were it that laieng armour and malice aside, we should condescend +to some reasonable agreement. Let vs become sworne brethren, and part the kingdome +<span class="leftnote"><i>H. Hunt.</i></span> +betwixt vs: and let vs deale so friendlie, that thou maist vse my things as thine owne, and +I thine as though they were mine." King Edmund with those woords of his aduersarie +was so pacified, that immediatlie he cast awaie his swoord, and comming to Cnute, ioined +<span class="rightnote">They make vp the matter betwixt themselves.</span> +hands with him. Both the armies by their example did the like, which looked for the +same fortune to fall on their countries, which should happen to their princes by the successe +of that one battell. After this, there was an agréement deuised betwixt them, so that +a partition of the realme was made, and that part that lieth fore against France, was assigned +<span class="leftnote"><i>Wil. Malm.</i></span> +to Edmund, and the other fell to Cnute. There be that write, how the offer was +made by king Edmund for the auoiding of more bloudshed, that the two princes should +trie the matter thus togither in a singular combat. But Cnute refused the combat, bicause +(as he alledged) the match was not equall. For although he was able to match Edmund +in boldnesse of stomach, yet was he farre too weake to deale with a man of such strength +as Edmund was knowne to be. But sith they did pretend title to the realme by due and +good direct meanes, he thought it most conuenient that the kingdome should be diuided +betwixt them. This motion was allowed of both the armies, so that king Edmund was +of force constreined to be contented therewith.</p> +<p> +¶ Thus our common writers haue recorded of this agréement, but if I should not be +thought presumptuous, in taking vpon me to reprooue, or rather but to mistrust that which +hath béene receiued for a true narration in this matter, I would rather giue credit vnto that +<span class="rightnote"><i>Encomium Emmæ.</i></span> +which the author of the booke intituled "Encomium Emmæ," dooth report in this behalfe. +Which is that through persuasion of Edrike de Streona, king Edmund immediatelie after +the battell fought at Ashdone, sent ambassadors vnto Cnute to offer vnto him peace, with +halfe the realme of England, that is to say, the north parts, with condition that king Edmund +might quietlie inioy the south parts, and therevpon haue pledges deliuered interchangeablie +on either side.</p> +<p> +Cnute hauing heard the effect of this message, staied to make answer till he heard what +his councell would aduise him to doo in this behalfe: and vpon good deliberation taken in +the matter, considering that he had lost no small number of people in the former battell, and +that being farre out of his countrie, he could not well haue anie new supplie, where the +Englishmen although they had likewise lost verie manie of their men of warre, yet being in +their owne countrie, it should be an easie matter for them to restore their decaid number, it +was thought expedient by the whole consent of all the Danish capteins, that the offer of king +Edmund should be accepted.</p> +<p> +Herevpon Cnute calling the ambassadors before him againe, declared vnto them, that he +was contented to conclude a peace vpon such conditions as they had offered: but yet with +this addition, that their king whatsoeuer he should be, should paie Cnutes souldiers their +wages, with monie to be leuied of that part of the kingdome which the English king should +possesse. "For (this saith he) I haue vndertaken to sée them paid, and otherwise I will +not grant to anie peace." The league and agréement therefore being concluded in this +sort, pledges were deliuered and receiued on both parties, and the armies discharged. But +<span class="rightnote">This is alleged touching the partitiō of the kingdome.</span> +God (saith mine author) being mindfull of his old doctrine, that Euerie kingdome diuided +in it selfe cannot long stand, shortlie after tooke Edmund out of this life: and by such +meanes séemed to take pitie of the English kingdome, lest if both the kings should haue +continued in life togither, they should haue liued in danger. And incontinentlie herevpon +was Cnute chosen and receiued for absolute king of all the whole realme of England. Thus<a name="page726" id="page726"></a><span class="page">[Page 726]</span> +hath he written that liued in those daies, whose credit thereby is much aduanced.</p> +<p> +Howbeit the common report of writers touching the death of Edmund varieth from this, +who doo affirme, that after Cnute and Edmund were made friends, the serpent of enuie and +false conspiracie burnt so in the hearts of some traitorous persons, that within a while after +<span class="rightnote">K. Edmund traitorouslie slaine at Oxford.<br /><i>Fabian.</i> <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +king Edmund was slaine at Oxford, as he sat on a priuie to doo the necessaries of nature. +The common report hath gone, that earle Edrike was the procurer of this villanous act, and +that (as some write) his sonne did it. But the author that wrote "Encomium Emmæ," +writing of the death of Edmund, hath these words (immediatlie after he had first declared +in what sort the two princes were agréed, and had made partition of the realme betwixt +<span class="leftnote">This is alleged againe for the proofe of Edmunds natural death.</span> +them:) But God (saith he) being mindfull of his old doctrine, that Euerie kingdome diuided +in it selfe can not long stand, shortlie after tooke Edmund out of this life: and by such +meanes séemed to take pitie vpon the English kingdome, least if both the kings should haue +continued in life togither, they should both haue liued in great danger, and the realme in +trouble. With this agreeth also Simon Dunel. who saith, that king Edmund died of naturall +<span class="rightnote"><i>Fabian.</i></span> +sicknesse, by course of kind at London, about the feast of saint Andrew next insuing the +late mentioned agreement.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Ranul. Hig.</i> <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i></span> +And this should séeme true: for whereas these authors which report, that earle Edrike +was the procurer of his death, doo also write, that when he knew the act to be done, he +hasted vnto Cnute, and declared vnto him what he had brought to passe for his aduancement +to the gouernment of the whole realme. Wherevpon Cnute, abhorring such a detestable +fact, said vnto him: "Bicause thou hast for my sake, made away the worthiest +bodie of the world, I shall raise thy head aboue all the lords of England," and so caused him +<span class="rightnote">Some thinke that he was duke of Mercia before, and now had Essex adioined thereto.</span> +to be put to death. Thus haue some bookes. Howbeit this report agreeth not with other +writers, which declare how Cnute aduanced Edrike in the beginning of his reigne vnto high +honor, and made him gouernor of Mercia, and vsed his counsell in manie things after the +death of king Edmund, as in banishing Edwin, the brother of king Edmund, with his sonnes +also, Edmund and Edward.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">Diuerse and discordant reports of Edmunds death. <br /><i>Ran. Higd.</i> <br /><i>Wil. Malm.</i></span> +But for that there is such discordance and variable report amongst writers touching the +death of king Edmund, and some fables inuented thereof (as the manner is) we will let +the residue of their reports passe; sith certeine it is, that to his end he came, after he had +reigned about the space of one yéere, and so much more as is betwéene the moneth of Iune +and the latter end of Nouember. His bodie was buried at Glastenburie, neere his vncle +Edgar. With this Edmund, surnamed Ironside, fell the glorious maiestie of the English +kingdome, the which afterward as it had beene an aged bodie being sore decaied and +weakened by the Danes, that now got possession of the whole, yet somewhat recouered after +the space of 26 yéers vnder king Edward, surnamed the Confessor: and shortlie therevpon +as it had béene falne into a resiluation, came to extreame ruine by the inuasion and conquest +of the Normans: as after by Gods good helpe and fauorable assistance it shall appeare. So +that it would make a diligent and marking reader both muse and moorne, to see how +variable the state of this kingdome hath béene, & thereby to fall into a consideration of the +frailtie and vncerteintie of this mortall life, which is no more frée from securitie, than a ship +on the sea in tempestuous weather. For as the casualties wherewith our life is inclosed +and beset with round about, are manifold; so also are they miserable, so also are they sudden, +so also are they vnauoidable. And true it is, that the life of man is in the hands of +God, and the state of kingdoms dooth also belong vnto him, either to continue or discontinue. +But to the processe of the matter.</p> + +<hr /><br /><br /> +<a name="page727" id="page727"></a><span class="page">[Page 727]</span> +<a name="eleuenth7" id="eleuenth7"></a> +<p> +<i>Cnute vndertaketh the totall regiment of this land, he assembleth a councell at London, the +nobles doo him homage, be diuideth the realme into foure parts to be gouerned by his assignes; +Edwin and Edward the sonnes of Edmund are banished, their good fortune by +honorable mariages, King Cnute marieth queene Emma the widow of Egelred, the wise and +politike conditions wherevpon this mariage was concluded, the English bloud restored to the +crowne and the Danes excluded, queene Emma praised for hir high wisedome in choosing +an enimie to hir husband; Cnute dismisseth the Danish armie into Denmarke; Edrike de +Streona bewraieth his former trecherie, and procureth his owne death through rashnesse +and follie, the discordant report of writers touching the maner & cause of his death, what +noble men were executed with him, and banished out of England, Cnute a monarch.</i></p> + +<h3>THE XJ CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">CANUTE, KNOUGHT OR CNUTE.</span> +Canute, or Cnute, whome the English chronicles doo name Knought, after the death +of king Edmund, tooke vpon him the whole rule ouer all the realme of England, in the +<span class="leftnote">1017.</span> +yéere of our Lord 1017, in the seuentéenth yeere of the emperour Henrie the second, surnamed +Claudus, in the twentith yéere of the reigne of Robert king of France, and about the +7 yeere of Malcolme king of Scotland. Cnute shortlie after the death of king Edmund, +assembled a councell at London, in the which he caused all the nobles of the realme to doo +him homage, in receiuing an oth of loiall obeisance. He diuided the realme into foure +parts, assigning Northumberland vnto the rule of Irke or Iricius, Mercia vnto Edrike, and +Eastangle vnto Turkill, and reseruing the west part to his owne gouernance. He banished +(as before is said) Edwin, the brother of king Edmund; but such as were suspected to be +culpable of Edmunds death, he caused to be put to execution: whereby it should appeere, +that Edrike was not then in anie wise detected or once thought to be giltie.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil. Malm.</i> <br /><i>Ran. Higd.</i> <br />King of churles. <br /><i>Wil. Malm.</i></span> +The said Edwin afterwards returned, and was then reconciled to the kings fauor (as some +write) but shortlie after traitorouslie slaine by his owne seruants. He was called the king +of churles. Others write, that he came secretlie into the realme after he had béene banished, +and kéeping himselfe closelie out of sight, at length ended his life, and was buried at Tauestocke. +Moreouer, Edwin and Edward the sonnes of king Edmund were banished the land, +<span class="leftnote"><i>Ran. Higd.</i></span> +and sent first vnto Sweno king of Norweie to haue bin made away: but Sweno vpon remorse +of conscience sent them into Hungarie, where they found great fauor at the hands of +king Salomon, insomuch that Edwin maried the daughter of the same Salomon, but had no +issue by hir. Edward was aduanced to marie with Agatha, daughter of the emperour Henrie, +and by hir had issue two sonnes, Edmund and Edgar surnamed Edeling, and as many +daughters, Margaret and Christine, of the which in place conuenient more shall be said.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i> <br />King Cnute maried to quéene Emma the widow of Egelred, +in Iulie, anno. 1017.</span> +When king Cnute had established things, as he thought stood most for his suertie, he +called to his remembrance, that he had no issue but two bastard sonnes Harold and Sweno, +begotten of his concubine Alwine. Wherefore he sent ouer to Richard duke of Normandie, +requiring to haue quéene Emma, the widow of king Egelred in mariage, and so obteined +hir, not a little to the woonder of manie, which thought a great ouersight both in the woman +<span class="leftnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span> +and in hir brother, that would satisfie the request of Cnute herein, considering he had +béene such a mortall enimie to hir former husband. But duke Richard did not onelie consent, +that his said sister should be maried vnto Cnute, but also he himselfe tooke to wife +the ladie Hestritha, sister to the said Cnute.</p> +<p> +¶ Here ye haue to vnderstand, that this mariage was not made without great consideration +<span class="rightnote">The couenants made at the mariage betwixt Cnute and Emma.</span> +& large couenants granted on the part of king Cnute: for before he could obteine queene +Emma to his wife, it was fullie condescended & agréed, that after Cnuts decease, the crowne +of England should remaine to the issue borne of this mariage betwixt hir & Cnute, which +couenant although it was not performed immediatlie after the deceasse of king Cnute, yet +in the end it tooke place, so as the right séemed to be deferred, and not to be taken away +nor abolished: for immediatlie vpon Harolds death that had vsurped, Hardicnute succéeded<a name="page728" id="page728"></a><span class="page">[Page 728]</span> +as right heire to the crowne, by force of the agréement made at the time of the mariage +solemnized betwixt his father and mother, and being once established in the kingdome, he +ordeined his brother Edward to succéed him, whereby the Danes were vtterlie excluded +from all right that they had to pretend vnto the crowne of this land, and the English bloud +restored thereto, chieflie by that gratious conclusion of this mariage betwixt king Cnute and +<span class="rightnote">The English bloud restored. The praise of quéene Emma for hir wisdome.</span> +quéene Emma. For the which no small praise was thought to be due vnto the said quéene, +sith by hir politike gouernement, in making hir match so beneficiall to hir selfe and hir line, +the crowne was thus recouered out of the hands of the Danes, and restored againe in time +<span class="leftnote"><i>Encomium Emmæ.</i></span> +to the right heire, as by an auncient treatise which some haue intituled "Encomium Emmæ," +and was written in those daies, it dooth and may appeare. Which booke although there +be but few copies thereof abroad, giueth vndoubtedlie great light to the historie of that time.</p> +<p> +<span class="leftnote"><i>Matth. West.</i></span> +But now to our purpose. Cnute the same yeare in which he was thus maried, through +persuasion of his wife quéene Emma, sent awaie the Danish nauie and armie home into Denmarke, +giuing to them fourescore and two thousand pounds of siluer, which was leuied +<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil. Malm.</i> <br />1018.</span> +throughout this land for their wages. In the yeare 1018, Edrike de Streona earle of Mercia +was ouerthrowen in his owne turne: for being called before the king into his priuie chamber, +and there in reasoning the matter about some quarrell that was picked to him, he began verie +presumptuouslie to vpbraid the king of such pleasures as he had before time doone vnto +him; "I did (said he) for the loue which I bare towards you, forsake my souereigne lord +king Edmund, and at length for your sake slue him." At which words Cnute began to +change countenance, as one maruellouslie abashed, and straightwaies gaue sentence against +Edrike in this wise; "Thou art woorthie (saith he) of death, and die thou shalt, which +art guiltie of treason both towards God and me, sith that thou hast slaine thine own souereigne +lord, and my déere alied brother. Thy bloud therefore be vpon thine owne head, +sith thy toong hath vttered thy treason." And immediatlie he caused his throat to be cut, +and his bodie to be throwen out at the chamber window into the riuer of Thames. ¶ But +<span class="rightnote">Edrike put to death.</span> +others say, that hands were laid vpon him in the verie same chamber or closet where he murdered +the king, & straightwaies to preuent all causes of tumults & hurlieburlies, he was put +to death with terrible torments of fierbrands & links; which execution hauing passed vpon +him, a second succeeded; for both his féet were bound together, and his bodie drawne +through the streets of the citie, & in fine cast into a common ditch called Houndsditch; for +that the citizens threw their dead dogs and stinking carrion with other filth into it, accounting +him worthie of a worse rather than of a better buriall. In such hatred was treason had, +being a vice which the verie infidels and grosse pagans abhorred, else would they not haue +said, <i>Proditionem amo, proditorem odi</i>; Treason I loue, but a traitor I hate. This was the +end of Edrike, surnamed de Stratten or Streona, a man of great infamie for his craftie dissimulation, +falshood and treason, vsed by him to the ouerthrow of the English estate, as +partlie before is touched.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon Dun.</i> <i>Encomium Emmæ.</i></span> +But there be that concerning the cause of this Edriks death, séeme partlie to disagrée from +that which before is recited, declaring that Cnute standing in some doubt to be betraied +through the treason of Edrike, sought occasion how to rid him and others (whome he mistrusted) +out of the way. And therefore on a day when Edrike craued some preferment at +Cnuts hands, & said that he had deserued to be well thought of, sith by his flight from the +battell at Ashendon, the victorie therby inclined to Cnutes part: Cnute hearing him speake +these words, made this answere: "And canst thou (quoth he) be true to me, that through +fraudulent meanes diddest deceiue thy soùereigne lord and maister? But I will reward thée +according to thy deserts, so as from henceforth thou shalt not deceiue anie other," and so +forthwith commanded Erike one of his chiefe capteines to dispatch him, who incontinentlie +cut off his head with his axe or halbert. Verelie Simon Dunelmensis saith, that K. Cnute +vnderstanding in what sort both king Egelred, and his sonne king Edmund Ironside had +béene betraied by the said Edrike, stood in great doubt to be likewise deceiued by him, and +therefore was glad to haue some pretended quarell, to dispatch both him and others, whome<a name="page729" id="page729"></a><span class="page">[Page 729]</span> +he likewise mistrusted, as it well appeared. For at the same time there were put to death +with Edrike earle Norman the sonne of earle Leofwin, and brother to earle Leofrike: also +Adelward the sonne of earle Agelmare and Brightrike the sonne of Alfegus gouernor of +Deuonshire, without all guilt or cause (as some write.) And in place of Norman, his brother +Leofrike was made earle of Mercia by the king, and had in great fauour. This Leofrike is +commonlie also by writers named earle of Chester. After this, Cnute likewise banished Iric +and Turkill, two Danes, the one (as before is recited) gouernor of Northumberland, and the +other of Northfolke and Suffolke or Eastangle.</p> +<p> +Then rested the whole rule of the realme in the kings hands, wherevpon he studied to +preserue the people in peace, and ordeined lawes, according to the which both Danes and +<span class="rightnote"><i>Hen. Hunt.</i> <br />Lords put to death.</span> +Englishmen should be gouerned in equall state and degrée. Diuers great lords whome he +found vnfaithfull or rather suspected, he put to death (as before ye haue heard) beside such +as he banished out of the realme. He raised a tax or tribute of the people, amounting to +<span class="rightnote">A taxe raised.</span> +the summe of fourescore & two thousand pounds, besides 11000 pounds, which the Londoners +paid towards the maintenance of the Danish armie. But whereas these things +chaunced not all at one time, but in sundrie seasons, we will returne somewhat backe to declare +what other exploits were atchiued in the meane time by Cnute, not onelie in England, +but also in Denmarke, and elsewhere: admonishing the reader in the processe of the discourse +following, that much excellent matter is comprehended, whereout (if the same be +studiouslie read and diligentlie considered) no small profit is to be reaped, both for the augmentation +of his owne knowledge and others that be studious.</p> + + <hr /><br /><br /> + <a name="twelfe7" id="twelfe7"></a> +<p> +<i>Cnute saileth into Denmarke to subdue the Vandals, earle Goodwins good seruice with the +English against the said Vandals, and what benefit accrewed vnto the Englishmen by the +said good seruice, he returneth into England after the discomfiture of the enimie, he saileth +ouer againe into Denmarke and incountreth with the Sweideners, the occasion of this warre +or incounter taken by Olauus, his hard hap, vnluckie fortune, and wofull death wrought by +the hands of his owne vnnaturall subiects; Cnuts confidence in the Englishmen, his deuout +voiage to Rome, his returne into England, his subduing of the Scots, his death and interrement.</i></p> + +<h3>THE TWELFTH CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">1019. <br />King Cnute passeth into Denmarke.</span> +In the third yeare of his reigne Cnute sailed with an armie of Englishmen and Danes into +Denmarke, to subdue the Vandals there, which then sore annoied and warred against his +<span class="leftnote">Earle Goodwin his seruice in Denmarke.</span> +subiects of Denmarke. Earle Goodwine, which had the souereigne conduct of the Englishmen, +the night before the day appointed for the battell got him forth of the campe with +his people, and suddenlie assailing the Vandals in their lodgings, easilie distressed them, +sleaing a great number of them, and chasing the residue. In the morning earlie, when as +Cnute heard that the Englishmen were gone foorth of their lodgings, he supposed that they +were either fled awaie, or else turned to take part with the enimies. But as he approched to +the enimies campe, he vnderstood how the mater went; for he found nothing there but +<span class="rightnote">Cnute had the Englishmen in estimation for their good service.</span> +bloud, dead bodies, and the spoile. For which good seruice, Cnute had the Englishmen +in more estimation euer after, and highlie rewarded their leader the same earle Goodwine. +When Cnute had ordered all things in Denmarke, as was thought behoofefull, he returned +againe into England: and within a few daies after, he was aduertised that the Swedeners +made warre against his subiects of Denmarke, vnder the leding of two great princes, Vlfe +<span class="rightnote">1028. <br />Cnute passeth againe into Denmarke. <br /><i>Will. Malm.</i></span> +and Vlafe. Wherefore to defend his dominions in those parts, he passed againe with an +armie into Denmarke, incountred with his enimies, and receiued a sore ouerthrow, loosing +a great number both of Danes and Englishmen. But gathering togither a new force of men,<a name="page730" id="page730"></a><span class="page">[Page 730]</span> +he set againe vpon his enimies, and ouercame them, constreining the two foresaid princes to +<span class="leftnote"><i>Matt. Westm.</i></span> +agrée vpon reasonable conditions of peace. Matth. West. recounteth, that at this time earle +Goodwine and the Englishmen wrought the enterprise aboue mentioned, of assaulting the enimies +campe in the night season, after Cnute had first lost in the day before no small number +of his people: and that then the foresaid princes or kings, as he nameth them Vlfus and Aulafus, +<span class="rightnote"><i>Albertus Crantz.</i></span> +which latter he calleth Eiglafe, were constrained to agrée vpon a peace. The Danish +chronicles alledge, that the occasion of this warre rose hereof. This Olauus aided Cnute (as +the same writers report) against king Edmund and the Englishmen. But when the peace +should be made betwéene Cnute and Edmund, there was no consideration had of Olauus: +whereas through him the Danes chieflie obteined the victorie. Herevpon Olauus was sore +offended in his mind against Cnute, and now vpon occasion sought to be reuenged. But what +soeuer the cause was of this warre betwixt these two princes, the end was thus: that Olauus +was expelled out of his kingdome, and constreined to flée to Gerithaslaus a duke in the parties +of Eastland, and afterward returning into Norwaie, was slaine by such of his subiects +as tooke part with Cnute, in manner as in the historie of Norwaie, appeareth more at large, +with the contrarietie found in the writings of them which haue recorded the histories of +<span class="rightnote">Magnus Olauus.</span> +those north regions.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Fabian.</i> <br /><i>Polydor.</i> <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i></span> +But here is to be remembred, that the fame and glorie of the English nation was greatlie +aduanced in these warres, as well against the Swedeners as the Norwegians, so that Cnute +began to loue and trust the Englishmen much better than it was to be thought he would euer +<span class="leftnote">Other say, that he went forth of Denmarke to Rome. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i> <br />Anno 1031. <br />1032. <br /><i>Wil. Malm.</i> <br /><i>Matth. West.</i> <br />1033.</span> +haue doone. Shortlie after that Cnute was returned into England, that is to say (as some haue) +in the 15 yeare of his reigne, he went to Rome to performe his vow which he had made +to visit the places where the apostles Peter and Paule had their buriall, where he was honorablie +receiued of pope Iohn the 20 that then held the sée. When he had doone his deuotion +there, he returned into England. In the yeare following, he made a iournie against the Scots, +<span class="rightnote">Scots subdued. <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i> <br />Anno 1035. <br /><i>Wil. Malm.</i> + <br />The death of king Cnute. <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i> <br /><i>Alb. Crantz.</i></span> +which as then had rebelled; but by the princelie power of Cnute they were subdued and +brought againe to obedience: so that not onelie king Malcolme, but also two other kings +Melbeath and Ieohmare became his subiects. Finallie after that this noble prince king Cnute + +had reigned the tearme of 20 yeares currant, after the death of Ethelred, he died at Shaftsburie, +as the English writers affirme, on the 12 of Nouember, and was buried at Winchester. +But the Danish chronicles record that he died in Normandie, and was buried at Rome (as in +the same chronicles ye may reade more at large.)</p> + + <hr /><br /><br /> + <a name="xiij7" id="xiij7"></a> +<p> +<i>The trespuissance of Cnute, the amplenesse of his dominions, the good and charitable fruits +of his voiage to Rome redounding to the common benefit of all trauellers from England +thither, with what great personages he had conference, and the honour that was doone him +there, his intollerable pride in commanding the waters of the flouds not to rise, he humbleth +himselfe and confesseth Christ Iesus to be king of kings, he refuseth to weare the crowne +during his life, he reproueth a gentleman flatterer, his issue legitimate and illegitimate, his +inclination in his latter yeares, what religious places he erected, repaired, and inriched; +what notable men he fauoured and reuerenced, his lawes; and that in causes as well ecclesiasticall +as temporall he had cheefe and sole gouernement in this land, whereby the popes +vsurped title of vniuersall supremasie is impeached.</i></p> + +<h3>THE XIIJ. CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">The large dominion of K. Cnute. <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i> <br /><i>Alb. Crantz.</i></span> +This Cnute was the mightiest prince that euer reigned ouer the English people: for he +had the souereigne rule ouer all Denmark, England, Norwaie, Scotland, and part of Sweiden. +Amongest other of his roiall acts, he caused such tolles and tallages as were demanded +of way-goers at bridges and stréets in the high way betwixt England and Rome to be diminished +to the halfes, and againe got also a moderation to be had in the paiment of the archbishops<a name="page731" id="page731"></a><span class="page">[Page 731]</span> +fees of his realme, which was leuied of them in the court of Rome when they should +receiue their palles, as may appeare by a letter which he himselfe being at Rome, directed to +the bishops and other of the nobles of England. In the which it also appeareth, that besides +the roiall interteinment, which he had at Rome of pope Iohn, he had conference there +with the emperour Conrad, with Rafe the king of Burgongne, and manie other great princes +and noble men, which were present there at that time: all which at his request, in fauour +<span class="rightnote">Grants made to the benefit of Englishmen, at the instance of king Cnute. +<i>Fabian</i>. <i>Polydor</i>. <br /><i>Matt. West.</i></span> +of those Englishmen that should trauell vnto Rome, granted (as we haue said) to diminish +such duties as were gathered of passingers.</p> +<p> +He receiued there manie great gifts of the emperour, and was highlie honored of him, and +likewise of the pope, and of all other the high princes at that time present at Rome: so that +when he came home (as some write) he did grow greatlie into pride, insomuch that being +<span class="leftnote"> He caused his chaire to be set there, as <br /><i>Matth. West.</i> saith. <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i></span> +néere to the Thames, or rather (as other write) vpon the sea strand, néere to Southhampton, +and perceiuing the water to rise by reason of the tide, he cast off his gowne, and wrapping +it round togither, threw it on the sands verie neere the increasing water, and sat him downe +vpon it, speaking these or the like words to the sea: "Thou art (saith he) within the compasse +of my dominion, and the ground whereon I sit is mine, and thou knowest that no wight dare +disobeie my commandements; I therefore doo now command thée not to rise vpon my +ground, nor to presume to wet anie part of thy souereigne lord and gouernour." But the +sea kéeping hir course, rose still higher and higher, and ouerflowed not onelie the kings féet, +but also flashed vp vnto his legs and knees. Wherewith the king started suddenlie vp, and +<span class="rightnote">The saieng of king Cnute.</span> +withdrew from it, saieng withall to his nobles that were about him: "Behold you noble +men, you call me king, which can not so much as staie by my commandement this small portion +of water. But know ye for certeine, that there is no king but the father onelie of our Lord +Iesus Christ, with whome he reigneth, & at whose becke all things are gouerned. Let vs +<span class="rightnote">Zealouslie inough, if it had bin according to true knowledge.</span> +therefore honor him, let vs confesse and professe him to be the ruler of heauen, earth, and +sea, and besides him none other."</p> +<p> +From thence he went to Winchester, and there with his owne hands set his crowne vpon the +head of the image of the crucifix, which stood there in the church of the apostles Peter and Paule, +<span class="rightnote"><i>Ran. Higd</i>. <br /><i>Polydor</i>. <br /><i>Matth. West.</i></span> +and from thenceforth he would neuer weare that crowne nor anie other. Some write that he +spake not the former words to the sea vpon anie presumptuousnesse of mind, but onelie vpon +<span class="leftnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span> +occasion of the vaine title, which in his commendation one of his gentlemen gaue him by way +of flatterie (as he rightlie tooke it) for he called him the most mightiest king of all kings, +<span class="rightnote">Flatterie reproued.</span> +which ruled most at large both men, sea, and land. Therefore to reprooue the fond flatterie +of such vaine persons, he deuised and practised the déed before mentioned, thereby both to +reprooue such flatterers, and also that men might be admonished to consider the omnipotencie +of almightie God. He had issue by his wife quéene Emma, a sonne named by the English +chronicles Hardiknought, but by the Danish writers Canute or Knute: also a daughter +named Gonilda, that was after maried to Henrie the sonne of Conrad, which also was afterwards +<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span> +emperour, and named Henrie the third. By his concubine Alwine that was daughter +<span class="leftnote"><i>Alb. Cranz.</i></span> +to Alselme, whome some name earle of Hampton, he had two bastard sonnes, Harold and +Sweno. He was much giuen in his latter daies to vertue, as he that considered how perfect +<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor</i>. <br /><i>Fabian</i>.</span> +felicitie rested onelie in godlines and true deuotion to serue the heauenlie king and gouernour +of all things.</p> +<p> +He repared in his time manie churches, abbeies and houses of religion, which by occasion +of warres had béene sore defaced by him and his father, but speciallie he did great cost vpon +the abbeie of saint Edmund, in the towne of Burie, as partlie before is mentioned. He also +<span class="rightnote">Which is supposed to be Barclow: for Ashdone it selfe +is halfe a mile from thence. <br />1020. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +built two abbeies from the foundation, as saint Benets in Norffolke, seuen miles distant from +Norwich, and an other in Norwaie. He did also build a church at Ashdone in Essex, +where he obteined the victorie of king Edmund, and was present at the hallowing or consecration +therof with a great multitude of the lords and nobles of the realme, both English +and Danes. He also holpe with his owne hands to remooue the bodie of the holie archbishop +Elphegus, when the same was translated from London to Canturburie. The roiall and most<a name="page732" id="page732"></a><span class="page">[Page 732]</span> +rich iewels which he & his wife quéene Emma gaue vnto the church of Winchester, might +make the beholders to woonder at such their exceeding and bountifull munificence.</p> +<p> +Thus did Cnute striue to reforme all such things as he and his ancestors had doone amisse, +and to wipe awaie the spot of euill dooing, as suerlie to the outward sight of the world he did in +deed; he had the archbishop of Canturburie Achelnotus in singular reputation, and vsed his +<span class="rightnote">Leofrike earle of Chester.</span> +counsell in matters of importance. He also highlie fauoured Leofrike earle of Chester, so that +the same Leofrike bare great rule in ordering of things touching the state of the common +<span class="rightnote">King Cnutes lawes.</span> +wealth vnder him as one of his chiefe councellors. Diuerse lawes and statutes he made for the +gouernment of the common wealth, partlie agréeable with the lawes of king Edgar, and other +the kings that were his predecessors, and partlie tempered according to his owne liking, and as +was thought to him most expedient: among the which there be diuerse that concerne +causes as well ecclesiasticall as temporall. Whereby (as maister Fox hath noted) it maie be +gathered, that the gouernment of spirituall matters did depend then not vpon the bishop of +Rome, but rather apperteined vnto the lawfull authoritie of the temporall prince, no lesse than +matters and causes temporall. But of these lawes & statutes enacted by king Cnute, ye may +read more as ye find them set foorth in the before remembred booke of maister William Lambert, +which for briefenesse we héere omit.</p> + + <hr /><br /><br /> + <a name="xiiij7" id="xiiij7"></a> +<p> +<i>Variance amongest the peeres of the realme about the roiall succession, the kingdome is diuided +betwixt Harold the bastard sonne and Hardicnute the lawfullie begotten son of king +Cnute late deceassed, Harold hath the totall regiment, the authoritie of earle Goodwine +gardian to the queenes sonnes, Harold is proclaimed king, why Elnothus did stoutlie refuse +to consecrate him, why Harold was surnamed Harefoot, he is supposed to be a shoomakers +sonne, and how it came to passe that he was counted king Cnutes bastard; Alfred +challengeth the crowne from Harold, Goodwine (vnder colour of friendlie interteinment) +procureth his retinues vtter vndooing, a tithing of the Normans by the poll, whether Alfred +was interessed in the crowne, the trecherous letter of Harold written in the name of queéne +Emma to hir two sons in Normandie, wherevpon Alfred commeth ouer into England, the +vnfaithfull dealing of Goodwine with Alfred and his people, teaching that in trust is treason, +a reseruation of euerie tenth Norman, the remanent slaine, the lamentable end of Alfred, +and with what torments he was put to death; Harold banisheth queene Emma out +of England he degenerateth from his father, the short time of his reigne, his death and +buriall.</i></p> + +<h3>THE XIIIJ. CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">HAROLD. <br /><i>Matth. West.</i> <br /><i>Wil. Malm.</i></span> +After that Cnute was departed this life, there arose much variance amongst the peeres +and great lords of the realme about the succession. The Danes and Londoners (which +through continuall familiaritie with the Danes, were become like vnto them) elected Harold the +<span class="leftnote">Controuersie for the crowne.</span> +base sonne of king Cnute, to succéed in his fathers roome, hauing earle Leofrike, and diuerse +other of the noble men of the north parts on their side. But other of the Englishmen, and +namelie earle Goodwine earle of Kent, with the chiefest lords of the west parts, coueted rather +<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon Dun.</i> <br /><br />The realme diuided betwixt Harold and Hardicnute.</span> +to haue one of king Egelreds sonnes, which were in Normandie, or else Hardicnute the +sonne of king Cnute by his wife quéene Emma, which remained in Denmarke, aduanced to + +the place. This controuersie held in such wise, that the realme was diuided (as some write) +by lot betwixt the two brethren Harold and Hardicnute. The north part, as Mercia and +Northumberland fell to Harold, and the south part vnto Hardicnute: but at length the +whole remained vnto Harold, bicause his brother Hardicnute refused to come out of Denmarke +to take the gouernment vpon him.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">The authoritie of earle Goodwine. <br /><i>H. Hunt.</i></span> +But yet the authoritie of earle Goodwine, who had the queene and the treasure of the<a name="page733" id="page733"></a><span class="page">[Page 733]</span> +realme in his kéeping, staied the matter a certeine time, (professing himselfe as it were gardian +to the yoong men, the sonnes of the quéene, till at length he was constreined to giue ouer his +hold, and conforme himselfe to the stronger part and greater number.) And so at Oxford, +where the assemblie was holden about the election, Harold was proclaimed king, and consecrated +<span class="rightnote">The refusall of the archbishop Elnothus to consecrate king Harold.</span> +according to the maner (as some write.) But it should appeere by other, that Elnothus +the archbishop of Canturburie, a man indued with all vertue and wisedome, refused +to crowne him: for when king Harold being elected of the nobles and péeres, required +the said archbishop that he might be of him consecrated, and receiue at his hands +the regall scepter with the crowne, which the archbishop had in his custodie, and to whome it +onelie did apperteine to inuest him therewith, the archbishop flatlie refused, and with an oth +protested, that he would not consecrate anie other for king, so long as the quéenes children +liued: "for (saith he) Cnute committed them to my trust and assurance, and to them will I +kéepe my faith and loiall obedience. The scepter and crowne I héere lay downe vpon the +altar, and neither doo I denie nor deliuer them vnto you: but I forbid by the apostolike authoritie +all the bishops, that none of them presume to take the same awaie, and deliuer them +to you, or consecrate you for king. As for your selfe, if you dare, you maie vsurpe that +which I haue committed vnto God and his table."</p> +<p> +But whether afterwards the king by one meane or other, caused the archbishop to crowne +him king, or that he was consecrated of some other, he was admitted king of all the English +<span class="rightnote">1036.</span> +people, beginning his reigne in the yéere of our Lord a thousand thirtie and six, in the fouretenth +yéere of the emperor Conrad the second, in the sixt yéere of Henrie the first, king of +France, and about the seuen and twentith yéere of Malcolme the second, king of Scots. This +<span class="leftnote">Harold why he is surnamed Harefoot.</span> +Harold for his great swiftnesse, was surnamed Harefoot, of whome little is written touching his +dooings, sauing that he is noted to haue béene an oppressor of his people, and spotted with manie +<span class="rightnote">Harold euill spoken of. <br /><i>Ran. Higa. <br />ex Mariano.</i></span> +notable vices. It was spoken of diuerse in those daies, that this Harold was not the sonne +of Cnute, but of a shoomaker, and that his supposed mother Elgina, king Cnutes concubine, +to bring the king further in loue with hir, feined that she was with child: and about the time +that she should be brought to bed (as she made hir account) caused the said shoemakers +son to be secretlie brought into hir chamber, and then vntrulie caused it to be reported that +she was deliuered, and the child so reputed to be the kings sonne.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Matth. West.</i></span> +Immediatlie vpon aduertisement had of Cnutes death, Alfred the sonne of king Egelred, +with fiftie saile landed at Sandwich, meaning to challenge the crowne, and to obteine it by +lawfull claime with quietnesse, if he might; if not, then to vse force by aid of his friends, and +to assaie that waie foorth to win it, if he might not otherwise obteine it. From Sandwich he +came to Canturburie: and shortlie after, earle Goodwine feining to receiue him as a friend, +came to meet him, and at Gilford in the night season appointed a number of armed men to +fall vpon the Normans as they were asléepe, and so tooke them togither with Alfred, & slue +the Normans by the poll, in such wise that nine were shine, & the tenth reserued. But +yet when those that were reserued, seemed to him a greater number than he wished to escape, +he fell to and againe tithed them as before. Alfred had his eies put out, and was conueied +to the Ile of Elie, where shortlie after he died.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Ran. Higd.</i></span> +¶ How Alfred should claime the crowne to himselfe I sée not: for verelie I can not be persuaded +that he was the elder brother, though diuers authors haue so written, sith Gemeticensis, +& the author of the booke called "Encomium Emmae," plainlie affirme, that Edward was the +elder: but it might be, that Alfred being a man of a stouter stomach than his brother Edward, +<span class="rightnote">Sée maister <i>Fox</i> acts and monuments, pag. 112. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i></span> +made this attempt, either for himselfe, or in the behalfe of his brother Edward, being +as then absent, and gone into Hungarie, as some write: but other say, that as well Edward as +Alfred came ouer at this time with a number of Norman knights, and men of warre imbarked +in a few ships, onelie to speake with their mother, who as then lay at Winchester, whether to +take aduise with hir how to recouer their right heere in this land, or to aduance their brother +Hardicnute, or for some other purpose, our authors doo not declare.</p> +<p> +But the lords of the realme that bare their good wils vnto Harold, and (though contrarie to right)<a name="page734" id="page734"></a><span class="page">[Page 734]</span> +ment to mainteine him in the estate, seemed to be much offended with the comming of these +two brethren in such order: for earle Goodwine persuaded them, that it was great danger to +suffer so manie strangers to enter the realme, as they had brought with them. Wherevpon +earle Goodwine with the assent of the other lords, or rather by commandement of Harold, +went foorth, and at Gilford met with Alfred that was comming towards king Harold to +speake with him, accordinglie as he was of Harold required to doo. But now being +taken, and his companie miserablie murthered (as before ye haue heard) to the number of +six hundred Normans, Alfred himselfe was sent into the Ile of Elie, there to remaine in the +abbeie in custodie of the moonks, hauing his eies put out as soone as he entered first into the +same Ile. William Malmesburie saith, that Alfred came ouer, and was thus handeled betwixt +the time of Harolds death, & the comming in of Hardicnute. Others write, that this chanced +in his brother Hardicnuts daies, which séemeth not to be true: for Hardicnute was knowne to +loue his brethren by his mothers side too dearelie to haue suffered anie such iniurie to be +wrought against either of them in his time.</p> +<p> +¶ Thus ye sée how writers dissent in this matter, but for the better clearing of the truth +touching the time, I haue thought good to shew also what the author of the said booke intituled +"Encomium Emmæ" writeth hereof, which is as followeth. When Harold was once +established king, he sought meanes how to rid quéene Emma out of the way, and that secretlie, +for that openlie as yet he durst not attempt anie thing against hir. She in silence kept hir +selfe quiet, looking for the end of these things. But Harold remembring himselfe, of a malicious +purpose, by wicked aduise tooke counsell how he might get into his hands and make +away the sons of quéene Emma, & so to be out of danger of all annoiance that by them might +be procured against him. Wherefore he caused a letter to be written in the name of their +<span class="rightnote">A counterfet letter.</span> +mother Emma, which he sent by certeine messengers suborned for the same purpose into +Normandie, where Edward and Alfred as then remained. The tenour of which letter here +insueth.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>The tenour of a letter forged and sent in queene Emmas name to hir two sonnes.</i></p> +<p> +"Emma tantùm nomine regina filijs Edwardo & Alfredo materna impertit salutamina. Dū +domini nostri regis obitum separatim plangimus (filij charissimi) dúmq; dietim magis magisque +regno hæreditatis vestræ priuamini, miror quid captetis consilij, dum sciatis intermissionis vestræ +dilatione inuasoris vestri imperij fieri quotidiè soliditatē. Is enim incessanter vicos & +vrbes circuit, & sibi amicos principes muneribus, minis, & precibus facit: sed vnum è vobis +super se mallent regnare quàm istius (qui nunc ijs imperat) teneri ditione. Vnde rogo vnus +vestrum ad me velociter & priuatè veniat, vt salubre à me consilium accipiat, & sciat quo pacto +hoc negotium quod volo fieri debeat, per præsentem quóque internuncium quid super his +facturi estis remandate. Valete cordis mei viscera."</p> +<p class="center"> +<i>The same in English.</i></p> +<p> +"Emma in name onelie queene to hir sons Edward and Alfred sendeth motherlie greeting. +Whilest we separatelie bewaile the death of our souereigne lord the king (most deare sonnes) +and whilest you are euerie day more and more depriued from the kingdome of your inheritance, I +maruell what you doo determine, sith you know by the delay of your ceassing to make some +enterprise, the grounded force of the vsurper of your kingdom is dailie made the stronger. +For incessantlie he goeth from towne to towne, from citie to citie, and maketh the lords his +friends by rewards, threats, and praiers, but they had rather haue one of you to reigne ouer +them, than to be kept vnder the rule of this man that now gouerneth them. Wherefore +my request is, that one of you doo come with speed, and that priuilie ouer to me, that he may +vnderstand my wholesome aduise, and know in what sort this matter ought to be handled, +which I would haue to go forward, and see that ye send mee word by this present messenger +what you meane to doo herein. Fare ye well euen the bowels of my heart."</p> + +<p> +These letters were deliuered vnto such as were made priuie to the purposed treason, who<a name="page735" id="page735"></a><span class="page">[Page 735]</span> +being fullie instructed how to deale, went ouer into Normandie, and presenting the letters +vnto the yoong gentlemen, vsed the matter so, that they thought verelie that this message had +béene sent from their mother, and wrote againe by them that brought the letters, that one of +them would not faile but come ouer vnto hir according to that she had requested, and +withall appointed the day and time. The messengers returning to king Harold, informed +him how they had sped. The yoonger brother Alfred, with his brothers consent, tooke with +him a certeine number of gentlemen and men of warre, and first came into Flanders, where +after he had remained a while with earle Baldwine, he increased his retinue with a few Bullogners, +and passed ouer into England, but approching to the shore, he was streightwaies +descried by his enimies, who hasted foorth to set vpon him; but perceiuing their drift, he bad +the ships cast about, and make againe to the sea; then landing at an other place, he ment to +go the next way to his mother.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">Godwin was suspected to do this vnder a colour to betray him as by writers it séemeth.</span> +But earle Goodwine hearing of his arriuall, met him, receiued him into his assurance, and +binding his credit with a corporall oth, became his man, and therwith leading him out of +the high way that leadeth to London, he brought him to Gilford, where he lodged all the +strangers, by a score, a doozen, and halfe a score togither in innes, so as but a few remained +about the yoong gentleman Alfred to attend vpon him. There was plentie of meat and +drinke prepared in euerie lodging, for the refreshing of all the companie. And Goodwine +taking his leaue for that night, departed to his lodging, promising the next morning to come +againe to giue his dutifull attendance on Alfred.</p> +<p> +But behold, after they had filled themselues with meats and drinks, and were gone to bed, in +<span class="rightnote">Not onelie Goodwine but other such as king Harold appointed, took Alfred with his Normans.</span> +the dead of the night came such as king Harold had appointed, and entring into euerie inne, +first seized vpon the armor and weapons that belonged to the strangers: which done, they +tooke them, and chained them fast with fetters and manacles, so kéeping them sure till the +next morning. Which being come, they were brought foorth with their hands bound behind +their backs, and deliuered to most cruell tormentors, who were commanded to spare +none but euerie tenth man, as he came to hand by lot, and so they slue nine and left the tenth aliue. +Of those that were left aliue, some they kept to serue as bondmen, other for couetousnesse of +gaine they sold, and some they put in prison, of whome yet diuerse afterwards escaped. This +with more hath the foresaid author written of this matter, declaring further, that Alfred being +conueied into the Ile of Elie, had not onelie his eies put out in most cruell wise, but was also +presentlie there murthered. But he speaketh not further of the maner how he was made away, +sauing that he saith he forbeareth to make long recitall of this matter, bicause he will not +renew the mothers gréefe in hearing it, sith there can be no greater sorrow to the mother than +to heare of hir sonnes death.</p> +<p> +¶ I remember in Caxton we read, that his cruell tormentors should cause his bellie to be +opened, & taking out one end of his bowels or guts, tied the same to a stake which they had +set fast in the ground; then with néedels of iron pricking his bodie, they caused him to run +about the stake, till he had woond out all his intrailes, & so ended he his innocent life, to the +great shame & obloquie of his cruel aduersaries. But whether he was thus tormented or not, or +rather died (as I thinke) of the anguish by putting out his eies, no doubt but his death was reuenged +by Gods hand in those that procured it. But whether erle Goodwine was chéefe +causer thereof, in betraieng him vnder a cloked colour of pretended fréendship, I cannot say: +but that he tooke him and slue his companie, as some haue written, I cannot thinke it to be +true, both as well for that which ye haue heard recited out of the author that wrote "Encomium +Emmæ," as also for that it should séeme he might neuer be so directlie charged with it, +but that he had matter to alledge in his owne excuse. But now to other affaires of Harold.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote"><i>Simon Dun.</i> <br />Quéene Emma banished.</span> +After he had made away his halfe brother Alfred, he spoiled his mother in law quéene Emma +of the most part of hir riches, and therewith banished hir quite out of the realme: so that she +sailed ouer to Flanders, where she was honourablie receiued of earle Baldwine, and hauing of +him honourable prouision assigned hir, she continued there for the space of thrée yeeres, till +<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor</i>. <br />Harold degenerateth from his father. <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i></span> +that after the death of Harold, she was sent for by hir sonne Hardiknought, that succéeded<a name="page736" id="page736"></a><span class="page">[Page 736]</span> +Harold in the kingdome. Moreouer, Harold made small account of his subiects, degenerating +from the noble vertues of his father, following him in few things (except in exacting of +tributes and paiments.) He caused indeed eight markes of siluer to be leuied of euerie port +<span class="leftnote">A nauie in a readinesse. <br />Euill men, the longer they liue, the more they grow into +miserie. <br /><i>Wil. Malm. <br />Hen. Hunt.</i></span> +or hauen in England, to the reteining of 16 ships furnished with men of warre, which continued +euer in readinesse to defend the coasts from pirats. To conclude with this Harold, +his spéedie death prouided well for his fame, bicause (as it was thought) if his life had +béene of long continuance, his infamie had béene the greater. But after he had reigned +foure yéeres, or (as other gathered) three yéeres and thrée moneths, he departed out of this +world at Oxford, & was buried at Winchester (as some say.) Other say he died at Meneford +<span class="rightnote"><i>Wil. Malm.</i></span> +in the moneth of Aprill, and was buried at Westminster, which should appeare to be true by +that which after is reported of his brother Hardiknoughts cruell dealing, and great spite shewed +toward his dead bodie, as after shall be specified.</p> + + <hr /><br /><br /> + <a name="xv7" id="xv7"></a> +<p> +<i>Hardicnute is sent for into England to be made king; alteration in the state of Norwaie and +Denmarke by the death of king Cnute, Hardicnute is crowned, he sendeth for his mother +queene Emma, Normandie ruled by the French king, Hardicnute reuengeth his mothers +exile upon the dead bodie of his stepbrother Harold, queene Emma and erle Goodwine +haue the gouernment of things in their hands, Hardicnute leuieth a sore tribute upon his +subiects; contempt of officers & deniall of a prince his tribute sharpelie punished; prince +Edward commeth into England; the bishop of Worcester accused and put from his see +for being accessarie to the murthering of Alfred, his restitution procured by contribution; +Earle Goodwine being accused for the same trespasse excuseth himselfe, and iustifieth his +cause by swearing, but speciallie by presenting the king with an inestimable gift; the cause +why Goodwine purposed Alfreds death; the English peoples care about the succession to +the crowne, moonke Brightwalds dreame and vision touching that matter; Hardicnute poisoned +at a bridall, his conditions, speciallie his hospitalitie, of him the Englishmen learned +to eate and drinke immoderatlie, the necessitie of sobrietie, the end of the Danish regiment +in this land, and when they began first to inuade the English coasts.</i></p> + +<h3>THE XV. CHAPTER.</h3> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">HARDICNUTE, or HARDIKNOUGHT.</span> +After that Harold was dead, all the nobles of the realme, both Danes and Englishmen +agréed to send for Hardiknought, the sonne of Canute by his wife quéene Emma, and to make +him king. Héere is to be noted, that by the death of king Canute, the state of things was +much altered in those countries of beyond the seas wherein he had the rule and dominion. +<span class="rightnote">Alteration in the state of things. <br /><i>Simon Dun.</i>, & <br /><i>Matt. West.</i> +say, that he was at Bruges in Flanders with his mother when he was thus sent for, +having come thither to visit hir. <br />1041.</span> +For the Norwegians elected one Magnus, the sonne of Olauus to be their king, and the Danes +chose this Hardiknought, whome their writers name Canute the third, to be their gouernor. +This Hardiknought or Canute being aduertised of the death of his halfe brother Harold, and +that the lords of England had chosen him to their king, with all conuenient speed prepared a +nauie, and imbarking a certeine number of men of warre, tooke the sea, and had the wind so +fauorable for his purpose, that he arriued upon the coast of Kent the sixt day after he set out +of Denmarke, and so comming to London, was ioifullie receiued, and proclaimed king, and +crowned of Athelnotus archbishop of Canturburie, in the yere of our Lord 1041, in the first +yéere of the emperour Henrie the third, in the 9 yeere of Henrie the first of that name king of +France, and in the first yéere of Magfinloch, aliàs Machabeda king of Scotland. Incontinentlie +<span class="leftnote">Quéene Emma sent for.</span> +after his establishment in the rule of this realme, he sent into Flanders for his mother quéene +Emma, who during the time of hir banishment, had remained there. For Normandie in that +season was gouerned by the French king, by reason of the minoritie of duke William, surnamed +the bastard.</p> +<p> +Moreouer, in reuenge of the wrong offered to quéene Emma by hir sonne in law Harold,<a name="page737" id="page737"></a><span class="page">[Page 737]</span> +<span class="rightnote">The bodie of king Harold taken vp, and throwen into Thames.</span> +king Hardicnute did cause Alfrike archbishop of Yorke and earle Goodwine, with other noble +men to go to Westminster, and there to take vp the bodie of the same Harold, and withall +appointed, that the head thereof should be striken off, and the trunke of it cast into the +riuer of Thames. Which afterwards being found by fishers, was taken vp and buried in the +<span class="leftnote">S. Clement Danes.</span> +churchyard of S. Clement Danes without Temple barre at London. He committed the order +and gouernement of things to the hands of his mother Emma, and of Goodwine that was erle +<span class="rightnote"> <br />A tribute raised. <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i></span> +of Kent. He leuied a sore tribute of his subiects here in England to pay the souldiers and +mariners of his nauie, as first 21 thousand pounds, & 99 pounds, and afterward vnto 32 ships +<span class="leftnote"><i>Simon Dun.</i> <br /><i>Wil. Malm.</i> <br /><i>Matth. West.</i> <br /><i>Sim. Dun.</i></span> +there was a paiment made of a 11 thousand and 48 pounds. To euerie mariner of his nauie +he caused a paiment of 8 marks to be made, and to euerie master 12 marks. About the paiment +of this monie great grudge grew amongst the people, insomuch that two of his seruants, +which were appointed collectors in the citie of Worcester, the one named Feader, and the +other Turstane, were there slaine. In reuenge of which contempt a great part of the countrie +with the citie was burnt, and the goods of the citizens put to the spoile by such power +of lords and men of warre as the king had sent against them.</p> +<p> +Shortlie after, Edward king Hardicnutes brother came foorth of Normandie to visit him +and his mother quéene Emma, of whome he was most ioifullie and honorablie welcomed and +<span class="rightnote"><i>Matt. West.</i> <br /><i>Ran. Higd.</i> <br /><i>Marianus</i>.</span> +interteined, and shortlie after made returne backe againe. It should appeare by some writers, +that after his comming ouer out of Normandie he remained still in the realme, so that +he was not in Normandie when his halfe brother Hardicnute died, but here in England: +<span class="leftnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span> +although other make other report, as after shall bée shewed. Also (as before ye haue heard) +some writers seeme to meane, that the elder brother Alfred came ouer at the same time. But +suerlie they are therein deceiued: for it was knowne well inough how tenderlie king Hardicnute +loued his brethren by the mothers side, so that there was not anie of the lords in his +<span class="rightnote"> <br />The bishop of Worcester accused for making away of Alfred.</span> +daies, that durst attempt anie such iniurie against them. True it is, that as well earle Goodwine, +as the bishop of Worcester (that was also put in blame and suspected for the apprehending +and making away of Alfred, as before ye haue heard) were charged by Hardicnute as culpable +in that matter, insomuch that the said bishop was expelled out of his sée by Hardicnute: +and after twelue moneths space was restored, by meanes of such summes of monie as he gaue +by waie of amends.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">Earle Goodwin excuseth himselfe.</span> +Earle Goodwine was also put to his purgation, by taking an oth that he was not guiltie. +Which oth was the better allowed, by reason of such a present as he gaue to the king for the redéeming +<span class="leftnote">The gift which earle Goodwin gaue to the king.</span> +of his fauour and good will, that is to say, a ship with a sterne of gold, conteining therein 80 +souldiers, wearing on each of their armes two bracelets of gold of 16 ounces weight, a triple +habergion guilt on their bodies, with guilt burgenets on their heads, a swoord with guilt hilts +girded to their wastes, a battell-axe after the maner of the Danes on their left shoulder, a target +with bosses and mails guilt in their left hand, a dart in their right hand: and thus to conclude, +they were furnished at all points with armor and weapon accordinglie. It hath béene said, +<span class="rightnote"><i>Polydor.</i></span> +that earle Goodwine minded to marie his daughter to one of these brethren, and perceiuing +that the elder brother Alfred would disdaine to haue hir, thought good to dispatch him, that +the other taking hir to wife, hée might be next heire to the crowne, and so at length inioy it, +as afterwards came to passe.</p> +<p> +Also about that time, when the linage of the kings of England was in maner extinct, the +English people were much carefull (as hath béene said) about the succession of those that +should inioie the crowne. Wherevpon as one Brightwold a moonke of Glastenburie, that +was afterward bishop of Wincester, or (as some haue written) of Worcester, studied oftentimes +thereon: it chanced that he dreamed one night as he slept in his bed, that he saw +saint Peter consecrate & annoint Edward the sonne of Egelred (as then remaining in exile in +Normandie) king of England. And as he thought, he did demand of saint Peter, who should +succéed the said Edward? Wherevnto answer was made by the apostle; Haue thou no care +for such matters, for the kingdome of England is Gods kingdome. Which suerlie in good +earnest may appeare by manie great arguments to be full true vnto such as shall well consider<a name="page738" id="page738"></a><span class="page">[Page 738]</span> +the state of this realme from time to time, how there hath béene euer gouernours raised vp to +mainteine the maiestie of the kingdome, and to reduce the same to the former dignitie, when +by anie infortunate mishap it hath beene brought in danger.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">The death of K. Hardicnute. <br /><i>Sim. Dunel.</i> <br /><i>Matth. West.</i> <br />1042.</span> +But to returne now to king Hardicnute, after he had reigned two yéers lacking 10 daies, +as he sat at the table in a great feast holden at Lambeth, he fell downe suddenlie with the pot +in his hand, and so died not without some suspicion of poison. This chanced on the 8 of Iune at +Lambeth aforesaid, where, on the same day a mariage was solemnized betwéene the ladie +Githa, the daughter of a noble man called Osgot Clappa, and a Danish lord also called Canute +Prudan. His bodie was buried at Winchester besides his father. He was of nature verie +<span class="leftnote">K. Hardicnute his conditions and liberalitie in housekeeping. <br /><i>Hen. Hunt.</i></span> +curteous, gentle and liberall, speciallie in keeping good chéere in his house, so that he would +haue his table couered foure times a day, & furnished with great plentie of meates and drinks, +wishing that his seruants and all strangers that came to his palace, might rather leaue than +<span class="rightnote">Of whom the Englishmen learned excessiue féeding.</span> +want. It hath béene commonlie told, that Englishmen learned of him their excessiue gourmandizing +& vnmeasurable filling of their panches with meates and drinkes, whereby they +forgat the vertuous vse of sobrietie, so much necessarie to all estates and degrées, so profitable +for all common-wealthes, and so commendable both in the sight of God, and all good men.</p> +<p> +<span class="rightnote">The end of the Danish rulers.</span> +In this Hardicnute ceased the rule of the Danes within this land, with the persecution which +they had executed against the English nation, for the space of 250 yeres & more, that is to +say, euer since the tenth yeere of Brithrike the king of Westsaxons, at what time they first +began to inuade the English coasts. Howbeit (after others) they should séeme to haue ruled +here but 207, reckoning from their bringing in by the Welshmen in despite of the Saxons, +at which time they first began to inhabit here, which was 835 of Christ, 387 after the comming +of the Saxons, and 35 néere complet of the reigne of Egbert.</p> +<p> +¶ But to let this péece of curiositie passe, this land felt that they had a time of arriuall, a time of +inuading, a time of ouerrunning, and a time of ouerruling the inhabitants of this maine continent. +Wherof manifest proofes are at this day remaining in sundrie places, sundrie ruines I meane and +wastes committed by them; vpon the which whensoeuer a man of a relenting spirit casteth his +eie, he can not but enter into a dolefull consideration of former miseries, and lamenting the +defacements of this Ile by the crueltie of the bloudthirstie enimie, cannot but wish (if he haue +but "Minimam misericordiæ guttam quæ maior est spatioso oceano," as one saith) and earnestlie +desire in his heart that the like may neuer light vpon this land, but may be auerted and turned +away from all christian kingdomes, through his mercie, whose wrath by sinne being set on +fire, is like a consuming flame; and the swoord of whose vengeance being sharpened with the +whetstone of mens wickednesse, shall hew them in péeces as wood for the fornace.</p> +<p class="center"> +<i>Thus farre the tumultuous and tyrannicall regiment of the Danes, inferring fulnesse of +afflictions to the English people, wherewith likewise the seuenth booke is shut vp.</i></p> + + + +<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chronicles (1 of 6): The Historie of +England (7 of 8), by Raphael Holinshed + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIE OF ENGLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 16617-h.htm or 16617-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/6/1/16617/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Lesley Halamek and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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